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THE 
 
 AMERICAN REFORMED 
 
 HORSE BOOK 
 
 A TREATISE ON THE 
 
 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS, AND CURE 
 
 OF ALL THE DISEASES OF THE HORSE, INCLUDING 
 EVERY DISEASE PECULIAR TO AMERICA. 
 
 ALSO EMBRACING FULL INFORMATION ON 
 
 BREEDING, REARING, AND MANAGEMENT. 
 
 DESIGNED FOE, POPULAR USE. 
 
 By Prof. GEO. H. DADD, V. 8., 
 
 Late Prof, of Anatomy and Physiology in the Veterinary Institute of Chicago, 
 Author of the " Anatomy and Physiology of the Horse" etc. 
 
 ELEGANTLY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 NEW YORK: 
 
 Orange judo company, 
 
 7 5 1 DRO A D W A Y . 
 1889. 
 
MMtta&wm of Veterinary Medicine 
 W» onary Medicine at 
 
 TIB Hi 'I; 
 
 rlsUn 
 
 OWestboiohjaa 
 
 ,rth Grafton, MA 01536 
 
 7 
 
 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1869, by 
 
 R. W. CARROLL & CO., 
 
 In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the 
 Southern District of Ohio. 
 

 
 PREFACE. 
 
 AMERICANS rank high in the estimation of the scientific 
 world for their genius and industry in the great work ot 
 intellectual, moral, and scientific improvements. See what has 
 occurred in the arts of printing, electrotyping, etc. The eloquence 
 of the great literary magicians of the New World, the honored 
 Graduates of free institutions and free schools, no sooner falls from 
 their lips than the phonographist transfers it to paper, the nimble 
 fingers of the compositor puts it into " form ; " next the " battery " 
 deposits on the face of the type a more durable coating of copper, 
 and " Hoe's press" sends off " impressions" with almost magical 
 rapidity. No less surprising are the wonderful feats performed 
 by American mechanics, in the construction of fast yachts and 
 steamers, which often pluck a laurel from the so-called " Mistress 
 of the Sea ;" and old "Uncle John " gives us due credit for per- 
 fecting a race of fast trotters that can beat the world of horse- 
 flesh. 
 
 Improvements in every department of Science and Art are con- 
 stantly treading on the heels of improvement; yet, as regards the 
 science of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, America seems almost 
 the last among civilized nations to put her shoulder to the wheel. 
 What can be the reason? Her youth may be offered as a plea 
 foi excuses. The daughter of the Old World has not yet, in this 
 department, arrived at years of discretion ; she is yet in her teens 
 Her sons have borne the heat and burden of the day in establish- 
 ing their liberty, in founding cities, extending commerce, and in 
 taming the wild face of soil, by uprooting the giant oak, and in 
 clearing away the forest, so that the husbandman, with plow and 
 harrow in hand, might follow on, and next impregnate mother 
 
 i ui i 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 earth with germs for fructification, which, in the day of the har- 
 vest thereof, might be gathered and garnered for the benefit of 
 man and the inferior orders of creation. 
 
 And long ere the woodman's ax ceases to vibrate its clear 
 stroke-notes in the ears of the new settlers, a giant enterprise is 
 in contemplation. Space and distance must be comparatively an- 
 nihilated; the iron horse, with his lungs of steel and breath of 
 steam, must have his highway and byway, and the result is, the 
 choice spirits of progression have been earnestly engaged in dot- 
 ting a vast surface of United States Territory with a magnificent 
 net-work of railway and telegraphic wire ; and various other en- 
 terprises, with which the reader is familiar, have so occupied the 
 American mind, that the Science of Life, as it applies to animals, 
 has been almost at a stand-still. 
 
 In the prosecution of these objects, so essential as they have 
 proved in the economy of an infant republic, it is not surpris- 
 ing that our science should fail to receive attention, and that 
 America should be in the rear of the veterinary squadrons of 
 the Old World ; yet, notwithstanding this seeming indifference:, 
 veterinary science does, in some parts of this country, occupy as 
 high a platform as that which obtained in England, about sevent y 
 years ago, when the Apostle of Mercy, St. Bel, first landed oa 
 British soil. 
 
 The science which we here advocate is as valuable and chari- 
 table to nature's menials, for the purpose of ministering to their 
 physical wants, relieving their aches and pains, and of prolong- 
 ing their lives, as that practiced on the more noble of created life; 
 and, at the present day, testimony can be produced going to show 
 that among us can be found " good Samaritans " who are always 
 ready to minister to the wants of the inferior orders of creation — 
 a work as acceptable to the God of Nature, and as creditable to 
 manhood, as when the welfare of one of us is concerned. And 
 should we estimate the science in exact ratio to the value and use- 
 fulness of the legion host of domestic animals that have been 
 reared in this country, and those which, without regard to cost, 
 have been imported, to whose welfare it directly contributes, the 
 reader will readily perceive that it is entitled to the consideration 
 and support of a nation of husbandmen. 
 
 It must be borne in mind that a knowledge of the principles 
 of veterinary medicine can not be acquired without diligent study 
 
PREFACE. V 
 
 and close application. It is only the property of the industrious 
 and devoted student. 
 
 In order to acquire the necessary tact, skill, and experience for 
 the practice of our art, some of the shining lights — the early dis- 
 ciples — have spent the May-day of their existence in sol vino- its 
 problems, and, when near its close, have declared, with a modesty 
 indicative of true genius, that their education was yet incomplete. 
 
 Such testimony goes to show that there is no republican nor 
 royal road to veterinary knowledge. In fact, after a man has 
 perseveringly pursued the routine studies of the most popular col- 
 legiate institutions, he may still be found " wanting." 
 
 Let us contemplate for a moment the superior advantages which 
 human practitioners have over our craftsmen, both as regards 
 their scientific qualifications and the superior means at their com- 
 mand for ascertaining the character, location, and intensity of the 
 various maladies peculiar to the human race. For example, the 
 practitioner of human medicine, if he has been a faithful and in- 
 dustrious student, enters upon the active duties of his profession, 
 having acquired a valuable fund of knowledge of anatomy, phys- 
 iology, pathology, and other necessary branches of study ; and, 
 having disciplined his mind in the regular school, and in that of 
 experience, he is expected to be able to rejoice in the possession of 
 a well-trained mind, which enables him to understand and inter- 
 pret the physiological laws which preserve health and life in the 
 constitution of organized beings ; also to comprehend the why and 
 wherefore of disease; to be able to institute sanitary and other reg- 
 ulations, and to select suitable medicinal preparations, in view of 
 Meeting the various indications of each and every form of disease. 
 And when a man becomes the subject of sickness, and the doctor 
 is called upon to exercise his skill, the latter receives valuable aid, 
 in view of making a correct diagnosis, from the patient and his 
 friends. Each can be questioned, and their responses throw con- 
 siderable light on the history and nature of the malady. Now, 
 as regards the latter advantages, they have no parallel with the 
 men of our craft. Our patients are deprived of the power of 
 speech, and we can only judge of the state of their health, and 
 the nature of their maladies, by signs revealed or elicited through 
 physical exploration. We have other difficulties to encounter of 
 no less magnitude. For example, our patients are often located 
 m situations unfit for a well animal to reside in, and they do not 
 
VI PREFACE. 
 
 always receive that attention from their owners which the urgency 
 of the case demands. In fact, the good nursing, kind attention, 
 etc., which often proves of so much value in the restoration from 
 sickness of one of our race, is often denied the inferior creature ; 
 and other matters, too numerous to mention at the present time, 
 tend to show the advantages which our brethren of a sister science 
 have over us, and how necessary and important it is that a prac- 
 titioner of our art should be thorough master of his profession, 
 It is a lamentable fact that the great majority of our husband- 
 men have not hitherto realized that the superstructure of veterin- 
 ary science rests on the same intelligent basis as that of human 
 medicine ; but such is really the case. In the language of the la- 
 mented Percivall, we are assured that " whether we prescribe for 
 a man, horse, or any animal, the laws of the animal economy are 
 the same ; all require the same treatment," that is to say, the 
 propositions for restoration are all founded on the same intelligent 
 basis. 
 
 The importance, therefore, of educating men for the profession, 
 and of furnishing reliable works for study, is very evident ; and 
 the necessity is further illustrated in the daily experience of those 
 persons who, as a matter of necessity, are obliged to do the best 
 they can for the sick and dying of their flocks and herds, having 
 no knowledge of those advantages which a thorough course of 
 training affords. Such persons must, necessarily, feel that they are 
 groping in darkness, and when a ray of light does flit across their 
 medical path, it only serves to make them better acquainted with 
 their own want of skill. Persons thus circumstanced, unable to 
 procure the services of a good veterinary surgeon, in consequence 
 of a scarcity of the " genuine material," are often compelled to 
 assume the responsibility and risk of medical attendant ; and, no 
 doubt, they prescribe with good intention and honesty of purpose, 
 but disease and death has the vantage of them, for they know not 
 the modes of pathological warfare, nor are they acquainted with 
 means best calculated to insure a favorable issue; and they will 
 certainly hail, as a great blessing, any and every effort to im- 
 prove our veterinary literature, and thus diffuse knowledge so 
 sadly needed. 
 
 It is well known that prior to the introduction of a rational 
 system of veterinary medicine in the mother country, millions of 
 domestic animals were annually sacrificed at the shrine of igno- 
 
PREFACE. Vll 
 
 ranee ; but science came to the rescue, and now some of the dis- 
 ciples of St. Bel, Coleman, their co-workers and kindred spirits, 
 can, by the aid of their vast materia medica, their anaesthetic 
 agents, scalpel, etc., accomplish unheard of wonders. We are 
 now working to dispel the awful cloud of ignorance and super- 
 stition which has too long lingered around the stable and barn. 
 We aim to illuminate the dark spots that have existed for many 
 hundreds of years, and to obliterate the false theories that have 
 been handed down to us by the Egyptians and Arabians, and the 
 modern jugglers of this science. 
 
 There never was a period in the history of the United States 
 when the services of educated veterinarians were so much needed 
 as at the present time ; for the live stock of this country do not 
 enjoy immunity from those pestiferous epizootic maladies which 
 have formerly operated as a withering simoom on the enterprise 
 of British husbandmen in the breeding and raising of live stock. 
 For example : the people of the Western States complain that a 
 disease occasionally makes its appearance among cattle, to which 
 they have applied the name of " trembles," or " milk sickness," 
 and it has so scourged both the superior and inferior orders of 
 creation, that the former have often abandoned the old homestead, 
 in view of seeking a location where there seemed to be some pros- 
 pect of enjoying immunity from the pestilential scourge. A con- 
 tagious and infectious disease often prevails among swine, carry- 
 ing them off by hundreds and by thousands, yet many of us are in 
 the dark regarding its cause, nature, and treatment. Typhoid 
 affections, puerperal fever, apoplexy, and dropsy of the brain are 
 just as prevalent here as in England. Miscarriage or abortion is 
 fearfully on the increase. Diseases of climatic origin are more 
 rife in this country than in England. This is, perhaps, owing to 
 the diversity which exists in the climatic temperature of our vast 
 territory, and to our various faulty modes of management. In fact, 
 there is scarcely any disease known to veterinarians of the Old 
 World but that has prevailed in the New. 
 
 We must have reliable text-books and educated surgeons, in 
 order to understand the nature and treatment of the diseases in- 
 cidental to domestic animals. It is not only a matter of national, 
 but of individual, policy and interest; and should we view the 
 mutter with the eyes of business men, we shall see that such en- 
 terprise must surely pay. 
 
Vlll PREFACE. 
 
 Persons who have paid any attention to the rise and progress 
 <of veterinary science in this country, are painfully aware of its 
 great imperfections, and the author's object in preparing this work 
 is to endeavor to lessen and remove them, by giving the reader 
 the benefit of an experience which extends through a period of 
 twenty-five years. 
 
 In view of furnishing reliable information, and of showing how 
 little of medicine is required for the treatment of various forms 
 of disease, a number of cases, recorded in the author's note-book, 
 are introduced in various parts of the work. These cases may, 
 perhaps, also give the unprejudiced reader juster views of the 
 relations of nature and art to diseases ; for it is a notorious fact 
 that very many well-instructed persons of all classes have hith- 
 erto exercised a blind faith in the medical art for the cure of dis- 
 ease, when it is a fact well known to those who practice rational 
 medicine that Nature possesses vastly greater powers than Art in 
 curing diseases. AYhat is here meant by nature, is the conserva- 
 tive power inherent in the living body. For a better understand- 
 ing of this subject, the reader is referred to the works of Sir John 
 Forbes, Oliver W. Holmes, and Professor Bigelow. 
 
 In view of aiding nature in the cure of disease, the author has 
 introduced to the reader's attention a new class of remedies, viz. : 
 Fluid Extracts of a sanative character. They have proved more 
 safe and efficacious in the practice of rational medicine than all 
 the other heroic arms of physic. 
 
 These remedies have been carefully tested for several years by 
 the author, and those students who have, from time to time, placed 
 themselves under his instruction, and the result has been very 
 satisfactory ; otherwise, they would not be recommended in this 
 work. 
 
 Finally, the author feels it due to himself to state that the 
 almost constant occupation of his time, professionally, has given 
 him less opportunity than he desired for the production of this 
 work, yet he entertains a hope that he has not labored in vain ; 
 and thus this mite is cast into the common treasury of Veterinary 
 Science. 
 
 G. H. D. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 SECTION I.— The Causes of Disease. 
 
 (Page 19-89.) 
 
 Remarks on Veterinary Science, and the Relation it bears to Social Science—- 
 Veterinary Science; how to inaugurate it — What Benefits have we derived froa 
 its Study — Inflammation; its Nature and Treatment 
 
 SECTION II.— Diseases op the Eye. 
 
 (Page 40-67.) 
 
 Amaurosis, or Glass Eye (Gutta Serena) — Foreign bodies within the Eyelids— 
 Specks, or film on the eye, known as Opacity of the Cornea — Cataract — Worm 
 in the Eye — Ophthalmia — Treatment of Inflammation — Purulent Ophthalmia — 
 Speoific Ophthalmia. 
 
 SECTION III. — Diseases op the Brain and Nervous System. 
 
 (Page 58-85.) 
 
 Abscess within the Substance of the Brain — Hydrocephalus, or Dropsy of the 
 3/ain — Stomach Staggers — Apoplexy, or Cerebral Hemorrhage — Apoplexy of 
 Spine, or Spinal Hemorrhage, producing Paraphlegia — Epilepsy, or Fits — Te- 
 tanus — Vertigo — Acute or General Disease of the Brain, known as Encephalitis — 
 S'eepy Staggers — Cerebral Meningitis — Chorea, or Stringhalt. 
 
 SECTION IV. — Diseases op the Respiratory Passages and 
 
 Organs. 
 
 (Page 86-186.) 
 
 Importance of Ventilating Stables — Brief Exposition and Description of the 
 Function of tbe Lungs— Spasm of the muscles of the Glottis and Epiglottis — Lar- 
 yngytis, (suppurative and inflammatory) — Croup — Chronic Cough — Roaring — 
 Polypus —Bronchocele — Influenza, or epizootic catarrh — Pneumonia, or Inflam- 
 mation of the Lungs, including Typhoid Affections, Pleurisy, and Dropsy 5f tbe 
 Chest. 
 
 fix) 
 
X CONTENTS 
 
 SECTION V.— Dentition ane Dim 
 
 (Page 127-146.) 
 
 The Horse's Age as shown by his Teeth — On the Diet of Horses— The effects of 
 various kinds of Food — As regards the quantity of Food required — As regard! 
 ehanges in Diet — Conclusion. 
 
 SECTION VI.— Glanders and Fabot. 
 
 (Page 147-159.) 
 
 Glanders — Glanders can be communicated to Man — Contagiousness of Gland- 
 ers — Suspected Glanders — How came the Disease to be called Glanders ? — Diag- 
 nostic Symptom of Glanders — Treatment of Glanders — Farcy (Disease of the 
 
 Absorbents). 
 
 SECTION VII. — Diseases of the Digestive Organs. 
 
 (Page 160-222.) 
 
 Lampas — Spontaneous Salivation — Bots — Inflammation of Stomach — Rupturt, 
 of Stomach — Gorged, or over-distended Stomach — Meteorization — Flatulent 
 Colic — Spasmodic Colic — Inflammation of the Peritoneum — Ascitis — Inflamma- 
 tion of the Intestines — Strangulation of Intestines — Wounds penetrating the 
 Abdominal Cavity — Splenic Apoplexy — Functional Disease of the Liver — Pan- 
 areas; its Function — Parasites which affect the Intestines. 
 
 SECTION VIII. — Diseases of the Urinary Organs. 
 
 (Page 223-237.) 
 
 Inflammation of the Kidneys — Inflammation of the Bladder — Stone in the 
 Bladder — Suppression of the Urine — Retention of the Urine — Diabetes, or Pro- 
 fuse Stalling — Rupture of the Bladder — Albuminous Urine — Hematuria, or 
 Bloody Urine. 
 
 SECTION IX.— Surgical Operations. 
 
 (Page 239-273.) 
 
 Of Surgical Operations and the various Restraints it is sometimes necessary 
 to place the Horse under for- their performance — Casting — Slinging — Castra- 
 tion — French method of Castration — Castration by Ligature — Lithotomy — 
 Traceotomy — OZsophagotomy- -Neurotomy — Mode of Performing Neurotomy — 
 Periosteotomy — Division of the Flexor Tendons — Amputations — Amputation ot 
 the Penis — Amputation of the Tail — Nicking — Firing — Blistering — Ammoniacal 
 Blister — Rowelling — Setons — Abstraction of Blood, or Bleeding — Division of the 
 Temporal Artery — Bleeding by the Palate— Bleeding by the Toe— Phlebotomy- 
 Bleeding by the Jugular Vein. 
 
CONTENTS OF EQUINE DEPARTMENT. X 
 
 SECTION X. — Diseases op the Skin and Sub-tissues. 
 
 (Page 274-301.) 
 
 Itch and Mange — Lice on Animals — Grease and Scratches — Surfeit — Dropsical 
 Limbs — Scarletina — Ringworm — Prurigo — Poll-evil— Fistulous Withers — Warts 
 »n the Skin — Purpura Hemorrhagica — Out of condition — Hide-bound — Herpes. 
 
 SECTION XI. — Breeding, and the Principles of the same. 
 
 (Page 302-318.) 
 
 Breeding — The Principles of Breeding — In-and-in Breeding — Permanent Va- 
 rieties — Animals become Parents too early — Objections to In-and-in Breeding 
 answered— -The Advantage of In-and-in Breeding — The Importance of Studying 
 Anatomy and Physiology. 
 
 SECTION XII.— Lameness, from Various Causes. 
 
 (Page 319-385.) 
 
 Curbs — Elbow Tumor — Capped Hock — Varix, or Bog Spavin — Atrophy, or 
 Wasting of Muscles — Thorough-pin — Navicular Disease, or Lameness — Pleuro-dy- 
 nia — Acute Rheumatism — Chronic Rheumatism — Ring-bone — Splint — Spavin — 
 Osteo Poresis — Curvature of the Spine — Hoof-bound — Laminitis — Sand-crack — 
 Quarter Crack — Navicular Thritis — Stifle Out — Contraction of the Hoof— Bowed 
 l*gs- Corns — Lameness. 
 
 SECTION XIII.— Horse Management, etc. 
 
 (Page 387-416.) 
 
 Prolapsus Ani — Hemorrhoids, or Piles — Pricking and Nicking Horses' Tails — 
 Docking Horses — Anaemia — The Use and Abuse of the Curry-comb — Horses and 
 Cattle should have a supply of Pure Water — Galled Back — The Heart — The 
 quantity of Blood contained in a Horse's Body — Rapidity of the Circulation — 
 The transfusion of Blood — Management of the Horses put in the Stable — Stran- 
 gles 
 
THEORY AND PRACTICE 
 
 OF 
 
 VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 ON THE CAUSES OF DISEASE. 
 
 Ricmarks on Veterinary Science, and the Relation it bears to Sociai 
 Science— Veterinary Science; how to Inaugurate it— What Benefit! 
 have we derived from its Study — Inflammation; its Nature and Treat- 
 ment. 
 
 ri^O explain the cause or causes of disease occurring among 
 domestic animals is an herculean undertaking, when ex- 
 pounded by the theory and faulty logic as applied to the ancient 
 method of reasoning on " false facts ; " but, thanks to the genial 
 spirit of progression and improvement, we are enabled to throw 
 some light on the subject. We have been taught to believe that 
 many of the causes of disease are invisible and mysterious ; but 
 this is not the fact. We are in possession of evidence going to 
 show, very conclusively, that the causes of disease may be classi- 
 fied very distinctly and intelligently under two heads, viz. : Pre- 
 disposing and Exciting; yet this classification is not offered by 
 the author as absolute, but is a more convenient arrangement 
 than any other to study the multifarious conditions which people 
 believe are remotely or immediately concerned in the production 
 of disease. For example, many interesting and valuable facts are 
 on record, going to show that the peculiar properties, characters, 
 
 and qualities of the parent — whether good or bad, healthy or dis~ 
 
 (19) 
 
20 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 eased, external or internal — are transmitted to the offspring; or, 
 in common phraseology, are predisposing and hereditary. 
 
 "Among horses and cattle, we find, as in the human subject, 
 ample illustration of the hereditary tendency of external form, 
 disposition, habit, and disease. The parent transfers to its off- 
 spring size, shape, and general conformation similar to its own; 
 and the aphorism, 'like produces like,' is as applicable to faulty 
 and disproportioned as to beautiful and symmetrical form, to dis- 
 eased and debilitated as to healthy and vigorous constitution, to 
 gentle and tractable as to fiery and indomitable disposition. The 
 size, weight, general appearance, expression of countenance, fleet- 
 ness, and temper of the horse are all hereditary. Many illustra- 
 tions might be given of particular families being remarkable, 
 during several generations, for good or bad points, as for well o ) 
 ill-formed head ; for high and well-developed or for low and wea k 
 withers; for fine, strong, and well-turned, or for coarse, weaL, 
 and ill-formed limbs. Peculiarities of color often extend through 
 many generations, and are so constant in their transmission as 
 sometimes to form one of the distinctive characteristics of a rac<'. 
 Indeed, most breeds of horses have a prevailing color, to whic'-i 
 there are few exceptions. The heavy horses of Lincolnshire, foe 
 example, are generally of black; the Cleveland, bay; and the 
 wild horses of the plains of Eastern Siberia, dun. Particular 
 markings, also — as white spots on various parts of the body, sta:w 
 and blazes on the face, one or more white feet or legs — often con- 
 tinue for many generations, and are peculiar to certain families. 
 
 " There are some maladies in which it is comparatively easy to 
 trace the connection between conformation and disease. In the 
 horse, certain sorts of limbs notoriously predispose to certain dis- 
 eases. Thus, bone spavins are most usually seen where there is 
 a disproportion in the size of the limb above and below the hock ; 
 curbs, where the os calcis is small and the hock straight; strains 
 of the tendons of the fore-leg, where the limb is round and the 
 tendons and ligaments confined at the knee; and navicular dis- 
 ease, where the chest is narrow and the toes turned out. Among 
 horses so formed, these diseases are unusually common, and are 
 developed by causes which would be quite inadequate to produce 
 them in animals of more perfect conformation. But it appears to 
 us that internal and constitutional hereditary diseases also depend 
 upon the altered conformation or texture of the parts specially 
 
ON THE CAUSE? OF DISEASE. 2 1 
 
 affected, or of some disturbance of the relation which should subsist 
 between the different constituents of these parts. This abnormal 
 state of the internal parts is seldom within the limits of our means 
 of observation or investigation ; but its existing in animals having 
 an hereditary predisposition to disease can not, we think, be doubted, 
 as we shall now endeavor to show. The ground of our reasoning 
 rests chiefly on the analogy which subsists, in all respects, between 
 external and internal parts. The same law which regulates the 
 hereditary transmission of form, texture, and relation of external 
 and visible parts, also operates with equal force in regard to the 
 form, texture, and relations betwixt the component parts of inter- 
 nal, and, it may be, inaccessible to ordinary powers of investiga- 
 tion. Then if, as we have shown, external hereditary diseases, 
 such as lamenesses, are traceable to external hereditary peculiari- 
 ties of conformation, we do not think it pushing our analogy too 
 far in asserting that, in like manner, internal hereditary diseases 
 must, in great part at least, depend upon some inherent hereditary 
 peculiarity of the internal parts affected." 
 
 The common disease known as bone spavin is inherent, or de- 
 pendent on predisposition, as related above ; for the author never 
 knew a horse to be the subject of this malady unless he had faulty 
 hocks; or, in other words, in so far as the conformation of the 
 parts were concerned, predisposition was evident. The same re- 
 marks apply to ringbone. Either the pasterns are too upright, 
 thereby causing jar and concussion, or they slant unnaturally, 
 and the consequence is, strain of the ligamentary structures, end- 
 ing often in ringbone and other osseous diseases. 
 
 Ample evidence can be adduced to show that various diseases 
 of the eye are hereditary. The tendency to ophthalmia shows it- 
 self in a peculiar conformation of the eye, and parts in the vicinity 
 of it. Periodical ophthalmia is notoriously hereditary, and usually 
 ends in cataract. 
 
 Colic, also, can be traced to inherent tendencies; for animals 
 subject to flatulent colic are known to have a morbid appetite; 
 they have, also, a large, roomy abdomen, which gives them an 
 ungainly appearance. Yet it is true that diseases may occur 
 accidentally, without the intervention of predisposition ; but pre- 
 disposition exists in almost all cases, and it only requires soma 
 anatomical and physiological knowledge on the part of husband- 
 men to detect it. 
 
22 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 F. Dun, a lecturer in the Edinburgh Veterinary College, tells us 
 that diarrhea and colic are, to a certain extent, hereditary, " inas- 
 much as they are very prone to attack horses of particular form 
 and constitution, as those with narrow loins, large flat sides, and 
 of what is generally termed a washy appearance. If such animala 
 be overworked, (especially soon after being fed,) if their food be 
 suddenly changed, or if they be allowed an unusual quantity of 
 fluid, they are almost certain to be attacked either by purging or 
 colic. The tendency to these diseases appears, in such cases, to 
 depend on a want of adjustment among the different organs of the 
 body ; a want of balance among the different functions of diges- 
 tion, circulation, and respiration. 
 
 " Many farm-horses, as well as others without much breeding, 
 are remarkable for consuming large quantities of food, for soft 
 and flabby muscular systems, and for round limbs containing an 
 unusual proportion of cellular tissue. These characters are no- 
 toriously hereditary, of which indubitable evidence is afforded by 
 their existence in many different individuals of the same stock, 
 and their long continuance, even under the b( st management and 
 most efficient systems of breeding. Such characters indicate pro- 
 clivity to certain diseases, as swelled legs, weed, and grease. If 
 horses of this description stand long, the circulation of the blood 
 through the limbs is retarded ; for, as the contraction of the mus- 
 cles which materially aid circulation are wanting, the blood in the 
 veins rises with difficulty against its own gravity, while the soft 
 and lax condition of the venous coats, and of the muscles in coa- 
 tact with them, permits the passage of the fluid parts of the blood, 
 giving rise to a serous effusion, which is soft, and pits on pressure* 
 This anasarcous condition, although troublesome, and frequently 
 recurring, is easily removed by friction, exercise, or a little physic, 
 and does not unfit the animal for ordinary work. 
 
 " But the same conformation and constitution which induce sim- 
 ple swelled legs also give rise to the more serious affection known 
 as weed, or a shot of grease. This consists in a disturbance of the 
 balance which naturally subsists between the waste of the system 
 and the supply of new material to repair that waste. Food is as- 
 similated in larger quantity than the wants of the system require ; 
 the chyle so formed accumulates in the absorbent vessels and 
 glands, which become, in consequence, irritated and inflamed. 
 That part of the absorbent system situated in the hinder extremi- 
 
I 
 
 ON THE CAUSES OF DISEASE. 23 
 
 ties is usually the principal seat of the disease. The animal sud- 
 denly becomes lame; the inguinal and other glands in the groin 
 become enlarged and very painful, and the swelling and pain 
 gradually extend downward along the course of the absorbents, 
 while the limb becomes a great deal larger than its natural size. 
 There is, at the same time, a good deal of constitutional fever, 
 with a full and bounding pulse. The swelling of the leg is, in 
 the first instance, inflammatory, being hot and tender, and the 
 ekin, over the part affected, hard and tense. Such swellings may, 
 by judicious treatment, be removed ; but, in cases of a chronic 
 character, or where the same limb has been previously affected^ 
 lymph is effused, forming hard and nodulous, and even diffuse 
 swellings, which often cause lameness, by interfering with the mo- 
 tions of the joints or tendons. These indurated swellings must 
 be carefully distinguished from the serous effusions above noticed, 
 which, although giving the animal an unsightly appearance, do 
 not materially impair his usefulness. 
 
 " Grease consists in a morbid condition of the sebaceous glands 
 of the horse's heels and fetlocks. It occurs in various degrees of 
 intensity ; sometimes as a mere scurfy itchiness of the skin about 
 the fetlocks, more commonly of the hind extremities ; sometimes 
 attended with much inflammation, causing great heat, pain, and 
 swelling, and an ichorous fetid discharge ; sometimes causing fall- 
 ing off of the hair about the heels, and the formation of deep 
 cracks and fissures; and sometimes becoming so violent and in- 
 veterate as to cause eversion of the sebaceous glands, formation 
 of granulations, and secretion of ptis, constituting the loathsome 
 complaint termed the grapes. There are few diseases better de- 
 serving the epithet of hereditary than grease, and few in which 
 the hereditary nature can be more easily discovered and traced. 
 Almost every practitioner can bring to his recollection cases show- 
 ing the tendency of this disease to descend from parent to off- 
 spring. A friend of mine, some years ago, purchased a valuable 
 four-year old entire horse, adapted for agricultural purposes. 
 When bought, he appeared perfectly sound, and his limbs were 
 nearly black, well-formed, and fine ; within a short time, how- 
 ever, they became thick and greasy. And, although the mares 
 to which he was put were perfectly free from such faults, the prog- 
 eny have shown, in every case where they can be traced, unmis- 
 takable evidence of their inheriting the greasy diathesis o^ '.heir 
 
24 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 sire. They have all been found liable to swelled legs when they 
 stand idle for a few days; most of them have been the subjects of 
 repeated attacks of weed; all are affected, particularly in spring, 
 with scurfiness of the skin of the hind extremities and excessive 
 itchiness, and lose, at a very early age, their flatness and smooth- 
 ness of limb. The faults occur, to a greater or less degree, in all 
 the stock of this horse, by many different mares, and are dis- 
 tinctly traceable to the third generation. But, although grease 
 is undoubtedly hereditary, and is, therefore, readily induced by 
 comparatively simple causes, still it is frequently caused, and is 
 always aggravated, by neglect of cleanliness ; and of this there is 
 ample evidence in the fact that it is most common in foul and 
 badly-managed ttables, and where no pains are taken to keep the 
 horses' feet and legs clean and dry." 
 
 The scrofulous predisposition is very marked in certain breeds 
 of horses ; it occasions rickets, softening, deformity, and various 
 forms of disease in the bones, as, for example, big head, big jaw, 
 etc. The same author, just quoted, says in reference to scrofula : 
 " From their weak and unsound constitution, horses of a scrof- 
 ulous diathesis are unusually prone to glanders and farcy — two 
 forms of a disease peculiar (at least as an original disease) to the 
 equine species. As has been already remarked, it is characterized 
 by a specific unhealthy inflammation, identical in all important 
 characteristics with the syphilitic inflammation in man. From the 
 dire and loathsome nature of glanders, and the terror in which it 
 is held, animals affected by it are never used for breeding, so that 
 we have little opportunity of judging of its hereditary nature. 
 There is no evidence (so far as I know) which proves it to be di- 
 rectly hereditary,* but there is no doubt that the progeny of a 
 glanderous horse would exhibit an unusually strong tendency to 
 the disease. Its ordinary predisposing causes are, many of them, 
 hereditary ; it is very prone to attack animals of a weak or vitiated 
 constitution. It is emphatically the disease which cuts :& all 
 horses that have had their vital energies reduced belcw the 
 healthy standard, either by inherent or acquired causes. Glan- 
 
 * "Though I am not aware of *ny facts proving glanders to be congenital, yet 
 I think there is every probabili y that such is the case ; for it is notorious that 
 syphilis, the analagous disease in the human subject, is congenital, and :>fteu 
 appears at birth in the children of women affected by that disease." 
 
ON THE CAUSES OF DISEASE. 25 
 
 ders is, atao, sometimes caused by inoculation; is frequently pro- 
 duced in healthy subjects by mismanagement, as by insufficient 
 food, want of shelter, and overwork; and often supervenes on 
 bad attacks of influenza, strangles, diabetes, and other diseases 
 which debilitate the system, or impair the integrity of any of its 
 more important parts. These causes appear to possess the power 
 of engendering in the constitution of a horse a peculiar poison, 
 which, as it reproduces itself, and spreads to all parts of the body, 
 gives rise to the characteristic symptoms of glanders, causing, 
 sooner or later, a breaking up of the system, and a fatal prostra- 
 tion of the vital powers. This poison produces in the blood ab- 
 normal changes, which vitiate that fluid, and unfit it for healthy 
 nutrition.* From the irritant action of the morbid fluids passing 
 through them, the lymphatic glands and vessels become inflamed, 
 and lymph is deposited. This, however, being of an unhealthy 
 nature, soon runs on to softening, which extends to the skin over- 
 lying the part, and ulcerating farcy-buds are formed. On the 
 surface of the more vascular mucous membranes effusions of tu- 
 bercular matter are also poured out; these take on an unhealthy 
 inflammation, and degenerate into chancrous ulcers, which may 
 generally be seen on the mucous membrane of the nostrils in most 
 bad cases of glanders. 
 
 " These are the most common scrofulous diseases of horses ; but 
 an animal of the scrofulous diathesis, besides being specially sub- 
 ject to these, is little able to withstand ordinary morbific causes, 
 and hence is also unusually liable to many ordinary diseases; iu 
 such a subject, too, disease is very apt to be severe and complicated, 
 and to be acted on tardily and imperfectly by all remedies." 
 
 Having now furnished the reader with a few valuable facts 
 bearing on hereditary predisposition, we shall briefly discourse 
 
 * "A comparison of the iwo subjoined analyses will dhow the great difference 
 In composition between the blood of healthy and of glanderous horses — a differ- 
 ence consisting chiefly in a diminution of the red corpuscules, and a propor- 
 tional increase of the fibrine and albumen. 
 
 Blood of Healthy Horse. Flood of O'-acderom Horse. 
 
 A. <t. 
 
 Water 804.76 842 859 
 
 Ribrine 2.41 R.#\ «. 8.7 
 
 Blood corpuscules 117.13 68 20 .. 44.2« 
 
 *>' rliH *680 82.27 
 
 Albumen 67.86 l 
 
 Soluble sa'ts 6.82 -... f.t' 5.38 
 
 Simon's Animal Chr • ¥ ■ . «r D: . !>a>, vol. 1, pp 34*-».~ 
 
2u DADDS VETERINARY SURGERY AND MEDICINE. 
 
 in reference to some of the exciting causes which in general pro- 
 duce those diseases to which the horse, by virtue of his constitu- 
 tion, is liable. The following quotation, brief and pointed, will 
 be found pertinent : 
 
 " By far the easiest and best mode of curing diseases of animals 
 is to keep the diseases and the cattle separate. With cattle, as 
 with ourselves, disease is caused, in most instances, by an excess 
 of carefulness or of carelessness. Too much and too rich food is 
 as injurious as too little and too poor. Perhaps fewer diseases, 
 in proportion to the numbers treated in each way, spring from 
 privation than from surfeit. Too little as well as too great 
 exposure to extremes of heat and cold has a tendency to create 
 disease; in the one case it causes disease, in the other it renders 
 man or animal more liable to it. Let a wealthy and a warm- 
 hearted man own and take charge of a favorite animal, and the 
 chances are that it will be ' killed with kindness ;' if it is tended, 
 in part, by a hireling, the equilibrium may be restored. In our 
 experience — no very limited one, by the way — care is more needed 
 among cattle than cures ; and all the diseases which came under 
 our treatment sprang from the want of judicious care. Has a 
 cow a cough, has she the hoven, has she the red-water, or the 
 puerperal fever? it is from over care — too much warmth or too 
 much feed. Is she mangy, lousy, hide-bound, or affected with 
 horn-ail ? the chances are that she has been neglected. Of course 
 there are very many exceptions to this and to every other general 
 rule. But this is our experience. Let few farmers, however, 
 feed their animals less than they now do, or give them more airy 
 lodgings than they now do, because the greater number of the 
 cattle in this country suffer from privation and exposure to the 
 inclemencies of the weather rather than from pampering. But 
 animals, as well as men, will, with the best care we can bestow 
 on them, become sick at times. Our judgment is often at fault 
 when our intentions are the best. Sometimes our back is turned, 
 or our eyes are not opened sufficiently wide. At all events, our 
 r-tock will become sick, some of them ; and recourse must be had 
 to medical remedies." 
 
 It is usual to classify causes ; yet, for all practical purposes, it is 
 only necessary for us to know that exciting causes are those from 
 which disease most directly springs. For example, suppose that in 
 the act of shoeing a horse a nail is driven in a wrong direction, 
 
ON THE CAUSES OF DISEASE. 27 
 
 euters the sensitive tissues of the foot, and lameness occurs ; the 
 nail, in this event, may be classed as a special or mechanical 
 exciting cause; and, under the same head, we class poisons and 
 injuries of all sorts. 
 
 When horses become the subjects of glanders, or farcy, by being 
 exposed to the maladies, they are then said to have taken it either 
 by infection or contagion, and the cause is said to be specific. 
 The terms infection and contagion are now used as synonymous, 
 and, undoubtedly; if reference be had to the etymology of the 
 words, the arrangement is correct. Coming now to plain matter 
 of fact, the exciting cause of disease is that which, when taken 
 into the body, or applied outwardly, is followed by disease or 
 derangement. 
 
 The exciting causes of disease may, therefore, be summed up 
 thus : Debility, induced by bad management, exposure, unwhole- 
 some food; plethora, brought on by over-feeding and want of 
 exercise; overdosing animals with improper medicines and 
 poisons; overtaxing the muscular powers of the animal, and the 
 breathing of an impure atmosphere. 
 
 A great proportion of the diseases occurring among horses and 
 cattle in the Western States is due to the fact that they are not 
 properly housed at night, and the food that they often gather in 
 their exposed situations lacks the nitrogenous and nutritious 
 matter for the manufacture of good, healthy blood and strong 
 muscles. 
 
 Disease sometimes, however, occurs when no exciting nor any 
 other cause appears; yet, with the exception of those maladies 
 supposed to be produced by miasmatic influences, it is probable 
 that the cause, in such cases, has not been discovered. Finally, 
 it may be said that the causes of disease among animals are within 
 their bodies as well as around and about them. 
 
 Veterinary Science, and the relation it bears to Social Science. — 
 The necessity which exists for the services of educated Veteri- 
 nary Surgeons throughout the United States, and in cavalry regi- 
 ments of the United States army, is evident to every thinking 
 man; yet, prior to the advent of our late national troubles, it 
 was found almost impossible to interest the right kind of men, 
 so that thev might use their influence for the purpose of direct- 
 ing the attention of the General Government to the value and 
 
28 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 importance of veterinary science ; but the probability is that Con- 
 gress will soon legislate on the subject, and before long we may 
 expect to hear of the appointment of a Veterinary Surgeon and 
 Assistant Surgeon to each cavalry regiment. 
 
 There exists no earthly reason why our profession should not 
 rank as high in America as in England and France. The great 
 losses which are continually occuring among army horses is a 
 monstrous and growing evil, and, in view of preventing unneces- 
 sary diseases and premature deaths, the Government must organ- 
 ize a veterinary corps. 
 
 It is very important that our science should attract the notice 
 of legislators; for it bears a very intimate relation with social 
 science, inasmuch as men and animals are subject to similiar 
 diseases, which are communicable one to the other, and which 
 often arise spontaneously, and are transmitted from first to second. 
 For example, there is a disease which often occurs among cattle, 
 known as "Anthrax." It is a malignant disease, and many 
 persons have lost their lives by absorbing the virulent " anthrax 
 poisons " from the carcasses of dead animals. 
 
 A cutaneous disease often occurs among the bovine species, 
 known as "ring-worm," which affects the hands and arms of 
 some persons who attend such animals. 
 
 It is asserted, also, that the vesicular murrain, which at times 
 prevails among cows, gives rise to the development of a virus 
 which is often squeezed into the milk-pail, and produces very bad 
 effects on children when fed on the same. 
 
 It has been discovered that the little vesicles found in measled 
 pork are tape-worms, in a certain stage of development, and if 
 not destroyed by thoroughly cooking the infected meat, may 
 develop the dangerous parasite in the human intestines. 
 
 That awful disease known. as virulent "glanders" (spontaneous 
 in some horses) has destroyed many of our race. A small por- 
 tion of the glandered matter coming in contact with an abraded 
 or absorbing spot on any part of a man's body, will surely cause 
 him to die the most horrible of all deaths ; and the same remarks 
 apply to the disease known as " malignant farcy." 
 
 We might enumerate many other forms of disease which are 
 communicable from the superior orders of animality to the in- 
 ferior, and vice versa, but the above must suffice, in view of 
 attracting attention to the value and importance of the subject. 
 
ON THE CAUSES OF DISEASE. 29 
 
 m regard to the origin of diseases, it is known to the profession 
 that the diseases of men and animals are often due to similar 
 causes ; that the evils of .domestication, which operate to develop 
 disease in animals, are as notorious as the evils of civilization, 
 which induces unnecessary diseases and premature death among 
 members of the human family ; therfore, our science does bear 
 an intimate relation to social science, and it appears to us that no 
 scientific mind can fail to appreciate the advantages to be derived 
 from a more extended knowledge of the fundamental principles 
 of veterinary science. 
 
 Let the husbandmen and stock-raisers of this country put their 
 shoulders to the wheel, in view of establishing veterinary schools 
 and colleges throughout the length and breadth of our immense 
 agricultural domain, and soon we can boast of having a class of 
 veterinary surgeons, educated on American soil, conversant with 
 the diseases incidental to the live stock of America. In that event, 
 we can do our own doctoring, without foreign interference. 
 
 We are not disposed to find fault, nor scold about the itinerant 
 veterinary practice which prevails throughout the United States, 
 for we are aware that all try to do the best they can for the relief 
 of the inferior orders of creation. The fault is not with the prac- 
 titioners, but with the people, who have failed to furnish the 
 means of education. 
 
 Resume. — Since writing the above, the " Trichina " disease has 
 made its appearance in Berlin, creating a terrible consternation 
 among the consumers of pork. The disease in its symptoms some- 
 what resembles cholera, but on making post-mortem examina- 
 tions, there was soon discovered in the flesh of some persons an 
 immense number of small microscopic parasites ; these were traced 
 back to the flesh of the hog, where they were discovered in the 
 form of chrysali imbedded in a little shell of lime ; these, on being 
 subjected to a slight degree of heat, speedily brought forth myriads 
 of small parasites, of various forms and sizes, a dozen of which 
 were frequently found in a piece of tissue as large as a pin's head. 
 The process of incubation was discovered to have been produced 
 in the intestines of those who had eaten the pork, by the animal 
 warmth of the stomach. Thus freed from their shells, the creat- 
 ures make their way through the walls of the intestines in every 
 direction, choosing the hard and fleshy tissues especially, and none 
 of them have yet been found in the blood. Most remarkable to 
 
30 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 relate, the "Trichina" is said to have come from the "field* 
 mouse," which the hog, by eating, introduces into his system, from 
 whence it is introduced into the system of man. A few years 
 ago, a number of persons in London were very seriously affected 
 with vomiting and dysentery after partaking of sausages, tlu 
 meat of which was found to be in a putrid state. Liebig, the 
 great chemist, informs us that " several hundred cases are known 
 in which death has occurred from the use of bad sausages in a 
 state of putrefaction." This kind of testimony might be multi- 
 plied to an indefinite length, but what has been written must 
 suffice. The reader can not fail to perceive that, in the study of 
 comparative anatomy and physiology, a wide field for investiga- 
 tion and research is before us, which will amply repay the devoted 
 student, and be the means of accomplishing much good. 
 
 Veterinary Science — How to Inaugurate it — What Benefits have 
 we derived from its Study f — Shortly after the commencement cf 
 our late national struggle, the author was consulted in reference 
 to the most feasible plan of inaugurating Veterinary Science, so 
 that it might be made available for the restoration of sick, lame, 
 and otherwise disabled horses in the Government service, which 
 drew forth the following reply : Up to the present period there 
 exists no law authorizing the employment of regularly-educated 
 veterinary surgeons; therefore any rational plan calculated to 
 ameliorate the condition of army horses, or to prevent the many 
 unnecessary cases of disease and premature deaths which are now 
 constantly occurring, or to guard against the great pecuniary 
 losses which the Government and people of this country have 
 been compelled to submit to in the condemnation and forced sales 
 of deteriorated horses, can not, as I understand the matter, be 
 considered by the powers that be until Congress shall legislate 
 upon the subject. I now propose to inform the reader how to 
 render the knowledge we possess available. 
 
 In the first place, I should follow the systems of instruction 
 and the organizations of the veterinary schools of London, Ed- 
 inburgh, Alfort, and Saumur, and prepare suitable text-book* 
 adapted to the wants of a nation of people who have never given 
 the subject that attention which its importance demands. 
 
 In the selectior. of pupils, I favor the plan of General McClellan, 
 which is as follows : " The pupils for the veterinary school might 
 
ON THE CAUSES OF DISEASE. 31 
 
 be selected from among the best recruits ; indeed, it is not im- 
 probable that the advantages of such an institution would induce 
 excellent men to enlist for the purpose of availing themselves of 
 its benefits. Should such be found to be the results, it would be 
 well to require them to enlist for longer than the usual time, as a 
 compensation for the time spent at school/' Cavalry officers,, 
 farriers, or blacksmiths should be permitted to attend lectures on 
 anatomy, physiology, and the obvious diseases and lameness of 
 horses. 
 
 In cases of emergency, a competent veterinarian should be 
 employed, in each regiment, whose duty it should be to select an 
 intelligent farrier from each company, and instruct such person, 
 in a brief and practical manner, on the management of cavalry 
 horses in camps, the prevention of diseases, and the most rational 
 method of treating diseases incidental to camp life. 
 
 Should it be found impossible to secure the services of a suf- 
 ficient number of competent veterinarians for the above purpose, 
 let those who have shown themselves qualified, by an examination 
 before a medical board, march from camp to camp, give instruc- 
 tions, see that the sick and disabled are separated from healthy 
 animals, and that the former be placed in a covered hospital, and 
 then issue special regulations for the use of mounted troops in 
 garrison and in the field, for the purpose of guarding against the 
 consequences of ignorance and abuse of the animal machine. 
 
 It would be advisable to establish a veterinary professorship at 
 West Point, and there locate the National School. The Govern- 
 ment has there a very fine French model of the horse, a skeleton, 
 and various preparations of morbid anatomy, etc., which, together 
 with other material available, will furnish all that is necessary 
 for the purposes of veterinary tuition. It would also be advis- 
 able for the Chief Veterinary Surgeon to issue to his subordinates 
 such orders as shall secure proper sanitary regulations in camp. 
 The horses should be as well cared for as the troops, for in cav- 
 alry and artillery service, the success of a campaign, or attack 
 and defense, depends much on the health and efficiency of horses. 
 It should be the business of some members of the veterinary 
 corps to station themselves at accessible points, and there erect 
 temporary hospitals for the reception of sick and lame horses, 
 where the latter shall receive the benefits of a rational system of 
 medication and nursing, whereby, in their restoration to usefal- 
 
32 DADD'S VETERINARY SURGERY AND MEDICINE. 
 
 ness, many millions of dollars might b* 3 slaved to the Government 
 in a short time. I contend that the condemnation and ruinous 
 sale of sick and lame horses is a wanton waste of property, and 
 it would be just as rational, if rational at al\ to sacrifice, neglect. 
 or abandon sick or disabled soldiers simply ..^cause they are not 
 in fit condition for present duty. 
 
 Importance of Veterinary Education. — The importance cf edu- 
 cating men for the scientific practice of Veterinary Medicine and 
 Surgery is self-evident, and is further illustrated by the daily 
 experience of those persons whom, as a matter of necessity, hav* 
 been obliged to prescribe for the sick and dying of their flocks 
 and herds, at the same time, having no knowledge of those advant- 
 ages which a thorough course of training affords, must necessarily 
 feel that they are groping in comparative darkness, and when a 
 ray of medical light does flit across their path, it often serves to 
 make them better acquainted with their own want of skill. Per- 
 sons thus circumstanced, unable to procure the services of veteri- 
 nary surgeons, in consequence of a scarcity of the "genuine 
 material," are often called upon to assume the responsibilities of 
 medical practitioners ; and they, no doubt, prescribe with good 
 intention and honesty of purpose, but disease and death have the 
 vantage of them, for the disease is not often rightly diagnosed, 
 nor are they acquainted with the means* of securing a favorable 
 issue; and they will hail, as a great blessing, every attempt made 
 for the purpose of diffusing a knowledge of Veterinary Science. 
 
 We all know that there is greater need for scientific qualifica- 
 tion on the part of those who propose to practice on brutes than 
 in the case of a practitioner of human medicine ; and if a special 
 course of study and qualification, obtained under the guidance of 
 competent' teachers at college or elsewhere, be essentially neces- 
 sary in the one case, surely they can not be dispensed with in the 
 other. Now, it is well known that prior to the introduction of a 
 rational system of veterinary medicine in the mother countiy, 
 millions of domestic animals were annually sacrificed at the 
 shrine of ignorance; but science came to the rescue, and now iho 
 disciples of St. Bel, Coleman, their co-workers (the founders cf 
 the science in England), and kindred spirits, can, by aid of their 
 vast materia medica — their anesthetic agents, their scalpel, and 
 other appliances — accomplish unheard of wonders. 
 
ON TTIE CAUSES OF DISEASE. 33 
 
 The Samaritans of our craft have solved tne problems on which 
 the fundamental principles of physiology and pathology are 
 Pounded ; they have, to a certain extent, dispelled the awful cloud 
 of ignorance and empiricism which had reigned in the British 
 Isles. They have succeeded in illuminating the dense aud dark 
 spots that have existed in horse and cattle practice since the ad- 
 vent of the ancient Egyptians, up to that period which introduced 
 a new era in our art. They have done more than this : our crafts- 
 men have often robbed death of some of its victims, and have 
 succeeded in blunting the keen edge of many an epizootic sword ; 
 and thus they have succeeded in stealing a march on the grim 
 monarch of epizootic destiny. Their weapons were often such as 
 were wielded by Jenner, the benefactor of our race. Our efforts 
 may not always be successful, but as our veterinary fathers have 
 accomplished much, we ought not to despair. 
 
 The field of enterprise in the United States is composed of vir- 
 gin soil, and the " bridegroom of promise " hath not yet put on 
 the complete mantle of fertility ; so that there is a splendid chance 
 for the teachers and graduates of American schools to distinguish 
 themselves and earn the laurel of fame. 
 
 The husbandmen of this country have also suffered immense 
 losses bv the death of valuable animals, and since the landing; of 
 the Pilgrims on Plymouth Rock, up to this very moment, death 
 liath run riot in the camping-ground of horses and cattle, and 
 people have scarcely been informed of the " why or wherefore." 
 The legion host of " itinerant " practitioners which necessity and 
 circumstances have created, remain remarkably silent and non- 
 committal ; and probably this is the best course they can pursue, 
 for, if " ignorance is bliss," and that pays well, it would be de- 
 cidedly unbusiness-like in them to assume wisdom which might 
 not pay. 
 
 There never w T as a period in the history of this country when 
 the services of educated veterinary surgeons were so much needed 
 as at the present time. The live stock of " Young America" do 
 nut enjoy immunity from those pestiferous epizootic maladies 
 which have in former years operated as a "withering simoom " on 
 British husbandry. For example, a dreadful malady known as 
 pleuro-pneumonia has made sad havoc among live stock in Mas- 
 sachusetts, and the terrible alarm there created in consequence, is 
 keenly felt, not only in that State, but in many others. In some 
 3 
 
84 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 of the Western States, a malady known as ' milk-sickness," or 
 trembles, afflicting both man and beast, sometimes prevails, at- 
 tended with such disastrous results that many farmers have often 
 been compelled to abandon the old homestead in view of seeking 
 a location where there was some prospect of enjoying immunity 
 fj run the pest. 
 
 Hog cholera, or pleuro-pneumonia, (among swin^) has >ften 
 filain its millions and tens of millions. Contagious .yphus pre 
 vails, and puerperal fever has carried off hundreds cf thousands 
 of our best stock. Apoplexy, softening of the brain, dropsy of 
 the brain, are just as prevalent here as in England. Abortion, 
 or miscarriage, is fearfully on the increase. Diseases of climate 
 and spontaneous origin are constantly occurring. In fact, to 
 shorten a lengthy story, there is scarcely any disease known to 
 the veterinarians of the Old World that has not prevailed in the 
 New. The mere mention of these matters should at once arouse 
 stock-owners to a sense of duty to themselves and their domestic 
 animals. 
 
 We must have educated veterinary surgeons for the treatment 
 of diseases peculiar to the live stock of this country. It is a mat- 
 ter of national policy, a work of benevolence ; and should we 
 take a business view of the affair, it is a cent and dollar enter- 
 prise that will surely pay. 
 
 We want schools and colleges in this country, where the young 
 men of America can acquire a republican veterinary education, 
 so that in the era before us, the people in this country can employ 
 the graduates of their own schools, endowed and fostered by theii 
 own enterprise and industry. Some persons have an idea that 
 veterinary science can only be acquired under the banner of loy- 
 alty, but this is a great mistake. I am aware that the people of 
 this country have been so absorbed in promoting its growth and 
 developing its resources, that there has been but little chance for 
 great scientific achievement in our calling, yet within the past 
 few years some of the most learned of our profession, educated 
 under the auspices of royalty and aristocracy, have been amazed 
 at the contributions to science furnished by a few devoted men in 
 this country that never saw the inside of an European college. 
 
 As a national affair, therefore, it should be the pride of every 
 American citizen to put his shoulder to the wheel for the purpose 
 just indicated, for the enterprise will surely redound to the honor 
 
ON THE CAUSES OF DISEASE. 35 
 
 and glory of the nation. The science which we are laboring to 
 render popular is vast and boundless as the ocean ; and although 
 it has been explored by many distinguished scholars, it is capable 
 of unfolding new truths, and when the united intellect of intelli- 
 gent Americans shall be brought to bear upon it, will advance 
 with a rapidity truly astonishing. What the American people 
 have accomplished, during the past few years, in rendering other 
 sciences popular, is proof positive of what shall occur when the 
 current of investigation is directed to the science of veterinary 
 medicine and physiology. 
 
 In the absence of educated veterinary surgeons throughout the 
 country, it is of vast importance that stock-owners generally 
 should study, as far as they can, the diseases to which their prop- 
 erty is subject, and acquire a knowledge of, at least, the ordinary 
 remedies. By doing so, thousands of dollars' worth of valuable 
 horses, cattle, and swine may be annually saved to the country, 
 and the intense misery which these poor brutes suffer frequently 
 be relieved. It is our object in this work to simplify the science 
 bo that it may be acquired, to a very useful extent, by any intel- 
 ligent man. If we shall succeed in enabling stock-owners to 
 practice the healing art on their dumb but faithful companions, 
 we shall feel that we have done a good work. 
 
 Inflammation ; Its Nature and Treatment. — Inflammation is said 
 to consist of pain, heat, and redness. It is usually considered as 
 an enemy to the patient ; and we have been taught to subdue it 
 by means of bleeding and purging, at all hazards; and some 
 practitioners, when they undertake the job, generally succeed, 
 yet they lose the patient for their pains. 
 
 Some writers have made inflammation cut up all manner of 
 pranks. It is now sanative in healing a wound or injury, in 
 repairing damages which occur in various parts of the animil 
 economy ; and in the same paragraph the writers declare that in- 
 flammation is the cause of nearly all the deaths that occur. This 
 is sheer nonsense, and will not stand the test of logic, nor the 
 daily experience of that practitioner who deals in fact, and does 
 his own thinking, independently of the dictum of some, of the 
 schools, and the ancient method of reasoning on false facts. A 
 distinguished medical reformer, writing on this subject, says? 
 " Numerous hypotheses or opinions respecting the true nature of 
 
38 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 inflammation have for ages been advanced, and, for a time, sus- 
 tained j but even at the present day the various doctrines appeal 
 to be considered altogether problematical." 
 
 We often hear, in common parlance, that, " if inflammation seta 
 in, the horse will die." Now, the very reverse of this is the case ; 
 for, while inflammation lasts, there is strength, vitality, and aug- 
 mented action, though there may be much pain. This should be 
 interpreted as the warning voice of Nature, to apprise us of a loss 
 of equilibrium in the circulation of the blood, or some deranged 
 condition of the system ; and we should heed the warning / and 
 array ourselves on the side of Nature, in view of promoting a full 
 and free circulation of the blood over the system, so that there 
 shall be no excess anywhere ; and the derangement, wherever it 
 exists, must next command our attention. 
 
 While inflammation and pain exists, there is hope. Take, for 
 example, inflammation of the intestines. While that stage lasts, 
 the animal is not in danger ; but so soon as inflammation and 
 pain ceases, (often accomplished through the means of bleeding 
 and narcotism,) we then open up a new page of pathology. In 
 the course of a few hours the animal dies. Of what — inflamma- 
 tion ? No. He dies of mortification, or gangrene of the bowels. 
 Therefore death was not caused by inflammation. 
 
 So in regard to phrenitis (inflammation of the brain). A cer- 
 tain amount of pain and activity in the parts are observable ; the 
 inflammation may now be attacked after the true Sangrado fash- 
 ion ; the inflammation is subdued, but still the animal is no bet- 
 ter. He dies. Of what does he die? Not of inflammation, for 
 the autopsy reveals, very often, softening of the brain, and fluid 
 is found within the lateral ventricles. Softening of the brain is 
 equivalent to gangrene (death of a part). Then, again, hors<2S 
 cun not be said to die of inflammation when the practitioner de- 
 clares that he heroically subdued it some time previous to the 
 death of the animal. 
 
 There is no proof that bleeding has any directly beneficial 
 influence over the course of inflammations, either external ti in- 
 ternal. Surgeons never bleed now in external inflammation ; and 
 educated and liberal physicians have given up all arguments in 
 favor of the practice for internal inflammation. Good, In his 
 " Study of Medicine," seems to have given us some definite in« 
 formation regarding the effect of blood-letting in inflammation, 
 
ON TliE CAUSES OF DISEASE. 37 
 
 which should asree with the sentiments of ail men desiring to see 
 veterinary science joined in the march of improvement which is 
 now progressing in almost every other department of science and 
 industry. " The immediate effect of profuse and repeated bleed- 
 ing is exhaustion. While this exhaustion continues there Is a 
 diminution of action of every kind, and hence an imposing ap- 
 pearance of relief to the symptoms of disease ; but it no sooner 
 bikes place than an instinctive effort is made by the vis medica- 
 trix natura to remedy the evil hereby produced, and to restore the 
 system to its former balance of power. This balance is called a 
 rallying, or reaction of the living principle. The arteries con- 
 tract to adapt themselves to the measure of blood that remains ; 
 the sensorial organ is roused to the secretion of a large proportion 
 of nervous power to supply the inordinate drain that takes place. 
 During the general commotion, all is in a state of temporary 
 hurry and urgency, and, for the most part, irregularity of action, 
 while the instinctive effort is proceeding. And hence, no sooner 
 is the immediate effect of prostration and exhaustion overcome 
 than the heart palpitates, the pulse beats forcibly with a jerking 
 bound, the head throbs, and the eyes flash fire. Now, it often hap- 
 pens that these concurrent signs are mistaken for proofs of latent 
 or increased vigor, instead of being proofs of accelerated action ; 
 and action, too, that adds as largely to the exhaustion as the de- 
 pletion that produced it; and the unhappy patient is bled a 
 second, a third, and even a fourth time,* till no reaction follows, 
 at which time it is strangely supposed that the plethora or inflam- 
 matorv diatheses is subdued and lulled into a calm, because the 
 patient has been so far and fatally drained of the living principle 
 that there is no longer any rallying or reactive power remaining, 
 and gives up the ghost, in a few hours, to the treatment instead of 
 the disease." This is the case with thousands and tens of thou- 
 sands of valuable animals that annually die in this country, in 
 
 * My attention was recently called to a valuable stallion, which had lately 
 been brought, from Nova Scotia. He was attacked with what the attending 
 would-be physician called "founder," but which was a pure case of acute rheu- 
 matism. In three different bleedings, forty-two pounds of blood had been ab- 
 stracted! and I found the patient so weak and prostrated that he was scarcely 
 able to stand. It seems to me that every man having the least spark of charity 
 for so noble an animal as a horse, should discountenance such outrageous treat- 
 ment as this. 
 
38 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 consequence of our misguided notions of inflammation, and our 
 want of knowledge of a suitable remedy to treat it. But a 
 brighter day is dawning, and the antiquated notions of disease 
 and its treatment are fast giving way to a more rational and suc- 
 cessful system ; and the day is not far distant when blood-letting 
 for the cure of inflammation will be entirely abandoned. 
 
 It is very gratifying to the author to be able to record that 
 many of the progressive medical writers of the present day are 
 on the right side of Nature, teaching us that " she is ever busy, 
 by the silent operation of her own forces, in the cure of disease ; " 
 and they are inaugurating a very great and desirable revolution 
 in the theory and practice of human as well as veterinary medi- 
 cine. 
 
 NaUre of Inflammation. — The physical characteristics of in- 
 flammation are, as I have just written, redness, heat, pain, and 
 sometimes swelling. It is, and always was physiologically, oper- 
 ating for the good of humanity and the inferior orders of creation. 
 Its curative power none can dispute. We see it, in the form of a 
 blush, on the cheek of offended humanity. Friction, injuries, 
 poisons and disease, etc., excite Nature to hoist the symbol of dis- 
 tress—inflammation. She calls loudly for help, but she does not 
 always get it ; and instead of acknowledging her autocracy, and 
 furnishing what she wants to use in her own way, viz. : the water, 
 oil, and wine of the ancient Samaritans, we offer fire, knife, and 
 poison. 
 
 Inflammation being an exalted condition of local arterial cir- 
 culation, it can only be excited by some mental emotion, injury, 
 loss of function, or by what is known as disease, in parts adjacent 
 or remote from its seat. Hence, all diseases of an acute charac- 
 ter are preceded and accompanied, to a certain stage or period, by 
 inflammation. Hence, also, according to ancient usage and the 
 dictum of alma mater, we are constrained to talk and write as 
 though inflammation was the great evil or disease which requited 
 our services; and thus we coquette with Nature by means of 
 sharp-edged tools, while the actual disease steals i march on us, 
 and we lose the patient in consequence of our want of knowledge. 
 
 Treatment of Inflammation. — Inflammation bf . g more or less 
 active, according to the intensity of the disease £ which it is a 
 
ON THE CAUSES OF DISEASE. 
 
 39 
 
 rorerunnei, or rather an indication, and being accompanied by 
 pain, it becomes onr duty merely to restore the equilibrium of the 
 circulation. This removes the inflammation, and promotes a free 
 and full circulation of the blood all over the system, so that there 
 shall be no excess (inflammation) anywhere. This is what we 
 call subduing the inflammation, with this difference, however, 
 that we resort to natural means and sanative medication instead 
 :.jf using the fleam and cathartics. The means are warmth, moist- 
 ure, stimulants, and friction; and clothing to the extremities and 
 to parts of the body that are cold ; and cold applications to parts 
 that are unnaturally hot. One of the best equalizers of the cir- 
 culation is the " Roman bath," the vapor bath, and wet packing. 
 Should the inflammation exist internally, then give plenty of 
 tvarm water, emolient drinks, and emolient enemas, and keep up 
 a physiological action and heat on the surface of the body by 
 means of friction and warm clothing. In this simple way the 
 circulation of the blood is equalized, or, in other words, the in- 
 flammation is " cured ; " and, at the same time, this treatment may 
 cure the disease as well as the inflammation. 
 
SECTION II. 
 
 DISEASES OF THE EYE. 
 
 / maurosis, or Glass Ete (Gutta Serena) — Foreign Bodies within the Eye- 
 lids — Specks, or Film on the Eye, known as Opacity of the Cornea — 
 Cataract — Worm in the Eye — Ophthalmia — Treatment of Inflammation — 
 Purulent Ophthalmia — Specific Ophthalmia. 
 
 Amaurosis (" Glass Eye " — Gutta Serena.) 
 
 AMAUROSIS is known to most men as " glass eye." Physi • 
 cians, however, have named the disease gutta serena. The 
 abnormal condition, which consists in dilatation of the pupil, un- r 
 influenced by light or darkness, is occasioned by paralysis of the 
 optic nerve and its ultimate expansion. 
 
 Causes. — Some horses, of an excitable, nervous temperament, 
 often become the subjects of dilated pupil, without any assignable 
 cause ; while that form of amaurosis occurring among plethoric 
 subjects, or those whose digestive organs a\-e deranged or occupied 
 by a large quantity of undigested food, (they, the subjects border- 
 ing on that state known as stomach staggers,) can easily be ex- 
 plained on the w T ell-known law of sympathy. 
 
 We may, however, with propriety, assign a cause for its occur- 
 rence in the eyes of nervous, excitable horses ; for this very con- 
 dition of the nervous system, which gives rise to the excitability, 
 perhaps goes to show that the brain is actually diseased, either iD 
 function or structure. Animals subject to this affection are gen- 
 erally of a "bony," spare, muscular development, and have wiry 
 sinews, thin tapering ears, delicate lips and nostrils, diminution 
 in the quantity of the hair in the mane and tail, but remarkable 
 for compactness of texture. We generally find, under ordinary 
 circumstances, the black color preponderates in nervous horses 
 over the various shades of equine coloring- matter found in the 
 <40) 
 
DISEASES OF THE EYE. 41 
 
 hair, eyes, etc. I had a case of this kind, and the owner s state- 
 ment was as follows : The animal (mare) had been in his posses- 
 sion about five years. She had four successive attacks of blindness, 
 wnich had never been treated by a certified surgeon, and it was 
 concluded that she must have a periodical attack in spite of all 
 efforts to prevent it. Now, this is what we call a case of idio- 
 pathic periodical amaurosis, and if it does not owe its origin to 
 some hereditary idiosyncracy, it is the result of an abnormal con- 
 dition of the brain. 
 
 When our attention shall be called to a case of this character, 
 we must bear in mind the fact that this animal survived four 
 periodical attacks of the same malady, and performed the ordinary 
 duties of a horse, in the intervals of health, with far-seeing eyes, 
 and without the aid of science ; and this goes to show that this 
 condition of the nervous structure of the eyes of some horses, as 
 well as many other diseases incidental to them, are often " self- 
 limited," and the subjects will recover, if carefully nursed and 
 left unembarrassed by "poisonous drugs." This opinion is in- 
 dorsed by some of the most distinguished surgeons of the present 
 .day. I have no desire to try to saddle the reader with any pecu- 
 liar notions of medication emanating from my own fancy or 
 brains. I am not offering sensible people a mirror of my own 
 reflection, but I wish to present the truth in that mirror, so that 
 they may see it and judge for themselves. Excessive medication 
 is a quicksand which we must try to avoid. Thousands of well- 
 meaning medical aspirants have actually committed professional 
 suicide by clinging to the absurd theory of medication as prac- 
 ticed in bygone days. The lancet, and many of the heroic medi- 
 cines which our predecessors placed great confidence in, and in 
 their writings have urged us to use, are now almost discarded. 
 It is not because an essential change has taken place in the nature 
 of equine maladies, but because we have greater faith in Nature at 
 our curative agent, and have become better acquainted with in at- 
 omy, pathology, and physiology. 
 
 But to resume the subject of amaurosis. If from the history 
 of the case, we have reason to believe that it is of a periodical 
 character, and if it be the sequel to, or an accompaniment of, 
 some hereditary affection, we may be sure that the malady will 
 exist for a certain length of time in spite of all we may do. In 
 such cases, all that is necessary is to have the animal comfortably 
 
12 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 housed, fed on a light, laxative diet, and pay careful attention to 
 the condition of the secretory and excretory functions of the 
 body. 
 
 That form of amaurosis occasioned by a deranged condition of 
 the digestive organs, plethora, or over-distension of the same, will 
 cease so soon as the cause is removed, and may be considered as 
 a sympathetic affection. 
 
 What that cause is we must endeavor to decide on by careful 
 examination, and then frame our plan of treatment in accordance 
 with the indications to be fulfilled. 
 
 Should we consult authorities on amaurosis, we shall find that 
 much diversity of opinion exists. Youatt, who is quoted in 
 this country by some persons as high authority, has mistaken the 
 disease, or else has strangely distorted facts. He contends thwt 
 " the treatment of amaurosis is quite as difficult as that of catir- 
 ract." Now, every one knows that cataract occurring among 
 horses is notoriously incurable ; and Perctvall writes, " A man 
 must be able to perform miracles ere he cures cataract." 
 
 Now, I contend that amaurosis, or dilatation of the pupil, is nrt 
 of itself a disease, but the symptom of one; hence, between cata- 
 ract — -a disease resulting from altered structure of the eye — and 
 amaurosis there exists no analogy. Whenever altered structure 
 exists in the mechanism of the eye, then we have an incurable cas t. 
 
 Mr. Spooxer, the reviser of Youatt's work on the horse, as- 
 sures us that amaurosis is often connected with diseased liver, 
 thus controverting Youatt's theory of incurability ; for animals 
 often recover from very severe attacks of liver disease. 
 
 I have called the attention of our readers to the opinions oi 
 Youatt, Percivall, and Spooner merely to show the import- 
 ance of exercising our own reasoning faculties. We must not 
 place too much confidence in mere book authority, no matter how 
 'high the source, unless experience and intelligence indorses the 
 theory or facts in the case. 
 
 £■[ jculative and false theories are only surface deep. They need 
 n- t t ae eye of the philosopher, nor the mental genius of a Web- 
 ster, in order to discover their flimsy texture and develop the 
 truth. Those who propose to do their own thinking have the 
 ability to judge between right and wrong. Let us commit ro 
 memory all matters which appear as facts, and forget the rest. 
 
 Amaurosis can be artificially produced by administering a few 
 
DISEASES OF THE EYE. 43 
 
 doses of extract of belladonna, and this amaurotic state of the 
 pupil is also observed during etherization, and disappears so soou 
 as the animal is restored to consciousness. 
 
 Percivall informs us that amaurosis may proceed from some 
 abnormal condition of the optic nerve or brain, which may prove, 
 as he says, the last link of a series of marked phenomena, origi 
 nating in some remote part of the body, operating sympathetically 
 on the nervous system, and, through it, extending to the eye. 
 Cases are occasionally met with which may be termed symptomatic 
 amaurosis, occasioned by congestion, tumors, or hydrocephalus. 
 
 Symtomatic amaurosis may follow cranial fracture, and, con- 
 sequently, depression. In such cases, the skill of the surgeon is 
 3alled into requisition to trephine the uninjured region of the 
 skull, in order to elevate the depressed and fractured parts. The 
 potent remedy is the removal of the pressure. Amaurosis is oc- 
 casionally associated with anaemia. Now, anaemia is a condition 
 of the body which indicates a loss of the circulating fluid, either 
 of quantity or quality. The remedy for this condition is carbo- 
 naceous food, mineral and vegetable tonics. Preparations of iron 
 and golden seal are the best remedial agents. 
 
 Symptoms. — I shall now turn the reader's attention, for a mo- 
 ment, to some of the symptoms attending the amaurotic condition. 
 The head of the patient is elevated, and he is known, in popular 
 language, as a " star-gazer." His ears are kept in constant mo- 
 tion, one turned backward and the other forward, in quick suc- 
 cession, to catch the sound of approaching vehicles, so that he 
 may have timely notice of their whereabouts. When started, 
 and while walking, the fore-feet are raised from the ground to an 
 unnecessary height. This is probably done for the purpose of 
 sounding the ground, and, at the same time, of avoiding obstacles 
 which may lie in the road j for the sight is defective, and the 
 animal must depend more on the senses of hearing and feeling. 
 
 Should such an animal be attached to a vehicle and left alone 
 in the street, we shall observe that when an omnibus or heavy- 
 loaded wagon approaches him he becomes restless, and exhibits 
 signs of fear. Such are the principal symptoms which usually 
 accompany defective sight, or total paralysis of the optic nerve, 
 producing amaurosis. 
 
 Treatment. — Sympathetic amaurosis should be treated by means 
 of antispasmodics and alteratives. One ounce of tincture of assa- 
 
44 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 fetida may be given every morning, and in the evening, oue ounce 
 of the fluid extract of sassafras. So soon as the animal regains 
 nis natural vision, the medicine may be discontinued. 
 
 Foreign Bodies within the Eyelids. 
 
 When foreign bodies, such as small particles of hay or dirt, get 
 within the eyelids, they create great pain and uneasiness, and if 
 allowed to remain there, produce a very grave form of disease, 
 often ending in disorganization and total blindness. Should any 
 thing of the kind be discovered, it may be removed by raising 
 the upper or depressing the lower lids ; then introduce and ex- 
 plore the eyeball by means of a camel's hair pencil, to which the 
 foreign body will usually adhere, when it is easily brought away. 
 The parts should then be sponged with lukewarm water. After 
 the lapse of a few hours, should the membranes of the eye and 
 lids appear much reddened, use the following : 
 
 No. 1. Rose water 4 oz. 
 
 Fluid extract of gelseminum 2 dr. 
 
 Put the patient on a diet of sloppy bran mash, and place him 
 where the rays of sunlight shall not affect the eye. 
 
 Films or Specks on the Eye, known as Opacity 
 
 of the Cornea. 
 
 Opacity of the cornea sometimes results from injuries; at others 
 they are symptomatic, and accompany other diseases. They are 
 of very common occurrence in the various stages of influenza and 
 other catarrhal affections, and sometimes a distinct speck will 
 remain long after the disease which gave rise to it has disappeared. 
 The author remembers many cases in which the sight has been 
 completely destroyed by using substances of a corrosive or stimu- 
 lating character. The proper mode of treatment is to bathe the 
 eye occasionally with a portion of the following lotion: 
 
 No. 2 Fluid extract of bloodroot 1 oz. 
 
 Water 8 oz. 
 
 Mix. 
 
 Give the patient one ounce, morning and evening, of fluid 
 
 extract of phytolacca decandra (poke-root). This acts as an 
 
 alterative, and will expedite the cure. 
 
diseases of the eye. 45 
 
 Cataract. 
 
 Cataract in the horse is usually the result of previous attacks 
 of disease. It consists of opacity of the crystalline lens, or the 
 capsule of the same. The disease is incurable, because if an opera' 
 tion was performed for the breaking-up or depression of th\ 
 cataract, such as is practiced in human medicine, vision would 
 still be as imperfect as ever without the aid of magnifying glasses, 
 which would be a great inconvenience to the horse, and scarcely 
 of any practical service. 
 
 Woem IN THE Eye. 
 
 Small parasites are occasionally observed in the eyes of horses. 
 They float about in the watery humor, often for a great length of 
 time, without appearing to do any mischief; yet, being a foreign 
 body, they are, to say the least, injurious. The author has never 
 seen but one case of worm in the eye, and that occurred in a 
 horse, the property of a resident of Chicago. The animal was 
 k ept on exhibition for the inspection of the curious, and was the 
 source of considerable profit to the owner. It is possible that 
 such worm might be extracted by a surgical operation. A writei 
 in the "Veterinary Review" thus alludes to this affection : 
 
 " It may also be here noticed that there is a disease which fre- 
 quently affects the eyes of horses in India, but which, as far as I 
 know, has never been observed in Europe. A worm, which, from 
 the description I have received from different people, may be 
 ojmpared to the common ascaris, is generated in the anterior 
 chamber, and can at times be distinguished swimming about, with 
 apparently great vigor, in the aqueous humor. It produces a 
 great deal of irritation and inflammation, the effects of whicl 
 ultimately destroy the organ. The natives of India cure the 
 disease by making an incision through the cornea, and extracting 
 the worm. Though I have never had an opportunity of examin- 
 ing an eye affected with this curious disease, the circumstantial 
 accounts, from several accurate observers, leave no doubt in my 
 mind of its existence ; and the fact accords with what is known 
 to take place regarding the formation of worms, not only in the 
 human body, but more particularly in the liver, lungs, brain, and 
 other orgars jf the inferior animals." 
 
46 dadd's veteb.inary medicine and surgery. 
 
 Ophthalmia, or Inflammation of, the Eye, 
 
 (Sometimes called "Hooks.") 
 
 This is a very common affection, yet a most painful one, an. 
 ean not well be mistaken. The animal keeps the eyelids closed. 
 Tney are more or less swollen, and the internal surface of the same 
 appears very red. There is an unnatural flow of teara running 
 down the cheeks. The haw, or nictitating membrane, is swollen 
 and very vascular. This condition of the haw is known to some 
 persons as the hooks, and serves as an excuse for the performance 
 of a barbarous operation, not sanctioned by science or common 
 sense, viz. : amputation of the haw, which only aggravates the 
 disease, and deprives the horse of a useful appendage to the organs 
 of vision. 
 
 In the early stage of this disease, and when scalding tears run 
 copiously over the cheeks, we denominate it catarrhal ophthalmia. 
 The disease is not of a very serious nature, but often becomes so 
 in consequence of the outrageous treatment practiced, such as 
 bleeding, purging, and the local application of lunar caustic. 
 The proper mode of treatment is to keep the patient on a light 
 diet, and occasionally bathe the region of the eye with an infusion 
 of poppies or hops ; sometimes with tepid or cold water, as the ca?e 
 may seem to indicate, according to the rational judgment of the 
 owner of the afflicted animal. It is the very best application ths t 
 can be made, and is much more scientific, according to the dictum 
 of the God of Nature, than many of the agents heretofore used. 
 The fact is, many indications of disease designated as inflamma- 
 tion are curable only through the intervention of time and a 
 rational expectancy. Don't do any violence to nature in the 
 use of destructive or poisonous agents, and should the case b« 
 curable, it will terminate favorably under this treatment. Ac- 
 cording to the dictum of the schools of veterinary medicine, 
 inflammation of the eye, as well as inflammatory action of other 
 parts of the body, has to be treated heroically, which system of 
 treatment kills more than it ever cures. As the subject of inflam- 
 mation is a very important one, worthy the attention and con- 
 sideration of American husbandmen, I here introduce an artick 
 from the pen of A. S. Copeman, who was formerly associated 
 with me in conducting the "Veterinary Institute of Boston," 
 Massachusetts : 
 
DISEASES OF THE EYE. 47 
 
 Treatment of Inflammation. 
 
 " It must be admitted by all who contemplate the actual state 
 of medical practice at the present day, that the use of blood-let- 
 ting and of other antiphlogistic remedies, has, within a recent 
 period, greatly declined. According to Youatt and Percivall, 
 mh h remedies, and more especially blood-letting, were formerly 
 l-ighly successful in arresting diseases, in the treatment of which 
 we n3w know they not only fail, but are even highly injurious. 
 The inference has been drawn from these supposed facts, that in- 
 flammation itself is no longer the same ; that its type has altered 
 from an inflammatory to a typhoid character. In short, it seems 
 to have been the opinion of certain writers that an advanced 
 knowledge of physiology and pathology has had little influence 
 in producing this great revolution in our treatment, but that the 
 constitutions of animals are fundamentally altered, and that medi- 
 cal men were as right in bleeding thirty years ago as they are 
 correct in now abstaining from it. In opposition to these views, 
 it will be my endeavor to show, 1st, That little reliance can be 
 ] 'laced on the experience of those who, like Blain, Percivall, 
 and Youatt, were unacquainted with both histology and organic 
 chemistry, and, per consequence, the nature of inflammations ; 
 id, That inflammation is the same now as it has ever been ; 3d, 
 That the principles on which blood-letting and antiphlogistic 
 remedies have hitherto been practiced are fallacious, and opposed 
 ito pathology; 4th, That an inflammation once established can 
 not be cut short, and that the object of judicious medical practice 
 is to conduct it to a favorable termination ; 5th, That all positive 
 knowledge of the experience of the past, as well as the more ex- 
 act observations of the present day, alike establish the truth of 
 the preceding propositions as guides for the future. 
 
 1st Proposition. — That little reliance can be placed on the ex- 
 perience of those who, like Blain, Percivall, and Youatt, were 
 unacquainted with histology, and, per consequence, the nature of 
 inflammations. 
 
 Inflammation, for many years, was generally recognized, espe- 
 cially in external parts, by the existence of pain, heat, redness, 
 and swelling, and in internal parts by fever, accompanied by 
 pain and impeded function of the organ affected. In fact, groups 
 of symptoms, in accordance with the nosological systems of the day. 
 
48 DADD'S veterinary medicine and surgery. 
 
 eonsti j.ed inflammation. But the school of morbid anatomy, 
 by showing that inflammation was a diseased condition of a part, 
 entirely overthrew the errors and confusion inherent in all such 
 nosological systems ; while more recent histological research, by 
 exhibiting to us that inflammation is, in truth, a disease of nutri- 
 * lion, governed by the same laws that determine growth and waste 
 of the tissues, has united physiology and pathology into our 
 science, and has removed our present knowledge still further from 
 the traditional errors of the past. Now, if it could be shown that 
 the group of symptoms formerly called inflammation always in- 
 duced the same morbid lesions, former experience might still be 
 useful to us. But we contend that this is what clinical observa- 
 tion proves to be impossible. Such are the contradictory state- 
 ments and the confusion resulting from the un acquaintance of the 
 past race of practitioners with a correct diagnosis and pathology, 
 lhat no confidence whatever can be placed in their impressions 
 as to what cases were benefited by bleeding. Medicine is not a 
 scientific art, which is dependent for its principles on the study 
 of a commentary on the older writers. What they thought and 
 what they said are not, and ought not, in a question of this kind, 
 ft) be our guide as to what was or is. On the contrary, it is the 
 book of Nature, which is open to all, that we ought to study ; and 
 why should we read it through the eyes of past sages, when the 
 light uf science was comparatively feeble and imperfect, instead 
 of bringing all our improved modern appliances and advanced 
 knowledge to elucidate her meaning ? 
 
 2d Prop. — That inflammation is the same note as it has ever 
 been. 
 
 The essential nature of inflammation has been already alluded 
 to, viz. : a series of changes in the function of a part, terminating 
 in exudation or effusion of lymph. Now, what proof is there 
 that any of these necessary changes have, of late years, undergone 
 any modification? If a healthy animal receives a blow, or any 
 other injury, are the resulting phenomena, in these days, in any 
 way different from those which took place in the days of Youati 
 and Percivall? Were the effects which followed wounds in 
 1830 different from those which resulted from similar injuries in 
 1860? This has not yet been shown. Again : if a healthy horse, 
 nowadays, be exposed to wet and cold, and be seized with an 
 inflammation of the lung or pleura, is not the lung hepatized in 
 
DISEASES OF THE EYE. 49 
 
 the one case? and does not effusion follow in the other, in exactly 
 the same way as formerly ? But what should this asserted change 
 in tne nature and character of inflammation lead us to infer '? It 
 is said that inflammation and its results are entirely changed 
 within the last thirty years. It is, then, argued that horses, in iii 
 parts of the world, since the days of Blain, Youatt, and Per- 
 crvALL, have become so debilitated and deteriorated ; that their 
 constitutions have been so altered for the worse; that, attacked 
 by the same lesion, and to the same extent, there is no longer the 
 same reaction. If so, where is the evidence of this ? 
 
 For my. own part, I have earnestly sought for but can not dis- 
 cover a shadow of evidence for such a belief. Moreover, I have 
 a most lively remembrance of all the facts and circumstances con- 
 nected with the bleeding of hundreds of patients, thirty years ago, 
 when I first commenced the study of veterinary medicine, and my 
 impression is, that not the slightest difference exists between the 
 character of inflammation now and what it was then. 
 
 3d Prop. — That the principles on which blood-letting and anti- 
 phlogistic remedies have hitherto been practiced are fallacious and 
 opposed to pathology. 
 
 Large and early bleeding have been practiced, under the idea 
 that, by diminishing the amount of circulating fluid, 1st, the 
 materus morbi in the blood would be diminished; 2d, less blood 
 would flow to the inflamed parts ; 3d, the increased quantity of 
 blood in the part would be lessened ; 4th, the character of the 
 pulse was the proper index to the amount of blood that ought to 
 be drawn. Let us examine a few of these principles of practice. 
 The increased throbbing and circulation of blood in an inflamed 
 part may be shown not to be the cause of inflammation, but the 
 result of it, and that the idea of so-called determination of blood 
 to inflamed parts is fallacious. Now, if we attend to what takes 
 place in the finger from a thorn entering the skin and remain- 
 ing unextracted, we find the irritating body first acts upon the 
 cellular constituents — the nerves and blood-vessels of the part; 
 then comes on the congestion and exudation, and, lastly, follows 
 the throbbing, which is the evidence of so-called determination, 
 and result of the inflammation, and not a cause of it. The blood, 
 in this case, instead of being sent by a vis a tergo, is, in fact, 
 drawn by a vis a fronte, and, as we shall endeavor to show, for 
 the most important purposes. But why should Nature, in eases 
 4 
 
50 J.ADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY 
 
 of inflammation, draw an increased amount of blood toward the 
 part? She does so, it seems to us, in obedience to one of her 
 wisest laws, but one which has been too much ignored by medical 
 practitioners. It must be obvious, however, that an inflamma- 
 tion having occurred, the great work now to be accomplished is 
 the removal of the exudation — to eliminate from the injured part 
 Either directly by discharge externally, or by passage into the 
 blood, to be finally excreted through the emunctories. In all 
 fiiich cases, the blood is not sent or determined, but drawn to the 
 part, in consequence of the increased actions going on in them ; 
 in short, it is absolutely imperative that the part in which these 
 changes go on should receive more blood than in health. But, 
 hitherto, medical practitioners have supposed that this phenome- 
 non is injurious, and ought to be checked by blood-letting and 
 antiphlogistics. The rapid flow of blood, which is so necessary, 
 they have sought to diminish, and the increased amount in the 
 neighborhood of the part which is so essential for the restoration 
 to health, it has been their object to destroy. In doing so, we 
 argue they act in opposition to sound theory, and, as we shall 
 afterward attempt to show, good practice, also. 
 
 The inconsistency of the theraupeutical rules on this head will 
 become more manifest when we remember that it is necessary, in 
 the opinion of many medical practitioners, not only to weaken 
 the pulse when it is strong, but to strengthen it when it has been 
 made weak. Now, although it is obviously good practice to sup- 
 port the strength when the calls upon the nutritive functions 
 have exhausted the economy, it is injurious to diminish, by blood- 
 letting, the nutritive processes themselves, when they are busily 
 engaged in operating on the exudation and eliminating the mor- 
 bid products. In short, the phenomena of fever and excitability 
 accompanying inflammation have been wrongly inteipreted, and 
 danger is to be apprehended from them, not directly, but from 
 the subsequent exhaustion which all great exertions of the animal 
 economy produce. In themselves, these exertions are sanathe, 
 and indicate the struggle which the economy is engaged in when 
 attempting to get rid of the diseased processes ; and whenever we 
 lessen the vital powers at such a critical juncture, we diminish 
 the chances of that struggle terminating favorably. This propo- 
 sition seems to be universally admitted in the case of essential 
 fevers, and its truth ought to be accepted equally in inflammation. 
 
DISEASES OF THE EYE. 5a 
 
 It has been argued, however, that the immediate effect of blood- 
 letting justifies the practice. But, assuming it is granted that 
 in some cases the pain is for a time relieved by bleeding, and 
 that in pneumonia the respiration temporarily becomes more free, 
 at what a cost are those advantages obtained, should the patient 
 l)e so weakened as to be unable to rally ! Even if he does rally, 
 a large bleeding almost always prolongs the disease. Of course, 
 we are now speaking of a true pneumonia, and not of that com- 
 bination of symptoms commonly called a chill, or lung fever. 
 
 4th Prop. — That an inflammation once established can not bt 
 cut short, and that the object of judicious medical practice is to 
 conduct it to a favorable termination. 
 
 There was a time when it was supposed that the progress of 
 influenza, distemper, and many other specific fevers which are now 
 generally allowed to run their natural course, could be arrested by 
 medical interference. But with regard to them has been estab- 
 lished the principles, first, of prevention, and, second, when this 
 ffrils, of simply conducting them to a favorable termination. 
 
 It appears to me that the same rule ought to hold with regard 
 t > internal inflammations, and that this will be admitted when it 
 h made apparent, not only that every inflammation, once formed, 
 r ins through a definite course, but what that course is. This I 
 now proceed shortly to consider. If a violent blow or injury has 
 been received, a greater or less amount of exudation is infiltrated 
 among the contused and torn tissues, which undergo disintegra- 
 tion, is absorbed and excreted from the economy ; if not, it col- 
 lects, in the form of a fluid, and constitutes an abscess. The 
 series of changes here referred to have always been found to bo 
 best perfected in animals of vigorous constitutions, while in the 
 weak, poor, and broken-down they proceed slowly, or not at all. 
 Surely, it can not be maintained that in cases similar to the above, 
 we can favor the reparative processess by blood-letting and low- 
 ering the strength of the economy ? 
 
 But in internal inflammations, say of the lungs or intestines, 
 are the processes different ? Certainly not. But because the pro- 
 cesses by which Nature relieves herself have been hid from view, 
 physicians have supposed that instead of treating the inflamed 
 parts, as the surgeon does, he ought to attack the general symp- 
 toms which result from the lesion. In cases of fracture and con- 
 tusion there are also febrile symptoms, increased pulse, and so on j 
 
52 DADDS veterinary surgery and medicine. 
 
 but does the surgeon imagine that callous will form better, or an 
 abscess be resolved or reach maturity sooner, by general blood- 
 letting and antiphlogistics ? Experience teaches him otherwise ; 
 and in the same manner it may be most reasonably argued tl at 
 such treatment can not favor the natural termination of internal 
 inflammations. 
 
 5th Prop. — That all positive knowledge of the experience of th* 
 past, as well as the more exact observation of the present day, aliki 
 establish the truth of the preceding propositions as guides for tht 
 future. 
 
 Before it is possible, however, to determine with exactitude the 
 value of any practice, it is essential to ascertain the natural dura- 
 tion of the disease we propose to treat. Fortunately, we have 
 now some data which will enable us to arrive at this informatio i> 
 with regard to many diseases. We have seen many severe ease* 
 of pneumonia submitted to homepathic remedies — that no rea - 
 sonable medical man can suppose to be any thing else than inert — 
 yet most of these cases got well, and, I think, may be considered 
 as excellent studies of the disease left entirely to Nature. Many 
 years' experience and close observation have convinced me tha* 
 uncomplicated pneumonia, especially in young and vigorous con ■ 
 stitutions, almost always gets well, if, instead of being lowered, 
 the vital powers are supported, and the excretion of effete pro- 
 ducts assisted. It is in exactly these cases, however, that we were 
 formerly enjoined to bleed most copiously, and that our systematic 
 works even now direct us to draw blood largely, in consequence 
 of the supposed imminent danger of suppuration destroying the 
 texture of the lung. Such danger is altogether illusory, and the 
 destruction to lung tissues, so far from being pi evented, is far 
 more likely to be produced by the practice. Jn fact, the onlj 
 cures in which it occurs are in the aged or enfeebled constitutions , 
 in which nutrients, and not antiphlogistics, are the remedies ind\ 
 catsd. We can, however, readily understand now blood-letting, 
 practiced early, and in young and vigorous constitutions, does les^ 
 harm, or, to use a common expression, is '* borne better," t\\ua 
 when the disease is advanced, or the patient weak, and this be 
 cause then the vital powers are less affected by it. But that it 
 cures the greater number of animals attacked, or shortens th«. 
 duration of the disease, is disproved by every fact with which we 
 are acquainted.. Before ci jsinp we have a few Avords to ofier on 
 
DISEASES OF THE EYE. 53 
 
 'mercurials.' The confident belief in their power of causing ab- 
 sorption of lymph, by operating on the blood, is not only opposed 
 to sound theory, but, like blood-letting, is not supported by ex 
 perience, which has been so confidently appealed to in their favor. 
 I can not, therefore, resist the conclusion that the principles which 
 led to an antiphlogistic practice in inflammation were erroneous, 
 and are no longer in harmony with the existing state of pathology. 
 1 think it has been further shown, that in recent times our success 
 in treatment has been great just in proportion as we have aban- 
 doned ' heroic remedies/ and directed our attention to furthering 
 the natural progress of the disease. 
 
 Internal inflammations are cured, not by bleeding and drugs, 
 but by a natural process as distinct and definite as the process of 
 normal nutrition. What we may do by our interference, may 
 either aid, promote, and even accelerate, this natural tendency to 
 get well, or it may very seriously impair and retard, and even 
 altogether stop, that salutary process. If, then, this view of the 
 nature of the means by which inflammation is resolved in internal 
 organs be correct, it is not unreasonable to assume that a very de- 
 pressed state of vital power is unfavorable to the healing process. 
 
 Indeed, if you watch those cases in which nothing at all has 
 been done, or in which nothing has been done to lower the vital 
 powers, you will find that the mere inflammatory process itself, 
 especially in an organ so important as the lung, depresses the 
 strength of the patient each day more and more. You will per- 
 ceive, then, that, according to these views, there are strong a priori 
 reasons in favor of the policy of upholding our patients, even in 
 the earliest stages of acute diseases, by such food as may be best 
 suited to their digestive organs, such as is most readily assimi- 
 lated, and calls for the least effort, the smallest expenditure of 
 vital force for its primary digestion — nutritive matters, tea 
 sweetened milk, etc., and also alcohol, which is directly absorbed 
 and tends to keep up the heat of the body. 
 
 If, then, it has been satisfactorily shown, in consequence of our 
 advanced knowledge of diagnosis and pathology, that an anti- 
 phlogistic practice is opposed to the cure of diseases, it follows that 
 many of the principles which have hitherto guided us in their 
 treatment must be considerably modified. That medical practice 
 has undergone a great revolution during the last fifteen years, is 
 a fact already «o well established that it can be no longer denial. 
 
64 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 Iii my discourse on inflammation, reference was made to the 
 views held by the ' neuro-pathologists.' Now, nervous pathology 
 has been in medicine the ' great scape-goat' upon which more 
 professional sins have been heaped than any other. 'Nervous 
 exhaustion/ nervous irritation, etc., are a few of the many terms 
 with which we seek to cloak our ignorance of the real nature of 
 many disorders, the intimate nature of which is beyond our ken. 
 Many accomplished practitioners still maintain that abnormal, 
 vital phenomena may be, and are likely to be, occasioned by 
 dynamic aberrations alone, and that such phenomena are cor- 
 rectly designated as functional disease. We can not concur in 
 this opinion. What is called force of every description is con- 
 nected with, if not dependent on, changes in the atoms of matter 
 Force is the hypothetic agent which underlies the phenomena of 
 material change ; and to affirm that dynamic modifications of vital 
 function may exist without alteration of material organization, is 
 to ignore the fundamental principles of philosophic physiology. 
 All diseases, therefore, in our opinion, is organic, even mental 
 and nervous diseases of every kind and form. Not a thrill of 
 sensation can occur, not a flashing thought or a passing feeling 
 can take place, without changes in the living organism ; much less 
 can diseased sensation, thought, or feeling occur without such 
 changes — changes which we are not able to detect, and which we 
 may never be able to demonstrate, but which we are, nevertheless, 
 certain of. For, whether we adopt the theory that the states and 
 things which we call heat, electricity, vitality, etc., are distinct 
 entities of what is called 'imponderable' matter, or the far more 
 probable theory that they are only phenomena belonging to 
 ordinary ponderable matter, an atom or a cell, charged with 
 electricity or heat, or in a state of chemical activity, is essentially 
 in a different condition to a cell or an atom in chemical or elec- 
 trical equilibrium with surrounding substances. Organic actions 
 caii not exist without corresponding change.^ in material con- 
 dition. The only force capable of explaining any of the phe- 
 nomena of life is the chemical one, and this only in a state of 
 constant activity and interminable change. In disease, the chemi- 
 cal composition of the cells, or general matter, is altered from the 
 standard of health, and this alteration of chemical composition is 
 the real groundwork of organic disease. Those abnormal states- 
 which depend upon an altered condition of the blood, are not \es.% 
 
DISEASES OF THE EYE. M 
 
 a J;lv organic than all other diseases; for not only can no cnange 
 n.ke place in the composition of the blood without in some le- 
 gree affecting all parts which are nourished by it, but that tnis 
 fluid is, strictly speaking, itself a livkig organism, and every 
 change which takes place therein is organic. Life can not be 
 arrested without material change in the organs necessary to life. 
 Every autopsy in which we fail to discover these changes, proves 
 merely that our knowledge of life and death is defective, not that 
 the changes do not exist." 
 
 Purulent Ophthalmia. 
 
 Purulent ophthalmia takes its name from the profuse discharge 
 of pus, or matter, which escapes from the eyelids. In regard to 
 the human subject, the authorities contend that there are several 
 varieties of this malady prevalent in man, one of which, the Egypt- 
 ian ophthalmia, is contagious ; but no such disease was ever known 
 to occur among horses. 
 
 Causes. — The various maladies which affect the eyes sometimes 
 owe their origin to accidents; at other times they occur in badly 
 % entilatcd stable*, where a large number of horses are congregated 
 together, and tW they are supposed to be contagious. But it ap- 
 pears that thee is no necessity, in such case, to advance the theory 
 of contagion, by way of explanation of the outbreak ; for the same 
 cause which oroduced the malady in the first horse would be more 
 01 less creative in all the rest. A hot, foul atmosphere :ias a 
 \ery Hd effect on the eyes of both men and horses. The mem- 
 brane lining the eyelids, which also covers the eyeball, is very vas- 
 cular and sensitive, and is extremely susceptible to irritation froni 
 the action of the ammoniacal gases which prevail in foul stables ; 
 hence, in order to prevent the disease, proper attention must bf 
 paid to ventilation and cleanliness. 
 
 Treatment. — For the treatment of purulent ophthalmia tne au- 
 thor recommends the following lotion : 
 
 No. 3. Powdered chlorate of potass \ oz. 
 
 Fluid extract of matico 1 oz. 
 
 Water » 8 oz. 
 
 Mix. 
 
 A poition of this lotion should be applied to the eyes, by means 
 of a *oti sponge, two or three times a day; the eyes as well as the 
 
i>6 DADOS VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 lids must, however, be previously cleansed with lukewarm water. 
 The patient should have a few doses of fluid extract of poke-root. 
 About half an ounce of the extract, night and morning, will suffice, 
 wnich will act as an alterative. 
 
 Specific Ophthalmia. 
 
 This form of disease affects animals periodically, and is depend- 
 ent on some" peculiar predisposition; hence it may be termed 
 
 hereditary. 
 
 Symptonis. — There usually comes on very suddenly, perhaps In 
 a single night, a great tenderness in one eye, commonly marked by 
 the eyelids being shut, a copious secretion of tears, the white of the 
 eye appearing slightly red, and the whole anterior chamber of the 
 eye dim and clouded, there being no distinct speck on the cornea, 
 as takes place in the common inflammation of the eye. The red- 
 ness of the eyeball is never very remarkable, even though the 
 disease assumes its most aggravated form; but the dimness of the 
 anterior chamber increases rapidly, and in two or three days, or 
 even a shorter period, a yellow spot appears at the bottom of that 
 cavity, arising from the formation of pus. Sometimes the quantity 
 of pus is very considerable, and I have seen it fill at least tw<»- 
 thirds of the anterior chamber. After lasting one, two, or three 
 weeks, the inflammation and watering usually begin gradually 1c 
 subside. The pus, though in very large quantity, is sometimes 
 almost entirely absorbed, so that scarcely any vestige is to be seen ; 
 and in other instances thin webs of opaque matter remain, which 
 destroy the transparency and luster of the eye, and which, by I heir 
 adhesion to the edges of the pupil, interfere with its motions and 
 destroy its form. 
 
 It is astonishing how acute dealers in horses are in discovering 
 an eye which has had an attack of this kind. 
 
 Sooner or later, while the horse appears in a state of perfect 
 health, the eye is again attacked, the disease being accompanied by 
 the same symptoms, making a similar progress, and having the 
 same termination, while each new attack is accompanied with the 
 deposition of more and more opaque matter. These attacks suc- 
 ceed each other at very different, and sometimes at very distant, 
 intervals, until the whole pupil is filled with an opaque white 
 matter, and the sight of the eye completely destroyed. 
 
DISEASES OF THE EVE. 
 
 57 
 
 During this progress, the disease is often confined to one eye; at 
 least one eye is usually much more severely affected than the other. 
 In some cases the two eyes are simultaneously affected, and, finally, 
 by a succession of attacks, the horse becomes completely blind. 
 The probability is, that after a horse has suffered several times 
 from periodical attacks he will finally become blind. 
 
 Treatment. — The same treatment as recommended for common 
 foflammation of the eye is applicable to this complaint. 
 
SECTION III. 
 
 « 
 
 DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM 
 
 Abscess within the Substance of the Brain — Hydrocephalus, or Dropst oi 
 the Brain — Stomach Staggers — Apoplexy, or Cerebral Hemorrhage — 
 Apoplexy of Spine, or Spinal Hemorrhage, producing Paraphlegia — 
 Epilepsy, or Fits — Tetanus — Vertigo — Acute or General Disease of th« 
 Brain, known as Encephalitis — Sleepy Staggers — Cerebral Meningitis- - 
 Chorea, or Stringhalt. 
 
 Abscess within the Substance of the Brain. 
 
 THE author, having some doubts about the curability of abscers 
 within the brain, can not offer the reader much encourage- 
 ment as regards the cure; yet, for the purposes of research, and in 
 view of prosecuting our Samaritan-like calling on a noble and 
 valuable animal, it is proper that the reader be put in possession 
 of the facts in the case. The symptoms and morbid conditions 
 connected with various forms of brain disease are, at the present 
 state of our knowledge, very obscure. Even in human practice, the 
 authorities contend that the subject of symptoms and conditions is 
 full of uncertainty and apparent irregularity. Doubtless there is 
 some constant and uniform connection of cause and effect between 
 the altered physical states of the brain and the altered manifesta- 
 tions of its functions, but we have not yet been successful in our 
 starch after those settled relations, nor have we but partial and 
 imperfect glimpses of them. 
 
 Causes. — It is probable that the same causes which produce 
 abscess in other parts of the body, not clearly traceable to local 
 injuries, are operative in regard to the brain. Abscess is, as a 
 matter of course, always preceded by an active stage, known a? 
 inflammatory, and when not called into existence by local injury, 
 must depend on both predisposing and exciting causes. The pre- 
 disposition lurks in breed, and the exciting causes may be among 
 (53) 
 
DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. 
 
 59 
 
 t IgmL 
 
 A HORSE BENT ON MISCHIEF— THE SUBJECT OF PHEENITIS. 
 
 those which produce disorder in the digestive function or organs. 
 It is well known, however, that this, like some other diseases of 
 the brain, is constantly occurring among members of the human 
 family as well as the equine species, they being the subjects of 
 constitutional defect in the form of scrofula. Derangement of the 
 digestive organs almost always affect the brain, in consequence of 
 sympathetic relations existing between the two. Hence, in view of 
 preventing disease of the biain, we must keep the stomach in good 
 working order, by means of an intelligent system of dietetics, and 
 the exhibition of sanative medicines when they seem to be needed. 
 Symptoms. — The observable symptoms of abscess within the bnn 
 do not differ materially from those which are present in dropsy of 
 the brain. In the early stage, the animal appears lethargic, sleepy, 
 and, when urged to move, reels and comes near falling. The head 
 is usually somewhat depressed, yet it is often inclined to one side: 
 the pupil of the eye is dilated, and the membranes of the lids are 
 congested and reddened. As the disease advances, a state of torpor 
 9fts in. Blindness, from pressure on the brain, ensues ; the animal 
 gets upon the floor, soon abrades the skin from the regions of the 
 hips and shoulders, until, as a matter of charity, the owner pufc» 
 an end to the sufferings of the patient. 
 
60 DADDS VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 The lethargic condition, therefore — dilated pupils, torpor,, and 
 reeling of the animal — indicate this serious difficulty in the sub- 
 stance of the brain or its cavities. 
 
 Treatment. — Should the surgeon or the proprietor of the affected 
 animal desire to attempt a cure, the author recommends the following : 
 
 No. 4 Fluid extract of stillingia, (queen's-root,) 4 oz. 
 
 Fluid extract of bloodroot 3 oz. 
 
 Powdered iodide of potass 1 oz. 
 
 Water 6 oz. 
 
 Dissolve the iodide in the water, and then add the stillingia and 
 bloodroot. 
 
 Dose, two ounces, twice daily. Local treatment in this malady 
 does not amount to much, if any thing at all, for the only way in 
 which the matter within the brain can be got rid of, if got rid of 
 at all, is by exciting the absorbents to action, so that the matter may 
 be absorbed. At the same time, alteratives are to be used ; and, for 
 this purpose, the above prescription is recommended. 
 
 Hydrocephalus (Dropsy of the Brain). 
 
 Hydrocephalus is the termination of some disorder in the brain 
 itself, or the membranes surrounding it ; yet some medical writers 
 contend that dropsy is rather a symptom of disease than disease in 
 itself. It may be so in some cases, which constitutes the exception 
 to a general rule ; but the author regards dropsy of the brain a? 
 the last stage of organic disease of that organ. On the dissectior 
 of the brain of some horses that have died of this malady, scrofu- 
 lous tubercles are often found in the substance of the brain, and 
 tubercular deposits also manifest themselves on the membranes cov- 
 ering the brain. In fact, the pathological appearance revealed on 
 dissecting the brain of a horse which has died of hydrocephalus 
 does not differ from that found in the human subject. Condie says : 
 
 " Tubercles, varying in size from that of a pin's head to that of 
 a pea, are very generally found scattered irregularly over the sur- 
 face of the pia mater, following it between the convolutions. Occa- 
 sionally, however, they occur in distinct patches of an inch or more 
 in extent. They are commonly hard and semi-transparent ; some- 
 times opaque, and of a whitish, grayish, or yellowish color. They 
 are found upon all parts of the surface, the coiwex and lateral por- 
 tions as w^ll as the base, in the infractuosities of the convolutions, 
 
DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. ol 
 
 ;tn<l in the fissures. According to Rilliet and Barthez, they are 
 more frequent upon the convex surface of the hemispheres than at 
 the base. Dr. Hamernjh found them more frequently at or near 
 the base of the brain. They are much more abundant upon the 
 brain than upon the cerebellum. They are met with, also, imbed- 
 ded in the gray matter of the brain, and are here often surrounded 
 by a halo of redness, usually connected with an enlarged vessel, 
 ra mifying from the pia mater. More rarely, tubercles are detected in 
 /he medullary portion of the brain, where they are often overlooked, 
 in consequence of their pale, semi-transparent, yellowish tint. The 
 plexus choroides is, also, often covered with tubercles. They are 
 very commonly met with, likewise, on the serous membranes of 
 the thorax and abdomen, in the lungs, and occasionally in the sub- 
 stance of the liver. In twenty-seven out of thirty-three cases of 
 hydrocephalus, Barthez and Rilliet found tubercles or granula- 
 tions associated with inflammation of the pia mater ; in four cases 
 the meningitis was unattended by any trace of tubercular deposition 
 in the encephalon; and in two cases the granulations, or meningial 
 tubercles, were unattended with any traces of inflammation. In all 
 the thirty-three cases the symptoms were nearly identical." 
 
 Causes. — Among the causes of this disease, therefore, we may 
 consider the scrofulous diathesis as being the most potent ; yet we 
 can not always prove the fact until after the death of our patient. 
 Yet an autopsy held on such a case is really valuable to the inquiring 
 mind ; for, in discovering the true pathology of the affection, we are 
 not only enabled to comprehend its character, but also the modus 
 operandi of treatment. 
 
 The exciting causes of the malady are not always so apparent. 
 The authoi has known it to follow castration, puncture of the foot, 
 staggers, and acute disease of the stomach. 
 
 In some cases, faulty nutrition is the exciting cause; in shcrt, 
 the symptoms sometimes supervene on the subsidence of some 
 other malady. 
 
 Symptoms. — As regards the symptoms of hydrocephalus, they do 
 not differ materially from those alluded to in the preceding article. 
 At first, torpor, unconsciousness, unsteadiness on moving ; dilation 
 of the pupil ; the animal gets upon the floor, in many cases never 
 to rise again. Stertorous (grunting) breathing takes place ; the ani- 
 mal tosses his head about in an unnatural manner, often throwing 
 it backwaid — a very noticeable feature of this affection — occasioo- 
 
02 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE ANT^ SURGERY. 
 
 ally raising it from the ground. Finally, ccnvulsions set in, and 
 the subject dies in that state, perfectly unconscious. 
 
 When hydrocephalus occurs after phrensy, or what is known as 
 " mad staggers," it always proves fatal. 
 
 Treatment. — For the treatment of hydrocephalus give the fol 
 
 lowing : 
 
 No. 5. Fluid extract of buchu 4 oz. 
 
 Water 6 oz. 
 
 Iodide of potass 2 oz. 
 
 Mix. 
 
 Dose, two ounces, morning and evening. 
 
 The patient should have injections of soap-suds, once or twice 
 daily ; and should the disease have made its appearance very sud- 
 denly, or, in other words, be of an acute character, so that the pari s 
 in the region of the brain feel hot, they should be then sponged very 
 frequently with cold water ; then give two drachms of fluid extra< t 
 of geloeminum twice daily, until the pulse feels soft, or until the 
 acute stage subsides. 
 
 Stomach Stagger. 
 
 The ceiebral disease usually denominated stomach staggers pre- 
 vails among horses which are overfed, whereby the function of 
 digestion becomes deranged ; and thus the food given accumulates, 
 and finally gorges the stomach, producing cerebral derangement, 
 which makes the horse reel and stagger like a drunken man. The 
 horse may be said to be drunk from the efTect of food. Sometimes 
 the cause is accidental. A horse gets loose in the stable, and, find- 
 ing a lot of meal or oats incautiously exposed, he devours vora- 
 ciously a large quantity, and very soon after becomes the subject 
 of stomach staggers. 
 
 Symptoms. — A stomach surcharged with food, without any ac- 
 companying distension, does not appear to occasion any local pain, 
 but operates with that kind of influence upon the brain which gives 
 rise to symptoms, not stomachic, but cerebral ; hence the analogy 
 between this disease and staggers, and the appellation for it of 
 " stomach staggers." The unnaturally-filled stomach produces, for 
 the first time, a sense of satiety ; the horse grows heavy and drowsy, 
 reposes his head upon the manger, falls asleep, and makes a ster- 
 torous noise. All at onoe. he rouses from his lethargy, and violently 
 thrusts his head against the rack or wall of the stable,, or any thing, 
 
DISEASES OF THE KRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM 63 
 
 in fact, that happens to oppose him, and in this posture paws with 
 his fore-feet, or performs the same action with them as be would 
 vverc he trotting, evidently all the while unconscious of what he is 
 about. His eye, which at first was full of drowsiness, has now 
 acquired a wild, unmeaning stare, or has already become dilated 
 and insensible to light. The respiration is tardy and oppressed ; 
 the pulse slow and sluggish ; the excretions commonly diminished. 
 The late Professor Coleman used to relate a circumstance, in 
 his lectures, connected with this disease, which throws considerable 
 light on its origin. The artillery horses stationed in London dur- 
 ing the winter of 1817 suffered very considerably from stomach 
 staggers ; so much so tbat it was considered to be endemical, and 
 of an infectious character. With his usual penetration, he soon 
 ttiscovered the cause, and found that, from some new regulations 
 about that time, the stablemen were not allowed any candles, and 
 during the winter the horses were bedded up at five o'clock in the 
 evening, and not fed again until eight o'clock on the following 
 morning, when they consumed their breakfast voraciously, gorging 
 iheir stomach, not to the degree likely to produce acute indiges- 
 l ion, but sufficiently distending them as to oppress the blood-vessels 
 k.nd the circulation through them. This practice, continued day 
 » fter day, caused a specific inflammation of the stomach — an inflam- 
 mation of a peculiar character, differing from gastritis or inflam- 
 mation of the part. The symptoms produced were regarded as 
 lesulting from the sympathetic connection between the stomach 
 and the brain, united to the effects that would arise from the daily 
 distension, throwing a vast quantity of blood on the brain. An 
 urder was obtained for candles for the use of the stablemen, which 
 enabled the horses to be fed at a later hour in the evening, and an 
 earlier one in the morning, when the disease disappeared. 
 
 A common error still prevails, in many districts, that staggers is 
 a contagious disease ; but should the horses on a farm be attacked 
 occasionally with slight fits of this kind, the farmer may rest 
 assured that there is mismanagement somewhere in the feeding 
 department. 
 
 From such evidence as this, it will be inferred that there exists 
 qo doubt regarding the cause of stomach staggers. 
 
 Treatment — We now propose to show how this disease ought to 
 be treated. The proposition of cure is, that the digestive function 
 glial 1 be aroused, and the only way to accomplish that is by admin- 
 
64 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 istering bitter tonics and stimulants. In this viev ; the following 
 prescription is offered : 
 
 No. 6. Fluid extract of black pepper 4 oz. 
 
 Fluid extract of ginger 6 oz. 
 
 Hyposulphite of soda 2 oz. 
 
 Water 4 oz. 
 
 Dissolve the hyposulphite in the water, then add the pepper and 
 ginger. Give the animal a wine-glassful every four hours. A 
 stimulating injection may be thrown into the rectum occasionally, 
 composed of a handful of fine salt to about four quarts of water. 
 
 The animal should be allowed to stand quietly in the stall, and 
 the medicine must be given with care, for the least excitement may 
 augment the cerebral difficulty. So soon as the medicine arouses 
 the digestive functi \m, and the food gradually passes the pylorus 
 into the intestines, the animal will obtain relief. Both food and 
 water should be withheld until there is some marked improvement ; 
 the patient has had enough of food for some time, and water only 
 retards digestion. 
 
 Apoplexy (Cerebral Hemorrhage). 
 
 * As regards the cause of apoplexy, the author has nothing to 
 offer, except he has noticed that the subjects of this affection gen- 
 erally have short, thick necks, and, as the saying is, " chunky " 
 heads. From this he infers that, in so far as conformation is con- 
 cerned, there lurks in the system of such animals a peculiar pre- 
 disposition. 
 
 Symptoms. — An animal may be on the road, trotting along as 
 usual, without any apparent impairment of health, when suddenly 
 he falls down ; the pupils of the eyes become dilated ; stertorous 
 breathing sets in ; a deprivation of the sense of feeling anrl of mo- 
 tion immediately occurs; a tremulous motion of various parts ** 
 the body is observed ; the pulse beats with unnatural force, jei 
 the animal appears to be in a deep, snoring sleep. It may be said 
 that the functions of animal life are suspended, excepting those of 
 respiration and pulsation. The animal is unable to swallow, and i£ 
 fluids be put into the mouth, they appear to choke him, or they 
 run out again at the corners of his mouth. The prognosis of apo- 
 plexy is very uncertain. Some horses die in a few hou**, while 
 others live for several days. This depends on tbc amount c blood 
 
DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. 6?> 
 
 extravasated on the surface of the brain ; but, in most cases of 
 cerebral hemorrhage, the horse falls never to rise again. He may 
 be conveyed home on some vehicle constructed for the purpose, but 
 the finger of Death is on him ; his days are numbered, and the 
 owner charitably puts him out of existence. 
 
 The reader must bear in mind that in apoplexy the horse falls, 
 and is suddenly deprived of all voluntary motion ; is insensible to 
 the prick of a pin, and the breathing, so soon as he is on the 
 ground, becomes stertorous. This disease, therefore, is not to be 
 confounded with others of the brain and spinal marrow. For 
 example, a horse may have an attack of simple apoplexy without 
 hemorrhage, fall down, and, by judicious treatment, recover; or 
 he may be the subject of epilepsy, which occasions a temporary 
 suspension of consciousness, with spasms recurring at intervals. 
 Hence, in case of doubt or mistake, it will be advisable to treat 
 the case in the following manner : 
 
 Treatment. — Procure a few ounces of spirits of ammonia, with 
 which saturate a sponge, then apply it to the nostrils. In the mean 
 time, sponge the head with cold water, and rub the body and limbs 
 briskly with a brush or whisp of straw. If he revive under this 
 treatment, there may be some hopes of recovery ; and should it 
 appear that the act of swallowing can be performed, give a drench 
 composed of 
 
 No. 7. Powdered chlorate of potass 2 oz. 
 
 Boiling w iter \ pint. 
 
 When cool, administev. The action of chlorate of potass on the 
 blood is to oxygenize it, and thus liberate carbonic acid gas. 
 With the same object in view, we apply ammonia to the nostrils, 
 viz. : to decarbonize unpurified blood. 
 
 Blood-letting is inadmissible, for it can not accomplish any 
 good , neither will it act as a purificator of the vital current which 
 the lun<js have fa>"ed to arterialize. 
 
 *&- 
 
 Apoplexy of the Spine, (or Spinal Hemorrhage, 
 producing Paraplegia.) 
 
 Paraplegia signifies paralysis of the posterior half of the body. 
 Spinal apoplexy may be classed in the same order of disease aa 
 cerebral apoplexy — that is to say, in so far as the pathology of th«» 
 two forms is concerned — and is usually just as fatal. 
 5 
 
66 DADD'S , LTERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 Causes. — These are very obscure, except in cases uf fracture of 
 the spine, or injury to the same, by falling. Then the disease ia 
 accounted for. It always ends in paraplegia — palsy of hind limbs. 
 
 Symjjtoms. — The disease is usually sudden in its attack. A pro- 
 fuse perspiration ushers it iu ; next, the hind limbs fail to support 
 the body, and the animal makes desperate efforts to support him- 
 self, and gradually crouches and falls to the ground, unable, p*:r 
 haps, ever to get up again. 
 
 It has been noticed that paraplegia may also be occcasicned by 
 effusion of serum within the coverings of the spinal cord; yet we 
 can not demonstrate the fact only by autopsy ; and if we could, I 
 fear that medicine would be of little value. However, if it is the 
 owner's wish that the case should be treated, then the same course 
 as recommended for cerebral apoplexy must be pursued. 
 
 Epilepsy — Fits. 
 
 Epilepsy consists of a temporary suspension of consciousness. 
 This disease, if properly managed, is not often fatal. It varies in 
 duration. Sometimes a horse will suddenly fall, lose all sensibility 
 and consciousness, exhibit spasmodic contraction of the voluntary 
 muscles, go into convulsions, recover, and get up again in the course 
 of ten minutes ; or he may lie on the ground and have a succession 
 of paroxysms, which may last for half an hour or more. If pro- 
 tracted beyond an hour or so, the patient is very apt to die. Ac- 
 cording to the best authority, "the functions that are affected in 
 this disease are functions of the brain. Sensation, thought, and mo- 
 tion, regulated by the will, are the natural functions of that organ. 
 The temporary abeyance of sensibility, thought, and volition,* and 
 violent and irregular action of the muscles, which are thus with- 
 drawn from the government of the will, constitute a paroxysm c t' 
 epilepsy." 
 
 The fit is generally brought on by a derangement in the relation 
 between the arterial and venous circulation within the head aud a 
 temp'jrary pressure on the brain; in other words, a determination 
 
 * Horses think and reason just as man does. Their manifestations of mind do 
 not differ from ours in kind, but only in degree. "The noble and daring war- 
 horse, when he sniffs the distant field of blood, neighing for joy, instils a desper- 
 ate courage into the veteran trooper's quailing heart, gives evi j°3ce of a soul, 
 the proper attribute of man." 
 
DISEASES OF THE UKAiJN AJND JNJSKVOUS SYSTEM. 67 
 
 ■of blood to the head. After the horse has fallen, by his struggles 
 and herculean efforts to battle with the malady, although uncon- 
 ciously, he soon breaks out into a profuse perspiration. This has 
 the effect of relaxing the capillaries so that the blood circulates more 
 freely and uniformly. An equilibrium of the circulation takes place, 
 and this is the end of epilepsy for the time being. But a horse once 
 having had a fit of this kind must be looked upon with suspicion; 
 for he is liable, when under excitement from wanton punishment, 
 or from exercising great feats of strength in drawing heavy loads, 
 to have a re-attack. 
 
 Cause.— The predisposing cause of epilepsy has an hereditary 
 origin. Horses subject to it have a misshapen head. It is not 
 symmetrical — does not correspond with the conformation of the 
 neck and body. In the language of the turf, "the head is too 
 coarse." It has been found, also, among members of the human 
 family, that epileptics have heads of an unnatural shape. Wat- 
 son says : " There is no doubt that a tendency to epileptic disease 
 is frequently hereditary. It may be bequeathed from parent to 
 child, or it may skip over a generation or two, and appear in the 
 grandchild or great-grandchild ; or it may be traceable only in the 
 collateral branches of the ancestry." Epilepsy, however, may not 
 always arise as an hereditary affection ; for a mere passive conges- 
 tion of the brain, owing to a loss of equilibrium in the circulation 
 of the blood, may produce it. In regard to the horse, it is ver$ 
 difficult for us to decide on the universal hereditariness of the 
 nalady, because we have no reliable history of the ancestry and 
 idiosyncrasies of our equine patients; yet if we study carefully the 
 external conformation of well-formed horses, and make ourselves 
 conversant with anatomy, we shall be better able to judge whether 
 or no such an animal carries about with him the inherent tenden- 
 cies to particular diseases ; and this knowledge will make up, to a 
 certain extent, for the advantage which human medicine has over 
 the veterinary in this department of knowledge. The principal 
 S} T mp + oms of epilepsy are as follows : 
 
 Symptoms. — Suppose the horse attached to a vehicle, and trav- 
 eling along at any given pace. He gives a sudden, snorting, 
 loud noise, and falls to the ground instantly, as if felled by some 
 unknown power. Here he lies, to all appearance, totally uncon- 
 scious, violently convulsed in every limb, his eyes staring as 
 though they would burst out of their sockets; the mouth foama 
 
68 DADDS VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 with saliva, and violent convulsions will sometimes affect the 
 whole frame. Such are the principal symptoms attending this 
 formidable malady. 
 
 It will be quite a novelty to some of our readers to be .n- 
 formed that the horse is actually subject to the same diseases 
 which afflict his master ; and in view of showing that there is a 
 reality in the author's views on the subject now under considera- 
 tion, the following quotation from the " Veterinarian " is offered. 
 It will show, by way of comparison, the features of the disease 
 as it occurs in the horse and in man : 
 
 " In the first place, as to the exciting cause or causes. It is 
 well known that among the exciting causes of epilepsy in the 
 human subject, mental or moral emotions have long been con- 
 sidered as holding a foremost rank. Without going into detail 
 on this subject, or offering illustrations of this statement, it will 
 suffice to remark that the experience of all adequately acquainted 
 with medical literature, or tolerably familiar with medical prac- 
 tice, can not fail to supply them with numerous instances wherein 
 this class of causes has been in operation as concerned in the pr<v- 
 •laction of the disease in question. Over and over again I ha\e 
 Myself witnessed cases of epilepsy, either during or after the par- 
 jrysni or fit, in which I have had good reason for entertaining 
 the opinion that certain mental or moral emotions had largely,, 
 if not entirely, contributed to this result. Now, without deny- 
 ing that, in some instances, fright may so far affect the horse as 
 to prove an exciting cause of epilepsy in that animal, still, I 
 think that, almost as a general rule, the class of causes now 
 under consideration may be excluded from further notice as tend- 
 ing toward the production of this disease in the horse. 
 
 Assuming this position for the sake of argument, we thus 
 eliminate at once, so far as concerns this animal, most of such 
 ranes of epilepsy as, if speaking in reference to the human sub- 
 ject, would be regarded as cases of epilepsy of centric origin. 
 Without altogether denying that, in some instances, the presence 
 of tumors, or morbid growths, or excrescences of any kind, or 
 of spiculse of bone in certain parts of the brain, or spinal coid, 
 or their membranes, may occasionally operate as causes of epi- 
 lepsy, yet I am by no means prepared to admit that their pres- 
 ence in such places, by irritation of these structures, is so frequent 
 a cau«e of this disease as is affirmed by some medical authorities.. 
 
DISEASES OF THE BRAlN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. 69 
 
 Yet, whatever view of the question, whether affirmative or nega- 
 tive, may be taken, the same reasoning will apply equally to man 
 and the horse in regard to the disease under consideration. We 
 are told that, in some instances, such foreign bodies have been 
 found in these situations on examination after death. This I do 
 not deny; but, at the same time, the evidence that these had 
 much, if any thing, to do in the production of epilepsy, still less 
 that the disease took its origin from them, is, in my judgmeni, 
 far from complete, and, in some cases that have been recorded, 
 unsatisfactory to the last degree. Again, the circulation of blood 
 in an unhealthy state, in its accustomed channels through the 
 substance of the delicately-constructed brain or spinal cord, appears 
 to me not unlikely to be a frequent cause of this disease in man. 
 The comparatively recent physiological researches of Dr. Brown - 
 Sequard have thrown much light upon the heretofore obscure 
 pathology of epilepsy in the human subject ; and I conceive that 
 his arguments, and the conclusions deduced therefrom, are, for the 
 most part, perfectly applicable to an animal so high in the zoolog- 
 ical series as the horse is well known to be." 
 
 Treatment. — So soon as the horse falls, some hay or straw should 
 be placed under his head and around him. Bathe the region of 
 the cranium with cold water, and carefully wash the foam from his 
 mouth, taking care not to let any water, hay, or dirt enter the 
 nostrils. Officious persons are very apt to attempt, by force of 
 strength, to raise the horse on his legs ; but this ought not to be 
 done. Let him rest quietly until consciousness returns; then, 
 should he attempt to get up, help from the bystanders may then 
 be of some service. When on his legs, deal gently with him. Let 
 the external surface of the body be rubbed until the skin is dry ; 
 then administer two ounces of fluid extract of valerian, and let 
 the patient be provided with comfortable quarters. For a few 
 days the patient should be excused from work, and be fed lightly. 
 The only way to prevent a re-attack is to keep him at light work, 
 and treat him in the most gentle manner, both in the stable and 
 out of it. 
 
 In cases of this character, as well as many others, men are apt 
 to place too much confidence in medicine, and dose the animal ac- 
 cordingly ; but, as we understand the practice of medicine, it is the 
 province of the good physician to know when to do nothing. 
 
70 
 
 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 Tetanus, or Locked Jaw. 
 
 "We recognize tetanus by the unnatural condition of the muscles 
 of various parts of the body, more particularly those of the face 
 and neck. But the fault lies not in the muscles, but in the nervous 
 system. This disease constitutes one of the most terrible and fatal 
 to which the horse is subject. It is not only frightful to look upon, 
 but is productive of the most distressing agony to the animal. 
 
 THE TEST FOB TETANUS OB LOCKED-JAW. 
 
 ■xplanation— On placing ahand under the angle of the jaw, and pushing the head In an upward 
 direction, the nictitating membrane (haw) will be suddenly thrown partly over the pupil, a* 
 seen in the above picture. This is the diagnostic symptom of tetanus. 
 
 There is no difficulty in recognizing this disease. It is charac- 
 terized by involuntary and persistent cramps of the voluntary 
 muscles. The muscles which seem first to be affected are those of 
 the jaws, neck, and throat; and soon all the other muscles are in- 
 volved. One of the principal tests for the discovery of the disease 
 is to place a hand under the jaw and raise the head. Immediately 
 • the haw, or nictitating membrane, shoots over the eyeball. (See 
 cut.) There is no other disease with which tetanus can be con- 
 founded ; therefore, a minute description of the symptoms seems 
 superfluous at this point of our argument. 
 
 When the disease affects the muscles of the jaw only, it is called 
 trismus ; but it is only a variety of the same disease, and, therefore. 
 
DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. 
 
 requites the same treatment. In former years the author met with 
 but little success in the treatment of this malady, yet recently, oy 
 using; more mild and sanative agents, he has been very fortunate. 
 Bleeding, purging, and blistering has had its day, but that day 
 has now past. We have learned that to do violence to the animal 
 system is not to do good ; and our aim now is to " pair off" with 
 Nature, endeavor to sustain the vital powers, or, rather, by sanative 
 medication and nutritious fluids, keep the animal alive, while the 
 disease runs its course. Physicians have no power to arrest the 
 disease, and those who think so only deceive themselves and their 
 employers-; and those who attempt the feat of cutting the disease 
 short by heroic medicines, are arrayed in hostility to Nature, and 
 an unnecessary death is often the consequence. Any of our readers 
 who happen to have great faith in drugs will probably feel little 
 comfort in the perusal of the following quotation, uttered by one 
 of the most distinguished physicians of France. It was intended 
 for the benefit of mankind, but it also applies to veterinary medi- 
 cine, simply from the fact that the diseases of animals are to be 
 treated on the same general principles which apply to man : 
 
 " The sick-room no longer resembles the sample department of 
 of a drug warehouse. Our physicians have consciences and com- 
 mon sense. They recognize Nature as the great antagonist of dis- 
 ease, and endeavor to assist her in her struggle to expel it, instead 
 of negatively helping disease by prostrating the physical strength 
 of its victims with drastic cathartics, cantharides, and the lancet. 
 In ailments for which gallons of medicine were given half a cen- 
 tury ago, as many ounces are not administered at the present day, 
 a ad bleeding and blistering have almost fallen into disuse. Not 
 long before his death, the great French surgeon, physician, and 
 medical chemist, Majendie, told his pupils, in the college of France, 
 that the old hospital practice was mere humbug ; that he himself 
 had prescribed the drugs of the dispensary at the Hotel Lieu, in 
 Paris, without having the least idea why or wherefore, and that on 
 administering bread pills and colored water to one division of his 
 patients, and the preparations of the pharmacopoeia to another, he 
 found that the mortality was least among those who took no medi- 
 cine ! ' You tell me,' said this extraordinary man, in one of the 
 lectures of his final course, ' that doctors cure people. I grant you 
 people are cured. But how? Gentlemen, Nature does a good 
 deal ; imagination does a good deal. Doctors do very little, whec 
 
72 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 they don't do harm. You ask, then, what is the use of attending 
 medical lectures ? I '11 tell you. We come here (to the college of 
 France) to study Nature, to learn to reinforce and aid Nature, not 
 to spin fine theories. I would not give a centime for all the theories 
 in the world. Give me stubborn facts.' 
 
 " Such was the bold and candid language of one of the greatest 
 anatomists and physicians of the age but a short time before his 
 death. Our medical men do not take quite such strong ground as 
 Majendie took, but they show their lack of faith in what was 
 formerly called ( vigorous treatment ' by sparing medication, and a 
 still more limited use of the lancet and other mechanical means 
 of depletion. Nature, after having been professionally misused for 
 centuries, seems at last to have found a friend and ally in the 
 medical faculty." 
 
 We now come more directly to the treatment of tetanus; and, in 
 view of showing what unwarrantable outrages are perpetrated en 
 the poor uncomplaining brute, the following article is here intro- 
 duced : 
 
 " Wounds of tendinous and ligamentous parts are the common 
 cause of tetanus, more generally known as locked-jaw, so-calkd 
 because the first symptoms of the violent spasmodic affection ave 
 detected in the jaw. Castration, nicking, docking, lacerations, and 
 punctures, particularly of the feet, are the kinds of wounds that 
 end in tetanus. Even slight contusions will bring it on. It is a 
 dreadful and, too often, a fatal disease. The animal is nearly 
 paralyzed by the constant spasm of all the voluntary muscles. 
 The symptoms are unmistakable: First, a certain stiffness about 
 the throat, and difficulty in swallowing or turning the head. This 
 gradually extends to the jaws, contracting the mouth. The home 
 possesses a desire to masticate, but, in the earliest stage of the dis- 
 ease, the work is imperfectly performed, with great pain. The eyes 
 become vivid in appearance, and present a retroverted aspect. The 
 disease continues to spread, and when it affects the voluntary mus- 
 cles of the trunk and the extremities, the animal becomes a living 
 picture of agony and distress. The cocked yet quivering tail, the 
 distended legs, the contraction of the abdominal muscles, the trem- 
 ulous and irregular pulse, the hurried respiration, the sweat-marks ; 
 and the fixed and sunken eyes, all speak unmistakably of the vio- 
 lent and painful nature of the disease. The animal sometimes 
 suffers for six 01 seven days, when it falls, completely exhaus^d 
 
DISEASES OF THE DRAIN AND NERVOUS Si'STEM. 73 
 
 by continued irritation and inanimation ; or it expires in tt rrible 
 convulsions. Tetanus, indisputably, is a nervous affection. An 
 injury to a small fiber of some nerve extends to the origin of the 
 nerve, when the brain becomes affected, and a diseased action of 
 the body ensues. When locked-jaw results fatally, it will be be- 
 fore the expiration of nine days, as the horse dies, without a remis- 
 sion of the spasms, from sheer exhaustion. The free use of the 
 \ancet is regarded as one of the surest means of curing tetanic 
 cases, as by a flow of blood we open the bowels and tranquilize 
 the system. Venesection is the most powerful sedative for mus- 
 cular spasms. The nervous influence passes off with the blood; 
 therefore the flow should be most copious. We may bleed the 
 horse until he falls, before the triumph is complete. The perma- 
 nent strength of the animal is not hazarded by the free use of the 
 lancet, but we simply make an attack upon the seat of the disease. 
 Physic, also, is a matter of much importance. Profuse bleeding* 
 will cause the muscles of the jaws to relax, when the dose may be 
 introduced into the mouth. Clysters assist the action of the pur- 
 gatives ; therefore are useful. The application to the spine of 
 green sheep-skins, warm from the slaughtered animal, will some- 
 times diminish the sufferings of the patient. By gently rubbing 
 the spine with the hand, and then by using an opiate liniment, a 
 relief may be afforded. From eight to ten drachms of aloes should 
 be administered as a physic. The farina of croton-nut is also a 
 powerful purgative. A solution of Epsom salts constitutes a safe 
 injection as a clyster. Opium, when given in doses, varying from 
 one half to two drachms, is a valuable medicine in cases of lock- 
 jaw. The disease is a violent one, and to check it prompt meas- 
 ures must be resorted to." 
 
 Contrast this with the following case : While in the city of 61, 
 Louis, a short time ago, I was requested to visit a bay gelding, 
 aged eight years, the property of Captain Silva. The messenger 
 informed me, not knowing that it was a case of tetanus, that the 
 horse was " all stiffened up." On an examination, the following 
 symptoms were presented : The muscles in the region of the neck 
 a ud back, rigid ; the eyes had a sort of squinting appearance ; the 
 nose protruded ; the ears were erect and stationary ; the nostrils 
 were expanded to their utmost capacity ; the head, neck, and trunk 
 seemed to be immovable, so that it was impossible to make him 
 turn in any direction, or describe the least segment of a circle, 
 
74 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 The abdomen appeared " tucked up," as the saying is. This arose 
 from the rigid state of muscles of the abdomen. The hind limbs 
 presented a straddling appearance, and the fore ones were unnat- 
 urally advanced far beyond the axis of the shoulder-blade ; the 
 bowels were constipated ; the pulse was wiry, and the respirations 
 were accelerated and laborious. The case was diagnosed as tetanus 
 from puncture of the off hind-foot. It appeared that the animal 
 had picked up a nail, five days previous, which was withdrawn by 
 a blacksmith, and the foot was dressed in the usual way. The 
 treatment was as follows : 
 
 The rigid muscles were rubbed, twice daily, with a portion of 
 the following antispasmodic liniment: 
 
 No. 8. Cod-liver oil 12 oz. 
 
 Oil of cedar 4 oz. 
 
 Sulphuric ether 3 oz. 
 
 The application of the liniment was continued during a period of 
 ten days, in which time four drachms of Indian hemp were daily 
 placed on the tongue. The jaws now relaxed, so that the patient 
 could eat bran mashes. At the expiration of two weeks all signs 
 of tetanus had disappeared. 
 
 Vertigo (Dizziness or Giddiness). 
 
 The term vertigo signifies giddiness or dizziness. It is usually 
 the result of some latent disease within the brain ; and when that 
 is present, any exciting cause, which we shall presently refer to, 
 may bring on a fit of vertigo. The following article, by surgeon 
 Haycock, will, perhaps, prove interesting to the reader : 
 
 " By vertigo is meant a chronic disease of the horse, chiefly in 
 dicated by a disturbance of the sensitive faculties, occasioning 
 derangement in the ordinary functions of life. Much that is incor- 
 rect has been written regarding the seat, properly so-called, of the 
 evil. At present, most veterinary surgeons are agreed in seeking 
 the proximate cause, not as formerly, on the brain, but in the ab- 
 dominal organs, and on considering the cerebral affection as purely 
 secondary." 
 
 Vertigo often succeeds acute disease of the brain. 
 
 Causes. — Its chief exciting causes are confinement in hot and 
 badly-aired stables, cold, extreme fatigue, blows and injuries on 
 the head, indigestion, unwholesome or too much food in proportion 
 
DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. 76 
 
 to the exercise taken. The fear of punishment, especially of the 
 whip, occasionally gives rise to it, in sensitive and irritable ani- 
 mals. Some horses have an hereditary predisposition to it, and 
 mares are considered more subject to it than stallions. Further, 
 it is scarcely ever observed except in hot weather; and as it is 
 generally at the beginning of summer that it commences to appear, 
 it goes away always in autumn, at least with respect to its chief 
 Bymptoms. 
 
 Symptoms. — The horse having, previous to the attack, been 
 lively and active, begins, all of a sudden, to appear heavy and in- 
 dolent. He is dejected, and prefers to keep himself in the dark- 
 est corner of the stable. Eyes, dull ; look, fixed and stupid ; eye- 
 lids, half shut ; inattention to every thing, forgetting even himself, 
 and, as it were, asleep, his head hanging down, or resting on the 
 manger. His gait is heavy, slow, and unsteady ; he raises his feet 
 very high, and puts the entire sole to the ground, raising and let- 
 ting down the limbs in a manner purely mechanical, and, as it 
 were, unconsciously. He exhibits much awkwardness in turning, 
 and can not be pulled back except by depressing the head very 
 much, and pushing it latterly. He also leans to one side in walking. 
 To maintain his equilibrium the better, he places the fore-legs 
 beneath the belly, and moves his ears backward in a peculiar 
 manner. According as the disease progresses, he becomes less 
 and less sensible to external impressions. Mastication is per- 
 formed slowly. He takes, from time to time, a mouthful of food, 
 masticates it, swallows a portion of it, but keeps the remainder 
 in his mouth. He prefers taking his food oif the ground rather 
 than in any other way, and when drinking, he plunges his head 
 into the water, even above his nostrils. During and after some 
 rather violent movements, his symptoms become much aggra- 
 vated, and the signs of complete insensibility become more and 
 more marked. The animal runs on quite blind till some obstacle 
 stops him, or turns round, or remains tranquil, with his head 
 depressed, and the legs crowded beneath the body, without being 
 able to change this unusual attitude, unless assisted to do so. 
 There is never any fever. The pulse is often from ten to twelve 
 pulsations slower than in the normal state. 
 
 In the same way, also, the respiration is constantly slow, 
 deep, and frequently of a sighing character. In almost all cases, 
 the tongue is foul, and the mouth dry and clammy. With respec* 
 
76 DADDS VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY 
 
 to treatment, the remedies which have succeeded best with me are, 
 camomile (some doses), then sulphur and nux vomica. In a par- 
 ticular case, where, independently of the symptoms peculiar to 
 vertigo, the conjunctiva, iongue, and mouth were more yellow, 
 the horse frequently flexed his fore-legs, seldom .ay down, the 
 fteces were hard, and he passed but little urine. 
 
 The reader will perceive that many of the symptoms above 
 alluded to are present in other diseases of the brain • therefore, 
 some difficulty may be encountered in diagnosing the :ase. It is 
 best for us, however, to diagnose the case on the symptoms of 
 dizziness or giddiness ; then a mistake is not likely to occur. Yet, 
 after all, a mistake in the true nature of the malady will not 
 prove disastrous, provided the patient be treated on the general 
 principles laid down in this work, by means of sanative medicines 
 and little good common sense. 
 
 Treatment. — For example, should a horse have an attack of 
 vertigo on the road, the driver must immediately stop and loosen 
 the throat-latch and check-rein. Then let the animal stand in 
 quietude for a few minutes, during which time he may possibly 
 recover, and soon be able to resume the journey. If not, he must 
 be taken out of the harness, and carefully led to the nearest sta- 
 ble, or where he shall be free from annoyances of every kind. 
 After the excitement is over, the animal may be led home, and 
 put into a roomy stall, where he must be dieted according to his 
 condition. If fat and plethoric, bran mashes are indicated, into 
 which should be stirred a drachm or two of hyposulphite of soda. 
 Should the patient be poor in flesh, a few good oats are indicated, 
 to which add a small quantity of powdered ginger and balmony. 
 The surface of the body being cold, it must be warmed, after the 
 usual fashion, by means of clothing. But should the surface of 
 the body feel hot, more particularly in the region of the head, 
 then tonics, stimulants, and food are to be withheld. A bucket 
 of cold water is then to be placed before him, into which about 
 four drachms of nitrate of potass may be stirred. 
 
 Inflammation of the Brain (Blind, Sleepy or Mad 
 
 Staggers). 
 
 The contents of the cranium are called, collectively, the enee- 
 phalon : hence the term encephalitis, which signifies inflammation 
 
DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. 77 
 
 of any, or all portions of the contents of the cranial cavity. 
 Various terms are applied to disease of this character, such as 
 " sleepy staggers," " coma," " phrenitis," cerebritis," and " cere- 
 bral meningitis," the latter being formerly recognized as blind or 
 sleepy staggers. These several terms merely apply to the various 
 stages of the acute disease as it gradually invades the membranes 
 covci ing the brain, or the substance of the brain itself. It some- 
 times appears to invade at once the whole of the parts within 
 the skull, or, beginning in one part, it extends rapidly to all the 
 rest, so that the term encephalitis seems to be more applicable 
 than those just ^numerated. It is a matter of impossibility for 
 us to tell precisely what are the pathological conditions of the parts 
 affected. Nor are the symptoms always the same. They may 
 range from a state of phrenzy to one of coma. Still, in our treat- 
 ment, we shall not be led astray ; for, being an acute affection, (or 
 affections, as some persons may term it,) we have to treat it on the 
 same general principles which obtain in many or all diseases of 
 an acute character, viz. : by means of sedatives, laxatives, cold 
 water, spare diet, and rest. 
 
 Should the patient die during the acute stage of disease of ths 
 brain, an autopsy will reveal great vascularity and softening of 
 the cerebral mass, and thickening of its membranes ; but should 
 the disease run on unchecked to a fatal termination, pus and 
 fluid may be found within the lateral ventricles of the brain. 
 This enables us to explain the difference between the symptoms 
 which prevail in the early and latter stages of the malady ; for, 
 at the commencement of the acute stage, the loss of equilibrium 
 in the circulation sends the red arterial blood, in undue quanti- 
 ties, to the brain — the part, perhaps, most predisposed to diseased 
 action, or, it may be, at the time actually in a pathological con- 
 dition ; hence the loss of equilibrium in the circulation — which, 
 in consequence of accelerated respiration, becomes highly charged 
 with oxygen, acts as a potent stimulus, not only to the nervous 
 system, but to the muscular system also, producing those active 
 and phrenitic symptoms which have led us to infer that the patient 
 is going or is actually mad; hence the name which some per- 
 sons have applied, " mad staggers." This activity can not last 
 long ; for it is potent to exhaust the vital forces. Organs and 
 parts of the body become overworked ; then comes organic 
 changes — softening of the brain, effusion, formation of pus, whioL 
 
78 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 end* in coma, which is the latter stage just referred to, devoid o\ 
 any mad or phrenitic symptoms, but marked by lethargy, or i 
 prolonged comatose condition, from which no stimulus will 
 arouse the patient. He is not only the subject of altered struc- 
 ture within and around the brain, but the latter is compressed by 
 the serum, or pus, as the case may be, and thus sensibility is 
 more or less destroyed. The degree of coma, however, will be 
 lirectly proportioned to the degree of pressure. Now, the reader 
 will perceive that the proposition of treatment, just referred to, 
 for the acute stage will not apply to the comatose condition ; for 
 here we have to stimulate and give tone to the system, so as to 
 sustain the failing vital powers. 
 
 In regard to this subject, Professor Copeman observes: "In 
 inflammation of the brain, phrenitis, mad staggers, I have told 
 you that it may be said to be impossible to distinguish, with any 
 thing like certainty, in individual cases, acute inflammation of 
 the substance of the brain from those affecting the membranes 
 or ventricles. The reason will be obvious when we reflect thai 
 the phenomena, in every instance, are, in fact, attributable 1c 
 pressure on the entire contents of the skull, encephalon, viz : 
 cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla, oblongata, and membranes; and 
 if this be rapid and general, it can matter little whether it orig- 
 inates from the membranes or the brain. Acute inflammation 
 does, however, sometimes appear to invade at once the whole of 
 the parts that are lodged within the skull ; or, beginning in one 
 part, it extends rapidly to all the rest. The symptoms which 
 usually mark an attack of cerebritis are the following : The horne 
 becomes sleepy, heavy, or more or less comatose, accompanied by 
 general fever. After a time a convulsive attack supervenes. He 
 becomes morose, and shows delirium; perhaps rears both fore- 
 legs into the manger, from which position he may reel around 
 and fall, kicking and tearing every thing about him. During 
 the fit his respiration is much excited, and he sweats profusely 
 If he gets upon his legs, he makes sudden and violent efforts, 
 dashing against rack, manger, or stall, totally disregarding any 
 thing that may be said or done to him. Thus he is continually 
 struggling, panting, and perspiring, perhaps foaming at the 
 mouth, leading the ordinary observer to believe he is not only 
 delirious but actually 'mad.' But all these symptoms vary much 
 in different cases. Coma occurs frequently, but oftc.i >nly tern- 
 
DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. 79 
 
 porarily. Great prostration and muscular debility are generally 
 observed. 
 
 The seat of * sleepy staggers,' or cerebral meningitis, is the so- 
 called subarachnoid cavity, in which is a quantity of loose areola 
 tissue, richly furnished with blood-vessels. It generally results 
 that the exudation poured into this cavity is quickly accompanied 
 or followed by pus. Hence, we find that what is generally called 
 a recent layer of coagulable lymph, covering the convolutions in 
 meningitis, is, in point of fact, a layer of pus, generally present- 
 ing a molecular character. As to the diagnosis, notwithstanding 
 the efforts which have been made to distinguish meningitis of the 
 convolutions from that of the base, or either of these from a sim- 
 ple effusion into the ventricles, I have in vain sought for any 
 precise symptoms, which could be relied on, as indicative of the 
 situation of the disease. Drowsiness and coma, causing slow and 
 subsequently rapid pulse, succeeded by restlessness. The horse 
 is excited ; he flings himself about, frequently jerking his head up 
 and down, sometimes rearing, perhaps, into the manger ; tension 
 of the limbs, thrusting the head into the rack. The faculties of 
 the organs of sense are lost, for the horse neither hears nor sees. 
 The state of excitement may terminate, more or less quickly, in 
 convulsions and death, or the patient may relapse into a state of 
 coma, and ultimately result in partial or complete recovery. 
 
 The gradual mode of invasion, and the succession of the symp- 
 toms to one another, are also characteristic, and differ markedly 
 in degree from those which, attend sudden attacks of apoplexy 
 caused by hemorrhage. They are both the result of general 
 pressure on the brain, and hence the reason why mere effusion can 
 r.ot be distinguished from hemorrhage." 
 
 Treatment — The treatment of the preceding forms of acute dis- 
 ease of the brain was formerly, and is at present, to some extent, 
 conducted on the absurd antiphlogistic plan, by blood-letting, 
 purging, and blistering, which practice kills more than it ever 
 cures. The plan now adopted by the author is to give drachm 
 doses of gelseminum every four hours, until relief is apparent. 
 The cranial region is kept constantly bathed with cold water ; the 
 rectum is kept free from excrement by means of injections of soap- 
 suds ; the bowels are kept in working order, by mixing Glauber 
 salts with thin bran mashes. Half a pound of salts, dissolved in 
 about four quarts of mash, will generally prove laxative. Should 
 
KO DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY 
 
 it fail to have this effect, after a lapse of about six hours, the dose 
 may be repeated. This plan of treatment is more rational, and 
 has proved more successful, than that just alluded to. 
 
 Should the disease progress so that the animal manifests symp- 
 toms of coma, or lethargy, then chlorate of potass is the best, 
 agent. It should be given in half-ounce doses, every four or six 
 hours, in the form of drench, or it may be dissolved in the watei 
 which the animal is allowed to drink. A few doses of the fol- 
 lowing preparation must also be given : 
 
 No. 9. Fluid extract of golden seal j ^^ 4 QZ 
 
 Fluid extract of juniper ) 
 
 Mix. 
 
 Dose, two ounces every morning. 
 
 Keep the rectum empty by injections, and, if the case be curable, 
 such treatment as this, followed up by careful nursing, will ac- 
 complish the object. Copeman, who is authority in this disease, 
 fully indorses this treatment, and says : 
 
 " Hitherto the treatment of meningitis (sleepy staggers), whether 
 real or supposed, has been antiphlogistic, but it is impossible to say 
 that any benefit has ever been effected by the practice. The early 
 stages of the disease are probably generally overlooked. So long 
 as the horse retains his appetite and his consciousness, no suspicion 
 of disease arises. It is only when exudation or effusion has been 
 poured out in such quantity as to cause drowsiness and stupor that 
 our suspicions are awakened, and thus it is very difficult to under- 
 stand how blood-letting or purging could facilitate its absorption. 
 Besides, we have seen that the tendency of such effusion is to pass 
 into the circulation. Hence, the treatment which favors the re- 
 absorption of the exudation, as I have previously explained, must 
 be most effectual. For this purpose time is required, and the vital 
 strength, instead of being lowered, should be supported. Iu short, 
 the duty of the practitioner is to support the economy as much as 
 possible, to give nutrients with moderate stimulants, to unload the 
 bowels, from time to time, artificially, by injections, etc., and in this 
 way to gain time, which will enable the effused matters to pass 
 through their natural transformations, to be absorbed and ulti- 
 mately excreted. It has appeared to me that the collection c^ 
 serous fluil, whether in the ventricles or over the surface ot the 
 brain, either with or without exudation, is consecutive m obstruc- 
 
i tSEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. Si 
 
 turn of tiie vessels, and is, therefore, more allied to the droi-eies 
 than to inflammations. It is the collection of serum which does 
 the misdhjef- — presses on the brain, and causes the coma and stu- 
 por. If so, the occurrence of those symptoms should be regarded 
 as secondary, instead of as primary, and as analogous to ascites, 
 dropsy, or anasarca, following disease of the kidneys. These 
 pathological considerations are, it appears to me, wholly opposed 
 to the idea of blood-letting and antiphlogistics being beneficial 
 after effusion has occurred." 
 
 Equine Chorea, or Stringhalt. 
 
 Chorea, or stringhalt, consists of an irregular and involuntary 
 epasmodic action of some of the muscles of the hind extremities. 
 Equine chorea differs somewhat from human chorea. In the lat- 
 ter case, it usually begins with slight twitches in the muscles of 
 the face, or in the upper extremities, and various parts of the body 
 twitch and contort in such a singular and unnatural manner, 
 that some persons have denominated the disease " insanity of the 
 muscles." 
 
 In the case of horses, no such " insanity of muscles " has been 
 observed. It is mainly confined to the posterior limbs. Mr. 
 Feron, a distinguished V. S., contends that stringhalt bears 
 some affinity to what is known in human medicine as chorea, or 
 " St. Vitus' dance." He does not, however, wish to convey the 
 idea that they are essentially the same disease, only they are both 
 of a convulsive or spasmodic character, wherein the mind, will, 
 or instinct has lost more or less cf its control over the voluntai'5 
 muscles of the hind extremities, and the peculiar feat is thus ac- 
 complished. When the animal has lifted his hind leg from the 
 ground, which is always done with a convulsive twitch, the fet- 
 lock nearly approaches the belly, and, by some other remarkable 
 irregularities in its action, before the foot can be replaced on the 
 ground, displays such unnatural movements as to convince us that 
 volition is impaired. Hence, we may infer that, in a majority of 
 cases, stringhalt is the result of some abnormal condition of the 
 nervous system. What occasions that condition is a matter of 
 fact and argument, which remains as an open question for some 
 future pathologist to decide. So far as the author's experience 
 £oes, he is satisfied from Actual dissection of the parts, that some 
 
V2 PADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AM> SURGERY. 
 
 stringhalt horses are the subjects of ulcerative disease of the hock- 
 joint, and they finally become sprained. 
 
 In such cases, it is possible that stringhalt may be the result of 
 hock disease, which irritates the nerves in the vicinity of the part, 
 and thus affects that portion of the nervous system which controls 
 (he muscles concerned. Andral tells us that "chorea, like epi- 
 it p*, r , may be excited by irritation." Hence, in the commencement 
 of sp-ivin, or so soon as osseous incrustations are thrown out, they 
 may, during the active motion of the joint, produce local irritation, 
 cl' nervous filaments, in the vicinity, which irritation may be com- 
 municated to larger and more important nerves, and thus induce 
 stringhalt. 
 
 AVe all know that local irritation produced by the prick of a 
 nail, or sometimes docking and pricking, is often productive of 
 locked-jaw, simply because some nervous or tendinous structure 
 is injured; and so the local irritation in the region of the hock 
 may be productive of the malady now under consideration. The 
 author has paid considerable attention to this subject, and is con- 
 vinced that almost all horses of the nervous or excitable tempera- 
 ment, the subjects of inter-articular spavin, manifest more or less 
 oatching-up of the limb (stringhalt) at some period during the 
 progress of spavin, and that when the bones of the hock are 
 anchylosed (united), and the motion and irritation of the parts 
 have ceased, the stringhalt becomes modified. The reader, how- 
 ever, must not receive this opinion as absolute; for at times, in 
 consequence of some peculiar idiosyncrasy, the stringhalt gradu- 
 ally grows worse. Among some members of the human family, 
 of the peculiar temperament to receive the impression, almost arv 
 thing which makes a forcible impression upon the nervous system 
 may act as an exciting cause of chorea. The subject is a very 
 important one, and most veterinary writers of the English school 
 aave rather mystified the subject, and at last have come .o the 
 conclusion that the disease is incurable. This was formerly ihe 
 author's opinion, but a change has taken place in his sentiments, 
 and he is unwilling to deprive the afflicted animal of the benefits 
 of progressive science. More light on the subject may enable us 
 to effect many cases of cure ; at least it will enable us better to 
 understand the pathology of the case, which is an important 
 step in the right direction. In view, therefore, of furnishing the 
 reader with some useful information, whether he be a veterinary 
 
DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. 83 
 
 practitioner or not, we shall borrow from analogy, in the intro- 
 duction of the following article from "Watson's Practice" : 
 
 " In certain of M. Magendie's experiments on animals, tht 
 following curious facts were ascertained : When a vertical section 
 of the cerebellum of a rabbit was made, leaving one-fourth of the 
 whole adhering to the crest of the right side of the cranium, and 
 three-fourths to that of the left, the animal rolled over and over 
 incessantly, turning itself toward the injured side. The same phe- 
 nomenon occurred upon the division of the crus cerebelli. The 
 animal lived for eight days, and continued, during the whole of 
 that time, to revolve upon its long axis, unless stopped by coming 
 in contact with some obstacle. How like is this to the symp- 
 toms exhibited at one period in the girl whose case is related by 
 Dr. Watts. Nor is Dr. Watts's case a singular one. M. Serres 
 has described another much resembling it. A shoemaker, sixty- 
 eight years old, of intemperate habits, after one of his debauches, 
 exhibited a kind of drunkenness which surprised his friends. 
 Instead of seeing objects turning around him, as a drunken person 
 is apt to do, he thought he was himself turning, and soon began 
 to revolve, and this lasted till he died ; and when his head was 
 examined, extensive mischief was found in one of the pedicles of 
 his cerebellum. Again: M. Magendie noticed that when the 
 upper part of the cerebrum is gently removed in birds and mam- 
 malia, they become blind; but no affection of the locomotive 
 powers is produced. No further result is occasioned by the removal 
 of a portion of the gray matter of the corpora striata ; but when 
 the striated part is cut away, the animal immediately darts forward 
 with rapidity, and continues to advance as if impelled by some 
 irresistible force, until stopped by an obstacle; and, even then, it 
 retains the attitude of one advancing. The experiment was tried, 
 with the same results upon various species of animals — dogs, cats, 
 hedgehogs, rabbits, Guinea-pigs, and squirrels. It seems that 
 there are horses that can not back, although they make good 
 progress enough in a straightforward direction. Now, Magendie 
 says that he has opened the heads of such horses, and has always 
 found in the lateral ventricles of their brains a collection of water, 
 which must have compressed and even disorganized the corpora 
 striata. It has been further ascertained, by the same experimenter, 
 and by others, that certain injuries of the cerebellum cause ani- 
 mals to move backward contrarily to their will. If the tail of 
 
84 DADDS VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 the animal so mutilated be pinched, he still persists in his retro- 
 grade course. Injuries of the medulla oblongata had the same 
 effect. Pigeons, into which he forced a pin through that part, 
 constantly receded for more than a month, and even flew back- 
 ward. A section of the medulla oblongata, where it approaches 
 the anterior pyramid, gives rise to a movement in a circle like 
 that of a horse in a mill, the animal, in its walk cr its flight, 
 bearing round continually to the injured side. Surely we have, 
 in these facts, supplied by experiments on living animals, and by 
 observation of the phenomena of disease in the living human 
 body, some of the materials for a more exact knowledge, both of 
 the physiology and of the pathology of the nervous system, than 
 we have reached. M. Magendie supposes that different portions 
 of the encephalon are endowed with energies which tend to cause 
 motion in various directions ; that in the healthy state these bal- 
 ance each other, and that a preponderating impulse can be given 
 to any one of these forces by tre will; but that when the equilib- 
 rium is destroyed by disease, tne will is not sufficient to counter- 
 act the tendencies which are then brought into play. Mr Mayo 
 offers a different explanation of the phenomena. He supposes 
 that the injuries inflicted on the nervous matter produce a sensa- 
 tion analogous to vertigo, and that the animal conceives itself 
 either to be hurried forward, and makes an exertion to repel im- 
 aginary force, or to be moving backward, or turning round in 
 one direction, and endeavors to correct this by moving the corre- 
 sponding muscles." 
 
 Treatment. — In stringhalt, it is nearly always safe for us to 
 conclude that it must be treated on the same general principles 
 which obtain in the management of other nervous disorders of a 
 chronic character, viz .: in the use of tonics and anti-suasmodics 
 Take, for example : 
 
 No. 10. Fluid extract of valerian... j , tg 
 
 Fluid extract of poplar bark j ^ r 
 
 Dose, one ounce, morning and evening; to be placed on the 
 tongue. The spine and affected limb or limbs should be rubbed 
 evsry night, for a couple of weeks, with a portion of the following 
 
 No. 11. Fluid extract of poppies 6 oa. 
 
 Proof spirit » 1 < int. 
 
 Mix. 
 
DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. 85 
 
 Should the animal prove to be spavined, the following liniment 
 is recommended : 
 
 No 12. Cod-liver oil ) 
 
 Kerosene oil | equal parts. 
 
 Mix. 
 
 A small quantity of this liniment should be rubbed on the seat 
 ftf spavin, inside of the hock, once or twice daily, until counter- 
 irritation is accomplished, which shall be known in consequence 
 of the hair falling off; then discontinue the liniment, and lubricate 
 the affected parts with olive oil, and wait patiently, so as to see 
 what Nature will do for the case. " Patient waiters are no losers." 
 The popular, or nther the ancient, method of treatment does more 
 harm than good. 
 
SECTION IV. 
 
 DISEA6ES OF THE 
 
 RESPIRATORY 
 ORGANS. 
 
 PASSAGES AND 
 
 Importance of Ventilating Stables — Brief Exposition and Description of 
 the Function of the Lungs— Spasm of the Muscles of the Glottis and Epi- 
 glottis—Laryngitis, (Suppurative and Inflammatory) — Croup — Chronic 
 Cough — Roaring— Polypus — Bronchocele — Influenza, or Epizootic Ca- 
 tarrh — Pneumonia, or Inflammation of the Lungs, including Typhoid 
 Affections, Pleurisy, and Dropsy of the Chest. 
 
 Importance of Ventilating Stables, in view op 
 preventing disease of the lungs. 
 
 IT was the intention of the Creator that all animals, so long as 
 they were permitted to exercise their natural instincts, and 
 thus comply with the requirements of physiology — the science of 
 life — should enjoy health and long life. Hence a great amount 
 of disease and death results from the evils of domestication. 
 
 One of the conditions which physiology imposes, in order that 
 g horse shall enjoy health, is, that the atmosphere, at all times, 
 i nd under all circumstances, shall be uncontaminated, so that the 
 blood shall be decarbonized and purified of the defiling elements 
 acquired in the course cf circulation. 
 
 Let the reader understand that the lungs are something like a 
 sponge, elastic, composed of a myriad of cells. In the former, 
 however, these cells have a vast internal surface, communicating 
 with each other up to their common origin, the bronchial tubes 
 and windpipe. On their internal surface we find a delicate yet 
 highly important membrane permeable to atmosphere. In extent, 
 it is supposed to occupy a square surface equal to that of the ex- 
 ternal body. In contact with this membrane comes the atmos- 
 phere. If pure — zephyr-like — it fans into healthful blaze the 
 flame of life, upheaving from the living Vesuvius arid lava, in. 
 (86) 
 
DISEASES OF RESPIRATORY PASSAGES AND ORGANS. 87 
 
 the form of carbonic acid gas, almost as destructive to animaiity 
 as that issuing from its great prototype proves to vegetation. 
 
 The stable atmosphere being pure, and the lungs in working 
 order, the blood is well arterialized, capable of supplying the 
 waste of the animal machine and renovating its tissues. On the 
 other hand, should the atmosphere be impure, it fails to vitalize 
 1he blood. The latter is unfit for the purpose of nutrition, and 
 jiaj be considered a non-supporter of vitality. Hence the need 
 of pure air, the breath of life. 
 
 But are horses always furnished with pure air ? Let the own- 
 ers of unventilated, crowded, filthy, down-cellar and low-roofed 
 stables answer. Let those who have stables in the region of 
 swamp, sewer, and stagnant pools of water answer. In such lo- 
 cations disease and death run riot, and the noble companion of 
 man, instead of being within the ramparts of the science of life, 
 is on the margin of death's domain. He may exist for several 
 days without food and water, yet the consequent result is nothing 
 when compared to that occasioned by breathing an atmosphere 
 highly charged with emanations arising from his own body ex- 
 crements and decomposing bedding. 
 
 A horse is said to consume in the lungs, in the course of twen- 
 /Tour hours, ninety-seven ounces of carbon, furnished by venous 
 blood. In order to perform this feat, he requires 190 cubic feet 
 of oxygen. Now, suppose there are ten horses occupying the sta- 
 ble. They require, in the same time, 1,900 cubic feet of oxygen, 
 and consume 970 ounces of carbon. They are supposed, also, to 
 give out from the lungs a volume of carbonic acid gas equal to 
 that of the oxygen inspired ; and supposing the atmosphere to 
 be saturated with only five per centum of the former, it is a non- 
 supporter of life. Hence, a horse shut up in an unventilated 
 si able must, sooner or later, become the subject of disease. The 
 evil may be postponed, but the day of reckoning is sure and cer- 
 tain. 
 
 Diseases, such as horse-ail, influenza, catarrh, strangles, and 
 glanders, often originate and prevail to an alarming extent in 
 the unventilated stable and pest spot; while in other locations, 
 favorable to the free and full play of vital operations, the favored 
 ones seem to enjoy a remarkable immunity from the prevailing 
 disease, or epizootic. 
 
 Stablemen and husbandmen are often led to remark, that when 
 
'•it DADDS VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 they keep but few animals, disease and death, except in. cases of 
 accident or old age, are quite rare, but so soon as t\ej crowded 
 the same, sickness and death were the consequence In view of 
 supporting this theory, we may be permitted ic remark that ship 
 and jail fevers may be manufactured ad WAtom, at any time when 
 a large number of persons are congregated together in a given 
 space, no provision having been made /or the admission of pure 
 air. The unfortunate prisoners in fra Black Hole of Calcutta 
 are an example, and the mortality occurring on board o<r. emi- 
 grant ships furnishes another illuu' ration. 
 
 A number of horses were once shipped from England 'a Spain, 
 and on the passage, a violent gale arising, it became r pessary to 
 batten down the hatchway. The consequence was that most of 
 them ultimately died of either glanders or farcy. We contend, 
 therefore, that the active or morbid germ of disease enters the 
 living citadel through the pulmonary tissue in an insidious mar- 
 ner, and, therefore, much oftener than the generality of men 
 would be likely to realize. Therefore, it is a matter of vital im- 
 portance that attention be paid to the ventilation of our stable,'?. 
 If proper sanitary regulations were established, and fully carried 
 out in all our stables, glanders and other infectious diseases woul i 
 be exceedingly rare. They are so among horses free from the 
 control of man, whose stalls are broad as from ocean to oceai , 
 their height ranging from earth to regions above, the space pei ■ 
 vaded by a pure atmosphere concocted by the Great Chemist, pui e 
 as the pearly drops and refreshing as the morning zephyr. I» 
 such locations death has no terrors nor disease any victims. 
 
 Brief Exposition of the Function of the Lungs. 
 
 The principal function of the lungs is to arterialize or decar 
 bonize the blood ; that is, purify it. This arterialization of the 
 blood, which goes the rounds of the circulation, is more essential 
 to life than either food or water ; for men and animals can exist 
 for several days, perhaps for two weeks, without food, yet the 
 same can not live over a few seconds unless supplied with a suffi- 
 ciency of atmospheric air. Hence, in a popular sense, pure air is 
 the " breath of life." 
 
 The functional acts of respiration are .necessarily divided into 
 two parts • and in cattle the number of respirations are about 
 
DISEASES OF RESPIRATORY PASSAGES AND ORGANS. 
 
 39 
 
 twelve per minute, varying, however, according to the tempera- 
 ment of the animal and the condition he may be in at the time 
 of making the observation ; while in horses the respirations are 
 more frequent, varying in health, and when at rest, from fourteen 
 to twenty-five ; yet, under excitement and disease, they sometimes 
 number over one hundred. 
 
 THE CONTENTS OF THE THOBAX. 
 
 HULahatioh.— Fig. 1, Trachea ; 2, Bifurcation of the carotid artery ; 3, Internal carotid artery ; 
 4 4, Anterior lobes of the lungs: 5 5 Posterior lobes of the lungs; 6, The heart; 7, Coronary 
 artery; 8, Cartilages of the false ribs; 9, The diaphragm. 
 
 When an animal is located in a pure atmosphere, and the 
 lungs are in good working condition, all the impurities contained 
 in venous blood are brought into the presence of oxygen through 
 the lining membrane of the air-cells, and thus a change in the 
 color and character of the blood is immediatelv effected. In the 
 irist place, the venous blood, as it appeared before having been 
 submitted to the action of the atmosphere, was of a dark purple 
 
9C DADD'S VETERINARY' MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 oolor By union with the oxygen of the atmosphere, \t has 
 changed its color to one of scarlet. INIext, the union of oxygen 
 with the carbon of the blood liberates carbonic acid gas and vapor. 
 The blood is now fit for circulation and for the renovation of the 
 tissues. It appears, therefore, that as carbon exists in the venous 
 blood, the lungs must be the pulmonary furnaces. The air-cells 
 are flues or safety-valves, the membrane of the cells being per- 
 meable to oxygen, yet suffers not the blood to escape. Pulmonary 
 combustion, therefore, bears some analogy to the combustion of 
 carbon or charcoal in a stove ; for, in that case, the oxygen causes 
 the generation or evolution of carbonic acid gas. 
 
 Brief Description of the Anatomy of the* Lungs. 
 
 The lungs, in common parlance, are known as the lights. They 
 occupy the thoracic cavity, or chest. They are divided into right 
 and left lobes, with a septum or partition between, which makes 
 a double organ. This partition is a duplicature of the pleura, or 
 membrane which completely lines the chest. When the lungs 
 are healthy and properly inflated, they occupy the whole cavity of 
 the chest; but when an action of expiration is effected, they are in 
 a comparative state of collapse, occupying but a very small portion 
 of the thoracic cavity. The lungs are composed of arteries, vein?, 
 .ibsorbents, bronchial tubes, air-cells, and also what is known as 
 their parenchyma, or substance. A healthy lung, when thrown 
 into water, will float on the surface • while, on the other hand, a 
 diseased lung, in a state of hepatization or condensation, sinks like 
 a stone. In the fetal state, and when the lungs have never been 
 inflated, they also sink when thrown into water. 
 
 Spasm of the Muscles of the Glottis and Epiglottis. 
 
 The aperture leading into the larynx and windpipe is termed 
 the glottis. Spasm of the muscles of the glottis is one of the most 
 terrible accidents that can possibly occur in either man or horse 
 I view it in the light of an accident, because it usually occur:? 
 without warning or any other premonitory symptoms, selecting its 
 victims in the very prime of life, and carrying them off, usually, 
 in the course of a very few seconds. The terms cramp and spasm 
 mean the same thing. When a man, while bathing in the river 
 
^> 
 
 DISEASES OF RESPIRATORY PASSAGES AND ORGANS. oi 
 
 or sea, is suddenly seized with cramp, it is nothing more nor less 
 than spasm of the flexor muscles of his limbs. Sometimes, how 
 ever, the extensor muscles are affected. In either case, unless 
 assistance "be at hand, the person is apt to find a watery grave. 
 Cramp or spasm of the intestines is the same form of affection, 
 only it is confined to the muscular fibers of the intestines ; and 
 whenever it occurs in the limbs or intestines, it is always accom- 
 panied by excruciating pain and torment. 
 
 Treatment. — As regards spasm of the muscles of the glottis, it is 
 very apt to prove fatal, either in consequence of lack of knowledge 
 of the proper mode of treatment, or in failing to apply the remedy 
 which the urgency of the case demands. I allude to the operation 
 of tracheotomy, which consists of making an incision into the 
 windpipe and inserting a tube into the same. A tube may not 
 always be at hand, but this must not deter us from operating ; for, 
 by some means or other, air must be admitted, even if it be neces- 
 sary to dissect out a piece of the trachea, which I always do in the 
 case of a horae, whether I have a tube by me or not. Very little 
 pain attends the operation, and that only occurs when cutting 
 through the »kin ; for the windpipe, being composed of cartilage, 
 is comparatively insensible. It may be policy, when the subject 
 is not in immediate peril of his life, to resort to some counter- 
 irritant and antispasmodic liniment (equal parts of spirits of 
 camphor and tincture of lobelia) ; but when the danger is immi- 
 nent, and the finger of Death is plainly on the patient, we only 
 waste p-ecious moments in the use of outward applications. 
 
 The following case, reported by J. B. Dobson, Y. S., may pos- 
 sibly prove both interesting and instructive to some of our readers : 
 
 " At night a messenger came, saying the horse was very ill. 
 Upon entering the stable, the animal presented the following 
 symptoms: He was stretched out his full length in the stable, 
 apparently in the agonies of suffocation ; and such was the difficulty 
 attending respiration that he positively screamed, in performing 
 the act, so as to be heard at some considerable distance. I had 
 not been with him many seconds, however, before he was slightly 
 relieved, and in about ten minutes the spasm passed off, leaving 
 him, witu the exception, of course, of great exhaustion, otherwise 
 •as well as ever. Viewing the case as one of spasm of the muscles 
 of the glottis, I applied stimulants, and crdered constant fomen- 
 tations to the larynx, and left .im with directions to be closely 
 
92 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURCiEKV 
 
 watched, in case the spasm might return. In the middle of ft 
 night I was again called, in haste; and this time the breathing 
 seemed, if possible, worse than before, and it was evident that, if 
 no relief were afforded, the animal must soon be suffocated. I 
 accordingly, with some difficulty, owing to his struggles, per- 
 formed tracheotomy. The relief was instantaneous, and he was 
 soon on his legs, and anxious to feed. From this time the trach- 
 eotomy tube was kept in his throat for a week, when, considering 
 that the glottis might have resumed its normal functions, I placed 
 a cork in the orifice of the tube and sent him to work, as an 
 experiment, ordering the cork to be removed if any symptom 
 of suffocation should come on. We, however, found that the 
 slightest effort at exertion brought on a fit of bad breathing, and 
 it became evident that he would not work without the tube. 
 The horse was accordingly sent to his regular work with the tube 
 in his trachea, and, for three or four months, he did his accus- 
 tomed labor with it in. At the end of that time, however, by 
 an accident, the tube fell out, when he was some miles from 
 home, and the horse coming home tolerably well without it, the 
 horse-keeper neglected to inform me of it for a day or two, and 
 when I saw my patient, the aperture in the muscles of the neck 
 had closed. As the horse now seemed to work well without the 
 tracheotomy tube, it was not reinserted, and from that time to 
 this (more than two years) he had not another attack." 
 
 Should a case of this kind occur, and the consulted party have 
 no tube at hand, he must pass a ligature through each side of 
 the orifice, including a portion of skin and muscles. Each liga- 
 ture is then to be passed over opposite sides of the neck, and tied 
 at the upper part, just tight enough to keep the lips of the 
 wound apart. In this way air is admitted into the windpipe, 
 and thus the animal is out of danger. 
 
 Laryngitis (Suppurative and Inflammatory). 
 
 Laryngitis signifies inflammation of the lining membrane of 
 the larynx. On applying the ear to the region of the throat, the 
 locality of the affection is very evident, from the fact that no such 
 embarrassed sound can be elicited in the lower part of the wind- 
 pipe. Hence it must be inferred that the disease is located in 
 the upper, or superior, passage of respiration 
 
DISEASES OF RESPIRATORY PASSAGES AND ORGANS. 
 
 
 '•■■ . . ■■ • 
 
 TBACHEOTOMT TUBE IJJSEBTED IN THE WINDPIPB. 
 
 The inflammatory condition exists during a limited period, 
 varying from one to five days. Then commences the suppura- 
 tive stage, which is accompanied by a copious discharge, from 
 both nostrils, of a secretion somewhat resembling pus, or matter. 
 
 Causes. — As regards the special cause of this affection very lit- 
 tle is known. It may be supposed, however, to originate in a 
 common cold, or catarrh; yet it is well known that horses are 
 sometimes attacked with it that are not exposed to the ordinary 
 influences which induce a catarrhal affection. Therefore we may 
 infer that such disease will occasionally occur, either spontane- 
 ously or accidentally, as the case may be, in spite of our best 
 efforts to prevent it. As the old saying is, " Nature is ever busy 
 in maintaining the integrity of the vital forces of the animal 
 economy. Any deviation from the prescribed laws which physi- 
 ology imposes is a sure and certain cause of disease." 
 
 I now propose to introduce a case which, at the time of its oc- 
 currence, attracted much attention and curi^iiy, both on account 
 
iJ4 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY 
 
 of the great value of the animal, and the desperate state of the 
 ease at the time it fell into my hands. It will also serve to in- 
 dorse the old aphorism that " where there is life there is hope." 
 Record, of the Case. — The patient was a Patchen colt, aged four 
 years, a very handsome and promising animal. He was pur- 
 chased by Mr. McPherson, of this city, for the sum of two 
 thousand dollars, and, at the time of his sickness, was considered 
 worth three thousand. But disease neither respects man nor 
 horse. Each have, once in awhile, to suffer and groan, swallow 
 drugs and get well, or die, as the case may be. And as regards 
 the horse, the more costly shall he be, the more likely is he to 
 get sick, from the fact that valuable horses are almost always 
 overfed and petted, and receive too much care and attention. On 
 arriving at the stable where the animal was located, I found him 
 in a dangerous condition. He appeared to be gasping for breath. 
 A loud stertorous noise, which could be heard at some distance, 
 indicated the nature of the difficulty as depending on obstruc- 
 tion within the larynx. The pulse at the angle of the jaw was 
 very indistinct. Both pupils of the eyes were dilated, or in a, 
 state of amaurosis. The extremities and external surface of the. 
 body were deathly cold. The tongue and visible mucous surfaces', 
 were livid, indicating speedy death. Once in awhile the animal 
 would be seized with a convulsive or spasmodic fit of coughing, 
 which, every time, seemed to threaten his life. In those fits of 
 coughing he passed from the nostrils a sort of cheesy matter, 
 which appeared to be mixed up with a diphtherial exudation — 
 yellow secretion and froth. Under the above circumstances, any 
 attempt to administer medicine was deemed unsafe. I there- 
 fore decided to perform the operation known as tracheotomy, 
 which was done, in the following manner : Having secured the 
 services of a couple of assistants, the horse was led to a conven- 
 ient spot in the center of the stable. An incision was then made 
 through the skin, to expose the trachea, about midway between 
 the jaws and breast-bone. The trachea was now punctured by 
 means of a pointed scalpel, and a probe-pointed bistoury was used 
 to dissect out a piece of the windpipe, corresponding to the size of 
 the tracheotomy tube. This tube, after being inserted into the 
 windpipe, was secured in place by means of elastic tape, which was 
 passed around the neck and tied. On the introduction of trie 
 tube the alarming symptoms immediately subsided, and th<> act 
 
DISEASES UF RESPIRATOR? PASSAGES AND ORGANS. 95 
 
 of breathing was performed through the tube. I then applied a 
 counter-irrkant to the throat, composed of cod-liver oil and spirits 
 of camphor, equal parts; ordered a warm bran mash, into which 
 was sprinkled one ounce of powdered chlorate of potass. 
 
 For several days a very copious discharge from both nostrils 
 occurred; also from the orifice made in the windpipe; so that the 
 tracheotomy tube had to be removed and cleansed several times, 
 }<oia during the day and night. Four days after the operation, 
 at mght, the tube accidentally slipped out of the windpipe, and 
 the mishap was not discovered until morning, when I found that 
 air from the lungs had escaped into the cellular tissue, and in- 
 flated it so that the soft parts in the region of the neck and head 
 appeared much swollen. I gave the patient, twice daily, one 
 ounce of hyposulphite of soda, and had the swollen parts well 
 rubbed with liniment. On the fifth day I removed the tube from 
 the windpipe, and allowed the animal to breathe through the arti- 
 ficial opening, he still being unable to respire through the nostrils. 
 At the expiration of fifteen days from the commencement of the 
 animal's sickness, the wound in the windpipe was closed, natural 
 respiration having been restored. During the treatment of the 
 patient, he was allowed, occasionally, flaxseed tea, with about one 
 ounce of chlorate of potass per day. He had good attention, or, 
 rather, good nursing, and finally was again restored to usefulness. 
 
 In the early stage of laryngitis, or, rather, the inflammatory 
 stage, cold water bandages should be applied to the throat, and 
 a few doses of fluid extract of gelseminum, at the rate of one 
 fluid drachm per dose. 
 
 Croup (Cynanche Trachealis). 
 
 Croup (cynanche trachealis), or, as it is sometimes termed, 
 tracheitis, manifests itself in the form of a violent and sudden 
 disease affecting the mucous membrane of that portion of the 
 air-passages which lies between the laryngeal cartilages and the 
 primary passages of the trachea, or windpipe. Condie contends 
 that, in the majority of cases, the inflammation in croup com- 
 mences in the mucous membrane of the larynx, and from thence 
 extends- into the trachea. The disease is, therefore, strictly speak- 
 ing, a Isiryngeo-tracheitis. In many instances, however, we have 
 reason ic beliave that the inflammation commences in thebrcncbi, 
 
CS DADDS VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 and from thence extends to the trachea ; but there are, we suspect, 
 eery few cases indeed, if any, in which the disease is confined to 
 the trachea. In cases of croup that have terminated rapidly in 
 death, the inflammation and pseudo-membranous exudation which 
 form so striking a feature in this disease are found only in the 
 larynx and upper portion of the trachea. When death occurs at 
 a later period, the exudation is often present in the trachea alone^ 
 or in the trachea and bronchi. It is never found to exist in the 
 latter tubes alone. It has been attempted to be shown, by Juein 
 and others, that in the ordinary form of croup the disease is, in its 
 first stages at least, simply a tracheitis, and that in the more vio- 
 lent and rapid form (suffocating croup) the inflammation is con- 
 fined to the larynx. Although this is not strictly true, as is proved 
 by the result of numerous dissections, yet our observations have 
 shown us that in cases marked by symptoms of great violence, 
 which are sudden in their onset and rapid in their progress, the 
 indications of inflammation are to a much greater extent, and the 
 pseudo-membranous exudation more copious about the larynx, glot 
 tis, and upper portion of the trachea, than in cases in which the 
 disease succeeds to bronchitis, runs a more protracted course, and 
 is attended by symptoms of less violence. 
 
 The disease generally makes its appearance during the latter 
 part of winter and in early spring, and most frequently occurs 
 among horses just introduced to city life. The subjects such as 
 the author has had occasion to treat were young, most of them of 
 the lymphatic temperament, having short, thick necks, which 
 abounded in a profuse development of adipose and cellular tissues, 
 which results in a rotund bodily conformation. This, perhaps, 
 goes to show that some hereditary idiosyncrasy plays a part in the 
 creation of the disease. 
 
 Causes. — The indirect causes of the disorder are embraced among 
 the evils of domestication, which include errors in diet, impure 
 air, and bad management. It usually dates its origin from what 
 are generally considered as the causes of common cold. Several 
 days previous to the attack, the animal appears " dumpish," drowsy, 
 and inactive, having little desire for artificial food, and less for 
 water. The eyes appear somewhat tumefied, and the respirations 
 are laborious, having a peculiar, croupy sound, accompanied by a 
 distressing cough. . The respirations can be heard at a distance (as 
 the disease progresses); and on making pressure in the region of 
 
DISEASES OF RESPIRATORY PASSAGES AND ORGANS. 97 
 
 the larynx, the animal evinces signs of uneasiness, suffocation, and 
 pain. Soon the mucous, schneiderian, and conjunctivial mem- 
 branes become reddened, the eyes protrude, the tongue tumefies, 
 and external tumefaction in the region of the throat may be ob 
 served. Febrile symptoms are also present, manifested by cold- 
 ness of the exterior and increased temperature of the interior 
 parts. The nose appears dry, and the mouth is full of frothy saliva 
 (sometimes lymphy mucus), and some difficulty is encountered in 
 opening the latter. 
 
 History of the Disease. — The following case, from the author^ 
 note-book, will probably prove interesting to the reader: The 
 patient, a roan mare, aged seven. Temperament, lymphatic. 
 Just arrived, in company with several other horses, from Ohio. 
 The property of Mr. Banford, Merrimac stable, Boston. Our 
 patient had been "ailing" some three or four days before our 
 services were secured, at which time she was laboring under 
 " alarming symptoms " bordering on suffocation. The pulse was 
 indistinct, small, thready, and difficult to number, yet probably 
 exceeded sixty. The breathing was croupy, or stertorous, and 
 could be heard at a distance of several yards. The nostrils were 
 dilated, and from them issued a lymphy discharge, mixed with traces 
 of blood. The submaxillary space was somewhat tumefied, hard, 
 unyielding, and seemed to constrict the larynx and its associate 
 muscles. The eyes were prominent, their membranes congested, 
 and streaks of tears escaped over the inner canthus. The flanks 
 were bedewed with a cold, clammy perspiration. The tips of th« 
 ears were quite cold, and the limbs the same. Auscultation, 1a 
 the region of the larynx, revealed a very laborious and crepitating 
 mucous rale. The trachea itself seemed to be free from obstruc- 
 tion. Thoracic auscultation elicited nothing tending t»e diow that 
 the lungs were involved. 
 
 The patient appeared to be in a deplorable, in fact dying, con- 
 dition, making a sort of gasping effort to inflate the lungs. There 
 was little time to spare; and being satisfied that the larynx 
 was the seat of obstruction, we immediately cut down upon the 
 trachea, about five inches below the thyroid cartilage, and ampu- 
 tated, from between two rings of the trachea, a piece, of an oval 
 shape, corresponding in size to the caliber of Arnold's tracheotomy 
 tube, which was the instrument used on this occasion. So soon 
 «a the opening into the trachea was effected, the patient experi- 
 
9fc DADDS VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 enced instantaneous relief from suffocation, and all dangei from 
 the same seemed to have immediately passed away. The tube 
 was now introduced and secured around the neck in the usual 
 manner, after which the patient received an aloetic enema, and 
 had a strong counter-irritant applied to the submaxillary space 
 and throat, after which the fauces were swabbed with a weak 
 solution of alum, by means of sponge secured to a piece of whale 
 bone. On examining the "swab," a sort of lymphy or albumin « 
 ous concretion adhered to it; the mucous membrane of ths larynx 
 was either injected or cedematous. The pharynx was not involved, 
 as the animal, shortly after the operation, drank two quarts of 
 water, containing two drachms of nitrate potassa. 
 
 The tube remained within the trachea for a period of five day;, 
 during which time very little occurred worth recording, except 
 that one night pneumatosis (distension of the cellular membrane 
 with air) appeared, which yielded to a dose of hyposulphite of 
 soda and an outward application oi liquor ammonia acetatis; and, 
 also, on the fifth day, a submaxillary tumor was punctured, which 
 discharged freely. At the end of the above period, it was ascer- 
 tained, by holding a lighted lamp to the nostrils, at the same time 
 stopping up the orifice in the instrument, that the animal breathed 
 through the usual channel. Then the instrument was removed, 
 the parts cleansed, and secured together by suture. The wounds 
 healed by the usual process, and, at the end of three weeks, the 
 animal was disposed of, and went to work. 
 
 The operation of tracheotomy, formidable as it may appear to 
 some, is unattended with danger; yet, like every other process of 
 surgery or medicine, is only calculated to relieve certain states 
 peculiarly adapted to the remedy. For example, the operation is 
 admissible in cases of nasal obstruction, from the presence of nasal 
 polypus or other causes; spasm of the larynx, threatening su (lo- 
 cation; suppurative laryngitis, when the animal is in great dis- 
 tress for " breath ; " and in case of any foreign body occupying I he 
 larynx, which precludes the possibility of continuing the process 
 of respiration. On the other hand, the operation is worse than 
 useless in cases of lung difficulty, bronchial obstruction, or when 
 obstruction occurs within the traohea posterior to the usual point 
 selected fcr the operation. 
 
diseases of respiratory passages akb organs. 99 
 
 Cough in its Chronic and Acute Stage. 
 
 Accordiug to veterinary jurisprudence, a cough, so long as it 
 insts, renders the animal unsound ; hence it is very important that 
 we should know something about its cause, nature, and treat- 
 ment. 0' ironic cough is often the result of indiscretion in the 
 treatment of influenza, distemper, and disease of the respiratory 
 apparatus. It usually depends on a morbid and irritable condition 
 of the membrane found on the interior of the respiratory passages. 
 The cough is generally aggravated by over-exertion, especially 
 when the roads are dusty. Food of an inferior quality, and that 
 of a musty character, has the same effect. 
 
 It is generally supposed, by those persons who have not had the 
 benefit of a medical education, that the presence of acute or chronic 
 cough indicates diseased lungs, or disease in some parts of the 
 organs of respiration. But this is not always the case; for, when- 
 ever the liver becomes diseased, the subject is very apt to be tor- 
 mented with a harrassing cough, which lasts as long as that organ 
 shall be the seat of disease. However, there are several symptoms 
 to be observed in cases of functional or organic disease of the liver 
 which are not present in lung disease ; hence there is no difficulty 
 in the way of making a correct diagnosis. And for the benefit 
 of the non-professional, the author would inform them that, in all 
 cases of liver disease, a marked yellow tinge will be observed on 
 the visible surfaces within the mouth ; the tongue slightly coated ; 
 the dung unusually dark colored, and voided in hardened lumps, 
 and the urine also of a dark yellow color. 
 
 Treatment of Ohronic Cough. — Give the patient daily one ounce 
 of the fluid extract of Indian hemp (foreign), and offer him occa- 
 sionally some flaxseed tea ; or sprinkle in his food, every night, a 
 handful of unground flaxseed. Should this fail to effect a cure, 
 prepare the following : 
 
 No. 13. Fluid extract of bloodroot 4 oz. 
 
 Fluid extract of pleurisy-root 6 oz. 
 
 Common syrup ^ piut 
 
 Mix. 
 
 Dose, two ounces per day. 
 
 The acute cough may be treated in the same manner as above, 
 by substituting for the syrup half a pint of syrup of squills. 
 In the case of liver disease, accompanied by cough, give the 
 
1(30 DADD'S VE'JLRINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 animal one ounce of fluid extract of mandrake every six nours A 
 until it operates on the bowels, or the membranes of the mouth 
 lose their yellow tinge. 
 
 Roaring. 
 
 Roaring is usually the result of structural alterations within 
 the larynx, or upper part of the windpipe bordering on the 
 trachea. In mild cases of roaring, we usually find a thickened 
 state of the membrane lining the upper portion of the respiratory 
 passage ; and when roaring is occasioned by thickening of this 
 membrane, its degree depends on the ratio of decrease in the cali- 
 ber of the tube breathed through. Roaring is a very aristocratic 
 disease. Many of the very best and fastest horses in England 
 were, and are now, notorious roarers. " Flying Childers," as faiit 
 a horse as ever wore horseshoes, was one of the worst roarers evci 
 known. The story runs that when " Childers " was at full speed, 
 his roaring resembled juvenile thunder ! He could be heard when 
 distant half a mile ! 
 
 The worst form of this disease is whistling. This is the shai p 
 shrill note not only occasioned by the thickening of the lining 
 membrane of the primary passages of respiration, but by altera- 
 tions in the form and structure of the larynx, the larynx being, 
 in popular language, known as the " voice-box." 
 
 Roaring is more prevalent among stallions than mares and 
 geldings, and the kind of horse most subject to it is the one hav- 
 ing a thick, chunky neck, and having the angles of the jaws in 
 very close proximity with the neck. Roaring scarcely, if ever, 
 admits of a radical cure ; and when of a hereditary or congenital 
 origin, a cure is impossible. A roarer should never be incum- 
 bered with a check-rein ; for it has the effect of causing undue 
 pressure on the larynx, and thus augments the difficulty. Roaring 
 can, however, be relieved by an operation known as tracheotomy, 
 which is performed at a point a few inches below the larynx. 
 
 At a meeting of the Imperial and Central Society of Veteri- 
 nary Medicine, M. Leblanc read a communication on tracheot- 
 omy which was performed on a carriage horse. The operation 
 had been performed because the horse was a severe roarer ; and he 
 wore the tube eighteen years and a half, doing fast work all the 
 time. The animal was destroyed at twenty-three years of age 
 <he owner not desiring to make further use of him nor tc fieb 
 
DISEASES OF RESPIRATORY" PASSAGES AND ORGANS. 101 
 
 him. Since the operation. Leblanc hud not observed any 
 change in the horse, except a depression of the bones of the face. 
 After death, the larynx was found very narrow, the mucous mem- 
 brane and submucous cellular tissues were thickened, the epiglot- 
 tis deformed, very obtuse, and everted at its free margin. The 
 changes in the larynx were the original cause of roaring. The 
 depression of the bones of the face was connected with constric- 
 tion of the nasal chambers, and was evidently secondary to the 
 change in the course of the air in the process of respiration. The 
 parts of the trachea in contact with the tube had undergone a 
 transformation into very hard tissue. It filled the trachea above 
 the point where the tube had been introduced, and intermixed 
 witl this firm fibrous deposit was a cartilaginous and osseous tissue, 
 which offered great resistance to the scalpel. Roaring, thick wind, 
 w bistling, etc., are often the sequel of strangles, influenza, laryn- 
 gitis, and other affections of the respiratory passages, and hence 
 hi ive an accidental origin. In such cases, we may entertain a hope 
 ol doing some good by means of medicinal agents and counter- 
 irritation. 
 
 Treatment. — The medicines which have proved most successful 
 in my practice are as follows: 
 
 No. 14. Iodide of potass 4 oz. 
 
 Fluid extract of stillingia 12 oz. 
 
 Water 4 oz. 
 
 Mix. 
 
 Give the patient two ounces daily, by means of a small vial; 
 and rub the region of the throat every night with a portion of 
 the following : 
 
 No. 15. Cod-liver oil ) , 
 
 Spirits of camphor j e( * ual P arts ' 
 
 Polypus within the Nostrils. 
 
 Polypus is the name given to an excrescence, or tumor, which 
 has its origin from the surface of the membrane lining the nasal 
 cavities. It is designated as growing from a mucous membrane, 
 having a narrow neck and body, resembling, in shape, a pear. 
 The usual symptoms attending the presence of polypus in the nasal 
 cavities are as follows : Difficulty of breathing, evidently occasioned 
 by abstraction in the air-passages. 
 
502 DADDS VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 Percivall informs us that the true polypus is at- 
 tached to mucous membranes, and is usually found in 
 the nasal cavities. He tells us that attending the diffi- 
 culty of breathing is a mucous discharge from one or 
 both nostrils, sometimes attended by a discharge of 
 blood. Occasionally, however, pure blood runs con- 
 tinuously from the nose. Inspection in a full light dis- 
 wiTm/THE closes, higher or lower in the nostril, the rounded base 
 
 NOSTRIL. ' ° 
 
 of a polypus. 
 
 Treatment. — The services of a veterinary surgeon are, as a 
 matter of course, here needed. The patient must be cast and the 
 head fixed in a position so as to take advantage of the light. The 
 operator then passes into the nostril and around the tumor an in- 
 strument called an ecraiseur, which will remove the tumor without 
 loss of blood. If the instrument is not at hand, the surgeon will 
 pass a ligature around the base of the tumor, and in the course of 
 a couple of days it will be detached. Peecivall recommends 
 -.hat, in bringing down the tumor for operation, we must not use 
 any great force. The pedicle being but a duplicature of the skin,, 
 and Dot a portion of the polypus itself, may be divided anywhere. 
 In some cases, the polypus is so high up within the nostril that, 
 'n order to get at its base, it becomes necessary to make an incis- 
 ion through the wall of the nostril. 
 
 Chabert, in his " Veterinary Instructions," relates the follow- 
 ing : " A horse in a cavalry regiment had been gradually losing 
 flesh, and was quickly and painfully blown at every little exer- 
 tion. Fetid matter began to run from his off nostril, and the 
 gland correspondent enlarged. The horse was supposed by the 
 sergeant-farrier to be glandered, (there being no veterinary sur- 
 geons then in the French service,) and was treated accordingly. 
 After a time, to the confusion and astonishment of the man, a 
 fleshy substance began to appear in the nostril, and which rapidly 
 increased in size. At length a great mass protruded, and the far- 
 1 ior cut it off. No benefit followed ; the nostril was still stopped* 
 the breathing laborious, and the horse daily became thinner and 
 weaker. After the lapse of a twelvemonth, the case attracted 
 the attention of M. Tears, the surgeon of the regiment. He cast 
 the horse and slit up the nostril, when he not only found it com- 
 pletely filled with polypus, and the septum narium bulging into; 
 the other division of the cavity, but, from long-continupd inflam- 
 
DISEASES OF RESPIRATORY PASSAGES ANu ORGANS. 10'6 
 
 mation and pressure, it adhered to the membrane of the nose in sc 
 many points,, and so extensively, that it was impossible to get 
 round it or move it. He contrived, at length, to pass a crucial 
 bandage around it, and it was torn out by main force. Four con- 
 siderable portions of the turbinated bones were brought away with 
 it. The hemorrhage was excessive. He however filled the nos- 
 tril completely with tow, and brought the divided edges of the 
 false nostril together by sutures. In three days they were all 
 torn out by the incessant attempts of the animal to get rid of the 
 obstruction; but the horse eventually did well. The polypus 
 weighed two pounds seven ounces." 
 
 Gohier relates a case of a horse who had in his left nostril a 
 polypus as large as a turkey's egg, of a grayish color and glossy 
 surface, too high up to be reached with the finger, which prevented 
 his breathing on that side, and gave rise to offensive effluvium, to 
 enlargement of the lymphatic glands, but not to roaring. Go- 
 h ier slit up the nostril, and, with an iro\i rod with a notch upon 
 its end, contrived to inclose its neck in the slip-knot of a liga- 
 ture. In drawing this tight, however — which was, of necessity, 
 done in an oblique direction — the pedicle was cut through. Little 
 hemorrhage succeeded, although the tumor weighed twenty-four 
 ounces. The slit nostril was sewn up, and cold water injected into 
 its cavity. A copious discharge from both nostrils followed, with 
 swelling of the lymphatic glands. This was met by proper treat- 
 ment, and in fifteen days the patient was sent out of the hospital. 
 
 Bronchocele (Goitre, or Big Neck). 
 
 Bronchocele, or enlargement of the thyroid glands, is a disease 
 which very frequently makes its appearance among certain breeds 
 of horses and sheep, and is supposed to owe its origin to heredi- 
 tary predispositions and influences. It is also very prevalent 
 among members of the human family. It seems to acquire a 
 home in certain localities in Derbyshire, England, where it is 
 said to be a very common disorder; but its occurrence in other 
 parts of that country is by no means frequent. Among the in- 
 habitants of the Alps, and other mountaincus countries bordering 
 thereon, it is a disease very often met with. 
 
 The unoastxated animals seem to suffer most. After they get 
 
104 
 
 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGER7. 
 
 to be about eight years of age, the tumors acquire such magni- 
 tude that the}- press on the vocal organs, so as to decrease the 
 caliber of the larynx, and thus the animal becomes a "roarer." 
 Judging from what we know of the disease in the human subject, 
 the glands, while undergoing enlargement, do not occasion much 
 pain. The danger arises from mechanical causes, and the death 
 of the subject, if it occur, is due to asphyxia, or suffocation. 
 Among horses there arc very few fatal cases on record. The 
 reverse is the case as regards sheep. When these glands are 
 much enlarged, and the animal is near or past the adult age, it 
 is very unsafe to attempt their removal by means of the knife; 
 for at this stage they are highly vascular, and the arteries which 
 run into them are much enlarged. The operation has been suo- 
 
 frKOWING THK TTTMOB OF BBOHCHOCELE IN THE BEQ10H OF THB THIOi*. 
 
 usssfully performed on lambs, but it must be done when they ai« 
 quite young, and the artery must be secured before the gland is 
 extirpated, or the animal will bleed to death in a few seconds. It 
 is well known among the members of the profession that the dis- 
 ease is incurable; and the same remarks apply to all hereditary 
 diseases, yet the growth of the glands may be retarded by means 
 of local and constitutional treatment. 
 
 The thyroid glands are two ovoid bodies, varying in size from 
 a filbert to an egg, located in the region of the thyroid cartilage 
 (throat), one on each side of the trachea (windpipe). Their at- 
 tachments are cellular. When cut into, they exhibit a porus tex- 
 ture, highly vascular, well supplied with blood-vessels. Very 
 little is known of their physiology. They are called vascular 
 
DISEASES OF RESPIRATORY PASSAGES AND ORGANS. 10A 
 
 glands without ducts or outlets, and thus they correspond with 
 the spleen, thymus gland, and supra-renal capsules, all of -which, 
 when in active operation, are largely supplied with Wood. As 
 regards the function of each, they may be supposed to M.j.arate 
 certain materials from the blood, and only differ from ordinary 
 glands in not having a direct outlet. Consequently, not knowing 
 the precise part which the thyroid glands play in the animal 
 economy, it would be very unwise to remove them, when their 
 enlargement, in some cases, amounts to little else than an "eye- 
 sore." Their enlargement is generally the consequence, and not 
 the cause, of disease. Men, horses, dogs, and cattle of the scrof- 
 ulous diathesis, are known to have what may be termed chronic 
 enlargement of these glands, and this peculiarity would seem to 
 indicate that the thyroid glands are somewhat associated with the 
 lymphatic system. Then, again, we find these glands enlarged 
 in cases of throat and lung difficulties — in catarrh, influenza, dis- 
 temper, etc. — so that their extirpation would not remove the 
 original difficulty. In such cases they decrease in size as soon 
 a> the original malady ceases. The enlargement is not then of 
 a permanent character. 
 
 Treatment. — Should the enlargement appear to exist independ- 
 ent of febrile symptoms, twenty-five grains of the iodide of 
 potassium may be given daily, in water (which the patient will 
 not refuse to drink), and a small portion of the ointment of 
 iodide of potassium may be rubbed on the enlargement, with 
 decided advantage: 
 
 No. 16. Iodide of potassium 1 part. 
 
 Lard . , 8 parts. 
 
 Mix. 
 
 On the Action of Iodine. — Iodine and its compounds are the 
 principal agents used by veterinary surgeons for the treatment of 
 glandular affections, and they supersede, to a certain extent, the 
 preparations of quicksilver, in the form of mercury, which are 
 apt to be absorbed into the system, and thus produce mischief. 
 
 Morton, in his " Manual of Pharmacy," thus alludes to iodine : 
 •'The action of iodine and its compounds is markedly seen on 
 glandular structure, and newly-formed and abnormal growths. 
 For the latter they seem to manifest a decided preference, which 
 renders them so valuable as therapeutic agents. Their influence 
 is that of a stimulant to the absorbents; and by means of these 
 
10G DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 vessels, when those agents have been long and injudiciously given, 
 it is recorded that the marninae of women and the testes of men 
 have almost disappeared. A case illustrative of the effects of 
 iodine on the glandular system was related by Mr. Wardle, who 
 employs this agent largely, and with considerable success. He 
 had been for some weeks exhibiting the iodide of potassium, and 
 also applying it externally to a bull for an enlarged parotid gland. 
 The reduction of the swelling having been accomplished, his at- 
 tention was directed to the testicles of his patient, which had be- 
 come so much diminished in size; and it was also found that the 
 animal had no desire to copulate. Four months generous feed, 
 however, effectually restored the parts to their pristine state. 
 
 In chronic enlargements of the submaxillary, parotid, mam- 
 mary, and other glands; in tumors of long standing; for thick- 
 ening of the integuments, and indurated swellings about the joints, 
 in all our domestic animals, and for unhealthy ulcerated surfaces, 
 the use of iodine and its compounds is indicated, combining both 
 their internal and external employment. The latter should be 
 accompanied with friction; and so soon as soreness is induced, the 
 application of the compound must be suspended. A desquama- 
 tion, or scaling off of the cuticle, or skin, usually follows this, and 
 a reduction of the swelling will soon after be perceptible. Unfor- 
 tunately, it is too often the case that, if the expectations of the 
 practitioner are not at once realized, the agf nt is discarded as use- 
 less. Now, the compounds of iodine rank a nong those substance 
 whose operation is slow, but which, at the same time, constitute 
 in important class, as their effects are permanent." 
 
 Influenza, or Epizootic Catarrh. 
 
 Influenza is a disease of a catarrhal character, always accompa- 
 nied by great weakness or debility. It is apt tc migrate from one 
 tissue to another, and thus produce various complications. In sta- 
 bles that are badly ventilated, or over-crowded with horses, the 
 malady is apt to make sad havoc, and assume a malignancy ending 
 in typhoid or typhus fever. 
 
 In some cases the heart or lungs become congested, and thua 
 their function is embarrassed. The blood accumulates carbon, the 
 heart fails to propel, and the lungs to vitalize the blood. This 
 state demands stim ilants of a character that shall excite v'tal action. 
 
DISEASES OF RESPIRATORY PASSAGES AND ORGANS. 107 
 
 and tend to effect chemical changes in the blood. The most valu- 
 able agent, in this view, is carbonate of ammonia. In veterinary 
 practice this agent is considered as one of the most valuable diffu- 
 sible stimulants. It acts first on the nerves of the stomach, and 
 through them excites the whole nervous system. It may be given 
 in doses from one to three drachms, either in the form of bolus or 
 drench. Its stimulating influence over the heart and nervous sys- 
 tem may be increased by the addition of one or more drachms of 
 good Jamaica ginger. This treatment may be continued until 
 congestion subsides, which may be known by the fullness of pulse 
 and heat of the external surface of the body, and by other symp- 
 toms which usually attend fever in its inflammatory stage. 
 
 The exciting or stimulating plan of treatment must never be 
 entirely abandoned. To husband the powers of the system, and 
 thus guard against subsequent prostration, must be our chief object 
 Although the case may require a sedative to-day, in the form of 
 two or three drachms of fluid extract of gelseminum, yet, in the 
 course of a very few hours, the prostration becomes so apparent that 
 we are again compelled to exhibit life-sustaining agents. Excit- 
 ants, or counter-excitants, are also, at times, needed externally. 
 If the patient has a deep-seated cough, strong liniment, composed 
 of oil of hartshorn (and sometimes oil of camphor), must be applied. 
 Often I anoint the parts with a thick paste, composed of mustard 
 and vinegar. The membranes of the fauces (throat) are exces- 
 sively sore ; then the same course has to be pursued. At the same 
 time, a mucilaginous drink, composed of flaxseed sweetened with 
 honey, must be allowed. The nervous system must also be aroused 
 by the application of the above liniment to the spinal column. 
 At another stage of the malady, diaphoresis (increased perspiration) 
 must be excited by clothing the body with flannel, and drenching 
 with a preparation known as solution of acetate of ammonia, to 
 the amount of six or eight ounces per day, until the skin feels soft 
 and warm. In case sederna (local dropsy) of the body or extremi 
 ties sets in, the patient then requires diuretics. One or two ounces 
 of sweet spirits of niter, or two ounces fluid extract of buchu, may 
 be given in linseed tea, until the kidneys respond, and the secretion 
 of urine becomes augmented. The bowels are sometimes inactive, 
 but that inactivity may be corrected by adding to a bran-masb 
 from fcnr to six drachms of fluid extract of mandrake. Occa- 
 sion/' le patient becomes uneasy, paws with his fore-feet, and 
 
LUfe DADDS VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGEiSi. 
 
 evinces signs of abdominal pain. In that event, he should have 
 two or three drachms of fluid extract of Indian hemp. These 
 latter symptoms indicate danger, showing that the bowels are 
 congested, and the result may be mortification of the -ame. 
 
 The following case, occurring in the author's practice, goes to 
 show that influenza may sometimes be followed by an acute disease 
 of the brain, pleurisy, etc. : The patient was a bay gelding, aged 
 about eight years. The groom informed me that the disease was 
 ushered in by a shivering fit. Soon a discharge from both nos- 
 trils ensued. The throat became sore; cough and laborious 
 respiration followed, and the animal became so weak that it was 
 almost impossible to back him out of the stall. He ate but little, 
 and in the act of drinking, the water returned through his nos- 
 trils. The treatment was commenced in the usual manner, by 
 administering tonics and stimulants, which seemed to have a good 
 effect on him. He also received enemas of soap-suds , yet, not- 
 withstanding, symptoms of pleurisy supervened. He appeared to 
 suffer much pain, and was very unwilling to have the region of 
 the chest explored. The least pressure on the region of the inter- 
 costal spaces would cause him to grunt or groan with pain. The 
 pulse was active and wiry, and the visible surfaces were much 
 reddened. I administered a full dose of powdered niter, and 
 twenty drops of aconite ; and fearing effusion into the chest, I 
 plastered the walls of the same with hot vinegar and mustard. 
 The latter made the patient very uneasy, and he cut up all kinds 
 of capers. In the course of a few hours I repeated the dose, and 
 left the patient for the night. Next morning I again visited him, 
 and was informed that he had made several attempts to get up in 
 the manger. I noticed that his head was elevated, and the eyes 
 fiery red. He acted wildly and showed decided symptoms of 
 phrenzy. On attempting to administer a sedative, the animal 
 went into convulsions, and I was compelled to make my escape 
 from the stall as quick as possible. He soon got his fore-feet ovei 
 the tops of an adjoining stall, five feet in height, remained there 
 for a short time, when he scrambled over and fell like a log right 
 into the next stall. I never expected to see him rise again ; but 
 after a few minutes, with some assistance, he got up. I gave him 
 twenty drops of aconite. During this day the frantic animal 
 went over a stall twice in succession, and fell very heavily each 
 time on his back, yet did not appear to have suffered any injury 
 
DISEASES OF RESPIRATORY PASSAGES AND ORGANS. 109 
 
 Mosi of the time he appeared frantic, yet unconscious ; and just 
 before going into a convulsive fit, he would stamp with his fore- 
 feet, continuously toss up his head, his neck being the seat of 
 spasmodic twistings. Next daj the symptoms had not altered 
 much, and, during my examination, he pulled back, broke a por- 
 tion of his manger to which he was tied, and fell head over heels 
 on the floor. During the forenoon he became more calm, and la^ 
 >ii the floor, yet would occasionally jerk his head backward, and 
 have slight convulsions. I continued the prostrating plan of 
 treatment, only exhibiting smaller doses, and soon the patient began 
 to improve. The membranes of the eyes, mouth, and nostrils as- 
 sumed a more natural appearance; then the plan of treatment was 
 altered, and the patient received tonics and stimulants, which soon 
 resulted in convalescence. 
 
 Among all the cases that have come under my care and observa- 
 tion, I have neither found it advisable nor necessary to practice 
 the antiphlogistic treatment, in so far as it relates to bleeding and 
 purging ; and I can not conceive a case, so depressing as influenza 
 is known to be, thai would require any such heroic treatment. 
 The safety of our patient depends on the judicious application of 
 remedies such as are here named, and, therefore, I would warn the 
 farmer against the use of fleam and cathartic in the treatment of 
 influenza. Yet, after all, the best treatment may fail in restoring 
 3 patient. "We require aid in the form of pure air, suitable diet, 
 ?nd good nursing. Failing in the latter important adjuncts, our 
 treatment avails but little. 
 
 Influenza is a disease accompanied by a discharge from the res- 
 piratory, conjunctival, and schneiderian membranes; and the 
 organs of respiration themselves are more or less involved, as 
 shown by cough and soreness of the throat, lassitude, fever, thirst, 
 and loss of appetite. Now, if the term influenza means any thing, 
 it signifies epidemic catarrh, and the cases alluded to w«re not c/ 
 .his character, but quite diverse, indicating a low congestive state, 
 Still, the majority of cases that we have seen do appear to be noth- 
 ing more nor less than influenza; but if the above diseases appear 
 oimultaneous with the latter, there is danger of persons making 
 great mistakes in the treatment, for it is very apt to run into 
 typhoid fever. 
 
1 
 110 dadd's veterinary medicine and surgery. 
 
 Typhus or Typhoid Affections. 
 
 The veterinary surgeons of England Lave hithe/ • maintain A 
 a remarkable silence on the subject of typhoid affect:ons occurring 
 among horses; and so late as the year 1850, Mr. Percivall in- 
 forms the world, through the pages of the ' Veterinarian," that in 
 London very little is known about such disease. In view, there- 
 fore, of lighting up the dark spots that exist in our department on 
 this side of the water, we furnish a translation from the French, by 
 Mr. Percivall. The article is a selection from a prize memoir 
 written by a distinguished surgeon. It is preceded, as the reader 
 will perceive, by a review from the pen of the translator, who 
 says : 
 
 " In the ' Collection of Memoirs and Observations on (French) 
 Military Veterinarian Hygiene and Medicine/ which we have so 
 lately been engaged in examining, are contained two prh;e 
 memoirs — one on Farcy, the other on Typhoid Affections 
 in hcrses.* On the latter of these we would make a few remarks, 
 if it were only for the reason of showing what is meant to be un- 
 derstood by such imposing titles. Typhus and typhoid are word** 
 but rarely heard in our own country in connection with veterinary, 
 or at least with hippiatric, medicine. Our old writers on farriery 
 described fevers in horses as very destructive in their character 
 requiring antiphlogistic treatment : 
 
 "'Typhus Fever. — A disease touching which we (the author) are 
 in possession of but few observations, and one that has been, and 
 still is, in our opinion, mistaken for and confounded with either 
 enteritis or gastro-enteritis — in cases, for example, in which its 
 consequences are of little importance — though, perhaps, with pu- 
 trid fever, when, on the other hand, malignant and exhibiting 
 extraordinary violence, its progress is rapid and its termination 
 fatal. In its most benignant form, typhus fever, indeed, bears so 
 great a resemblance to pure inflammation of the primary intestinal 
 passages, that it is often difficult, very difficult, even to distinguish 
 them. As for the cause which occasions it to be confounded with 
 putrid fever, it is no matter of astonishment to us, since, in our 
 opinion, one fever possesses, in many respects, so great an analogy 
 
 •The reader will find an article on Typhus Fever, but in an enzootic form, iu 
 u The Veterinarian," vol. xxii, p. 462. 
 
DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY PASSAGES AND ORGANS. Ill 
 
 with the other; while typhus itself, through causes which remain 
 latent up to the present hour, is, like the gastro-enteritis of 1825, 
 dangerous, fatal, and epizootic. In general, typhus fever begins 
 without any warning, though there are times in which its ap- 
 proach is marked by dullness and weakness, and a manifestation 
 of being easily fatigued, sweating through little exertion, etc., 
 with loss of appetite. 
 
 Of the first stage, the most remarkable symptoms are either a 
 yellow redness of the pituitary membrane, or a dryness or a dis- 
 charge of viscous matter, which adheres in thick incrustations 
 around the alse of the nostrils, with, occasionally, an appearance 
 of drops of blood. The nostrils are more or less dilated, the res- 
 piration more or less frequent, according to the sharpness of the 
 abdominal pains, or the existence of a lamentable complication of 
 thoracic with abdominal disease. The ear applied to the wind- 
 pipe or to the walls of the thorax, almost always detects a well- 
 marked mucous rale; also there is cough, with full, strong, and 
 frequent pulse. 
 
 In the second stage, the mouth becomes dry, and sometimes dis- 
 plays aphthae or cracks of some depth. The tongue is red about 
 its point and along its sides, but its middle and base are of a deep 
 yellow tint. The breath is tainted. When abdominal symptoms 
 are present, which is not always the case, they are sufficiently 
 well marked. The dung is either very hard, or it is, more com- 
 monly, liquid ; sometimes it is bloody, and issues a fetid odor, the 
 debility frequently being such at this period as to cause constant 
 opening of the anus. The pituitary membrane is dry, and covered 
 with bloody points. The conjunctival membrane is reddened and 
 infiltrated, and, like the pituitary, presents petechial patches. 
 The pulse has not its force and fullness, etc. Some veterinarians 
 have remarked, at this period, upon the insides of the thighs those 
 little vesicles to which the name of sudamina has been given. 
 Urine scanty, possessing a remarkable fetor, and voided occasion- 
 ally with great pain; great dejection, and occasional stupor ; and, 
 ordinarily, at this period it is that the ataxic or adynamic symp- 
 toms set in. 
 
 In the third stage, the parotids tumefy and ulcerate. Any setons 
 oi rowels that may have been introduced, or blisters, become so 
 many causes of mortification of the parts in which they have been 
 applied. And now the mouth becomes quite dried up; the tongue 
 
112 DADDS VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 acquires a horny feel, and turns brown; the gums and teeth are 
 covered with a dingy slime. Bleeding from the nose, which mostly 
 appears during the inflammatory stage, now returns. The pulse 
 becomes irregular and more feeble ; oedema, sometimes consider- 
 able, of the extremities ; great debility. The temperature of the 
 body sinks. The neck, belly, flanks, axilla, and groins become 
 covered with cold and clammy sweats; the tympanitis increases, 
 the evacuations being bloody and fetid to a remarkable degree. 
 The animal, continually in pain, exhibits symptoms of colic, often 
 seeking to lie down ; but if he does, he soon rises again. Respi- 
 ration greatly accelerated ; nostrils widely dilated ; pulsations of 
 the heart tumultuous. At length, beginning to stagger, he falls, 
 either to die an easy death or to expire amid agonizing convulsions. 
 When, however, recovery in place of death follows, such symp- 
 toms as we have last detailed do not occur, or with only modified 
 force and character. When blood has been drawn for experiment, 
 under such circumstances, at a time when adynamic and biliary 
 symptoms prevailed, it has been found to* contain but little hema- 
 tosine, but, on the contrary, a large proportion of serum, of a light 
 greenish hue. The disease may last from four, seven, or eight t<i 
 thirty days. Relapse is extremely likely, even under every pros- 
 pect of convalescence, unless great care be taken. The diagnosis 
 at the commencement is difficult, even impossible, when the char- 
 acteristic symptoms are but scantily and imperfectly developed. 
 
 The affections whose symptoms most resemble those of the dis- 
 ease before us are plegmasia of the intestinal tube, and particular 
 of the brain. Should sudamina be detected, they are, as in human 
 medicine, to be regarded as definitely characteristic of typhoid 
 fevei. Prognosis, for the most part, unfavorable; and the more 
 so according as the nervous accompaniments are more numerous, 
 more violent, and more early in showing themselves; the stupor 
 great, the strength failing more, the pulse faltering, the diarrhea 
 greater, more bloody, fetid, etc. 
 
 Our etioloe-v is all at fault. In truth, we know not the deter- 
 mining cause of typhus. The post-mortem states are by no means 
 agreed upon by those who have reported them. Most agree that- 
 the digestive canal exhibits the most constant and marked symp- 
 toms of disorder. The mouth presents marks of inflammation, 
 and, on occasions, aphtha or ulcerations, though commonly too su- 
 perficial to destroy the living membrane. The pharynx sometimes 
 
 
DISEASES Ot THE RESPIRATORY PASSAGES AND ORGANS 113 
 
 the same as the mouth; at others, nothing. The stomach is fre- 
 quently the seat of inflammation of a marked character. The 
 intestines also reddened, to more or less extent. The cavity of 
 the peritoneum, containing a citron-colored fluid, reddened, per- 
 haps, the omentum being at times almost entirely destroyed. A 
 liquid matter — a sort of bloody corruption of more or less consist- 
 ence — is often found within the cavities of the small guts ; and in 
 those of the large, the caecum and colon in particular, are some- 
 time^ to be remarked red and black spots, or ecchymoses, buds of 
 smaller or larger size {glandes de Bruner) indistinctly planted over 
 the mucous surface. 
 
 Malignant or Putrid Typhus — {Typhus Charbonneaux.) — These 
 malignant and putrid affections, either constitutional, or, in some 
 instances, but local in their origin, ever of a highly acute nature 
 and of unequaled rapidity of progress, since not unfrequently they 
 cause death in a few hours, are of more consequence for us to be- 
 come acquainted with, as they are not only susceptible of being- 
 communicated from one animal to another, but even from animal 
 to man, in whom, losing none of their malignity, they are likewise 
 most commonly mortal. Frequently sporadic, sometimes epizootic, 
 but most commonly enzootic, these diseases at times assume so re- 
 doubtable a form that nothing can arrest their progress. Invading 
 farms or other extensive localities, they produce therein terrific 
 ravages; for, being susceptible under various forms, almost equally 
 fatal one with another, of prostrating a vast number of animals of 
 the same or different species, these affections determine, under vary- 
 ing circumstances, losses which, on occasions, desolate and com- 
 pletely ruin the country where they have broken out. 
 
 Such are the two especial forms of typhus fever which have 
 been observed among horse-kind — one of which would seem to 
 occur at times in practice without being sufficiently heeded or re- 
 cognized by veterinary surgeons in this country, while the other 
 may be said to comprehend those malignant epidemics by which 
 our cattle, if not our horses, have, of late years, been too fearfully 
 visited.' " 
 
 In the treatment of typhoid affections, we endeavor to give tone 
 to the system by furnishing nutritious diet, tonic, and stimulating 
 medicines. Ginger and golden seal, with a small portion of hy- 
 posulphite of soda, are the best remedies. 
 
 3 
 
114 
 
 DADDS VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERT. 
 
 PLAN OF A VAPOR BATS USED IN THE TREATMENT OF LUNO AFFECTIONS. 
 
 Explanation.— a, represents a boiler originally erected for the purpose of supplying the infirmary 
 with hot water; c, is the main pipe issuing from the top of the boiler receiving the steam, and 
 conducting it, when not required for other purposes, into either a flue or the open air at b; c 
 and / are branch pipes from the main one (c), / being that which conducts the steam into a 
 worm (h). winding through a condensing trough (g); e, the branch pipe which conducts the 
 steam (prevented by stop-cock from going in the other direction' into the bath, the place of 
 admission (.nj being on one side, close to the floor at a point intermediate between the horse's 
 fore and hind feet while standing in the bath, with his head outside - m is the bath, being a 
 horse-box, such as is used for embarking horses on board of ship, with the addition of a Iinit'g 
 of flannel, a roofing of hoops and tilting, and curtains over the doors, front and back, to pre- 
 vent the escape of steam. The box, being placed upon wheels, serves, besides being used as a 
 bath, for tho transport of sick or lame horses ; and. having doors at both ends, and a moveable 
 platform fcr the horse to walk in upon, is, in general, entered without any great deal of unwill- 
 ingness. 
 
 Pneumonia (Inflammation op the Lungs). 
 
 InitaLjmation of the lungs, known to veterinarians as pneu- 
 monia, is not apt to be so prevalent among horned creatures as 
 amoug horses, except, however milch cows, when they are located 
 in nlthy, unventilated milking establishments. In such places 
 diseases of the lungs are often fearfully prevalent, raging as an 
 epizootic, as it did a few years ago in the swill-milk establish- 
 ments of New York. It makes sad havoc when prevalent among 
 a large herd that may be confined in a barn or stable of con- 
 tracted proportions. All domestic animals require plenty of 
 room, as well as light and pure air; for it is now pretty ciearly 
 demonstrated that the pleuro-pneumonia, which appeared in 
 Massachusetts, in 1860, on the premises of Mr. Chenery, arose 
 there spontaneously. His barn, or rather the basement, where 
 the cattle lived, was a room fifty feet square and only eight 
 feet in height. The walls on the north, and a portion of the 
 
DISEASES OF RESPIRATORY PASSAGES AND ORGANS. 115 
 
 east and west sides, were composed of brick, and the remainder 
 of boards, with joints battened. On the south, east, and west 
 skies were glass windows ; on the north side a door opened into 
 the vegetable cellar, and on the roof there was a sky-light. A 
 stairway led to the hay-loft above, another to the manure cellar 
 below, both closed by doors. The manure cellar was eight feet 
 deep, and extended under the whole room. In the winter and 
 spring of 1859 were confined forty head of cattle, arranged on 
 three sides, with their heads toward the center ; and within that 
 center was another square, containing animals, so arranged that 
 almost all were brought face to face. The manure cellar, about 
 this time, contained from fifty to one hundred cords of manure, 
 with from ten to twenty hogs in it. " This," says Mr. Chenery, 
 " was my condition in the beginning of the year 1860. I had 
 buried nearly half of my herd. I had experimentally acquired 
 a knowledge of the fact that, in order to keep animals alive and 
 in health, it was absolutely necessary that they should be supplied 
 Mith pure air as well as with good food and pure water." 
 
 So far as the direct or indirect causes of pneumonia are con- 
 cerned, we may safely infer that crowding and a bad system of 
 ventilation includes them all. Yet, among horses, this disease 
 often originates as the consequence of laborious work and feats 
 of speed, which produces rapid and sometimes distressing respira- 
 tions; but among cattle, whose powers of speed and endurance 
 are not often put to the test, and whose natural respirations are 
 slower, we infer that impure air, and perhaps exposure, too, are 
 more operative than action or ill-usage. 
 
 The stimulating and morbid action of an impure atmosphere 
 may produce a disease of this character by its irritating effects on 
 the highly vascular membrane which lines the bronchi and air- 
 cells. But then we all know that impure air fails to decarbonize 
 the blood ; hence it is rendered unfit to enter the system. It has 
 been noticed, however, by the drovers of the East, that when cat- 
 tle have been driven a long distance without food, and in tem- 
 pestuous weather, they are apt to become the subjects of diseased 
 lungs. Fortunately for the poor brute, pneumonia is not so pain- 
 ful as bronchitis, pleurisy, or laryngitis ; and having passed through 
 the acute stage, which is usually brief, it assumes a mild or sub- 
 acute form, and ends in altered structure of the lungs, known as 
 induration (hardening) or hepatization (liver-like), or it may end 
 
116 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 in pleurisy, and ultimately dropsy of the chest. I should judge 
 that cattle, when the subjects of pneumonia, suffer less tian horses, 
 from the fact that the former will lie down during the progress of 
 the disease, and the horse is scarcely, if ever, known to do so until 
 shortly before he dies. In the horse, this malady occasionally 
 takes a metastatic turn ; that is, the disease is translated to the feet 
 or brain, producing an affection of a very formidable and acute 
 character. Among cattle, however, such translation is very rare. 
 
 Forms of Pneumonia. — Pneumonia is divided into several stages 
 and forms, but as such refer more to its degree or intensity, I shall 
 only inform the reader that pneumonia may exist either as a con- 
 dition of congestion or of inflammation. Congestion signifies a 
 distended or plethoric state of the blood-vessels of the substance 
 of the lungs, and slow motion of the blood ; and it sometim<<s 
 sets in as suddenly as that form which is termed inflammatory ; 
 among cattle the former form is more prevalent. In the conges- 
 tive stage the symptoms are those of embarrassment — the blocd 
 courses through its vessels sluggishly, and there is not that activity 
 of the heart and lungs which is noticed in inflammatory pneu- 
 monia. 
 
 Symptoms of Inflammation of the Lungs. — There are many symj^- 
 toms attending lung diseast which are common to various otht-r 
 forms or affections. These must be inferred ; for, by detailing 
 them, I might only confound the non-medical reader, and rendu 
 the diagnosis difficult, and, perhaps, impossible. The symptom*, 
 in the early stages, are such as are usually observed at the com- 
 mencement of febrile diseases, viz. : coldness of the extremities, 
 and slight shivering fits; loss of appetite; labored respiration: 
 pulse variable, and the mouth hot and clammy ; the animal heaves 
 at the flanks, is rather unwilling to move, and the fore-legs are 
 widely separated, while the head is held in a drooping position. 
 As the disease progresses, these symptoms vary more or less, and 
 the appearance of the membranes of the mouth, nose, and eyes 
 may vary from the color of bright scarlet to that of a leaden hue. 
 In congestive pneumonia, the pulse is more voluminous, yet less 
 active, than in health, or in acute disease. A cough, slight or 
 active, as the case may be, is usually noticed ; it is a sort of deep- 
 seated, half-suppressed one, and sometimes it is the first symptom 
 which calls the owner's attention to the ailing animal. 
 
 Treatment. — It is important, at the commencement of the treat' 
 
 
DISEASES OF RESPIRATORY PASSAGES AND ORGANS. 117 
 
 ment, that the patient shall be placed in a comfortable shed or 
 barn, where pure air abounds; for, under such circumstances, 
 the cooperation of Nature in the cure of the malady is secured. 
 Should the disease be of an acute character, it will be accom- 
 panied by quick or labored respiration, and a strong, wiry pulse. 
 In that event, I should give two drachms of the tincture of gel- 
 ••eminura. The brisket and sides of the chest are to be rubbed 
 occasionally with mustard and vinegar. This acts as a counter- 
 irritant, and diverts the blood from the lungs to the surface. It 
 was customary, in former years, to bleed and purge almost all 
 animals when attacked with acute pneumonia ; but as the mor- 
 tality was then very great, and less under a more rational sys- 
 tem, we are led to believe that bad treatment was the cause of 
 our want of success. Two or three doses of gelseminum, given 
 at intervals of six or eight hours, will, together with the elapsed 
 time, have a tendency to modify the affection. Then active medi- 
 cation is to be suspended, and we immediately give life-sustaining 
 agents, which consist of pure air, water, proper food, tonics, and 
 stimulants. The best tonics and stimulants that I know of 
 are powdered golden seal and ginger, equal parts. Dose, half 
 an ounce night and morning, as a drench; or two ounces, night 
 and morning, of the fluid extract of resin weed may be substituted. 
 The animal should have one ounce of powdered chlorate of potass 
 every twelve hours, until it is evident that convalescence is ap- 
 proacning, or has actually set in, when it may be discontinued. 
 The best way to administer the chlorate of potass, is to dissolve it 
 in a few quarts of linseed tea, or an infusion of slippery tlm, 
 which should be kept in a bucket before the animal until he has 
 partaken of the whole of it. The chlorate of potass is also indi- 
 cated as a valuable agent in the treatment of all lung affections, 
 including pleuro-pneumonia and pleurisy ; its use is to be discon- 
 tinued, however, when the urinary secretion becomes much aug- 
 mented, or it may overwork the kidneys. Chlorate of potass acts 
 as a sedative to the nervous system and to the circulation, and is a 
 stimulant to the digestive organs and kidneys. For all cases of 
 congestive pneumonia, or when the surface of the body is cold, as 
 well as the limbs and ears, warm stimulants are indicated — ginger 
 and golden seal ; and, if possible, the body and limbs should be 
 clothed, for the purpose of maintaining the natural heat of the skin, 
 and of producing an equilibrium of the circulation ; for when au 
 
118 DiDD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 equilibrium in the circulation of the blood is secured, then con- 
 gestion ceases to exist. 
 
 I would caution my readers not to place too much reliance in 
 art and medicine for the cure of disease. The physician does 
 much good when he practices rationally — constitutes himself the 
 gervant of Nature, does her bidding, and does the system no harm 
 in the use of poisons and meddlesome medication. In t.ie treat- 
 ment of many forms of curable disease it is often i question of 
 time; they will "have their run." Hence, what /ve most need 
 is patience, great faith in .Nature, and a moderate degree of faith 
 in drugs. The great trouble is, our instruction derived from text- 
 books and veterinary institutions of learning tends to develop 
 heroic notions of medicine and its powers, and to depress those 
 more potent remedies, the vitalizing and reanimating forces of 
 Nature. A case of heroism of this kind, as an example, I must 
 now relate, in order to illustrate my position : 
 
 Mr. S , of Chicago, bought of Mr. P a fine, promising 
 
 young gelding, aged about eight years. The purchaser had used 
 him during a period of five weeks with perfect satisfaction. Sud- 
 denly the newly-purchased animal became sick, and the services 
 of a noted blacksmith were secured. The man of" tongs and ham- 
 mer," realizing that the patient was the subject of the prevailing 
 influenza, gave the patient " fits," in the form of the administra- 
 tion of a physic ball. He then abstracted two gallons of blood. 
 The horse grew no better very fast. In consequence, he got more 
 medicine. Purgation set in, which continued for twenty-four 
 hours, when the horse died. The lives of many valuable animals 
 are thus sacrificed. Finally, those men generally become the most 
 distinguished who soonest emancipate themselves from the theory 
 of the heroic schools of medicine. 
 
 The plan of treatment here recommended may appear to some 
 of our readers as very simple. That is just what we claim for it. 
 It is the simplicity of the practice which makes it really valuable, 
 because such a system harmonizes with the law of Nature, and does 
 not oppose her forces, which are always operating physiologically 
 for the restoration of the sick and infirm ; and it is our business, 
 as rational physicians, to aid Nature in all possible ways. This 
 is the kind of knowledge that we require — how to aid Nature, or 
 give her the required assistance; and, in view of obtaining that 
 information, we must read the great book of Nature, as its leave* 
 
iiSEASES OF RESPIRATORY PASSAGES AND ORGAN? ll'J 
 
 hit unfolded to us in the various departments of her great domain. 
 \Ve must altogether abandon a blind faith in doses of poisonous 
 •Jiedicines and bleedings; otherwise, all our efforts are as but a 
 withering simoom. For example, over seventy thousand head of 
 cattle have lately perished of what has been called the "rinder- 
 pest/' in and around the great city of London, which is claimed 
 to be the model seat of veterinary learning for all British sub- 
 jects It is probable that the heroic practice there taught has 
 something to do with this tremendous mortality; for we learn 
 that a more simple plan of treatment has been inaugurated by 
 another class of physicians, whose medicines are almost inert, and 
 they have been more successful than the advocates of setons, blis- 
 ters, sedatives, and narcotics, not forgetting their " sheet-anchor," 
 calomel — as Napoleon observed, in derision, when on the island 
 of St. Helena, " Bleeding and calomel for ever ! " Simple, sana- 
 tive medicines act potently, yet silently, after the fashion of 
 Nature's workings ; so that we should never attempt to force her 
 to adopt our system of cure for that of her own. 
 
 Pleurisy. 
 
 Pleurisy signifies inflammation of the pleura. This membrane 
 lines the internal surface of the chest, and furnishes a covering 
 to the organs within the chest. It also serves to divide the 
 chest into two cavities, which are known as the right and left. 
 This membrane is similar in its texture and function to that 
 which lines the cavity of the abdomen. Both are serous mem- 
 branes, secreting, on their inner s>'/face, a lubricating fluid, which 
 guards against friction. This membrane is the seat of pleurisy, 
 and pleurisy consists of inflammation of it. 
 
 Causes. — It may be presumed that the ordinary causes which 
 produce affections of the lungs are operative in the production 
 of this malady, viz. : exposure, by which the surface of the body 
 becomes chilled; injuries in the thoracic region; over-work; an 
 impure atmosphere; a plethoric state of the system; in short, 
 any cause which is likely to produce an inflammatory affection 
 in other parts of the body. I have known horses become the 
 subjects of this malady that have been confined to the stable 
 for weeks. Such cases are clearly traceable to plethora, want of 
 exercise, and impure air. It is possible that some animals inherit 
 
ISsO DADDS VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 a predisposition to pleurisy. It has been noticed that animals of 
 the sanguine temperament are more prone to the malady thao 
 others of different temperaments. Hence, the only way to prevent 
 pleurisy is to try and keep up a good standard of health in horses, 
 by affording them a chance to have regular exercise, pure air in 
 the stable, and a fair allowance of good wholesome food. Pleurisy 
 In the horse is very apt to end in hydro-thorax, or dropsy of the 
 chest; and the case that I am now about to offer will illustrate 
 this, as well as the symptoms and treatment. 
 
 Case of Pleurisy and Dropsy of the Chest. — A few months ago I 
 was requested to visit a gray gelding, the property of a Mr. "Waldo. 
 The animal had been out of health for a week or more, suffering 
 from a slight attack of influenza, but was improving — so thought 
 the person who was in medical attendance ; but the owner thought 
 otherwise, and decided to secure my services. 
 
 Symptoms. — On examination, the following symptoms were 
 found present: Pulse, wiry; respirations, quick, laborious, and 
 accompanied with a slight grunt, indicating pain within, the chest. 
 When pressure, ever so slight, was made on the sides of the chest, 
 it elicited very decided symptoms of pain. The animal would 
 occasionallv turn its head toward the sides, as if to inform us of 
 the seat of his sufferings. Dropsical swellings were observed un- 
 der the chest and belly, and the hind legs were also dropsical, and 
 the vascular surfaces of the mouth and nose were tinged slightly 
 yellow ; the feces were scanty, and the urine was high-colored ; 
 the appetite was much impaired, but the patient was very thirsty. 
 On the strength of the condition of the animal, and the presenta- 
 tion of the above symptoms, and percussion revealing water in the 
 chest, I informed my employer that the case was one of pleurisy 
 and dropsy of the chest. It is probable that water had been accu- 
 mulating in the chest for several days, and that the pleura was 
 involved at the commencement of the malady. 
 
 Treatment. — Dropsy of the chest is a very formidable disease to 
 treat, and there are but few case* of cure on record ; yet, I think 
 if such cases came early into the Lands of educated surgeons, and 
 they use life-sustaining agents in view of husbanding the powers 
 of the vital forces, more cures will hereafter be recorded. The 
 treatment of this case was as follows: I rubbed the s'des of the 
 chest occasionally with a portion of camphor dissolved in olive 01], 
 and gave, morning and evening, during a period of seventeen da"&= 
 
Jt>13rA.Si,S OF KEPFUL&.TOK1 1 A3J/.GE8 AND ORGANS. 121 
 
 thirty g/ains of iodide of potass in two lances of fluid extract of 
 resin-weed root; an occasional dose of golden seal was given as a 
 tonic. The iod?de of potass acted on the system as a glandular 
 stimulant, and thus increased the power of the absorbents and ex- 
 crement; t ; ous vessels, to rid the chest of its Sum! contents, while 
 the resin-root acted as a diuretic, thereby carrying off some of the 
 fluid by way of the kidneys. During the period of the sickness 
 o*" this animal, the resonance of the chest gradua^v became clear, 
 so that at the end of three weeks not more than a coaple of pints 
 of serum remained in the chest. The animal rapidly convalesced. 
 
 During the treatment of such a case as the above, I usually feed 
 the animal liberally on oats and sweet hay ; and, in order to obvi- 
 ate constipation, I order an occasional bran-mash. The animal, 
 however, may not, at the commencement, have much relish for 
 food, but after a few doses of the medicine here recommended have 
 been given, the appetite will soon be restored. It will be noticed, 
 during the progress of this malady, that the animal does not lie 
 down, but stands with the fore-legs widely apart, although, at the 
 very commencement of acute pleurisy, the subject will often get 
 down, in view of mitigating the lancinating pain from which he 
 suffers, in consequence of the distension of the vessels of the pleura. 
 Pleurisy sometimes sets in as an accompaniment of influenza, 
 which almost always ends in dropsy of the chest ; and as a case ol 
 this kind is a good one to place on record, I here introduce one 
 from my note-book : 
 
 Pleurisy ending in Dropsy and Death. — The horse, the subject 
 of the above-named maladies, was the property of a milkman of 
 Chicago. The animal had been previously treated for the prevail- 
 ing influenza, accompanied by pleurisy, and had about recovered 
 so as to take daily exercise ; but finally the owner discovered that 
 the horse was suddenly taken with a relapse. Feeling alarmed, 
 he procured one pint of linseed oil, with which he drenched the 
 animal. Still, the horse rapidly grew worse. At this period, my 
 services were sought. On auscultating and percussing the chest, 
 I found that the right cavity was occupied by a large quantity of 
 water. Dropsical swellings were found in various parts of the 
 body, viz. : the sheath, limbs, and region of the pectoral muscles. 
 On applying the ear to the trachea, the respiration was of a mucous 
 character, and tubular, showing that the lungs were much diseased. 
 The examination revealed the tact that about one-half the left ] ung 
 
122 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 »vas involved iu disease. The animal had no appethV, yet waa 
 thirsty ; and when urged to move, would utter a grunt, indicative 
 of pain. It was evident that the relapse was, or might be, con- 
 sidered a case of pleurisy, ending in effusion into the chest. The 
 worst feature of the case was that the animal purged violently 
 (liquid stools), having a very strong odor of linseed oil; it covered 
 a large space on the floor, and ran down his hind extremities 
 This seemed to me to render the case hopeless ; for super-purgation 
 of itself will often cause the death of an otherwise well animal. 
 But this poor creature was laboring under a malady from which 
 few ever recover. However, I thought that while "there is life 
 there is hope," and I commenced the treatment by performing 
 the operation of tapping for dropsy of the chest. 1 drew off 
 three and a half gallons of fluid, of a light straw cohjr, from the 
 right cavity of the chest. On auscultating the chest, both sides 
 appeared resonant, showing that the waters must have occupied 
 both cavities; hence, the mediastinum (the membrane which di- 
 vides the thorax into two equal cavities) must have been ruptured 
 thus permitting an influx and reflux of the fluid. Next, counter- 
 irritants were applied to both sides of the chest. The patient was 
 properly clothed, tonics and astringents were given, and the case 
 was left in the care of an attendant for the night. Next day I 
 found the patient was respiring very comfortably. The tapping 
 of the chest seemed to have done much good, yet the purging still 
 continued ; so I ordered scalded milk and charcoal, and adminis- 
 tered tonics and stimulants, as before. But it was very evident 
 that the animal must die of super-purgation, and next morning I 
 received word that death had taken place. It was unfortunate, 
 under the circumstances, that the owner should have given linseed 
 oil ; for it is a very powerful irritant and cathartic, and produces 
 much irritation and inflammation on the surface of the interior 
 of the stomach and intestines, as well as uncontrollable purga- 
 tion. It is a remedy which is very quickly absorbed, and finds its 
 way into the blood in a very few minutes, as the following case 
 will show : I once gave a horse a dose of linseed oil for the pur- 
 pose of experiment. (He happened to be in good health, or I 
 should probably have lost him.) Ten minutes after administer- 
 ing the dose, I applied a linen handkerchief to the highly organ- 
 ized membrane lining the eyelid, and both the odor and color of 
 the oil could easily be detected. On exposing the handkerchief 
 
DISEASES OF RESPIRATORY PASSAGES AND ORGANS. 123 
 
 to a moderate degree of heat, for the purpose of evaporation, a 
 grease spot remained on the same ; hence it is an agent that should 
 never be used in pleurisy, nor in any disease occurring in the or- 
 gans of respiration. Dropsical diseases, supervening on influenza, 
 are never benefited by cathartics, for they always lead to debility 
 and prostration. Influenza is a disease of very prostrating char- 
 acter; hence the proper plan of treatment is to sustain the vital 
 power, by nourishing diet, tonics, and stimulants — ginger and 
 golden seal. While commenting, however, on the linseed oil 
 treatment, I do not wish to censure the owner of the animal ; for 
 I should be throwing stones into glass houses, having myself, in 
 former years, used and recommended this kind of oil for various 
 diseases; but, after many mishaps, I am satisfied that it is unsafe 
 in the treatment of equine affections. 
 
 Pericarditis (Inflammation of Pericardium), 
 
 (Sometimes called "Heart Disease.") 
 
 The pericardium is a membranous sac, which surrounds and 
 incloses the heart. It is composed of two layers, united by cel- 
 lular tissue. The external layer is dense and fibrous, and is 
 attached, by ligaments, to the sternum, or breast-bone and dia- 
 phragm, and above to the roots of the large blood-vessels. The 
 internal layer exhibits internally a smooth surface, like the lining 
 membrane of the cavity of the chest. From this surface is secreted 
 a serous fluid, which lubricates the heart, and protects it from the 
 friction which would otherwise occur. The pericardium is a wall 
 of defense for the heart, and keeps it in its proper position. 
 
 Pericarditis signifies inflammation of the inner membrane of 
 the pericardium. It is a disease which is almost unknown to the 
 ordinary practitioner in this country, and entirely unknown to 
 the husbandman ; yet it is a disease that carries off a large number 
 of horses and cattle, and often the parties concerned in the treat- 
 ment and ownership of the animals do not even suspect the true 
 nature of the malady. After the inflammatory action of the per- 
 icardium has reigned for several days, unsuspected and un- 
 checked, an inordinate effusion from the serous lining takes place. 
 We then have dropsy of the " heart-bag." Water accumulates 
 around the heart, which interferes with its action so as to put a 
 stop to circulation, and this results in the death of the animal. 
 Pericarditis -rften accompanies, or is the sequel of, pleurisy and 
 
124 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 otl.er diseases of the serous membranes; yet, fortunately for the 
 patient as well as the practitioner, it does not require any special 
 treatment other than that laid down for pleurisy and disease of 
 other serous membranes. 
 
 Causes. — The causes of pericarditis are the same as those which 
 are said to be operative in the production of pleurisy and disease 
 in the serous membrane, viz. : sudden impressions of cold upon 
 the external surface of the body; injuries; overtasking the pow- 
 ers of the animal by laborious and rapid work. Sometimes 
 foreign bodies, such as pins and needles, have been found within 
 the pericardium, which must have been taken into the stomach 
 with the food, and have worked their way so as to penetrate the 
 pericardium and heart. Such cases almost always prove fatal. 
 
 Symptoms. — The general symptoms of the disease are anxiety, 
 shivering, coldness of the skin and mouth, loss of appetite ; the 
 jugular veins are congested, and they pulsate like an artery ; there 
 is a sort of tinkling or metallic sound, when the ear is applied to 
 the chest and lower part of the neck. In the latter stages the 
 respiratory murmur becomes very indistinct, and there is a sort 
 of double expiration, and the ribs become contorted, the same as 
 in dropsy of the chest. 
 
 Treatment. — The heat of the external surface of the body must 
 be restored, and kept uniform by means of leggings and body 
 clothing. Both sides of the chest are to be briskly rubbed, two or 
 three times daily, with hot vinegar and strong mustard. One 
 drachm of iodide of potass, dissolved in five ounces of warm water, 
 should be given every four hours ; hut, should the case be seen, 
 and the true nature of the malady discovered in its early stages, 
 omit the iodide of potass, and substitute two fluid drachms of tinc- 
 1 tire of gelseminum. Two or three doses, at intervals of four hours, 
 will suffice ; then resort to the iodide of potass, or substitute for 
 the same four drachms of chlorate of potass. So soon as the animal 
 appears to improve, discontinue the above-named medicine, and 
 give tonics. Four drachms of fluid extract of golden seal, twice 
 daily, wi suffice. 
 
 A fatal case of pure pericarditis is related by Mr. Woodgee, 
 V. S., in the London " Veterinarian." The autopsy revealed a 
 healthy state of the lungs and pleura ; yet the pericardium con- 
 tained about three quarts of serum, highly colored. The walls of 
 the pericardium were considerably thickened, and studded with 
 
DISEASES OF RESPIRATORY PASSAGES AND ORGANS. 125 
 
 merous bands of lymph, on the inner surface, of a bright yellow 
 color. Several small patches of inflammation were likewise ob- 
 served on the ventricles of the heart, near the valves of this 
 organ. The heart itself was also larger than usual, and much 
 softened. 
 
 Heaves. 
 
 A disease prevails among horses, more particularly in the 
 Eastern States, known as heaves. The affected animal heaves at 
 the flanks, or, rather, performs what is known as abdominal respi- 
 ration, by bringing into play, at the moment of expiration, the 
 abdominal muscles, for the purpose of aiding the lungs and dia- 
 phragm in the function of expiration and respiration. The 
 disease somewhat resembles asthma, it being of a spasmodic 
 character, and, after continuing for some time, will suddenly 
 disappear. The disease may be defined as being great diffi- 
 culty in breathing ; continuous ; aggravated, by dust on the road, 
 musty hay, improper provender, impure air, and sudden atmos- 
 pheric changes. On applying the ear in the region of bronchi, 
 or to the upper sides of the chest, a wheezing sound of respira- 
 tion is heard. These symptoms, together with the heaving motion 
 at the flanks, constitutes heaves. When the disease is merely 
 functional — that is to say, brought on by feeding musty hay and 
 musty clover — a cure is affected by feeding prairie hay, which 
 contains the well-known silphyum, " resin weed." The husband- 
 men who reside in the vicinity of where the resin weed grows 
 are well acquainted with the properties of this plant, and they 
 declare that it is a specific for the treatment of asthma or heaves. 
 I have used the article in the form of fluid extract, prepared from 
 the root, and I find it to be a very valuable remedy. The dose 
 of the fluid extract is two ounces, morning and evening. There 
 are some cases, however, which are incurable, owing to organic 
 disease of the bronchi, or rupture of air-cells in the lungs. Such 
 cases are known by the unnatural respiration when the horre is 
 drawing a heavy load or traveling up hill. His breathing is then 
 very distressing, and he not only brings into play the abdominal 
 muscles, but also the muscles of the chest (intercostals). Such 
 cases, although considered incurable, may be palliated by the daily 
 use of fluid extract of resin weed. Provided prairie hay can not 
 be obtained as food, the ordinary hay used should be sprinkled 
 
126 
 
 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 with salted water, in the proportion of a handful of salt to one 
 bucket of water. Sprinkling the hay with weak lime-water has 
 also a good effect. Sliced carrots, parsnips, or potatoes, fed occa- 
 sionally, are also beneficial. But, of all our remedies, none equals 
 a run at grass on prairie lands. 
 
 MAIN ARTERIES ON THE INSIDE OP ONE OF THE FORE-LEGS, FROM 
 
 SHOULDER TO KNEE. 
 
 1. Humeral thoracic. 
 
 2. Axillary. 
 
 3. Interna* thoracic. 
 
 4. Dorsal scapular. 
 
 5. External thoracic, 
 
 6. Humeral. 
 
 Explanation of Plate 
 
 7 
 
 Brachial. 
 
 Branches of the triceps. 
 9. Ulnar branches. 
 
 10. Spiral branches. 
 
 11. Kadial branches. 
 
 12. Metacarpal arteries, large and sma!L 
 
SECTION V. 
 
 DENTITION AND DIET. 
 
 The Horse's Age as shown by his Teeth — On the Diet of Horses — The effects 
 of various kinds of Food — As regards the quantity of Food required — 
 
 AS REGARDS CHANGES IN DlET CONCLUSION. 
 
 The Horse's Age as shown by his Teeth. 
 
 FIGURE 1 is a representation of a foal's " mouth" as it ap- 
 pears at the age of twelve months ; the temporary teeth are 
 shown, and all, except the corner ones, are worn quite smooth. 
 (See remarks on temporary teeth.) Figure 2, a two-years old; 
 the two anterior, or front temporary teeth, are shed, and the per- 
 manent ones, with their deep pit in the center, and unworn edges, 
 
 Fig. 1. 
 
 Fig. 2. 
 
 
 TEMPORARY TEETH OF THE COLT. 
 
 TWO YEARS OLD. 
 
 are approaching a level with the remaining temporary. Figure 3, 
 a three-years old ; the two permanent middle teeth are seen, with 
 their deep pits, etc., and are nearly on a level with the two front 
 permanent teeth, which are smoothed down. Figure 4, a four- 
 years old ; the permanent corner teeth are now " cut," and the 
 tushes have appeared, although the latter may not appear until 
 
 (127) 
 
DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 five. Figure 5, a fiv.e-years old; the corner teeth are well up; 
 the faces of the front and middle are worn more or less, and 
 the tushes are more developed. Figure 6, a six-years old; the 
 black marks have disappeared from the two front teeth, and a 
 
 Fig. a 
 
 
 
 THREE YEARS OLD. 
 
 FOUR YEARS OLD. 
 
 brownish mark is perceivable. Figure 7, a seven-years old ; the 
 black marks have now disappeared from the two middle teeth, and 
 a brown spot is seen in the center. Figure 8, an eight-years old; 
 the marks and cavities of the corner teeth are now effaced. Fig- 
 ure 9 is a horizontal view of " Black Hawk's " incisors, and, con- 
 
 Fig. 5. 
 
 c<- 
 
 Fig. 6. 
 
 > I 
 
 FIVE YEARS OLD. 
 
 : 
 
 SIX YEARS OLD. 
 
 w 
 
 trasted with figure 10, (a young mouth,) shows the degree of 
 inclination existing between the incisors of the aged and young 
 animals. 
 
 The Colt's Mouth. — Remarks on the Temporary Tedh. {In- 
 cisors^) In the course of from ten to fifteen days after birth (varying 
 
DENTITION AND DIET. 
 
 129 
 
 occasionally), the front nippers in the upper and lower jaw makd 
 tlieir appearance, and, during the period, which occurs between 
 the third and fifth week, the middle incisors appear. Between the 
 seventh and ninth month the lateral or corner teeth are cut. The 
 
 Fi§. 7. 
 
 Fig. 
 
 -1 \ EN YEARS OLD. 
 
 EIGHT TEAKS OLD. 
 
 colt is now in possession of a full set of temporary incisors. These 
 temporary, or " milk " teeth, differ from the permanent ones by 
 being much smaller and (previous to shedding) whiter, having on 
 their anterior or front surfaces grooves or furrows; also a well- 
 defined body, neck, and slender fang. They also present oval 
 surfaces anteriority, or in front ; and within the mouth they are 
 concave. Their surfaces are generally uniform and smooth, and 
 resemble the eye of an English horse-bean. 
 
 Fig. 9. 
 
 HORIZONTAL VIEW Or OLD BLACK HAWK'S INCISORS AND TCSHEB. 
 
 The Permanent Teeth. — Constitutional idiosyncrasies are 
 often operative in hastening or retarding dentition, and the char- 
 acter of the food, whether it be natural or artificial; and the 
 9 
 
130 
 
 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 mode of obtaining the one or the other makes considerable differ- 
 ence in the wear and tear of the same, consequently we must 
 boar in mind that the popular theory of " age " is sometimes more 
 arbitrary than truthful, and allowances for the same must be 
 made. At the age of two, or a few months over, the front perma- 
 nent teeth ought to appear, and, consequently, at the age of three, 
 varying a few months, the middle teeth are up. At four, varying 
 as in the preceding cases, the corner teeth begin to show them=> 
 selves, and are not up square with the others until the fifth year. 
 The animal now emerges from colthood, and is known as a horse. 
 As regards the female, during her minority she is termed "filly ; " 
 at five she enters the adult stage, and, consequently, is denomi- 
 
 Fig. 10. 
 
 A YOUNG HORSE'S MOUTH. 
 
 nated a mare. Supposing the horse to have a full set of nippers, 
 or incisors, at the age of five, the marks, or black incrustation, 
 will have so worn away at six as to leave a faint brown mark 
 At seven, similar appearances have taken place in the two next, 
 or middle, teeth. At eight the marks, or rather the cavities, of 
 the two next, or corner teeth, are now about obliterated, and the 
 face of the teeth are nearly level, and the central enamel is nearer 
 the inward than the outward border. After the marks have all 
 disappeared in the lower jaw, the exact age can not clearly be 
 shown. At the age of nine the front teeth appear somewhat 
 rounded; the middle and corner ones contract their oval faces, 
 and the central enamel diminishes and approaches the inward 
 border. At ten the middle incisors resemble those at nine, and 
 the central enamel has approximated the inward border and is 
 rounded. At el^en the middle teeth resemble those at ten, and 
 
DENTITION AND DIET. 
 
 131 
 
 the central enamel is almost worn off. At twelve the corner teeth 
 take oh the triangular form, and their central enamel is very con- 
 tracted, and a yellow mark is left. At thirteen the sides of the 
 front teeth thicken, and they begin to assume a triangular appear- 
 ance, and the whole incisors of the lower jaw complete the trian- 
 gular form at the age of seventeen. At eighteen the front teeth 
 are somewhat flattened from side to side ; the flattening goes on 
 in the middle and comer teeth, and is completed at the age of 
 iwenty-one, giving them the appearance of a reversed oval. As 
 regards the marks in the upper incisors, they disappear from the 
 front teeth in the course of the ninth year, from the middle in the 
 tenth, and from the corner or lateral ones in the eleventh year ; 
 
 Fig. 11. 
 
 A PORTION OF THE LOWER JAW OF OI.I> BLACK HAWK, 
 
 (Aged twenty-three years and eight months.) 
 
 and as the animal increases in years, the upper corner teeth be- 
 come indented or notched. The inclination of the teeth enables 
 us to form some idea of the horse's age. In a young horse, the 
 teeth are upright (see fig. 10); after the age of eight they gradu- 
 ally become horizontal, (see "Black Hawk's" mouth,) and the 
 upper teeth overlap the under ones, and thus wear off their outer 
 
 edge. 
 
 The Tushes, or Canine Teeth. — Between the ages of four 
 and six the tushes, which, in the male, are four in number, make 
 their appearance. In shape they are conical, with a sharp point, 
 and curved. On the inside there are two furrows, which com- 
 mence at the base and meet at the apex, leaving a triangular 
 eminence between them. The sharpness of the apex, the degree 
 of curvature, and the distinctness of the furrows are good crite- 
 rions of youth ; for, as the animal advances in years, the tushes 
 

 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 become blunt, less angular, and more rounded, and the furrows 
 have disappeared. Supposing that the tushes are not completely 
 evolved until the age of Jive; in the sixth year the apex of the 
 cone is worn some; in the seventh the furrows grow shallow; in 
 the eighth year they are obliterated, after which period the apex 
 gradually wears away, and the body of the same becomes rounded 
 and pointed, or blunt, according to circumstances. Aside from 
 the teeth, an aged horse may be known by the deep pits above the 
 orbital processes ; the sunken eye ; by the prominence of the joints 
 and loss of plumpness in the muscles ; the lips are somewhat pen- 
 dulous ; the withers sharp ; the back becomes arched ; the teeth • 
 are lengthened, and become yellow. 
 
 Fig. 12. 
 
 A PORTION OF THE UPPF.E JAW OP OLD BLACK HAWK, 
 
 (Aged twenty -three years and eight months.) 
 
 The Grinders, or Molars, afford but very little information 
 as regards the precise age of a horse. As he advances in years, 
 however, the outer edges become sharpened, so that it often be- 
 comes necessary to rasp them. As regards their development, it 
 is understood that the foal is born with two upper and lower 
 grinders in each jaw. At the end of a month, sometimes more, a 
 third appears. At the completion of the first year, or thereabouts, 
 a fourth grinder in each jaw appears. Thus the yearling has six- 
 teen grinders. At the age of two, a fifth grinder appears, and at 
 the age of three the sixth and last appear. It must be remembered 
 that cribbers and voracious feeders are apt to deface their teeth, 
 and thus some persons are apt to be deceived as regards the exact 
 age; but a good judge, who takes into consideration not only the 
 appearances of the surfaces, but also the marks, points, and the 
 inclination of the teeth, will not be apt to make any grave mistake. 
 
J>£tfTITION AND DIET. 133 
 
 i »n ra*. Diet of Horses — (Men often Dig their Graves 
 with iheir Teeth, and the same is true as regards 
 Horsed) — Variety of Food necessary — Effects of 
 
 certain kinds of food as regards the requisite 
 
 quantity; etc. 
 
 It is admitted by medical men, and the experience of the reader 
 may possibly have confirmed the fact, that a great proportion ci 
 the diseases occurring among live stock are produced, either di- 
 rectly or indirectly, by errors in diet ; consequently the means of 
 prevention should be known, and used accordingly. 
 
 No special form of diet can, for any great length of time, pre- 
 serve the integrity of the animal system. In order to substan- 
 tiate this assertion, we shaT show the effect of simple elementary 
 principles on the body o/ man, inferring, at the same time, that 
 man's servant, the horse, h included. The reader has probably 
 heard of the experiment made by Napoleon Bonaparte, which 
 was that of trying to supply ihs nutritive wants of his system by 
 living on a concentrated prepniilon of beef, in the form of jells". 
 He gave it a fair trial, yet cams very near starving on the same- 
 and he was led lo remark that ike stomach was a sort of scav- 
 enger, which required a given amount of rubbish to sort from, 
 and select the necessary elements for renovating the tissues. He 
 probably selected jelly because it is Lnghly nutritious, containing 
 more of the flesh-making principle than most articles of food 
 It was rich, not only in nitrogen, but atao in oxygen, hydrogen, 
 and carbon, four of the principal elements which compose the 
 animal fabric. 
 
 The fact is, no single article of diet, let n be ever £ i rich in the 
 elements of organized tissues, can long support life. A nation of 
 men subsisting long on a simple form of die*, without variety 
 would soon become emaciated, and die of innutrition. Let the 
 Grahamites abstain from milk, and live on bread and water, and 
 they would soon exterminate themselves. Milk is a highly nu- 
 tritious compound, and furnishes their systems mth the equiva- 
 lents that we obtain from beef and mutton. The inhabitants of 
 the " Celestial Empire " (Chinese) are great consumers of rice. 
 It is the principal article of diet among the poorer classes, many 
 of whom are Jank and lean, and would make very respectable 
 
134 DADB'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SCRGERi. 
 
 walking lanterns, (if lighted candles were placed within their 
 abdomens), only they happen, occasionally, to catch a stray dog 
 or pig, on which they make a savory meal, and thus furnish the 
 material for the formation of muscle and fat. 
 
 Magendie has proved that even the canine race can not live 
 more than forty days on any single article of diet, let it be ever 
 so nutritious, for it is either followed bv starvation or disease ; 
 hence the necessity for variety in food. In allusion to disease 
 being produced by the long-continued use of a single article of 
 diet, I would mention that the Scotch peasants are great con- 
 sumers of oat-meal. This article is little inferior to wheat in the 
 flesh-making principle, and we might naturally infer that an arti- 
 cle of diet so valuable and palatable, when properly cooked, should 
 tend to promote health. This, however, is not the case. Those 
 who eat the most oat-meal are, according to medical testimony, 
 the notorious subjects of intestinal concretions, and in the EdiD- 
 b'urg Anatomical Museum is to be seen a vast and valuable col- 
 lection of intestinal calculi, most of which caused the deaths of 
 confirmed oat-meal consumers. 
 
 Dr. Carpenter, an eminent physiologist, says that "no fact 
 in dietetics is better established than that concerning the impos- 
 sibility of long sustaining health and life on a single alimentary 
 principle. Neither pure albumen, fibrine, gelatine, gum, sugar y 
 starch, fat, nor oil, taken alone, can serve for the due nutrition of 
 the body. This is partly due to their failing in supplying the 
 waste of the tissues, and partly to the fact that single alimentaiy 
 »ubstances, long continued, excite such a feeling of disgust that 
 I he animals experimented on seem to prefer the endurance of 
 starvation to the' ingestion of the same." 
 
 The reader is probably aware that when ;\ person has long been 
 confined to any particular article of diet, a craving for something 
 else is experienced, which very few persons can resist. Thi* 
 teaches us that, in order to preserve the health of live stock, we 
 must vary the diet, and are not to be over-particular in selecting 
 the most nutritious articles. But we want, as Napoleon says, a 
 little rubbish — coarse rubbish, The internal surface of the stom- 
 ach and bowels require to be irritated once in awhile, and this 
 probably was the idea which Graham had when he first recom- 
 mended coarse food. The stomach must be iride to labor hard 
 at times, or its function will deteriorate. Perse is whe complain. 
 
 
DENTITION AND DIET. 135 
 
 of weak stomachs and dyspepsia are those who live on dainty 
 viands, and seldom, if ever, distend that organ to a healthy 
 rapacity with coarse material. Consider, for a moment, the con- 
 dition of Spanish and Italian peasants. They have not much of 
 our national disease (dyspepsia) among them. The bread that 
 ilh'y eat is made of coarse material; yet with that, and the addition 
 of a little oil, wine, and a few vegetables, they can indure greater 
 fatigue, and often carry a heavier burden than he who lives on 
 more concentrated food. We may distend the horse's stomach 
 with coarse foot!, and, perhaps, not impair its function so much as 
 when overburdened w r ith meal and concentrated food. 
 
 The stomach must be made to w r ork for a living once in 
 awhile. Hard work agrees with it, and coarse fodder stimulates 
 and develops its latent powers, and augments the gastric secretion, 
 which is the active solvent of the food. Labor operates on the 
 stomach in the same manner and in the same ratio that it does 
 on the brain or muscles — increases their capacity. Compare, for 
 example, the brawny arm of the mechanic with that of the count- 
 ing-house clerk, or the powerful muscles of the truck and farm- 
 horse with those of the pet saddle-horse. This comes of work, 
 hard work. See the king of birds, the eagle, towering above and 
 beyond the sight and ken of man, darting, with almost lightning 
 upeed, from mountain to valley, buffeting the rude shocks of 
 heaven's artillery. He acquires strength of muscle and wing by 
 extraordinary. exertion and desperate feats of flight. After the 
 tame fashion we develop the mental faculties, augment protracted 
 mental labor, close thought, and study, light up the intellectual 
 nature of man, and develop the latent powers of his brain ; and 
 the more his mind acquires, the greater and more varied are its 
 powers. 
 
 It must be borne in mind, however, that the various functions 
 of the body require periods of rest ; for, should a horse be permit- 
 ted to stand up to a full crib, and spend the greater part of t.e 
 dav and night in cramming his stomach, disease, sooner or later, 
 must surely occur. The same is true as regards man. Let an 
 individual gormandize through the day, and then indulge in a 
 late supper, and continue the practice, he soon acquires a sympa- 
 thetic headache, or the stomach grows refractory, and casts up the 
 burden, for the simple reason that its function is overtaxed. It 
 must have rest. The same rule applies to the muaeular and men- 
 
136 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY 
 
 fat natures. If, therefore, hard labor develops the function of 
 either, rest, at suital le intervals, preserves their integrity, and, 
 therefore, must not be disregarded. 
 
 In selecting food for working animals, we must remember that 
 they require certain inorganic equivalents, which seem to be as 
 necessary for the support of the system as nutriment. Salt, for 
 example, is not nutritious; yet neither man nor brute can long 
 exist without it. Common salt, chloride of sodium, is deccrc- 
 posed in the stomach, and is there found in the form of muriatic 
 acid and soda. The former is supposed to aid digestion, and the 
 latter eliminates bile. Neither is phosphorus (found in straw) 
 nutritious, yet that article is absolutely necessary for the support 
 of animal life. It is an element of both vegetable and animal 
 organization. The former absorbs it from the soil, and, in turn ; 
 yield it to animals, by the process of digestion. Oats and beans 
 are nitrogenous compounds, flesh-making equivalents, yet they 
 furnish only one part in a thousand of the article we need — phos- 
 phorus; while cut straw, potatoes, and several other "inferior" 
 vegetables, contain more than double the quantity of the same ; 
 so that a horse must eat such rubbish as straw, potatoes, carrots, 
 beets, and "stubble," in order to supply the necessary material. 
 Then consider that sulphur, iron, chlorine, lime, potassium, mag- 
 nesium, and several other mineral substances, not in the least 
 nutritious, are alike necessary for the support and integrity of 
 the living organism, and, therefore, should be the elements of 
 food. Some articles furnish the needful in abundance ; in others 
 there is a deficiency. This supplies another argument in favor 
 of variations in diet. 
 
 A lecturer on physiology has remarked that " there exists a 
 peculiar analogy between vegetable productions and living ani- 
 mals. Animal and vegetable fibrine — albumen of eggs and the 
 gluten of wheat — contain about 15 per cent, of nitrogen, so that 
 they are somewhat identical. If you take 100 lbs. of flou; and 
 wash it i ■ water, frequently changing the same, you get 15 lbs. 
 of gluten. This is the flesh-making principle, and represents 15 
 lbs. of the albumen of flesh. The gluten of flour, caseine of cheese 
 and peas, albumen of eggs, and the flesh of an animal contain 
 also a relative amount of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen ; so that 
 the flesh of animals is already prepared for them in the vegeta- 
 ble world. The digestive organs of animals merelv change the 
 
DENTITION AND DIET. 137 
 
 mechanical form and condition of the former; their chemical com- 
 position remain about the same." 
 
 The effects of various kinds of Food. 
 
 It ie customary, in some stables, to feed horses, nearly all the 
 year round, with what is known as " cut feed," which is composed 
 of cut hay, meal, shorts, salt, and considerable water ; the whole 
 is mixed together, and served out, sometimes, without regard to 
 quantity. This kind of food might, and sometimes does, agree 
 with horses, but it is not right to feed them, year after year, on 
 the same, for the reason just set forth. Another reason for ob- 
 jecting to this food is, that, in the stables alluded to, we hear 
 of a great many cases of tympanitis and flatulent colic (diseases 
 somewhat identical), arising, no doubt, from the presence of so 
 large a quantity of water as some persons are in the habit of 
 using. It saturates the food, and retards digestion. Not only 
 this, but when dry food, highly charged with water, enters the 
 stomach, the temperature of the latter causes the food to swell — 
 increase in bulk — and distends that organ, and also favors fer- 
 mentation instead of digestion ; hence arises flatulency. We do 
 not, however, mean to contend that such food is at all times the 
 direct cause of indigestion, colic, etc., because many stablers are 
 ready to testify that they have fed the same for many years with- 
 out any apparent inconvenience to their horses; but we contend 
 that it acts indirectly in the manner alluded to; and, although 
 some horses may "get used to it," and others, having wonderful 
 digestive organs, assimilate it, yet the day of reckoning may not 
 be far off. We contend that water taken with food always retards 
 digestion. The proper solvents of the food are the gastric fluids, 
 and the horse has abundant facilities for supplying the requisite 
 quantity. An ordinary horse is said to secrete, while feeding, 
 fluid, of salivial and gastric characters, at the rate of one gallon 
 per hour — enough, we should judge, to saturate a common meal; 
 therefore the water is not needed. We urge no objection against 
 *he more rational custom of merely sprinkling the food with salted 
 water, in view of absorbing dust, which often abounds in inferior 
 hay, but do seriously object to the practice of using a large quan- 
 tity of cold water in the preparation of food for horses. 
 
 From experiments made by scientific men. it has been ascer- 
 
138 DADDS VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 tained that parsnips, carrots, turnips, and cabbage, which ccntain 
 from 80 to 90 per cent, of water, require over twice as much time to 
 digest as when the food is free from water. Cabbage, for example, 
 requires twenty hours, and broiled beef-steak only eight, to digest. 
 Turn a cow into a luxuriant pasture of grass or clover, and, after 
 partaking of one or the other, she is liable to become " blown" or 
 "hoven" — tympanitic; the abdomen becomes enormously dis^ 
 tended with gas, (either carbonic acid gas, or sulphurated hydro 
 gen,) and, unless the same be condensed or evacuated, rupture and 
 death are sure to follow. This imperfect digestion and consequent 
 generation of gas is due to the presence of vegetable fluids found in 
 green fodder. Therefore, animals having weak digestive organs, 
 predisposed to flatulency, should have the privilege of watering 
 their own food with salivial fluid. The best diet for such an ani • 
 mal would be " dry feed," composed of ground oats, cracked corn , 
 "fine feed," and a small quantity of sweet hay. On the other 
 hand, a constipated state of the bowels always indicates coarss 
 food ; and in this view the English use chopped straw and coarss 
 bran, with decided advantage. Animals should never be watered 
 immediately before nor after meals ; after the lapse of an hour 
 from feeding time is the best. 
 
 AS REGARDS THE QUANTITY OF FOOD REQUIRED. 
 
 The adult horse does not require so much of the flesh-making 
 principle as the young and growing animal, but he seems to require 
 ( greater variety. The adult merely requires enough to replace 
 l.he waste — the wear and tear of his system. If he obtains more 
 than this, the surplus is either excreted from the body, or else 
 stored up within the same in the form of fat; and every body 
 knows that a fat horse or fat man are not best adapted for a race 
 nor hard labor, but of all others, (except those in a state of de- 
 bility,) they are most subject to acute disease. With the young 
 and growing animal the case is different. Here we require bone, 
 muscle, and nerve. Oats, corn, and pollard furnish the same. 
 The colt obtains from its mother's milk all the elements of its own 
 organization in a concentrated form — all that seems necessary for 
 developing bodily proportions and hereditary traits; therefore, 
 when weaned, the colt must be furnished with the same equivalents 
 in the form of fodder: ground oats, wheat bran, and meal furnish 
 
DENTITION AND DIET. 139 
 
 the same. It is the young and growing animal that requires our 
 greatest attention. If our readers desire to raise colts that shall 
 remunerate them for the trouble and expense incurred, they must 
 feed the same, during their minority, with a liberal hand. Any 
 neglect at this period can never be made up in after life. The 
 subject will always remain lank and lean — living monuments of 
 their master's folly or ignorance, as the case may be. In addition 
 to the food required for the colt's growth, we must also furnish 
 enough to supply the waste incurred by expenditure of muscular 
 power. We all know that the young are very active and playful. 
 Every muscular movement involves an expenditure of vital force, 
 and thus exhausts the system; therefore, in view of developing 
 their full proportions, and promoting the integrity of the living 
 mechanism, they must have nutritious food, and plenty of it. They 
 are not, however, to have a large quantity at a time, but little and 
 often. Their stomach is small, not larger than that of a man's. 
 Should it be overdistended with innutritious food, the organs of 
 respiration and circulation become embarrassed, and the blood 
 loaded with carbon. They require food often, because the diges- 
 tive organs are very active, and soon dispose of an ordinary meal. 
 Then comes the sensation of hunger, which every one knows is 
 hard to bear. 
 
 The climate or temperature of the surrounding atmosphere has a 
 wonderful effect on the animal machine. Let two horses be located 
 in different stables, one of which shall be, like "Jack Straw's' 
 house neither wind-tight nor water-proof; the other built on 
 tne air-tight principle. The occupant of the former will require 
 more food than he of the latter, because cold air has a depressing 
 influence on the body, exhausting superficial heat. Our readers 
 are probably aware that if a hot brick be placed in contact with 
 a cold one, the caloric radiated from the first is absorbed by the 
 latter, until a sort of equilibrium be established. The same is 
 true as regards the body of a horse. He being in an atmosphere 
 many degrees less than that of his own body, gives off the heat 
 of the same to the surrounding medium. The heat thus given 
 off has to be replaced by food, which is the combustible material. 
 But it often happens that the digestive organs are deranged, in- 
 capable of assimilating a sufficiency of carbonaceous material to 
 maintain even the normal temperature of the body. The conse- 
 yir V> .< Jre , loss of flesh and health. On the other hand, a tat 
 
140 DADDS VEIEfilNARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 horse can endure the depressing influences of a cold atmosphere, 
 because he has within the body a vast generator and non-conductor 
 of heat in the form of adipose matter. It has been proved that 
 the immediate cause of death in warm-blooded animals, when food 
 has been withheld, was their inability to keep up that temperature 
 necessary for the integrity of vital operations. The animal located 
 in an air-tight stable is, probably, surrounded by an atmosphere 
 almost equal in temperature to that of his own body, and, conse- 
 quently, he does not require so much food as the former. Hence, 
 the amount of food necessary in the one case might be too much for 
 another, and, consequently, operate injuriously. A cold, bracing 
 wind is said to " sharpen the appetite." The inhabitants of north- 
 ern regions require more food than those of the southern. A horse) 
 therefore, of weak muscular organization, the subject of debility, 
 requires a comfortable stable, and food that will develop muscles. 
 Now, it has been ascertained that horse-beans contain more of the 
 nitro-albuminous principles than any other article of diet. Eng- 
 lish horses are very partial to the same, and in such the develop- 
 ment of muscle is very remarkable; consequently, a fat horse 
 requires less of the nitro-albuminous principle, and more of the 
 aqueous, in the form of carrots, potatoes, and beets. 
 
 It must never be forgotten that some horses will keep in fair 
 working order on a moderate supply of aliment. In such cases, 
 we infer that the digestive organs are in a state of activity capable 
 of extracting all the nutrient properties from the same. On the 
 other hand, a horse performs less work than the former, consumes 
 twice as much food, yet actually loses flesh. The digestive organs 
 are then at fault. A horse, however, may lose flesh, become weak 
 in the legs, etc., in consequence of the laborious nature of his em- 
 ployment. Therefore, any derangement occasioned in this way 
 prevents the food from being converted into healthy chyme, chyle, 
 or blood, and thus the necessary deposit of new matter is pre- 
 vented. 
 
 Most voraciour- feeders are dyspeptic, and such are almost never 
 free from intestinal worms. Their breath becomes feted; saliva, 
 thick and tenacious ; excrement, slimy ; and should the subject be 
 fed on oats, the same would be found, after traversing the aliment- 
 ary canal, unmasticated. The principal remedy for indigestion is 
 change in diet. Sometimes it may be proper to allow scalded oats, 
 although cooking does not add to their nutritive quality, yet, mora 
 
DENTITION AND DIET. 141 
 
 or less, completes the destruction of organization, and better pre- 
 pares them for the action of weak solvents. 
 
 Changes in diet will sometimes work wonders in the restoration 
 of a dyspeptic ; yet he will require, also, suitable medicinal agents, 
 in view of augmenting the digestive function, for which purpose 
 the following is recommended : 
 
 No. 17. Fluid extract of chamomile 4 oz. 
 
 Fluid extract of ginger 3 oz. 
 
 Powdered hyposulphite of soda 2 oz. 
 
 Water 5 oz. 
 
 Mix. 
 
 Dose, a wine-glassful night and morning. 
 
 Changes in Diet. 
 
 Sudden changes in diet are not recommended. For example, 
 should an animal have been previously fed on corn, meal, or oats, 
 le should not be turned out to shift for himself, as the saying is, 
 and depend entirely on grass for a living. Grass acts on horses 
 unaccustomed to it as an aperient — scours them — which is a de- 
 bilitating process. Grass may improve the health of a fat, lazy, or 
 hnm^ry horse — reduce flesh and purify his blood; but the emaci- 
 ated horse requires, in addition, a daily feed of oats or cracked 
 corn, to make up for the deficiency of carbon in the former. For 
 these, and other reasons that we might urge, the reader will per- 
 ceive that changes in diet can only be made valuable in proportion 
 to our knowledge of the wants of the animal economy. 
 
 A great proportion of our horses are too well fed, obtaining more 
 food than they require. In this land of plenty, most of our valu- 
 able horses are overfed; and more especially does this happen 
 among animals owned by wealthy and liberal individuals. The 
 impression we wish to convey to the mind of the reader is, that 
 Hie food of such is not proportioned to labor; in other words, 
 there exists a disproportion between the amount of carbon taken ; 
 in the form of food, and the oxygen received, in the process of 
 respiration. Now, to illustrate this, we will suppose that a man 
 engaged in mercantile pursuits owns one or more horses. lie has 
 not the time nor inclination to give the one or the other the neces- 
 sary amount of exercise. They stand up to a full crib, from day 
 to day, enjoying or, rather, gorging themselves with, a certain 
 
142 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGEK*. 
 
 amount of fodder over and above what they actually require, 
 and much more than they really need. The surplus is often stored 
 up in the form of fat, and this induces acute diseases, and they die 
 of too much food and care. It is verv rare that we have occasion 
 to recommend a man to feed his horse more liberally, but almost 
 always the reverse. Starvation is said to be the cause for many 
 equine diseases ; but, so far as our experience goes, such cases are, 
 n this country, very rare. We conceive the term starvation 1o De 
 a libel upon civilization ; and so unfrequent is its application among 
 a nation of husbandmen, that it is omitted in our dictionaries. A 
 man on a barren rock, or a horse in the deserts of Arabia, might 
 probably starve ; but the idea of the latter starving in the vicinity 
 of a well-stocked barn or stable, within striking distance of a land 
 of plenty, seems to us a very absurd conclusion. There are enough 
 horses to be found dressed up in the garb of starvation, having 
 tight skins, prominent ribs, and a cadaverous countenance, living, 
 yet half dead. But they know nothing of the " famine in Egypt ;" 
 they get not only enough, but too much of the same kind. They 
 probably require a change in diet, or else they are confirmed dys- 
 peptics, laboring under a chronic form of indigestion ; and if such 
 should be the case, quantity is objectionable, and good quality more 
 desirable. The stomach, however, is not at fault, its function being 
 deranged. Or they probably get enough, and perhaps too much, 
 for a weak stomach ; hence loss of flesh, etc. 
 
 Some men are in the habit of bleeding their horses every spring. 
 This is done in view of reducing fat and flesh, the subjects being 
 humory (plethoric), their systems abounding in highly carbonized 
 blood, which is proof positive that the same have been overfed. 
 The racer, before he can perform a feat of speed, must be prepared, 
 as the saying is. This implies bleeding and physicking. Some 
 works on farriery lay down regular rules for putting a horse in 
 racing condition, and the remedies are fleam, physic, and bran, 
 proof positive that such animals have had too bounteous a supply 
 of nutriment. 
 
 Some horses — and the same is true of man — grow poor in con- 
 sequence of having to carry about a juvenile restaurant within their 
 digestive organs. They probably become exhausted, or plethoric, 
 as the case may be, in consequence of an overburdened stomach. 
 A stomach overburdened reacts on the nervous system, deranges 
 the physiological condition of the subject, and lays the foundation 
 
DENTITION AND DIET L*3 
 
 for hypeitrophy (which is an abnormal increase of fat or tissue), 
 or the opposite, which condition is known as atrophy — a wasting" 
 of the same. But most frequently an overburdened stomach in- 
 duces diseases known as staggers, cerebral congestion, softening 
 of brain, etc. 
 
 Many horse owners are continually devising means to excite the 
 appetite of their horses, in order to get as much food as possible 
 into their stomachs. Some men seem to think that an error in 
 this direction can never occur; and should the animal refuse to 
 consume tiie abundance thus placed before him, the liberal owner 
 : .s apt to consider his pet sick, or think that he must have a poor 
 aj> petite. Now, it were far better, for both man and horse if the 
 former would only experiment in the opposite direction, and 
 ascertain how small a quantity a horse may subsist on. A small 
 quantity of good food, well digested, answers the purpose of nu- 
 trition much better than a large quantity, imperfectly so. It is 
 vory, interesting to contemplate how efficient a little food proves 
 for the promotion of health and longevity. For example, a little 
 barley and coarse fodder will suffice for the " courser of the desert." 
 Shetland and Welsh ponies will live and grow fat on the mere 
 vestiges of vegetation. The best cow in the world — the property 
 of J. H. Kelly, of Cleveland, Ohio, weighing 1,350 pounds — is 
 fed exclusively on hay and straw. Very poor fodder some may 
 exclaim ; yet in the course of ten months the same creature yielded 
 4,921 quarts of milk, and during a single month, after calving, 
 she gave 620 quarts, and the least she gave during the winter 
 months was 562 quarts. A pig will grow fat on small quantities 
 < f the right kind of food, and yet lose flesh when suffered to gorge 
 himself with the same. Many swine, in the vicinity of coal mines, 
 consume both coal and charcoal, and little else, yet they thrive 
 well. 
 
 Evidences can be furnished going to show that both the superior 
 and inferior orders of creation might subsist on much less foo^ 
 than they are in the habit of using, and without danger to them- 
 6elves. Shipwrecked mariners have been known to exist sf vera] 
 weeks without food; and there is a man now residing in Illinois, 
 who, during a period of thirty-two days, never tasted food. The 
 sleeping man of Rochester is another example; and a case is 
 recorded in one of our medical journals showing that an individual 
 once lived for several months on nothing but pure water. As 
 
i-U DADD'S VETERINAHr jusiJioijn^ AND SURGERY. 
 
 regards horses, they form no exception to this peculiarity. We 
 might introduce evidence, convincing and positive, of their ability 
 to endure the privations of hunger, and, at the same time, ^now 
 that they suffer but little from its effects. A single case will serve 
 to illustrate this. We once treated a case of tetanus (lock-jaw). 
 The subject never tasted food during a period of sixteen days ; on 
 the seventeenth the masseters relaxed, and the faculty of swallow- 
 ing returned. At this period we might suppose him to be " hungry 
 as a bear," yet, on offering him a few oats, he did not appear to be 
 very ravenous, and partook of food subsequently offered him as if 
 nothing had happened. These are extreme cases, yet they go to 
 show that there is no cause for alarm because a horse happens to 
 be " off his feed " once in awhile. Such condition may ultimately 
 prove salutary, affording the stomach and its associates time to rest 
 from their herculean labors. 
 
 The fact that most of our adult horses get more food than they 
 need has been demonstrated by analysis of their excrement, which 
 has been found to contain a large amount of nutritious material 
 over and above what the auimals actually need. We can develop 
 the gormandizing powers of very many horses, by placing before 
 them, from day to day, more than they require. Their appetites, 
 like some of ours, are not proof against temptation ; and the diges- 
 tive organs may be trained to dispose of twice the quantity of food 
 actually needed, and the habit, at first acquired, becomes perma- 
 nent, and the creature is known as. a voracious feeder — a glutton. 
 Hence, through indiscretions of this character, we can augment 
 both function and capacity of stomach. We remember examining 
 the stomach of a horse, the property of a baker, who was in the 
 habit of feeding the former on brown bread. The animal died of 
 chronic indigestion, and his stomach exceeded in capacity that of 
 two ordinary torses. Great care, therefore, is requisite in regard 
 co the proper feeding of horses j for, in their domesticated state, 
 they have lost those natural instincts which serve to inform the 
 untamed animal of the necessary amount of food which his system 
 needs, and they are in the condition of a thoughtless child that 
 will eat all day, and, on retiring to bed, will crave and cry for 
 more. 
 
 Our readers have probably heard of the gormandizing propensi- 
 ties of natives in the arctic regions. Some of them think nothing 
 cf belting down twenty pounds of meat and oil per day, ajid 
 
DENTITION ANi; DIET. i-it 
 
 making a good supper ok tallow candles. A case is related, bj 
 Captain Cochrane, of a Russian who ate, in the course of twenty- 
 four hours, the hind-quarter of an ox, twenty pounds of fat, ind 
 drank a quantity of melted butter. He also states that he has 
 seen three gluttons consume a deer at one meal. But we need not 
 go beyond our own immediate vicinity to prove that the gorman- 
 dizing powers of both men and horses are equally extraordinary. 
 The corn-dealer's bill furnishes one illustration ; and the length- 
 ened meal which some of our young men indulge in, commencing 
 in the morning and only ending at night, completes the evidence. 
 Hence, with these facts before us, we may safely conclude that 
 errors in diet are constantly occurring, and, consequently, a great 
 many unnecessary diseases arise in consequence; therefore, we 
 recommend our readers to make an experiment in the opposite 
 direction, and ascertain how small a quantity of good food will 
 answer the purpose of nutrition. Should the quantity be insuf- 
 ficient for the animal's wants, we shall soon be made aware of the 
 fact by loss of flesh and other unmistakable signs. On the other 
 hand, the error alluded to is not so easily corrected ; for the animal 
 may die, overburdened with fat, of an acute disease, before we can 
 reduce his system. 
 
 Conclusion. 
 
 The reader will perceive that in the management and feeding 
 of horses there opens a fine field of observation and improvement ; 
 yet, in order to apply that unlimited power which man seems to 
 possess over his own organization and that of the inferior orders 
 of creation, he must be conversant with animal physiology ; for 
 on tins science alone do we base the problem of life. 
 
 Now, reader, after having presented this essay for your consider- 
 ation, pray do not find fault with the stable-keeper because your 
 horse does not look fat and sleek. You had better trust to the 
 discretion of the man who, having been long in the stable busine? }, 
 is perhaps better qualified than yourself to judge of the effects of 
 food under the states of rest and exercise, and knows how to grad- 
 uate the same accordingly. We frequently have occasion to notice 
 that horses owned by stable-keepers are never so fat as the board- 
 ers — a very good proof that the latter get more than they require. 
 Some men are in the habit of ordering a given quantity, say six 
 or twelve quarts, of oats at a feed, whenever they put up, and 'he 
 10 
 
IV) 
 
 DADD'S VEILRLNAR* MEDICINE AMD SURGERY. 
 
 feeder gives it. At the same time he is well aware that the animal 
 does not need it, yet he must obey orders; for should he suggest 
 that the quantity be too great, his motive may be questioned, and 
 wrong inferences drawn. Depend upon it, therefore, that when 
 the stabler, by a judicious system of feeding, prevents fat from ac- 
 cumulating on horses, he is conferring a favor on his patrons ami 
 benefiting the animal. 
 
 As regards the number of meals per day, our own observation* 
 satisfy us that working horses require three meals per day — a 
 bountiful, yet very early breakfast; at noon, a light meal, com- 
 posed of cut hay and oats ; and at night the quantity may be in- 
 creased equal to the morning meal. It is very poor policy to feed 
 or water on the road when performing a short journey ; yet, should 
 a horse seem to stand in need of something, we should not object 
 to a handful of oats and a few swallows of water occasionally. 
 
SECTION VI. 
 
 GLANDERS AND FARCY. 
 
 Glanders — Glanders can be communicated to Man — Contagiousness or 
 Glanders — Suspected Glanders — How came the Disease to be called 
 Glanders? — Diagnostic Symptom of Glanders — Treatment op Glanders- 
 Farcy (Disease of the Absorbents). 
 
 Glanders. 
 
 ONE of the greatest evils which farmers and horse-dealers have 
 been subjected to, during the prevalence of our late national 
 troubles, was the sale of condemned army horses, many of them 
 being afflicted, either insidiously or actually, with that form of 
 equine affection known as glanders; for it is a well-known fact 
 that this terrible malady is, under certain circumstances or con- 
 ditions of the animal economy, both infectious and contagious; 
 hence the great evil. 
 
 For example, should a glandered horse be placed in a stable 
 where the principles of ventilation and of the admission of light 
 are entirely disregarded, the other inmates of the den, by continu- 
 ally breathing, over and over again, the contaminated atmosphere 
 which must necessarily occupy the same, will (provided their sys- 
 tems are susceptible) take the disease by infection ; that is to say, 
 the miasmatic virus finds an introduction into the blood through 
 the lungs and pulmonary circulation. On the other hand, glanders, 
 under almost every circumstance, can be communicated by con- 
 tagion or touch ; that is, bringing the glandered nasal discharge in 
 contact with an abraded surface, including cuts and scratches. 
 
 Glanders can be communicated to Man. 
 
 Within the last quarter of this century, two veterinary sur- 
 geons — one residing in Walworth, and the other in Wolverhamp- 
 
 (147) 
 
148 
 
 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 ton — are reported as having died from inoculation of glanders. 
 This terrible disease is not often seen in Scotland, but very fre- 
 quently in England, and still more so in Ireland, From the latter 
 circumstance, the malady is often found to be imported about the 
 west coast of Scotland. London has always been rather renowned 
 for the prevalence of glanders among omnibus, cab> and other 
 
 motion or a hoese's head showing ulceration of the SCHNEIDEEIAN MEMBRANE, WKIOB 
 
 CONSTITUTES THE DIAGNOSTIC SYMPTOM OF GLANDERS. 
 
 Explanation. — On contrasting the above picture with the one on the opposite page, the- 
 reader will perceive, in the above, a number of dark spots on the lining membrane of the 
 nose (schneiderian), showing the chancreous ulcerations which constitute the diagnostic 
 symptoms of glanders. 
 
 1. The cerebrum, or anterior portion of the brain. 
 
 2. The cerebellum, or posterior portion of the brain. 
 8. The spinal cord. 
 
 4. Shows a section of the cervical vertebrae, or bones of the neck. 
 
 5. The oesophagus. 
 8. The windpipe. 
 7. The tongue. 
 
 ». Section of the occipital bone. 
 
 10. The schneiderian membrane. 
 
 11. A muscle known as the sterno maxillarius. It is located beneath the neck, and '» in- 
 serted into the angle of the lower jaw and the front part of the breast bone. Its actior. is to 
 •id in closing the mouth and drawing the head downward toward the breast; one muscle »c«- 
 tng draws the head to one side. 
 
 12. The frontal sinuses. 
 
 13. Section of the anterior portion of the upper jaw. 
 
 14. The hard palate. 
 
 16. The strong ligament of the spine known as the ligamentum eufflavium. 
 16. Section of the inferior portion of the cervical vertebrae 
 
 lorses. A very strict supervision is maintained, and all glandered 
 Worses are destroyed when discovered; but nevertheless we can 
 state, on good authority, that the omnibus horses of London have 
 suffered very severely from this disease, and io so still. The pap- 
 
GLANDERS AND FARCY. 
 
 149 
 
 tial measures adopted by companies are not sufficient to eradicate 
 it, and the " glandcred night train " is not altogether a thing of the 
 past. The danger tp human life is so great that we feel happy to 
 seize any opportunity to urge the adoption of the most effectual 
 measures for the suppression of any practice vhich tends to pro- 
 long the life of the glandered horse. 
 
 SECTION OF A HORSE'S HEAD TN A HEALTHY CONDITION— ITS ANATOMY. 
 
 Description.— a The lining membrane of the nose, known as the schneiderian membrane. 
 ;On its surface are seen the vessels which furnish it with arterial blood. 
 
 6 The anterior portion of the brain, known as the cerebrum. 
 
 c The posterior portion of the brain, known as the cerebellum. 
 
 d The frontal sinuses. 
 
 e The tongue. 
 
 / Showing the velum palate, or soft palate. 
 
 g The back part of the mouth. 
 
 h The pharynx, or top of the oasophagus. 
 
 i The epiglottis, or cartilage at the root of the tongue. 
 
 j The glottis, or opening into the windpipe. 
 
 k The oesophagus, or gullet. 
 
 I The trachea, or windpipe. 
 m The spinal cord. 
 
 v Junction of the cerebellum with the spinal cord. 
 op Showing a section of the cervical vertebrae, or bones of the neck. 
 The dotted lines between a and g, show the direction leading to the trachea and oesophagus, 
 
 A fatal case of glander, reported in the Baltimore " Herald of 
 Keform," is as follows : Mr. I. P. Bums, a grocer, died a horrible 
 death in that city in consequence of poison communicated to his 
 system from a horse afflicted with glanders. During the admin- 
 istration of medicine, Mr. Burus thrust into the animal's mouth 
 his hand, a finger of which had been previously cut, and the flesh 
 laid open. Through this wound the virus was absorbed, and mor- 
 tification supervened. A surgeon was called upon to amputate 
 
150 UADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 the diseased member. Perceiving, however, that the poison had 
 penetrated to every portion of the unfortunate man's system, he 
 declined performing the operation, and stated. that no earthly skill 
 could save him. After lingering in great agony, death closed the 
 scene. * 
 
 Death of a Russian Lady from Glanders. — The awful death 
 of Madame Palesikoff, one of the most charming among all that 
 bevy of entertaining Russian ladies who sometimes gladden the 
 winters of Paris, has created a terrible shock among the circles 
 she so lately embellished by her presence. The unhappy lady left 
 Paris but a short time ago on a summer tour to Germany. While 
 stepping from the door of the opera-house in Berlin, to gain her 
 carriage, she let fall one of her bracelets close to the pavement. 
 Stooping to pick it up, she noticed, at the time, laughingly, that 
 " one of the horses belonging to a carriage standing at hand, 
 dropped his head so close to her face that he touched her, and left 
 a moist kiss upon her cheek." In a few days the unfortunate lady 
 was taken ill with that most horrible disease, glanders, and in a few 
 Jays more, breathed her last, in spite of the attendance of the first 
 physicians of Berlin and every resource to be obtained by wealth, 
 or by the ceaseless vigilance of friends.* 
 
 Still another case. — Sidney W. M., aged 23, a horse-slaughterer, 
 residing at Plumstead, England, was admitted into Guy's Hos- 
 pital, on March 13, 1861, under the care of Mr. Birkett. He had 
 always enjoyed good health, but he lived freely. Six days pre- 
 vious to his admission he cut his right hand deeply over the dorsal 
 aspect of the thumb. The wound bled freely, but he felt no in- 
 convenience from it, of any consequence, until the 10th. He then 
 had pain in the part, extending upward to the axilla, and also a 
 numbing pain in the calf of the right leg. His appetite was good, 
 and he had so little constitutional disturbance that he went as 
 usual to superintend the work which the accident had prevented 
 his carrying out. On the 11th the pain in the arm increased, and 
 that in the leg, on the 12th, extended upward to the thigh. This 
 had become considerably aggravated, and he then became gener- 
 ally indisposed, and was unable to stand. The following day he 
 applied for admission. He stated that he was extremely ill, and 
 that his limbs felt almost paralyzed. He was quite unable to 
 
 * Berlin Court Journal. 
 
GLANDERS AND FAKCY. 151 
 
 Biand. He had constant rigors, a burning skin, white tongue, and 
 his pulse was 120. The wound in the hand was inflamed, and 
 the calf of the right leg and the thigh were swollen, and evidently 
 the seats of abscesses. These were freely opened, with relief. He 
 was ordered effervescing medicine, and two pints cf porter. The 
 case was then regarded as one of pyaemia. On the 14th he was 
 much relieved. He had slept tolerably. The abscesses discharged 
 freely, and he was able to take his food. On the 15th he was seized 
 with vomiting, bringing up a dark bilious fluid. His powers were 
 less. Wine was given freely. On the ,16th the vomiting continued, 
 and he complained of a pain in the left thigh. An abscess was dis- 
 covered, on examination, which was freely opened. The man, at 
 this time, was physically in a very low condition. He took brandy, 
 eggs, and other liquid nourishment with avidity. His manner was 
 peculiar, and somewhat excited. On the 17th another abscess was 
 opened in the left arm. On the 18th the left foot became the seat 
 of an abscess, and on the 19th, for the first time, a pustular erup- 
 tion was observed on the face and body, which suggested to Mr. 
 Birkett the probability that some animal poison was the cause of 
 all this mischief. 
 
 The eruption was peculiar, having no definite shape. It ap- 
 peared to be more like small irregular blebs, containing pus, vary- 
 ing from the size of a pea to a sixpence. Some were round, others 
 oval, and others of an irregular form. Toward evening, also, his 
 breathing became much impaired, a bloody mucus obstructing the 
 nostrils. Toward night he became delirious; his powers became 
 less, the nasal discharge more profuse, and at 1.30, on the 20th, he 
 died. The eruption, some hours before his death, in parts, had 
 disappeared ; but in others a fresh crop sprang up, particularly 
 over the region of the sternum. These were, however, of the 
 same character, but smaller. No post-mortem examination waa 
 made.* 
 
 Contagiousness of Glanders. 
 
 Mr. Percivall submits the following deductions, regarding 
 the contagiousness of glanders, as the result of facts gleaned from 
 his own experience: 
 
 " 1. That farcy and glanders, which constitute the same disease, 
 
 * Medical Times and Gazette 
 
152 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 are propagated through the medium of stabling, and this we believe 
 to be the more usual way in which the disease is communicated 
 from horse to horse. 
 
 2. That infected stabling may harbor and retain the infection 
 for months, or even years ; and although, by thoroughly cleansing 
 and making use of disinfecting means, the contagion might be 
 destroyed, yet it would not be wise to occupy such stables imme- 
 diately after such supposed or alleged disinfection. 
 
 3. That the virus, or poison of glanders, may lie for months, in 
 a state of incubation, in the horse's constitution before the disease 
 breaks out. Of this we have had the most positive evidence. 
 
 4. That when a stable of horses becomes contaminated, the dis- 
 ease often makes fearful ravages among them before it quits ; and 
 it is only after a period of several months exemption from all dis • 
 ease of the kind that a clean bill of health can be rendered." 
 
 From the preceding evidence, it is probable that the reader will 
 entertain but little doubt of the contagious character of the malady j 
 yet it is very important that every one, either directly or indirectly 
 interested in horses, or having any regard for the welfare of man •• 
 kind, should be familiar with all that is important and useful a? 
 regards the cause and nature of the awful malady now under con - 
 sideration. It is often mistaken for other diseases that (in so far 
 as contagion is concerned) are perfectly harmless ; yet many valu - 
 able human lives have paid the forfeit, and many priceless animals 
 have been sacrificed on an altar of ignorance which the light of 
 science has but recently illuminated. Hence, correct information 
 is what the people require, in consequence of the emergency of the 
 peril ; and this is what the author aims at in offering this article 
 for the consideration of the reader. 
 
 Many hundreds of times, during the professional career of the 
 author, have horses been brought to him for treatment, declared 
 by their owners to be the subjects of glanders, simply because they 
 had enlarged glands under the jaw, and a nasal discharge; an 
 by the successful treatment of the same, he has got the credit of 
 curing glanders, a feat which he never pretends to have accom- 
 plished. Mr. Gamgee has very lucidly illustrated this part of 
 ♦he argument, as regards the mistakes made in diagnosing glanders- 
 He states that glanders may be suspected, instead of being a real- 
 ity; hence, many supposed cures are on record. The following 
 are his remarks, under the caption of "suspected glanders^: 
 
GLANDERS AND FARCY. 163 
 
 "Glanders is, fortunately, a rare disease in this country (Scot- 
 land), thanks to the pole-ax. Englishmen have long since advo- 
 cated and practiced the shooting of suspected animals, rather than 
 trusting the lives of men and horses to the chances of escape, 
 wherever cases of chronic nasal discharge are met with. The com- 
 mand officer and veterinarian of a British cavalry regiment would 
 < onsider it a great disgrace if such a disease acquired any firm hold 
 in their stables ; and in spite of occasional introductions of the dis- 
 ease when a number of remounts may be purchased, the unrelent- 
 ing order to kill rather than attempt to cure, saves the public purse 
 and the reputation of those responsible for the health and condi- 
 tion of our troop horses. I am as great an advocate for the 
 slaughter of glandered horses as I am for the slaughter of cattle 
 affected with rinderpest. Glanders is more incurable than the 
 cattle plague, as not even ten per cent, recover, but its commu- 
 nication is less certain and swift. It never could and never did 
 destroy its tens of thousands over a country in the short space 
 of time in which the steppe murrain spreads over the land, but 
 it is, nevertheless, wise and proper to stamp it out. We have not 
 indulged, as do our neighbors the French — who manage this 
 matter, at all events, worse than we — in wild theories as to the 
 transmissibility of acute and not of chronic glanders. \Ve admit 
 it to be always contagious and always deadly, and prevent it kill- 
 ing by shooting its victims. 
 
 Nasal Gleet. 
 
 \Ve must not, however, forget that there are hundreds — nay, 
 thousands — of cases of chronic nasal discharge which admit of 
 some diagnosis on the part of skilled veterinarians, and which 
 are erroneously set down as cases of glanders. Many of these 
 cases are condemned because they baffle the attempts to restore 
 them for a great length of time; and, unfortunately, in this 
 country many forms of nasal disease have been rarely cured, 
 simply because their nature has not been understood, and bold 
 surgical operations have been dreaded. I could relate the histo- 
 ries of many cases which have yielded to radical measures after 
 several veterinarians had pronounced the animals incurably gland- 
 ered — more to get rid of them, perhaps, than from a conviction 
 that they were suffering from the disease. I have seen as many 
 as half a do^en animals, in a stable containing a score of horses. 
 
1M DADDS VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 gwen at by practitioners because they had chronic discharge and 
 swollen glands j and in ten days or a fortnight all the animals 
 have recovered under the influence of nasal injections, and the 
 internal administration of tonics. 
 
 It is impossible to enter into details as to the diagnosis of a 
 great variety of cures. I may mention, however, that the curable 
 discharges set out as incurable forms of glanders may be grouped 
 under six heads. 
 
 1st. Fetid discharges from the nostril, owing to a carious tooth 
 and caries of the upper jaw. The fetor is characteristic. 
 
 2d. Intermittent discharges from an abscess in one of the tur- 
 binated bones within the nasal chamber. The swelling of the 
 nasal bones and flow of pus when the head is jerked upward are 
 diagnostic. 
 
 3d. Continuous or intermittent discharge from one or both 
 nostrils, from accumulations of pus in the frontal and superior 
 maxillary sinuses, indicated by the shape of the forehead and ab- 
 sence of resonance on percussion. 
 
 4th. Irregular discharge from the guttural pouches, brought 
 on by exercise, or seen when an animal is made to eat hay, oats, 
 a turnip, or carrots off the ground. As the head is depressed and 
 jerked, a somewhat fetid and often abundant purulent matter 
 flows freely. 
 
 5th. Discharges kept up by foreign objects in the posterior 
 nares, which are continuous and fetid. 
 
 6th. Chronic regular nasal discharge — pure ozena — dependent 
 m constitutional causes and defective management of acute ca- 
 tarrh. 
 
 All the foregoing varieties include the innumerable cases of 
 suspected glanders for which animals are wrongfully destroyei. 
 It is not every practitioner who can or would venture to open the 
 guttural pouches, or practice dissection on the bones of the face to 
 such an extent as we find requisite in overcoming deformities and 
 curing long-standing diseases. The longer these cases are treated 
 by any but the right plan, the greater the difficulties encountered 
 when surgical operations are determined upon ; and for this reason 
 even those who would not dare to cut should always strive cor- 
 rectly to diagnose the form of disease presenting itself. It is not 
 necessary to refer at greater length to the method of dealing witb 
 the very various forms of disease above indicated." 
 
GLANDERS AND FARCY. 166 
 
 HOW CAME THE DISEASE TO BE CALLED GLANDERS. 
 
 Percivael is our authority for the following explanation 
 "The derivation of our word glanders is traceable through the 
 French language, from which we appear to have borrowed it, to 
 the Latin roots glandula and glans, the latter signifying any fruit 
 kernel, such as a chestnut or acorn; the former, its diminutive, 
 any small fruit kernel ; and both afterward used in medicine to 
 denote the glands of the body, many of which — such as were then 
 so called — are small and comparable, both in shape and size, to 
 acorns or other kernels. Celsus applies the term glandula to a 
 swelling in the neck, supposed to be glandular; and Vegetius 
 uses the same to denote swollen glands ' between the cheek-bones 
 and lower jaws : ' from his saying, however, that the glandules are 
 ' especially troublesome to foales,' it would appear the disease he 
 meant to describe was not glanders, but strangles. The French 
 veterinarians, following the ancient phraseology, called a horse 
 exhibiting any submaxillary tumor or enlargement, glande; not 
 with any special reference to glanders, but simply because his 
 glands or ' kernels/ as our farriers denominate them, had become 
 enlarged ; hence, with the French, a horse was said to be glande 
 de gourme, as well as glande de morve and glande de farcin. It 
 seems to have been our English writers on farriery who have 
 restricted the application of the term to the foul and malignant 
 disease now known under that appellation. Before then, glanders 
 appears to have had no other meaning save that the horse had tu- 
 mefied glands, or that, in the farrier's phrase, 'his kernels had 
 come down.' The French call the disease la morve. A horse, 
 however, in the estimation of Lafosse, is not to be regarded as 
 having la morve proprement dite, unless he be glande, or have tu- 
 mefaction of his glands." 
 
 Diagnostic Symptoms of Glanders. — Glanders consists in i dis- 
 charge, from one or both nostrils, of matter which, by transfer or 
 inoculation, will produce the same disease in another animal (of 
 Ihe equine or human species), and which discharge is, sooner or 
 later, accompanied by vascular injection and chancrous ulceration 
 of the schneiderian membrane of the nostrils, and tumefaction 
 of the submaxillary lymphatic glands, and by farcy; so that a 
 horse can not be considered as the subject of glanders until these 
 symptoms are made manifest. 
 
156 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 On a nsulting " Hippopathology," I find a paragraph, ciedited 
 to a French surgeon, who very accurately describes the symptoms 
 of glanders. It reads as follows : " The signs by which the disease 
 may be known are, when a horse, already too old to be troubled 
 with strangles, without a cough, voids matter by the nose, and 
 has a kernel sticking to the bone ; and, besides, in glanders the 
 matter usually flows from one nostril, whereas, in a cold, it runs 
 always out of both. Some cast the matter that is voided by the 
 nostrils into water, and, if it swim on the top, they conclude the 
 horse to be free of this distemper ; but if it sink to the bottom, it 
 is a sign of glanders, the principal use of this experiment being to 
 distinguish the pus. But you must not depend on the certainty 
 of this sign ; for if the matter stick to the nostrils, like glue, it is 
 a bad sign, and you may conclude the disease to be the glanders, 
 though the matter do swim on the top. When either the breath 
 or matter that comes out of the nostrils stinks, the disease is almost 
 always incurable. I have seen horses troubled with this distemper 
 without kernels, or, if there were any, they were small and move- 
 able; and the only sign by which we could discover it to be 
 glanders, was the glueyness of the matter discharged from the nasal 
 outlet." 
 
 Treatment — The author knows of no remedy for the cure of 
 glanders. He considers it an incurable disease. In fact, most of 
 our educated veterinarians contend that the disease, like pulmo- 
 nary consumption, is incurable. 
 
 Mayhew, one of the most intelligent veterinary teachers of the 
 present period, informs us that " no medicine can restore the parts 
 which disease has disorganized. There is no cure for glanders, 
 which is essentially an ulcerative disorder." And this opinion is 
 indorsed by others of equal eminence in the profession, who were 
 employed lately, by the members of an agricultural society in 
 England, to ascertain if there was any specific for the disease 
 knowi as glanders, and the verdict was that no specific could je 
 found. So soon as glanders is discovered in the horse, he should, 
 by all means, be destroyed, and buried deep in the earth. 
 
 Farcy (Disease of the Absorbents). 
 
 This disease is usually met with among horses of the scrofulous 
 diathesis, which diathesis is known by a proneness to diseases of 
 
ULANDERS AND FARCY. 157 
 
 the skin, and does not readily yield to medical treatment. Such 
 horses are noticed as belonging to the nervous temperament, hav- 
 ing thin, spare muscles, wiry neck and limbs, very quick and 
 active in their movements, and having a very narrow chest. Yet 
 it should be remembered that the scrofulous diathesis may exist 
 in any horse, without regard to his conformation or temperament, 
 pi ;/vided he inherit, from either sire or dam, the requisite pre- 
 disposition. 
 
 The disease sometimes steals on in a slow and insidious man- 
 ner, s: that it is not known to exist until, all at once, the animal 
 becomes lame, and, in the course of a few hours, his legs swell; 
 large inflammatory farcy-buds appear just as suddenly ; a stink- 
 ing discharge takes place from the nostrils, and, unless the animal 
 be destroyed, he soon dies. This form of farcy may, very prop- 
 erly, be denominated malignant farcy. When the disease mani- 
 fests itself after this fashion, it is dangerous for a person to handle 
 the subject. He should be destroyed and buried. 
 
 A case of this kind occurred very recently in a large stable, 
 the facts of which are as follows: The author was requested to 
 visit a bay gelding, of the nervous temperament, supposed to be 
 the subject of a catarrhal affection. He did not show any very 
 marked symptoms of ill-health, except a slight discharge from 
 both nostrils. He had performed labor up to within a few hours 
 of the time of my visit, and had partaken of his usual amount of 
 food. This was toward evening. I directed the foreman to rub 
 the throat with stimulating liniment. Two ounces of fluid extract 
 of resin weed were given him ; his legs being cold, they were ban- 
 daged, and a warm bran-mash was placed before him. Next day 
 he was a pitiable sight to behold. His limbs and other parts of 
 the body had become dropsical; his face and eyelids had become 
 so tumefied that the eyelids were almost totally closed, and scald- 
 ing tears ran profusely down his cheeks. In various parts of the 
 body the lymphatics were tumefied, presenting unmistakable farcy- 
 buds. A stinking discharge ran from his nostrils, and he was so 
 lame thai it was almost impossible to get him out of the stable. 
 The case being diagnosed as farcy, the animal was shot. 
 
 Mr. Percivall, alludes to the lameness and rapid tumefac- 
 tion in the following language: "I have known horses so lame 
 from farcy before the disease had, in any local or characteristic 
 form, declared itself, that shoes have been removed and feet 
 
io8 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 searched, etc., to discover the seat and cause of lameness, no sus- 
 picion having existed at the time that farcy was present in the 
 animal's system. It may so happen, however, that some of the 
 preliminary symptoms are observed or observable; that, on the 
 contrary, farcy at once develops itself in an attack on some local- 
 ity — most probably one hind limb. Indeed, so sudden, sharp, and 
 severe are attacks of farcy, in some instances, that, in the course of 
 one night, the horse's limb will be swollen to a frightful size, so as 
 to incapacitate him almost from turning in his stall and walking 
 out of the stable. Ordinarily, the development of farcy plainly 
 accounts for the halting or lameness, yet the lameness may appear 
 without any ostensible cause." 
 
 Symptoms. — The ordinary symptoms of farcy are, slight impair- 
 ment of the general health; feverish symptoms; a small, quick 
 pulse ; swelling or tumefaction of one of the hind legs, generally 
 the left, with much lameness ; tumefaction of the lymphatics, on 
 various parts of the body, and in the groin. On the inside of the 
 thighs, along the course of the femoral vein, corded, nodulous 
 swellings will be found. Sometimes one or both hind limbs will 
 swell below the hock, and an abscess may form in the vicinity of 
 the fetlock, and isolated blotches will break out, suppurate, an'? 
 terminate in farcy ulcer. No swelling of a hind limb, or any 
 other part, constitutes a case of farcy apart from the unequivocal 
 signs of lymphatic disease. There must be present corded, nod- 
 ulated swellings, buds in some form or other, together with actual 
 or approaching tumefaction of the lymphatic glands, or the case is 
 n»ot farcy. The disease evidently affects the absorbents. When 
 it commences in those which are deep-seated, it usually ends in 
 glanders. Glanders and farcy are considered the same disease; 
 yet, unlike glanders, many cases of cure of mild farcy are on 
 record, but the author knows of none. A disease known as lym- 
 phatitis is often mistaken for farcy, and, as the former is curable 
 it is often recorded that the latter affection has been successfully 
 treated. 
 
 Treatment. — I do not know that it is good policy for me to re 
 commend any form of treatment for the disease known as true 
 farcy. It is against the laws of this country, and the interests of 
 society for any one to keep or treat a case of declared farcy ; there- 
 fore, the advice offered in regard to the treatment of glanders 
 applies also to farcy. To show the reader that the author is not 
 
GLANDERS AND FAROf. 159 
 
 lingular in his opinion as regards the treatment of this disease, 3 
 quotation from Mayhew is here introduced : 
 
 " Farcy is, by the generality of practitioners, regarded as a 
 more tractable disease than glanders. Certainly the course of the 
 disorder is arrested much easier ; but, to cure the malady, there is 
 a constitution to renovate and a virus to destroy. Is it in the 
 power of medicine to restore the health and strength, which have 
 Leen underfed, sapped by a foul atmosphere, and exhausted by 
 overwork? Tonics may prop up or stimulate for a time; but the 
 drunkard and the opium-eater, among human beings, can inform 
 us that the potency of the best selected and the choicest drugs, 
 most judiciously prescribed, and carefully prepared, is very lim- 
 ited. Sulphate of copper, iron, oak bark, cayenne pepper, and 
 cantharides, probably, are the chief medicines the practitioner will 
 give. With such the horse may be patched up ; he may even re- 
 turn to work. But at what a risk ! He carries about the seeds 
 of a disorder contagious to the human species, and in man even 
 more terrible than the quadruped. Is it lawful, is it right, to try 
 to save an avaricious master the chance of a few shillings, and 
 incur the risk of poisoning an innocent person? The author 
 thinks not. Therefore he will give no directions how to arrest 
 the progress of farcy. The horse once contaminated is, indeed, 
 very rarely or never cured. The animal, after the veterinary sur- 
 geon has shaken hands with the proprietor and departed, too often 
 bears about an enlarged limb, which impedes his utility, and, at 
 any period, may break forth again with more than the virulence 
 of the original affection." 
 
 \ 
 
SECTION VII. 
 
 DISEASES OF' THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 
 
 Lampas — Spontaneous Salivation -Bots — Inflammation of Stomach — Rup- 
 ture of Stomach — Gorged, op over-distended Stomach — Meteorizatios 
 — Flatulent Colic — Spasmodic Colic — Inflammation of the Peritonum — 
 Ascites — Inflammation of the Intestines — Strangulation of Intestines- 
 Wounds PENETRATING THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY SPLENIC APOPLEXY FUNC- 
 TIONAL Disease of the Liver — P>\creas; its Function — Parasites which 
 
 AFFECT THE INTESTINES. 
 
 Lampas. 
 
 LAMFAS is the name given to a slight tumefaction of the soft 
 palate of the horse's mouth. It usually occurs during the 
 period of dentition, at which time the mouth is hot and tender. 
 At the time when the tushes are about making their appearance, 
 the membrane over the crown of the tooth becomes tense, so as 
 to cause the root of the tooth to press on the tental nerve. This 
 causes much pain. In such cases we make a slight incision over 
 the region of the tooth, which immediately relieves the animal. 
 But most men overlook this difficulty, and, because the palate hap- 
 pens to be tumified, it is at once attacked with the barbarous firing- 
 iron. This treatment was condemned by Percivall, who, in 
 writing of it, says : 
 
 " Are lampas disease ? The complaints, frequent and grievous, 
 which are daily reaching our ears, are enough to persuade us that 
 they are disease. Every groom that has an unthriving horse, or 
 one that does not feed, is sure to search for lampas; and, should 
 he find any, the cause of loss of appetite, etc., is detected, and the 
 remedy obvious — burning them out. Many a poor wight of a 
 horse, even when suffering from a constitutional disease, has been 
 subjected to this torturing operation, with a view of demonstrating 
 
 the sagacity of the groom, and thereby has got added 'o his other 
 
 (160) 
 
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 
 
 16J 
 
 ailments a foul, sloughy, carious sore upon the roof of his mouth 
 This may be said to be the fruits of the removal of iampas. 
 
 Supposing that the existence of Iampas is owing to the teeth, 
 surely the teeth should be removed, and not the bars of the mouth. 
 In cutting or burning away the Iampas, we are mistaking the effect 
 for the cause. If it be contended that Iampas do not owe their 
 production to the irritation of teething, then I should like to be 
 informed what does give rise to them ; and, let what will give rise 
 to them, I do not imagine there is any veterinarian hardy enough 
 
 BCBNINQ A HORSE 8 MOUTH FOB LAKPA8. 
 
 (A cruel and unnecessary operation.) 
 
 to contend that the cause resides in the palate, and becomes re- 
 moved by the hot iron. Those who are entering private practice, 
 and find themselves compelled, at all times, to belie their con- 
 sciences by the performance of unnecessary operations to please 
 their employers, may be told that burning out Iampas is, after all, 
 preferable to lancing or cutting the bars; for, unless the palative 
 artery is wounded, very little blood is obtained by stabbing the 
 mouth ; and the wounding of this vessel, which will certainly take 
 place, should the punctures be made along the sides of tbe palate. 
 or extend forward beyond the fourth bar from the front teeth, In 
 not always a very safe proceeding." 
 
 It is an unfortunate occurrence that men can be found who will 
 
 perform barbarous and unnecessary operations just to please their 
 
 employers. If men were true to themselves and their profession, 
 
 neither threats nor promises of reward would tempt them to prac- 
 
 11 
 
162 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND tiURGERi*. 
 
 tioe cruelty on animals. It is a fact that some men are often ap- 
 parently compelled to perform unnecessary operations even when 
 the inward monitor admonishes them that they are about to out- 
 rage the feelings of a poor dumb brute. Yet, for the honor of our 
 profession, let it be recorded that there are but few, if any, of our 
 educated surgeons that can be induced to perpetrate this outrage. 
 I f medical men will only take the pains to explain this matter, and 
 prove to the people that the enormity here complained of is both 
 absurd and barbarous, then the evil will soon cease ; but so long 
 as horse-owners believe lampas to be a disease, and men can be 
 found ready to "burn them out," just so long will the evil exist. 
 The more intelligent portion of husbandmen are now beginning to 
 lend their influence to the work of rebuking ignorance, and of re- 
 forming the barbarous customs of bygone days, and, erelong, it will 
 be a difficult job to convince them that their horses have lampas, 
 and that the firing-iron is the remedy indicated. Surely, if the 
 distinguished Peecivall calls lampas a " supposed malady," and 
 sets his face against the means used for its removal, the wise men 
 of the fleam should indorse his sentiments. 
 
 Treatment. — Should the colt's mouth, while teething, be hot and 
 tender, it should be sponged often with a portion of equal parts of 
 vinegar and water ; and should any of the teeth appear imprisoned 
 by the membrane of the mouth, a slight incision over the point of 
 the tooth will give immediate relief. 
 
 Spontaneous Salivation — " Sla.ver t xg." 
 
 Persons who own and handle horses must have noticed, occa- 
 isionallv, a foaming; at the mouth, and sometimes a constant and 
 profuse discharge of saliva. This, when occurring without any 
 assignable cause, is termed spontaneous salivation. The disease is 
 usually occasioned by some irritation in the immediate vicinity of 
 the salivary glands, or from perverted function in the glands 
 themselves. The preparations of antimony and calomel, when 
 given to horses for any great length of time, in the form of con- 
 dition powders, are very apt to produce salivation. Musty clover, 
 and hay that is intermixed with lobelia, will also produce it ; so, 
 also, will sharp, projecting teeth ; and diseased teeth have the same 
 effect. In such cases, the cause being discovered, the removal of 
 the same is the first step toward the cure. Then drench 'he ani- 
 mal, twice daily, with the following: 
 
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 163 
 
 > j. 18. Powdered chlorate of potass 1 oz. 
 
 Water £ pint. 
 
 Should the animal show signs of debility or weakness, give one 
 mnce of fluid extract of golden seal every morning, before feeding. 
 Should the mouth appear to be sore, from the constant flow of 
 3aliva over its surfaces, or from any other cause, then the parts 
 should be sponged two or three times daily with a portion of 
 squal parts of powdered borax and honey, or with an infusion of 
 bayberry bark. 
 
 When spontaneous salivation occurs in an aged horse, it denotes 
 debility, and thus points out the propriety of sustaining the pa- 
 tient's strength by administering tonics and diffusible stimulants. 
 The following is the best remedy for this state of the system : 
 
 No. 19. Fluid extract of chamomile 1 oz. 
 
 Fluid extract of ginger £ oz. 
 
 Give as a drench, night and morning. The patient should hav« 
 a fair allowance of good nutritious diet. 
 
 Secretion of Saliva in Horses. — From experiments lately made, 
 it appears that a healthy horse secretes from the paroted glands, 
 which are situated beneath the ears at the posterior angles of the 
 lower jaw, during active mastication, about one gallon of saliva 
 per hour, and other glands in the vicinity of the throat and mouth 
 secrete, in the same amount of time, three gallons, making in all 
 four gallons per hour, which is mixed with the food during masti- 
 cation. The following experiment was lately made on an aged 
 horse, 15 hands 2 inches in height. The tubes leading from the 
 paroted glands were divided on either side, and so fixed as to 
 throw their contents into vessels held for that purpose ; the ani- 
 mal was then fed on oats, which he masticated during a period of 
 thirty minutes, at the end of which time half a gallon of saliva 
 was caught. This calculation, however, will not hold good in all 
 cases ; for ravenous feeders, who do not thoroughly masticate their 
 food, fail to secrete the necessary amount of saliva ; hence the food 
 is not properly masticated nor insalivated, and can not, therefore, 
 undergo proper digestion; and when food is not thoroughly di- 
 gested, it imparts but little of its nutriment to the body. Slow 
 feeders, therefore, are more likely to accumulate flesh than the 
 voracious ones. 
 
164 dadds veterinary medicine and surgery 
 
 Bots (Stomachic and Hemorrhoidal). 
 
 Some persons contend that bots are always injurious. Th<* 
 author dissents from this dictum. It is possible that, as in the case 
 of intestinal worms, which are now recognized as the scavengers 
 of Nature, that the bots are Nature's hirelings, created and com - 
 missioned to do her bidding, to maintain the integrity of her 
 physiological laws. The parent of the bot, as Bracy Clark re- 
 marks, " selects her subjects," or, in other words, pounces on those 
 who are not in rapport with Nature, and hence have no business 
 to enjoy good health, nor even to live. 
 
 This was the case when the people of the great city of London 
 were afflicted with the terrible plague, which ran riot and carried 
 off about one-fourth of the inhabitants. The sanitary emissary of 
 Nature, whose shield was emblazoned with the motto, " Thus far 
 shalt thou go and no further," pounced upon selected subjects, 
 the intemperate, licentious, and the gluttonous, and those who had 
 violated Nature's laws by wallowing in filth in down-cellar loca- 
 tions, where the breath of life — -pure air — scarcely ever entered. 
 These were the selected sufferers. The same is true as regards the 
 mortality attending the yellow fever, which made such sad havoc 
 in the city of New Orleans some years ago. The medical author- 
 ities contend that the disease carried off over one thousand of the 
 inhabitants, without touching a single sober or temperate person ; 
 hence the plague, the yellow fever, and the cholera may be said to 
 be the forces which Nature employs to maintain the integrity of 
 her laws. Intestinal worms, found in the intestinal tube of the 
 emaciated and the glutton, are said to be Nature's scavengers, and 
 the same perhaps is true of bots. They may be the agents of Na- 
 ture, employed to keep the balance of power within her own hand, 
 for the purpose, sometimes, of preventing a too rapid multiplica- 
 tion of the species ; at others, to avenge her for crimes committed 
 .gainst the laws of physiology. 
 
 Let us, for example, inquire into the history and habits of some 
 of tbp inferior orders of creation, and we may be led to infer that 
 the presence of bots in the stomach of a horse is no deviation from 
 the general rule which seems to pervade all creation. Our tenure 
 of life depends on the use which we make of it, and the same is 
 true as regards the horse. 
 
 In the study of physiology, we discover that animals and insectt? 
 
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE OKGAJNB. 165 
 
 require the operation of certain forces, in order that their peculiar 
 vital properties shall be manifested. They all require food, water, 
 and oxygen — food for the development of organized tissues, 
 water to maintain an equilibrium between the solids and fluids, 
 and oxygen for promoting various changes, uniting some particles 
 for the benefit of the whole fabric, and disengaging others destined 
 for excretion. These have to be obtained under various circum- 
 stances. The number of the different species of reptiles known 
 to naturalists is about 1,300, and there are at least 160,000 species 
 of insects. Among this vast assemblage of animate forms, a great 
 proportion obtain food, water, and oxygen in a situation and at a 
 temperature which is most congenial to each species, each one of 
 which, as species, exhibit great varieties in physical organization 
 and habits ; and hence the necessity for that diversity in geograph- 
 ical distribution which seems to surprise some men. Each species 
 of animal and insect carry about with them, in their own organi- 
 zation, the fertile embryonic habitation for successive parasitic 
 development, and all are, to a certain extent, dependent on each 
 other for both food and life. It has been truly said that there 
 " is life within life." Begin with the body of man, for example, 
 and we shall find that it is infested with thirty-nine distinct spe- 
 cies of entozoa. These are not confined to a single location, as 
 the bots to the digestive cavity of the horse ; but some are to be 
 seen in the eye, bronchial glands, kidneys, liver, gall, bladder, in- 
 testines, muscles, and even in the blood. There are several other 
 species of entophyta, to the number of ten, inhabitants of the skin 
 and mucous surfaces. So that the master can boast of a larger 
 number of living parasites within and about his body than we 
 have yet been able to find in his servant, the horse. And if the 
 former can carry about in the living citadel such a myriad of liv- 
 ing, active creatures, without inconvenience, and he being the 
 weaker party, why should not the horse, who is stronger, be able 
 to furnish nutriment for some half dozen or more bots that are 
 occasionally found in his stomach, and to perform his 2.40 gait 
 without inconvenience? Some of the inferior orders of creation 
 are the receptacle of a still greater amount of parasites. The 
 grasshopper, for example, is infested with a species of gordius, a 
 sort of hair-worm, which some persons have erroneously supposed 
 to be a transformed horse-hair. Several of these coil themselves 
 into the digestive cavity of the former, at times penetrating the 
 
166 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 abdomen, thorax, and cranium. Their bulk and weight often ex- 
 ceeds that of an ordinary grasshopper ; still you see and hear them, 
 skipping, jumping, and chirruping, notwithstanding this immens*- 
 parasitic mass, just as freely as those not infested. 
 
 Then consider the condition of the hog. We frequently find^ 
 in his liver, a vesicle filled with fluid, apparently possessing no 
 further organization. But examine it carefully, and we shall find 
 within its enveloping tunic others, the rudiments of successive 
 cells, in various stages of growth. These are all young hydatids, 
 which contain still others, which increase in size until the parent 
 sac is so distended that it finally bursts, and thus liberates a mul- 
 titude of parasites, which, in their turn, undergo the same evolu- 
 tion, becoming each a parent hydatid, producing a subsequent 
 generation, which diffuse themselves over the whole body of the 
 pig; and hence arises that peculiar feature in pork known as 
 measles. 
 
 Examine the same animal after he is slaughtered, and you may 
 possibly find in the intestines a large number of the ascaris lum- 
 bricoides (the common worm of the human intestines) ; and they 
 are so prolific that naturalists have calculated sixty-four millions 
 of ova within the body of a single female, which are, at the proper 
 season, deposited within the intestinal tube of the pig, who, not- 
 withstanding, grows fat, and furnishes a savory meal for the lovers 
 of pork. Sheep, also, are infested with a species of entozoa termed 
 the "fluke," besides other different species; and it is only when 
 the latter become very numerous that they can be considered in- 
 jurious. 
 
 We might go on to show that every living being is more or 
 less infested with parasites, and that parasites are, in their turn,, 
 the local habitation for other parasites. The very atmosphere we 
 breathe, and which is the purificator of the vital current (the 
 blood), teems with an innumerable host of living organized crea- 
 tures. The water which serves to quench the thirst, that plays 
 so important a part in our economy, and in the arts and sciences, 
 whether it be the ocean, lake, river, pond, or gully, all contains 
 crowds of parasites, or animalculae, at times, so numerous that 
 several hundred thousand have, by means of a magnifying lens, 
 been discovered in a single drop of this fluid. Yet such is good 
 and pleasant to the taste ; and the water is not injured thereby ; 
 neither is it, in turn, injurious to man. Dr. Leidy states that he- 
 
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. It>7 
 
 uas, ut various times, purposely swallowed large draughts of water 
 containing myriads of animalculse, without ever perceiving any 
 effect; and he combats the notion that diseases are produced 01 
 propagated by these parasites taken into the body. The most 
 curious feature in the history of parasites is their extraordinary 
 powers of multiplication, which is doubted by some; but it is well 
 known to others that some species are capable of producing a 
 hundred repetitions of themselves, and the process can be repeated 
 ton times in a season. The common white ant is capable of de- 
 positing eggs at the rate of 80,000 per day, for several successive 
 yeeks, and the common flesh-maggot can be generated by the 
 million in the course of a few hours ; and as regards growth and 
 development, the common flesh-fly and the caterpillar increase in 
 weight 200 times in the course of twenty-four hours. 
 
 But the bot is a creature that does not multiply nor increase in 
 bulk at this rapid rate. He may be said to be a " slow coach," 
 and when once located in the stomach of a horse, he generally 
 makes it his abode for a season, at least. He is a sort of aristo- 
 cratic entozoa. He lives in the upper region, the stomach. He 
 seldom condescends to mix with the lower orders that infest the 
 alimentary regions. The little creature seems to exercise consid- 
 erable tact in selecting his location. Although he has but a squat- 
 ter's title to it, yet it is the best and safest in the whole diggings. 
 He is in the upper part of the stomach, where the fluids (poisons 
 or medicines) with which you are about to coax or drive him off, 
 are inoperative, (for they merely give him a sort of shower-bath,) 
 and pass immediately through the stomach into the intestines, 
 where all the fluid a horse drinks is generally found ; therefore 
 they can not act on the bot. Then, again, he is located on the 
 cuticular coat of the stomach, a membrane as insensible as the 
 horse's hoof, and, therefore, not liable to become diseased, nor to be 
 acted on by either medicine or bot nostrums. You may kill the 
 horse by the same, but the bot, being within his own castle, can 
 refuse whatever you offer him. 
 
 AVe can not make medicine act on the external surface of the 
 hot, for it does not absorb fluid ; it is impervious. These crea- 
 tures have been put into muriatic acid, and kept there for a time, 
 without being injured. You may put them into new rum, and 
 keep them f or weeks, and, on taking them out and exposing them 
 to the » ^ cays, they will manifest vitality. 
 
ItiS DADO'S VETERINARY MEIUCIJS'E AND SURGERV. 
 
 We often hear wonderful stories related of bots burrowing 
 tnrougli the coats of the stomach. This, we think, rarely takes 
 place while the horse is alive. That cavity is the home of th? 
 bot, its natural habitation; for we know of no other. Here it 
 generally remains until it is capable of exercising an independent 
 existence. In this situation the little creature is too comfortabl} 
 located to burrow through the stomach into a cavity where ii 
 might perish for want of food. If the time has arrived for it to 
 vacate its stronghold, instinct teaches it the most safe and expe- 
 ditious route, which is through the alimentary canal. Turn a 
 horse out to grass in the spring, or give him some green fodder in 
 the stable, and the bots will soon leave him, if they are matured ; 
 otherwise they must remain until that period arrives, unless 
 Nature has some work for them to perform. vVe shall not contend 
 that bots are never found in the abdominal cavity, for some per- 
 sons have testified to the fact; but, during a practice of several 
 years, and having opportunities of making many post-mortem 
 examinations, we have not yet been able to observe the phenom- 
 ena, except in cases of ruptured stomach. Still, a few solitary 
 cases are on record, and hence it remains for us to explain how 
 they got there. 
 
 We all know that the moment a horse dies his whole body \a 
 subject to the common law of decomposition ; but the central or- 
 gans, where the greatest activity prevailed during life, are gener- 
 ally the first to succumb. Our business is with the stomach, the 
 great chemical laboratory, the center of sympathies — an organ 
 that is very seldom permitted to rest, consequently an active oik;. 
 Its powerful solvents, during life, were busy in transforming hay 
 and grain into chyme, chyle, and blood ; but now that death has 
 the victory, the gastric fluid acts on the coats of the stomach, and 
 thus its decomposition is effected; so that what was previously 
 good food for bots is now their bane, and, unless they escape, their 
 death is sure and certain. 
 
 The peristaltic motion of the intestines, which favored the exit 
 of the bots through that channel, has ceased; they are too well 
 acquainted with its intricate labyrinthian outlet (their usual route) 
 to even attempt its passage. No ! the same energies of one Eternal 
 Mind, " pervading and instructing all that live," suggests the 
 only means o** escape from threatening dangers. Th'e stomach 
 being partly decomposed, offers but little opposition to their en- 
 
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 169 
 
 crocvthmeuts. They burst their prison-house, and hence are found 
 in the abdominal cavity; and when there, they may be said to 
 have jumped from the "frying-pan into the fire !" Open a horse 
 immediately after death, and, provided his stomach be in a healthy 
 condition, we shall find that the bots have not penetrated teyond 
 the cuticular coat of it ; but if he shall not be examined until some 
 hours have elapsed, the bots may be found to have passed through 
 the walls of the decomposed stomach and its peritoneal tunic. 
 
 "We can imagine, also, that a large number of bots might con- 
 gregate at a given point in the stomach of a horse, and, aided by 
 disease, occasion a loss of continuity in the fibers of that organ ; 
 then, on the slightest distension by wind, its walls might be rup- 
 tured and its function paralyzed, and thus the bot be involun- 
 tarily driven from its home, to seek shelter and food in another 
 location. 
 
 We contend that the stomach of a horse is the natural habita- 
 tion of the bot during its minority, and, at the proper season, the 
 digestive canal is the usual channel for its introduction into the 
 external world ; and if these parasites are ever found in any other 
 situation within a horse's body, they are there by the force of cir- 
 cumstances, owing to disease or rupture of the stomach, or from 
 some morbid condition in the gastric fluids, which arouses a set 
 of involuntary actions in response to a stimulus ; because, during 
 the whole period of their minority, that is, the larveal state, (a 
 term which, in the language of entomology, applies to the bot from 
 the time of emerging from the egg, or nit, up to that period when 
 it vacates the horse and assumes the form of a gad-fly), they are 
 in the same condition as a new-born babe or an idiot — the one 
 imbibing its mother's milk, and the other performing unnatural 
 antics, both appearing to lack that train of mental operations 
 which implies knowledge, motive, or the consequences resulting 
 from such actions. "We very much doubt if the bot can, at any 
 time, by voluntary act, vacate the body of the horse. Reason- 
 ing from analogy, we are led to the conclusion that the result 
 is accomplished through their instinctive properties, which are 
 common to many insects and parasites — a perfect adaptation of 
 it. sans to an end — by which they perform a certain set of opera- 
 tions without choice, purpose, or intention of their own, yet, in 
 many eases, producing results which man, through the aid of his 
 superior intellect, has not been able to surpass. 
 
170 DADDS VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 Persons who have paid any attention to the study of physiology, 
 are aware that these instinctive or involuntary movements, per- 
 formed without consciousness, are the birthright of a vast number 
 of the inferior orders of creation; therefore, it is not likely that 
 the bot would, even if he possessed the power, voluntarily vacate 
 a location favorable to its growth and development. 
 
 Veterinary surgeons have long since discarded the absurd notion 
 that bots are the cause of any oain or suffering to horses. In fact, 
 some of the most distinguished of them assert that these little 
 creatures, with their rough exterior, are rather beneficial than 
 otherwise, and that, by friction and irritation, they arouse the 
 sluggishness of the stomach, and thus promote digestion. Per- 
 sons unacquainted with these facts are, therefore, apt to attribute 
 effects, during life, to causes which happen after death, and, conse- 
 quently, the poor horse has to be dosed with all sorts of nostrums. 
 
 So popular has been the belief that bots are injurious to horses, 
 and, therefore, must be expelled at all hazards, that almost all the 
 old works on farriery contained some favorite recipe for their ex- 
 pulsion. Popular opinion, too, has been so much in favor of the 
 theory, that Mr. Perctvall thought it his duty, as a public 
 teacher, to make use of the following language : 
 
 " You may boldly assert that bots are in nowise injurious. Still, 
 you can not persuade the world so, and, therefore, you must be 
 prepared to meet the complaints of those unbelievers, who will, 
 now and then, declare that their horses have bots, which must be 
 got rid of. But I know of no medicine that has the power of 
 destroying ; and even if we possessed such, I am not sure that we 
 could, even when dead, detach them from the cuticular coat of the 
 stomach, to which they are attached by small horns." 
 
 In allusion to the parasites which infest the human body, "Wat- 
 son remafks: 
 
 " It is a curious fact that numerous parasites do crawl over the 
 surface of our bodies, burrow beneath our skin, nestle in our en- 
 trail- and riot and propagate their kind in every corner of our 
 frame, producing ofttimes such molestation and disturbance as to 
 require the interference of medicine. Nearly a score of animals 
 that have their dwelling-place in the interior of the human body 
 have been already discovered and described, and scarcely a tissue 
 or an organ but is occasionally profaned by their inroads. Each, 
 also, has its special or its favorite domicile. One species enoosc* 
 
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 171 
 
 the heart for its place of abode; another inhabits the arteries; a 
 third, the kidney. 'Myriads of minute worms lie coiled up in the 
 voluntary muscles or in the areolar tissue that connects the flesh 
 fibers. The guinea-worm and chigoe bore through the skin, and 
 reside in the subajacent reticular membrane. Hydatids infest 
 various parts of the body, but especially the liver and brain. A 
 little fluke, in general appearance much like a minature flounder, 
 lives, steeped in gall, in the biliary vessels. If you squeeze from 
 the skin of your nose, what is vulgarly called a maggot (the contents 
 of one of the hair-pellicles), it is ten to one that you find in that 
 small sebaceous cylinder several animalcules, extremely minute, 
 yet exhibiting, under the microscope, a curious and complicated 
 structure. Even the eye has its living inmates; but it is in the 
 alimentary tube that we are most infested with these vermin." 
 
 It is evident, from competent testimony, that these, as well as 
 other kinds of parasites, are always more or less injurious ; hence 
 the same may be true as regards the bot in a horse's stomach. The 
 best authority we have for the origin and history of the bot ia 
 Braoy Clark, V. S., a selection from whose works is here in- 
 troduced : 
 
 "The (Estrus Equi, or the Stomach Bot. — "When the female has 
 been impregnated, and the eggs sufficiently matured, she seeks 
 among the horses a subject for her purpose ; and approaching him 
 on the wing, she carries her body nearly upright in the air, and 
 her tail, which is elevated or lengthened for the purpose, curved 
 inward and upward. In this way she approaches the part where 
 she designs to deposit the egg, and, suspending herself for a few 
 seconds before it, suddenly darts upon it, and leaves the egg ad- 
 hering to the hair. She hardly appears to settle, but merely 
 touches the hair, with the egg held out on the projected point of 
 the abdomen. The egg is made to adhere by means of a gluti- 
 nous liquor secreted with it. She then leaves the horse at a small 
 distance, and prepares a second egg, and, poising herself before the 
 part, deposits it in the same way. The liquor dries, and the egg 
 becomes firmly glued to the hair. This is repeated by these flies 
 till four or five hundred eggs are sometimes placed on one horse. 
 The skin of the horse is usually thrown into a tremulous motion 
 on the touch of this insect, which merely arises from the very great 
 irritability of the skin and cutaneous muscles at this season of the 
 year, occasioned by the heat and continual teasing cC the flies, till, 
 
172 
 
 DADDS VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 at length, these muscles appear to act involuntarily on the slightest 
 touch of any body whatever. 
 
 THE (ESTRUS EQtJI. 
 
 1. The female fly. about to deposit an egg. 
 
 2. The male fly. 
 
 3. The egg ; its natural size. 
 
 4. The egg magnified. 
 
 5. The newly-hatched bot. 
 
 6. The bot full-grown. 
 
 7. The head of a bot magnified. 
 «. The chrysalis. 
 
 The inside of the knee is the part on which these flies are most 
 fond of depositing their eggs, and next to this on the side and back 
 part of the shoulder, and less frequently on the extreme ends of the 
 hairs of the mane. But it is a fact worthy of attention that the 
 fly does not place them promiscuously about the body, but con- 
 stantly on those parts which are most liable to be licked with the 
 tongue, and the ova, therefore, are always scrupulously placed 
 within its reach. 
 
 The eggs thus deposited I at first supposed were loosened from 
 the hairs by the moisture of the tongue, aided by its roughness, 
 and were conveyed to the stomach, where they were hatched ; but 
 on more minute search, I do not find this to be the case, or, at 
 least, only by accident ; for when they have remained on the hairs 
 four or five days, they become ripe, after which time the slightest 
 application of warmth and moisture is sufficient to bring forth, in 
 an instant, the latent larva?. At this time, if the tongue of the 
 horse touches the egg, its operculium is thrown open, and a small 
 active worm is produced, which readily adheres to the moist surface 
 of the tongue, and is thence conveyed with the food to the stom- 
 
DISEASES 01' THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 173 
 
 nJii At the first hatching, as we observe, it is a small, active 
 worm, long in proportion to its thickness ; but as its growth ad- 
 vances, it becomes proportionably thicker and broader, and beset 
 with bristles. 
 
 Bots are very frequent in horses that have been at grass, and 
 are, in general, found adhering to the white insensible tissue or coat 
 of the stomach. They usually hang in dense clusters to the white 
 cuticular lining of the stomach, and maintain their hold by means 
 of two dark brown hooks, between which a longitudinal slit is seen, 
 which is the mouth of the larvae. When removed from the stomach 
 by tne fingers, by a sudden jerk, so as not to injure them, they 
 will, if fresh and healthy, attach themselves to any loose mem- 
 brane, and even to the skin of the hand. For this purpose they 
 sheath or draw back the hooks almost entirely within the skin, 
 until the two points come close to each other. They then present 
 them to the membrane, and, keeping them parallel till it is pierced 
 through, they expand them in a lateral direction, and afterward, by 
 bringing the points downward toward themselves, they include a 
 sufficient piece of the membrane, to remain firmly fixed for any 
 length of time, as if at anchor. These bots pass the autumn, 
 winter, and spring months in the stomach, and arrive, about the 
 commencement or middle of the summer, at their full growth, 
 requiring a year to fully complete their structure. 
 
 Tlie (Estrus Hemorrhoidalis, or Fundament Bot. — The parts 
 chosen by this insect for this purpose is the lips of the horse, 
 which is very distressing to the animal, from the excessive titra- 
 tion it occasions; for he immediately rubs his mouth against the 
 ground, his fore-legs, or sometimes against a tree, with great 
 emotion, till the animal, at length, finding this mode of defense 
 insufficient, quits the spot enraged, and endeavors to avoid it 
 by galloping away to a distant part of the field; and if the fly 
 still continues to follow and tease him, his last resource is in the 
 water, where the oestrus never is observed to pursue him. These 
 flies appear sometimes to hide themselves in the grass, and, as the 
 horse stoops to graze, they dart on the mouth or lips, and are 
 always observed to poise themselves, during a few seconds, in the 
 air, while the egg is preparing on the extended point of the abdo- 
 men. When several of these flies are confined in a close place, 
 they have a particularly strong, musty smell ; and I have observed 
 both sheep and horses, when teased by them, to look into the grass 
 
174 
 
 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 and smell it very anxiously ; and if they, by these means, dis- 
 cover the fly, they immediately turn aside and hasten to a distant 
 part of the field. I once saw, in a meadow or field, upon the 
 cliffs of Margate, a fly of this sort teasing a horse that was con- 
 fined to a small space by a spike stuck in the ground, to which a 
 cord was tied. He could not get away from its attack, and became 
 quite furious, for in kicking at the fly with his fore-foot, which he 
 did vehemently, he often struck the bone of the lower jaw, creating 
 excessive pain ; for in that direction, while grazing, the fly comes 
 to the beard of the lower lip. 
 
 THE (ESTRUS HEMORRHOIDALIS. 
 
 1. The female about to deposit an egg. 
 
 2. The egg magnified. ! 
 
 5. The male fly. 
 
 3. The bot. 
 
 4. The chrysalis. 
 
 The eggs of this species are difficult to be seen upon the horse's 
 skin or beard, owing to the agitation of the beast, and from the 
 color of the egg being dark, like that of the skin of the horse. 
 The animal has been generally too impatient, while undergoing 
 this operation, to let me examine them very well. I ascertained, 
 however, its form by pressing one of these eggs from the abdomen. 
 
 The larvae, or grubs, of this species inhabit the stomach as the 
 former, generally adhering to the white lining, and are disposed 
 promiscuously in dense clusters, after the same manner. They 
 may, however, be distinguished from them by being, in general, 
 smaller and longer in proportion to their bulk. 
 
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 175 
 
 The larva of this species may be obtained from almost any horse 
 that has been much the preceding year at grass, and exposed to 
 these flies, and will be found, during the summer months, sticking 
 more or less within the verge or opening of the anus, adhering to 
 its soft lining, and producing considerable irritation and uneasiness. 
 Indeed, I once well remember being on a tour of pleasure in the 
 Isle of Wight, and experiencing much annoyance from these 
 larva. The little horse I had hired for the journey became so 
 lazy and unwilling to go on, and moved so awkwardly, that I 
 could not keep pace with my company, and I was at a loss how 
 to proceed ; but, on casually taking up the tail, I discovered three 
 or four of these insects hanging to the rectum, and their removal 
 instantly proved a cure." 
 
 It is very likely that the fundamental or hemorrhoidal bot 
 does produce some irritation within the rectum, but not more so 
 than the ascaris, or the filaria, which inhabit the intestines, in- 
 cluding the rectum, of both man and horse. Taking a rational 
 and scientific view of this subject, the author is inclined to believe 
 that all parasites infesting the bodies (or living citadels) of the su- 
 perior orders of creation are only, in their essence, so many modes 
 of death, more or less sudden or gradual, as the case may be, or 
 as the exigencies of Nature require. In some cases it is supposed 
 to be a beneficent provision that some horses, as well as men, 
 should have a gradual exit out of life, when, by virtue of their 
 constitution, they inherited no long lease of it. The parasites 
 here alluded to, and others not mentioned, may be classed as so 
 many diseases, which never prove mortal unless the individual's 
 lease of life has expired, and then, as before remarked, he has no 
 tenure on longevity. In taking this view of the subject, the 
 reader will, of course, infer that all extraneous or accidental causes 
 of death are excluded. 
 
 Disease, which probably includes the presence of ail parasites, 
 in the bodies of men and animals, may be considered as the trials 
 of pilgrimage life, and, therefore, may be classed as the check- 
 mates to Nature. In order to play the game of life so as not to 
 get checkmated, we must understand the law of rational physiol- 
 ogy, and use our intelligence accordingly, to preserve health. In 
 the ordinary acceptation of the term disease, it does not mean 
 much of any thing; for it does not express the manner in which 
 the animal is affected. It simply means that he is sick, from 
 
176 DADPS VETERINARY MEDICINE AND StJIuJEitl. 
 
 some cause or other. A man or animal may oe diseased without 
 our expression of the manner in which either are affected, just aa 
 a flower may be said to be colored without designating its partic- 
 ular hue. In each case we receive definite, although negative, 
 ideas— -in the one, that the creature is not in health ; in the other, 
 ihat the flower is not colorless. And so the same reasoning may 
 apply when bots become the subject of our consideration. In a 
 given case, they may prove injurious (according to our ideas), and 
 in another they may remain, for a certain length of time, perfectly 
 harmless ; so tkat the animal infected or infested may or may not 
 suffer any infliction, but trot on through the journey of life just 
 as long as horse-life is worth wearing. 
 
 As regards the several modes of death to horse flesh, in which 
 bots are said to play an active part, they may thus be stated: 
 Bots sometimes congregate, in large numbers, at the superior or 
 inferior inlet or outlet of the stomach, and thus produce mechan- 
 ical obstruction to the passage of both semi-fluids and solids ; and 
 the result is, equine death. The author once held an autopsy, 
 which revealed the presence of a cluster of bots, numbering about 
 one hundred, located in the cardiac region of the oesophagus. 
 They completely obstructed the passage of food into the stomach. 
 The horse died suddenly, as if suffocated, from distension of the 
 oesophagus and pressure on the trachea. 
 
 The following case, furnished for the " Veterinarian " by Sur- 
 geon Mather, illustrates another mode of death from the pres- 
 ence of bots : 
 
 " The inclosed tongue and larynx I took from a foal this even- 
 ing, which I shall feel obliged to you for examining, as at the base 
 of the tongue you will find about a score of what appear to me to 
 be perfeet specimens of a small bot. I have only made a partial 
 examination, as I was anxious to send the specimen off to you 
 before it became decomposed, as the weather is very hot. The 
 history of the case is as follows : Two days ago I was requested to 
 go to Lord Glasgow's breeding establishment, to see a foal that 
 was unwell. I inquired of the stud-groom how long the animal 
 had been ill, and he informed me that three days ago it appeared 
 to have a difficulty in swallowing, and that he noticed some saliva 
 issuing from its mouth ; and that, thinking it had a sore throat, 
 he had rubbed some embrocation upon the parts. On examining 
 the animal, I found it in a very debilitated state. Pulse, very 
 
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 177 
 
 weak, and numbering 80; ears and legs, extremely cold, associated 
 with shivering fits of the entire body; mouth, filled with partly 
 masticated hay and grass; tongue, furred. The animal had seem 
 ingly a desire to eat, but was unable to open its mouth more than 
 about an inch. It was likewise unable to swallow any thing but 
 liquids, and these only in very small quantities. In spite of all I 
 could do, the power of swallowing got worse, and this morning it 
 died, very much to their disappointment, as it was a very high- 
 bred animal. 
 
 Could this foal have taken in the ova of the gad-fly, and some 
 of them become hatched, and, instead of passing into the stomach, 
 have become adherent to the base of the tongue, and there set. up 
 such an amount of irritation as to cause the parts to swell so as to 
 prevent the animal from swallowing? 
 
 Observations on the Case. — We are indebted to Assistant Pro- 
 fessor Varnell for the following remarks upon this singular case : 
 
 ' The morbid specimen forwarded by Mr. G. Mather, is of very 
 rare occurrence. We have never met with such an one before, nor 
 are we aware that a similar instance has ever been recorded. The 
 parts came to hand in a good state of preservation, although the 
 temperature at the time was very high, so that we were enabled 
 to form a pretty correct opinion as to the nature of the changes 
 that had taken place during the life of the animal. The dorsum 
 of the tongue, its root, the whole of the surface of the fences, the 
 velum palati, and the margin of the glottal opening, as well as the 
 lining membrane of the larynx and pharynx, were very much in- 
 flamed, and, in places, considerably thickened. These parts were 
 likewise covered with a deposit seemingly consisting of a mixture 
 of mucus, lymph, and pus. 
 
 The most remarkable feature, however, of the case was in the 
 cause that had given rise to the inflammatory state of the throat; 
 namely, the existence of a number of small bots — the oestrus hem- 
 orrhoidalis (the ' red-tailed horse bot' of Bracy Clark) — which 
 were found to be firmly adhering, by their tentacula, to the mu- 
 cous membrane. Besides the number which were still in situ. 
 many others had apparently been attached to the parts, but which 
 had, most likely, been lost in the handling they had undergone. 
 
 By a little reflection, we may probably form a correct opinion 
 as to how these parasites became located in this unusual situation. 
 We imagine that the foal, by licking, gathered the ova, in a state 
 " 12 
 
178 DADb'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND Sl'RGERV. 
 
 of perfection, from the hail* of its dam, on which they had been 
 deposited, rather than from its own coat. The perfected ova, 
 being thus taken into the mouth, became first entangled in its 
 mucus, and finally lodged in those shallow recesses at the root of 
 the tougue, where they became hatched. Some of these creatures 
 measured as much as three-eighths of an inch in length, and rather 
 less than one in diameter. They were firmly fixed, by their littlf 
 booklets, apparently to the innei surface of the mucous follicles. 
 Their free extremities were of a deep red color, and their bodies 
 of a yellowish brown.' " 
 
 Treatment. — The only remedy for ridding the system of bots is 
 a run at grass, in the month of May. 
 
 Gastritis, or Inflammation op the Stomach. 
 
 Acute inflammation of the stomach seldom, if ever, occurs 
 among horses as a spontaneous affection. It is usually occasioned 
 by irritating medicines or poisons, or food of an inferior quality. 
 When an irritating poison has been received into the stomach, and 
 excites inflammation there, or when acute inflammation arises 
 from any cause, the symptoms which mark that inflammation are 
 pain, distress, and restlessness ; a loathing of food ; for, if any thing 
 be given by the mouth, it creates increased pain. The animal 
 breaks out in;a cold sweat, lies down and quickly rises again, be- 
 comes early and greatly prostrated in strength, and has a pulse 
 usually quick and much oppressed. Sometimes purging sets in ; 
 at others, the bowels are constipated. The disease is very apt to 
 run into eastro-enteritis — inflammation of the stomach and bowels. 
 
 Treatment. — The general treatment consists in the administra- 
 tion of slippery-elm mucilage, and half-ounce doses of chlorate of 
 potass, two or three times per day. Should gas accumulate in the 
 gtomach or bowels, give one ounce of hyposulphite of soda, dissolved 
 in a pint of warm water. The ordinary drink should consist >f 
 hay tea, to which a small quantity of molasses may be added. 
 
 Rupture of the Stomach. 
 
 Rupture of the stomach is always a fatal malady, over which 
 neither art nor nature has any control ; yet, the accident being one 
 of frequent occurrence, it becomes necessary for us to know some- 
 
DISEASES 01 THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 179 
 
 thing regarding its cause and symptoms, which are all detailed in 
 the following case, from the author's note-book : 
 
 Death of a Horse from Ruptured Stomach,. — The subject, a black 
 gelding, nine years old, had been driven a distance of twelve miles 
 into the city; on arriving at the "City Hotel stable," he first 
 manifested signs of uneasiness, by pawing with his feet and turn- 
 ing his head toward the belly. He finally got down, rolled, 
 tumbled about, and passed considerable flatus, etc. His owner, 
 supposing him to be the subject of colic, administered a dose of 
 " fire-water," in the form of gin and cayenne pepper, followed by 
 three ounces of spirits of niter. He urinated freely, passed con- 
 siderable flatus, yet grew no better very fast. Four hours from 
 the commencement of the attack our attention was called to him. 
 The case then appeared hopeless, consequently we declined pre- 
 scribing. The following were the symptoms: Pulse, small and 
 thready ; in number, fifty-six ; respirations, sixty — laborious, 
 emitting, occasionally, a sort of grunt, indicative of pressure, from 
 a distended stomach, on the diaphragm and lungs. The eyes 
 were amaurotic (pupils dilated and loss of vision) ; sclerotica 
 (white of the eye) slightly injected; conjunctival membrane, 
 within the eyelids, surcharged with blood. The buccal membrane, 
 within the mouth, intensely inflamed, induced, probably, by the 
 fire-water drench. The tongue was of a leaden hue, and the nasal 
 membranes were somewhat reddened. The body, or external 
 surface, was the seat of profuse perspiration, which ran down the 
 limbs like rain. They, as well as other parts of the body, re- 
 mained comfortably warm until within a few minutes of death. 
 There appeared to be considerable distension in the region of the 
 stomach, and less at the flanks, from which circumstance we con- 
 cluded that the patient was laboring under tympanitis (windy dis- 
 tension) of the stomach. At the moment of death, the reverse 
 was the case, which circumstance seemed to confirm this opinion ; 
 for then, the stomach being ruptured, the gas would diffuse itself 
 in the abdominal cavity and increase in bulk. 
 
 Aspect and motions of the body. — The head was kept within 
 striking distance of the ground; the tail was elevated, and kept 
 in a quivering condition (involuntary). The fore extremities were 
 advanced, one leg frequently crossing the other ; the hinder parts 
 maintained a crouching attitude, and the penis hung pendulous. 
 When not in this position, the patient would revolve in a circle ; 
 
J80 dadds veterinary medicine and surgeky. 
 
 then lie down flat on his side, turn his head toward the ribs, au<L 
 after a short time, raise the forward parts, and sit on his haunches 
 like a dog. At last he fell over, gave two or three convulsive 
 struggles, and died, just thirty-five minutes from the time we fi.: c t 
 saw him. 
 
 Next morning, in company with Dr. Wood, we proceeded te 
 Ward's establishment, but came very near being too late ; for ihe 
 metamorphosis of the horse into grease, food for swine, etc., had 
 commenced. We however had an opportunity to make a casual 
 examination of some of the organs, and found a rupture of the 
 stomach of some six or eight inches. The contents, some of which 
 were found in the abdominal cavity, weie very imperfectly (crudely) 
 masticated. It may be proper, therefore, to name the disease in- 
 digestion ; its consequences, tympanitis of the stomach ; the cause 
 of death, rupture of the stomach. The loss of vision referred to 
 is one of the symptoms which generally attends acute indigestion. 
 
 A person, who was present during the last moments of the ani- 
 mal's life, asked if we were not going to give or administer some- 
 thing. Our reply was, that we never tortured dying horses by 
 forcing drugs down their throats. One of our duties, as a physi- 
 cian, was to know when to withhold medicine — when to do 
 nothing ; and another equally important one was to be able to 
 discriminate between a hopeless and curable case. The one in 
 question was beyond the aid of science, and, therefore, in view of 
 " clearing our skirts " of being the cause of death by administer- 
 ing the last dose (a charge that is often ungenerously laid at the 
 door of medical men), we preferred to watch the dying animal, 
 and give directions calculated to lessen the pains of death. 
 
 Unfortunately for us and our patients, many employers form an 
 estimate of medical qualification in proportion tc the amount of 
 medicine administered. They have an idea that the more medi- 
 cine we give, the greater are our efforts to control the disease, and 
 the more willing are they to pay for the same, when, in ninety- 
 nine cases out of a hundred, the very reverse is the case; for 
 many diseases to which horses and cattle are subject have a definite 
 type and limited duration, and would terminate favorably with 
 less medicine ; provided, however, the patient have the advantages 
 of pure air, suitable diet, and proper management. Many medi- 
 cal men are compelled to swerve from the line of their own con- 
 victions merely to satisfy their employers. This should not be 
 
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 181 
 
 If a man employs a physician, (quacks arc not here considered,) 
 he should have unbounded confidence in the ability of the former 
 to treat the case. If any thing occur to lessen that confidence, let 
 the attendant be discharged immediately. The employer has no 
 right to dictate how or in what way his horse shall be treated when 
 he abandons him to scientific men. The science of medicine is 
 never a " God-send." No man is thus favored. It is the result 
 of diligent application and study, in and out of the dissecting-room, 
 and the legitimate student of medicine is a person entitled to the 
 full confidence of reasonable men for its legitimate practice. 
 Therefore, we contend that the qualifications of a veterinary sur- 
 geon should never be estimated in ratio to the quantity of drugs 
 administered, nor the length of his newly-invented syringe, nor 
 by the number of instruments contained in his pocket-case; but 
 by ins works let him be judged. 
 
 There is one practice, prevalent among some horsemen, which 
 we very much deplore ; that is, the drenching of sick animals with 
 gin, pepper, and molasses. This is a universal stable panacea in 
 certain quarters, and is often the cause of much pain and annoy- 
 ance to the animal, and more frequently of an aggravated form 
 of disease. Gin, or the fire-water sold under that name, is not 
 always to be procured pure. A great deal of it appears to us to 
 be composed of spirits of turpentine, new rum, and spirits of juniper, 
 which, of course, in certain cases, excites inflammatory action. We 
 have seen a horse's mouth in a most shocking condition — the in- 
 terior surfaces almost completely denuded — after a drench of the 
 same; consequently, in cases of inflammation of the stomach or 
 bowels, (which the stable oracles are apt to mistake for colic, or 
 " bots," as they term it,) the remedy (poison) is certainly objection- 
 able, because it not only operates unfavorably on the horse by ag- 
 gravating the disease, and sometimes changing a simple into a grave 
 one, but much valuable time is lost, in not sending for a competent 
 person to treat the case. Besides, if a medical man be called on 
 after the animal has been improperly treated, he then has two 
 things to contend against: a medicinal disease and the original 
 one; and the former is sometimes more difficult to control than 
 the latter ; and this is the reason why some medical men, ourselves 
 included, refuse to take charge of what we term a second-hand 
 <*ase. 
 
 The above case illustrates our argument The remedies were 
 
182 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 not adapted to the emergency. Even the simple artHe moiassca> 
 was objectionable, because it is an acid. The case required alka- 
 lies, in the form of ammonia or chloride of lime. Gin was ob- 
 jectionable, because it is an excitant of the brain and nervous 
 system, when, instead of the brain, the stomach ought to have 
 been stimulated. Niter, which was given, is an agent that in- 
 creases urinary discharges only, and, therefore, was not needed. 
 The trouble was in the stomach — to arouse its function and con- 
 dense the gas which distended the same. Alkalies and tonica 
 should have been administered, followed by such other treatment 
 as the nature of the case demanded. We look upon this gin and 
 molasses treatment as decidedly unprofitable to owners of live 
 stock. It savors too much of our grandmothers' castor-oil prac- 
 tice, which often proves more heroic than salutary, does more 
 harm than good, and, at the present day, is decidedly unpopular. 
 Our advice to horse-owners, therefore, is, if you have a sick 
 animal, and can not comprehend the nature of the disease, never 
 attempt .to prescribe for him, but call in the aid of a professional 
 man. We give this advice under the conviction that domestic 
 animals are subject to many of the diseases that afflict our race \, 
 that the treatment should be somewhat analagous, and the tact 
 and skill not inferior, but superior, to that of the human practi- 
 tioner. 
 
 Gorged, or Over-distended Stomach, 
 
 (Commonly called "Grain Founder.") 
 
 Goiged stomach is usually the result of overfeeding, by which 
 means the stomach becomes overtaxed in its function, or over- 
 burdened in its capacity; so that, in the first place, digestion is 
 partially or totally suspended ; and, secondly, the stomach, being 
 distended beyond its physiological capacity, can not perform the 
 mechanical action, viz. : contraction and expansion, so necessary 
 for the physiological process of digestion. The act of digestion is 
 consummated through the aid of Nature's chemistry, by means of 
 the salivial fluids, bile and pancreatic juice. These are the solvents 
 of all the digestible food. This chemical action receives much aid 
 in the mechanical action of the muscular fibers of the stomach, 
 which, by alternate contractions and expansions, keep not only the 
 stomach in motion, but also its contents, and thus the food is di- 
 gested. As regards overfeeding, however, it may be proper to 
 remark, lest the groom or feedei take offense, that an animal may 
 
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 183 
 
 oo regularly fed from meal to meal (not carelessly overfed), yet 
 the stomach, being disordered, does not digest the usual meal. A 
 portion of it is " left over," as the saying is, and thus gradually 
 accumulates in that organ, until over-distension, with its conse- 
 qii&nces, commands our attention. The reader must also bear in 
 mind that horses sometimes free themselves from the halter at 
 night, or when the groom is absent, and voluntarily gorge them- 
 selves ; therefore the person who has charge of and feeds the sub- 
 ject is not always at fault. When engorgement of the -stomach 
 occurs, and is associated with flatulency, the sufferings are doubly 
 severe, because then the intestines are also the seat of distension, 
 and the pain from that alone is sometimes terrific. 
 
 The following case, which lately occurred in the author's prac- 
 tice, fully illustrates the condition just alluded to. The subject 
 was a bay gelding, aged about seven years, the owner of which in- 
 formed me that the animal had, in the early part of the morning, 
 broken loose from his stall, and immediately commenced a des- 
 perate attack on a bag of oats, which happened to be within reach. 
 The horse was known as a ravenous feeder, and the probability is 
 that he did not spare the oats, but took a pretty large dose, so as 
 to over-distend his stomach. The services of the animal being re- 
 quired, a few hours afterward he was hitched up. He soon, how- 
 ever, showed symptoms of distress, attempted to lie down, and 
 finally got into a profuse perspiration. Shortly after this, my 
 attention was called to him. I found the patient in great distress — 
 his head pendulous; breathing, much embarrassed; pulse, very 
 rapid ; body, bedewed with a chilly perspiration ; legs and ears, 
 cold ; continual eructations of gas ; at the same, time efforts to 
 vomit, which brought away nothing more than salival secretion, 
 which, however, was quite profuse. The patient rolled and tum- 
 bled about considerably, and would occasionally stand up for a few 
 seconds at a time. 
 
 Treatment. — It appeared that the indications, in view of relief, 
 »vere to arouse the action of the stomach, and, at the same time, to 
 arrest fermentation. I was under the impression that the contents 
 of the gorged stomach could only be got rid of in the ordinary way, 
 viz. : by digestion. I am aware that it is customary to give drastic 
 cathartics, in view of getting rid of the contents of the stomach - 
 ret I would not advise the reader to do this, for the horse may die 
 ■»■ *v> medicine operates. The following drench was administered : 
 
1 84 DAI'D'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGER* 
 
 No. 20 Fluid extract of ginger 1 oz. 
 
 Fluid extract of golden seal 2 oz. 
 
 Hyposulphite of soda 2 drachms. 
 
 Water 4 oz. 
 
 After the exhibition of the above, I threw into the rectum a 
 couple of qwarts of soap-suds, to which was added a handful of 
 salt. In the course of about an hour the animal api eared to be 
 somewhat relieved, and passed a large quantity of cats, whole. 
 I repeated the dose ; also the enema. The patient very soon after- 
 ward passed a large quantity of excrement, mixed with oats, and 
 so rapidly improved that I left him, and did not see him until the 
 next morning, when he appeared to have entirely recovered. 
 With the exception of a bran-mash or two, the above comprises 
 the whole of the treatment. 
 
 It was lucky for the horse as well as the parties concerned that 
 the animal did not get corn instead of oats ; for the same quantity 
 of corn would have surely caused death, from the fact that when this 
 article of fodder is submitted, within the stomach, to the action of 
 heat and moisture, it increases in bulk in a ratio of about five to 
 one, and the usual result is rupture of the stomach. Still, should 
 any of our readers be called upon to treat a case of the latter kind, 
 there is no other plan of treatment with which 1 am acquainted 
 that will be likely to succeed in saving the animal than the one 
 here indicated. 
 
 Another case. — The patient, a gray gelding, aged about eight 
 years, the property of Messrs. Wright & Bros., of Chicago, had 
 performed an ordinary day's work without showing any symptoms 
 of ill-health. About five o'clock in the evening he was unhar- 
 nessed and put up for the night. In a few minutes it was noticed 
 that he began to bloat, and that the abdomen increased in size very 
 rapidly. A messenger was immediately dispatched for me. On 
 arriving at the stable, I found the animal in a very dangerous con- 
 dition. The abdomen was enormously distended, and an eructation 
 of gas from the stomach, by the mouth, was continually occurring. 
 The respirations were laborious and accelerated, and very much 
 quickened ; pulse, very indistinct ; extremities and surface of the 
 body, quite chilly ; rectum, protruding ; and the animal was very 
 uneasy, and appeared to suffer much pain. Occasionally he would 
 get down and make desperate efforts to roll on his back, yet ha 
 did not succeed, for he was round as a barrel : and when he <. old 
 
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 18 
 
 c 
 
 scarcely stand aloue, in fact, required the services of three men to 
 steady him, he could walk, and seemed most at ease when kept 
 in motion. I commenced immediately to inject warm soap-suds 
 into the rectum ; but so soon as the fluid entered the same it was 
 immediately ejected, there being no room for it within, in conse- 
 quence of. the distension of the walls of the intestines, which 
 pressed on the rectum. I next attempted to administer a colic 
 drench, composed of ginger, golden seal, and hyposulphite of soda, 
 but did not succeed in getting much of it down; for as soon as the 
 fluid entered the aesophagus, it was met by a volume of eructating 
 gas, which brought the fluid back by way of the mouth and nos- 
 trils. I learned, however, that, previous to my arrival, Mr. 
 Smith, the foreman, had succeeded in drenching the patient with 
 a full dose of the colic mixture. This probably had the effect of 
 limiting the generation of gas ; otherwise the animal might have 
 died ere my arrival. The case now appeared almost hopeless ; so 
 I procured a trocar and canula, and plunged them through the 
 flank into the large intestines. (See puncture of the intestines). 
 On withdrawing the cutting instrument, a steady volume of gas 
 issued through the canula for a period of ten minutes. The relief 
 was immediate. I next gave a dose of colic drench, Tind left the 
 animal in charge of the owner for the night. Early next morn- 
 ing I visited the animal, and found that he was all right. He was 
 fed lightly for a few days, and, without any other medical treat- 
 ment, was again put to work. 
 
 The dangers tc be apprehended in cases of this character are 
 either rupture of the intestines or diaphragm. In either case, 
 death is sure and certain. Sometimes, however, neither of these 
 ruptures occur; then the distended intestines exert such pressu>.i 
 on the diaphragm and organs of respiration that the animal dies 
 of suffocation and loss of pulse. When, therefore, it becomes im- 
 possible for the patient to swallow medicine, in a case of this char- 
 acter, recourse must be had to the trocar and canula, in view of 
 liberating the imprisoned gas. The lack of a little knowledge on 
 this subject has been the cause of the loss of very many valuable 
 horses. 
 
186 iJADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 Meteorization or Sudden Distension of the 
 
 Intestines. 
 
 Meteorization is the name given to a disease known as bloat or 
 hoven in cattle. When it appears in a horse, it receives the above 
 jame, or else is termed acute tympanitis. This form of windy or 
 tympanitic distension is always sudden in its attack; animals ap- 
 parently in the very best of health all at once show symptoms of 
 enormous distension of the abdomen, and, in the course of a few 
 moments, their lives may be said to be in peril. The distension 
 of the stomach and intestines is due to the presence of an immense 
 volume of gas— probably carbureted hydrogen — which augments 
 either by spontaneous generation, or in consequence of the food 
 running into fermentation instead of being digested. 
 
 Cause. — As regards the cause of this malady, we may, with 
 safety, assert that it is the result of a temporary derangement of 
 either the digestive function or the organs of digestion ; and such 
 condition is inaugurated by overtaxing that function, or those 
 organs which carry it on, either by feeding indigestible food, or in 
 feeding with too liberal a hand. I have noticed that many ani- 
 mals have periodical attacks of this malady. Such are said to be 
 voracious feeders. Their abdomen is unusually large, and out of 
 proportion to other parts of the body ; hence, in so far as their 
 conformation is concerned, they may be said to be predisposed; 
 yet the disease sometimes occurs accidentally, and without the 
 intervention of any hereditary tendency. 
 
 Physiologists contend that very many diseases which afflict 
 horses are due to hereditary tendencies. For example, diarrhea 
 and colic are, to a certain extent, hereditary, inasmuch as they are 
 very prone to attack animals of particular form and constitution, 
 as those with narrow loins, large sides, and of what is generally 
 termed a " washy " appearance. If such animals be overworked, 
 especially ^oon after being fed, if their food be suddenly changed, 
 or if they be allowed an unusual quantity of water, they are almost 
 certain to be attacked by purging or tympanitis. The tendency of 
 these diseases appears, in such cases, to depend on a want of adjust- 
 ment among the different organs of the body — a w 7 ant of balance 
 among the functions of digestion, circulation, and respiration. 
 
 The following case will give the reader some idea of the symp- 
 toms and treatment of this malady : 
 
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 187 
 
 History of the Case. — The horse had performed his usual daily 
 labor, without any fault-finding on the part of his driver, when, 
 all at once, he commenced to bloat, appeared uneasy, and, by 
 his actions, demonstrated very conclusively that he needed some 
 assistance. On examination, I found that the abdomen was dis- 
 tended to its utmost capacity. The walls of the abdomen were 
 rigid as a plank, and the respirations, in consequence of the great 
 pressure on the diaphragm and lungs, were very laborious and 
 much accelerated, amounting to about one hundred per minute. 
 The pulse was thready and indistinct; the tongue, livid; eyes, 
 glassy and protruding ; surface of the body, bedewed with a cold, 
 clammy perspiration ; paralysis ot the optic nerve had set in, and 
 the animal was "blind as a bat;" in fact, he was dead to all in- 
 tents and purposes. This was not the worst feature of the case. 
 He was continually vomiting from both nostrils, and, as the story 
 goes, " a horse that vomits surely dies." Occasionally the animal 
 would fall on the ground with violence, and then assume a vari- 
 ety of positions, in view of finding some relief, but, alas! to no 
 purpose. His agony was intense, and there seemed to be no re- 
 lief for him, unless by a surgical operation. Medicine was out 
 of the question ; the animal had lost the power of swallowing, and 
 an attempt to administer a drench would have choked him to 
 death; so I selected the most salient or tympanitic spot on the 
 left flank, and then sent a trocar and canula through the walls of 
 the abdomen into the large intestine. So soon as I had withdrawn 
 the trocar, the gas escaped very rapidly through the tube, making 
 a noise like a steam-whistle. The animal obtained almost imme- 
 diate relief, and the bad symptoms rapidly subsided, so that I was 
 enabled to give a colic drench. This operated to prevent fer- 
 mentation, and gave tone to the digestive organs. Two subse- 
 quent, drenches, of four ounces each, were given, and at the end 
 of twenty-four hours the animal was taken home. The slight 
 wound made through the walls of the abdomen into the intestine 
 healed readily, so that I had no trouble with that; and, to con- 
 clude, I would inform the reader that puncture of the intestine is 
 ti e only rational plan of treatment in a case of this character. 
 
 Colic drench is made up of the following ingredients : 
 
 No. 21. Fluid extract of ginger 2 oz. 
 
 Fluid extract of golden seal 2 oz. 
 
 Hyposulphite of soda 1 oz. 
 
188 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 Tympanitis (Belly filled with Gas). 
 
 Case, in Illustration. — At midnight, June 16, 1865, 1 was called 
 upon to visit a horse afflicted with this disease. On arriving at 
 the stable, I found the animal on the floor, apparently in great 
 agony. The abdomen was distended with gas ,o an immense 
 capacity ; the pulse was feeble ; respirations accelerated, and very 
 laborious ; body was bedewed with a cold, clammy perspiration ; 
 tips of the ears, cold; extremities in a similar condition. Eruc- 
 tations of gas from the stomach, by the way of the mouth, were 
 constantly occurring, indicating that the stomach, as well as the 
 intestines, were occupied with gas. The animal had bruised him 
 self very badly in struggling, and extensive abrasion of the skin 
 had taken place in various parts of the body. I was informed 
 that the horse had just returned from a very long journey, and 
 had not tasted food for sixteen hours. On arriving at the stable, 
 where I found him, a bountiful supply was placed before him. In 
 his weak and exhausted condition, this was about the worst that 
 could have been done ; for the stomach and digestive organs, 
 sharing, either by direct sympathy or otherwise, with other parts 
 of the body, were not in a fit state, until a period of rest had oc- 
 curred, to digest even a small quantity of food. The cravings of 
 hunger, or a morbid appetite, induced the animal to devour most, 
 if not all, of what was placed before him. The consequence was, 
 the food, instead of undergoing digestion, ran into fermentation, 
 and generated gas known as sulphureted hydrogen. 
 
 Treatment. — The animal was urged to rise. I then gave him a 
 colic drench, composed of two ounces of fluid extract of golden 
 seal, and one ounce of hyposulphite of soda. The surface of the 
 body was then rubbed with wisps of straw, which produced some 
 reaction, so that the surface of the patient became warmer. Oc- 
 casionally the animal was led about for a short distance, and then 
 was led back again to the stall, where he would get down, and roll 
 and tumble about, as if in great agony. I administered enemas 
 of soap-suds and salt, but did not succeed in bringing away either 
 feces or gas, and all the gas which escaped from the alimentary 
 cavity passed by the mouth. Two hours after the administration 
 of the first dose, finding that the animal was still unrelieved, I 
 repeated the dose of colic drench, and threw soap-suds into the 
 refituru. Soon after some feces were v.. 'led, and with them quan- 
 
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 18U 
 
 lities of gas. A slight improvement was soon perceptible, yet it 
 appeared that the fermentation was still going on, as the abdomen 
 did not decrease in volume ; so I gave two ounces of hyposulphite 
 of soda, in view of arresting the generation of gas. This had the 
 desired effect ; for, as the gas was liberated, the abdomen decreased 
 in size. It was not, however, until a lapse often hours from the 
 attack that the patient obtained complete relief from his suffer- 
 ings. This case only differs from meteorization in the sudden- 
 ness of the attack of the former. 
 
 Persons who attempt to treat cases of this character must exer- 
 cise due patience. The animal must suffer a certain length of 
 time, notwithstanding the best-selected remedies are exhibited. 
 In other words, the reader is advised not to be in too much of a 
 hurry in getting the animal on its legs again. Take good care 
 of him ; give him plenty of bedding to rest or roll on ; in short, 
 uur«e him as if he were a child, and, above all, do not give him 
 too much medicine. 
 
 Flatulent Colic. 
 
 This is a disease of very frequent occurrence among horses. It 
 is known by a distension of the intestines and abdomen, with 
 flatus or gas. In the early stage, no perceptible abdominal dis- 
 tension occurs, yet it very soon manifests itself. One way of sat- 
 isfying ourselves of the presence of flatus is, to apply the ear to 
 the abdominal region, within which a sort of active rumbling is 
 heard, often accompanied by a tinkling or metallic sound. But 
 while making our examination, we may, perhaps, perceive that 
 the horse passes flatus by the anus, or eructates it from the stom- 
 ach by the mouth. In either case, our doubts, if we have any, 
 are set at rest. This feature of flatulency, accompanied by others 
 which will be alluded to, complete the chain of evidence. 
 
 In some cases the gas accumulates in the large intestines until 
 the abdomen resembles, in size, that of an ox when " hoven." It 
 is very distressing to witness the sufferings of an animal in this 
 condition ; and when the intestines are so enormously distended 
 as to threaten rupture, the only chance of relief is to send a trocar 
 and canula through the walls of the abdomen, into some portion 
 of the distended intestine, and thus liberate the gas. 
 
 Symptoms- -It may be well to boar in mind that flatulent cob'o 
 
190 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AJNU SURGERY. 
 
 is always sudden in its attack, and some horses are liable to it undei 
 every variety of circumstance — in the stable, on the road, or at 
 grass. At the commencement of the attack the animal becomes 
 uneasy from pain, and commences to paw with his fore-feet. Hv 
 soon gets down, and, if space be sufficient, he commences to roll 
 from side to side, often remaining for a few moments on his bark, 
 in which position he seems to obtain temporary relief. Sometimes, 
 s quick as thought, he is on his legs again, gives the body a shake, 
 and then anxiously regards his flanks, by turning his head toward 
 one side or the other, as much as to say, " Here is the seat of my 
 trouble." Soon he is down again on the floor, rolling and tum- 
 bling about. Now and then the animal remains quiet for a time, 
 in a sort of crouching attitude, the limbs being gathered beneath 
 the body, until the distension is so great, or the pains so severe, 
 that he must shift his position, when again we find him rolling, 
 or standing with his hind extremities stretched backward, and the 
 fore ones advanced, thus representing the attitude of a horse in the 
 act of urinating. Supposing, at this period, that there be no flat- 
 ulency present, yet the respirations are hurried, the pulse wiry, 
 the eyes glassy, and the patient excessively nervous and uncon- 
 trollable, the case is then of a spasmodic character (see Spasmodic 
 Colic) ; but should the animal pass flatus, or the abdomen increase 
 in volume, the case is unmistakable — it is flatulent colic. 
 
 Causes. — I shall now oifer some brief remarks on the cause of 
 colic. If we could only stretch the imagination, so as to take for 
 granted all the popular causes assigned for the production of colic, 
 then their name would be legion. Some writers inform us that a 
 drink of cold water, when the animal is heated, is the most potent 
 cause. Then we must infer that the horses ridden by the Russian 
 Cossacs, in a country where cold water is abundant, should be the 
 subjects of colic; but the very reverse is the case. The disease is 
 almost unknown among them. 
 
 Previous to the introduction of Cochituate water into the city 
 of Boston, colic occurring among horses was partially attributed 
 to the cold well-water then used; but now they all drink the 
 former, yet colic is just as prevalent, and, indeed, more so, than 
 at the time referred to. 
 
 There are no people that pay more attention to the watering of 
 horses than the English grooms, and it is customary, when a horse 
 is taken from his home to a distant race-course, to remain away 
 
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 191 
 
 only a few days, to have sufficient water transported with him 
 to last during lis stay, such a dread have English grooms of 
 "strange water," as they term it. Now, it is a notorious fact that 
 English horses are more subject to bowel affections than those of 
 this country. From this circumstance, I infer that bowel affec- 
 tions are hereditary, or, in othei words, a predisposition to such 
 is transmitted from parents to offspring. 
 
 I can well remember the time when physicians would not allow 
 & fever patient to taste water ; but now they act more in accord- 
 ance with reason, and allow the sick just what they crave for. It 
 is not good polic) , however, to allow a horse, when performing a 
 journey, a bountiful supply of water, because active exercise some- 
 what suspends the digestive function, and, therefore, the water 
 may remain in a portion of the large intestines without undergo- 
 ing the usual transformation.* It then occupies space, and, being 
 weighty, may, in the rapid movements of the animal, operate un- 
 favorably in various ways, more particularly on the gut itself, it 
 being pendulous from the spine. 
 
 A horse is often brought into the stable in a state of profuse per- 
 spiration, and, of course, is somewhat exhausted. Now, it would 
 be decidedly wrong to either feed or water him until he is rubbed 
 dry, and has rested awhile ; for, at such times food is just as likely, 
 and, I think, more so than water, to operate unfavorably on an 
 exhausted animal. Many horses, however, even when in this 
 exhausted state, will fill their stomachs with food and water, and 
 yet enjoy immunity from colic. Therefore, should colic occur in a 
 horse after he has had a hard drive, he having partaken of a 
 draught of water, it is rather difficult to decide which of the two, 
 if either, was the cause of the malady. One fact is certain, and 
 that is, the stomach is deranged, and, therefore, fermentation pre- 
 cedes digestion ; hence the gas. 
 
 Notwithstanding our best efforts to prevent it, colic will occa- 
 sionally occur. Green grass, clover, carrots, and turnips are said 
 to occasion it. Then, again, it appears in stables, where nothing 
 but corn, oats, and hay are used. One horse is attacked imme- 
 diately after a draught of cold water; another has the chill taken 
 off his, yet he is often found in the same predicament. Warm 
 water is the most insipid and nauseating drink that you can offer 
 a horse; and many would prefer to continue thirsty for some time 
 ere thev would imbibe it. 
 
192 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 It is well known to physiologists, and I presume the reader 
 must have observed, that both men and animals inherit peculiar 
 idiosyncrasies. Each are predisposed, either through parental de- 
 fect, temperament, or conformation, to certain forms of disease. 
 This peculiarity, or predisposition, is said to lurk in breed, and 
 those conversant with the horse's structure and temperament can 
 readily determine whether he be predisposed to certain forms of 
 disease or not. For example, a horse predisposed to flatulent colic 
 is often observed to have a capacious belly, voracious appetite, and 
 does not properly masticate his food ; and he is not over-particular 
 as to the kind of diet, for we often find him devouring, with ap- 
 parent relish, the filthy straw that has served as bedding. Often 
 he proves to be a " crib-biter." (Cribbing is a defect, either in- 
 herited or acquired.) Ordinarily the salivial fluid is augmented, 
 yet it does not look healthy ; 't is more like soap-suds, and of a 
 dirty color. The tongue is also foul, and the breath somewhat 
 fetid. One or more of these peculiarities generally predominate 
 in colicky horses. I contend, therefore, that some horses are pre- 
 disposed to colic ; and this explains the reason why the ordinary 
 exciting causes, such as cold water, exposure, fatigue, irritating 
 food and medicine, are operative on the system of one horse and 
 inoperative on that of another. Colic is the heritage of some of 
 the best horses in the world. 
 
 Now, should the question be asked, What are the causes of colic? 
 I answer, It is occasioned by predisposing, direct and indirect 
 causes, operating conjointly or not. In all cases of colic, the 
 function of the stomach is either disturbed or partly suspended. 
 
 Treatment. — The principal objects in the cure of colic are, to 
 restore the tone of the stomach, by means of stimulants and tonics, 
 and to arrest fermentation and absorb the gases of the alimentary 
 canal. I shall not undertake to say that the remedies here alluded 
 to are the very best ; but, as I have met with remarkable success 
 in their use, I can safely recommend them. 1 have an impression 
 that when a horse is the subject of colic, he requires to be treated 
 just as any intelligent physician would treat one of us. There 
 is no necessity to convert his stomach into a " slop-shop." The 
 patient should be treated in a rational manner, by the same means 
 and with the same skill as if one of our race were concerned. 
 
 I do not like to see an animal trotted up one street and down 
 another, followed by a biped, whip in hand, and a crowd of idlers 
 
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. I U3 
 
 tfhen he is the subject of excruciating abdominal pains, and the 
 sweat is pouring off him like rain, from sheer agony. The cus- 
 tom is decidedly wrong. Our reasoning faculties confirm this 
 opinion ; and what reason teaches, man should endeavor to put in 
 practice. No practitioner of human medicine dare advise such a 
 course as compelling a man to hop off a bed of sickness, and start 
 on. a fast trot up and down stairs; for, should he so advise, he 
 would very soon entitle himself to a ticket ot leave, Should, 
 however, the attack be slight, a little walking exercise does no 
 harm ; and if the patient appears disposed to roll, it were better 
 to let him do so — on the ground, rather than in a narrow stall. 
 
 My usual directions are : Give the patient a wide stall and 
 plenty of bedding. Let him lie down, rise, and tumble about 
 just as much as he pleases, only watch and see that no accident 
 happens to the animal. The colic drench used by the author, 
 during the past ten years, is composed of the following : 
 
 No. 22. Fluid extract of Jamaica ginger 2 oz. 
 
 Fluid extract of golden seal 1 oz. 
 
 Powdered hyposulphite of soda 1 oz. 
 
 Water 4 oz. 
 
 Dissolve the hyposulphite of soda in the water, then add the 
 other ingredients to it. The dose may be repeated, if necessary. 
 
 A good wisp of straw, vigorously applied to the belly and flanks, 
 and also to the limbs, may do some good, because we thus preserve 
 the equilibrium of the circulation. Enemas of soap-suds should 
 be administered often, and, provided the case be a curable one, 
 the horse will soon recover. 
 
 Spasmodic Colic. 
 
 The uaual causes of spasmodic colic are, mental emotions, ex- 
 ternal chilliness by exposure, cold water drank hastily, drastic 
 cathartics, poisons, etc. Spasmodic colic is usually confined to the 
 small intestines, and they become cramped and contorted. In this 
 condition the patient is much tortured. The pain occasionally 
 remits, and the patient will appear easy, but only for a short time, 
 In some cases the patient will stamp and paw almost continually, 
 and strike his belly. He throws himself violently on the floor, 
 and occasionally rolls on his back. The abdomen is not distended, 
 as in the case of flatulent colic, but is rather tucked up, and the 
 13 
 
(94 DADD'S 7ETERINARY MEDICINE AND STJRGERI 
 
 abdominal walls are rigidly contracted. In the commencement 
 of the malady, the pulse is usually hard and wiry, but varies as 
 the disease progresses; and the same is true of the respirations, 
 viz. : they are accelerated and laborious. The patient occasionally 
 suffe/s much pain in consequence of retention of urine and over- 
 distension of the bladder, which is the result of sympathetic spasm 
 in the region of the neck of the bladder. Such are the uotahk- 
 symptoms of spasmodic colic. 
 
 Treatment. — The disease being of a spasmodic character, requires 
 the exhibition of medicines of an antispasmodic character, such as 
 assafrtida, lobelia, sulphuric ether, and copious enemas of warm 
 water, or an infusion of lobelia. The latter is the most valuable 
 antispasmodic now in use. Should the case, however, be a des- 
 perate one, I advise the reader to follow the treatment indicated 
 in the following case, taken from my note-book : 
 
 On making an examination of the animal, the following symp- 
 toms were observed: Pulse, very strong and wiry, averaging 
 twenty beats above the natural standard ; membranes of the mouth, 
 nose, and eyes very \ascular, or highly reddened; the surface of 
 the body was bedewed, in patches, with perspiration ; there ap- 
 peared to be much rigidity of the muscles, especially in the ab- 
 dominal region. All at once the animal would throw himself 
 violently on the floor, and throw his limbs about in the most wild 
 and reckless manner. He would assume all sorts of positions, yet 
 seemed to obtain most ease when flat on his back ; still, if closely 
 approached or touched, he would kick and strike with fury, as if 
 he were intent on mischief. In short, the horse cut up such un- 
 ties that it was almost impossible to approach him ; yet I finally 
 succeeded in delivering an antispasmodic drench while the animal 
 lay on his back, in which position I also gave an enema, composed 
 af warm water and lobelia. 
 
 The animal kept growing more restive and uncontrollable, till, 
 at last, it became very evident that convulsions had set in. Hie 
 breathing had become fearfully laborious and rapid; his nostrils 
 were dilated to their utmost capacity; the sight had become so 
 affected, through temporary paralysis of the optic ner\ e, that tem- 
 porary blindness had set in. 
 
 There seemed to be little hope for the animal, and, fearing that 
 he might either kill himself by violence, or injure those in attend- 
 ance, I concluded tc chloroform him, and thus put a stop to hia 
 
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 196 
 
 dangerous performances. He had had the best of us long enough, 
 and now it was for me to show what science had in store for such 
 otherwise unmanageable cases. I procured a mixture, composed 
 of four ounces of chloroform and the same quantity of sulphuric 
 ether; next, a sponge was tied to a broom-handle, and covered 
 with a towel. Thus we were enabled to chlorofcrm him at a safe 
 distance. 
 
 The patient did not seem to relish this mode of practice. He 
 fought for some time, tried to strike and kick me, but, being tem- 
 porarily blind, I had the advantage of him. It was soon evident 
 that the chloroform was beginning to do its work. The patient 
 gradually settled himself on the floor, and was soon completely 
 etherized. As it is dangerous to keep a horse under the full effects 
 of chloroform any great length of time, I now removed the sponge, 
 and only applied it occasionally, slightly saturated, so as to insure 
 a sort of incomplete state of insensibility. It was an encouraging 
 sight to behold the once powerful and furious animal now lying 
 free from pain, and dejnived of the power of injuring himself or 
 those in attendance ; and it is also gratifying to know that science 
 ministers to the wants and necessities of the inferior as well as the 
 superior orders of creation. 
 
 At the expiration of an hour, during which time the animal 
 was . more or less under the ansesthetic agent, he was allowed to 
 rise. He gave himself a few shakes, and seemed very much re- 
 lieved and more tranquil. I now gave a drench of spirits of niter 
 and infusion of lobelia; administered, also, a lobelia enema, and 
 left the patient to the care of his attendants. A few hours after- 
 ward I again visited the patient, and learned that he had a slight 
 spasir occasionally, for which I prescribed two drachms of pow- 
 dered assafetida. I then introduced the male catheter into the 
 bladder, drew off a small quantity of urine, and this completed 
 the whole of the treatment. The patient recovered. 
 
 Another case of Spasmodic Colic, treated by Inhalation. — The 
 subject "w as a large and powerful stallion, aged about eight years, 
 the propc rty of a gentleman residing in Chicago. The horse wa? 
 attacked in the street with symptoms of acute abdominal pain, 
 and, in consequence, was hurried home to the stable. The mo- 
 ment he arrived there, he threw himself down and commenced 
 rolling, and grew excessively uneasy and irritable. In the course 
 of an hour our attention was called to him. He '.ben exhibited 
 
196 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 symj toms of acute abdominal pain. The eyes appeared wild, and: 
 their membranes congested ; the nostrils were dilated ; pulse, about 
 sixty ; extremities cold ; body, bedewed with perspiration ; no tym- 
 panitis, yet the animal anxiously regarded his flanks. He would 
 paw with his fore-feet, and strike forward in a most reckless man • 
 ner, and fall down, as if in convulsions ; then he would roll on 
 his back, curve his head to one side, and, as quick as thought, 
 jump up again. 
 
 He was now so spiteful and unmanageable that it was impos- 
 sible to administer either drench or ball. "We tried every meana 
 to get something down, but all to no purpose; he was determ- 
 ined to make us keep beyond the reach of his fore-feet and 
 mouth. It now became evident to us that the patient must be 
 mastered, and, in this view, not knowing at the time that tin* 
 agent we were about to use would act beneficially on the disease, 
 we procured three ounces of chloroform, and the same quantity 
 of sulphuric ether. An old sheet and a sponge were used as an 
 inhaler. Watching an opportunity, when the horse was down, 
 we got two men to secure him there by the neck. We then sat- 
 urated the sponge with the mixture, and applied the same to tho 
 nostrils, enveloping them with the folded sheet, leaving an orifice 
 for the admission of air. The patient struggled violently at first, 
 but soon became quieter, and, in the course ot two minutes, trem- 
 bled, breathed deep and loud. The pupils then became dilated, 
 the breathing stertorous, and the animal was fully etherized. 
 Having him completely under control, we were not disposed to let 
 him up in a hurry. The sponge, however, was removed, and so 
 soon as he showed signs of partial consciousness, it was again re- 
 plenished with ether, and applied. 
 
 Supposing that the case might be running on to intussusception, 
 or entanglement of the bowels, we thought there could be no harm 
 in keeping the animal under the influence of an agent that seemed 
 to act so well ; consequently he was kept under its influence for 
 fifty-five minutes. His head was then brought toward the door, 
 and a few drops of cold water were sprinkled on him. Soon he 
 raised his head, looked bewildered, yet showed no symptoms of 
 pain nor uneasiness. Shortly afterward he got on his legs, but 
 had to be supported by several men, who soon rubbed him dry. 
 He was then drenched with laudanum, five drachms ; sweet spirits 
 of niter, one out r», He was led to a stall, entirely free from pain 
 
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 19? 
 
 partook of some gruel, and rested well during the night. Next 
 morning he got five drachms of aloes and one of ginger, in solu- 
 tion; the bowels responded to the same, and four days after ha 
 was at work. We would not, however, have the reader suppose 
 that the same agent shall suit all cases of this character; for 
 another similar feat might prove a failure, and a third equally un- 
 manageable. A case might yield to the ordinary sedatives, how- 
 ever, provided the patient could be induced to swallow them. 
 
 Inflammation of the Peritoneum (Peritonitis). 
 
 The peritoneum is a serous membrane, which not only gives a 
 covering to the intestines, but also a lining to the abdominal cav- 
 ity. Our pathologists teach that the peritoneum, like other serous 
 membranes, is very ready to take on inflammatory action upon the 
 operation of certain exciting causes. "Watson informs us that 
 "acute inflammation, beginning in one spot, is almost sure to 
 tiansfer itself to any other spot that happens to be in contact with 
 the first, and is very apt to extend itself rapidly to the whole 
 membrane. The disease tends to the effusion of serum, and of 
 coagulable lymph. It is of the adhesive kind, and its effects are 
 those of distending the peritoneal cavity with fluid, or of gluing 
 its opposite surfaces together, so as to obliterate that cavity, or 
 ot forming partial attachments. In all these respects the analogy 
 between inflammation of the peritoneum and inflammation of the se- 
 lous membranes of the chest and the covering of the heart is perfect." 
 
 Peritonitis is generally a manageable disease when treated ac- 
 cording to the principles of rational medicine ; but when treated 
 according to the dictum of Blain and others, who have never 
 done any original thinking, in so far as veterinary science is con- 
 cerned, it is decidedly the reverse. For example, here is a pas- 
 sage from Blain's works: 
 
 "The treatment of peritonitis is much the same as for enteritis. 
 The only difference is, that the animal will lose more blood before 
 he displays any symptoms of uneasiness. We may also be more 
 bold with purgatives. The three ounces of solution of aloes may 
 be increased to five, the pint of oil enlarged to a pint and a half; 
 and if this produces no signs of its having acted on the bowels, 
 •it may even be repeated when another three hours and a half have 
 elapsed. All the other measures are alike, in both cases." 
 
198 DADDS VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 Those who follow such advice as this would be very apt to lose 
 their patients, either through the direct influence of meddlesome 
 medication, or by converting peritonitis into dropsy of the abdo- 
 men. But let us see what Watson says on the subject of the 
 treatment of peritonitis : 
 
 " Most writers whose worth I am acquainted with recommend 
 purgatives as highly serviceable in peritonitis. I do not think the 
 good which they are calculated to do, as antiphlogistic remedies, 
 can at all be put in competition with the harm that I am per- 
 suaded they mav produce, by increasing the peristaltic action of 
 the intestines, and so causing additional friction and tension of 
 the inflamed membrane. I believe that in all cases of well-marked 
 and pure peritonitis, when the inflammation is limited to the se- 
 rous membrane, it is far better and safer to restrain than to solicit 
 the internal movements of the alimentary tube." 
 
 In human practice, physicians, instead of giving purgatives, 
 resort to the use of narcotics, in view of tranquilizing the system, 
 and for the purpose of mitigating the intense pain which exists 
 during' the acute attack. 
 
 Symptoms. — The most marked symptoms of peritonitis are as 
 follows : In the early stage, the animal paws slightly, but not 
 with that sort of viciousness which is characteristic of colic or 
 strangulation of the intestines. Soon, he shows febrile symptoms , 
 the pulse runs up to seventy* or more, and a shivering fit sets in. 
 Then pressure is made on the abdomen, the animal evinces signs 
 < f pain. He will sometimes get down and lie on his jack, but 
 •ie soon finds out that the best way of lessening his pains and 
 aches is to keep as quiet as possible. His tongue is usually coated, 
 and the bowels are inactive 
 
 Treatment. — Give the patient mucilaginous drinks, as in the case 
 of enteritis, and drench him occasionally with an infusion of poppy- 
 heads, in pint doses. Empty the rectum by means of soap-suds 
 enemas, and then throw in a quart of infusion of hops. Cloths, 
 wet with warm water, should be applied to the abdomen, and the 
 surface of the body should be kept warm by means of blankets. 
 This kind of treatment, with good nursing, will probably restore 
 the aniinai to health. Should symptoms of dropsy set u, give two 
 ounces of fluid extract of buchu, daily. 
 
diseases of tin: digestive organs. 199 
 
 ascites, or Abdominal Dropsy. 
 
 Ascites signifies a collection of serous fluid within the abdom- 
 inal cavitv. The subject of this disease is noticed as having a 
 symmetrical and uniform enlargement of the abdomen ; and, if the 
 patient be a mare, some persons are likely to infer that she is 
 pregnant, but examination, by pressure, will suffice to determine 
 the conditions ; for, if pressure be made with the fingers, in the 
 abdominal region, a waving or fluctuating motion is discovered, 
 similar to that which follows the forcible displacement of liquid. 
 This fluctuation is the discriminating symptom between ascites 
 and pregnancy, for in the case of pregnancy no such fluctuation 
 can be elicited. 
 
 Ascites is usually the result of some chronic or acute disease of 
 the peritoneum (lining membrane of the walls of the abdomen), 
 or, rather, a loss of equilibrium between the local functions of 
 secretion and absorption. This disease, like many others, may be 
 rapid or insidious. If rapid or acute, it is apt to prove fatal in 
 the course of a few days ; if insidious or chronic, the animal may 
 survive for a long time, as the following case will show : 
 
 Case of Dropsy of the Abdomen, ending in Rupture of the Stom- 
 ach. — The subject of the above-named affections was a mare, owned 
 by the Xorth Chicago Railroad Company. She had been in their 
 employ during a period of three years, and had always performed 
 'he work required of her without any manifestation of disease; in 
 fact, had gone her usual trips up to within a few hours of her death. 
 She had just partaken of a hearty breakfast, when, all at once, she 
 began to falter, and the surface ot the body was soon bedewed with 
 a profuse perspiration ; she trembled, the head became pendulous, 
 and the case assumed an alarming aspect. 
 
 This happened at about six o'clock in the morning. At eight, 
 my attention was called to her, when the following symptoms wera 
 observed. Pulse, small and indistinct ; respirations, humid, and 
 rather laborious; abdomen, quite tense from distension; percus- 
 sion over the region of the abdomen yielded a dull sound, yet 
 fluctuating, showing that the abdominal cavity was occupied by 
 some kind of fluid. From the peculiar conformation of the abdo- 
 men, I at first suspected that the animal was pregnant, which 
 proved not to be the case. 
 
 On percussing over the region cf the stomach, a tympanitic 
 
200 LAUD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 sound was elicited, showing that the stomach contained a laige 
 quantity of gas, and was over-distended. Her extremities were 
 cold, and other symptoms were present which indicate death, I 
 suspected that the food was running into fermentation, and, in 
 view of arresting it, I gave one ounce of the hyposulphite of soda, 
 an. I the same quantity of fluid extract of ginger and golden seal. 
 The body was bathed with new rum, and she was rubbed vigor- 
 ously, by three men, for about half an hour, from which treatment 
 she seemed to rally some. Several injections of salt and soap-suds 
 were thrown into the rectum. They brought away a slimy sub- 
 stance, but very little feces. Finally nothing came away but that 
 which was injected, and from this I was led to infer that, either 
 from pressure or stricture, the small intestines were closed. 
 
 I now determined to send a trocar into the abdomen, for th<e 
 purpose of discovering what it contained, and, accordingly, selected 
 a point in the lower middle of the same. In withdrawing the cut- 
 ting instrument, a fluid commenced to run, which, in color and 
 consistence, resembled urine. For an hour and a quarter this fluid 
 continued to run through the tube, and the amount obtained must 
 have- been over three bucketsful. I was in hopes that the with- 
 drawal of this large amount of fluid might remove the pressure on 
 the intestinal tube, and thus the gas, which was pent up in thy 
 stomach, might find its way to the anal outlet. Not so, however ; 
 for, notwithstanding all our efforts and attention, the mare died, 
 at noon, with rupture of the stomach. 
 
 The autopsy revealed a rent, or rupture, in the stomach, of about 
 eight inches in length, through which a portion of the food and 
 fluids of the stomach had escaped into the abdominal cavity. The 
 small intestines were the seat of stricture in several places ; their 
 external surface, or, rather, peritoneal covering, was studded with 
 albuminous and fibrous deposits, resulting from abdominal dropsy ; 
 otherwise, the contents of the chest and abdomen presented the 
 appearance of perfect health. I should judge that the water had 
 been accumulating in the abdominal cavity for a long time. The 
 foreman at the stable observed that the animal always appeared 
 very portly, so much so that the abdomen was square with the 
 hips, which had led some persons to suppose that her hips wore 
 " knocked down." 
 
 Most authors contend that when a horse is the subject of rupt.ire 
 of the stomach or intestines, he squats on the haunches, like a d«»g; 
 
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORG AN si 2«,)i 
 
 ou{ this animal did not exhibit any such symptoms, but stood up 
 until within a few minutes of death. 
 
 Treatment. — A case of this kind requires the exhibition of tonics 
 and diuretics, and the following is the best remedy which can be 
 fijiven : 
 
 No. 23 Fluid extract of buchu. ) x te 
 
 Fluid extract of snakehead J ^ 
 
 Mix. 
 
 Dose, two ounces per day. 
 
 Inflammation of the Intestines (Enteritis). 
 
 This disease is located on the inner or mucous coat of the in- 
 testines, sometimes, however, involving the muscular portion of 
 the same. The causes are various: improper management, bad 
 food, worms, irritating medicines, musty hay or clover, chilling 
 t'ie body by cold water, exposure to rain, etc. 
 
 Symptoms. — The disease often commences with a shivering fit, 
 to which succeeds heat of the skin, restlessness, loss of appetite ; 
 the mouth hot and dry; the inner membrane of the eyelids and 
 nostrils are redder than usual. As the disease progresses, the pain 
 increases, and the animal will lie down. There is no intermission 
 of pain; it is persistent. The breathing is accelerated, and p res- 
 sure in the abdominal region elicits symptoms of pain. The bowels 
 are usually constipated, and if any feces are voided, they consist of 
 small, hardened balls. 
 
 An examination after death reveals a gangrenous state of the 
 small and sometimes the large intestines. Often extra vasated 
 Hood is found within the intestinal tube. So soon as the pain 
 ceases, and the animal appears no better, we infer that gangrene 
 has set in ; cold sweats set in, and the animal shortly dies. 
 
 Treatment. — The treatment of enteritis does not, and should not, 
 differ from that of any other acute affection. Mucilaginous drinks, 
 cKlorate of potass, hyposulphite of soda, in doses as recommended 
 for inflammation of the stomach. Occasional enemas of soap-suds 
 are to be thrown into the rectum, so long as the feces remain hard, 
 or are voided with difficulty. The objectionable method of back- 
 raking — so highly recommended by some authors — should never 
 be resorted to; it is a disgusting affair, and actually unnecessary; 
 for, let the rectum be ever so impacted, it can be evacuated by 
 
202 
 
 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
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DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 20S 
 
 enemeta, composed of soap-suds, to which add a little ginger or 
 lobelia. If the weather is not too cold, cloths wet with warm water 
 may be applied to the abdomen, over which throw a blanket, so 
 as to prevent evaporation and chill. The outrageous treatment 
 recommended by some authors is a disgrace to the profession. 
 They recommend bleeding until the horse faints or falls ; then to 
 ocorch the sides with ammonia and cantharides; and, lastly, to 
 empoison what little blood he may have left in his system, so that 
 death may occui secundum artem. 
 
 Should the subject of inflammation of the intestines suffer much 
 pain, a drench of half a pint or more of infusion of hops, or pop- 
 pies, may be given occasionally ; or one ounce of the fluid extract 
 of one of these agents may be substituted, to be given two or three 
 times during twenty-four hours. 
 
 The treatment of inflammation of the intestines, as well as in- 
 flammation of any other part of the body, consists in using those 
 means and agents which ward off or remove any agent which, m 
 its effects, does, or tends to, deprive any of the organs or tissue' 
 of the living body of their vital action. The remedial mean? 
 used to accomplish this cbject must be such, and such only, as 
 sustain the weakened or increase the reduced vital action in any 
 of the organs or tissues. This is the doctrine which the author 
 attempts to teach in this work. And is the doctrine not plain? 
 Could any thing accord more directly with reason, or commend 
 itself more clearly to the common sense and unbiased judgment 
 of intelligent people? If the vital action of any of the organs or 
 tissues become weakened or enfeebled, should they not be strength- 
 ened? Can this be done by any other agent and means than those 
 which increase and strengthen this very vital action ? If this ac- 
 tion, in any of the organs or tissues of the animal body, becomes 
 reduced or impaired, must it not be increased by agents and mean? 
 which cooperate with the vital power ? Then, how can agents and 
 means which always impair vital action (poisons) cure disease ? 
 
 Different remedial means have different effects upon the organs 
 and tissues of the system ; but all poisons and agencies which im- 
 pair the integrity of the organism of a well animal must have a 
 disastrous effect on one that is sick and suffering. Unhealthy and 
 poisonous agents impair and reduce the vital action of certain 
 organs and tissues according to the nature and tendemy to affect 
 various parts of the living structures. 
 
z04 D^WS VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURUcR* 
 
 Now, if it can be made to appear that disease consists, in lis 
 nature and effects, in increased vital action or increased health of 
 any portion of the body diseased, then will it be proved that poi- 
 sons are, and of necessity must be, medicines or the agents to cure 
 disease. But what are we taught by our brethren of the heroic 
 school upon this point? "In spontaneous disease," that is, dis- 
 ease which occurs without any apparent cause, Hunter contends, 
 4 'we know of no method that will entirely quiet or remove the 
 inflammatory action or disposition. All we can do, probably, is 
 to lessen every thing which has a tendency to keep it up. In- 
 flammation is either an increase of life or an increase of a dispo- 
 sition to use it." 
 
 Again : " One of the means of curing this inflammation," says 
 the same author, " is by producing weakness. The means of pro- 
 ducing weakness Of an absolute character are, bleeding, purging, 
 and the exhibition of poisonous agents. The inconvenience, how- 
 ever, arising from this practice is, that the sound and healthy 
 parts must suffer nearly in the same proportion with the diseased ; 
 for, by bringing the inflamed parts on a par with health, the 
 sound parts must be brought much lower, so as to be too low. 
 The first method, namely, bleeding, will have the greatest, the 
 most permanent, the most lasting effect; because, if it have any 
 effect at all, the diseased action can not be soon renewed; the 
 second, purging and poisoning, will act as auxiliary, so that these 
 processes go hand in hand ; but neither these nor sickness can pos- 
 sibly lessen the original inflammatory disposition. Lessening the 
 power of action belonging to the inflammatory disposition can 
 only lessen or protect its effects, which, however, may be of serv- 
 ice, as less mischief will be done, and this will often give the 
 inflamed disposition time to wear itself out. But this practice 
 must not be carried too far. It must be followed with great 
 judgment. Nothing debilitates so much as purging, if carried 
 beyond a certain point. Even one purging may kill when the 
 constitution is much reduced. The internal medicines generally 
 ordered for the cure of inflammations are such as have a similar 
 effect to that of bleeding ; namely, lowering the constitution or 
 the action of the parts. As inflammation has too much action, 
 which action gives the idea of strength, such applications a* 
 weaken are recommended." 
 
 Here, then, are the reasons for the use of poisons to cure dip- 
 
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 205 
 
 eases, as believed and taught by our brethren of the heroic school. 
 Such agents and means we do not want, for the plain reason that 
 disease can be cured quicker and better without than with them. 
 Our system of practice, and that recommended in this work, tends 
 to sustain the vital powers during the progress of disease; and 
 this is accomplished by resorting to sanative medication. This 
 sanative system of medication must, eventually, commend itself to 
 the candid and to the unprejudiced reasoner and scientific inquirer 
 lifter truth. 
 
 Strangulation of the Intestines. 
 
 When an animal becomes the subject of strangulation of the in- 
 testines, it is very difficult, at first, to diagnose the case, for the 
 symptoms very much resemble those of spasmodic colic; yet as 
 the treatment of the two diseases does not differ much, the mistake 
 La itself is of little consequence. 
 
 Symptoms. — The difficulty is, at first, accompanied by uneasi- 
 oess. The animal moves about in his stall, and commences stamp- 
 iug with one of the fore-feet. Frequently he gets down and rolls 
 on his back, in which position he will remain sometimes for sev- 
 eral minutes. So soon as he rises, he commences to paw and 
 stamp with a vengeance. As the disease advances, he totters, and 
 sometimes drops on the floor. The pulse is usually irregular, the 
 mouth cold, and visible surfaces pallid ; the tongue appears of a 
 bluish cast; and the body is generally bedewed with sweat. Fi- 
 nally, the animal makes great efforts to evacuate the rectum, and 
 in so doing strains violently, so as to cause blood to escape from 
 the rectum ; and sometimes the rectum itself protrudes. Should 
 the symptoms not improve, the animal soon dies of strangulation 
 and mortification of the intestines. 
 
 Treatment. — This must be of an anti-spasmodic character. Aa 
 ounce or two of fluid extract of lobelia should be given, every two 
 hours, in a pint of warm water; the body should be enveloped 
 in bandages, wet with warm water, and enemas of assafetida or 
 lobelia should be thrown into the rectum ; but if the rectum pro- 
 trude, enemas are inadmissible. On some occasions of the kind 
 I etherize the patient, with marked relief. 
 
206 DADDS VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY 
 
 \V0UN.D8 PENETRATING THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY. 
 
 The treatment of a penetrating wound into the abdomen nil 
 depend somewhat upon the nature of the same. Should the intes- 
 tines protrude through the wound and exhibit a puncture, put or 
 the twitch and Rarej -strap. Then return the intestines into the 
 abdominal cavity, and proceed to suture or sew up the intestinal 
 rent, by means of a small needle, armed with sewing silk — first, 
 by means of sutures through the abdominal muscles, one end of 
 the suture being left long enough to hang out of the wound; 
 second, close the skin (the sutures should be distant from each 
 other about one inch) ; next place a cold water pad on the parts, 
 and encircle the body in the injured region with a cotton-roller, 
 over which place a surcingle, and securely fasten it. In the event 
 of the intestines being swollen and distended, it may be necessary 
 to cast the patient ; then roll him on his back, and thus the pro- 
 trusion may be returned ; but should they still prove too large for 
 the orifice, it must be dilated by means of a probe-pointed knife. 
 
 Splenic Apoplexy (Carbuncttlar Fever). 
 
 Mr. Gamgee has made some translations from foreign authors 
 on the subject of Splenic Apoplexy, and he tells us that " this is 
 the disease described as carbuncular fever by Renault and Rey- 
 nal. It is most common in hot and tempestuous seasons. In its 
 carefully-observed symptoms, M. Anginiard is induced to regard 
 the disease as dependent on miasmatic exhalation. Until recently, 
 the author had studied the malady only in sheep, but has fre- 
 quently observed it, of late, in the horse. It is not so suddenly 
 fatal in the latter as in the former. The prostration and stupor 
 are very striking. The horse can barely stand, and is very list- 
 less ; the muscles of the limbs tremble, and partial sweats bedew 
 the body. In some parts the skin is dry, and the coat staring ; 
 the breathing is slow and irregular; the conjunctiva, or lining 
 of the eyelids, is white, and indicative of an anemic or bloodlcsa 
 state; the pulse is feeble, wiry, and accelerated, offering a remark- 
 able contrast to the tumultuous action of the heart ; the loins are 
 very sensitive; and there are often indications of pain on pres- 
 sure on the abdominal walls. Colicky symptoms are frequently 
 noticed. At first, all appetite is lost, but, as the disease advances, 
 
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 207 
 
 tut; animal eats and drinks freely. In attempting to bleed an 
 animal, great difficulty is experienced in filliag the vein; and 
 when the blood flows, the animal instantly manifests great weak- 
 ness. The blood is black, and does not coagulate as in health. 
 The symptoms rapidly grow worse, the breathing labored, the 
 eyes sunken, the prostration extreme, and progression impossible, 
 until Lie animal reels over and dies. The disease runs a rapid 
 course, and, on an average, death occurs within fifteen or eight- 
 een hours. There is an absence of the external swellings char- 
 acteristic of ordinary carbuncular fever ; and the internal disten- 
 sions of organs, particularly of the spleen, so ably described by 
 Renault and Reynal, are sufficient, according to M. Anginiard, to 
 distinguish the two diseases. In the treatment of this disease, 
 Anginiard trusts mainly to quinine. He administers a drachm 
 and a half as soon as possible, either in an infusion of coffee or 
 other aromatic mixture. If the symptoms do not subside two 
 hours afterward, two drachms are given. Generally this is suf- 
 ficient. If not, a third and fourth dose have to be exhibited. 
 Bleeding is to be condemned. The body of the animal may be 
 rubbed with a wisp, or a turpentine liniment may be employed 
 as a derivative. Free ventilation, and leaving the animal uncov- 
 ered, to permit free exhalation, are essential points in the man- 
 agement of these animals. M. Dumesnie has tried this treatment, 
 and found it most successful. Anginiard believes in small doses, 
 and not often enough repeated." 
 
 Apoplexy is a disease which, if not discovered early, is very 
 apt to prove fatal. Whether discovered or not, in its early stage 
 it generally baffles the skill of those who, in this country, have 
 attempted to cure it. The incurability of such malady may, under 
 the circumstances, be accounted for on the belief that it often 
 rages as an enzootic, affecting animals in isolated spots, without 
 regard to locality, and attacking only those susceptible to its 
 influence. Waat the conditions are which favor its propagation 
 I am unable to determine, for I have known it to affect equally 
 .hose which appeared healthy as well as others unhealthy in ap- 
 pearance; hence it is very difficult for any one to point out the 
 direct causes of the affection. I have not seen many cases of either 
 enlargement of the spleen, or apoplexy of the same, occurring in 
 cattle, from the fact that my practice has been mostly confined to 
 horses in cities, where cattle were not very numerous; but a friend 
 
208 DADDS VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 of mine, located in a cattle-raising district in the State of Maine, 
 informed me that this disease, accompanied by enlargement, often 
 prevail. there enzootically, and that most of the animals thua 
 affected die. I have had considerable experience in the treatment 
 of such affections in horses, but, as I have just observed, the result 
 is very unsatisfactory. I believe I have but one case of cure on 
 record, and the medicines used on that occasion were stimulant* 
 and tonics, with forty grains of iodide of potass per day. The 
 spine was also rubbed, night and morning, with equal parts of 
 cod- liver oil and spirits of camphor. 
 
 Enlargement of the Spleen. 
 
 Sinqjtuuis. — The symptoms of enlargement of the spleen in 
 horses (they do not differ much in cattle) are as follows: Feeble 
 pulse; respiration not much disturbed; the tongue is usually 
 coated; mouth, hot, and the breath has a feted odor; the mem- 
 branes lining the mouth and eyeballs have a slight yellow tinge ; 
 the head droops, and the tips of the ears and lower parts of the 
 limbs are chilly ; the patient is rather unwilling to move, and, 
 when urged to do so, exhibits a staggering gait, and sometimes falls 
 never to rise ; the urine is scanty, and, in the last stages, blood 
 ooze? from the anus and nostrils ; colicky pains attend the disease. 
 
 In a case that terminated fatally, I made the following record 
 • if the post-mortem examination : On opening the abdominal cav- 
 ity, the spleen was found to occupy a very large space. It was 
 of immense proportions, and weighed nearly twelve pounds. The 
 ordinary weight is three pounds. It presented the appearance 
 of a spleen in the chronic stage of disease, being altered in struc- 
 ture, of a dark, pitchy color, and surcharged with dark, venous 
 bl xxl. Before death, I percussed the left side, in the locality of 
 the spleen, and the sound elicited was of a solid character, which 
 indicated enlargement of the same. 
 
 TD.e early symptoms of splenic apoplexy do not differ much 
 from the above, only they are of a more acute character. In the 
 iattei stages, the makly is complicated with a painful affection of 
 the bowels. The diagnostic symptom of splenic apoplexy, witL 
 enlargement of the same, is a notable enlargement on the left side 
 of the abdomen, well up toward the ribs. When standing behind 
 an affected animal, and casting one's eyes carefully along the 
 sides of the. abdominal walls, a perceptible eminence will be seen, 
 
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 20'J 
 
 wnich can not be mistaken. The region of the bpleen is between 
 the stomach and the false ribs on the left side. 
 
 In view of rendering this subject more valuable and interesting, 
 T now introduce the following, which was written for the " Edin- 
 burgh Review:" 
 
 "Splenic Apoplexy. — This disease broke out in the year 1858, 
 on a farm characterized by its extreme richness of soil, in the 
 north of Northumberland. In 1859 the malady reappeared, and 
 did not cease until twenty-three head of cattle had been affected. 
 Splenic apoplexy is a malady that has not hitherto been observed 
 in the north of Britain, and its occurrence recently is evidently 
 to be attributed to the special method of farming and feeding 
 stock where it has, for the last two years, proved so destructive. 
 
 The farm is a peculiarly dry one. About three hundred head 
 of cattle are annually fattened on it. One lot was made ready 
 by Christmas, and sold as fat beef in Newcastle; a second was 
 kept back until January, when they were allowed an abundance 
 of turnips, meal, and the best oat straw. The cattle affected were 
 three years old ; and it would appear that those fed on Swedish 
 turnips, especially from a certain field, suffered most; but some 
 fed on yellow or white turnips have been affected, and we should 
 regard the meal, and perhaps the oat straw, as more likely to pro- 
 duce this disorder. According to Delafoud's researches, legum- 
 inosse, or forage very rich in nutritive principles and deficient in 
 water, from artificial pastures, are frequent causes of splenic apo- 
 plexy. The farmer in Northumberland suspected that the arti- 
 ficial manures had produced the trouble, and the following season 
 ne dressed his land with home manure ; but the properties of the 
 last crop have proved as deleterious as those of the preceding one. 
 The fact is, the crop had nothing to do with the development of 
 the disease. 
 
 The malady stopped suddenly, about the middle of February, 
 ana this was probably due to the cattle suffering only when the 
 system was taxed by change from rather moderate to very high 
 feeding. It is an interesting fact that in cows the disorder only 
 affects those which are approaching the period when the secretion 
 of milk is stopped, and when there is a tendency to lay on flesh, 
 they then being liable to plethora. Cows fed on food capable of 
 producing splenic apoplexv die of it. 
 
 Change of diet proved of no avail at the farm referred to (show- 
 
210 DADD'C . ETER1NARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY 
 
 ing very conclusively that the food was not the special cause). 
 Common salt was recommended as a preventive; but Delafoud 
 has shown that salt is not a reliable remedy in such cases. The 
 malady stopped spontaneously, and the point now to settle is th« 
 prevention of disease during the future seasons. 
 
 For the lenefit of our readers who may not know the symptoms 
 of splenic apoplexy, we may mention that often there are premon- 
 itory signs — the animals apparently enjoying the best of health 
 early in the morning, may be dead some time before noon. Some- 
 times there are symptoms of excitement; the eyes are prominent, 
 and the visible mucous membranes are injected or reddened. 
 Symptoms of uneasiness suddenly manifest themselves, and col- 
 icky pains indicate abdominal disorder. The urine voided is high- 
 colored and red, and there may also be blood in the feces. The 
 back becomes arched, and the animal fixes himself, hanging on to 
 any thing by which he is tied, or he will press his haunches on 
 some resting-place in the corner of the stall. After this the ani- 
 mal soon drops, and is seized with convulsive pains and twitchings. 
 In addition to the discharge of feces and urine, tinged with blood, 
 there is a red, frothy liquid, which escapes from the nostrils ; the 
 animal bellows, moans, and soon dies." 
 
 Treatment — Tonics, alteratives, and glandular stimulants are 
 indicated. Take of 
 
 No. 24. Fluid extract of blood-root 4 oz. 
 
 Fluid extract of golden sea.l 6 oz. 
 
 Chlorate of potass 4 oz. 
 
 Dissolve the potass in one pint of boiling water ; then add the 
 extracts. Give the patient a wine-glassful every six hours, until 
 amendment is perceptible, when the dose may be decreased to two 
 ounces every twelve hours. Rub the body with a portion of the 
 following : 
 
 No. 25. Proof spirits 1 pint. 
 
 Tincture of capsicum •-■ 4 oz. 
 
 Two or three applications, in the course of twenty-four hours, 
 will suffice. Should the animal suffer much from colicky pains, 
 dissolve one ounce of hyposulphite of soda in four ounces of hot 
 water, to which add half a table-spoonful of powdered gingei, 
 and drench with the same. Pure air and a light diet wi r iid in 
 restoring the animal, provided the case is curable. 
 
diseases of the digestiv'e orgas 8. 211 
 
 Fcnxtional Disease of the Liver (Jaundice or Yellows). 
 
 The liver, like other parts of the digestive apparatus, is liable 
 to become deranged, in either function or structure, by errors in 
 diet, which is the most potent cause of both functional and or- 
 ganic disease of the same. In almost all cases of liver disease, 
 we observe a yellow tinge of the visible surfaces — membranes of 
 the eye and mouth. In order to account for the yellow tinge, we 
 nrist bear in mind that bile is formed in the blood; that the office 
 of the liver is to absorb or withdraw it from the circulation con- 
 stantly, as fast as it is formed. Disease of the liver, simulating 
 jaundice, manifests itself whenever the due separation of the bile 
 from the blood is not accompli jhed ; hence the accumulated bile 
 seeks other outlets, namely, the kidneys and intestines, and ex- 
 cretory gland of the skin. 
 
 When animals become jaundiced suddenly, we may infer that 
 the difficult} 7 , whatever it may be, in the liver, is of an acute 
 character • that is to say, it is recent in origin and active in form. 
 Jaundice is a phenomenon of several diseases peculiar to horses. 
 During the progress of the epizootic known as influenza a jaun- 
 diced state of the visible surfaces is always present, which disap- 
 pears when the patient convalesces, showing that the liver is only 
 functionally deranged. When jaundice accompanies indigestion, 
 and disappears under the action of alteratives or changes in diet, 
 we may also infer that, if not absolutely functional, it is, at least, 
 not purely inflammatory. 
 
 It is plain, therefore, that jaundice is of but little consequence 
 hi prognosis, since the symptoms with which it is often associated 
 declare, much more positively than itself, the gravity of the affection 
 in which it occurs as a symptom. It sometimes happens, however, 
 that the function of the liver becomes suddenly interrupted, causing 
 pain, after the fashion of what accompanies the bilious colic of man. 
 
 The following case will probably give the reader some idea of 
 the nature of acute functional disorder of the liver. The patient, 
 a gray gelding, aged nine years, was suddenly attacked with symp- 
 toms of colicky pains, for the relief of which the owner had given 
 a colic drench, which seemed to afford temporary ease ; but soon 
 the symptoms reappeared, the animal got down, and seemed to be 
 the subject of acute pain. Under these circumstance?, the owner 
 sent for me. 
 
212 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 Symptoms. — On arriving at the stable, I found the patient stand- 
 ing, his head somewhat pendulous, appearing dull and sleepy. The 
 membranes within the eyelids and mouth were of a bright yellow 
 tinge ; pulse, rather feeble ; bowels, constipated ; in short, the usual 
 appearances attending functional derangement of the liver were 
 present ; yet the " key-note," or diagnostic symptom, was the bright 
 yellow tinge of the visible surfaces. 
 
 Treatment. — The following drench was given : 
 
 No. 26. Fluid extract of mandrake 3 oz. 
 
 Fluid extract of golden seal 1 oz. 
 
 Carbonate of soda 2 d*\ 
 
 Water \ pint. 
 
 An injection of soap-suds was thrown into the rectum, which 
 brought away a small quantity of hardened, dark -colored excremenil. 
 Next day I found the patient in about the same condition, and re • 
 peated the dose of medicine and injection. In the course of a few 
 hours the bowels responded, evacuating a large quantity of semi- 
 fluid, dark-colored feces, mixed with a substance resembling shreds 
 of albumen. Next day the animal appeared much better. I then- 
 gave two ounces of fluid extract of golden seal, and one drachm 
 of hyposulphite of soda, and thus ended the treatment. 
 
 This case is an illustration of a simple mode of treatment far 
 superior to the old-fashioned system, which contemplates strong 
 doses of aloes and calomel, agents which usually intensify the 
 morbid phenomena, often producing a medicinal affection, which 
 requires much time for the animal to recover from. It is the 
 author's opinion that a vast number of very fine animals in these 
 United States die from the heroic system of practice, which over- 
 looks the best means of aid presented by the resources of mild 
 and sanative medication. 
 
 We have long been an advocate of the physiological metnod 
 of treating disease, and we contend that is more philosophical, 
 safe, and the surest means of restoring an equilibrium of vital 
 action in the animal economy, in all forms of morbid conditions ; 
 and we earnestly entreat our readers to exercise great faith in the 
 powers of Nature to aid and assist in the cure of all maladies, 
 and place less reliance in the power of art. 
 
 In view of strengthening the faith of young converts to sana- 
 tive medication, we quote the language of Sir John Forres, a 
 man of undoubted intliority. 
 
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 213 
 
 ** Such has ever been the want of trust in Xature, and the over- 
 trust in art, prevalent among the members of the medical profes- 
 sion, that the field of natural observation has been, to a great extent, 
 hidden from them — hidden either actually from their eyes or vir- 
 tually from their apprehension. The constant interference of art, 
 in the form of medical treatment, with the normal processes of 
 disease, has not only had the frequent effect of disturbing them in 
 reality, but, when it failed to do so, has created the belief that it 
 did so, leading, in either case, to an inference equally wrong — the 
 false picture, in the one instance, being supposed to be true; the 
 true picture, in the other, being supposed to be false." 
 
 In all cases of liver disease, it is good policy to change the diet, 
 and offer the animal green vegetables — sliced carrots, and grass 
 if it can be had. In all cases of chronic disease of the liver, a 
 run ut grass is the most potent remedy for the cure of the same. 
 
 It was formerly supposed that the function of the liver was 
 merely to eliminate bile, but modern physiologists have discovered 
 that the blood itself is changed while circulating through that 
 gland, which elaborates fibrine from albumen, and fat from sugar. 
 The liver stores up fatty matter, so that, should the food be deficient 
 in fat, the liver yields up what it contains. It is very curious to 
 notice the peculiarity in the circulation of the liver. It is supplied, 
 like other organs, with arterial blood for its own support ; and it 
 also receives an immense quantity of venous blood through veins 
 commencing on the gastro-intestinal cavity, which terminate in a 
 vessel named vena porta. This vessel, on entering the liver, ram- 
 ifies in various directions, like an artery, and ultimately terminates 
 in the veins peculiar to the liver ; so that the blood, instead of flowing 
 directly from the stomach and intestines, is made to circulate through 
 the liver, and thus the various transformations are effected. The 
 liver must, therefore, perform the double function of secretion and 
 excretion. It secretes bile, and excretes carbon and hydrogen from 
 the system. Should an animal labor under diseased lungs, he may, 
 under proper medical treatment, recover, provided the liver be 
 healthy. This organ can, for a time, eliminate carbon and hydro- 
 gen ; but, instead of passing off as they do from the lungs, in the 
 form of carbonic acid, they accumulate in the liver, in the form 
 of fat, or else the liver increases to an extraordinary size In 
 Strasburg they prepare a favorite dish from the livers of geese, 
 artificially enlarged by the cruel process of depriving them of 
 
ill DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 light and liberty, confining them in a warm room, and stuffing 
 them with food. We find that, under such barbarous management, 
 there is a disproportion between the oxygen respired and the car- 
 bon taken in the form of food. The respiration which active ex- 
 ercise increases and rest diminishes are, now that the animal is 
 confined, slow and uniform. The lungs fail in eliminating car- 
 bonic acid, and hence carbon and hydrogen are driven back to the 
 livei by means of venous circulation. An excess of carbonaceous 
 material in the liver is liable to result in jaundice, which is a simple 
 functional derangement of that organ. It occurs generally in the 
 warm months, and is usually sudden in its attack. 
 
 Among the most prominent symptoms are high-colored urine, 
 yellow tinge of the visible surfaces, languid pulse, and slow action. 
 If the liver be the seat of inflammatory action, the pulse will be 
 quick and bounding, respiration hurried, the patient feverish, and 
 pressure over the region of the liver elicits symptoms of pain. 
 If simple functional derangement exists unchecked for any length 
 of time, it leads to organic lesions and structural disease. When 
 the bile accumulates, it is very apt to thicken and produce gall- 
 stones or calculi ; if these accumulate in the gall ducts, the subject,, 
 anless relieved, soon dies. 
 
 Diseases of the liver have hitherto been considered the bane of 
 tropical climates, but they are equally prevalent in cold and moist 
 regions. Horses and men are as frequently attacked with it in 
 northern as in southern latitudes. The celebrated sheep-breeder, 
 Bakewell, knew that early disturbance of the liver led to the ac- 
 cumulation of fat, and, in order to derange the liver, he was in 
 the habit of folding his sheep in wet pastures. Now, the English 
 agriculturists are well acquainted with the fact that water mea- 
 dows have a tendency to produce that almost incurable disease 
 termed rot. Rot originates from a diseased liver, and, in the 
 early stages of it, the animal accumulates fat very fast ; so that 
 by rotting sheep he was able to bring fat ones early to market, and 
 thus steal a march on his more conscientious neighbors. This 
 state of the liver termed rot is associated with the existence 
 of parasites termed distoma hepatieum, commonly denominated 
 flukes, and these parasites are considered the cause of rot, when, 
 in fact, they are the results of deranged functions of the liver. 
 The rot, therefore, is not local. It can be produced in any coun- 
 try by exposing animals to the debilitating effects of moisture and 
 
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 21b 
 
 neglect. It is not only prevalent in England, but also in Asia, 
 Africa, and America. In Egypt, on the receding of the Nile, it 
 spreads to a fearful extent. In warm climates the livers of men 
 and animals become diseased, not so much from local causes as 
 from stimulating drinks and diet. If a man attempts to consume 
 the same amount of food in warm that he has been accustomed to 
 in cold climates, he is apt to become bilious, and this is a pre- 
 monitory indication of perverted function of the liver. A very 
 important fact has lately been discovered in reference to the func- 
 tion of the lr/er. A French chemist has ascertained that one 
 function of the liver was to produce sugar out of the animal or- 
 ganism. This is the secret of the formation of the fat. Chem- 
 ically speaking, sugar and fat are nearly allied, the chief difference 
 being that one contains a small portion of oxygen. 
 
 Many valuable animals are lost from organic disease of the 
 liver, the origin of which may, in many cases that have come to 
 our knowledge, be traced to simple functional derangement, which 
 has existed for some time. Its symptoms are either unobserved 
 or, if perceived, disregarded. Some of the subjects that have been 
 put under our care for the treatment of diseased liver had a strong 
 predisposition for the malady, their color being black and tem- 
 perament bilious. Such horses are the ones that require special 
 attention whenever they appear to be " ailing." It is remarkable 
 to observe, however, that many horses of a temperament diverse 
 from the bilious are often attacked with organic and functional 
 derangement of the liver, and this peculiarity can only be ac- 
 counted for on the ground that the horse has no gall-bladder — 
 no receptacle, such as is found in cattle, for the accumulation of 
 bile ; consequently, the horse's liver must be an active organ, 
 especially when the animal is permitted to make but one meal per 
 day, and that meal occupies a period from sunrise to sunset, and 
 daily and weekly continues to occupy no less time. The conse- 
 quence is, the organ is overworked, and is the seat of local ex- 
 haustion. The liver requires regular periods of rest to recover 
 from fatigue 01 functional duty, yet how is it possible to secure 
 the same when a horse is permitted to make a perpetual hay-rack 
 and corn-bin of his stomach ? The herculean feat of converting 
 a hay-stack and corn granary into bone, muscle, and nerve at the 
 rate of 2.40 is beyond the physiological capacity of any vital 
 organ ; therefore, in the language of the sailor, the vessel smku 
 
216 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 from local inundation — the liver caves in from overwork, too much 
 rood, and too little discretion. A hard pull on an omnibus, or a 
 similar feat in a marketer's wagon, would be the very best medi- 
 cine in the world for a plethoric horse, or one predisposed tn 
 hepatic derangement. 
 
 The Pancreas and its Function. 
 
 The pancreas is a glandular body lying across the spine, in the 
 epigastric region, underneath the diaphragm, near the small curv- 
 ature of the stomach. The body of this gland is pierced by the 
 vena porta (known as the gate rein) ; has one attachment to the 
 spleen, and another to the left kidney. It is divided into head, 
 body, and tail. Structure, similar to salivary glands. Color, 
 pale red, speckled. It is composed of many lobules. Every lobe 
 has a distinct set of nerves, arteries, veins, and ducts. Every lobe 
 is, therefore, considered as a distinct gland, and the same is true 
 of the salivary glands. The duct pierces the duodenum (knewn 
 as the second stomach), alongside of the hepatic duct, 
 
 The pancreatic arteries are derived mostly from the hepatic. 
 Several, however, come from the splenic, in its course to the lert 
 side of the abdomen, and one or two from the gastric. The veins 
 are tributary to the vena porta. The nerves come from the c&liae 
 plexus. The fluid secreted by the pancreas is a colorless, limpid 
 fluid. It forms an emulsion of fat j hence it dissolves the fatty 
 matters of the food. It is an active agent in the preparation of 
 chyle. That the pancreatic juice possesses the property of emul- 
 sifying fat is proved from the fact that when the pancreas is 
 destroyed, and the animal fed on food containing fatty matter, the 
 latter passes with the feces, just like fat in an unchanged state. 
 
 Mr. Gamgee says: " The pancreatic juice has another impor- 
 tant use which remains to be spoken of, and that is a peculiai 
 action on nitrogenized substances. If raw meat be placed in 
 soma of the juice, the meat speedily softens and putrefies. The 
 same occurs with albumen or caseine in the raw state ; but if the 
 azotized principles are previously boiled, or acted upon by the 
 ga=tric juice, the pancreatic therefore serves many purposes, and 
 acts on every kind of aliment. 
 
 Circumstances aifecting the digestive function in general have a 
 special influence on the pancreas, and modify its secretion. Such 
 
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 217 
 
 is not the case with the salivary glands and their products. The 
 pnncreatic juice may, like every other secretion, be found to con- 
 tain adventitious substances that have accidentally entered the 
 blood. Thus, iodide of potassium may be eliminated from the 
 system by the pancreas. It is not so with every salt, the prussiate 
 of pot-ash, for example, never being seen in the pancreatic juice. 
 
 The pancreatic secretion is formed during infra-uterine life, bur 
 we are at a loss to account for its uses there. It is difficult to de- 
 termine what nervous influences affects its production. A dose of 
 ether excites it, and pressure on the abdominal viscera likewise 
 tends to its increase ; the efforts of vomiting stop it." 
 
 Worms or Parasites which infest the Intestinal Canal. 
 
 There are various forms of parasites which infest the alimentary 
 canal of horses and cattle which, no doubt, are the cause of some 
 annoyance to the infested ; but really they are not, at all times, so 
 injurious as some writers make them out to be. They are rarelv 
 if ever found in the intestines of healthy animals, and their pres- 
 ence is generally due to a deranged condition of the digestive 
 organs. They very frequently originate spontaneously. 
 
 " Certain independent organisms, both vegetable and animal, 
 are found in the body. The vegetable growths are all microscopic, 
 and belong to the lowest order of plants, the algaa and fungi. 
 They are never met with except upon cutaneous or mucous sur- 
 faces, nor while these surfaces remain healthy, usually. A secre- 
 tion of fibrine or mucus, undergoing decomposition, forms the soil 
 in which they grow. In some cases, they are believed to be the 
 media of contagion. 
 
 Animal parasites are very numerous. Many of them are in- 
 fusorial. Many belong to the class of insects and mites, as fleas, 
 lice, bugs, and the acari, of which the most important one is the 
 itch-mite. A class of higher consequence comprises several sort 9 
 of worms. Those which infest the intestinal canal are extremely 
 common, and are the oxguris vermicularis, or thread-worm, which 
 inhabits the rectum ; the trichocephalus dispar, or long thread- 
 worm, which is found in the large intestine, and especially in the 
 caecum ; the ascares lumbricoedes, or round worm, whose ordinary 
 residence is the small intestine; the tape-worm, or taenia, which 
 ulso affects the same part. The kidney is occasionally the seat of 
 
218 DADDS veterinary medicine and surgery. 
 
 a round worm, called ths strongylus gigas, measuring from fi\€ 
 inches to three feet in length, and from two to six lines in thick- 
 ness. 
 
 The diseases with which even large intestinal worms are con- 
 nected appear to be sometimes the cause and sometimes the effect 
 of the presence of these parasites. Very often they exist in con- 
 siderable numbers without producing the least disturbance of tho 
 economy, but in other cases they are unquestionably the cause of 
 much suffering and ill-health. How far they are themselves the 
 result of a morbid state of the organs in which they appear is 
 still an undecided question. 
 
 The origin of parasites is extremely obscure, and has long been 
 a mooted point among naturalists. It may not be inappropriate 
 to present a summary of the opinions which are entertained respect- 
 ing a subject of so much interest, but, in doing so, we shall confine 
 our remarks to the parasitic animals which inhabit the interior of 
 the body, or entozoa. 
 
 It is evident that these animals must originate in one of two 
 ways ; that they must be derived directly or indirectly from with- 
 out, or be created out of materials existing within, and furnished 
 by, the body. No other supposition is possible. If an entozoon 
 is in any manner derived from without, it must be admitted that 
 this takes place either through the reception of the animal itself 
 or of its ova. If either opinion be assumed, it follows that the 
 parent animal must exist somewhere external to the body. But 
 the parasites in question have never, in any case whatever, been 
 detected except within the organism. If it is objected that many 
 of these animals are so minute that they might easily elude dis- 
 covery in the elements around us, the argument fails when applied 
 to the giant strongylus, the stout lumbricoid worm, and the taenia, 
 measuring many yards in length. Besides, even admitting for a 
 moment the possibility of the parasites which inhabit the intes- 
 tine, and other mucous cavities, having once existed externally, 
 the insuperable difficulty still remains of explaining the entrance 
 of entozoa into shut cavities and parenchymatous structures — into 
 tin eye, or the muscles, for example, and their presence in the 
 unborn child, and even in the bodies of larger entozoa of a differ- 
 ent species. On the other hand, if it is maintained that the ova 
 are alcne received, it must still be shown that the ova exist exter- 
 nal to the bodv. which has never been done. Nor would th* 
 
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 215* 
 
 admissii n of this explanation be sufficient ; for many of the entozo3 
 are not propagated by eggs, but belong to the viviparous class, 
 so that in regard to them the difficulty remains undiminished. 
 But granting the existence of ova without, and their reception into 
 the body, it is still impossible to explain the development from 
 them of the animals found in the parenchyma, in the embryo, etc., 
 without, at the same time, admitting that the ova are not only 
 carried to these localities through the blood-vessels, but actually 
 jass through the walls of the capillaries. Such an admission 
 would be a physiological absurdity; for the extreme vessels will 
 allow of the passage of a single blood-globule at a time, and no 
 more, and will not permit any denser fluid than the plasma of the 
 blood to permeate their walls. How, then, could they afford a 
 passage in any manner to ova, the least of which is ten times as 
 large as a blood globule? 
 
 If the hypothesis now presented is untenable, it only remains 
 to adopt the alternative one, to- wit :. that entozoa are generated or 
 created anew out of the materials or the products of the living 
 organism. It may be urged affirmatively, in support of this doc- 
 trine, that each organ possesses its own entozoa — the kidney, a 
 species different from those of the intestine, which are, again, un- 
 like the parasites of the liver. Even more : the several parts of 
 the same organ generate dissimilar animals. The small intestine 
 produces the round and the tape-worms ; the large intestine, the 
 two species of thread- worms. These facts seem to show that some 
 extremely local concurrence of circumstances is essential to thp 
 production of the several entozoa. It may also be argued, and we 
 think the argument unanswerable, that if spermatic animalcules, 
 which exist in the testicle, are there spontaneously generated, no 
 violence is done to probability in supposing parasitic animals to 
 be produced in the same manner. It will hardly be denied that 
 spermatozoa are literally evolved from the constituents of the 
 semen ; but it is objected to the doctrine of spontaneous generation 
 that it is against analogy, which every-where supports the famous 
 dogma, omne vivum ex ovo. This objection is a mere begging of 
 the question. The decision of the case in hand involves the truth 
 of the theory just quoted, and, as we believe, must be allowed to 
 show that this theory is not absolutely universal in its application. 
 Other facts, also, among which are the following, tend to invali- 
 date it. Xothing can be more certain than that all organized 
 
220 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY 
 
 beings were, at some time or other, created. Geology proves that 
 successive genera and species have been thus created, at long in- 
 tervals apart; and the history of disease renders it probable that 
 one affection, at least (syphilis), which is only propagated by direct 
 descent, ex ovo, as it were, is really of comparatively recent origin. 
 
 In conclusion, after the review of the preceding outline of an 
 argument upon the generation of parasitic entozoa, we feel obliged 
 to admit that the weight of facts and probabilities is wholly on 
 the side of the doctrine of spontaneous generation. At the same 
 time, we can not but look with interest to the results of future 
 observations in this field, nor altogether suppress the hope that 
 the simple law of Nature, omne vivum ex ovo, may even yet be 
 found to embrace the classes which now appear to form so striking 
 an exception to its provisions."* 
 
 Symptoms. — The usual symptoms indicating the presence of 
 worms in the intestinal canal are, sometimes, a scurfy, yellow mu- 
 cous accumulation around the margin of the anus ; the appetite 
 is not uniform ; the bowels are irregular, sometimes loose, and 
 sometimes constipated ; and the feces are often shrouded with 
 shreds of mucus, of a yellow color. When ascarides are present 
 (located in the rectum), the horse is much inclined to rub his tail 
 against any post or fence he can get at, and he employs himself 
 at such feats against the sides of the stall, in view, probably, of 
 allaying the intolerable itching which usually attends the preserjee 
 of these parasites. 
 
 The lumbrici, or round worms, sometimes exist in the intes- 
 tines in great numbers. They are then apt to be hurtful. In 
 such cases, the coat looks unthrifty, and the hair has lost its na- 
 tural glossiness, and appears rough to the sense of touch. It has 
 been noticed, also, that when horses are afflicted with intestinal 
 parasites, their breath gives out a fetid odor, and they have a sort 
 of dry, hacking cough. It is well known, however, that some 
 horses, enjoying, apparently, the very best kind of health, are often 
 the subjects of worms. 
 
 Treatment. — Most of the remedies recommended in the ancient 
 works on farriery are just about as likely to kill the horse as the 
 parasites, and :onsequently are, to say the least, unsafe. The true 
 theory is thl . worms are the result of indigestion; hence our 
 
 *Stille's " Elements of Pathology." 
 
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 221 
 
 object, by way of prevention, is to give tone to the digestive or- 
 gans ; and soon after the worms have congregated in the intestinal 
 -canal, bitter tonics and alteratives are obnoxious to them. They 
 then die, are digested, and pass from the anus as fecal matter. 
 
 Suppose we give the infested horse powerful purges, tartar 
 emetic, calomel, turpentine, etc., as the books recommend. We 
 may succeed in their expulsion, but that does not mend the mat- 
 ter for the agents just named are all more or less prostrating, 
 and create a worse state of digestive derangement than that which 
 previously existed, and soon, by virtue of spontaneous generation, 
 a new crop of parasites make their appearance. 
 
 When a horse shows any of the symptoms here alluded to, in- 
 dicating indigestion, or the actual presence of worms, I recommend 
 that an occasional dose of the following be given : 
 
 No. 27. Powdered poplar bark (populus tremuloides). ~\ 
 
 Powdered sulphur [ equal parte. 
 
 Powdered salt 
 
 Mix. 
 
 Dose, one table-opoonful, to be mixed with bran or oats. 
 
 EXAMPLES OF VEEMIFUGES. 
 
 No. 1. — Fluid extract of wormwood, four drachms ; to be given 
 in the morning, before feeding time, for several successive days. 
 
 Xo. 2. — Give one ounce of fluid extract of pink-root, every 
 morning, before feeding, for a week. 
 
 A GOOD REMEDY FOB THE TAPE-WORM. 
 
 Give four drachms of the solid extract of male fern (aspidium 
 felix mas) every other morning, during a period of about ten days. 
 This is said to be a specific for tape- worm. 
 
 Finally, as regards the treatment of worms, Nature has endoweJ 
 these parasites with such tenacity of life, that no matters knowr 
 to us will effect their destruction, though a few may answer tht> 
 purpose of their expulsion. Bots are so hardy as apparently to 
 survive immersion in oil, in alcohol, spirits of turpentine, and 
 even powerful solutions of mineral acids. The continued use of 
 salt, mixed with the food, appears, however, obnoxious to them ; 
 for sometimes, under its use, their hold gives way, and they are 
 ejected Bitters, purgatives, and the mechanical irritation of 
 
222 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDlOINiS AND SURGERY. 
 
 pointed bodies, as pewter, tin, etc., have no effect whatever upon 
 oots ; but with regard to the other parasites, rather more success 
 mav be expected from medical aid, in the form of vermifuges, 
 It nas been attempted to effect the removal of worms mechan- 
 ically, by dissolving the mucus they are supposed to be imbedded 
 m, for which purpose lime-water, oil, solutions of aloes, etc., have 
 been injected by clyster up the rectum, and which practice is most 
 to be depended on for the ejection of ascarides when in the rectum, 
 'This practice of washing away the mucus of the intestine, and 
 thus to deprive the intestine of the secretion given for its protec- 
 tion, is not to be recommended, though oil, for this end, would be 
 harmless. Strong purges are given with the same intent, which 
 may remove them also from the whole alimentary track. Reme- 
 dies have likewise been exhibited to destroy them within the 
 body, by the mechanical irritation of their spiculi, under which 
 view tin, brass, iron, and pewter are thought remedial. The In- 
 dian caustic barley and Indian pink are reputed vermifuges 
 against the teres and ascaris. The oil of turpentine has also been 
 strongly recommended as an excellent general vermifuge; but, 
 except for the destruction of the taenia, or tape-worm, it certainly 
 does not appear to deserve that character."* 
 
 * "Blaine's Outlines " 
 
SECTION VIII. 
 
 DISEASES OF THE' URINARY ORGANS. 
 
 Ihilammation of the Kidneys — Inflammation of the Bladder — Stone in th» 
 Bladder— Suppression of the Urine — Retention of the Urine — Diabetes, 
 or Profuse Stalling — Rupture of the Bladder — Albuminous Urins 
 Hematuria, or Bloody Urine. 
 
 A. 
 
 Inflammation of the Kidneys (Nephritis). 
 
 NEPHRITIC affection is often mistaken for what soma 
 l\. persons term "sprain across the kidneys" (lumbar sprain). 
 It is a mistake of some importance, from the fact that when sprain 
 or strain is suspected, people are apt to resort to the use of irri- 
 tating embrocations or liniments, which may do much harm, as 
 their action is to augment heat and pain, which, in case of ne- 
 phritis, is to be avoided. 
 
 Symptoms. — Hard and accelerated pulse ; quickened respiration, 
 indicative of pain ; back, arched ; legs, straddling ; the head ia 
 often turned toward the loins, or region of pain ; the animal is 
 unwilling to describe a circle with its body, and, while the acute 
 stage lasts, scarcely if ever gets down on the floor; the urine is 
 reddened and scanty ; finally, the animal crouches when pressure 
 is made over the region of the loins, and, as is the case in all acute 
 affections, thirst and loss of appetite are observable. 
 
 Treatment — The treatment of nephritis, in the acute or inflam- 
 matory stage, is just such as would be proper supposing the case 
 to be one of enteritis, or peritonitis. Twenty or forty drops of 
 fluid extract of gelseminum may be placed on the tongue two or 
 three times, at intervals of four hours; fomentations of hops 01 
 poppy-heads (warm) should be applied to the loins, and occa- 
 sional enemas of warm water may be thrown into the rectum. 
 
 The drink sliouH consist of what is known as flaxseed or slippery- 
 
 (22 i) 
 
224 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 tlm tea. Soon the inflammatory symptoms will subside, the patient 
 will manifest some relief from pain, and the color of the urine will 
 change, become lighter and thicker in consistence. We then dis- 
 continue the above treatment, and administer one ounce of fluid* 
 extract of buchu, morning and evening. This treatment, aided by 
 rest and good nursing, usually completes the cure. 
 
 Should it be suspected that the animal has a fit of pain, caused 
 t bv the "gravel," or passage or presence of urinary calculi, then 
 two irachms of muriatic acid should be mixed in the ordinary 
 drink, every time the animal is watered. He should also have a 
 email quantity of powdered slippery -elm or flaxseed mixed with 
 the food. Horses the subjects of urinary calculi pass urine which, 
 on being caught in an earthen vessel, deposits phosphates and other 
 earthy matter. When this occurs, and the animal has a fit of pain 
 Dr gravel, we may infer, in the absence of more positive proof, that 
 urinary calculi are present in some portion of the urinary apparatus. 
 
 Inflammation of the Bladder (Cystitis). 
 
 The principal symptom of inflammation of the bladder is fre- 
 quent urination, accompanied by straining and pain. Sometimes 
 the urine dribbles away, involuntarily or not, as the case may be. 
 It appears that the least distension of the bladder causes pain; 
 hence the effort to keep it empty. The urine is usually high- 
 colored, or, rather, of a dull red color. The animal stands with 
 his hind limbs widely separated. The treatment is precisely the 
 same as that just recommended for inflammation of the kidneys. 
 
 Stone in the Bladder. 
 
 One very remarkable symptom attending the presence of calcu- 
 lus, or stone in the bladder, is, that after the urine is voided there 
 comes a painful sensation, which causes the horse to groan. This 
 is caused by the walls of the bladder coming forcibly in contact 
 with the calculus, which is now a foreign body. Occasionally the 
 horse is urinating a full stream, when, all at once, the stream is 
 suddenly arrested, the animal still straining until urination again 
 commences. This is a pretty sure sign of stone in the bladder. 
 Stones that have been taken from the bladder, after death, present 
 a highly -polished surface; hence they do not produce that amount 
 
DISEASES OF THE URINARY OLG^NS 22ft 
 
 of irritation which proceeds from intestinal calculi, the surfaces of 
 which are always rough. 
 
 Mr. Yotjatt says that " the symptoms of stone in the bladder 
 much resemble those of spasmodic colic, except thai, on careful 
 inquiry, it will be found that there has been much irregularity in 
 the discharge of urine, and occasional suppression cf it. When 
 fits of apparent colic frequently return, and are accompanied by 
 any peculiarity in the appearance or the discharge of the urine, the 
 horse should be carefully examined. For this purpose, he must 
 be thrown. If there is stone in the bladder, it will, while the 
 horse lies on his back, press on the rectum. Several cases have 
 lately occurred of successful extraction of the calculus, but to 
 effect this it is always necessary to have recourse to the aid of a 
 veterinary practitioner." 
 
 It is not necessary to cast the horse in view of ascertaining the 
 presence of calculus. The hand can be introduced into the rectum 
 while the horse is standing. The rectum should, however, first be 
 e\ acuated by enemas of warm water. But we have a better plan 
 than this. A sound or jointed catheter has been invented, which, 
 when passed into the bladder, determines, by percussion, the pres- 
 ence of calculi. The operation of lithotomy can only be performed 
 by one skilled in the science ; yet the reader may desire to know 
 something about the mode of performing it; therefore I introduce 
 a case of the kind, which occurred in the practice of Mr. Field. 
 The following is the case : 
 
 "The animal was cast, in the usual manner, and both hind 
 legs were drawn to the shoulders, as if for castration. Read's new 
 flexible catheter being passed into the bladder, a quantity of warm 
 water was injected sufficient to distend that organ and the urethra 
 moderately. The catheter being withdrawn, and holding the penis 
 with the left hand, a slightly-curved grooved staff, two feet long, 
 was introduced, so as for the curved part to come into the subana] 
 portion of the urethra, above the posterior edge of the ischium, 
 extending toward the sphincter ani. An assistant, kneeling on 
 the left side of the horse, drew the penis forward with his left 
 hand, and gently pushed the staff backward with the right, at the 
 same time keeping the groove exactly beneath the raphe. This 
 elevated the portion of the urethra to be incised. I then made an 
 incision, i line from and on the right side of the raphe, through 
 the sk' and fascia, extending the length of from hree to four 
 15 
 
226 bAbiTS VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 inches; and, pushing the penis a little on one side, I gradually 
 divided the muscular and spongy portion, and exposed the mucous 
 membrane of the urethra, when the finger readily detected the 
 groove of the staff, into which a small incision was made sufficient 
 to admit the bistoire cacMe, following which with the index finger 
 of the left hand, the membrane was divided to the rectum. Very 
 little blood flowed, and the water of the urethra gushed out, The 
 staff being removed, I easily introduced the small forceps thtough 
 the urethra into the bladder, and grasped the stone, a portion of 
 which flaked off. The large forceps were then employed, and, 
 my brother holding the handles, I directed the blades upon the 
 stone, my left hand being in the rectum. Having placed the 
 stone in a proper position, I grasped it with the forceps, and, with 
 both hands, gave it a half-turn, so as to place its widest axis be- 
 tween the pubis and rectum; and thus, with a moderate force, I 
 gradually and evenly drew it out, the neck of the bladder readily 
 dilating. Two stitches were inserted in that part of the incision 
 nearest the anus, the lower part being left to itself." 
 
 Suppression op Urine. 
 
 Suppression of urine signifies that condition in which no urine 
 is either secreted or voided. The affection is due to either func- 
 tional or organic disease of the kidneys, or it is an accompaniment 
 of various forms of disease, and, in such cases, is termed functional, 
 For example, I lately treated a horse the subject of jaundice : 
 he did not pass a drop of urine for two days. I inferred that 
 the kidneys were inactive, and did not secrete urine, therefore he 
 had none to pass; but after this period, a slight improvement in 
 the disease (jaundice) having taken place, he urinated, yet at first 
 only in small quantities. 
 
 When the affection comes on periodically, it indicates organic 
 lisease of the kidneys, and, finally, is apt to prove fatal. Wat 
 son says " that if no urine be separated from the blood, coma 
 soon supervenes, and death. It is believed that these conse- 
 quences result from the detention of urea in the system. Urea is 
 a mere excrement, w.iich, in health, is removed from the blood 
 by the kidneys as fast as it enters that fluid. When it is not so 
 carried off, it accumulates in the blood, circulates with it to every 
 part of the body, and acts as a poison, especially upon the brain. 
 
DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 227 
 
 To render it thus poisonous, however, its decomposition in the 
 blood appears to be requisite. 
 
 This is one of the numerous instances showing that the carry- 
 ino- fluid of the body may become the vehicle of disease and death, 
 if it be not duly purged of deleterious matters which pertain to 
 the unceasing processes of organic life. If carbonic acid be nc/t 
 extricated by the lungs, the animal functions are as certainly and 
 almost as speedily extinguished by that gas as the flame of a taper 
 mio-ht be, and we know that when the outlet of the liver is shut 
 up, when the blood is not pumped from the excrementitious bile^ 
 the powers of animal life are weakened and sometimes utterly 
 and rapidly destroyed." 
 
 Frequent complaints are made to me, by horsemen, that their 
 horses do not urinate sufficiently, and I am requested to furnish 
 diuretics. I usually advise the former not to feel alarmed, for 
 Nature regulates these matters, and, in time, all will be well ; pro- 
 vided, however, good food is furnished, and proper care is taken 
 of the animal. The subject being one of importance, both as 
 regards man and horse, I here introduce the following article 
 from Watson's "Lectures:" 
 
 " Suppression of urine, for a considerable time, is not, however, 
 necessarily and universally fatal. Patients laboring under the 
 epidemic cholera would secrete not a drop of water for some days, 
 and yet recover. It was remarkable how entirely free such patients 
 were from any approach toward coma. Was the urea here drained 
 off from the blood in the enormous and unnatural flux from the 
 stomach and bowels? I think it probably was; but chemical 
 search has not detected that substance in the fluids so effused. 
 Schmidt thinks, indeed, that it would be found but for its rapid 
 decomposition into carbonate of ammonia. There are, however, 
 some very singular instances on record of persons who have passed 
 days and even weeks without secreting urine, and without show- 
 ing any other indication of impaired health. What degree of 
 credit such narratives deserve I do not know ; but assuming that 
 there was neither fraud nor mistake, it may be suspected that 
 either the natural secretion was compensated by some vicarious 
 or supplemental discharge, or that a small quantity of urine was 
 actually separated by the kidneys. ' If any water, however small 
 the quantity/ remarks Sir Henry Halford, 'had been made in 
 these cases, I should have thought it possible that the patient 
 
228 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 might have recovered ; for it has often surprised me to observe 
 how small has been the measure of that excrement itious fluid 
 which the frame has sometimes thrown off, and yet preserved 
 itself harmless. But the cessation of the excretion altogethei is 
 universally a fatal symptom in my experience, being followed by 
 oppression on the brain.' The same eminent physician states that 
 in three of his five cases there was observed a remarkably strong 
 urinous smell in the perspiration for twenty-four hours before 
 death. This I believe is of common occurrence in such cases. 
 Other patients have vomited, or passed by the bowels, watery 
 matters possessing some of the sensible qualities of urine ; and a 
 urinous fluid is said to have been found in the ventricles of the 
 brain in some of the fatal cases. 
 
 I have spoken of suppression of urine as a malady, though it 
 probably is never any thing more than a symptom; yet it is one 
 of those symptoms which, from our uncertainty respecting their 
 origin and determining cause, we are obliged to treat and to study 
 as if they were substantive diseases. In the only well-marked 
 instance that I have seen of suppression of urine coming on in an 
 apparently healthy person, some blood had appeared in the urine 
 for a day or two before the secretion was totally suspended, and 
 the kidneys were found gorged with blood. Extreme congestion 
 or inflammation of the substance of the gland is probably at the 
 bottom of many of these cases. The same train of symptoms 
 supervenes not unfrequently upon organic renal disease. They 
 happen, too, sometimes, when the ureters become impervious from 
 disease, or from impacted gravel. In this condition urine con- 
 tinues to be secreted, for a time at least, and distends the ureter 
 behind the seat of the obstruction. The apoplectic state which 
 ensues may arise from a reabsorption of the secreted fluid ; or, in 
 consequence of the obstacle, the secretion itself, after going to a 
 certain point, may stop, and then the case becomes a case of sup- 
 pression." 
 
 Treatment. — Persons desirous of administering medicine for the 
 treatment of this affection, are advised to give half an ounce of 
 powdered chlorate of potass, dissolved in the drink, every night, 
 and half an ounce of fluid extract of buchu every morning. 
 
diseases of this urinary organs, 229 
 
 Retention of Urine. 
 
 Retention and suppression of urine are terms very often con- 
 founded with each other. We have just shown what is n eant by 
 suppression, and now it remains for us to understand the true na- 
 ture of retention. Retention signifies an undue delay of natural 
 discharges. The secretion of urine may be active as ever, yet the 
 animal has not the power to void it. The bladder soon becomes 
 distended beyond its physiological capacity. Its muscular fibers 
 are overstretched, and thus have not the power to contract again 
 until the fluid is evacuated by means of the catheter ; hence the 
 treatment of such a case as this pertains more to the art of sur- 
 gery than that of medicine. 
 
 Treatment. — In most of these cases we find the neck of the blad- 
 der spasmodically contracted. The spasm may be either primary 
 or it may accompany spasmodic colic, which is often the case. In 
 fact some animals, when suffering from retention of urine, act just 
 as if they had colic; hence it is, in such cases, highly necessary 
 that the bladder be examined by introducing a hand into the 
 rectum. By this means, should the bladder be distended, it can 
 easily be discovered. The catheter must then be introduced, or 
 the animal will die from rupture of the bladder. Provided no 
 catheter should be at hand, I should throw into the rectum copi- 
 ous enemas of warm water, and administer one or two ounces of 
 tincture of assafetida as an antispasmodic, which may possibly 
 have the desired effect. 
 
 Diabetes, or Profuse Stalling. 
 
 Many veterinary writers contend that diabetes is caused by tne 
 administration of diuretics, or else in consequence of improper 
 food. In some instances this may be true. Errors of this kind 
 may produce an excessive flow of urine, but this does not consti- 
 tute diabetes. 
 
 Symj)toms. — The characteristic symptom of diabetes is a most 
 remarkable change in the quality of the urine. It becomes loaded 
 with sugar. It has been found that in true diabetes the urine is 
 never without sugar. The most ready test for sugar i-n urine is 
 as follows: Invert a test-tube, filled with urine, to which a small 
 quantity of yeast has been added, into a saucer, also containing 
 
230 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 urine ; set the mixture in a warm place, and, if sugar be present,, 
 fermentation will soon commence, and carbonic acid rising in the 
 tube will depress the upper surface of the urine. 
 
 Very few experiments have ever been made on the diabetic 
 urine of horses ; but large quantities of saccharine matters have 
 been obtained from the diabetic urine of man, by a process of 
 evaporation. Watson tells us, in his "Lectures," that he haa 
 ■seen large flat cakes of beautifully crystallized diabetic sugar. 
 " It differs somewhat from common sugar, the produce of the 
 sugar-cane, and approaches more nearly to the sugar of grapes. 
 This kind of sugar, which may also be produced artificiaLy from 
 starch, chemists have named glucose. By rapid evaporation of 
 the water, a thick syrup is produced, resembling treacle ; but Dr. 
 Macintyre, who has presented to our hospital museum some very 
 fine specimens of this sugar, prepared by Dr. Blandford, informs 
 me that to get it well crystallized, the evaporation in a steam- 
 bath should be stopped while the urine is of thin consistence. It 
 may be quickly reduced to one-half, perhaps, of its original quan- 
 tity; then it should be set aside, in shallow plates, and in the 
 course often days or a fortnight the sugar will be deposited." 
 
 An animal the subject of diabetes is usually very thirsty. The 
 urine is light-colored, almost transparent. It has not the ordi- 
 nary odor of common urine, but something like musty hay. 
 
 Treatment. — The indications in the treatment of this affectior 
 are, to give tone to the system and sustain the general health. A 
 drachm or two of the sulphate of iron may be occasionally mixed 
 with the oats (the latter must be of the best quality), and one 
 ounce of the fluid extract of buchu may be given every night * 
 Good wholesome food and an occasional drink of slippery-elm 
 tea are also indicated. Should the disease not yield to such treat- 
 ment as this, the case may be considered incurable. 
 
 Cause. — In regard to the cause of diabetes, very little is known ; 
 but, to set the matter right in the minds of some who believe that 
 nothing but diuretics and inferior provender excite it, I offer the 
 following quotation from the pen of the author just named. I 
 think, however, that bad food is most likely to produce diabetes. 
 
 * The buchu is not a direct diuretic, like resin or niter; therefore it may be 
 given with safety. It acts as a tonic and sudorific, and operates physiologically 
 »n the kidneys. 
 
uiSEASJSa OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 2ol 
 
 " It is probable enough that the exeiting cause of diabetes mav 
 sometimes lie in the digestive organs, as Mr. McGregor supposed 
 The results of his experiments do not conflict with M. Bernard's. 
 Mr. McGregor, you may remember, found sugar in the partly- 
 digested food brought up from the stomach of a diabetic patient. 
 He detected it also in the saliva; and in the feces, which, when 
 allowed to dry spontaneously, became covered, after the lapse of 
 some time, with distinct crystals of sugar. And yeast having been 
 administered to two diabetic patients, in ounce doses, after each 
 meal, had soon to be discontinued, because the patients, to use their 
 own expressions, felt as if they ' were on the eve of being blown 
 up.' There being sugar in the blood, we need not be surprised 
 that he met with it in the gastric and intestinal secretions from 
 the blood. Dr. Harley has observed that by injecting irritating 
 matters into the portal vein, (ammonia, ether, chloroform, alcohol,) 
 a saccharine condition of the urine may be artificially produced. 
 It is conjectured that these substances act upon fibers of the pneu- 
 mogastric nerve, whence an impression is transmitted to the nerv- 
 ous centers, and thence is again reflected upon the liver through 
 the splanchnic nerves. It is not difficult to imagine that irritat- 
 ing substances may find their way into the portal blood through 
 a faulty digestion, or through the use of certain kinds of food or 
 of medicine. Again : since contrived irritation of the brain at the 
 origin of the pneumogastric nerves will make the urine saccharine, 
 the cause of diabetes in the human subject may reasonably be placed, 
 in some instances, within the skull; and we may understand how 
 injuries or diseases of the brain, or even mental disquiet and de- 
 jection, operating through the brain, may produce it. Some strik- 
 ing cases have been published by Dr. Goolden, in which head 
 symptoms were accompanied by saccharine urine, and in which 
 the diabetic symptoms were checked or removed by remedies ad- 
 dressed to the head affection — by blisters especially, and by pur- 
 gatives. Nay, we may ask whether there may not, in fact, be two 
 varieties of diabetes mellitus, in one of which the animal and in 
 the other the vegetable form of sugar may be present in the urine, 
 and whether the one of these varieties may not be more hopeful 
 of cure or recovery than the other. Bearing in mind the name 
 and the distribution of the pneumogastric nerve, may we not in- 
 flulge the conjecture that disease or injury of the brain near the 
 origin of that nerve may directly affect the functions of the stom- 
 
232 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY 
 
 aeh, and thus prevent its digestive power, or the functions oi the 
 lungs, and thus interfere with the chemical destruction of sugar 
 in those organs ? This last notion might seem to receive support 
 from the frequent association of pulmonary disease or disorder with 
 saccharine urine." 
 
 EUPTURE OF THE BLADDER. 
 
 It is well known that rupture of the bladder may arise from 
 overdistension with urine ; yet it may occur from other causes, 
 as the following article, contributed by Dr. C. M. Wood, will 
 show : 
 
 "September 1. — My subject was a bay horse, seven years old, in 
 high condition ; that is, fat. On inquiry, I was informed, by the 
 man who had the care of him, that when he entered the stable, 
 at four o'clock, A. M., he found the horse rolling and tumbling, 
 and in great pain. I asked, What has the horse been doing ? and 
 was answered that, having fallen into other hands, he had done 
 little more than merely exercise for the past four months. On 
 examination, the following symptoms were observed: The ani- 
 mal was standing, with the near fore extremity raised and extended, 
 and in the act of pawing, but he did not disturb his bedding. He 
 would suddenly place one foot down and raise the opposite one, 
 when he would continue to paw, in like manner, for two or three 
 minutes. He would then cease pawing, and extend himself in his 
 stall, with the head elevated, and a fixed stare, as if in the act of 
 urinating. He would then perhaps lie down at full length in his 
 stall, or throw his head back upon his side, and remain in this 
 position a few minutes ; would again rise and commence pawing, 
 as before. AVhen standing, his hind extremities were wide apart. 
 His pulse was forty-two; mouth, hot, but moist; the visible mu- 
 cous surfaces slightly injected ; his respiration little disturbed ; in 
 fact, his symptoms were not violent. I gave an antispasmodic 
 drench, and left him. At eight, A. M., again visited my patient 
 Found him standing, apparently relieved, yet he occasionally man 
 ifested slight symptoms of a kind of dull abdominal pain. His 
 bowels being costive, I gave him one ounce of cathartic mass, ona 
 drachm of calomel, and half a drachm of pulverized opium, in a 
 ball. At noon he was still the same. Ordered him a bran-maal., 
 which he did not eat; nor did he drink. Gave an enema, rtn:* 
 
DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 233 
 
 alated the abdomen, and left him. Six, P. M. — He has laid down 
 quietly for two hours ; stands easy, but neither eats nor drinks. 
 Nine, P. M. — Still the same; lies down occasionally. When 
 standing, paws considerably. Has had no evacuation of the bow- 
 els or of the urinary passages since the man discovered that the 
 animal was sick. Examined the rectum, but found no feces therein. 
 Gave half a drachm each of Venice turpentine and copaiba, in an 
 infusion of linseed ; gave also an enema, and left him for the night, 
 leaving a pail of water in the manger before him. 
 
 September 2, six o'clock, A. M. — On entering the stable, my 
 patient appeared much the same as when I left him the previous 
 evening. I inquired how he had been during the night. The 
 groom informed me that 'he had remained easy until about one 
 o'clock, when he commenced pawing, as before, but without touch- 
 ing his bedding; that he would lie down for a few minutes quite 
 easy, when he would throw himself at full length in his Stall, and 
 remain in that position a short time; then rise up and extend 
 himself, as if to relieve the urinary passages, but only a few drops 
 dribbled away, as usual.' As usual? said I. Have you never 
 observed any difficulty in his making water before ? He answered, 
 'I have taken care of this horse for over two years, and have 
 never seen him make more than a wine-glassful of water at any 
 one time. He passed a little every ten or fifteen minutes. His 
 stall was constantly wet, but I have never seen any trouble on 
 account of it.' This statement was fully corroborated by several 
 ether persons. I now examined my patient per rectum, and found 
 the bladder empty. Upon introducing the catheter not a drop of 
 urine was obtained, nor even could the odor of urine be detected 
 on the catheter. I now concluded that he had a ruptured bladder, 
 and gave up all hopes of his recovery. However, from the pain 
 at intervals, and apparent relief of the animal occasionally, I di- 
 rected my treatment to the kidneys and bladder, by giving oilj 
 laxatives, emollient enemas, and counter-irritation, in the hope, 
 not of cure, but of palliation, and each, in turn, gave relief for a 
 short time. Nine, P. M. — Have seen my patient several times 
 during the day. His symptoms increasing in frequency and vio- 
 lence. Pulse, sixty-six ; respiration, hurried ; body and extremi- 
 ties, still warm. He paws, rolls, and tumbles violently. Gave 
 an enema, which had the effect to remove the content" of the rec- 
 tum, consisting of four or five small pellets of feces, covered with 
 
234 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 mucus. He nov?, for the first time, drank six or seven swallows 
 of water, but had no desire for food. I ordered a pail of water 
 to be placed before him, and that a man should watch him during 
 the night. 
 
 September 3, six, A. M. — Has drank the water. Still paws, 
 lies down, suddenly rises, paws again, and thus continues. The 
 body is still warm ; he is not at all violent, his pain being, as it 
 were, dull ; the abdomen rapidly increasing in size. Nine, P. M.— 
 Have seen my patient several times since morning. See no pos- 
 sible chance for recovery. His respiration is quick and laborious ; 
 pulse, seventy-four ; visible mucous surfaces highly injected ; head 
 and neck bedewed with a cold, clammy perspiration j tremor of 
 the fore extremities ; still paws, but does not lie down. He puts 
 his nose in the bucket, plays with the water in it, but does not 
 drink. Abdomen appears to increase in size. Notwithstanding 
 every me%ns was used for his relief, the symptoms continued to 
 increase in severity, and he died at one o'clock, A. M., on the 
 fourth. 
 
 Made an examination thirty-six hours after death, the knacker 
 neglecting to remove the horse before. On opening the abdo- 
 men the following appearances were visible : A slight blush of 
 inflammation pervaded the whole of the intestinal canal. Ex- 
 treme distention of the caecum and colon, but their contents were 
 pultacious. The bladder quite empty, and contracted at its cervix 
 ' into firm rugoe ; in substance its walls thickened to half an inch ; 
 its apex bore marks of ulceration, with a rupture of one and a half 
 inches through its parieties. Had it not been ruptured, I think 
 the bladder could not have been made to contain more than a 
 quart ; and we think this condition of the organ is sufficient to 
 account for the constant dribbling spoken of by the groom. There 
 was an accumulation of several gallons of fluid in the abdominal 
 cavity, and the peritoneum bore evident marks of inflammation, 
 which, doubtless, had been rendered less solvent by the medicines 
 administered. The lining membrane of the bladder was clothed 
 with a kind of mucus, thick, muddy, and of a dark color. The 
 kidneys were almost destitute of the investing membrane. What 
 remained rubbed off with the slightest touch. In attempting to 
 remove then: from their connections, they were torn with very 
 little for.-*. They were of a brick red color, extremely soft, so 
 that they nonld be squeezed between the fingers like a paste : or. 
 
DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 23c 
 
 when laid upon a board, they flattened like soft dough. The liver 
 was softened, or, as it is generally called, rotten. It appeared 
 pale, was of a clay color externally, and could be broken down 
 with the slightest pressure. The stomach was healthy, and con- 
 tained about four quarts of fluid. The thoracic viscera healthy; 
 heart, large and firm ; lungs, sound, but discolored, doubtless from 
 lying so bng after death. 
 
 An idea suggests itself in regard to the case now under consid- 
 eration : that the liver did not properly prepare the blood for the 
 secretion of the urine ; hence the morbid condition of the kidneys 
 and bladder. But, although these organs are shown to have been 
 exercising a diseased secretory action, yet doubtless the primary 
 seat of the affection was in the digestive apparatus, the stomach, 
 and more particularly the liver. This question is not only a very 
 important one in a pathological point of view, but it is also one 
 of peculiar interest to the practitioner in his treatment of disease. 
 It directs him to the proper remedies to employ, and the action 
 of these remedies on the organs affected. In the treatment of all 
 diseases, it is not only necessary to understand the cause, but to 
 know the organ or viscus affected." 
 
 Albuminous Urine ("Thick Water"). 
 
 This is rather a rare disease among horses; yet, as it does occa- 
 sionally occur, it may be proper to take some notice of it. Those 
 cases which have come under the author's notice have occurred in 
 animals of the scrofulous diathesis, most of which animals had a 
 scurfy skin, and were otherwise unthrifty, just the subjects for 
 disease of the kidneys ; for it is well known that when the excre- 
 mentitious function of the skin is interrupted, the kidneys have 
 to perform double labor. Their function is then overtaxed ; hence, 
 disease. 
 
 Albuminous urine is often associated with various forms Gf dis- 
 ease, or, rather, is the result of disease, or may follow the use of 
 improper medicines or bad food. Such are said to be the cause 
 of this malady (functional) in the human; and, reasoning from 
 analogy, we infer that the same causes operate on the horse, for 
 all the functions of his body are carried on after the same general 
 plan that obtains in the body of man. 
 
 AY atson teaches us " that some articles of food, and some medi- 
 
236 DADD'S VETERINAKV MEDICINE AND SUllGEKr. 
 
 cinfis, have the effect, in some cases, of rendering the urine for a 
 time albuminous. Perhaps it would be more correct to say that 
 certain forms of indigestion may cause this change. Albumen 
 has, also, been detected after a blister upon the skin, or under tha^ 
 general state of irritation of the skin called eczema rubrum, which 
 is produced by the use of mercury. In the crisis of some febrile 
 disorders, in some cases of pregnancy, of heart disease, and in epi- 
 demic cholera, the same phenomena has been observed. Whenever 
 blood, proceeding from the long track of mucous membrane which 
 lines the urinary organs, mingles with the urine, that fluid, of 
 necessity, contains albumen, and coagulates, if tested by heat or by 
 nitric acid." There is no albumen in healthy urine; neither can 
 we recognize its presence by mere inspection. Horses often pass 
 urine of a thick and ropy character, but that does not prove that 
 it is albuminous. It may be loaded with morbid or excrementi- 
 tious matter, yet contain not a particle of albumen. Healthv 
 urine, when recently discharged, possesses the ordinary temper- 
 ature of the body, is transparent, of a straw color, and exhales 
 a peculiar ammoniacal odor, which it loses in cooling. About 
 ninety -three parts in one hundred of healthy urine is water; the 
 remainder are made up chiefly of urea, saline and organic matters. 
 Albumen, being similar to the white of eggs, passes from the fluid 
 to the solid state by boiling ; therefore, in order to detect albumen 
 in urine, it is only necessary to heat the suspected urine to the 
 boiling point, when the albuminous opacity becomes visible. 
 
 A horse the subject of albuminous urine usually has a strad- 
 dling gait; will stretch backward his hind legs; is stiff, and makes 
 short turns with difficulty. He is usually thirsty and feverish, 
 has a quick pulse, and the feuces are hard and dark-colored. When 
 the disease is of long standing, and the animal loses flesh, and the 
 mucous membranes of the mouth appear pale, the probability is 
 that the disease is organic, and the case may be considered incura- 
 ble. In such cases, the morbid appearances aftei death denote 
 degeneration, or structural change in the secreting surface of the 
 kidneys, and in the glands also. 
 
 Treatment. — The best remedy for the treatment of this affection 
 is fluid extract of buchu, two ounces per day. Greep v^etables 
 and caixots are also indicated. 
 
diseases of the urinary organs. 237 
 
 Hematuria (Bloody Urine). 
 
 Hematuria consists of extravasation of blood from the urinary 
 organs, which is mixed with the urine, giving to the latter a blood- 
 red tinge. Small quantities of blood is very often excreted from 
 the kidneys, in consequence of congestion of the renal blood-ves- 
 seta. The affection often follows injury or sprain in the lumbar 
 region, and may occur in consequence of active disease, scattered 
 in either the kidneys or the bladder. Strong diuretics, such as 
 turpentine, juniper berries, etc., are operative in producing hsema- 
 turia. But many cases are very obscure. Blood is sometimes 
 voided with the urine without any assignable cause. I have 
 known mares, when menstruating, to pass considerable blood with 
 the urine, which ceased on the termination of menstruation. 
 
 Treatment. — The proper method of treating this affection is to 
 apply warm-water dressings to the loins, and drench the patient 
 with one ounce of fluid extract of matico, night and morning. 
 Mucilaginous drinks are also needed, which may be composed of, 
 slippery-elm, flaxseed, or gum arabic. 
 
SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS USED IN VETERINARY PRACTICE. 
 
 Explanation.— Fig. 1, Hobbles for casting; 2, Probang, for the removal of olratructio* 
 withir the oesophagus; 3, Thumb lancet; 4, Artery forceps; 5, Gum scarificator; 6. Tube used 
 for obstruction in the teats; 7. Castrating knife; 8, Beak-pointed scalpel; 9, Curved scissors 
 10, Suture-needles; 11, Female catheter; 12, Parturient slip-noose; 13, Parturient laver; 14, Km- 
 iryotomy forceps, or clasp-hooks; 15, Embryotomy knife; 16, Mouth-gag; 17, Trocar; IS, CanuU 
 or cover of the trocar; 19, 20, Trocar and canula for puncturing the chest; 21, 22, 23, Views c 
 leu mveral parts of the tracheotomy tube. 
 
SECTION IX. 
 
 SURGICAL OPERATIONS. 
 
 Of 8urgical Operations and the various Restraints it is sometimes nb» 
 
 ck8sary to place the horse under for their performance — casting 
 
 Slinging — Castration — French Method of Castration — Castration by 
 Ligature — Lithotomy — Tracheotomy — GSsophagotomy — Neurotomy — Mods 
 of Performing Neurotomy — Periosteotomy — Division of the Flexor Ten- 
 dons — Amputations — Amputation of the Penis — Amputation of the Tail — 
 Nicking — Firing — Blistering— Ammoniacal Blister— Rowelling — Setons — 
 Abstraction of Blood, or Bleeding — Division of the Temporal Artery — 
 Bleeding by the Palate — Bleeding by the Toe — Phlebotomy — Bleedino 
 by the Jugular Vein. 
 
 Op Surgical Operations and the various restraints n 
 
 IS SOMETIMES necessary to place the horse under for 
 
 THEIR PERFORMANCE. 
 
 " \^7"HEN it is necessary to perform any painful operation on 
 iT so powerful an animal as the horse, it is of consequence 
 to subject him to a restraint equal to the occasion. Horses are 
 very dissimilar in their tempers, and bear pain very differently ; 
 but it is always prudent to prepare for the worst, and few impor- 
 tant operations should be attempted without casting. Humanity 
 ehould be the fundamental principle of every proceeding, and we 
 ought always to subject this noble animal to pain with reluctance ; 
 but when circumstances absolutely call for it, we should joyfully 
 close our hearts to all necessary suffering. The resistance of the 
 horse is terrible, and it is but common prudence to guard against 
 the effects of it. The lesser restraints are various. Among them 
 may be first noticed the twitch. The twitch is a very necessary 
 instrument in a stable, though, when frequently and officiously 
 used, it may have the ill-effect of rendering some horses violent 
 
 to resist its application. In many instances blindfolding will do 
 
 (239) 
 
240 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 more than the twitch ; and some horses may be quieted, when thf 
 pain is not excessive, by holding the ear in one hand, and rubbing 
 the point of the nose with the other. A soothing manner will 
 often engage the attention and prevent violence ; but it is seldom 
 that either threats or punishment render an unruly horse more 
 calm. Inexperienced persons guard themselves only against the 
 hind legs; but they should be aware that some horses strike ter- 
 ribly with their fore-feet. It is prudent, therefore, in all opera- 
 tions, to blindfold the animal, as, by this, he becomes particularly 
 intimidated, and if he strikes he can not aim. When one of the 
 fore extremities requires a very minute examination, it is prudent 
 to have the opposite leg held up (it may, in some cases, be tied) ; 
 and when one of the hinder feet is the object of attention, the fore 
 one of the same side should be held up, as, by this means, the ani- 
 mal is commonly prevented from striking. If this precaution be 
 not taken, still observe to keep one hand on the hock, while the 
 other is employed in what is necessary, by which means, if the 
 foot become elevated to kick, sufficient warning is given, and the 
 very action of the horse throws the operator away from the sti oke. 
 Without the use of these arts, the practitioner will expose himself 
 to much risk. The trevis is the very utmost limit of restraint, 
 and is seldom used save by smiths, to shoe very violent and power- 
 ful horses. Whenever recourse is had to it, the greatest caution is 
 necessary to bed and bolster all the parts that are likely to come 
 in contact with the body. On the Continent we have seen horses 
 shod in this machine, and apparently put into it from no necessity 
 greater than to prevent the clothes of the smith from being dirtied. 
 Horses have been destroyed by the trevis, as well as by casting; 
 or their aversion to the restraint has been such, they have died 
 from the consequences of their own resistance. The side-line is 
 now very generally used, not only in minor operations, but also in 
 those more important. Many veterinarians do not use any other 
 restraint than this, in which they consider there is safety both to 
 the horse and to the operator. It is applicable to such horses as 
 are disposed to strike behind, and consists in placing a hobble-strap 
 around the pastern of one hind leg, and then carrying from a web 
 collar, passed over the head, the end of a rope through the D of the 
 hobble, and back again under the webbing round the neck. A 
 man is then set to pull at the free end of the rope, by ^Lich the 
 hinder leg is drawn forward without elevating it from tl e ground. 
 
SURGICAL OPERATIONS. 24] 
 
 By this displacement of one leg the horse is effectually secured 
 from kicking with either. Occasionally it is thus applied : hobble*, 
 are put on both hind legs, and the rope is passed through each of 
 the rings. According to this last method, the horse 3 actually 
 cast, as he must fall when the ropes are pulled. Take a *ong rope, 
 and tie a loop in the middle, which is to be of such a size as it may 
 serve for a collar ; pass the loop over the head, letting the knot rest 
 upon the withers ; then take the free ends, pass them through the 
 hobbles, and bring it under the loop. Let two men pull at the 
 ropes, and the hind legs will be drawn forward. 
 
 Casting. 
 
 The objections to this practice arise from the dangcra incurred 
 by forcing the horse to the ground. Mr. Bracy Clark simplified 
 easting by inventing some patent hobbies, having a running chain 
 instead of rope, and which, by a shifting D, made the loosening of 
 all the hobbles, for the purpose of getting at a particular leg, 
 unnecessary. These were still further improved by Mr. Budd, so 
 as to render a release from all the hobbles at once practicable. 
 Hobble leathers and ropes should be kept supple and' pliant with 
 oil, and ought to be always examined previous to using ; nor should 
 the D or ring of the strap be of any other nietfll than iron. Brass, 
 however thick, is brittle, and not to be depended on. To the D 
 ring, or ring of one pastern hobble, a chain of about four feet long 
 is attached ; to this a strong rope is well fastened, and, according to 
 the way the horse is to be thrown, this hobble is to be fixed on the 
 fore-foot of the contrary side. The rope is then passed from the 
 hobble on the fore-foot to the D of the hind foot of that side, then 
 to the other hind foot, and, lastly, through the D of the other fore- 
 foot. After this, much of the ease and safety of the throw depends 
 on bringing the legs as near together as possible. This should be 
 done by gradually moving them nearer to each other, without 
 alarming the horse, which will very much facilitate the business, 
 and is really of more moment than is generally imagined. A space 
 sufficiently large should be chosen for the purpose of casting, as 
 some horses struggle much, and throw themselves with great vio- 
 lence a considerable way to one side or the other; and they are 
 able to do this if the feet have not been brought near together pre- 
 vious to attempting the cast. The place should be also very well 
 lfi 
 
242 UADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 litteit J down. The legs having been brought together, the assist- 
 ants must act in concert. One, particularly, should be at the head, 
 which must be carefully held throughout by means of a strong 
 snaffle-bridle; another should be at the hind part, to direct the 
 fall, and to force the, body of the horse to the side which is requi- 
 site. Pursuing these instructions, the animal may be at once rather 
 let down than thrown, by a dexterous and quick drawing of the 
 rope, the whole assistants acting in concert. The moment tha 
 hoise is down, the person at the head must throw himself upon 
 that member, and keep it secure ; for all the efforts of the animal 
 to disengage himself are begun by elevating the head and fore-parts. 
 The rope is tightened. The chain is fixed by inserting a hook 
 through one of the links, of sufficient size not to pass the hobbles. 
 When the operation is over, the screw which fastens the chain to 
 the hobble, first put upon one fore-leg, is withdrawn. The chain 
 then flies through the D's of the other hobbles, and all the legs 
 are free, save the fore-leg first alluded to ; '.he strap of this has to 
 be afterward unbuckled. There are also other apparatus used in 
 casting, as a strong leathern case to pass over the head, serving as 
 a blind when the animal is being thrown, and as a protection 
 against his rubbing the skin off his eyes when down. Then a sur- 
 cingle is also used. This is fastened round the horse's body, and 
 from the back hangs a broad strap and a rope. The strap is fast- 
 ened to the fore-leg of that side which it is desired should be 
 uppermost. The line is given to a man who stands on the oppo- 
 site side to the generality of the pullers. On the signal being 
 given, the men having hold of the hobble-rope pull the legs one 
 way, while he who has hold of the rope attached to the surcingle 
 pulls the back in a contrary direction, and the horse is immedi- 
 ately cast. 
 
 Slinging. 
 
 This is a rsstraint which horses submit to with great impatience, 
 and not without much inconvenience, from the violent excoriations 
 occasioned by the friction and pressure of the bandaging mound 
 his body. Graver evils are also brought about by the abdominal 
 pressure. Some horses stale and dung with difficulty when sus- 
 pended, and inflammation of the bowels has not unfrequently 
 come on during slinging. The slings are, however, forced on n? 
 in some cases, as in fractured bones, the treatment of open joints. 
 
SURGICAL OPERATIONS. 243 
 
 and some other wounds where motion would be most unfavorable 
 to the curative treatment. Suspension may be partial or complete. 
 Suspension of any kind will require the application of pulleys and 
 ropes affixed to the beams, that the whole body of the horse may 
 be supported. A sling may be formed of a piece of strong sack- 
 ing, which is to pass under the belly, the two ends being fastened 
 firmly to pieces of wood, each of about three feet long, and which 
 are to reach a little higher than the horse's back. To the pieces 
 of wood cords and pulleys are to be firmly attached, by which 
 means the sacking can be lowered or raised at pleasure. To the 
 sacking, also, are to be sewn strong straps, both before and behind, 
 to prevent the horse sliding in either direction, without carrying 
 the sacking with him. Upon this so-formed cradle he is to recline. 
 If horses when they are fresh should be placed in this machine, 
 most of them would either injure themselves or break through all 
 restraint. However, by tying up their heads for three or four 
 nights their spirit is destroyed. The slings may then be applied 
 without the fear of resistance. It is the best method not to pull 
 the canvas firm up, but to leave about an inch between the horse's 
 belly and the cloth, so that the animal may stand free, or throw 
 his weight into the slings when he pleases. In this fashion a 
 horse may remain for months in the slings, and at the end of the 
 time display none of the wear and tear so feelingly described by 
 old authors. 
 
 Castration. 
 
 This practice is of very ancient origin, and is as extensive as 
 ancient. It is founded on the superior placidity of temper it gives. 
 The castrated horse no longer evinces the superiorities of his mas- 
 culine character, but approaches the softer form and milder char- 
 acter of the mare. Losing his ungovernable desires, he submits 
 to discipline and confinement without resistance ; and, if he be less 
 worthy of the painter's delineation and the poet's song, he is val- 
 uable tc his possessor in a tenfold degree. In England, where 
 length in the arms and of the wide-spread angles of the limbs is 
 absolutely necessary in the horse to accomplish the rapid traveling 
 so much in vogue among us, the exchange of the lofty carriage 
 and high action of the stallion is absolutely necessary ; and when 
 we have added the lessened tendency of the gelding to some dis- 
 eases, *s hernia, founder, cutaneous affections, etc., we may be 
 
244 DADD'S "VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 contei ,t to leave the sexual type with the racer for his breed ; 
 also with the dray-horse for his weight, and the farrv of his 
 owner. 
 
 Supposing it, therefore, eligible to castrate our horses, what ]a 
 the proper age for the operation? What are the relative advan- 
 tages and disadvantages of the different methods of performing 
 it? The proper age to castrate the young horse must depend ou 
 circumstances, as on his present appearance, his growth, and the 
 future purposes we intend him for, observing, generally, that the 
 more early it is done, the safer is the operation ; for, until these 
 organs begin to secrete, they are purely structural parts, and, as 
 such, are not so intimately connected with the sympathies of the 
 constitution. Some breeders of horses castrate at twelve months , 
 others object to this period, because they think the animal ues 
 not sufficiently recovered the check experienced from weaning 
 before this new shock to the system occurs. In the more conimcu 
 sort of horses, used for agricultural purposes, it is probably indif- 
 ferent at what time the operation is performed, this consideration 
 being kept in view : that the earlier it is done, the lighter will tt e 
 horse be in his forehand ; and the longer it is protracted, the heav 
 ier will be his crest, and the greater his weight before, which, in 
 heavy draught-work, is desirable. For carriage-horses it would 
 be less so, and the period of two years is not a bad one for their 
 castration. The better sort of saddle-horses should be well ex- 
 amined every three or four months, particularly at the ages of 
 twelve, eighteen, and twenty-four months, at either of which times, 
 according to circumstances or to fancy, provided the forehand be 
 sufficiently developed, it may be proceeded with. Waiting longer 
 may make the horse heavy ; but, if his neck appear too long and 
 thin, and his shoulders spare, he will assuredly be improved by 
 being allowed to remain entire for six or eight months later. 
 Many of the Yorkshire breeders never cut till two years, and 
 think their horses stronger and handsomer for it. Some wait 
 even longer; but the fear in this case is, that the stallion form 
 will be too predominant, and a heavy crest and weighty forehand 
 be the consequence. Perhaps, also, the temper may suffer. Young 
 colts require little preparation, provided they are healthy and not 
 too full from high living. If so, they must be kept somewhat 
 ehort for a few days ; and, in all, the choice of a mild season and 
 moderate temperature is proper. 
 
SURGICAL OPERATIONS. i45 
 
 Wlien a full-grown horse is operated on, some further prepa- 
 ration is necessary. He should not be in a state of debility, and, 
 certainly, not in one of plethora. In the latter case, lower his diet ; 
 and it would be prudent to give him a purgative. It is also ad- 
 visable that it be done when no influenza or strangles rage, as we 
 have found the effects of castration render a horse very obnoxious 
 to any prevalent disease. The advanced spring season — previous, 
 however, to the flies becoming troublesome — is the proper time for 
 the performance of the operation upon all valuable horses ; and 
 be careful that it be not done until after the winter coat has been 
 shed, which will have a favorable effect on the future coating of 
 the horse, independent of the circumstance that at a period of 
 change the constitution is not favorable to unusual excitement. 
 
 Castration is performed in various ways, but in all it expresses 
 the removal of the testicles. There are methods of rendering the 
 animal impotent without the actual destruction of these organs; 
 for if, by any other method, the secretion of the spermatic glands 
 is prevented, our end is answered. 
 
 Castration by cauterization is the method which has been prin- 
 cipally practiced among us ; but this by no means proves it the 
 best. On the contrary, many of our most expert veterinarians 
 do not castiate by this method. Mr. Goodwin, and many other 
 practitioners of eminence, never castrate by cautery. 
 
 A preliminary observation should be made previously to casting, 
 to see that the horse is not suffering from a rupture. Such cases 
 , have happened ; and as in our method we open a direct commu- 
 nication with the abdomen, when the horse rises it is not improb- 
 able that his bowels protrude until they trail on the ground. 
 Hernia, as a consequence of castration, may easily occur by the 
 uncovered operation ; for, as already observed, it makes the scrotal 
 Buc and abdominal cavity one continuous opening. It is not to 
 be wondered at, therefore, if the violent struggles of the animal 
 should force a quantity of intestine through the rings into the 
 scr )tal bag. Should we be called on to operate on a horse which 
 already had hernia, it is evident we ought not to proceed with it 
 unless the owner be apprised of the risk, and willing to abide by 
 it. In such cases, we would recommend that the method of Girard 
 be practiced ; that is, to inclose the tunica vaginalis within the 
 clams, (sufficiently tight to retain them, but not to produce death 
 in the part,) pushed high up against the abdominal ring, and then 
 
246 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 CO remove the testicle, being very careful to avoid injuring any 
 portion of intestine in the operation. When a discovery is made 
 cf the existence of hernia after an opening has been already made 
 for the common purpose of castration, should the operator con- 
 tinue his process, and castrate ? We should say, By no means ; 
 but, on the contrary, we would greatly prefer the method recom- 
 mended by Mr. Percivall : firmly to unite the lips of the external 
 wound by suture, allowing the testicle itself to assist in blocking 
 up the passage, with a hope, also, that the inflammation caused by 
 the incision might altogether stop up the scrotal communication 
 with the abdomen. But, in the appalling case of immense pro- 
 trusion of intestine, what is to be done? Mr. Coleman, in such 
 a case, proposes to make an opening near the umbilicus large 
 enough to introduce the hand, and thus draw in the bowels. Mr. 
 Percivall would prefer dilating the external ring. But the testicle 
 must be very firmly retained, and even permanently fixed against 
 the dilated ring, or the bowels would again descend. The intes- 
 tines probably would become inflated in any such case. 
 
 As unbroken young horses are the most usual subjects of this 
 operation, and as such often have not yet been bridled, if a colt 
 can not be enticed with oats, etc., he must be driven into a corner, 
 between two steady horses, where, if a halter can not be put on, at 
 least a running hempen noose can be got round his neck ; but which- 
 ever is used, it should be flat, or the struggles, which are often long 
 and violent, may bruise the neck, and produce abscess or injury. 
 When his exertions have tired him, he may then be led to the 
 operating spot. Here his attention should be engaged while the 
 hobbles are put on, if possible ; if not, a long and strong cart-rope, 
 having its middle portion formed into a noose sufficiently large to 
 take in the head and neck, is to be slipped on, with the knotted 
 part applied to the counter or breast. The long pendent ends are 
 passed backward between the fore-legs; then carried round the 
 hind fetlocks, brought forward again on the outside, run under 
 tne collar-rope ; a second time carried backward on the outer side 
 of all, and extended to the full length in a direct line behind the 
 animal. Thus fettered, Mr. Percivall says his hind feet may be 
 drawn under him toward the elbows. It has been, however, often 
 found that, at the moment the rope touches the legs, the colt either 
 kicks and displaces the rope, or altogether displaces himself; but 
 bis attention can generally be engaged by one fore-leg being held 
 
SURGICAL OPERATIONS. 247 
 
 u]). or by having his ear or muzzle rubbed, or even by the twitch ; 
 if not, the rope may be carried actually round each fetlock, which 
 (hen acts like a hobble, and this rope may be gradually tight- 
 ened. This last, however, is a very questionable method, and the 
 others, therefore, ought to be long tried before it is resorted to. 
 In this way people have succeeded with very refractory colts; but 
 it requires very able assistants, and, if possible, the man who has 
 been used to the individual colt should be present. In either way, 
 as soon as the rope is fixed, with a man at each end of it, behind 
 the colt, let them, by a sudden and forcible effort in concert, ap- 
 proximate his hind legs to his fore, and thus throw him. Before 
 the colt is cast, however, it should be endeavored to ascertain that 
 he is free from strangles and hernia. 
 
 Being satisfied that no hernia exists on either side, proceed to 
 cast the colt, turning him, not directly on the left side, but prin- 
 cipally inclining that way ; and, if possible, let the croup be very 
 slightly elevated. It is usual to place him directly flat on the left 
 side, but the above is more convenient. Next, secure the near 
 hind leg with a piece of hempen tackle, having a running noose ; 
 or, in default of this not being at hand, make use of the flat part 
 of a hempen halter, which should, for safety, be put on before the 
 hobble of that leg is removed — as may be readily done, if the 
 hobbles having shifting or screw D's (as described in casting) are 
 made use of. Every requisite being at hand, the operator, having 
 his scalpel ready, should place himself behind the horse, as the 
 most convenient way to perform his manipulations ; and, firmly 
 grasping the left testicle with his left hand, and drawing it out so 
 as to render the scrotum tense, he should make an incision length- 
 wavy, from the anterior to the posterior part of the bag. The 
 resistance of the cremaster muscle has to be overcome before the 
 testicle can be forced to the bottom of the scrotum, and this is the 
 more readily accomplished if the animal's attention be engage 1. 
 The incision may be carried at once through the integuments, the 
 thin dartos expansion, and the vaginal coat of the testicles with 
 a sweep of the scalpel; but with one less dextrous at the opera- 
 tion, it will be more prudent to make the first incision through 
 the scrotum and dartos only, to the required extent, and then to 
 do the same by the vaginal coat, thus avoiding to wound the tes- 
 ticle which would produce violent resistance, and give unneoes- 
 Bary pain. 
 
1! 18 IMDD'B VETERINARY MEDICINE AND BURttEK*. 
 
 We, however, take this opportunity of noting that cases have 
 occurred when the tunica vaginalis was divided no testicle fol- 
 lowed, firm adhesions between this tunic and the tunica albuginea 
 having retained it fast. In such cases the scalpel must be era- 
 ployed to free the testicle, by dissecting it away from the vaginal 
 sac. When no such obstruction occurs, the testicle, if the opening 
 be- sufficiently large, will slip out; but the operator must be pre- 
 pared, at the moment of so doing, to expect some violent struggles, 
 more particularly if he attempt to restrain the contractions of the 
 cremaster, and, by main force, to draw out the testicle. Prepara- 
 tory to this, therefore, the twitch should be tightened ; the attend- 
 ants, especially the man at the head, must be on the alert; and 
 the testicle itself, at the time of this violent retraction of the cre- 
 master, should be merely held, but not dragged in opposition to 
 the contraction. If the clams have been put on over the whole, 
 according to Mr. Percivall's method, they will assist in retaining 
 the retracting parts ; but they must not be used with too much 
 pressure. The resistance having subsided, the clams must now 
 be removed; or, if they have not been previcusly in use, they 
 must now be taken in hand, and, having been prepared by some 
 tow being wound around them, should be placed easily on the cord, 
 while time is found to free from the grip of the pincers the vas def- 
 erens, or spermatic tube, which is seen continued from the epididy- 
 mis. The Russians, Mr. Goodwin informs us, cut it through when 
 they operate. Humanity is much concerned in its removal from 
 pressure, because of the excess of pain felt when it is included. 
 
 It is necessary, before the final fixing of the Jams, to deter- 
 mine on the part where the division of the cord is to take place. 
 To use Mr. Percivall's words, ' if it be left too long, it is apt to 
 hang out of the wound afterward, and retard the process of union/ 
 On the other hand, if it be cut very short, and the arteries hap- 
 pen to bleed afresh after it has been released from the clams, the 
 operator will find it no easy task to recover it. The natural 
 length of the cord, which will mainly depend on the degree of 
 the descent of the gland, will be our best guide in this particular. 
 The place of section determined on and marked, close the clams 
 sufficiently tight to retain firm hold of the cord, and to effectually 
 stop the circulation within it. There are now two modes of 
 making the division : the one is to sever it with a scalpel, and then 
 to sufficiently sear the end of it as to prevent a flow of blood : the 
 
SURGICAL OPERATIONS. 249 
 
 other, and in some respects the preferable method, is to employ a 
 blunt-edged iron, which is to divide by little crucial sawings, so 
 that, when the cord is separated, it shall not present a uniform 
 surface, but ragged edges, which will perfectly close the mouths 
 of the vessels. This done, loosen the clams sufficiently to observe 
 whether there be any flow of blood. Gently wipe the end of the 
 cord, also, with the finger, as sometimes an accidental small plug 
 gets within the vessel; this had better be removed at the time. 
 Retain a hold on the clams a few minutes longer; and, while 
 loosening them gradually, observe to have an iron in readiness 
 again to touch the end of the cord, if any blood makes its appear- 
 ance. Satisfied on this point, sponge the parts with cold water. 
 No sort of external application is necessary, still less any resin 
 seared on the end of the cord, which can only irritate, and will 
 never adhere. 
 
 On the after-treatment much difference of opinion has existed, 
 and even yet exists. The powerful evidence of accumulated facts 
 has now convinced us of the necessity and propriety of some mo- 
 tion for the newly castrated horse, as a preventive of local con- 
 gestion. Such practice is common in most countries, and seems 
 salutary in all. Hurtrel d'Arboval, thus impressed, recommends 
 the horse, immediately af+er the operation, to be led out to walk 
 for an hour; and it is a general plan in France to walk such horses 
 in hand an hour night and morning. Mr. Goodwin, in proof of its 
 not being hurtful, informs us that whole studs of horses, brought 
 to St. Petersburg to be operated on, are immediately traveled 
 back a certain portion of the distance, night and morning, until 
 they arrive at home. We have, therefore, no hesitation in recom- 
 mending a moderate degree of motion in preference to absolute 
 rest. 
 
 The French method of castration is advocated by Mr. Goodwin, 
 and it is sufficient that it receives his recommendation to entitle 
 it to attention. It is rendered the more so, as he observes, on 
 the method in general use among us, ' that the operation per- 
 formed by the actual cautery always induces, more or less, symp- 
 toms that often become alarming, and that it can not he performed 
 on the adult without incurring more swelling and severer conse- 
 quences than attend other methods of operation. If I ever use 
 the actual cautery, it is for the sake of expedition, and then only 
 T>n a yearling or a two-year old ; but I am resolved never to em- 
 
^50 DADDS VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERl. 
 
 ploy it again on an adult.' These observations, as emanating f-om 
 such a source, must be deemed important. 
 
 Mr. Goodwin then offers the description of the French method 
 of operating, from Hurtrel d'Arboval : ' Castration by means of 
 the clams is the method in general use, if not the only one now 
 employed. It is the most ancient, since it was recommended by 
 Hieroclius among the Greeks. It is performed in two ways, the 
 testicle being covered or uncovered. In the former, the exterior 
 of the scrotum, formed by the skin and dartos muscle, is cut 
 through, and the testicle is brought out by dissecting away the 
 laminated tissue, the gland being covered by the tunica vaginalis. 
 The clam is then placed above the epididymis, outside the external 
 peritoneal covering of the cord. In the uncovered operation, the 
 incision is made through the servus capsule of the testicle. The 
 tunica vaginalis being divided, the testicle presents itself, and the 
 clam is placed well above the epididymis, on the cord. The ope- 
 ration, performed in either way, requires us to provide ourselves 
 with a scalpel, a pair of clams, a pair of long pincers, made pur- 
 posely to bring the ends of the clams together, and some waxed 
 string. The clams may be formed of different kinds of wood, but 
 the alder is considered the best, and generally made use of. To 
 make a clam, we procure a branch of old and dry alder, whose 
 diameter should be about an inch, and whose length should be 
 from five to six inches; of course, the dimensions must, at all 
 times, be proportioned to the size of the cord we have to operate 
 on. At the distance of half an inch from each end, a small nick, 
 sufficiently deep to hold the string, must be made, and then the 
 wood should be sawed through the middle lengthways. Each 
 divided surface should be planed, so as to facilitate the opening 
 of the clams, either when about to place them on or take them 
 off. The pith of the wood is then to be taken out, and the hollow 
 should be filled with corrosive sublimate and flour, mixed with 
 sufficien wa + er to form it into a paste. Some persons are not in 
 the habit of using any caustic whatever; then, of course, scooping 
 out of the inside of the clam is not necessary. Notwithstanding, 
 the caustic, inasmuch as it produces a speedier dissolution of the 
 parts, must be useful, and ought not to be neglected.' The addi- 
 tion of the caustic, however, Mr. Goodwin objects to, with great 
 reason, remarking that, unless it be a very strong one, and there- 
 fore dangerous to employ, it can not be of any use to parts com- 
 
SURGICAL OPERATIONS. 25l 
 
 pressed and deprived of circulation and life. He further informs 
 us that he has operated in six cases in succession with tie same 
 effect, without any escharotic matter whatever. An experimental 
 case of Mr. Percivall's terminated fatally. By the use of caustic 
 the cord was greatly inflamed, as high as the ring, and which, 
 unquestionably, produced the unfortunate result. 
 
 ' The covered operation,' continues Mr. Goodwin, ' is the one 
 that I am about to advocate, and which differs only insomuch that 
 the scrotum and dartos muscle must be cautiously cut through, 
 without dividing the tunica vaginalis. It was Monsieur Berger 
 who was accidentally at my house when I was about to castrate a 
 horse, and who, on my saying that I should probably do it with 
 the cautery, expressed his surprise that I should perform the oper- 
 ation in any other way than on the plan generally approved of 
 in France. Being a stranger to it, he kindly consented to preside 
 at the operation, and, after seeing him perform on the near tes- 
 ticle, I did the same on the right, but, of course, not with the same 
 facility. After opening the scrotum, and dissecting through the 
 dartos, which is very readily done by passing the knife lightly over 
 its fibers, the testicle and its covering, the tunica vaginalis, must 
 be taken in the right hand, while the left should be employed in 
 pushing back the scrotum from its attachments ; and, having your 
 assistant ready, as before, with the clam, it must be placed well 
 above the epididymis, and greater pressure is, of course, necessary, 
 as the vaginal covering is included in the clam.' 
 
 Mr. Goodwin further observes that in Russia he has seen hun- 
 dreds of horses operated on, even after the human fashion, with 
 safety ; and,- he remarks, it certainly produces less pain, the animal 
 loses less flesh and condition, and is sooner recovered than when 
 operated on by the actual cautery. 
 
 Castration by ligature is a painful, barbarous, and very danger- 
 ous practice, and consists in inclosing the testicles and scrotum 
 within ligatures, until mortification occurs, and they drop off. It 
 is practiced by some breeders on their young colts, but it is always 
 hazardous and disgracefully cruel. The substance of the testicle, 
 in some countries, is also broken down, either by rubbing or other- 
 wise by pressure between two hard bodies. This is practiced in 
 Algiers, instead of excision, and tetanus is a frequent consequence 
 of it. In Portugal they twist round the testicle, and thus stop the 
 circulation of the gland. Division of the vas deferens has l.oen 
 
'15'1 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 performed, it is said, with success, on many animals, and is pro- 
 posed as a safe and less painful process than the emasculation of 
 the horse. It consists in a longitudinal section through the scro- 
 tum, dartos, and vaginal sheath, so as to expose the cord, from 
 which the vas deferens is to be separated and severed from the 
 artery and vein. There is a. certain consent of parts, by which 
 the sympathy of an organ remains after its functional offices are 
 apparently destroyed. There can be little doubt but the nervous 
 excitement would continue, the vein and artery remaining entire. 
 There are certain nice conditions of the organ necessary for prop- 
 agation. Thus, the horse who retains his testicles within his abdo- 
 men, possesses all the roguish qualities of him with one perfectly 
 evolved ; he is lustful, and can cover, but is seldom fruitful. 
 
 Of the morbid consequences of castration we have little to say. 
 By early evacuations, green food, a loose box, a cool air, moderate 
 clothing, but, particularly, by walking exercise, swellings of the 
 parts may be prevented ; if not, bleed and foment. Should sup- 
 puration follow, and sinuses form, treat as directed under those 
 heads ; and if tetanic symptoms start up, refer to that article. 
 There has been lately practiced in India a novel mode of castra- 
 tion, which is said to be the invention of a Boer, settled at the 
 Cape of Good Hope. The cord is exposed in the usual manner. 
 From the cord the artery is singled out. This vessel is scraped 
 through with a coarse-edged, blunt knife, when the other constitu- 
 tents of the cord are cut away, and the operation is finished. This 
 method is much praised by those who have adopted it, and is said 
 to be always attended with success. 
 
 Lithotomy. 
 
 Hurtrel d'Arboval's account of the progress of lithotomy in vet- 
 erinary practice commences in 1774; the second case was success- 
 fully operated on in 1794 ; and at later periods other veterinary 
 surgeons have also performed it. In monodactyles there are two 
 methods of operating for the stone — one through fhe rectum, the 
 other through the bladder. The first, which consists in laying 
 open the bladder by a longitudinal incision made through the 
 parietes of the part of the rectum adherent to it, by means of a 
 straight bistoury, is easily practiced, but in its consequences is 
 dangerous in the extreme ; in fact, it is an operation never to b<» 
 
SURGICAL OPERATIONS. 255 
 
 adopted but in a case where the magnitude of the stone precludes 
 its extraction through the neck of the bladder. In all other cases, 
 lithotomy by the urethra is to be pursued. For _ts performance 
 are required a straight probe-pointed bistoury, a whalebone fluted 
 staff, and a pair of forceps, curved at the extremities. The ani- 
 mal should, if practicable, be maintained in the erect posture. 
 The tail plaited and carried round on the right quarter, the opera- 
 tor feels for the end of the staff introduced up the urethra, and 
 makes an incision directly upon it, from above downward, an inch 
 and a half or two inches in length. Next, he introduces the sound, 
 and passes it onward into the bladder. Now, placing the back of 
 the bistoury within the groove of the sound, by gliding the knife 
 forward, the pelvic portion of the urethra, and also the neck of the 
 bladder, becomes slit open — the latter in two places, in consequence 
 of a second cut being made in withdrawing the bistoury. The 
 opening made being, considered of sufficient dimensions, the oper- 
 ator introduces the forceps into the bladder, and seizes the calculus, 
 one hand being up the rectum, to aid him in so doing. The for- 
 ceps, clasping the stone, are now to be withdrawn, but with gen- 
 tleness, and with a vacillating sort of movement of the hand 
 from side to side, in order more easily to surmount any difficulties 
 in the passage, and the more effectually to avoid confusion or 
 laceration. M. Girard tells us ' that the cut through the pelvic 
 portion of the urethra ought always to be made obliquely to one 
 side. The operator should hold his bistoury in such a direction 
 that its cutting edge be turned toward the angle of the thigh. By 
 this procedure we shall gain easier access to the bladder, and not 
 only avoid wounding the rectum, but also the artery of the bulb, 
 as well as the bulb itself, and suspensory ligaments of the penis. 
 The parts cut through in the operation are, 1st, the fine thin 
 skin of the perineum, smooth externally, and marked with a 
 raphe ; densely cellular internally ; 2d, adhering to the tissue, the 
 fascial covering, derived from the fascia superficialis abdominis, 
 whhh has here become fibrous, it forms the common envelope to 
 the parts underneath, and is closely connected with the corpus 
 mnsculosum urethra? ; 3d, the corpus musculosum urethra?, that 
 penniform band of fleshy fibers which springs by two branches 
 from the ischiatic tuberosities embracing the sphincter ani, and 
 concealing the arteries of the bulb, whence they unite, and pro- 
 ceed to envelop the urethra ; 4th, the corpus spongiosum urethrse, 
 
254 DADD& VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 the part immediately covered by the muscular envelope, and which 
 here is bulbous (it is more particularly worthy our remark, froD 
 two arteries penetrating the bulb, which come from without th* 
 pelvis, ascending obliquely outward to reach the part) ; 5th, tin 
 suspensory ligaments of the penis, pursuing the course of, and ad 
 hering to, the tendinous union of the erectores. An attention to 
 the relative position of these parts will demonstrate the advantages 
 i-f the lateral oblique incision over one made directly along the 
 raphe. By pursuing the latter, we necessarily cut through tli 3 
 suspensory ligaments and into the bulb, wounding thereby the 
 arteries ; whereas, by the former, all this danger is avoided, besides 
 that it renders the operation more simple and facile. 
 
 Tracheotomy (Cutting into the Windpipe). 
 
 Cases occur when this operation is required, as in strangles, 
 when the tumors threaten suffocation, or when any substance has 
 remained unswallowed in the oesophagus, the pressure of which 
 obstructs respiration. In a distressing case of gunpowder burst- 
 ing immediately under a horse's nose, the effects of which tumefied 
 his mouth and nostrils, so as to prevent free inspiration, the ani- 
 mal owed his life entirely to our excising a portion from the 
 tracheal rings, about ten inches below the angle of the throat. 
 The operation is a very simple one, and may -consist either in a 
 longitudinal section made through two or three of the rings, or a 
 portion, occupying about an inch round, may be excised from the 
 anterior cartilaginous substance. The proper mode, when it can 
 be done, however, is to make a circular opening with a very nar- 
 row knife, removing a portion of two cartilages, or taking a semi- 
 circular piece from each ; and this last, although it is seldom 
 performed, is by far the best method. The integuments should 
 be first divided in the exact center of the neck, three or four inches 
 below the obstruction ; then the skin and tissues should be suffi- 
 ciently separated to allow a tube adapted to the size of the trachea 
 to be introduced, the tube having an acute turn and a rim, which 
 must be furnished with holes for the adaptation of tapes, to secure 
 it around the neck. There are several instruments of this sort iu 
 use, of which that adopted by the French, or the one invented 
 by Mr. Gowing, of Camden Town, is to be preferred. The oper- 
 ation has been also performed in cases of roaring, under an idea 
 
SURGICAL OPERATIONS. 255 
 
 of dividing the stricture which impeded respiration; but, unless 
 the exact situation of this were discovered, it would be but an ex- 
 perimental attempt. 
 
 (ESOPHAGOTOMY (OPENING THE GULLET). 
 
 It was long thought that a wound in the oesophagus nr.ist be 
 necessarily fatal, but we have now sufficient proofs to the contrary 
 on record, so that we are not deterred from cut', ng into the oesopha- 
 geal tube when it is necessary ; but it is an operation requiring 
 skill and anatomical knowledge, and its future results are some- 
 times very serious. The cases that call for cesophagotomy are the 
 lodgment of accidental substances within the tube. An apple 
 once so lodged was removed by incision by a veterinary surgeon 
 at Windsor. Carrots, parsnips, beets, etc., are liable to produce 
 sueh obstruction when not sliced. Too large a medicinal mass, 
 also, has lodged there ; and a voracious eater has, by attempting 
 to swallow too large a quantity of not salivated bran or chaff, pro- 
 duced an obstruction, which pressed on the trachea and threatened 
 suffocation. In all cases of obstruction of this kind, we will sup 
 pose that a probang, well oiled, has been previously attempted to 
 be passed, and has completely failed. The probang for the horse, 
 however, differs materially from that used for the cow. It is 
 formed after the fashion of the one adopted by the human prac- 
 titioner, consisting of a pliable piece of whalebone, having a sjjonge 
 tied to one end. The operation being determined on, may be 
 practiced standing. If the swelling be large, no fear need be en- 
 tertained about cutting important organs, as the enlargement will 
 push them on one side. Cut down, therefore, directly upon the 
 center of the impacted substance. If the horse be cast, which is 
 quite unnecessary, have him, of course, thrown with his left side 
 uppermost. It will also be necessary to command a good light. 
 The part of the neck chosen for the opening must, of course, be 
 governed by the obstructing mass. A section should be made 
 through the integuments and cellular tissue beneath them, right 
 into the oesophagus, if possible, with one cut, and into the center 
 of the pipe. If this be not done at once, and it requires some 
 dexterity so as to effect it, mind to make all future incisions in a 
 line with the first opening, as it is important that the cellular tis- 
 sue should be little interfered with. The oesophagus, fairly cut 
 into the impactment, should jump forth. Should it not do so, do 
 
25U DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 not manipulate, or attempt to force it out, but enlarge the opening, 
 and the substance will come through when that is long enough ; 
 but no fingering could compel its exit while the opening is too 
 small. The end gained for which the incision was made in the 
 cesophagus, the wound may be then closed by the interrupted su- 
 tures, each holding a small piece of tow above the orifice, and 
 having their ends hanging out of the external opening, which 
 should also be brought together by sutures. The after-treatment 
 should be to interdict all dry food ; the animal ought to subsist 
 on very thick gruel for three, four, or five days. If the condition 
 appears to suffer much, allow malt mashes, and when so doing 
 watch the wound ; and if the matters taken in are seen to ooze out, 
 wash them away frequently with warm water, to prevent lodg- 
 ment, which might encourage sinuses to form ; and after each 
 washing, syringe with some very mild stimulant, as a very weak 
 solution of sulphate of zinc (white vitriol), etc. 
 
 Neurotomy (Division of the Sentient Nerves of 
 
 the Foot). 
 
 Neurotomy has now stood the test of very extensive application. 
 Our writers offer innumerable proofs of its restoring almost useless 
 animals to a state of much utility ; and if there are chances that 
 it may occasion such injury as to hasten the end of some horses, 
 it is usually in such as, the disease would have done the same for 
 at no distant period. Having stated thus much in its favor, it 
 must not be supposed that we recommend it as an unqualified 
 benefit, even where it succeeds best. No neurotomized horse ever 
 after goes with the same freedom, nor with equal safety, as he did 
 before the operation was performed. Indifference to the nature 
 of the ground gone over is said to have fractured legs ; it is quite 
 common to batter the feet to pieces; and, although horses have 
 hunted afterward, and hackneys have carried their riders long 
 distances, yet it is more calculated to prove beneficial to carriage 
 than to saddle-horses. This we believe to be a just statement of 
 its merits ; but there are benefits which it offers to the animal of 
 a more extensive ana constitutional kind. Those gained by the 
 bodily system generally have been, in some cases, very marked. 
 Thus, an aged and crippled stallion, from the irritation constantly 
 kept up, became so emaciated as to be unable to fecundate ; but, 
 
SURGICAL OPERATIONS. 257 
 
 being lelieved from a constant state of suffering by neurotomy, 
 improved in health and condition, and was again used to cover. 
 It happened, also, that a mare, similarly circumstanced, ceased to 
 feel oestrum ; but after neurotomy it again returned, and she re- 
 sumed her character of a brood-mare. It appears to act with 
 most certainty when a portion of the irritated nerve is excised. 
 One case has actually occurred where the tetanus, occasioned by 
 a wound in the foot, was arrested and removed by neurotomy. 
 It also promises much in the painful state of some cankers, where 
 the irritation has rendered the application of dressings almost im- 
 possible. Here, by depriving the foot of sensibility, we deprive 
 the horse of that which is injurious to him. The sore itself is 
 often amended by it; but in every instance the dressings can be 
 effectively applied, and the healthy processes can not be at all 
 suspended. 
 
 AVith respect to whether the lower or upper incision ought to 
 have the preference, the decision should be guided by the circum- 
 stances, as regards the intensify and the seat of the disease. The 
 operation commonly leaves, for a considerable time, some enlarge- 
 ment around the spot, the effects of the adhesive matter interposed 
 between the severed portions of the nerve, and which can be rem- 
 edied by no application of bandages. This bulging remains so 
 long as life continues; and, however cunningly the incision be 
 concealed, this can be felt with ease, and tells the truth ever after 
 the operation has been performed. Such a circumstance has, how- 
 ever, led some practitioners, when it has been wished to make the 
 upper section, and yet to avoid the chance of detection, to operate 
 on the metacarpal nerve on the outside, and on the pastern or 
 plantar nerve on the inside. 
 
 Mode of performing the operation. — The situation of the section 
 through the skin being determined on, a guide to which may be 
 gained from the perforatus tendon, and having firmly secured the 
 leg to be first operated on, cut the hair from the part. This being 
 done, and the exact course of the artery being ascertained by its 
 pulsation, make a section close to the edge of the flexor tendon. 
 Let the cut be near, but rather behind, the artery, if below the fet- 
 lock joint. Tlie cellular substance being cleared away will bring 
 the vessels into view, and the nerve will be readily distinguished 
 from them by its whiteness. Elevating it from the vessels and 
 it.s membranous attachments, by means of a crooked needle, armed 
 17 
 
258 DADDS VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURUK.m 
 
 vrith thread, pass a bistoury under it, as near to the upper angle 
 of the section as possible. The violent spasm the division of the 
 nerve produces may be somewhat lessened by pressing the nerve 
 between the finger and the thumb, when an opportunity may be 
 taken, either with the scalpel or scissors, of dividing it; then, 
 taking hold of the lowermost portion between a pair of forceps, 
 i xcise about three-fourths of an inch of its trunk. Having fin • 
 ished, if both feet are affected, proceed to operate on the contrary 
 side of the other leg; after which turn the horse, and repeat the 
 operations on the like parts of each leg as they come in succession. 
 The integuments may be now drawn neatly together, and secured 
 by a twisted suture, the whole being properly covered by a light 
 compress. Tie up the head for a day or two, after which put on 
 a cradle. Keep the horse very quiet and low; give mashes, tc 
 open the bowels ; but we should avoid physicking, from the fear 
 that griping might occur, which would make him restless, or prob- 
 ably require exercise. 
 
 Periosteotomy (Removing a Tumor from Surface of Bone). 
 
 This operation consists in having the horse thrown upon his 
 side, and the leg to be operated upon released from the hobble, 
 and extended upon a sack, filled with refuse hay or straw. This 
 is done by means of a piece of webbing passed round the hoof, and 
 the end given to a man to hold, who pulls rather violently at the 
 member. The operator then kneels down and feels for the exos- 
 tosis he intends to perform periosteotomy upon. This may be a 
 splint or a node, and commonly exists upon the metacarpal portion 
 of the fore-limb. The operator having found the excrescence, snips 
 just below it with a pair of rowelling scissors. He then takes a 
 blunt seton-needle and drives it through the cellular tissue, and 
 immediately over the enlargement. Next, another slit in the 
 skin, above the exostosis, is made with the rowelling scissors, and 
 through this last opening the point of the seton-needle is forced 
 and then withdrawn. Into the free space thus made a curved 
 knife is introduced. The point of this knife is blunt, and the 
 blade curves upward, the cutting part being below. Some per- 
 sons use a very diminutive blade, but the editor prefers a rather 
 large instrument, as being more under the command of the hand. 
 Having introduced this knife, he turns the 'jutting edge downward, 
 
SURGICAL OPERATIONS. 259 
 
 and with it incises the enlargement, sending the blade right through 
 the periosteum, and also through the substance of the exostosis, if 
 it be not too solid for the knife to penetrate. This latter fact is 
 only to be ascertained by actual experience, and no opinion formed 
 after an external examination can be of any value, such being muoh 
 more the guess of a pretender than the judgment of a surgeon. 
 The age of the animal may be some guide, but even this it is 
 better not to depend upon too entirely. It is true that young 
 horses freely cast forth exostoses, which aged animals mostly 
 absorb; but this rule, though very general, has exceptions, and 
 by no means is to be absolutely depended upon. 
 
 The enlargement being cut through, next take a seton-needle, 
 armed with a tape, and draw it through the channel already made. 
 Tie a knot at either end of the tape, large enough to prevent its 
 being pulled through the opening at either end, and the business 
 is over. The affair is very simple, and the horse may be at once 
 let up. It is, however, in some cases, and only in some, of so much 
 benefit that the horse, being thrown ' dead lame/ gets up and trots 
 off quite sound. However, ere you adopt the operation, apprise 
 the owner of the risk incurred, and that it is by no means a cer- 
 tain cure. Leave the choice with him, but be sure and tell him 
 the opening made for the entrance and exit of the seton com- 
 monly leave a blemish behind them ; and where the seton trav- 
 eled, often there remains a thickening, which it may require months 
 to obliterate. 
 
 The after part of the treatment consists in merely having the 
 seton daily moved to and fro, though some persons apply an active 
 blister all over the parts immediately in the neighborhood of the 
 seton, under the idea that the vesicatory renders the operation of 
 greater efficacy, which, however, is very questionable. When pe- 
 riosteotomy acts at all, it mostly does so at once ; and when it» 
 benefits are not immediate, it is better to withdraw the seton, to 
 prevent after-blemish, rather than hazard further and useless treat- 
 ment by the application of a stimulant to skin already deprived 
 of any connection with the deeper-seated structures. 
 
 Division of the Flexoe Tendon. 
 
 There are so many accidents and diseases that may produce 
 contraction of the flexor tendons, that we only wonder we do not 
 
260 UADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 more often meet with them, which we should certainly do, but 
 that the attendants, despairing of being able to afford relief, ad- 
 vise their destruction. The operation consists in making a longi- 
 tudinal incision, of about three inches in length, along the inner 
 lateral edge of the tendon, dissecting each portion from its cellular 
 attachments, so as to expose the nerve, artery, and tendons. Thi& 
 opening will allow the perforans to be freed from the perforatus, 
 when a division should be made by a scalpel applied to its surface, 
 It is evident that this should take place below any thickening, or 
 adhesions, which may have permanently connected the tendon with 
 the neighboring parts. Any lesser attachments will be broken 
 through, by forcing back the foot to the just position. By Mr. 
 Dick this was done ' by placing his knee against the front or pro- 
 jecting part of the pastern, at the same time laying hold of the 
 foot with one hand and the upper part of the leg with the other, 
 and using considerable force ; and this appears to be necessary, in 
 order to break any adhesions that may have formed/ The limb 
 should now be placed in a poultice; and if any fear of future con- 
 traction should arise dunng the cure, lengthen the toe of the shoe 
 proper to the foot operated on. Some slow exercise, after the 
 first week, may be allowed, but previously to that the horse should 
 be confined to a stall, during which the bowels must be kept open 
 with mashes. 
 
 Amputations. 
 
 These have been hitherto confined principally to the tail, the 
 ears, and other parts of minor importance in the animal frame ; 
 but veterinary surgery now takes a wider field, and the extremi- 
 ties are amputated with a certainty of making horned cattle still 
 serviceable for the purpose of yielding milk ; and, without doubt, 
 the same might be done with the brood-mare or stallion, particu- 
 larly in fractures of the fore extremities. 
 
 Professor Dick, of the Edinburgh Veterinary College, furnishes 
 a case, sent to him by one of his pupils, to the following effect : 
 'I performed amputation upon a cow on the 7th of July. After 
 having properly secured the animal, and applied a torniquet above 
 the carpus, I made a circular incision through the integuments 
 round the leg, a little below the carpus; and, having separated 
 the skin so as to allow of its being pushed up a little, I cut through 
 the sinews, and lastly sawed off the stump. The parts are now 
 
SURGICAL OPERATIONS. 2C1 
 
 completely whole, although she has been going at grass all the 
 time, and, now that she has got the advantage of a cork stump, 
 makes a wonderful shift for herself, and yields a good supply of 
 milk to her owner.' 
 
 Mr. Dick also notices another case of amputation of the fore-leg 
 of a two-year old heifer ; and of a third, where the hind leg was 
 removed above the tarsus. Such operations have occasionally oc- 
 curred from time immemorial, with a few enterprising characters. 
 We have heard of them, but they were mostly regarded as mere 
 matters of curiosity or wonder, and, therefore, were not imitated. 
 We shall, however, probably, erelong have them more common, 
 in cows, at least ; for, occurring below the carpus and tarsus, they 
 are as easily performed as nicking or docking; and there is no 
 doubt but, were a hollow padded stump applied, such low opera- 
 tions might be prudent in many cases. Fractures, with great 
 comminution of bone, considerable ravages of disease within the 
 foot, or extensive gangrene, are the cases which might call for am- 
 putation. 
 
 Of the method of amputation little need be added to the above. 
 The principal practical points are, the fixing of a torniquet of 
 sufficient force, which should be padded to make its principal 
 pressure on the leading arterial trunks, while its general circumfer- 
 ence will act on the smaller vessels. A ring should be cut lightly 
 below the intended place of operation, only through the integu- 
 ments, which, when separated from their cellular adhesions for 
 about six inches, should be turned back; and a circular incision 
 may then be made through the muscles, etc., taking up by liga- 
 ture such vessels, both venous and arterial, as display a disposition 
 for much hemorrhage. The section thus made, free the bone from 
 the soft parts by the scalpel, where the adherences are very inti- 
 mate, and, having, by means of a crucial bandage, retracted the 
 soft parts altogether above the bone, saw it through. Finally 
 effectually secure the principal vessels, when, bringing the soft 
 parts and skin over the bone, retain them there by proper ban- 
 daging, which suffer to remain without disturbance until the third 
 or fourth day. 
 
 Amputation of the Penis. — Amputation of the penis is not un- 
 known among us. It has been performed several times, and it is 
 found that no canula is necessary to keep open the urethra, the force 
 of the urinary flow breaking down any incipient cicatrization of its 
 
262 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 orifice. The sheath is first forced back, and the penis brought 
 forward to its greatest possible extent. Whatever portion it if» 
 intended to remove is now cut through, by means of an ampu- 
 tating knife, when the remainder is retracted within the sheath, 
 and little hemorrhage has afterward occurred, except at the time 
 of passing the urine ; but there appears to have been no alarming 
 quantity of blood lost. 
 
 Amputation of the Tail, or Docking. — "We are most happy to 
 state this filthy and unnecessary operation is now discarded. It 
 never consisted of more than the cutting off a portion of the 
 stump with brute force, and the cruel application afterward of a 
 hot iron to the small artery of the tail. 
 
 Nicking. 
 
 We should be grateful that this barbarous and dangerous pro- 
 cess is no longer numbered among the necessary operations. It ns 
 so beset with accidents, which no skill or prudence can prevent, 
 that no one who has a free will ought to mutilate a horse by 
 nicking. 
 
 Firing. 
 
 The practice of filing was not always confined to quadrupeds. 
 On the contrary, it probably was first used on man ; and to this 
 day, in many countries, it is a very popular remedy among human 
 surgeons. In India it is applied over the abdomen for the cure 
 1 if scirrhosity of the liver. 
 
 Firing, in veterinary practice, has, by Mr. Coleman's pupils, 
 been justified as only men will justify a favorite operation, the 
 virtues of which have been impressed upon their minds by an elo- 
 quent teacher. When Coleman was the chief of the veterinary 
 profession, firing, under his rule, was used for any and every 
 occasion. It was ridiculously supposed to act as a permanent 
 bandage, as if a few strokes with a heated iron could destroy the 
 elastic property inherent in the skin. It was the favorite styptic 
 of these practitioners, and was applied to arteries (as of the tail) 
 as though it possessed within itself some medicinal virtue. It 
 was used to promote absorption, as in callus; and was likewise 
 resorted to for checking absorption, as in ulceration. It was called 
 into action to promote granulation, in broken knees ; and was also a 
 
SURGICAL OPERATIONS. 263 
 
 favorite agent to check granulations, when they were too luxuriant. 
 In short, ^here was no folly which a hot iron did not cover. It 
 has now, happily, fallen into disuse. Most modern practitioners 
 will now confess that their chief reason for exercising the iron is 
 to satisfy the proprietor, not to benefit the animal. After such 
 an acknowledgment, who would submit to have his patient ser- 
 vant's skin scored and burnt with red-hot metal ? 
 
 The mode of cauterization differs according to circumstances. 
 As a general rule, it ought, of course, to be applied in the direc- 
 tion of the hair, by which the blemish is lessened ; but this rule 
 can not be arbitrarily followed, although it ought to do away with 
 all the false pride of displaying the taste in the figures scored upon 
 a prostrate beast. The Veterinary College recommends that the 
 limbs be always fired in perpendicular lines ; others advocate all 
 manner of fanciful marks. Some cast the horse ; many surgeons 
 perform standing. The irons used are of various shapes and di- 
 mensions. Some recommend the firing, of all things, to be very 
 light; others persist there is no virtue in hot iron unless it burns 
 very deep. The operation consists in having irons of some sub- 
 stance made red-hot, and then drawing them mechanically along, 
 or twisting them about upon the skin. The figures are various; 
 so is the depth of the incision. Both must be decided by the taste, 
 judgment, or heartlessness of the operator. 
 
 Blistering. 
 
 This is an operation of very great utility, and is, perhaps, com- 
 pared with its benefits and importance, the safest that is performed. 
 When a vesicatory becomes absorbed through the pores of the 
 skin, it inflames the sensible cutis underneath, the consequence of 
 .v'hich is, an infusion of serum through the part, which, in the 
 human subject, elevates the cuticle into a bladder equal to the sur- 
 face inflamed, but in the horse, from the greater tenacity of the 
 , cuticular connections, it becomes separated in the form of small 
 distinct vesicles only. If the irritating cause be quickly removed, 
 the serum may be reabsorbed, and the surface restored by a slight 
 effort of adhesive inflammation. If the irritant act in a btil { 
 uiinoi degree, it simply irritates the vessels of the cutis to an in- 
 filtration of fluid through the sensible pores, but produces no 
 desquamation of cuticle. Such has been called a sweating blister, 
 
264 LUUD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 But when, by continued irritation, the cutis is exposed, suppura- 
 tion succeeds, and the part is fully blistered. 
 
 The salutary action of blisters is exerted in several ways — in 
 promoting absorption, in combating deep-seated inflammations, 
 and in aiding others. As a stimulus to the absorbents, they act 
 beneficially in the removal of injurious deposits, as the coagula 
 remaining after inflammatory lesions ; but it is to be remarked 
 that when any existing deposit is of long continuance, or is osse- 
 ous, it requires that the action of the vesicatory be kept up. 
 Mercurial blisters have been thought to have a superior influence 
 in accelerating absorption. Mercurials, rubbed in some weeks or 
 days previously to blistering, are certainly great assistants, and 
 should always be employed in the treatment of obstinate osseous 
 or ligamentary enlargements. Blisters are very important aids in 
 inflammatory affections, as counter-irritants, derived from a law 
 in the animal economy, that two inflammations seldom exist in 
 the vicinity of each other; therefore, when such an affection has 
 taken place in any part, and we wish to remove it, we attempt tc 
 raise an artificial inflammation in the neighborhood by means of 
 blisters, which, if persevered in, destroy, or at least lessen, the 
 original one. Occasionally, also, we blister the immediate inflamed 
 part, with an intention to hasten the suppurative process by in- 
 creasing the activity of the vessels, as in deep-seated abscesses, and 
 also in those which attack glandular parts. We therefore employ 
 blisters to hasten the maturation of the tumors in strangles. 
 When the flagging powers vascillate between resolution and sup- 
 puration, as they often do in the phlegmonous inflammations of 
 glandular or of deep-seated parts, blisters may either hasten the 
 resolution, or they may add their influence to the attempted sup- 
 puration, and thus bring it to maturity. But we carefully avoid, 
 in other cases, applying a vesicant to a part immediately in a state 
 of active inflammation. Particularly we should avoid what is too 
 often done, that of blistering over the tendons, ligaments, and ar- 
 ticulatory surfaces of a tumid limb, laboring under a congested 
 state of the parts from excess of vascular action. Here we should 
 do great injury were we to blister, by causing a greater deposit 
 of lymph, and by hastening its organization into an injurious bond 
 of union between the inflamed parts. 
 
 The vesicatory, or blister, for general use in veterinary medi- 
 cine, as a simple stimulant, should be principally composed of 
 
SURGICAL OPERATIONS. 265 
 
 Spanish flies. C reaper substitutes are used, but they irritate vio- 
 lently. In extensive inflammatory affections, they are, on this 
 account, perfectly inadmissible ; and wherever a case requires any 
 thmg more, it will be noted. The mode of blistering with the 
 Spanish fly is sufficiently known. The hair should be cut or shore 
 as close as possible from around the part; the blistering matter 
 "should then be well rubbed in for ten or fifteen minutes. If the 
 pasterns and fetlocks are the parts to be blistered, previous to rub- 
 bing in the ointment, smear some lard, tallow, or melted suet over 
 the heels, and within the hollow at the back of the small pastern. 
 This will often prevent some troublesome sores forming, from the 
 blistering ointment falling on these sensitive parts. While a blis- 
 ter is acting, the litter should be removed from under the feet, or 
 it will tickle the legs and irritate ; but, above all, the head ought 
 to be most carefully secured, for two days and nights, to oppose 
 lying down, more especially to prevent the horse biting the blis- 
 tered part. On the third evening he may be permitted to repose ; 
 but a prevention should even then be continued, by means of what 
 in called a cradle. This apparatus may be bought at every turn- 
 ing shop, or may be made of eight or ten pieces of round wood, 
 an inch and a half in diameter, and two feet long. These are 
 strung at each end on a rope, and fastened around the neck. 
 When it is intended to blister repeatedly, the effects of the first 
 should have subsided before the second is applied, the scurf and 
 scabs also be cleared away, and the part well washed with soap 
 and water. In all cases, the third or fourth day after the applica- 
 tion the part should be thoroughly painted over, by means of a 
 !ong-haired brush (such as are in use with pastry-cooks to glaze 
 their crusts), with lead liniment, which should be repeated every 
 day. And when it is proposed to turn a horse out, it should never 
 be done until the whole blistered surface be quite healed ; other- 
 wise dirt, flies, etc., may prove hurtful. 
 
 It remains to observe that, instead of repeated active blistering, 
 it is, in some cases, preferable to keep up a continual slight irrita- 
 tion on the original blister by means of stimulants, as iodine oint- 
 ment, mild blistering applications, etc. Caution is, however, 
 necessary, to avoid forming an eschar, and thereby a permanent 
 blemish ; but when a blemish is not of consequence, this plan will 
 be found often more efficacious than firing, as in splints, spavins, 
 etc. Some, practitioners blister mildly one day, and on the next 
 
266 DADDS VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 wash off the blistering matter, thereby saving loss of hair; but 
 there is more of apparent than real good in this plan. If a blis- 
 ter be necessary, it requires all its activity. 
 
 Ammoniacal blister. — Spanish flies are only efficacious when the 
 animal can afford to wait their action, which is rather slow. In 
 most of the acute diseases, the horse would perish before the blis- 
 ter began to rise, wherefore resort has been had to boiling water 
 and red-hot iron. The action of these last coarse and brutal 
 measures was alone controlled by the violence of the internal in- 
 flammation, and, if the practitioner was mistaken in his estimate 
 of the immediate danger, extensive and lasting blemish was the 
 consequence. We have in the liquor ammonia an agent quite as 
 formidable as boiling water or heated iron, but it is rather longer 
 in displaying its force ; wherefore, it allows time for watching its 
 action, and of checking it the instant it has sufficiently blistered 
 the skin. It is true the liquor ammonia upon the skin can not be 
 removed, neither need it be counteracted. Ammonia is like steam, 
 only powerful when confined. The ordinary soap liniment, if 
 covered over, would, because of the ammonia it contains, produce 
 a lasting blemish ; but every veterinary surgeon knows how very 
 harmless a preparation that is when simply rubbed upon the sur- 
 face. So, when we desire the active effects of liquor ammonia, we 
 double a blanket or rug four or five times and hold it over the 
 liquid. It takes from ten to twenty minutes to raise a blister, and 
 it consequently can, from time to time, be observed; and when its 
 action has reached the wished-for point, all we have to do, effectu- 
 ally to stop it, is to take away the rug or blanket. That removed, 
 the free surface and the heat of the body occasions the ammoniac d 
 vapor to be dispersed, and the animal is safe. 
 
 RO WELLING. 
 
 Kowels acts as foreign substances within the body. They cause 
 irritation and suppuration, whereby more deep-seated inflamma- 
 tions are supposed to be removed. They are, however, often very 
 convenient, because they stand as sign-boards to show the proprie- 
 tor that something has been done. The common mode of making 
 a rowel is after the following manner: A slit is first made by 
 means of the rowel scissors, on any part of the integuments, held 
 between the fiucrer and thumb. With the handle of the scissors 
 
SURGICAL OPERATIONS. 267 
 
 separate from its cellular connections a circle of two or three mche9 
 in diameter, into which introduce something to prevent the reunioi? 
 of the skin. A piece of circular leather, tolerably stiff, with a cen- 
 tral hole, is a very common substance used, but is objected to by 
 some on account of the difficulty of changing it without injuring 
 the skin. Tow, as more pliant, is frequently introduced into this 
 cavity. If the rowel runs freely, it should be dressed every day, 
 by changing the plug, if of tow, and by cleansing it, if of leather. 
 No rowel should go undressed beyond the second day, for the com- 
 fort of the horse. They are very favorite applications with far- 
 riers, and frequently abused by being employed indiscriminately, 
 but are falling into disuse, setons having almost superseded them. 
 Setons, in their action, resemble a very mild form of rowel, but 
 are more convenient in their application. There is hardly a part 
 of the body where a seton may not be conveniently placed. They 
 have been put around the eye ; they have also been entered at the 
 withers, and brought out between the humerus and the sternum, 
 so extensive or so diminutive can they be made. In sinuous ulcers 
 of the withers and of the neck they may be placed ; through the 
 heels, in foot diseases, they have been inserted. In cavernous 
 sores, they are entered at the superior part, and are brought out at 
 an inferior, so as to form a depending orifice. The formation of a 
 seton is very simple. A skein of thread, or a piece of tape, of a 
 convenient size, may be used. At the one end place a large knot ; 
 arm the eye of a corresponding-sized seton-needle with the free end 
 of the tape ; introduce this into any proposed part, and, bringing 
 it out at some other, either make a second knot, or tie the two ends 
 of the tape together ; which last method of fastening is, however, 
 often objected to, from the danger of its catching in something and 
 being torn out, to the disfigurement of the horse. AVhen a seton 
 is placed in a sinuous track, for the purpose of inflaming, it is 
 moved twice a day, frequently, and moistened each time with 
 some stimulant, as oil of turpentine, tincture of aloes and of ben- 
 jamin. All setons require daily cleaning and moving. When 
 ihey are required to act more quickly, the tape is infused in tere- 
 binthinate of cantharides, or small pieces of black hellebore are 
 sewn within it. An old material, composed of woollen, flax, o^ 
 cotton and hair, is also used instead of tape. Setons, however, 
 are of small service in acute cases. They are chiefly in use for 
 disturbance of a chronic description. 
 
MSS DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 ABSTRACTION OF BLOOD, OR BLEEDING (ARTERIOTOMY.) 
 
 Blood is abstracted by opening the conducting vessels, arterial 
 and venous. When taken from arteries, the process is called 
 arteriotomy ; when by the latter, phlebotomy. Some oleedings 
 include both these operations, as general scarifications of the soft 
 parts, bleeding at the toe point, divisions of the vessels of the cor- 
 nea, etc. Blood-letting is called local when it is practiced on or 
 very near the affected part ; and it is supposed to act more immedi- 
 ately than general bleeding because it produces more effect with the 
 loss of less blood. Local bleeding is, therefore, usually practiced 
 on the minor branches of the arteries and veins, as on the tem- 
 poral artery, the plate vein, the vena saphena, etc. Leeches are 
 a means of local bleeding not often used by us in veterinary prac- 
 tice ; but there is no reason whatever why they should not be em- 
 ployed. When applied to the eye, and occasionally to other parts, 
 also, they adhere readily, abstracting blood rapidly, and, there- 
 fore, might be valuable aids in violent local inflammation. Cup- 
 ping is also practiced, in France and other parts of the Continent, 
 with very large glasses, and it is there supposed to act remedially 
 in many local inflammations. By general bleeding we under- 
 stand the depletion of the system at large, and this we practice in 
 extensive inflammations. 
 
 Division of the temporal artery. — The proper spot for either its 
 puncture or division is directly where the vessel leaves the parotid 
 gland, to curve upward and forward around the jaw, a little be- 
 low its condyle. When it is punctured, it usually affords much 
 blood ; and in such case, enough having been obtained, divide the 
 trunk, when, the receding portions becoming pressed by the in- 
 teguments, and lessening by their own contractility, the hemor- 
 ihage is stopped. It should be punctured by a lancet; a fleam 
 may fix itself in the bone. Its division can be readily made, also, 
 either by a lancet or scalpel. 
 
 Bleeding by the palate is also a species of arterio-phlebotomy, 
 and is a very favorite spot for abstracting blood with most igno- 
 rant persons, who vehemently recommend it in spasmodic colic or 
 gripes, and in megrims. In such cases, however, a want of knowl- 
 edge of the anatomy of the parts has occasioned a serious hemov 
 rhage to occur ; it may prove a fatal one if the artery proper to the 
 jrart be divided incompletely. The palatine artery and nerve run 
 
SURGICAL. OPERATION. 269 
 
 near each other, on each side of the roof of the mouth, so as to 
 divide the inner surface of the hard palate into three nearly equal 
 portions. No other than a direct division of the vein should ever 
 be made; therefore, when bleeding is determined on at this place, 
 do it by plunging a lancet or even a penknife in a direct line 
 across the rugae, one inch within the mouth, exactly between the 
 middle and second nippers. There these vessels form a curve, 
 which curve will be divided, and will then yield three or four 
 pints of blood. If the instrument enter too much on one side, aa 
 about the middle of the second nipper, then a partial and longi- 
 tudinal division of the artery may be made, and an alarming hem- 
 orrhage may follow. In this case, the section must be enlarged 
 and deepened inwardly — that is, away from the teeth — which com- 
 pletely severs the vessel, and its retraction will stop the hem- 
 orrhage. A moderate or slight flow of blood from the palate may 
 be obtained by light scarifications of the rugae. But all bleedings 
 here, except under circumstances of the most urgent necessity, had 
 better be avoided. 
 
 Bleeding by the toe is also arterio-phlebotomy. By no means 
 cut out a portion of the sole at the point of the frog, which fre- 
 quently occasions abscess; but, with a very fine drawing-knife, 
 cut down exactly in the line of union between the crust and the 
 sole ; then, by puncturing the part with a lancet, a vast flow of 
 blood may be obtained, the benefits of which, in some cases, are 
 very marked, particularly in acute founder. If the blood should 
 not flow with sufficient freedom, place the foot in warm water. 
 The bleeding finished, cover the puncture with some tow and a 
 little tar, and lightly tack on the shoe. There are, however, other 
 methods of bleeding from the toe. Mr. Maver uses a drawing- 
 knife with a long curve, so that one sweep of the blade may cut a 
 piece out of the foot. This appears to us bad practice, as it leaves 
 Nature a space to fill up, instead of a simple incised wound to 
 heal. Others take away none of the horn, but merely make a slit 
 through the outer covering on to the vascular portion of the foot. 
 The flap of horn they hold up, so long as they desire blood, by the 
 insertion of a piece of wood ; and when they have obtained blood 
 enough, they take out the wood, so as to let the horny flap down. 
 This last method, of all others, appears to us the easiest and the 
 best. 
 
 Sometimes the plantar vein is opened as a substitute. Scarifi- 
 
270 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERI. 
 
 cations are, also, occasionally practiced, which, of course, divide 
 both venous and arterial branches. In France extensive scarifi- 
 cations used to be made into indurations before the suppurativa 
 process had commenced, which, in some cases, prevented that 
 from going on, and the remedial wounds made were healed by 
 adhesive inflammation, or by healthy granulation. The same 
 method has also been occasionally practiced here, but it is not 
 now often attempted. 
 
 Phlebotomy, or the puncture of a venous branch, is the most 
 usual mode of drawing blood in veterinary practice, and may be 
 employed on any point of the body ; but some vessels are much 
 more frequently opened than others, and most of all the jugular 
 vein. 
 
 Bleeding by the thigh vein. — The saphena is a prominent vein 
 continued from the inner part of the hock, and may be opened by 
 the fleam, but with much greater safety and propriety by a lancet. 
 The opposite leg being held up, the operator, placing himself in 
 front of the thigh, and steadying himself and the horse by placing 
 one hand on the hock, may fix the vein with the little finger of the 
 other, while the lancet, held between the thumb and fore-finger, 
 punctures it. This vein should never be opened save upon abso- 
 lute necessity, as it is often troublesome to pin up. A horse has 
 b?en cast for the trivial matter of stopping the hemorrhage. 
 
 Bleeding from the plate vein. — This vein is frequently opened tc 
 iA stract blood after injuries of the fore extremities. 
 
 Tlie superficial brachial vein is a continuation of the superficial 
 \ nsion of the metacarpal veins, and in the passage upward receives 
 more than one branch. Its principal trunk ascends along the inner 
 side of the radius. It may also be well to remark that, when taking 
 blood from the superficial veins of the arm or fore-arm, if any diffi- 
 culty is experienced in obtaining a sufficient flow, the lifting up of 
 the other leg, by throwing the muscles of the punctured one into 
 action, will force the blood from the inner to the outer set, and au 
 increased quantity may be obtained. The plate vein, or external 
 thoracic, is often opened, as it emerges from behind the arm, and 
 is pinned up without any difficulty. 
 
 Bleeding by the jugular vein. — The situation of this important 
 vessel is well known, but its internal connections are not so fa- 
 miliar, though such knowledge is essential to the uniform safety of 
 the operation. The horse has only external jugular veins, a righi 
 
SURGICAL OPERATION S. 271 
 
 and a left one. As each emerges from th 3 chest, it is found deep- 
 seated, and approaching the trachea. It then passes forward, in 
 company with the external carotid artery. Toward the middle 
 ~f the neck it becomes more superficial, and is now distinctly 
 seen progressing rather above and without the carotid artery and 
 trachea, or windpipe. The carotid, therefore, in the future course 
 of the jugular, is situated a little below and more deep-seated than 
 (he vein. The jugular is also separated from the carotid by a 
 slight muscular band, derived from the levator humeri. Its fur- 
 ther track is marked in the hollow formed by the inferior edge of 
 the levator humeri, where it is covered by the panniculus carnosus 
 and integuments only, when, having nearly reached the jaw, it 
 makes its well-known division into two portions. Bleeding by 
 the jugular is usually practiced with a lancet or with a fleam. The 
 proper spot for the puncture may be found anywhere between two 
 inches and six from the division of the vein. This latitude is her*, 
 mentioned, because it is prudent to avoid puncturing directly over 
 a former bleeding-place, known by the scar and enlargement. It 
 should also be avoided where a little knot in the course of the 
 vein will sometimes denote the existence of one of the venous 
 valves. But in all ordinary cases, where these hindrances do not 
 appear, operate at two or three inches from the division of the 
 vein, which will be sufficiently evident when it is pressed on below 
 the place punctured. Avoid operating low down in the neck, as 
 there the vessel is deeper-seated, and near to important parts. 
 
 First moisten the hair and smooth it down ; then, steadying 
 and enlarging the vessel with one hand, with the other plunge the 
 point of the lancet into the integuments, so as just to puncture 
 them and the vein ; then, by a slight turn of the wrist, carry the 
 instrument obliquely forward to finish the cut. For opening the 
 smaller veins, the lancet should always be used. In all but the 
 practiced hand the fleam is the safest for bleeding from the jugu- 
 lar It is always prudent to have the eye of the horse covered. 
 Unless the eye be covered, the horse will be likely to flinch at the 
 moment of the stroke, and the puncture may be made in any place 
 but where we wish. The hair being first wetted and smoothed, 
 and the fleam being retained in the left hand, the unemployed 
 fingers pressing on the vein so as to fix and swell the vessel, let 
 the point rest exactly in the middle of the swelling. Strike the 
 fleam sufficiently hard to penetrate the skin and vein. A blood- 
 
272 DADJ/S VETERINARY MEDICINE ANL> SURGERY. 
 
 stick is preferable for the purpose of striking the fleam. There is 
 a vibration between two hard bodies when they meet, which, in 
 this instance, is favorable to a quick and moderate puncture of the 
 vein. After the vein has been opened, mcderate pressure with the 
 edge of the can which catches the blood is suflicient to keep up 
 the flow. It may also be encouraged by putting a finger within 
 the horse's mouth. The requisite quantity of blood being drawn, 
 remove the can. The remaining process of securing the vessel 
 is of equal importance. The sides of the orifice are first to be 
 brought in opposition, without pinching them, and without draw- 
 ing them from the vein. The same cautions should also be ob« 
 served when the pin is introduced. Let it be small, with an 
 irregular point, and, when inserted, wrap around it a few hairs 
 or a little tow. 
 
 Common, however, as this operation is, and qualified as every 
 one thinks himself to perform it, yet there are very serious acci- 
 dents which do arise occasionally. It has occuried that the carotid 
 artery has become penetrated. When the puncture has been made 
 through the vein, the accident is known immediately by the forci- 
 ble and pulsatory gush of florid arterial and dark venous blood 
 together. In one instance of this kind, which occurred to a French 
 practitioner, he immediately thrust his finger into the opening 
 through the vein, and thus plugged up the artery, intending to 
 wait for assistance. In this state he remained, *ve believe, an 
 hour or more, when, removing his finger, to his surprise, he found 
 the hemorrhage nad ceased, and did not again return. In another 
 case, where an English practitioner accidentally opened the carotid, 
 he placed a compress on the orifice, and had relays of men to hold 
 it there for forty-eight hours, when it was found the bleeding had 
 stopped. 
 
 The a.lmission of air is also another serious accident that now 
 and then attends bleeding. It sometimes happens from the sudden 
 removal of the fingers or blood-can, or whatever was used to dis- 
 tend the vessel by obstructing the return of the blood. This, being 
 suddenly taken away, allows the escape of the blood toward the 
 heart, and occasions a momentary vacuum, the air being heard to 
 rush with a gurgling noise into the vein through the orifice; it 
 then mixes with the blood, and occasions, in some instances, almost 
 immediate death. The animal begins to tremble ; he next staggers, 
 and finally falls in a state of convulsion. If the quantity of air 
 
SURGICAL OPERATIONS. 
 
 273 
 
 taken in has been considerable, death ensues. The remedy must, 
 therefore, be instantaneous, and consists in again opening the ori- 
 fice, or making a new one, to gain an immediate renewed flow of 
 blood, which will, in most cases, renovate the horse, who has been 
 found afterward to be tormented with an intolerable itching." * 
 
 * Blaine's "Outlines." 
 
 18 
 
SECTION X. 
 
 DISEASES OF THE SKIN AND SUB-TISSUES. 
 
 Itch and Mange — Lice on Animals — Grease and Scratches — Surfeit — Drop- 
 sical Limbs — Scarletina — Ringworm — Prurigo — Pole-evil — Fistulous 
 Withers — Warts on the Skin — Purpura Hemorrhagica — Out of condi- 
 tion — Hide-bound— Herpes. 
 
 Itch and Mange. 
 
 ITCH, mange, and scabies are essentially local affections of the 
 skin, and are occasioned by the presence of parasites known 
 as " sarcoptes-equi." The eruption ensuing on the skin of a horse, 
 
 when subject to this affection, is very 
 similar to the appearance of itch in man, 
 and probably is just as tormenting to 
 the animal as in the case of his master. 
 Numerous cases are recorded of trans' 
 mission of itch from horse to man, and, 
 when so acquired, it is impossible to dis- 
 tinguish it from the human itch. Some 
 persons suffer severely when attending 
 mangy horses, but a clean person or clean 
 horse are not apt to take the disease. It 
 is well known that a healthy and clean 
 horse may stand for weeks near a mangy- 
 one without taking the disease, showing, 
 very conclusively, that the best preventive measures are those 
 which promote health and cleanliness. As the English groom 
 says, " plenty of elbow-grease, by means of brush and curry-comb. 
 on the skin of the horse ; regular daily exercise, pure air in the 
 stable, and a sufficiency of good digestible food are sovereign 
 remedies against itch and mange." This, we presume, is all the 
 (274) 
 
 Af'ARrS, OR SARCOPTES-EQFI, THE 
 ITCH PARASITE (MAGNIFIED). 
 
1.SEASES OF THE SKIN AND SUB-TISSUES. 275 
 
 ■reader wants to know with reference to the cause of itch and 
 mange. 
 
 Symptoms. — When a horse is affected with this malady, in either 
 of the forms here named, the owner's attention will be aroused 
 by the animal rubbing himself, whenever he can get a fair chance 
 to do so; and, should the limbs or heels be affected, he will rub 
 the fore-legs one against the other, and, at night, will constantly 
 strike the floor with his hind extremities. The hair looks un- 
 thrifty, has lost its gloss, and does not lay smooth on the body. 
 It falls off in patches, and an eruption is observed similar to the 
 appearance of itch on man, yet not so distinctly recognized. A 
 few pimples, scabs, and a slight reddening of the parts is all that 
 miy, perhaps, be seen. The skin of some horses, however, is 
 more vascular and more delicately organized than others. In the 
 lal ter case the disease is more marked, creates greater irritation, 
 an I the nervous system suffers more from sympathetic irritability 
 th: n in the case of an animal having a coarse and comparatively 
 insensible "hide." In addition to these symptoms, the affected 
 ani nal will be observed to be more or less fractious and unman- 
 ageable. 
 
 Treatment. — The disease being of a local character, requires 
 topical (local) remedies, and the best medicine is that which most 
 quickly destroys the life of the itch parasite. It has been found 
 that preparations of creosote kill the parasite in a few seconds, 
 and Gerlaoh recommends the following preparation : 
 
 No. 28. Creosote 2\ oz. 
 
 Spirits of wine 15 oz. 
 
 Water 40 oz. 
 
 Previous to the application of this, the same authority advises 
 that the horse be smeared all over the body with soft soap, wash- 
 ing it off some time afterward with warm water, and having the 
 animal well brushed ; or a wash may be afterward used, consist- 
 ing of one part of caustic potass to fifty parts of water ; or, lastly, 
 greasing the animal with linseed oil, train oil, etc., and, one or 
 two days afterward, washing with soap and water or potash ley 
 then apply the preparation of creosote. 
 
 The cheapest, and probably the safest, plan of treatment, and 
 that which has proved most successful in the practice of the author, 
 is as follows : 
 
276 DADDS VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 No. 29. Unslaked lime 1 lb. 
 
 Flour of sulphur 2 lbs. 
 
 Water 12 pts. 
 
 Put these ingredients in a stone jar, set it on the stove, or in 
 a regular water-bath, until it boils. During the interval, the 
 mixture must be constantly stirred, both in view of insuring a 
 complete mixture, and of keeping the lime and sulphur from de- 
 positing in the bottom of the jar ; for, should this occur, the jar 
 will crack. The mixture must be stirred with a wooden spatula 
 or glass rod. Keep the mixture boiling for about ten or fifteen 
 minutes; then set it aside for twelve hours, at the end of which 
 time pour off the clear liquor, bottle tightly, and cork the bottles. 
 These should be put away in a dark closet, as the mixture soon 
 decomposes when exposed to the sun's rays. Tnis remedy will 
 cure the itch on horses and cattle. It is, also, a sure cure when 
 used on man. It is not adapted to the cure of the malady in 
 sheep, as the sulphur is supposed to be injurious to wool. The 
 only objection to its use is, that it has a very unpleasant odor — 
 smells like sulphureted hydrogen. Before applying this mixture, 
 the animal should be thoroughly washed with warm water and 
 common brown soap; then wipe the animal dry, and apply the 
 sulphur mixture, by means of a sponge. One application, if 
 properly applied, will usually suffice to kill the parasites. Should 
 it fail in the first instance, a reapplication will do no harm, as 
 the preparation is perfectly inocuous. 
 
 Scabies is to be treated in the same manner ; in fact, all diseases 
 of the skin, supposed to be dependent on the presence of parasites, 
 are to be treated after this fashion. Gerlach, of the Royal Ve- 
 terinary School of Berlin, has made a series of experiments with 
 various remedies for the destruction of the itch parasite, and the 
 following table shows the result of his labors : 
 
DISEASES OF THE SKIN AND SUB-TISSUES. 
 
 277 
 
 Agent. 
 
 Creosote, pure 
 
 < Ireosote, 1 part~» 
 
 Spirit, 10 parts!- 
 
 Water, 30 partsj 
 
 Crsosote 1 part ) 
 
 Water, 80 partsj 
 
 Cieosote with fat { 1J4 "!""™".!"."*." 
 
 Creosote with oil 1 1 - 4)J "' 
 
 Iodine, tincture of, pure 
 
 Iodine, tincture of, with water, 1.4. 
 Iodide of potassium with water, 1.2. 
 Iodide of potassium with water, 1.4. 
 Caustic potash, 1 part ; 24 do. 
 Caustic potash, 1 part 
 Water, 10 parts 
 
 Tar, 2 " 
 
 Hartshorn oil, 2 " 
 Caustic potash, 1 part "1 
 Water, 16 parts I 
 
 Tar, 2 » f " 
 
 Hartshorn oil, 2 " J 
 
 Sulphuret of f with water , 
 potassium "(with oil, 1.10 
 
 Chloride of lime with water, 1.30. 
 
 Hartshorn oil, pure , 
 
 Hartshorn oil, with water, 1.10.... 
 
 Oil of turpentine 
 
 Barbadoes tar 
 
 Tar (Pix liquida) 
 
 fpure 
 
 Photogen < 
 
 (with oil 
 
 '1.10 
 
 Concentrated vinegar, pure 
 
 Concentrated vinegar, with water 1.1 
 Acetic acid with water, 1.1 
 
 Concentrated sulphuric acid f 1.24 
 
 with water \ 1.48 
 
 1.10. 
 
 1.5. 
 
 Decoction of tobacco 
 
 U-3 
 
 10. 
 50. 
 
 Tessier's arsenical bath. 
 
 Mathieu's arsenical bath., 
 
 Over-saturated solution of arsenic in 
 water 1.0 
 
 Green soap., 
 
 Li juor ammonia 
 
 Solution of corrosive sublimate, 10) 
 grains, one ounce j 
 
 Infusions of henbane, belladonna, \ 
 and Persian insect powder, 1.16 J 
 
 Decoction of black and white helle- ) 
 bore, 1.16 j 
 
 Infusion of digatalis, 1.16 
 
 Walz's ley, containing caustic pot- 
 ash, hartshorn oil, and tar 
 
 Dead in 
 
 Hours. Jliuutes, 
 
 10-20 
 
 2-5 
 4-10 
 
 2-3 
 
 J£-l 
 
 12-16 
 
 6-36 
 24-36 
 6-48 
 
 H~A 
 
 2-2^ 
 
 $A-o 
 
 BA-7 
 5)|-9 
 
 1-2 
 
 4-6 
 
 9 
 
 20-26 
 
 2-2)4 
 
 7-12 
 
 1.5-30 
 
 15-30 
 3-4 
 30 
 5-9 
 5-9 
 8-13 
 
 1-1% 
 
 2-3}^ 
 
 2 
 
 7-8 
 32-:i5 
 10-20 
 
 7-25 
 
 15-16 
 
 15-45 
 
 Observations. 
 
 Mathieo. 
 
 f Were living 7 hours after 
 \ immersion. 
 
 [Mathieu. 
 
 J White arsenic, 1 part. 
 j Sulphate of iron, 10 parts. 
 [ Water, 100 parts. 
 
 I Mathieu. 
 White arsenic, 1 part. 
 Alum, 10 parts. 
 Water, 100 parts. 
 Hertwig. 
 
 f A dilute solution 
 \ not kill. 
 
 Hertwig. 
 Hertwig. 
 
 does 
 
278 dadd's veterinary medicine and surgeri. 
 
 The Skin Diseases of Domestic Animals. 
 
 A celebrated writer on the diseases of the skin of domesticated 
 animals, thus discourses on the subject : 
 
 " Few topics have engaged the attention of the successful breedet 
 of our improved domesticated animals more than skin diseases pro- 
 duced by insects, in consequence of the manner in which both the 
 breeding and feeding qualities of stock are affected by them. This 
 arises from the little progress scientific inquiry has experimentally 
 made in the physiology of these tiny parasites by means of the 
 microscope, and the consequent paucity of reliable scientific works 
 on the subject. Hitherto half the conclusions of our veterinary 
 surgeons relative to their natural history have been drawn from the 
 traditionary philosophy of our forefathers, and not from actual ex- 
 amination, either with the eye of the modern physiologist or mor- 
 bid anatomist ; while our entomologists have had too much to do 
 to overtake the branches of zoological science, to fill their cabinets 
 with specimens of the class in question — a class far more varied 
 than the kingdom itself, every different race of animals being not 
 only infested with a different brood of insects (mites), but almost 
 every organic substance, animal and vegetable. 
 
 A very superficial acquaintance with these facts must convince 
 the reader of the importance of the lecture on this subject, de- 
 livered by Professor Simonds, before the council of the Royal 
 Agricultural Society of England, accompanied with drawings, 
 exhibited on the wall, and specimens under his microscope. The 
 former, drawn to a greatly magnified scale, illustrated, in a very 
 conspicuous manner, the different stages of vitality, from the ovum 
 to the insect, in all the vigor of matured life. But to us, and 
 several other members who examined them, the latter appeared 
 the most interesting, as nothing can exceed the fidelity with which 
 the microscope exemplifies Nature, though all but invisible to the 
 naked eye, confirming, in the most satisfactory manner, the sound- 
 ness of the conclusions at which the Professor arrived, differing, 
 as they did, in many respects, from those hitherto drawn, both by 
 veterinary surgeons and entomologists. 
 
 Referring to the report of Mr. Simonds' first lecture, the task 
 which devolves upon us is to apply it to the daily practice of the 
 farmer, so as to profit by its deductions. These were principally 
 confined, it will be seen, to scabies and setrus in sheep and other 
 
DISEASES OF THE SKIN AND SUB-TISSCES. 279 
 
 animals, with a few observations on the dog-flea (pulex eanis). 
 Scabies is a pestiferous disease, whether it affects the horse, the 
 ox, the sheep, swine, or poultry, inflicting a loss not easily esti- 
 mated; hence the maxim of every intelligent farmer is, to avcid. 
 With him "prevention is better than cure," and, therefore, his 
 grand desideratum is to guard against contagion. Sheep are, per- 
 haps, more subject to it than any of the other animals, arising as 
 much from the mature of their skins and coats as from the fecun- 
 dity of the acarus ovis, and the greater vicissitudes of the weather 
 to which they (the sheep) are exposed. Certain parts of the body 
 aie more. liable to be affected than others; and so is an unhealthy 
 skin than a healthy one. Indeed, it has been said that an unheal- 
 thy skin will itself produce scabies (?), but this conclusion does 
 not appear to be well founded ; for a disease dependent upon the 
 presence of living parasites can never arise spontaneously, but 
 must be effected by contagion, either by means of their eggs, or 
 the insect in some other stage of its existence. 
 
 Now, from what has just been said, it will appear obvious that 
 cleanliness, a healthy skin and state of the body, and a separation 
 from foul animals and ground, are the means necessary to avoid 
 contagion. The truth of this will, perhaps, be better understood 
 if we first review the important distinctions which Mr. Simonds 
 makes between the habits of the acarus scabiei of the human body 
 and the acari of our domestic animals, the former burrowing in 
 the skin, but the latter living on its surface, clinging to the skin, 
 hair, or wool with their trumpet-shaped, vesicular-cushioned feet, 
 to prevent their being thrown off by the animal when shaking or 
 ni'bbling itself. Hitherto distinctions of this kind have been over- 
 looked, writers generally concluding that the acari of quadruped's 
 burrowed in the skin like those of man, thus proving the little 
 use which had been made of the microscope in examining the 
 former, as it shows them to be incapable of living in the skin, 
 from the configuration of their bodies. Indeed, to have made 
 similar acari for naked skins as for those covered with hair, wool, 
 or feathers would have been an oversight on the part of Nature ; 
 while the fact that the acarus scabiei will not live on the horse, 
 nor acarus equi on man, or acarus ovis on the ox, or acarus bovis 
 on the sheep, and so on, proves that greater differences than the 
 mere configuration of the animal structure exist, all pointing to 
 the above means as necessary, in every case, to avoid so great » 
 
280 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 p 0S t — one which appears to form an integral part of that ?urse 
 inflicted on the whole creation by the fall of man. 
 
 The importance of cleanliness, and its concomitant health, "o 
 prevent contagion, may be further illustrated. We have just seen 
 above that an acarus, although a loathsome pest, is yet very nice 
 in its taste, and particular about a nidus in which to deposit and 
 hatch its eggs. It enjoys the highest degree of prosperity on the 
 unhealthy skin, multiplying there fastest; Su that if it creeps 
 from it to the opposite — the sleek, healthy one of the horse or ox, 
 or dry wool of the sheep — it feels itself from home, and, before it 
 even reaches the skin, may be bruised or shaken off. If, however, 
 it creeps upon the unhealthy animal with its staring coat, it soon 
 reaches the skin, and commences its direful work, every thing 
 there being congenial to his happiness; hence the incredible 
 speed at which it propagates its species, until it either consumes 
 its victim alive, or is arrested at its fatal work by the timely 
 unguent of the veterinary surgeon. 
 
 Again : when a dirty animal shakes itself, as it invaria jly does 
 after rubbing itself against any thing, less or more suirf, dan- 
 druff, and dust is thrown into the atmosphere, and carried to a 
 distance by high wind. Now, under such circunwances, whca 
 affected with scabies, it is manifest that the smallest of these puny 
 insects, as well as their eggs, will be blown from one pasture tc 
 another ; that the latter will lodge in the dirty staring coat of 
 the unhealthy animal, when they will be blown off that of the 
 clean sleek one, or be brushed off before they reach the skin, or 
 any nidus capable of hatching them. In this manner we can 
 trace contagion from one animal to another, and thus account, in 
 harmony with entomological science, for what has hitherto been 
 termed spontaneous cases of scabies" in some of our domesticated 
 animals, while others have escaped the disease, though all herd- 
 ing together in one field. We can also account for the fact why 
 the disease is more liable to break out among sheep than horses 
 and cattle, without coming in contact with strange flocks, because 
 the coats of the latter are more likely to be impregnated with 
 eggs than those of the former, while they afford a better nidus for 
 hatching them. 
 
 With -egard to health, it has even been said that the blood of 
 scabbed animals is diseased : nav. that the blood of all animals is 
 loaded, more or less with the eggs of acari, and that they are 
 
DISEASES OF THE SKIN AND SUB-TISSUES. 281 
 
 hatched under certain cutaneous affections, thus accounting for 
 spontaneous cases differently from the atmospheric distribution of 
 eggs. Hence the reason why sulphur and mercury are taken, 
 internally as well as externally, to get rid of the disease. But 
 this sanguiferous doctrine of distribution is more difficult to re- 
 concilc with entomological science than the atmospheric one. 
 
 Contagion by direct contact of clean animals with diseased, or 
 where the former enter foul ground, will be difficult to avoid so 
 long as the commerce of live farm stock is conducted as at present ; 
 for diseased animals will be sent to market, although contrary to 
 the spirit of the law, thus not only communicating the disease to 
 all they come in contact with, but also infecting the market-place. 
 According to the experiments made by Mr. Simonds, acari left 
 upon a post, hurdle, or hedge by a scabbed beast will survive 
 for fourteen days, and at the end of that time lay hold of any 
 animal coming in contact with it, and thus communicate the dis- 
 ease ; consequently our weekly and fortnightly markets are little 
 better, during the warm months of summer, than nests for pro- 
 pagatiug malignant parasites. It would be well, then, if very 
 stringent statutes were enacted, confiscating all diseased animals 
 offered for sale, and that microscopical examinations were enforced 
 in all suspicious cases, so as to guarantee its healthy operation. 
 It will thus be seen that the means for preventing contagion may 
 be summed up in two words — improved management. 
 
 At a very early period in our history, acarus scabiei was much 
 more common among our forefathers than among their posterity 
 of the present day. The change which has taken place is obvi- 
 ously attributable to progress in dietetics, clothing, and medicine ; 
 and among our domesticated animals it is no more than reasona- 
 ble to conclude that similar causes will produce similar effects. 
 In point of fact, improved management has already greatly re- 
 duced the prevalence of scabies among both our herds and flocks, 
 thus holding out every encouragement to persevere in obtaining 
 further progress. There is, perhaps, no branch of husbandry 
 where greater advances can be made than in cattle-cookery, house- 
 hold accommodation, including grooming, etc., and medicine ; and 
 when we contemplate how much cutaneous diseases are dependent 
 on management in each of these three respects, it were difficult to 
 estimate what influence further improvements in them may tave 
 *m the disease in question."' 
 
282 dadd s veterinary medicine and surgery. 
 
 Lice on Horses. 
 
 Lice, in a majority of cases, may be attributed to want of clean- 
 liness; for they are rarely if ever seen on the body of an animal 
 with clean skin. Brush and curry-comb, and clean stables, are, 
 therefore, the preventives. 
 
 A short time ago I had occasion to visit a stable, located in 
 Waukegan, 111. There I saw a horse almost perfectly hairless, ex- 
 cept the mane and tail. I asked the owner what occasioned the 
 depilation of the hair. He informed me that the horse's body was 
 completely infested with lice; that he had tried all sorts of rem- 
 edies without success, and, at last, thought he would try kerosene 
 oil, and, accordingly, rubbed the body all over with it, using about 
 two quarts. He said " it killed all the lice, but came very near 
 killing the horse. It made him perfectly crazy ; his limbs became 
 swollen to the proportions of a young elephant, and the hair all 
 fell off." 
 
 The remedy I have found most efficacious is composed of 
 
 No. 30. Crude cod-liver oil 1 pint. 
 
 Pulverized lobelia 2 oz. 
 
 Mix. 
 
 This should be thoroughly rubbed all over the body by means 
 of a stiff brush; at the expiration of four hours, carefully wash 
 the horse all over with soft soap and warm water. It may be 
 necessary to make a second and even a third application, on suc- 
 cessive days, ere the parasites are all killed. The parasites can be 
 seen with the naked eye ; therefore the owner of the horse rau&t 
 be the judge as regards the number of applications needed. 
 
 At a meeting of a Farmer's Club, "Lice" formed the subje<:t 
 for discussion. Dr. J. R. Smith explained that lice, as well as 
 all similar insects, breathe through holes in the body. These 
 holes are minute spirules, constantly kept open by an elastic ring f 
 and surrounded by a fringe of extremely delicate hair, which pre- 
 vents the intrusion of any solid particles. To kill the insect it 
 is only necessary to close these breathing-holes, and this is done 
 by smearing them with any kind of grease or oil. You may 
 catch a cat erpillar and examine him with a magnifying glass, and 
 you will find these spirules arranged in two rows, one on each 
 side; (hen, if you take a moth or butterfly, you will find the 
 
DISEASES OF THE SKIN AND SUB-TISSUES. 283 
 
 breathing-holes in the body corresponding with those in the body 
 of the caterpillar from which it was produced — the same body, in 
 fact, remaining after the wings are developed. If you dip a feather 
 in oil, and smear the two spirules nearest the tail, the lower por- 
 tion of the body will be paralyzed so far as these holes. Proceed- 
 ing upward, you may paralyze the whole body until you come to 
 the last two, which are situated just below the jaws. So long as 
 these remain open, the insect will continue to breathe, but if these 
 are now closed, he dies immediately. To exterminate lice upon 
 any animal, it is only necessary to cover the animal completely 
 with grease or oil. The simplest and cheapest oil is best — lard, 
 fish oil, or any other that is at hand. When the lice have not 
 become so numerous as to produce the disease known as pityriasis, 
 or rcunge, this application, undoubtedly, is the best that can be 
 used. In addition to being effective, it is perfectly harmless. 
 Stock breeders should always recollect that prevention shows wis- 
 dom, « nd saves annoyance and expense ; and, by neatness, cleanli- 
 ness and comfort, the health of the animal will be insured, and the 
 animals will not become infested with the troublesome parasites. 
 Poultry lice affecting horses. — Horses, when located near a hen- 
 roost, are apt to be infested with poultry lice. The remedy is the 
 same as in the case of the common louse. 
 
 Diseases of the Heels (Grease, Scratches, " Wateb 
 Farcy," "Weed Shot," "Milk Leg"). 
 
 In olden times grease, or scratches, and cracked heels, were not 
 only very prevalent but very formidable affections. Before 
 veterinary surgeons were employed in the British Army, many 
 thousands of valuable horses were condemned as useless for active 
 service in consequence of the prevalence of that loathsome affec- 
 tion known as inveterate grease ; but now, in consequence of the 
 presence of veterinary surgeons, and the consequent improved 
 system of management in camp and stable, grease is almost un- 
 known. Most veterinary writers contend that grease almost 
 always arises from improper management of the horse, yet I have 
 seen it occur in horses that were well cared for and properly 
 treated. The truth is, some horses are predisposed to affections 
 of the skin of the heels and the sebaceous glands of the same ; 
 and, altnough cleanliness and good management may stave off an 
 attack for a long while, yet when the system abounds in morbifio 
 
284 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 matter, the same is very apt to gravitate toward the heels, (they 
 being most remote from the center of circulation,) inducing in- 
 flammation of the skin of the heels, distension of the sebaceous 
 glands, and a stinking and unhealthy deposit on the surface, and 
 a purulent discharge through ulcerated cracks. This constitutes 
 grease. 
 
 Cause. — It is contended by Mr. Blain and others that grease 
 has local weakness for a cause. As fluids press, not in proportion 
 to their diameter, but to the height of their column, the venous 
 blood must find some difficulty to its ascent. Debility is, there- 
 fore, more felt in the distended vessels remote from the influence 
 of the heart, under which circumstance the effects productive of 
 grease necessarily ensue. Some horses are constantly the sub- 
 jects of swelled legs, and, if the heels happen to be accidentally 
 abraded, the latter often operates as the exciting cause of a very 
 formidable affection of the heels. Associated with swelled legs is 
 a scurfiness of the skin beneath the fetlock. These conditions, 
 together with the fact that the animal is of the lymphatic temper- 
 ament (gray color), are sure indications that predisposition to 
 maladies of the above character are present. Having such horses 
 under our care, the chief object should be to ward off an attack, by 
 dietetic and hygienic measures. Too much washing of the heels, 
 without drying them by rubbing, is just about as bad as if the 
 filth was allowed to remain. The practice chills the part by a pro- 
 cess of slow evaporation, and the result is local congestion, etc. 
 
 I now propose to illustrate^ for the benefit of the reader, 
 the treatment of grease or scratches. I was requested to see 
 a gray gelding, the property of the Transfer Company of St. 
 Louis. On arrival, I examined the animal, and found him to be 
 a large, flabbily-organized creature, having a large amount of 
 loose tissue under the skin. I found that there was a bad odor 
 arising from some ulcerations and exudations about the heels and 
 sides of the same. Intermediate of the ulcers were dry, horny 
 scabs ; the hair about the parts pointed straight out ; the heel was 
 excessively tender, quite vascular, and blood escaped from its 
 vessels. The moment a hand was placed upon the locality, the 
 animal would catch up the limb and appear to suffer much pain. 
 
 Treatment. — In the first place, I had the parts well cleansed 
 with soap and water; then, after wiping them dry, they were wet" 
 ted. three times daily, with a portion of the fol'owing solution : 
 
WIS EASES OF THE SKIN AND SUB-TISSUES 286 
 
 No. 31. Nitrate of potass (saltpeter) 2 oz„ 
 
 Water 1 pt. 
 
 Glycerine 4 oz. 
 
 Every time the solution was applied, the parts were dusted with 
 pulverized charcoal. This charcoal, completely covering the 
 abraded parts, and being a good antiseptic, had an excellent effect 
 in excluding atmospheric air, and in correcting feted odor. I 
 administered, as an alterative, to correct the morbid habit, 
 
 No, 32. Iodide of potass 20 gr. 
 
 Sulphur 4 dr. 
 
 Powdered sassafras bark 2 dr. 
 
 Gentian « 1 dr. 
 
 These were mixed in food, and the same quantity was given 
 during a period of four days, and the dressings were also contin- 
 ued. On the fifth day the animal had very much improved, stood 
 fair on the foot, and seemed to suffer but very little pain. The 
 limb was somewhat swollen, partly from want of use, and other- 
 wise from slight effusion into the cellular tissue. I discontinued 
 the medicine, and ordered the following mixture, to be applied 
 twice daily: 
 
 No ' 33 ' coIi 01 ofr°. u . s . a . c . id : ::: ;.*;:::.': : : : } e ^ 1 p arts - 
 
 After each application the oharcoal was reapplied. 
 
 The following case serves to illustrate that the virus of grease 
 can be transmitted from horse to man : 
 
 Transmission of the Virus of Grease from the Horse to Man. — 
 Drs. Maunoury and Pichot have published an interesting series 
 of experiments, tending to prove the identity of grease and cow- 
 pox. This doctrine, which was always maintained by Jenner, 
 has received confirmation from the observations of Lo^ , Godine, 
 and others. The following is a summary of the facts, related by 
 Drs. Maunoury and Pichot : 
 
 " Francis Barthelemy B , aged twenty-eight, of lymphatio 
 
 temperament, a farrier, presented himself to Dr. Pichot on tb** 
 5th of March, 1856. He had not been vaccinated. On the backs 
 of his hands, which were red and swollen, were several confluent 
 opaline pustules, depressed in their center, and having all the 
 appearance of vaccine pustules of the eight or ninth day. The 
 inflammation with which the pustules were surrounded had ap- 
 
280 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 peared on the second; the pustules themselves preceded the in- 
 flammation some days. This man had not been in contact with 
 any cow, but on the 11th of February he had shod a horse suffer- 
 ing from grease. There existed, at the time, numerous crack 1 , 
 about the hands. The disease from which the horse was suffering 
 was certified by a -qualified veterinarian. Various inoculations 
 were practiced with the liquid taken from the pustules presented 
 
 ly B , with the effect of reproducing the same disease. The 
 
 most perfect set of experiments were made hv M. Maunoury, who 
 transmitted the virus through four sets of cases. The following 
 are the results of his observations : 
 
 1. That virus obtained from the hands of the farrier B , 
 
 and inoculated on the arm of an infant, produced a full pustule, 
 having all the character of ° vaccine pustule — form, evolution, 
 termination. 
 
 2. That lymph taken from this pustule, and inoculated on the 
 arm of three persons, had produced identical pustules, which are 
 truly vaccine. 
 
 3. That the transmission of the virus by successive generations 
 has not diminished the intensity of the force of the poison. One 
 of the set of cases presented large pustules, depressed in the centei , 
 and filled with matter; each pustule served for several inocu- 
 lations and the charging of several sets of glasses. 
 
 4. That from these facts it is evident that the virus taken from 
 the pustules of the farrier was identical with the vaccine." * 
 
 Surfeit. 
 
 The term surfeit is used to designate an eruptive affection of 
 the skin, which usually makes its appearance very suddenly. 
 There is nothing dangerous about it, and it sometimes disappears, 
 in the course of a few hours, without any medical treatment. It 
 usually appears in warm weather, and especially among hcrses 
 that are in a state of j)lethora, from the use of a large quantity 
 of meal, or what is known as cut feed. 
 
 Symptoms. — A horse may be taken out of the stable apparently 
 in perfect health, except that he is fat, and, after being driven a 
 
 •Oenerales de Medecine, April, 1857 pp. 365 398, frrm the British and For- 
 eign Medical Chiurgical Review. 
 
DISEASES OF THE SKIN AND SUB-TISSUES. 287 
 
 •hort distance, he is brought back with his neck and sides covered 
 with blotches or elevations. On pressing them with the fingers 
 they crepitate, showing that they are gaseous elevations or disten- 
 sions, originating in the cellular tissue beneath the skin, from the 
 spontaneous generation of gas. The gas probably arises from fer- 
 menlation of the food, and instead of accumulating in the intes- 
 tines, finds its way to the surface of the body. 
 
 Treatment — Dissolve two ounces of hyposulphite of soda in one 
 pint of warm water, and drench the animal with the same. Then 
 sponge the body witn a portion of the following surfeit lotion : 
 
 No. 34. Aqua ammonia 2 oz. 
 
 Animal glycerine 1 oz. 
 
 Water 1 quart. 
 
 If taken in time, the affection will disappear in a few hours. The 
 patient should be kept on bran-mashes, well salted, for a few days ; 
 or a couple of weeks' run at grass, if the season permits, will be 
 of great service. 
 
 Dropsical Limbs (Swelled Legs, " Stocking "). 
 
 It is a very serious annoyance to the owner of a valuable horse 
 to find that, after the animal has been standing in the stable for 
 only a period of twelve hours, his hind limbs have wonderfully 
 increased in size ; and equally mortifying is it to see some animals 
 with their limbs continually tumefied, and without any other ap- 
 parent sign of disease. 
 
 Dropsy of the limbs generally proceeds from congestion. The 
 serum, or more fluid part of the blood, transudes through the walls 
 of the blood-vessels, and accumulates in the cellular tissue, under 
 the skin. But dropsy takes place not only in consequence of 
 venous congestion, but accompanies very many forms of disease, 
 such as scarletina, influenza, farcy ; and the cure of such diseases 
 also accomplishes the cure of dropsy. 
 
 Causes. — The cause of that form of dropsical limbs which 
 seems to occur without any other visible disease is now the sub- 
 ject for consideration. When a horse's limbs swell persistently, 
 after a few hours' rest, and disappears under exercise, we may 
 infer that there exists a dropsical diathesis in his system; that, by 
 virtue of his constitution, he is predisposed; and such cases are 
 designated as chronic local dropsy. 
 
28S DAbDS VETERINARY MLD1UINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 Treatment. — The remedies are hand-rubbing, exercise, and stim- 
 ulating liniment. The best liniment fcr 'ocal dropsy of this char- 
 acter is as follows : 
 
 No. 35. Fluid extract of wormwc :d 4 oz. 
 
 Fluid extract of ginger. . . 3 oz. 
 
 Spirits of camphor 1 pint. 
 
 Rub the region of tumefaction with a portion of this linimenl 
 every night. 
 
 When swelling of the limbs do not assume a periodical char- 
 acter, and suspicion of predisposition can not be entertained, then, 
 in addition to the application of the liniment, give the animal, 
 morning and evening, one ounce of the fluid extract of buchu. 
 
 Scarlatina (Scarlet Fever). 
 
 Scarlet fever, or scarletina, as it occurs among horses in th« 
 United States, is a febrile disease of a very prostrating character : 
 yet it is not considered by the author a contagious malady. Ii 
 has only lately, however, been recognized in this country as a dis- 
 tinct equine disease, and, being of rather rare occurrence, we know 
 but little about it. The cases that have come under the author's 
 treatment were unattended by ulceration of the throat, and this 
 may account for the non-contagion; for, in the human subject, 
 when ulceration of the throat takes place, the case becomes ma- 
 lignant. 
 
 Watson says : " The malignant sort; throat may be caught 
 from a patient who has mild scarlet fever ; and mild scarlet fever 
 may, in like manner, be contracted from one who is suffering 
 under the malignant sore throat. The two forms graduate insen- 
 sibly, in different cases, toward each other ; and it would be im- 
 possible, even if it were desirable, to draw any strict line of 
 separation between them. Many would say, and probably with 
 truth, that the difference was this : in the one form, tL 3 poison of 
 the disorder is seeking its vent, principally, by the throat; in the 
 other, by the skin." It appears, therefore, that in the human 
 subject the disease is capable of being communicated at any stage. 
 
 The cases that have come under the author's notice since he first 
 recognized the malady have all been of a mild form ; that is to 
 say, non-malignant. The limbs, sheath, and pectoral regions were 
 excessively dropsical ; the skin was the seat cf rash or minute <J< < 
 
DISEASES OF THE SKIN AND SUB-TISSUES. 28t 
 
 nations, and scarlet spots or patches were always present on the 
 visible surfaces of the mouth and nostrils ; yet the patients always 
 drank and ate mashes freely, which they could not have done so 
 readily had their throats been sore and ulcerated. 
 
 The author would intimate, however, that, should the disease 
 ever become malignant in the horse, it may also become, as in the 
 human subject, contagious and infectious. Perhaps the reason 
 why it has not attained a malignant type in this country is, be- 
 cause it is of recent origin ; whereas, among the members of the 
 human family, scarlatina has been known to exist for several 
 hundred years, and may have acquired intensity and malignancy 
 with age. In anticipation of such an event, the author recom- 
 mends that scarlet-fever patients be separated from other inmates 
 of the stable. 
 
 The following case is from the author's note-book, and may 
 serve to instruct the reader on the theory and practice of the 
 malady : A short time ago, a bay gelding, aged about nine years, 
 was admitted into the Chicago Infirmary. On examination, the 
 following symptoms were observed: 
 
 Symptoms. — The hair about the neck and fore and hind limbs 
 was elevated in blotches, with corresponding elevations on the 
 skin beneath ; the membranes within the cavities of the nostrils 
 had scarlet spots, variable in size ; all the limbs were more or less 
 swollen ; the breath was hot and fetid ; the animal was unsteady 
 in his gait, apparently very weak; had great thirst, yet little ap- 
 petite. The elevations on the surface of the body, and the scarlet 
 spots on the nasal membrane, constituted the diagnostic symptoms 
 of scarlet fever. 
 
 Treatment. — During the first three days, I drenched the animal 
 with three ounces of liquor acetate of ammonia, in an equal quan- 
 tity of cold water. The elevations on the surface of the body 
 were sponged once a day with a lotion composed of two ounsea 
 of aqua ammonia and one quart of rain-water. A sloppy bran- 
 mash was occasionally furnished, of which the patient partook 
 freely. This tended to keep the bowels loose, and moderate the 
 febrile symptoms. On the fourth day all the limbs became very 
 much swollen, from dropsical effusions, which feature of the case 
 is very apt to present itself. I now changed the treatment — 
 omitted the lotion bathing, and gave, night and morning, two- 
 ounce doses of compound fluid extract of buchu and juniper ber- 
 19 
 
2UC DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 ries. A slight discharge of glairy mucus now commenced running 
 from both nostrils ; the scarlet spots had become more diffused, and 
 of a brighter tint ; the appetite had returned, and a few oats and 
 a small quantity of hay were occasionally allowed, which were 
 eaten. The limbs wtre hand-rubbed often, and the body was 
 clothed with warm blankets. This treatment was followed up for 
 a period of five days, at the end of which time he had improved 
 very much, yet the limbs were considerably swollen. 
 
 On the tenth day I commenced to give four ounces of fluid ex- 
 tract of resin-weed per day, with an occasional dose of fluid extract 
 of golden seal, under which treatment he convalesced very rapidly, 
 so that on the sixteenth day all medicine was discontinued. I now 
 turned the animal into a small inclosure, where he seemed to take 
 pleasure in rolling and exercising himself, which had the effect 
 of reducing the dropsical swelling of the limbs, and on the fourth 
 of December the patient was sent home — not exactly to go to work, 
 but to receive care and attention until he had recovered from the 
 effects of the disease, and had gained his ordinary strength. 
 
 It is very difficult to say to what extent scarlet fever among 
 horses prevails in the United States ; for very little, if any thing, 
 has ever appeared in print of American origin, except that which 
 has appeared from the pen of the author of this work. On the 
 other side of the water, however, the disease is of frequent oc- 
 currence, and is well understood. The first account of it published 
 in England was from the pen of Mr. Percivakl, in the year 1843, 
 who says that " the existence of scarlet fever has received such 
 confirmation from other quarters as to leave no doubt in my mind 
 that, rare as th<> malady acknowledgedly is, and hitherto unde- 
 seribed as it has remained, it will one day find a place in our es- 
 tablished veterinary nosology." 
 
 Since the above date, Surgeon Haycock and several other 
 writers have noticed the disease, treated it, and minutely described 
 its symptoms. They all agree that when the disease docs make 
 its appearance, it is usually the sequel of epidemic catarrh, or in- 
 fluenza; and this was probably the case regarding the patient the 
 subject of this paper, for the owner informed me that the animal 
 had previously shown symptoms of distemper. 
 
DISEASEt OF THE SKIN AND SUB-TISSUES. 291 
 
 Ringworm. 
 
 This disease usually makes its appearance on the shoulders and 
 sides of the horse, in the form of circular patches, attended by 
 scurfmess and loss of hair. Small vesicular eruptions can also bo 
 detected, by means of a magnifying glass. It is usually sponta- 
 neous iu its origin, but probably is generated by filth. 
 
 Treatment. — In view of treating the disease successfully, the 
 tody should be well cleansed with soap and water, and afterward 
 rubbed dry ; then apply daily, by means of a sponge, a portion of 
 the following : 
 
 No. 36. Powdered sulphate of iron 4 oz. 
 
 Fluid extract of bloodroot 2 oz. 
 
 Rain-water 1 quart. 
 
 Mix. 
 
 Give, as an alterative, half an ounce of the fluid extract of man 
 drake, in half a pint of water, night and morning. 
 
 When the disease has been neglected, the parts are apt to ul- 
 cerate; in that event, the following preparation is recommended: 
 
 No. 37. Pyroligneous acid 6 oz. 
 
 Linseed oil 5 oz. 
 
 Spirits of camphor 2oz. 
 
 Mix. 
 
 Dress the ulcerations twice daily. 
 
 A liberal supply of cut grass, sliced potatoes, or carrots should 
 be allowed, if they can be obtained. Particular attention should 
 be paid to the matter of keeping the skin clean. The treatment 
 must be continued until all vestiges of the disease have disappeared, 
 or it may break out again. 
 
 Prurigo (Called also the "Itch"). 
 
 This is a disease of the skin, accompanied by a terribly annoy- 
 ing itching sensation. The torment experienced by animals suf- 
 fering under this form of malady is scarcely describable. They 
 often rub and abrade the skin until blood appears on the surface, 
 and they are rendered perfectly miserable. There are said to be 
 various forms of prurigo, but they do not differ in kind, only in 
 degree. Heat aggravates the malady ; therefore horses located in 
 a warm and unventilated stable are apt to suffer most. And the 
 
292 DADDS VETERINAKtf MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 same remarks apply to many other forms of disease, which show* 
 how important it is that stables should be properly ventilated. 
 
 Symptoms. — The skin in those parts where the affection is lo- 
 cated shows on its surface small elevations, known as papulae ; but 
 they are difficult to discover in some horses, as they are of the same 
 tint as the skin. After awhile the rubbing tears away the summhd 
 of the papula?, and a secretion exudes which soon forms very minute 
 
 scabs. 
 
 During the past four years the disease has prevailed very exten- 
 sively among army horses, and it usually proved very obstinate, 
 from the fact that very few of the army farriers understood its 
 true nature ; neither were they acquainted with the modus operandi 
 of treatment. The authorities contend that prurigo is not a con- 
 tagious affection, like itch and mange, and, therefore, it may be 
 classed as a local affection, brought on by inattention to cleanliness. 
 In order to prevent it, the author advises a free use of the brush 
 and curry-comb. 
 
 Treatment. — The best mode of treatment is as follows. Sponge 
 the affected parts thoroughly with the following lotion : 
 
 No. 38. Powdered borax 4 oz. 
 
 Rain-water 2 quarts. 
 
 After using the above quantity, at one or two dressings, then 
 rub the affected regions dry, and lubricate the <«arae with a por- 
 tion of the following : 
 
 No. 39. Kerosene oil 4 oz. 
 
 Pyroligneous acid 12 oz. 
 
 Mix. 
 
 It is usually good policy to put the patient under a course or 
 alterative treatment; therefore the author recommends that he 
 have, daily, thirty grains of iodide of potass, dissolved in four 
 ounces of water, to be given in the form of drench, every day, un- 
 til tl*e disease has disappeared. 
 
 Poll-evil 
 
 The name of this disease originated in England, in consequence 
 of it being more prevalent in that country than in some others ; 
 hence, was a great evil, and occurring about the nape of the neck 
 or region of the poll, it was called " poll-evil." Much of the poll- 
 
DISEASES OF THE SKIN AND SUB-TISSUES. 292 
 
 evil j curring in former years was unnecessary, and occurred in 
 consequence of neglect, injuries, and abuse. The disease first 
 makes its appearance in the form of a local tumor, of an inflam- 
 matory character. Soon it runs into the suppurative stage; pus 
 or matter is secreted, and we then have a common abscess, which 
 may result in fistula of the poll. 
 
 Causes — The disease may arise from blows and bruises. Horses 
 when located in low-roofed stables are apt to strike the poll against 
 the ceiling, or a beam, or the upper part of the doorway, and fre- 
 quent repetition of the act either ends in induration (hardening) 
 ->r poll-abscess. Some grooms are in the habit of occasionally- 
 jerking the animal's head by means of the halter, and some horses 
 are very restless in the stall, and are often seen to jerk their heads 
 upward, forgetting that they have any halter around their necks, 
 until they feel the pain which they themselves inflicted. The in- 
 jury, slight as it may be, often remains undiscovered or unattended 
 to until considerable tumefaction or even suppuration has set in. 
 The case may then become protracted, and exhaust the patience 
 of all concerned. Excessive friction on the nape of the neck from 
 bridle or halter, or pressure from either one of these causes, pro- 
 duces poll-evil ; and the halter, by being fastened too tightly, is a 
 fertile cause in producing this affection. Dirt and filth are oper- 
 ative, also, in producing this malady. It is well known that the 
 poll is a part which very seldom makes the acquaintance of the 
 brush or curry-comb, yet it is the locality of considerable dust and 
 scurf; and sometimes, owing to accumulations of the same, a cu- 
 taneous eruption arises, and the itching sensation consequent causes 
 the horse to fret and rub whenever he can get a chance. The evil 
 goes on, until what was at first superficial now becomes deep- 
 seated. The bungling and cruel manner of sometimes forcing a 
 small collar on a large horse often does mischief, and lays the 
 foundation for poll-evil. Some persons are in the habit of bracing 
 the horse's head downward with the martingale, so as to bring the 
 lips and chest in close proximity, yet forget that the strain comes 
 on the poll and bruises the soft parts. 
 
 Treatment. — Should the tumor be discovered in its early stage, 
 Lefore matter has formed, the parts should be bathed often with a 
 portion of vinegar and water, equal parts ; or else a cold-water 
 dressing or pad may be applied, which should be reapplied as fast 
 us it becomes dry. Half an ounce of powdered chlorate of potasa 
 
294 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY 
 
 ehould be given night and morning. This may be dissolved in; 
 Half a bucket of water, which the horse will drink. In the course 
 of a couple of days, the practitioner will be able to determine 
 whether or not the tumor is likely to suppurate; if so, it will 
 have increased in size, and have a soft fluctuating feel. 
 
 Just as soon as matter can be detected, the abscess must be 
 punctured at its base, by means of a thumb lancet. It will not 
 do to allow the matter to accumulate ; for, if so, it will burrow 
 and spread in various directions, making a very extensive and for- 
 midable abscess. It would be necessary to make a free opening 
 into the abscess large enough to admit a man's finger, and if, in 
 the course of a day or two, the opening should partly close or con- 
 tract, it must be dilated with a knife. So soon as the abscess is 
 laid open, all the matter must be squeezed out, which process must 
 be accomplished by the use of sponge and hot water. We then, 
 in view of removing every particle of matter, carefully inject the 
 cavity with a quantity of pyroligneous acid and water, equal parts. 
 A glass syringe is best, as the acid has a bad effect on a metal one. 
 
 It will be necessary to sponge the cavity once daily for several 
 days, or until matter ceases to form. In the mean time the ani- 
 mal must be put under treatment, for it is very rare that this dis- 
 ease can be cured by local treatment alone. My usual custom is 
 to give the patient thirty grains of the iodide of potass, twice 
 daily, in half a bucket of water. The animal will not refuse to 
 drink it. Should he be weak and emaciated, tonics and stimu- 
 lants are indicated. Half an ounce of powdered golden seal and 
 the same quantity of ginger, given with a small quantity of water, 
 lis a drench, daily, will answer the purpose. Sometimes it is ad- 
 visable to put a pad of cotton cloth, or a large wad of oakum on 
 the poll, in view of keeping the skin and sub-tissues in contact, by 
 which means they more readily unite. The pad may be secured 
 to the part by passing a cotton roller, five inches wide and three 
 yards in length, around the neck. At the poll the bandage is to 
 be further secured, by tying a lock of the hair of the forehead with 
 a lock of the hair of the mane. This precaution prevents the 
 bandage from slipping backward. The bandage should be re- 
 moved and readjusted every day, and the parts are to be cleansed 
 and syringed, in the manner just alluded to, as long as necessary. 
 After the lapse of a few days, should the secretion of matter de- 
 crease, then the chances are in favor of a cure. 
 
DISEASES OF THE SKIN AND SCB-TISSOES. 296 
 
 Cases, however, will sometimes occur which set at defiance all 
 our skill. In such we find that either the ligamentary, tendinous, 
 or fleshy parts, or perhaps the bones, are involved, and it often 
 happens that fistulas or pipes run in various directions. Such 
 cases require the services of a surgeon, who will dissect out the 
 fistulous pipes, and remove all the diseased portions of the flesh 
 and bone. The after-treatment is then the same as we have just 
 iadicated. 
 
 Fistulous Withees. 
 
 This disease resembles poll-evil, and, in a majority of cases, 
 owes its origin to the same exciting causes; namely, external 
 bruises, or injury inflicted by a bad-fitting collar or saddle. The 
 treatment is the same as that recommended for the cure of poll- 
 evil. 
 
 "Warts on the Skin. 
 
 Warts are of two kinds. One of these makes its appearance 
 upon, and consists in part of an increased development of, the 
 outer scurf or scarfskin ; the other kind is contained under, and, 
 while it elevates, does not grow from the scarfskin. As it fre- 
 ciuently becomes desirable to remove these growths, and to coun- 
 teract that condition of skin on which their reproduction depends, 
 we shall briefly describe them. The most common kind of wart, 
 and that called the true angleberry, is the first of the two to which 
 we have alluded. It has always a hard, horny sort of investment 
 externally. This is formed of scales of scarfskin matted together 
 in great quantities, and prolonged from the true skin, to which 
 they are attached. As this outer covering increases in growth, it 
 dries and splits up into shreds or fibers, which generally become 
 more or less pointed at their free ends. Many of these shreda 
 may grow from one common stock or pedicle, called the " neck." 
 In other cases there is no well-defined neck, and a large surface 
 will be covered with a coarse, rough, and horny crop of warts, all, 
 as it were, united where they originated from the skin. 
 
 Cause. — Warts are always produced from what may be consid- 
 ered as greatly-developed knots, or papillae, within the true skin. 
 Blood, in greater quantities than natural, is sent to these, and the 
 papillae continuing to grow, forms perceptible tumors, which are 
 somewhat sensitive, painful if exposed to friction, and form V 
 
296 DADDS VETERINARY ]\i^DICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 throw oif the scaly covering which eventually forms the main part 
 of warts. We see many instances of warts on the human hands 
 and other parts of the body, and always find that the dry, horny 
 part grows from the skin somewhat thickened and increased in 
 vascularity. So great, indeed, is the quantity of blood which 
 some warts receive, that they bleed much more profusely than 
 other portions of skin when wounded. 
 
 The other kind of wart to which we alluded does not cause at\y 
 external roughness or scaly appearance. It is formed within the 
 outer skin, and commonly appears as a circumscribed round tu- 
 mor. On being examined by the hand, it is felt to be contained 
 in a sack or pouch, within which it is easily moveable. It is 
 almost insensible, and consists of a quantity of white fibrous and 
 sometimes grisly substance, which does not possess blood-vessels 
 in its interior. We often meet with this kind of encysted wart 
 near the outer organs of generation in the horse or mare. The 
 horny wart which we first noticed is common in horses, cattle, 
 and dogs. The encysted wart is comparatively rare in cattle; it 
 is more common in dogs, but is most frequently found in horses. 
 
 Treatment. — In treating warts with a view to remove them, and 
 prevent their reproduction, it becomes necessary to destroy, in a 
 measure, the surface from which they sprout. When an angle- 
 berry has a "neck," this should be cut off flat and close with the 
 skin, and the raw surface thus made should be touched occasion- 
 ally and freely with caustic or a heated iron. If the neck be so 
 large as to endanger much bleeding if divided at once, a ligature 
 of thin, strong string may be tied round it very tightly, in order 
 to cut off its supply of blood. The ligature should be applied 
 frequently — daily, if convenient. Where a large surface is cov- 
 ered by warts which do not possess any definite necks, their horny 
 parts should be cropped or cut closely down to the true skin, with 
 scissors or other convenient instrument, and the surface thus ex- 
 posed should then be touched with a hot iron, or rubbed with 
 caustic potass. Such application is to be continued till the horij 
 ceases to grow. Encysted warts are removed by cutting the skin 
 of the sack and squeezing them out. The exposed cavity should 
 be dressed daily with digestive ointment 
 
DISEASES OF THE SKIN AND SUB-TISSUES. 297 
 
 Purpura Hemorrhagica (" Scurvy "). 
 
 A disease not unfrequently makes its appearance among horsea 
 termed purpura hemorrhagica, known in human practice as the 
 " purples." It consists of congestion (extravasation) blood of and 
 effusion of serum (water) into the cellular tissue. The disease 
 probably owes its origin to a depraved condition of the blood. 
 
 Symptoms. — On making an examination of the affected animal, 
 we find that the cellular tissue, in various parts of the body, is 
 distended with serum and blood. Local swelling will appear in 
 various parts of the body, more particularly about the face, lips, 
 and limbs. The disease also affects internal parts. Blood is 
 sometimes passed with the urine and feces ; respiration is embar- 
 rassed ; the heart palpitates, and abnormal cerebral symptoms set 
 in. In the human subject the disease is considered strictly as a 
 hemorrhage. Small round spots appear on various parts of the 
 body and legs, of a dull crimson or purple color. Pressure upon 
 them does not efface the color, nor render it fainter, as it does that 
 of common inflammatory spots of the skin. There is scarcely any 
 prominence of the purple stigmata; but they are sometimes inter- 
 mixed with livid blotches, with appearances exactly resembling 
 bruises, and they undergo, before they disappear, the same changes 
 in color which attends the disappearance of a bruise. In fact, the 
 anatomical condition of a bruise is exactly the same, with the dif- 
 fused condition as in purpura. In each case the color is the result 
 of echymosis (effusion of blood beneath the skin). 
 
 In the human subject, also, the disease is not confined to the 
 skin. Watson informs us that " the spots are not confined to the 
 skin, nor to the subcutaneous tissues, but are found, occasionally, 
 upon all the internal surfaces also, and within the substance of 
 the several viscera (internal organs of the body). I have seen 
 these purple spots in the mucous surface of the mouth, throat, 
 stomach, and intestines; in the pleura and pericardium; in the 
 chest; in the peritoneal investment of the abdominal organs; in 
 the substance of the muscles, and even upon the membranes of 
 the brain and in the sheaths of the large nerves, and I have known 
 them to be accompanied with large extravasations of blood in most 
 of the vital organs of the body." 
 
 The same appearances have been observed in equine autopsies, 
 •vliich accounts for the immobility and deranged condition of all 
 
2*J8 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 the functions. Sometimes the throat is so badly affected that 
 tracheotomy has to be resorted to. Now and then the tongue be- 
 comes livid and swollen, so that the animal can not partake of 
 food. In such cases the tongue may be freely swabbed with warm 
 vinegar, until its volume is reduced. 
 
 Treatment. — So soon as the disease is discovered, the animal 
 Rhould be put under the following treatment : 
 
 No. 40. Fluid extract of bloodroot 2 oz. 
 
 Fluid extract of buchu. 4 oz. 
 
 Fluid extract of ginger 3 oz. 
 
 Mix. 
 
 Give one ounce of this mixture night and morning, in about a 
 gill of water. Should there appear to be any trouble with the 
 throat, lubricate it, twice daily, with a portion of the following: 
 
 No. 41. Olive oil 4 oz. 
 
 Camphor 1 oz. 
 
 Mix. 
 
 In preparing the above, it is best to pulverize the camphor, 
 when it will dissolve more readily in the oil. A lotion must now 
 be prepared, with which the whole surface of the body should be 
 sponged daily. 
 
 No. 42. Spirits of ammonia 3 oz. 
 
 Spirits of camphor 2 oz. 
 
 Pulverized rock salt 6 oz. 
 
 Rain-water 2 pints 
 
 Dissolve the salt in the water, allowing the impurities to settle ; 
 then add the clear liquor to the camphor and ammonia, previously 
 mixed. 
 
 It occasionally happens that the skin, in various parts of the 
 body, cracks, and portions slough off. Should there be any appear- 
 ance of the kind, discontinue the above lotion and substitute the 
 following;: 
 
 *& 
 
 No. 43. Pyroligneous acid ) j ts 
 
 Olive oil ) n - 
 
 Every time the patient is watered, (say about three times per 
 day,) half an ounce of hyposulphite of soda should be dissolved 
 in the pail. Vegetables, also, are indicated, if they are to be had. 
 I should give tomatoes, sliced carrots, potatoes, and green grass. 
 Bleeding, purging, and all kinds of poisonous and sedative medi- 
 cines are inadmissible. 
 
DISEASES OF THE SKIN AND SUB-TISSUES. 299 
 
 Out of Condition (Hide-bound;. 
 
 Either from derangement of the digestive function, or in con- 
 sequence of the animal being fed on poor provender or wcrked 
 beyond his strength, debility and emaciation ensue. A horse out 
 of condition usually loses flesh ; the hair loses its glossy appear- 
 ance ; the skin becomes unhealthy and scurfy, and he can not per- 
 form his ordinary labor without apparent fatigue. 
 
 Treatment. — The best remedy, if the season permits, is a run at 
 grass, taking care to give a good feed of oats every night ; other- 
 wise the grass will not improve his condition. In the stable the 
 treatment is as follows : Give the animal one ounce of the fluid 
 extract of camomile flowers every morning, before feeding, and 
 at night mix one ounce of powdered poplar bark with the oats. 
 This, together with good food and rest, will complete the cure 
 
 Herpes (Tetter). 
 
 Herpes is a disease of the skin, manifesting itself in the form 
 of vesicles, which contain a small quantity of aqueous fluid effused 
 beneath the true skin. Sometimes they are thinly scattered over 
 the surface, and sometimes collected into clusters. The vesicles 
 appear in irregular succession. They terminate, also, in various 
 ways : by the reabsorption of the fluid, and, in bad cases, falling 
 off of the hair, and peeling of the skin, in some places. In the 
 human subject the malady is considered transient and non-con- 
 tagious, consisting of red patches, of irregular form and variable 
 size, upon each of which stands a crop of vesicles. 
 
 Treatment. — I have been very successful in the treatment of this 
 malady by using the following lotion : 
 
 No. 44. Glycerine 2 oz. 
 
 Tannin 2 dr. 
 
 Rain-water 4 oz. 
 
 Apply once or twice daily, by means of a soft sponge. 
 
 Tn the horse the affection sometimes assumes an epizootic form. 
 In that event it can be communicated to man, as the following 
 cases will show : 
 
 " At the commencement of 1849, Count Faverges invited Pro- 
 fessor Papa to the valley of Borne, in Savoy, to see a disease 
 affecting animals, and which even spread to men. Every facility 
 
300 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 was offered by Government to Professor Papa, and many persung 
 having affected animals were requested to permit their inspection, 
 and, indeed, threatened with a fine if they did not. Papa saw 
 about three hundred horses and mules affected. The disease ap- 
 peared in circular patches of furfuraceous scales, with grayish- 
 white scabs. These patches had usually well-defined margins, 
 about the size of a dollar or five-shilling piece. Usually they 
 were isolated, but at other times they were confluent, or running 
 together in groups. The head, neck, withers, shoulders, and loins 
 were the parts chiefly affected. More rarely the upper portion of 
 the extremities, and never on the lower part of the limbs, chest, 
 or belly. The malady commences with a violent itching, and an 
 eruption in small circumscribed points, about the size of a lentil, 
 is witnessed. The scabs form, with the exudation drying and 
 entangling cuticle and hairs. In the vicinity of the first, other 
 eruptive spots appeared, which, widening, became confluent and 
 run into one another, especially where the skin is folded and ani- 
 mals have a chance of rubbing themselves. A scab forms on the 
 sore surface, and the surface beneath it is red and tumefied, but in 
 a little time desquamation occurs. A very careful microscopical 
 examination failed to indicate the existence of any acari. 
 
 The disease is contagious, and Papa says all those who come 
 more or • less in contact with herpetic horses or mules, and espe- 
 cially the conductors of the same, were covered on the arms, legs, 
 chest, and face with pruriginous eruptions, limited and circum- 
 scribed, sometimes isolated, occasionally confluent, in the form 
 of red patches covered with papulae and vesicles, which become 
 incrusted with brownish-yellow scabs, beneath which purulent 
 deposits formed. In consequence of the violent pruritis attending 
 this disease, it was believed to be scabies or itch by the peoplej 
 and, though in many houses individuals were affected, they were 
 ashamed to confess it, and it was with great difficulty that Papa 
 collected information on the subject; but, having gained confidence 
 on the lattei, the people more freely related their cases to him. 
 The first to be affected were those intrusted with dressing the dis- 
 eased animals. The parts first attacked were the articular regions 
 about the forearm, arm, face, and rarely the lower limbs. 
 
 Papa describes one of many cases of direct contagion. It oc- 
 curred in a lad of sixteen, who had jumped on the bare back of an 
 affected horse, to take it to a watering-place. Two days afterward. 
 
DISEASES OF THE SEIN AND SUB-TISSUES. 301 
 
 on the inside of the thighs and legs, from the pubis to the calf of 
 the leg, there was extreme pruritis. The skin became of reddish- 
 brown color, and vesicles, full of yellowish lymph, formed, which 
 gave way to vesicular patches or scabs, rough to the touch, first 
 isolated, and afterward confluent. 
 
 The transmission occurred from horse to horse, horse to man, 
 and from man to man ; in fact, persons who never touched an af- 
 fected horse were infected from individuals they came in contact 
 mill. A soldier, having arrived in perfect health from his regi- 
 ment, slept with his brother, who suffered from the disease, and 
 became affected. The wives of carters not only took the disease, 
 but communicated it to their sucking infants. 
 
 Papa visited the district at a season when the fetid hellebore was 
 growing abundantly. He caused some to be gathered, and obtained 
 decoctions of the roots. "With this he mixed equal parts of water, 
 and distributed the lotion in different parts, to be applied to men 
 and animals that were affected. "Without any internal treatment, 
 this application had the best effect. He tried tobacco decoction, 
 but not with a similar amount of success. Papa regards the dis- 
 ease as the herpes tonsurans, which has been spoken of bj many 
 veterinarians as common in the live animals." * 
 
 • Edinburg Veterinary Review. 
 
>w «i ii ■■ ii '■ ■ » m 11 n if g in n i__^ 
 
 n — " '•■ "' u " My lf " n ,K u « t^-°j> i"< 
 
 SECTION XI. 
 
 ON BREEDING, AND THE PRINCIPLES OP THE SAME 
 
 Rreedino — The Principles of Breedino — In-and-in Breeding — Permaneni 
 Varieties —Animals become Parents too Early — Objections to In-anp- 
 in Breeding Answered — The Advantage op In-and-in Breeding Tbb 
 Importance of Studying Anatomy and Physiology. 
 
 Breeding. 
 
 ri^HE choice of a sire aud dam is a point of the utmost conse- 
 JL quence in breeding horses (or indeed any other animal), as 
 the offspring will be found, in almost every instance, to inherit 
 the qualities of its parents. Peculiarity of form and constitution 
 is inherent, and descends from generation to generation ; hence 
 the necessary attention to those niceties which breeders are often 
 apt to forget. Xor is it sufficient that one of the parents be good 
 and the other indifferent ; for the perfection of the sire may be 
 lost through the deficiencies of the mare, and vice versa. 
 
 In the selection of a stallion many things should be observed. 
 There should be general uniformity and compactness in every 
 part. The height should depend on the occupation the foal is 
 destined to fill The legs should be particularly examined, and 
 disease should pervade no part of the system. Fat, heavy horses, 
 with thick legs, and coarse, unseemly heads, should always be 
 avoided. Horses should be free from specks on the eye — partial 
 or total blindness. Temper 10 an essential point, for vice is some- 
 times hereditary. Stallions that cover too many mares in a sea- 
 son, in the latter period produce weak offspring. 
 
 As regards the mare, it is well known that the dam contributes 
 
 more to the integrity of the offspring than the sire. It is essential 
 
 thai she be in full possession of her natural strength and powers. 
 
 The vigor of the constitution determines much in favor of thp 
 
 (302) 
 
BREEDING, AMD THE PRINCIPLES OF THE SAME 303 
 
 foal. It is a great error to suppose that a mare that has once 
 heen good, and capable of great exertion, should, when old, and 
 no longer fitted for work, produce offspring equally efficient as 
 when in her prime. The foal will certainly inherit some of the 
 weakness of the present nature and broken-down constitution. 
 Mares should never be put to the stallion until they have arrived 
 at maturity, which takes place about the fifth year. Mares are 
 bred from earlier, but it is a bad practice, for strength and beauty 
 are absent; and thus not only is the dam rendered inefficient 
 sooner than in one that is allowed to come to maturity, but the 
 foal can never be expected to be either healthy or strong in con- 
 stitution. The period of going with foal is eleven months. After 
 the sixth month, great care and gentleness should be exercised to- 
 ward them. Moderate exercise is essential. Hard work in har- 
 ness, over bad roads, is likely to produce abortion, and mares thai 
 have once aborted are very liable (if the same causes are in ope- 
 ration) to a recurrence of the same. 
 
 The proper time for copulation is when there is a discharge of 
 a whitish fluid from the vagina. She neighs frequently, and ex- 
 hibits great desire for the horse. When she has conceived she 
 shows no further desire, and the discharge from the vagina stops. 
 Some writers recommend that the mare be put to the stallion early 
 after foaling. This is bad policy, for the simple reason that the 
 dam, if she become impregnated, has to nourish both the foal and 
 the embryo. This is excessively weakening, and tells on either 
 dam, foetus, or foal. 
 
 Disproportionate copulations are also objectionable, as, for ex- 
 ample, putting a large horse to a small mare. When improve- 
 ment in size is the object, it should be attempted by regulai 
 gradations. This is the best method of securing size and beauty, 
 as well as strength. The best mode of preserving the breed and 
 making improvements is, to make selections of the best on both 
 sides. Much judgment and circumspection is necessary, at all 
 times, in crossing the breed, and many errors arise in consequence 
 of a want of knowledge on this subject. 
 
 When the period of foaling draws nigh, the mare should be 
 separated from her companions. Having foaled, she should be 
 turned into a pasture, if possible ; otherwise, into a loose box 
 inclosure, or empty barn. The foal may be weaned at the age 
 of six months, more or less, as circumstances seem to require. A 
 
304 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGER*. 
 
 weak foal should run with its mother for a longer period than 
 one that shows signs of vigorous health. Should the foal die at 
 the period of parturition, humanity would seem to suggest that 
 the mare be excused from duty for a week or two, by which time 
 she will have recovered from the effects of parturi J ior. 
 
 The Principles of Breeding. 
 
 It is a law of Nature that peculiarities of form, size, color, etc., 
 shall be transmitted by parents to offspring, (" like begets like,") 
 although, under certain circumstances, a modification of this law 
 is to be expected. If, for example, we liberate an animal from 
 domestication and its influences, which are known to operate very 
 markedly on animal organizations and habits, the creature thus lib- 
 erated loses its acquirements, and, in successive generations, grad- 
 ually returns to the original type. This is a modification of the 
 above law, and, supposing our pecuniary interests are the object of 
 the experiment, it will be an improvement in the wrong direction. 
 
 On the other hand, take a wild animal ; bring him under the 
 influences^of domestication, and he gradually loses all his distinc- 
 tive characteristics of size, form, and instinct, and, in popular 
 language, becomes a new creature, improved or not, as the case 
 may be, under the direction of his lord and master ; so that the 
 inferior orders of creation are really the creatures of circumstances. 
 These changes are the result of man's experience or non-expe- 
 rience. These are general propositions which "precede beauty 
 and symmetry." 
 
 Beauty and Symmetry. — If we examine into the methods pur- 
 sued by some of the most successful raisers of live stock, we shall 
 see that they paid particular attention to the selection of well- 
 formed, beautiful animals. They very naturally supposed that ex- 
 ternal conformation was transmissible; that if they happened to 
 obtain a good calf or foal from inferior, diseased, or malformed 
 parents, it was purely accidental, and out of the ordinary course 
 of Nature. In selecting beautiful animals, they naturally excluded 
 those 01 narrow chest, which peculiarity is indicative of predispo- 
 sition to pulmonary affections and founder (the latter term signi- 
 fying a worthless or ruined condition, which, in the eye of the 
 law, renders them actually unsound), because they have that about 
 them which may impair their future usefulness. Hence, for nvre 
 
BREEDING, A^i) THE PRINCIPLES OF THE SAME. 305 
 
 »«asons than one, such are unfit for breeding purposes, unless, 
 however, the morbid phenomena be neutralized by blood, in one 
 of the parents, of a superior order, free from taint, as it appears in 
 the other. 
 
 Tn my adventures in search of the beautiful, I should pass by 
 all animals having any peculiarity of conformation, general or 
 local, which experience teaches me are sure to reappear either 
 directly or indirectly, in future progeny. This appears to be the 
 proper course to pursue; yet many, otherwise intelligent men will 
 invest their money in the purchase of defective animals, merely 
 because they can be bought cheap, when every body knows, or 
 ought to know, that cheap animals, like cheap watches, <ost more, 
 in the end, for repairs, etc., than a commodity of more real value. 
 The same rule applies to horses. Some men, if they happen to 
 be in possession of a broken-down mare, unable, from faults, de- 
 feds, old age, and disease, to perform ordinary horse duties, com- 
 mence a speculation in a different enterprise. The reproductive 
 organs must be exercised. Just at this time some cent-and-dollar 
 calculating jockey advertises and exhibits a well-fed, prancing steed, 
 bearing a popular name ; but his whole carcass is redolent of faults 
 and defects, which the owner is not expected to know any thing 
 about, and if he does, it is not for his interest to point them out. 
 The price of copulation is dirt cheap, and the foolish speculator 
 expects to obtain a smart colt, that will eventually command u 
 high price. But, alas for such milk-and-water calculations! the 
 expected specimen of equine animality inherits and exhibits its 
 parental infirmities and deformities, and ultimately becomes a 
 living monument of the folly of its owner. 
 
 There is no beauty in the faults and defects which must neces- 
 sarily occur through the sexual congress of faulty and defective 
 animals ; neither can there be grace in the motions of an overfed 
 or ill-conditioned animal. Beauty, symmetry, grace, and sound- 
 ness are defunct in the ill-conditioned creature, or otherwise de- 
 fied ve one — a mere apology for the handiwork of Nature. The 
 muscular system of a horse or cow may, in some regions of the 
 body, be well-developed; but should their limbs be unnaturally 
 curved, or any part of their system be out of proportion to the 
 other parts of the body, then beauty has never seated itself on 
 their thrones. Yet we can improve the appearance of such ani- 
 oial.o by artificial means and costly adornments. This artificial 
 20 
 
306 I/aDD'S veterinary medicine and surgery. 
 
 kind of beauty is what most men seek after, and, at a high price, 
 to tneir sorrow, obtain it; whereas the real beauty of form and 
 endowments, which practical husbandmen really require, must 
 originate unartificially in the living citadel — must be the work 
 of Nature and not of art. 
 
 It is a fact, well known to many men, that animals of faultless 
 form, having symmetrical proportions, are exempt from many 
 diseases which are the heritage of faulty and inferior animals, and 
 insurance companies take advantage of this knowledge, and insure 
 the former at less rates than the latter. As an illustration of the 
 above, I may be permitted to remark that the " Arabian Courser/' 
 English " blood horse," American " Black H* wk, ,y and pure 
 " Devon " cow — all remarkable for good points, beauty, and en- 
 durance — are exempt from many of the common and unnecessary 
 diseases and abortions. Beauty and symmetrical proportions con- 
 tribute to health, because there is a certain degree of relationship 
 between external and internal organs and functions. For exam- 
 ple, a fine exterior, good depth of chest, well-proportioned muscles, 
 and graceful limbs are generally coexistent with good " wind and 
 bottom," and the subjects, of course, possess active respiratory 
 organs, a finely-balanced circulation, and a digestive apparatus 
 that can digest every article in the shape of fodder. In seating 
 the beautiful, we therefore obtain material for perpetuating health, 
 long life, and valuable offspring. 
 
 One of Blakewell's great secrets was, " Breed from the beau- 
 tiful." I allude to him because he was the most successful 
 " breeder " that England ever boasted of. At the onset he paid 
 great attention to " beauty of form." Having developed a fine 
 exterior, he engrafted on it the useful. He was well aware that 
 beauty and utility were not always combined, but, being in pos- 
 session of the former, he could produce the latter to "order;" and 
 he accomplished his object in the following manner. He required 
 cows that would yield a large quantity of milk; consequently he 
 selected those whose dams had long been celebrated for their ex- 
 cellent milking qualities, and from among such he chose the very 
 best female of the family, and united her with a beautiful male. 
 Having, in the production of offspring through the above uniou, 
 accomplished his object, he then paid less attention to beauty, and 
 more to the milking qualities, so as to render the latter permanent 
 in the breed. Still, in all his experiments he rejected uncouth. 
 
BREEDING, AND THE PRINCIPLES OF THE SAME. 307 
 
 ■unthrifty, and defective animals. I am aware, however, that the 
 evils of domestication are operative, to a certain extent, on all 
 animals. Still, I contend that the " well-bred " animal can resist 
 the insidious encroachments of disease, and survive longer under 
 its depressing influence than "ill-favored" creatures. Illustra- 
 tions are not wanting to prove the correctness of Blakewell's 
 theory; therefore, I advise the reader to follow the example of 
 one who has been styled the " Napoleon of breeders." 
 
 In-and-in Breeding. 
 
 We now inquire, What is breeding in-and-in? I answer, It 
 implies consanguinity — breeding from animals of the same blood, 
 or propagating in a close degree of relationship. Some persons 
 have an idea that this system is pernicious, and leads to degen- 
 eracy and premature decay j but that is a matter of argument, and, 
 as I shall attempt to prove, depends on the skill of the " breeder," 
 and his ability to make wise selections. The human race — the 
 sons and daughters of Adam and Eve — afford a stupendous illus- 
 tration of the practicability of in-and-in breeding. The millions 
 terrestrial all originated (so the Good Book informs us) from our 
 common parents, and, consequently, we are all "blood" relations; 
 and this fact goes to show that in-and-in breeding is in accord- 
 ance with the laws of physiology, and does not conflict with the 
 intentions of " Him who doeth all things well." It is a part of 
 the great scheme of creation, a physiological law, the problem of 
 life, to solve which God has endowed us with reason, " God-like 
 reason," the exercise of which puts us in possession of the fruit 
 of the " tree of knowledge.'-' The non-exercise of the same fur- 
 nishes us with forbidden fruit. 
 
 Ill-assorted marriages — consumption mating with consumption, 
 and scrofula with scrofula — seeks at the altar an introduction to 
 an early grave. The same is true of animals. Bad selections 
 thwart the intentions of the Creator, mar his handiwork, and if a 
 friendly epizootic sweeps them from the face of the earth, it is 
 more of a blessing than a curse. From the great human family 
 I select a branch to illustrate this principle, and I choose to refer 
 to the Jews. So long as they are so in faith and practice — mar- 
 rying their own kindred— they are a living illustration of the 
 above principle. Have they degenerated? No. The distinctive 
 
308 DADDS VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 characteristics of the race are just as remarkable as they ever 
 were. The vicious and defective find an early grave, but the 
 u race " remains pure. 
 
 Now, as regards horses and cows, the same is true ; they all had 
 a common origin. The different varieties that now exist are the 
 work of time, circumstances, and the art of man. The famous 
 horses mentioned by Mahomet, in the "Koran," resulted from 
 in-and-in breeding. They have existed and multiplied for three 
 thousand years without the slightest intermixture of foreign blood, 
 and, from the time of Solomon up to the present day, their pedi- 
 gree has been watched and chronicled with great care, so that no 
 doubt exists as regards their consanguinity. Their fine form, 
 splendid action, endurance, spirit, speed, and docility can only be 
 retained by preserving the race pure, and this is an argument in 
 favor of in-and-in breeding. 
 
 No breed can be preserved pure unless the in-and-in system be 
 pursued. Take the Suffolk pig, for example. So long as we put 
 Suffolk to Suffolk we get " pure " Suffolk, and, if proper selections 
 have been made, good Suffolks are the result ; but deviate from 
 direct lineage, and the breed degenerates, for better or worse, as 
 the case may be, and they lose their permanency of type, and cease 
 to become pure bloods. 
 
 ' From the brave descend the brave. 
 
 The Suffolks in this country are notorious for a cutaneous disease 
 simulating scrofula, and many suppose that this arises in conse- 
 quence of the in-and-in system of breeding ; but this I think is 
 an error. It results from the evils of domestication, and our 
 want of knowledge in making proper selections. There often is 
 one or more animals in a litter incapacitated, by fault, defect, or 
 debility, to perpetuate the stamina and remarkable points of the 
 breed ; these are to be rejected. If we fail to do so, the next gen- 
 eration, or the next to that, furnish more convincing proof of error, 
 which I contend exists in making "bad" selections, and not in 
 the above system. 
 
 Turn for a moment to the history of the French Merino, and 
 we shall find that Victor Gilbert — a name familiar to Ameri- 
 ca's most successful sheep raisers — practiced no other than the in- 
 and-in system of breeding. A lot of Merinos were sent, in 1786, 
 by the Queen of Spain, to the King of France. The latter, in 
 
BREEDING, AND THE PRINCIPLES OF THE SAME. 309 
 
 order to benefit the agricultural community, sent half of them to 
 Ranibouillet, and the other half to Croissy. The climate hap- 
 pened to suit them, and they were considered superior to the ex- 
 isting breeds in France. In the year 1800, Victor Gilbert 
 bought at Croissy a four year old ram and eight ewes. He bred 
 from those animals during a period of ten years, occasionally, how- 
 ever, " renewing the stock," as he termed it, by purchasing annu- 
 ally from two to four sheep. In 1821 he purchased some of the 
 Rambouillet stock, and asserts that, " from a union of the same, 
 he obtained great advantages." Now, the reader will perceive 
 that there was an alliance of blood. The two flocks were of the 
 same lineal descent, belonged to the same " family," and of course 
 the system of breeding was on the in-and-in principle. 
 
 Now, as regards French Merinos obtained from the above 
 source, and imported into this country, we have only to refer the 
 reader to Taintor, of Hartford ; DeForrest, of New York ; 
 Sanford, of Vermont; Parker and Howard, of Ohio, and 
 many others, who are ready and willing, we presume, to testify aa 
 regards the prosperity of the above breed in this country, the result 
 of in-and-in breeding. S. W. Jewett, of Vermont, has pur- 
 chased, up to the present time, over three hundred bucks and 
 ewes, the offspring of the Croissy and Rambouillet breed, and this 
 is proof positive of the correctness of our theory. 
 
 Now, as regards the advantages of in-and-in breeding, what are 
 they? When Victor Gilbert purchased the first ram, he car- 
 ried but 9 pounds of wool ; he finally realized 24 pounds from the 
 rams, and from the ewes 18 pounds, a tangible illustration of the 
 advantages. A very fine French Merino, originating from the 
 above source, was very recently exhibited at a sheep-shearing in 
 Wisconsin ; the animal weighed 325 pounds, and carried 40 pounds 
 of wool. Now, the originals, as I have already shown, carried 
 but 9 pounds ; so that the standard, as regards a particular quality, 
 has been raised, and that is what we understand by " improve- 
 ment." 
 
 Mr. V. Barford, of England, has demonstrated the propriety 
 of in-and-in breeding. He is a man, however, of superior judg- 
 ment, and he culls and casts out from his flocks and herds all ani- 
 mals showing the least predisposition to any defect. A writer in 
 die " Mark Lane Express " considers Mr. Valentine Barford 
 one of the most successful in-and-in breeders of sheep in the king- 
 
 u 
 
310 DADDS VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 dom ; for he has bred from the pure Blakewell blood for sixty- 
 five years, without the aid of any other sort or kind, and bred 
 from his own flock for upward of fifty years, maintaining siz* 
 weight, and constitution. I have known Mr. Barford's flock for 
 upward of half a century, and they appear as strong in their 
 stamina as when I first saw them. Mr. Barford does not use a 
 ram unless he has a wide loin, a large breast and collar, and very 
 wide between the forelegs, all of which points denote a hale con- 
 stitution. Although in-and-in breeding has beat thousands to a 
 stand, Mr. Barford still shines in it." 
 
 Therefore I contend that great advantages are derived from pre- 
 serving the breed pure and in making proper selections. I have 
 been very much pleased in perusing some remarks made by San- 
 ford Howard, and published in the " New England Farmer f 
 and, as they happen to have a direct bearing on our subject, I 
 here give them: 
 
 " What is breeding in-and-in ? While some apply the term 
 only to animals distantly related, he conceived the only true idea 
 of the matter to be that it applied to creatures of the same blood. 
 The consequences of breeding in-and-in, he believed, might be 
 either good or bad, and depended wholly on the skill of the 
 breeder. As proof that breeding in-and-in was not contrary to 
 Nature, he referred to birds, the buffalo, etc., in a wild state. It 
 is known that they breed in-and-in constantly, and yet no deterio~ 
 ration takes place. He had known geese to be propagated in this 
 way for forty years, and not the slightest depreciation in size, 
 quality, or feather was visible in them. Still cases could be cited 
 where breeding in-and-in had produced bad results, yet these 
 might be attributed to imperfections in the parent stock. It ia 
 only necessary to select perfect specimens." 
 
 Having now attempted to show that in-and-in breeding is in 
 accordance with Nature, and that the birth of inferior and defect- 
 ive animals, under this rule, resulted from the breeder's ignorance 
 or neglect in making proper selections, I shall next introduce some 
 remarks of a general character. 
 
 Permanent Varieties. — In-and-in breeding should be practiced 
 in view of some specific object; namely, perpetuating species capa- 
 ble of constantly and permanently transmitting characteristic pecu- 
 liarities, such as may be observed in any particular permanent 
 variety. As an illustration of the same, we offer the French 
 
BREEDING, AND THE PRINCIPLES OF THE SAME. 311 
 
 Merino sheep, Black Hawk horse, and Devon bull. These are 
 permanent varieties, the type of each having been established by 
 a long course of in-and-in breeding. We are told, however, that 
 many of the imported French Merinos (so called) have produced 
 offspring scarcely worth the trouble of raising — far inferior to our 
 common native stock. The principal reason is, many sub-races 
 it* Merinos, existing in France and elsewhere, are the result of 
 5! oss-breeding. They are nothing less than mongrels, destitute 
 of that permanency of type indicative of pure blood. But there 
 are other causes for the deterioration complained of, which will be 
 noticed hereafter. 
 
 By preserving the race pure through a certain period, we thus 
 obtain the requisite permanency of type, which can then be trans- 
 mitted indefinitely. Let us see, now, if we understand what is 
 meant by a permanent variety, and inquire if such do really trans- 
 mit their permanent peculiarities. A permanent variety (Black 
 Hawk breed, or Devon cow, for example), are animals whose pe- 
 culiarities were not coeval with the tribe, but have arisen, or been 
 engrafted on the same, subsequent to the advent of their existence; 
 and, therefore, what some may term distinct species are, in reality, 
 nothing more than permanent varieties. The Shetland pony, 
 therefore, is a permanent variety. Circumstances have made him 
 just what he is. He, being an inhabitant of a stormy, tempestu- 
 ous region, comparatively destitute of shelter and artificial food, is 
 left, in many instances, like the cattle of Norway, (whose diminu- 
 tive size is notorious,) to seek such food as the county affords ; and, 
 owing to their being secluded from other horses, frequent inter- 
 course among themselves have rendered their small and peculiar 
 forms permanent in the race ; and, with unerring precision, " like 
 begets like." 
 
 The permanent varieties that now exist among the cattle of the 
 British Isles is due to local circumstances and the art of man. 
 Most of the fine breeds now owned by English husbandmen are 
 named after the location ' in which they are said to originate. 
 These are permanent varieties, yet the most of them (in fact all, 
 except importations) are descendants of the "Wild or White 
 Forest breed." Hence the Highland breed, dispersed over the 
 mountains of North Britain; the Alderney, of the Norman Isles; 
 Rnd the Devon, from the Bristol Channel, etc., are all permanent 
 varieties, origmallv of the White Forest breed. Yorkshire is 
 
312 DABD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 celebrated for the production of a permanent variety of horse? 
 Known as " Clevelands." They are an ancient and unmixed race. 
 Their bodies have peculiar markings, and if a foal should be born 
 without them, the owner would give orders for its immediate 
 destruction. I presume it is now understood what is meant by 
 permanent variety. 
 
 Animals become Parents too early. 
 
 Victor Gilbert never allowed ewes to have lambs until they 
 had passed their third year, and the bucks were never used until 
 they had arrived at full maturity. He, as well as many other 
 sagacious stock-raisers that I might name, are probably conver- 
 sant with the fact that, during the period of growth and develop- 
 ment up to maturity, the reproductive organs are dormant, while, 
 at the same time, the nutritive function was wholly engaged in 
 elaborating chyle and blood for the development of bone, muscle, 
 and nerve ; and that by calling into requisition the reproductive 
 or generative organs before the animal had attained full growth, 
 must necessarily divert the elements of matter intended for nutri- 
 tion from their legitimate channel, and direct them to the repro- 
 ductive organs. This is precisely what takes place. A too early 
 use of the purely animal functions induces weakness and stunted 
 growth. 
 
 The author remembers that, in his school-boy days, it was cus- 
 tomary, so soon as a boy had accumulated a few pence, to invest 
 the same in a rabbit (a favorite animal at that period) ; conse- 
 quently we had a community of juvenile rabbit-raisers; and from 
 the results of past experience, as observed by the older boys, a rule 
 was adopted among us that the doe should not be put to the buck 
 until she had attained full maturity. The reason assigned for this 
 rule was, " Early breeding prevented the doe from growing." Tho 
 facts were evident; still we knew not the why nor wherefore, tut 
 acted on the spur of experience. Physiologists have assigned the 
 above as the true cause, and have, in their writings, pointed out 
 the woeful results which often follow a too early use of the purely 
 animal functions and organs. I seriously urge farmers to give 
 this subject that attention which it evidently demands. By so 
 doing they will prevent many of the unnecessary abortions which 
 are almo.<? + constantly occurring. Among the higher orders of 
 
BREEDING, AND THE PRINCIPLES OF THE SAME. 313 
 
 titration die same law holds good. In fact, there can be no devi- 
 ation from it without incurring the hazard of paying the penalty. 
 
 Heifers should never be put to the bull until they have attained 
 the age of three or four years. At this period they are in their 
 prime. If they happen to have acquired too much fat, their daily 
 allowance must be reduced. 
 
 Human growth, according to the best authority, ceases between 
 the ages of twenty and twenty-five. In very warm regions, how- 
 ever, where development and decay are universally allowed to be 
 more rapid, the inhabitants come to maturity much earlier. A 
 superior class of human beings can only be produced by selections 
 and exclusions similar to those so successfully employed in rear- 
 ing the inferior orders. We may rejoice in a Fulton, Franklin, 
 or Webster occasionally, (by mere accident,) the parents of such 
 being absolutely ignorant of the first principles of physiology; 
 but, in the breeder's language, such are in possession of the " pre- 
 requisites." In the first place, they had not entered the marriage 
 relationship prior to the age of reason. The parents, if we mis- 
 take not, were full-grown men and women, not boys nor girls. 
 They possibly possessed a sound mind and healthy constitution,- 
 free from hereditary defect of mind and body, which stunted 
 growth, aided by artificial modes of life, are almost sure to entail. 
 Until within a few years, a wise and salutary law was in oper- 
 ation in the British Isles which interdicted marriage until the 
 candidates had arrived at the age of twenty-one. That law has 
 been set aside, and, consequently, the mass of the population of 
 the present day will not bear comparison with that of the past. 
 
 One safeguard, therefore, against stunted growth and ill-health 
 is to avoid a too early use of the reproductive function. And here- 
 in we are not safe unless proper selections have been made, and 
 faulty animals or persons rejected. I am persuaded that if hus- 
 bandmen of these United States could all view this important 
 matter in its right light, a very decided improvement would soon 
 be the result. The subject will, however, eventually command 
 the attention of all. 
 
 Many persons urge that the offspring of blood relatives are 
 weak, nervous, deficient in intellect, complete idiots, etc., and 
 that further intercourse in the same direction only makes bad 
 worse. These arc facts which can not be controverted, yet the 
 weakness, nervousness, etc., does not occur from the relationship 
 
314 DADDS VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 which exists between the parties, but is the result of their defec- 
 tive constitutions. Many of the cousin-marriages are entered into 
 without the least regard to the rational theory of selection and 
 rejection. The question is one of interest, not of utility. These 
 blood connections are consummated merely to retain property in 
 families, and to satisfy the caprices of doting parents, superannu- 
 ated uncles, and disappointed maiden aunts ; and thus many an 
 idiotic or emaciated sprig of aristocracy unites his destinies with a 
 fashionable cousin the very counterpart of himself, both inherit- 
 ing family defects of precisely similar character. Should they be 
 blessed (cursed, rather) with offspring, may we not expect a min- 
 iature of the originals? " Without due attention to avoiding dis- 
 ease, it will increase in the progeny." 
 
 Among the human species, therefore, where the objects are of 
 6uch immense importance to present and future generations, the 
 principles of selection and rejection are entirely overlooked. We 
 pay more attention to the principles of breeding in cattle than we 
 do to those applicable also to their lord and master. Hence the 
 faults and defects alluded to are not the result of close affinities, 
 but result from our indifference or ignorance of the laws of life. 
 
 Objections to In-and-in Brfedlng Answered. 
 
 The two preceding paragraphs are biief answers to the objec- 
 tions against the sexual congress of blood-relations ; yet, as .other 
 evidence than my own, and of a more general character, may be 
 demanded by the reader, I have thought it best to introduce other 
 testimony. The following quotations are from the pen of P. S. 
 Humbrickson, of Ohio, published as a "Prize Essay : " 
 
 "Many object to what has been termed in-and-in breeding. 
 Indeed, with most of those who do so, theii objections assume 
 the form of a very strong prejudice. This is attributable to a 
 certain confusion in their minds, by which reasons, wherein there 
 is no proper connection, are made, with the aid of imagination, to 
 assume a form of mutual dependence and coherence in support of 
 their theory. In the human family, marriages within the Levitical 
 degree, or, as they are also called, incestuous marriages, are for- 
 bidden. But the prohibition rests exclusively upon morel, and 
 not at all upon natural or physical reasons ; yet the direct phys- 
 ical calamities are imagined to pursue the infringement cf tJ»at k* 
 
BREEDING, AND THE PRINCIPLES OF THE SAME. 315 
 
 Now, it would seem that where the moral reasons in favor of an 
 enactment are sufficient not only to justify but to demand it, no 
 more should be required. And this is in accordance with the 
 soundest rules of philosophizing. Moreover, if no such moral 
 reason existed, the authority of the Lawgiver, in the case of the 
 divine law, is a sufficient foundation and warrant for it ; and the 
 human law is bound by and but follows the divine. Shall we, 
 (hen, take the step beyond, and apply to the inferior animal the 
 rule that was intended for rational, accountable man ? We know 
 that, if left to his own observation and experience, and being him- 
 self the judge, the objector must avouch the fact that, in the state 
 of Nature, there is no restraint, and that such connections are and 
 must be continually taking place. 
 
 The Advantages of In-and-in Breeding. 
 
 " And if there are advantages arising from the having placed in 
 the line of the direct ancestry, near and remote, of our flocks, a 
 great number of approved individuals, both male and female, as 
 has been seen, it follows that there must be far greater advantages 
 arising from the having the same one individual (if he be of marked 
 superiority) placed in that line the greatest possible number of 
 times. This is done by in-and-in breeding, and is the object of it. 
 Now, it is easier to find this one unsurpassed individual than to 
 find many ; for in the many there will, most certainly, be one to 
 be preferred to all the rest. Then, under the operation or the 
 principle of atavism, the chances that the resemblance of such un- 
 equaled ancestor will be obtained must be in the ratio of the 
 number of times that he occurs in the ascending lines; hence 
 greater uniformity and greater excellence in all the progeny. 
 An apt illustration of this is found in the frequent occurrence of 
 the Godolphin Arabian, in the pedigrees of all our best blooded 
 horses, carried back to him as their founder." 
 
 In conclusion, the author offers the following, in view not onlf 
 of benefiting the horse, but his owner also. 
 
 The Importance of Studying Anatomy and Physiology. 
 
 There is an aphorism which is said to have emanated from a 
 Divine source, and it appeals to the intelligence of this enlightened 
 
316 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 and progressive generation with peculiar force. It is, " Know 
 thyself." To understand our moral, intellectual, and physical 
 natures and tendencies should be the business of every one. The 
 cultivation of, and proper direction given to, the former, bring us 
 within the hale of health, purity, and peace. A knowledge of the 
 physical or physiological laws of life, and in practicing fidelity to 
 what they teach, places us on the high road to health and long life. 
 Anatomical and physiological acquirements are needed by every 
 one, in order that we may know ourselves, and thus be able to 
 preserve our wondrous mechanism, "the harp of a thousand 
 strings," in its normal condition; for without health we can not 
 enjoy life, nor answer the purposes for which we were created. 
 
 We have the testimony of learned men, and our own reflective 
 minds confirm the facts, that an alarming number of premature 
 deaths, and an untold amount of physical infirmities, are the result 
 of either our ignorance of, or indifference to, the uncompromising 
 laws of Nature. The rational being, free from hereditary taint, 
 of mental or physical deformities, comes into the world with all 
 that is essential to his future life and happiness. He has within 
 his organization a radiant volume of intellectuality, organized, 
 compiled, and bound by the Divine hand, the first glimmer of 
 which reveals something adapted to present and future wants and 
 necessities. The intellectual spark, once ignited, is capable of an 
 endless increase. We can add ray to ray, power on power, until 
 the God-like man acquires the mental greatness of a Webster, or 
 the mechanical skill and distinction of a Fulton. We do not 
 expect that all can become Websters and Fultons, because we do 
 not all practice that invariable perseverance and stern energy 
 characteristic of giant intellect and mechanical skill. We are not 
 all willing to toil, mentally or physically, with that perseverance 
 and industry so necessary to success; and if we were willing, after 
 having attained maturity or manhood, our minds and bodies being 
 trained and molded for station and circumstances, are then not so 
 well adapted, as in youth, for increase and power. Still, at this 
 period of life, we are not destitute of the means of self-culture. 
 
 We are living illustrations of progressive mental capacities 
 which often transpire in men past the meridian of life, who. 
 before that period, never considered themselves favored in this 
 line. How unfortunate it is, therefore, that the generality of 
 mankind should be so indifferent about the science of life, and bo 
 
BREEDING, AND THE PRINCIPLES OF THE SAME. 317 
 
 bo slow in making it the basis of rational action in warding off 
 disease, and in promoting the integrity of their existence ! The 
 reason is, our education is incomplete. We are all that Nature 
 intended in elementary ability, and only deficient in Its use. 
 The means are anatomical and physiological studies ; the time is 
 in youth, when the mind is pliant, capable of receiving permanent 
 impressions. The place for the engrafting of the same is in our 
 common schools and at the fireside, the mother and the teacher 
 wielding a common scepter of instruction. 
 
 Some people do not realize that our organizations are the result 
 uf the most positive laws of Nature, and that our ailments are the 
 result of our own ignorance or folly. The mass of mankind are 
 not aware that our physical systems are capable of improvement 
 analagous to the mental. No ; they generally think and act on 
 the false and ruinous proposition that our diseases, aches, and 
 pains are so woven into the filamentary mechanism of the living 
 citadel as to be beyond the power of either art or science to eradi- 
 cate — a proposition that should never, for a moment, be enter- 
 tained ; for, if we live right up to the laws of life, we are then 
 within the impregnable ramparts of physiology, where our ac-. 
 quired and fashionable maladies can not obtain. 
 
 Within the bulwarks of physiology certain conditions are im- 
 posed upon us, and we must observe them. For example, we 
 require a pure atmosphere, at all times, to vitalize the blood, and 
 thus deprive it of those defiling elements acquired by venous blood, 
 and which would otherwise operate, as they often do, in our 
 crowded assemblies and un ventilated sleeping-rooms, as the germs 
 to excite unnecessary disease. Next, the body should be kept erect, 
 so that the muscles and organs may acquire and maintain natural 
 action. We require vigorous daily exercise of all the muscles of 
 voluntary motion ; freedom from all compression by dress ; apparel 
 that shall afford needed protection ; a quantity of food and drink, 
 at intervals, that shall furnish materials for the wants of our sys- 
 tems, and that control of feeling which enlightened reason and 
 virtue demand. Our time should be distributed into daily periods 
 of labor, rest, and amusement ; and, above all, we must bear in 
 mind that infirmity wedded to infirmity is a sin against our na- 
 ture — a wanton violation of the law of Nature and of our existence, 
 to which a fearful penalty is appended, even unto the " third and 
 fourtli generations." 
 
318 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 The faithful observance of the physiological laws of Nature re- 
 sult in health and strength, and promote longevity. Such is the 
 fruit which the tree of knowledge beareth. The non-observanct- 
 of these laws of life places us on a par with the poor idiot, whei> 
 sporting with the implements of self-destruction, and furnishes to 
 us the forbidden fruit. Health depends entirely on the use which 
 we make of the various organs and functions of the body. Health 
 never comes to us or our live stock by virtue of good luck. None 
 are healthy by special Providence or Divine favor. Neither can 
 health be found in the popular nostrums of the day on the proceeds 
 of which quacks grow fat and wealthy, and patients often be- 
 come poverty-stricken, and finally sink into the arms of Death, in 
 blissful ignorance of what brought them there. Much of what is 
 here written is equally true regarding horses and cattle. Many of 
 their diseases spring from the same causes which are operative on 
 the human subject; hence, knowledge of the above description i« 
 what all interested should seek after. 
 

 
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 SECTION XII. 
 
 LAMENESS FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 
 
 Curbs — Elbow Tumor — Capped Hock — Varix, or Boo Spavin — Atrophy, oi 
 Wasting of Muscles — Thorough-pin — Navicular Disease, or Lameness — 
 Pleuro-dynia — Acute Rheumatism — Chronic Rheumatism — Ring-bone — 
 Splint — Spavin — Osteo Porosis — Curvature of the Spine — Hoof-bound — 
 Laminitis — Sandcrack — Quarter Crack — Navicular Thritis — Stifle Out 
 — Contraction of the Hoof — Bowed Legs — Corns — Lameness. 
 
 Curbs. 
 
 CURB consists of sprain of the posterior ligament of the hock, 
 known as the calcaneo-cuboid ligament. It is thus named 
 in consequence of being inserted into the oscalcis and cuboid bones. 
 The tumefaction is usually confined to the skin and subcellular 
 tissue. At first the part is hot and painful, and the animal is 
 lame — does not flex the hock in a natural manner; yet, when 
 standing still, the horse keeps the lower part of the limb flexed, 
 so as to relieve the overstrained tendon. The liability or predis- 
 position to the disease lurks in breed. Such horses are observed 
 to have ill-shaped hocks. Such have been denominated "cow- 
 hocks." The parts are not symmetrical. There is an obvious 
 disproportion between the width of the parts above and below the 
 hock, which gives it an angular appearance ; and the more angu- 
 larity there is, the more liability is there to sprain, because there 
 w too much tension on the calcaneo-cuboid ligament. 
 
 Causes. — The exciting causes of curb are sprain, occurring in 
 the act of backing a heavy load, or in leaping; in short the per- 
 formance of any feat that violently calls into play the flexor 
 muscles and tendons of the hind extremities; hence stallions with 
 faulty hocks, when used for procreation, are very apt to become 
 the subject of curb. 
 
 (319) 
 
320 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 I 
 
 p 
 
 w 
 Q 
 % 
 m 
 
 1 
 
 Explanation. 
 
 1 1. Curbs, or enlargement in the region of the back or posterior part of the hoek, an affec- 
 tion known to veterinarians as sprain of the calcaneo-euboid ligament. 
 
 2. Elbow tumor, or enlargement at the point of the elbow. The point of Ihe elbow correa- 
 ponds to the olecranon of man. 
 
LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES 321 
 
 Treatment. — So soon as the injury is discovered, the part should 
 be fomented often with either an infusion of hops or poppy- 
 heads. It is best to apply the infusion cold, and by means of a 
 sponge, the animal being kept at rest during the acute stage. 
 Sometimes, in view of relieving the tension of the sprained liga- 
 ment, it is customary to tack on a high-heeled shoe. This may 
 or may not be necessary, and depends on the severity of the case. 
 After having modified the inflammatory action, the high-heeled 
 shoe may be dispensed with. Then, in order to get rid of the 
 chronic enlargement, the part must be daily anointed, for a short 
 time, with a portion of the following : 
 
 No. 45. Powdered iodine 1 dr. 
 
 Simple ointment 7 dr. 
 
 Mix. 
 
 After a short time, the animal may be put to light work, still 
 making an occasional application of the iodine ointment. 
 
 Should the parts about the hock degenerate into a hard callous, 
 friction with cod-liver oil may be employed. Should this fail to 
 have the desired effect, then make a few applications of the acetate 
 of cantharides, prepared as follows : 
 
 No. 46. Acetic acid (flu4d) 1 oz. 
 
 Water 5 oz. 
 
 Powdered cantharides 1 dr. 
 
 Mix. 
 
 Elbow Ttjmob. 
 
 Elbow tumor (see cut on preceding page, fig. 2,) is usually re- 
 cognized as "capped elbow." It sometimes grows to an enor- 
 mous size, and not only becomes unsightly, but seriously interferes 
 with the action of the elbow and its articulation. At first, the 
 part is hot, inflamed, and tender. Soon effusion takes place; 
 then the part is soft and fluctuating ; next, albumen is deposited, 
 and this, finally, is metamorphosed into fibrine, at which stage -the 
 tumor is large and dense ; the walls of the skin are also very much 
 thickened ; in fact, when dissecting out the tumor, it appears that 
 the skin is in a state of hypertrophy, or morbid growth. How- 
 ever, there is usually a central orifice in the tumor which seems 
 to indicate that the first trouble originated in a bursal sac, from 
 external injury, either by the calking of the shoe or the toe of the 
 21 
 
322 DADDS VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 hind foot; or it may arise from a bruise inflicted in the act of 
 lying down on a hard floor. 
 
 Treatment. — In the early stage, and when there is nothing but 
 fluid in the sac, an opening should be made into the lower part of 
 it, by means of a thumb lancet. After the fluid has been evacu- 
 ated, by pressure, inject into it an astringent, composed of pyrolig- 
 neous acid and water, equal parts; and rub the exterior of the 
 tumor, twice daily, with a small quantity of cod-liver oil. The 
 cod-liver-oil will act as a glandular stimulant, and thus aid in the 
 absorption of the tumor. A seton, inserted through the tumor, 
 sometimes has a very good effect ; but if the tumor be large and 
 unsightly, the services of a surgeon will be required for its removal, 
 by means of the scalpel. 
 
 Capped Hock. 
 
 Capped hock consists of tumefaction, or enlargement at the 
 point of the hock. Occurring, as it does, at a very prominent 
 and exposed part of the limb, it is almost sure to attract notice ; 
 hence is not only an eye-sore, but a serious defect, and, if accom- 
 panied by lameness, the animal may be pronounced unsound, 
 during the period of lameness. The tumor is the result of enlarge- 
 ment of a synovial sac which lies between the bone and the tendon 
 gastrocnemii. This sac contains synovia, and it is furnished for 
 the purpose of lubricating the parts for the prevention of friction. 
 The skin, also, becomes thickened, or, rather, is in a state of hy- 
 pertrophy (morbid growth), which add largely to the size of the 
 tumor. 
 
 Causes. — Capped hock is generally produced by a blow or 
 bruise. It is almost always occasioned by the whiffle-tree coming 
 in contact with the parts. The animal may, however, injure the 
 parts in the act of kicking. The parts may also be bruised in the 
 act of lying down or rising in the stall. Therefore, not knowing 
 any other cause for capped hock, we may safely infer that it is the 
 result of external injury. 
 
 Treatment. — In the early or inflammatory stage, refrigerati ;g 
 lotions are indicated. Take of 
 
 No. 47. Sal ammonia 1 oz. 
 
 Nitrate of potass 1 oz. 
 
 Water 1 pint. 
 
LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 328 
 
 Sponge the part quite often, for a day or two, until the heat and 
 attendant pain subsides; after which the affection will run on to 
 the chronic stage, and perhaps acquire magnitude ; then the treat- 
 ment must be altered. The object now is to excite absorption. 
 In that view, I recommend the following : 
 
 No 18. Powdered iodide of potass 2 dr. 
 
 Yellow basilicon 1£ oz. 
 
 Mix. 
 
 Apply a portion of this ointment to the enlargement, morning 
 and evening. 
 
 Varix (known as Boo Spavin). 
 
 Varix, or " bog spavin," consists of an enlargement on the in- 
 side of the hock, corresponding to a disease of the same character 
 in the human subject known as varicose veins. It very rarely 
 produces lameness, and most writers contend that it is nothing 
 more than an eye-sore. Be this as it may, it is a defect, and, in 
 the tye of the law, constitutes unsoundness, simply from the fact 
 that soundness consists in perfection of function and structure, and, 
 also, because sound horses do not have defects of this character. 
 The enlargement does not generally impair the usefulness of the 
 animal for ordinary work ; yet sometimes, in consequence of over- 
 work or sprain, the tumor acquires magnitude. 
 
 It is always dangerous to attempt to remove varix, or to punc- 
 ture it ; and the only proper method of treatment, in view of lim- 
 iting its growth, for it can not be cured, is to bathe it often with 
 the following astringent lotion : 
 
 No. 49. Fluid extract of witch-hazel 2 oz. 
 
 Fluid extract of bayberry bark 4 oz. 
 
 Proof spirit 1 pint. 
 
 Mix. 
 
 Bog spavin is an indication of weak and faulty hocks, unless it 
 can be shown that the animal has been made to labor too early in 
 life, or has performed excessive work beyond his capacity. Then 
 the affection can be accounted for, and may not owe its origin to 
 either fault or defect. 
 
324 
 
 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 Atrophy, or Wasting of Muscles in the Region of 
 the Shoulder-blade, (known as Sweeny.) 
 
 Atrophy signifies wasting of muscles, in which diseased parts 
 become notably smaller than those of the natural, without other 
 alteration in texture. The author has had several opportunities 
 of examining horses that have died in consequence of disease or 
 old age, who, during life, were the subjects of what is known as 
 sweeny, and found that the muscles of the shoulder had quite a 
 pale appearance, somewhat resembling those of a calf which had 
 been bled to death. A condensation or wasting of muscular fiber 
 was very apparent; the cellular membrane under the skin had 
 almost disappeared, merely by condensation and contraction of the 
 skin over the region of the parts, which contraction occurs in con- 
 sequence of shrinkage of the muscles beneath the skin. 
 
 A FOUNDERED OB DEAD LAME HORSE. (See p. S3fi.) 
 
 Causes. — As regards the cause of atrophy, it is a well-known 
 fact that inaction of a muscle produces a notable decrease in size. 
 The muscles of laboring men decrease in size whenever, from 
 choice or necessity, the individual leads a sedentary life. A limb 
 kept at rest for any length of time undergoes more or less atrophy 
 (wasting). In some cases, the foot diseases, so common, are of 
 that character as to cause the subjects much pain in progression ; 
 
LAMENESS, FROM NARIOUS CAUSES. 325 
 
 and, in order to relieve the feet, the horse spares the muscles, which, 
 for want of free and full action, leads to diminished nutrition and 
 wasting (atrophy). Some of the readers of this work must have 
 noticed the fact of the shrinking of the muscles of the haunch in 
 case of disease or severe lameness of one of the hind feet. This 
 shrinkage often occurs, as in the case of the shoulder, from want 
 of natural action and full play of the muscles concerned. We 
 have ample proof that wasting is the result of want of action, in 
 the fact that when a horse becomes the subject of a painful disease 
 in the hind foot, he neither advances nor rotates the limb any 
 more than he can possibly help, but holds the foot up, sometimes 
 points it. On examination, the atrophy, or wasting, is confined to 
 the muscles which perform these two actions ; and in the case of 
 pain or lameness in one of the fore-feet, the same faulty action is 
 observable, and the same class of muscles (whose action is almost 
 identical with that of the hind parts) are the ones affected. 
 
 The author deems it of great importance that husbandmen 
 should fully understand this subject ; for it will enable them to 
 perceive that, while inflating horses' shoulders with a quill, or 
 practicing any other absurd treatment in the vicinity of the wasted 
 or sweenied shoulder, they are overlooking the real malady (in 
 the foot), and at best are only treating symptoms. On careful 
 examination, however, should it appear that the patient is free 
 from any disorder of the foot or feet, and, on the other hand, it is 
 clearly evident that myositis or myalgia (muscular pain) exists, 
 then the treatment must be directed to the affected parts. The 
 facts in either case can only be determined by a competent practi 
 tioner. 
 
 The author has often noticed that when horses have been over- 
 driven or overworked, they become stiff and lame in those parts 
 of the body most susceptible to the ordinary influences. For 
 example, one horse may perform a long journey, with a weighty 
 man on his back, and the next day show symptoms of lameness 
 in the lumbar region. His back is arched ; the limbs are brought 
 under the center of the body, and every movement indicates that 
 the animal suffers tormenting pains, which are located in the mus- 
 cles of the back. This is myositis, or inflammation of the muscular 
 fiber. Sometimes, however, the malady constitutes myalgia (mus- 
 eular pain and spasm), unaccompanied by inflammatory action. 
 Another horse may be put to a similar kind of work, and, in • 
 
326 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 few hours afterward, be found stiff and lame. But the symptoms- 
 are not the same as those just recorded. The pathology is proba- 
 bly identical ; it is the same disease, only it has a different locality. 
 It i« myositis of the pectoral muscles, involving, also, the muscles 
 of the shoulder-blades. And the intelligent owner of the afflicted 
 animal will notice that the fore extremities are unnaturally ad- 
 vanced ; the foreparts of the body are unnaturally hot and tender j 
 the fore-feet are feverish, and the hoofs are hotter still. The ad- 
 \ anced position of the fore extremities and shoulders gives a very 
 marked hollowness to the forepart of the chest, and many men, 
 on seeing such a case, would declare that the animal was chest- 
 foundered, this being the name which is sometimes given to such 
 a condition ; but it is really owing to myalgia (muscular pain and 
 stiffness). 
 
 It is well-known that all muscles are subject to inflammatory 
 action and muscular pain from work disproportionate to their 
 strength. For example, let any man undertake to saw wood, 
 practice with heavy dumb-bells, or ride on a horse — feats that he 
 has never been accustomed to — and, whether the labor be excessive 
 or not, the individual will shortly complain of more or less mus- 
 cular pain ; and if he be a weak man, the more excessive will be 
 that pain. Now, the muscles of the horse, being just as suscepti- 
 ble to pain as those of man, are just as easily operated on through 
 the well-known exciting causes. 
 
 Symptoms. — In the case of a horse, when the work has been ex- 
 cessive, and of a character to bring the muscles of the shoulders, 
 their tendons and coverings, into a state of over-exertion, it will 
 often be found that some of the muscular fibers in the region of the 
 shoulder are fractured, small blood-vessels are ruptured, and other 
 pathological changes take place. This is followed by inflammation 
 ^myositis) . Suppose, therefore, a horse shows symptoms of myo- 
 sitis after excessive work, and, in the course of a few days, it is 
 noticed that the muscles of his shoulders are wasting away, and 
 continue to waste, so that all persons who examine the animal 
 pronounce him sweenied, we may then infer that the wasting 
 (sweeny) is not symptomatic, but is the result of myositis. 
 
 Treatment. — The principal treatment is rest ; afterward diminish 
 the work, and, by proper diet and tonics, increase the power to do 
 it. The muscular parts affected should be bathed, morning an J 
 evening, with a portion of the following: 
 
LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 327 
 
 No. 50. Fluid extract of wormwood j e&( ^ 2 oz 
 
 Fluid extract of poppies j 
 
 Proof spirits 1 pint. 
 
 Mix. 
 
 Should the feet prove to be very hot and feverish, frequent 
 bathing with cold water, or a cold infusion of hops, will have a 
 very good effect. In the mean time give the animal two drachms 
 of fluid extract of gelseminum, once or twice per day, until the 
 feverish symptoms subside. Then, when the case passes into the 
 chronic stage (sweeny), the shoulders and wasted parts are to be 
 well rubbed, often, with a portion of the following : 
 
 No. 51. Fluid extract of ginger 4 oz. 
 
 Gum camphor 1 oz. 
 
 Olive oil £ P int - 
 
 Pulverize the gum ; add it to the oil, in which it will soon dis- 
 solve ; then mix with it the ginger, and the preparation is fit for 
 use. 
 
 Should the muscles of the shoulder waste, in consequence of 
 chronic disease or altered structure about the hoof or within it, 
 such as ring-bone, ossification of the lateral cartilages, etc., then a 
 strong counter-irritant must be applied, for a week or so, around 
 the coronet. At the same time we should treat the shoulder as 
 above. A good counter-irritant for the coronet may be thus pre- 
 pared : 
 
 No. 52. Cod-liver oil 
 Kerosene 
 Mix. 
 
 °* ' (■ equal parts. 
 
 The great trouble in chronic cases of this character is, that it 
 usually takes a long time to free the animal from lameness, and to 
 restore the muscles of the shoulder to their original size ; and, after 
 all we can do, it may be necessary to let the animal have a run at 
 grass. It will be advisable, in all chronic oases, unless the hoise 
 be very lame, to insure regular exercise, which will tend to develop 
 the shrunken muscles. 
 
 The best way to prevent sweeny is to keep the horse in good 
 condition by a rational use of his muscular powers, being carefii: 
 not to overtax them, and by giving proper attention to his feet, 
 both m ihe stable and at the blacksmith's shop. 
 
328 
 
 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 Thorough-pin. 
 
 The seat of thorough-pin is between the popliteous (fig. 2) and 
 the point of the hock, near where the tendon is severed, as shown 
 in the accompanying engraving. The disease is called thorough- 
 pin, simply because the fluid contained in the bursal sac can be 
 squeezed from one side to the other. 
 
 YIEW OF SOME OF THE DEEP-SEATED MUSCLES IN THE BEGION OF THE HOCK AK» STIFLE. 
 
 Explanation.— 1, Popliteous ; 2, Flexor pedis accessorius ; 3, Flexor metatarsi magnus ; 
 4, The tendon, common both to the flexor metatarsi and extensor pedis ; 5. The groove 
 in which the extensor plays. 
 
 Symptoms. — The disease is similar to bog spavin and wind-galls ; 
 namely, enlargement of a synovial sac. It seldom if ever lames 
 a horse, yet, when large, is apt to interfere with the free action of 
 the joint, 
 
 In former years it was customary to open thorough-pins by 
 means of a lancet, in view of evacuating the fluid; but many fatal 
 
•^AMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 329 
 
 cases having occurred, the practice is now discontinued. AmoLg 
 the many fatal cases recorded I select the following, which has 
 been recorded in the " Veterinarian," by W. A. Wheatley, V. S. . 
 
 " The subject was a five-year old cart-horse, the property of the 
 South-eastern Railway Company, admitted on the 1st of Septem- 
 ber, 1855, with an immense thorough-pin on the off hock. The 
 animal being then in a very high condition, a support shoe was 
 placed on the foot of the diseased limb, and the frequent applica- 
 tion of cold water to the diseased parts resorted to, the diet being 
 restricted to mashes. 
 
 October 6. — The horse was considered in a fit state for the op- 
 eration. Accordingly, I had the animal secured by a side line, and 
 first punctured the enlargement with the exploring-needle, in four 
 different places; but, as the imprisoned fluid did not escape so 
 readily as I expected, I determined upon opening the part with 
 the lancet, which being done, the fluid escaped to the amount of a 
 small tea-cupful. It was of a thin consistence, and of a pale straw 
 color. I then applied bandages dipped in cold water, and kept 
 the hock constantly wet. 
 
 October 7. — The swelling had very slightly returned. I gave 
 6ome aperient medicine, and continued the bandages with cold 
 water, and applied a suitable truss to the hock. 
 
 I need not give a report of the case from day to. day. Suffice 
 it to say that the cold water and the truss were continued in use, 
 and the animal never manifested the least inconvenience from the 
 operation. 
 
 November 21. — He was considered cured, not the least appear- 
 ance of the enlargement being left. 
 
 November 29. — On this day the horse was attacked with abdom- 
 inal obstruction, and, despite all our remedial measures, consisting 
 of active purgatives, as solution of aloes, calomel, oleum lini et 
 crotoni, with the frequent use of medicated enemata, counter- 
 irritants, etc., he continued to grow worse till the 1st of December, 
 when death took place. This was the fourth attack of this kind 
 that the animal had experienced while under treatment for the dis- 
 eased hock." 
 
 The danger to be apprehended in cases where an opening is 
 made by the lancet arises from the liability to synovitis, (inflamma- 
 tion of the synovial membrane,) which reacts sympathetically od 
 r 1- e system, producing derangement < ? some of the organs or fune- 
 
330 DADDS VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 tions of the body. Therefore I consider it injudicious to lay open 
 a synovial capsule in any part of the body. 
 
 Treatment. — The safest method of treatment is to puncture the 
 sac, by means of small needles. After having evacuated the fluid 
 through the sieve-like needle-holes, the part is to be smeared with 
 ointment of iodine — one drachm of iodine to seven drachms of 
 simple ointment. Then apply a spring truss, so constructed as to 
 press on both sides of the hock. By this means the internal parts 
 of" the sac are kept in contact, and they finally unite. Thus the 
 enlargement is obliterated. If, at any time during the treatment, 
 the parts become hot or tender, discontinue the ointment, and sub- 
 stitute a pad on each extremity of the truss, which are to be kept 
 constantly wet with cold water until the inflammatory action dis- 
 appears. 
 
 Navicular Lameness 
 
 Navicular lameness is of very frequent occurrence among horses. 
 It usually depends upon strain or injury of the tendon, known as 
 perforans, just where it passes over the navicular bone. Some- 
 times the navicular bone becomes diseased, ulcerates, and finally 
 becomes fractured ; at other times the bone becomes the seat of 
 incrustations, or roughing, and thus irritates the flexor tendon. 
 Such affections always cause pain and lameness. Horses with nar- 
 row heels, or those laboring- under contraction at the quarters and 
 heels, suffer much pain in the posterior or navicular region, in con- 
 sequence of hoof pressure on the sensitive parts of the foot. 
 
 A disease known as navicular thritis (inflammation of the parts 
 in the navicular region) often prevails. This is an inflammatory 
 affection, very painful, and much resembles laminitis) fever in the 
 foot). 
 
 Symptoms. — Pointing of the affected foot; the animal, while 
 standing, throws the affected foot forward, by which means the 
 weight of the forepart of the body is transferred to the other limb ; 
 the animal has a short, tripping gait, and steps cautiously; the 
 muscles of the shoulder waste; the spine of the shoulder-blade be- 
 comes quite prominent ; and this condition of the muscles is often 
 called sweeny. We usually find, also, that the heels are pinched 
 :n, and the walls are thin and weak. The liability to navicular 
 lameness is very great in horses with narrow chests, upright pas- 
 terns, and outturned toes. Other defects in the loins exist. Henoe 
 
LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 331 
 
 it is supposed that a predisposition to this affection may lurk in 
 the breed ; in fact, it is known that a tendency to it exists in the 
 progeny of certain horses. It is related that the progeny of 
 " Young Musician," a thorough-bred horse, all showed a tendency 
 to navicular disease. 
 
 Treatment. — We first ascertain whether the difficulty is of an 
 acute or chronic character. Should it have made its appearance 
 very suddenly, and the part feels hot and painful, then we class 
 it as the acute stage. Should the trouble, however, be of long 
 standing, it will be in the chronic stage. In the acute stage, cold 
 water bandages must be applied to the region of the fetlock, which 
 should be kept wet with water, to which may be added a little 
 vinegar, merely to acidulate the former; the patient should be 
 kept at rest, and fed on a light diet. In the chronic stage, coun- 
 ter-irritants are indicated, yet organic disease may be the result; 
 in that event, the horse has always a sort of groggy walk, and ia 
 never sound. 
 
 Neurotomy has been practiced in view of treating this affection, 
 but I can not perceive how such an operation can benefit a horse 
 having an organic difficulty. Neurotomy merely destroys, for a 
 short time, the sensibility of certain parts of the foot ; but so soon 
 as the divided nerve reunites, sensibility is again restored. There 
 may, however, occur some form of lameness which might be bene- 
 fited by neurotomy, but I think the same thing might be achieved 
 by counter-irritation, and without the use of the knife. The coun- 
 ter-irritant I have found most useful is as follows : 
 
 No. 53. Cod-liver oil 2 oz. 
 
 Kerosene 3 oz. 
 
 Cantharides .- 1 dr. 
 
 Mix. 
 
 Apply a portion of the above to the navicular region, between 
 the heels and fetlock, on the back part, once or twice daily, until 
 the part is well blistered, which will take place at the end of a 
 week. The more thorough the blistering, the more chance is there 
 of doing good. No after-dressing need be applied, unless the 
 parts become very sore; in that event, I should lubricate with 
 alive oiL 
 
 It will be necessary, in chronic cases, to secure the services of 
 a good blacksmith, so that the animal may have a shoe affixed 
 properly adapted to the necessities of the cas*>. If any signs of 
 
&52 UADD'S VETERINAAi MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 contraction exist, the heels are to be opened, and the walls at the 
 quarters must be rasped thin, so as to remove the lateral pressure 
 on the sensitive parts. 
 
 It may be necessary, in the event of the patient not being bene- 
 fited by the above treatment, to reapply the counter-irritant; thia 
 matter is left discretionary with those who take the case in hand. 
 ]n the treatment of such cases, the owner of the afflicted animal 
 must be prepared to exercise due patience, for the day of recovery 
 may be far distant ; often it is a mere question of time, and not 
 one of skill. 
 
 Pleurodynia (Painful affection of the Pleura and 
 
 Muscles of the Chest). 
 
 Pleurodynia (in human practice) signifies pain in the side, from 
 a rheumatic affection of the pleura. In horses the malady not 
 only affects the pleura, but also the intercostal muscles. It is a 
 very painful malady, and some persons are in the habit of calling 
 it "founder." Pleurodynia, however, differs in its origin from 
 'bunder, inasmuch as the latter may arise from various causes, 
 whereas pleurodynia is almost always the result of an excessive 
 use of the muscular powers, or when the animal has been sub- 
 jected to long-continued and very severe exertion. 
 
 Symptoms. — It will be noticed that the animal moves in a very 
 stiff manner ; steps short and quite slow — he appears about used 
 up, as the saying is ; the back is arched, and the skin is over the 
 service of the body, and is not only hot but very tender; on mak- 
 ing pressure over the regions of the sides of the chest, symptoms 
 of pain will be elicited, showing conclusively that the intercostal 
 muscles between the ribs and pleura, or lining membrane of the 
 cavity of the chest, are involved; the respirations are short and 
 jerking, and the number of pulsations range from forty to sixty 
 per minute. Both fore-feet are usually advanced, and, on apply- 
 ing a hand to them, it will be found that they are unusually hot, 
 and that they are inflamed ; the appetite is not good ; the urine 
 is high-colored, and the bowels constipated. Such are the most 
 observable and common symptoms of this painful malady. It is 
 something like rheumatism in its pathology, and often migrates 
 to the brain, or its investing membranes. When this happens 
 there remains but little hope for the patient. 
 
LAMENESS FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 333 
 
 Treatment. — In view of illustrating the treatment, I introduce 
 
 the following case : The animal had been hired of Mr. P , of 
 
 Chicago, by a person who appeared to have but very little respect 
 or compassion for horse-flesh ; for on the return of the animal to 
 the stable, he showed unmistakable evidences of shameful abuse. 
 He was completely jaded, and could scarcely stand on his feet. 
 He received proper care and attention during the night, and next 
 morning I visited him. On making a careful examination, I 
 found most of the above symptoms present. It seemed, however, 
 that his feet were more affected than other parts of the body, and 
 it was impossible to get him to move. I had his feet bathed 
 constantly with cold water, and his joints, back, and sides were 
 rubbed with a liniment composed of equal parts of cod-liver oil 
 and spirits of camphor. The medicine administered was one 
 ounce of powdered niter, night and morning, for three days. The 
 pulse had decreased to thirty-six per minute, and the respirations 
 were more tranquil; so I discontinued the niter, and commenced 
 an alterative plan of treatment, by giving one ounce of fluid ex- 
 tract of stillingia, night and morning, at the same time continuing 
 the local applications until they were no longer needed. One 
 ounce of fluid extract of buchu was occasionally given, in view 
 of exciting the kidneys to action, and this is all the medicine the 
 patient received until convalescence was established, when he was 
 placed under tonic treatment. The tonic used was one ounce and 
 a half of fluid extract of golden seal, daily. The treatment occu- 
 pied a period of two weeks, during which time the animal stood 
 but little on his limbs, seldom rising except to partake of food, 
 which consisted of bran and water, a few oats, and small quan- 
 tities of hay. So soon as the patient had regained some strength, 
 he was led to pasture, where he soon got well. It appears that 
 in the treatment of a disease of this character, light diet, a few 
 simple medicines, and good nursing are all that are indicated. 
 
 Acute Rheumatism, 
 
 (Called "Chest Founder" and "Water Founder. "> 
 
 The faithful servant of man, the horse, does not enjoy im- 
 munity from this distressing disease. The same causes which 
 operate on the system of man to develop a disease of this char- 
 acter are, with unerring certainty, operative on the inferior 
 creature. Rheumatism is mostly confined to the fibrous tex- 
 
334 
 
 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 tures, or faschia of muscles, and the inter-articular cartilages of 
 the joints, and, finally, the articulating surfaces of the bonea be- 
 come involved. The disease is always characterized by g'/ea' 
 
 pain, and sometimes swelling in the re- 
 gion of joint. It is accompanied by t 
 quick and wiry pulse, and by other symp- 
 toms, denominated febrile. It occur* 
 among men and horses at all seasons 
 of the year, yet at the period of sud- 
 den transitions from heat to cold it is 
 most prevalent. Animals when heated 
 by exercise, and then suffered to "cool 
 off," without ordinary care, are very apt 
 to become the subjects of this malady, so 
 that prevention, to a certain extent, is 
 within our power, and, in the exercise 
 of preventive measures, we may, n com- 
 mon parlance, "stave off," for a time, 
 this disease, although it may be latent in 
 the system as an hereditary affection. 
 Mr. F. Dun, who is good authority on 
 the subject, says : 
 " Rheumatism is neither so common, nor are its symptoms so 
 well marked, in horses as in cattle. When, however, it does occur 
 in the horse, it manifests the same well-known appearances which 
 characterize it in all animals. It affects the fibrous tissues of 
 joints, the coverings of muscles, tendons, valves about the heart, 
 and larger vessels, and manifests a peculiar tendency to shift from 
 one part of the body to another, often affecting, in succession, all 
 the larger joints — at one time chiefly in the neck, at another, in 
 the back and loins, while, in many of its more acute attacks, it 
 appears to involve almost every portion of fibrous and fibro-serous 
 tissues throughout the body. In all its varied types it exhibits a 
 full, strong, hard, and unyielding pulse, caused by the inflamma- 
 tion involving the serous and fibro-serous tissues of the heart and 
 circulating vessels. During its existence, various excrementitious 
 matters accumulate in the blood, and the fibrinous constituents 
 of the same exeeed their normal proportions, as indicated by the 
 production of the buffy coat on the blood. In severe or badly- 
 treated cases, the inflammation is very apt to be transformed from 
 
 4lTEnNAL MUSCLES AND TENDONS 
 OF THE OFF-HIND LKG. 
 
LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 335 
 
 the joints and muscles to the heart, and its investing membranes, 
 and it is the danger of this change in the seat of the disease that 
 renders rheumatism so formidable, and often so fatal. It always 
 leaves the parts affected so altered as to be extremely predisposed 
 to subsequent attacks, and it is more than probable that this altered 
 condition is reproduced in the progenies of rheumatic subjects, and 
 constitutes in them the inherent tendency to the disease. 
 
 Horses sometimes suffer from rheumatic inflammation in the 
 fibrous sheathing envelopes of the muscles of the neck, constitut- 
 ing what is popularly known as the chords. When thus affected, 
 the animal is very stiff, remains as much as possible in one posi- 
 tion, and is unwilling to bend his neck either one way or the other, 
 or to elevate or depress his head. There is always more or less 
 fever, with a strong, full pulse. Sometimes, as in lumbago, in the 
 human subject, it affects the muscles of the back and loins, caus- 
 ing stiffness, tenderness, and pain, which are especially evinced on 
 moving or turning the animal. These rheumatic affections are 
 very readily produced in predisposed subjects by exposure to rain 
 and cold, especially when accompanied by overheating or exhaus- 
 tion. 
 
 Rheumatism sometimes occurs in horses as a prominent symp- 
 tom of that epizootic affection which usually receives the much- 
 abused title of influenza. In such cases the rheumatism is of a 
 somewhat more subacute or chronic character than common, and 
 is accompanied by that low, debilitating fever so often the con- 
 comitant of epizootic maladies. It usually affects all parts of the 
 body susceptible of the rheumatic inflammation, is attended par- 
 ticularly by those symptoms which indicate disease of the heart 
 and pericardium, as an intermittent pulse, etc., and often termi- 
 nates fatally by effusions into the pleura or pericardium, thus 
 causing death by arresting the motions of the heart." 
 
 Treatment. — In the treatment of rheumatism simulating an in- 
 flammatory type, our first objec I is to produce a sedative effect on 
 the heart and its vessels of circulation. With this object in view, 
 we administer one or two drachms of fluid extract of gelseminum 
 every four hours, until the pulse becomes softer. In the mean time 
 a few doses of nitrate of potass* should be given in the water 
 
 •Nitrate of Potassa. — In a case of synovial rheumatism thiB remedy wu 
 giTfn by a Boston physician, in a single Jose of one ounce, dissolved in a piat 
 
336 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY 
 
 .which the animal drinks, at the rate of one ounce per day, divided 
 into doses in proportion to the number of times the patient ia 
 watered. So soon as the animal evinces signs of improvement, 
 the above treatment is to be discontinued ; then give six drachma 
 per day of fluid extract of prince's pine. The joints which seem 
 to be affected are to be bathed occasionally with camphorated 
 vinegar, in the proportion of one ounce of camphor to eight ounces 
 (fluid) of vinegar 
 
 Chronic Rheumatism 
 
 Chronic rheumatism is usually the sequel of the acute kind. It 
 is generally obstinate and lingering, and prone to recur. Unlike 
 the acute kind, pain is alleviated by counter-irritation and exer- 
 cise ; and when the pntient gets warmed up, as the saying is, he 
 either forgets his pains «t becomes relieved. Bathing with warm 
 vinegar has a good effect in the treatment of this disease, but 1 
 have found the following liniment useful in almost all the caset 
 that have come under my care : 
 
 No. 54. Oil of cedar 2 oz. 
 
 Sulphuric ether 1 oz. 
 
 Proof spirit 1 pint. 
 
 First, mix together the oil of cedar and sulphn ric ether ; then 
 add the proof spirit, and, after shaking it awhile, it is fit for use. 
 Give the animal one fluid drachm of the fluid extract of colchi- 
 cum-root, night and morning, for tl. ree days ; after which give, 
 daily, twenty-five grains of the iodide of potass, dissolved in half 
 a gill of water. Should the animal show any signs of debility or 
 loss of flesh, tonics, stimulants, and nutritious diet are indicated. 
 
 and a half of barley-water. This was followed by one grain of opium. In fif- 
 teen hours the pulse was found reduced, and the pain absolutely gone ; and in a 
 few days the tongue was clean, and the swelling entirely abated. The remedy 
 caused neither emesis nor catharsis, but passed off by the kidneys. In another 
 case of acute synovial attack, following chronic rheumatism, the same dose was 
 prescribed without any good effect, causing active catharsis. Again, half an 
 ounce of nitrate of potassa, largely diluted, was given every two to four hours, 
 until the patient, took three ounces in eighteen hours, with two doses of opium 
 of one grain each, with entire relief to the pain and fever. When the potash 
 was reduced to drachm doses, nausea at d vomiting followed, which were relieved 
 by vesication with aqua ammonia, the blister beiug sprinkled with half a grain 
 of morphine. The patient recovered. Another physician had used th? remedj 
 to the extent of half an ouncf in twenty-four hours, for three successive days. 
 
.LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAU&riri. 337 
 
 The authorities teach us, and my own experience has confirmed 
 the fact, that iodide of potass is a valuable agent in the treatment 
 of chronic rheumatism. It is most sure to act beneficially when 
 the periosteum (fibrous covering of the bones) is affected. There 
 is no doubt that chronic rheumatism often cripples the joints by 
 producing disease of the bones in the region of their articulations. 
 This makes a poor horse dead lame, and renders him almost useless. 
 When the bones become ulcerated or carious there remains but little 
 hope of cure. 
 
 Ring-bone. 
 
 Ring-bone is a form of disease the pathology of which is similar 
 to that of spavin and splent. It is located just above the coronet 
 or crown of the hoof. The enlargement is called exostosis (a mor- 
 bid enlargement of bone), and when the large pastern becomes 
 united to the smaller one, the case is called anchylosis (permanent 
 rigidity of the joint). 
 
 The term ring-bone is far behind the times as regards our pres- 
 ent knowledge of nosology (the doctrine of the names of diseases) ; 
 yet, to the unprofessional, it is suggestive, and, therefore, we are 
 compelled to retain a name which all can interpret. It signifies 
 a complete or partial eminence around pastern bones. The ring 
 is formed by incrustations, or osseous deposits in the pastern, or 
 involving the joint, as the case may be; yet, in order to make out 
 a pure case of ring-bone, that comes strictly within the meaning 
 of the term as horsemen interpret it, there must exist a complete 
 ridge of bone around the anterior part, extending from side to side. 
 A pure case of ring-bone generally originates on the surface of the 
 bone, on or beneath the periosteum. Commencing at the lower 
 margin of pastern and upper part of the coronet bone, the disease 
 spreads, involving both capsular ligament and joint. The remote 
 cause of ring-bone lies in hereditary idiosyncrasies, transmitted 
 through the sexual congress. The disease itself is sometim3s di- 
 rectly transmitted. I once bought an un weaned colt, and brought 
 it up by hand. A short time after purchase, I observed enlarge- 
 ments on the hind pasterns. He ultimately turned out to be a 
 ring -boned animal, and had stiff joints. I found out afterward 
 that the mother had' large ring-bones on both hind pasterns. The 
 disease was, therefore, congenital. 
 
 Mr. Percivall, whose opinion on such matters is unquestiou 
 22 
 
3«-8 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 able, says that his attention to the hereditary origin of ring-bone 
 was first aroused from a remark made by an extensive dealer in 
 horses, in reply to a question put to him, How it happened that 
 but few ringbones were met with, compared to the number that 
 Attracted notice in times past? The reply was, "Because no 
 breeder of horses nowadays will send a mare to a horse having 
 ring-bone." A very good example for American horsemen to fol- 
 low, for the disease is very prevalent in some parts of this country. 
 A vast number of our best as well as inferior horses are the sub- 
 jects of this infirmity. The disease lurks in breed, after the fash- 
 ion of scrofula and consumption in the human subject. When 
 both parents are affected, the disease in the offspring is doubly 
 severe. 
 
 The author just quoted remarks that " a coarse or half-breed, 
 fleshy or bony-legged horse, with short and upright pasterns, is 
 the ordinary subject of this disease ; and there exists satisfactory 
 reasons why we should expect him to be so. The pastern and 
 coffin bones constitute the nethermost of the column of bones 
 composing the limbs, and being so, they receive the entire weight 
 and force transmitted from above. The pastern, being long and 
 oblique in position, receives the superincumbent weight on such an 
 indirect line that, bending toward the ground with the fetlock, 
 nothing like jar nor concussion follows. The very reverse of this, 
 however, happens every time the foot of a limb, having a short, 
 upright pastern, comes to the ground. In such, instead of the 
 weight descending obliquely upon the sessamoids, and the fetlock 
 bending therewith, it descends directly, or nearly so, upon the 
 pasterns, making this bone entirely dependent on the bone beneath 
 it for counteracting concussion ; and should any thing occur to 
 diminish this, or to throw more weight on the bones beneath than 
 they can counteract, jar of the whole apparatus ensues; and an 
 effort of Nature to strengthen the parts, by investing them w itli 
 callous and ossification, is likely to be the ultimate result ; for wc 
 would view ring-bone, disease though it must assuredly be called, 
 a recourse of Nature to strengthen weak parts, the bones being 
 unequal to the exertions or efforts required of them." 
 Another quotation may possibly interest the reader : 
 " Ring-bone is an exostosis (a growth of bone from bone) situated 
 tround the coronet, mostly near the pastern joint, at other times 
 just above it; and not unfrequently the joint becomes anchylosd 
 
LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 339 
 
 owing to the spread of ossification; that is, the coffin bone and 
 pastern bone become united together by bony growth. Ring- 
 bones are the result of hereditary predisposition, structural organi- 
 zation, and accident. As to hereditary predisposition, there is no 
 doubt but that some sires, the subjects of spavin, ring-bone, and 
 other forms of exostosis, father foals which often, sooner or later, 
 tnemselves become victims of the same disease. The same law 
 applies to dams. Breeders of horses are fully aware of this fact, 
 and are, therefore, more careful than formerly in the selection of 
 parents for the purposes of breeding from. As to form, many 
 living cases which now exist prove the truth of the statement that 
 low-bred, coarse-limbed horses, with short, upright pasterns, are 
 frequently subjects of ring-bone. Why such should be the case 
 with animals with upright pasterns is easily explained, as follows : 
 The pastern bones in a well-formed limb ought to form an oblique 
 angle with the cannon-bone (metacarpus) placed above them; 
 whereas, if the pastern is upright, the column of bones from the 
 elbow-joint to the foot is, necessarily, placed in one and the same 
 straight line, causing, at every step made by the animal during 
 progression, a severe concussive shock to be produced on the whole 
 column of bones, but more especially on the pastern bones, owing 
 to the superincumbent weight of the bones above them. Thus one 
 or more of the pastern-bones become injured and inflamed, and, 
 finally, as a consequence, exostosis ensues, the coronet becomes in- 
 volved, and the disease denominated ring-bone is set up." 
 
 Mr. Percivall quotes from Gibson : " When a well-formed, 
 high-bred horse happens to have a ring-bone, we may conclude it 
 to proceed from some accident rather than from any natural fault. 
 The disease may also be produced by a blow to the part, and from 
 the efforts made to increase speed, when concussion causes injury, 
 inflammation, and consequent exostosis to the bones of the pastern. 
 As to treatment, we should recommend the proprietors of young 
 horses, subject to ring-bones, to place their horses in a state of 
 nature, by removing the shoes from their feet, and by turning out 
 to grass. If this, after a fair trial, fail, then the treatment for 
 spavin and other exostosis must be resorted to, such as blistering 
 the affected part and keeping the animal on a low diet. No dis- 
 ease is more troublesome to treat, or more demands the strict at- 
 ention of a skillful veterinarian." 
 
 Causes.- — The exciting causes of ring-bone are ligamentarj 
 
340 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SUTtGERY. 
 
 sprains, brouglit about by overwork, extraordinary feats of strength. 
 in drawing heavy loads, etc. In short, either sprain, injury, blow, 
 or bruise may act as the pathological spark to bring about the 
 disease. 
 
 Regarding the treatment of ring-bone, it would be interesting, 
 and perhaps amusing, to call attention to some of the heroic 
 methods of combating this malady ; but the animal has nerves of 
 sensibility, and is as keenly alive to pain as one of us ; therefore 
 it is not really pleasant to dwell on the atrocities which are net 
 unfrequently practiced on this noble animal. A very common 
 error exists in the minds, of some people that ring-bone is fed by 
 a bladder at the posterior part of the pastern, which has about as 
 much to do in the production of the disease as the author of this 
 work. This error would not amount to much, however, only it 
 has led to the infliction of a cruel operation, without the least 
 advantage ; namely, the cutting out of the bladder. Now, this so- 
 called bladder is, in reality, a bursal sac, the use of which is to 
 secrete synovia, to be used for the purpose of guarding against 
 friction ; therefore, the extraction of it must be disadvantageous to 
 the parts. 
 
 It seems that ring-bone is not enough torment for the poor brute 
 to suffer, but he must, in addition, submit to a species of cruelty 
 unheard of in the annals of human medicine. Such treatment is 
 wrong, and every man who loves a horse should set his face against 
 it, aud use every effort for the purpose of putting a step to the 
 practice of all barbarity in the treatment of domestic animals. 
 
 Treatment. — The question to decide, when we undertake to treat 
 a case of this character is, whether the disease is in the acute or 
 chronic stage. Experience teaches us that nearly all diseases may 
 be divided into two classes : First, the acute, or those which come 
 on suddenly, attended by pain and fever, or, rather, febrile symp- 
 toms ; for there are no primary fevers in the horse. Equine fevers 
 are always called into existence, or accompany a pathological con- 
 dition which frequently existed, and the fever is i 1 exact ratio to 
 the intensity of the disease. Cure the disease and the fever ceases. 
 Acute diseases also tend to termination within a short period of 
 t ; me, or else run into the chronic stage. Secondly, the chronio 
 fitage. Chronic diseases are those of slow progress, and exceed in 
 duration the ordinary existence of the acute class. They may 
 Arise in consequence of acute diwrrjers, or be developed originally 
 
LAMENESS. FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 341 
 
 in tne form which they long afterward preserve. For the most 
 part, chronic disease and lameness are not marked by any violent 
 symptoms, nor are they accompanied with much pain, if the hor«e 
 be kept at rest. 
 
 Suppose the disease to have first made its appearance, the parta 
 will be hot and painful ; but the idea of curing ring-bone — that 
 is, restoring the parts to their normal condition — is really absurd ; 
 for, when once the bones are anchylosed, the joint never can per- 
 form its natural function again. The new growths (exostosis), 
 aDd the changes of structure that occur within and about the 
 region of disease, are a part of Nature's own handiwork, in view 
 of strengthening a weak bone or joint. Our object in the treat- 
 ment, therefore, is merely to aid Nature. Excuse the animal from 
 work, and apply sedative lotions (cold-water dressings) so long as 
 the acute stage lasts; then, when the case passes into the chronic 
 stage, apply counter-irritants for a week or two, and, finally, turn 
 the patient out to grass. The following will be found an effectivo 
 sedative lotion : 
 
 No. 55. Spirits of camphor 2 oz. 
 
 Fluid extract of wormwood 1 oz. 
 
 Vinegar 5 oz. 
 
 To be applied twice daily. 
 
 The following is an excellent counter-irritant for ring-bone in 
 
 its chronic stage : 
 
 No. 56. Cod-liver oil ") , 
 
 Kerosene j equal parts. 
 
 Apply once or twice daily, until a crop of pustules appear ; then 
 omit the application, and reapply it at the expiration of two or 
 three intermitting periods. 
 
 The remedies used by veterinary surgeons generally, are oil of 
 cantharides, acetate of cantharides, blistering ointment, ointment 
 of biniodide of mercury, and, lastly, the actual cautery, or heated 
 iron. I have tried all except the latter, which savors too much 
 of barbarity, and I never found any thing to equal the preparation 
 here recommended — namely, cod-liver oil and kerosene. 
 
 ' Navicularthritis (Navicular Disease). 
 
 Navicularthritis is an acute disease, supposed to be confined to 
 the navicular region, or joint, which is in the posterior part of the 
 
342 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 foot. The navicular bone (sometimes called the shuttle-bone 1 ) \s 
 so placed as to strengthen the union between the lower pasters 
 and the coffin bone, and to enable the flexor tendon, which passes 
 over it, in order to be inserted into the bottom of the coffin bone, 
 to act with more advantage. There is a good deal of weight 
 thrown on the navicular bone, and from the navicular bone to 
 ihe tendon, and there is a great deal of motion or play between 
 them in the bending and extension of the pasterns. It is very 
 easy, therefore, to conceive that from sudden concussion, or from 
 rapid and unrestrained motion, the delicate membrane which covers 
 the bone, or the cartilage of the bone, may become diseased. The- 
 bone sometimes becomes ulcerated and fractured, so that it renders 
 the horse almost perpetually lame. 
 
 Symptoms. — The principal symptom of this affection is pointing 
 of the foot. If the horse be watched, when standing still in the 
 stable or on the street, it will be noticed that the affected limb is 
 advanced or pointed in such a manner as to relieve the navicular 
 bone of any pressure from the flexor tendon, and this occurs in 
 the chronic stage as well as in the acute. It will be observed, 
 also, that the animal, when traveling, takes short steps, goes on 
 the toe, and tries to favor the heel, or posterior parts, as much as 
 possible. The favoring of the heel tends to destroy the function 
 of expansibility of the hoof, and contraction of the same is the 
 result. 
 
 Treatment. — Should the disease be discovered early, that is, in 
 the acute stage, the foot should be placed in a boot lined with a 
 sponge. The latter is to be kept constantly wet with a portion 
 of vinegar and water, equal parts. This may be continued for a 
 period of twenty-four hours, at the end of which time bathe the 
 coronet and heels with tincture of arnica. Light diet and perfect 
 quiet, as in every other variety of inflammatory disease, are always 
 necessary. 
 
 In old chronic cases we resort to counter-irritation, through re- 
 peated applications of the acetate of cantharides. Should there be 
 any appearance of contraction, the heels of the hoof must be well 
 opened, and the walls of the hoof, near the heels, must be rasped 
 thin, so as not only to favor the expansibility of the foot, but also 
 with a view to relieve the navicular region of any undue pres- 
 sure, 
 
lameness, from various causes. 343 
 
 Siifle Out (Dislocation or Luxation of the Stifla 
 
 Bone). 
 
 The patella of the horse, or stifle bone, as it is familiarly known, 
 corresponds to the knee-pan of man, and answers the same pur- 
 pose; that is, to facilitate motion, and protect the two extremities 
 of the bones which compose the stifle-joint. It is retained in situ 
 at the anterior part of the inferior extremity of the thigh bone and 
 3iiperior extremity of the tibia. 
 
 Ai; accident of this character is generally accompanied with con 
 siderable pain and uneasiness ; but the most notable symptom is, 
 the bone is thrown off its pulley-like articulator)- surface, and thus 
 the recti and vasti muscles (the latter being direct extensors of the 
 leg or thigh, and the action of the former being similar) are, for 
 the time being, paralyzed ; that is to say, their action is suspended. 
 If they act at all, it is under great disadvantage, and at the expense 
 of their muscular integrity. The liability to luxation of the stifle 
 bone (patella) is not so great as some persons would have us be- 
 lieve. The bone is secured in its position by a number of strong 
 ligaments — has a complete articulator) 7 joint of its own, whose 
 capsular ligaments have strong attachments to surround them. The 
 muscles, tensor vaginae, rectus, vasti faschia, panniculus carnosus, 
 subcellular substance and integument, all operate favorably against 
 the chances of luxation. The accident, however, does sometimes 
 occur — not, perhaps, from any disarrangement of the mechanical 
 order of the parts by violence, such as might be operative in dis- 
 location of the thigh or arm bones, but often from spasm, cramp, 
 etc., of certain muscles in the immediate vicinity of the parts. 
 
 " I think his stifle is out," is a very common complaint made 
 by horse-owners when a horse becomes lame, and the " neighbors" 
 can not discover the exact location of the same. They hastily 
 conclude, if the lameness is in the hind extremity, that the " stifle 
 is out " (luxated). Here is a case in point. I received a message 
 some time ago, to visit a horse said to have " his stifle out." On 
 making examination of the foot on the lame side, I found it much 
 hotter than its fellow on the opposite side. The owner, at the 
 moment, remarked that there was " no trouble in the foot." He, 
 however, was mistaken • for I found that a nail had entered the 
 posterior part of the cleft of the frog, which I extracted, and this 
 tva< the sole cause of lameness. I might relate a number of mis- 
 
344 DADD'S veterinary medicine and surgery. 
 
 takes of this kind, all going to show how very apt people are to 
 be deceived regarding the seat of lameness in horses. In short, 
 judging from my own experience, and the testimony offered by 
 other professional men, it may be confidently asserted that luxation 
 of the patella is quite a rare accident. These remarks are intended 
 for the instruction of the non-professional reader. Persons con- 
 \ersant with the anatomy of the horse are not expected to make 
 such a mistake as the one just alluded to ; hence they do not stand 
 in aeed of the author's advice. 
 
 Method of reducing dislocation of the patella. — The means of re- 
 duction are very simple. The patella will be found on the lower 
 and outer condyle of the thigh bone. With one hand let the 
 operator grasp the leg, just below the hock, and raise it from the 
 ground in an upward and forward direction ; the other hand em- 
 braces the stifle bone, and by a simultaneous action of pressing the 
 latter inward, and the bones that compose the joint backward, the 
 reduction is soon effected. The bone, in returning to its natural 
 situation, emits a sound such as usually follows that of a dislocated 
 bone just at the moment when slipping into the socket. A recent 
 dislocation, when reduced, needs no after-treatment, except th'j 
 occasional application of an astringent and a couple of days' rest ; 
 but, should the bone have remained unreduced for many hours, we 
 may infer that the muscles and ligaments have been stretched or 
 distended too long in one direction, and that, on reduction, the 
 fibers of the muscles concerned may not immediately contract; 
 hence the bone is apt to slip off its articulatory surface again. To 
 guard against this mishap, a man must be stationed beside the 
 horse. He must keep his hand on the bone, and by pressure, 
 when the horse moves, retain it in its proper place. At the same 
 time, the part i? to be bathed with some astringent. An infusion 
 of white-oak bark will answer ; or, failing to obtain this article, 
 apply alum-water, in the proportion of two ounces of alum to one 
 quart of water. 
 
 Contraction of the Hoop. 
 
 Contraction of the hoof is so easily recognized by persons accus- 
 tomed to handle horses, that very little needs to be written on that 
 subject. A contracted foot " speaks for itself," as the saying is. 
 The ueeb are approximated too closely, and this mars the beauty 
 
LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 345 
 
 and form of the foot. Contraction is almost always, in its first 
 stage, accompanied by lameness. Faulty shoeing is said to have 
 considerable to do in the production of contracted feet; yet there 
 are plenty of horses, having strong, thick, walled hoofs, very wide 
 at the heels, often shod in the worst possible manner, and their 
 heels never contract. It is certain, therefore, that a predisposition 
 to contraction lurko in some breeds of horses, which is shown by 
 their having weak quarters and a thin, shelly hoof. A contracted 
 hoof, which is very thin at the heels, may not occasion lameness, 
 because it is more elastic than the thick, walled hoof, and gives to 
 the lateral pressure of the foot when it comes to the ground. 
 
 Percivall contends that "shoeing must be regarded as the 
 main cause, indirect though it be, of contraction ; and to the modifi- 
 cation or correction of it must we look for the prophylactic. Shoe- 
 ing, as it respects horses, has been said to be ' a necessary evil.' 
 Without shoes, upon our artificial roads, we can not make use of 
 horses ; and no shoes have been found to answer save such as are 
 hard and inflexible or metallic, and as are fixed to the hoofs with 
 nails. Here, therefore, we find ourselves in an awkward dilemma. 
 We can not do without horseshoes; and from the moment we nail 
 them to the hoofs, the feet begin to undergo more or less alteration 
 in form, and, in too many instances, to experience harm from their 
 application. The art of shoeing has given rise to a wonderful deal 
 of difference of opinion and controversy, some thinking one shape 
 of shoe answered best, some another ; while some prefer one mode 
 of nailing it upon the hoof, others a different one. As far as my 
 own experience has served as a guide to me through this labyrinth 
 of opinion, I have ever found that method of shoeing the prefera- 
 ble one which approached the nearest to Nature, or, in other words, 
 which interfered the least with the economy of the foot. If we 
 could do without them, horseshoes would, undoubtedly, be best 
 abolished altogether ; but, since this is impracticable, let us adopt 
 such shoes and modes of attaching them to the hoofs as are found 
 to work the least mischief to the feet. On this principle it is that 
 a half shoe is to be preferred to a whole shoe, and for the same 
 reason it is that tips, of all the horseshoes that were ever invented, 
 are the best ; that is, the least objectionable. If those in the pro- 
 fession would come forward and inform us of their experience 
 (if they have had any) of tip-shoeing, I believe it would uni- 
 formly be found that, whatever objection might be urged against 
 
34G DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 the use of tips, no one would deny their tendency the least to 
 interfere with the operations of the foot. If there be any horse- 
 shoe calculated to prevent contraction, and navicularthritis as 
 well, I feel no hesitation myself in pronouncing that horseshoe to 
 be the tip. In saying so much, I am fully aware that tip-shoeing 
 can not be introduced into general practice for reason of the roads 
 horses have to travel and work upon, and of the numbers of horses 
 having hoofs of too weak and brittle a fiber to stand work without 
 chipping and breaking and wearing too rapidly away. On horses, 
 however, whose hoofs are strong and hard enough, and whose 
 work is light enough to admit of their wearing tips for any length 
 of time, or in situations where the roads or parts of the country 
 they have to do their work upon enable them to wear tips con- 
 stantly, no wholly-shod horses' feet will ever bear a comparison 
 with theirs. 
 
 Pressure to the frog. — Coleman's favorite prophylactic against 
 contraction (considering shoeing to be an indispensable evil) must 
 certainly be regarded as next in importance, as a preventive, to 
 getting quit of the shoe itself, or of part of it. The frog being 
 a body which in action operates in the expansion of the hoof, the 
 removal of it, or even the impairment of it, must, necessarily, give 
 facility to contraction. It therefore behooves us, in ordinary shoe- 
 ing, to look well to the preservation of the integrity of this im- 
 portant part of the foot. 
 
 The cutting away of the bars in shoeing, through robbing the 
 hoof of a couple of stays operating against the closure of its heels, 
 conduces to its contraction. Nature gave the bars as a sort of 
 buttress against either heel of the hoof, to oppose its drawing in- 
 ward, while the frog, placed between the heels, is operating in 
 forcing them asunder ; consequently, if the bars be removed, the 
 expansive or counteractive powers of the hoof lose an agent they 
 can, in many cases, ill afford to be deprived of. 
 
 The contracting effects of heat and drought on the hoof may he 
 guarded against by keeping the horse's stall free from ferment- 
 able litter, while the atmosphere of the stable is maintained cool 
 and unpolluted. The practice, also, of stopping horses' feet (or, 
 what I believe to be better, of wearing swabs in the stable) will 
 likewise tend to guard against the contracting effects of thest 
 agents. We now come to the 
 
 Treatment of contracted feet. — The first thing to determine, when* 
 
LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 347 
 
 ever a case <.f contraction is submitted to us for treatment, will be 
 whether it be one of the pure or mixed description. If the former, 
 the horse not therefore lame, and his feet be submitted to our in- 
 spection simply from the apprehension of his becoming lame, and 
 the contraction be on this account desired to be removed, the simple 
 and best means of doing so will be to subetitute tips for the horse's 
 ordinary shoes, and to order that he stand with his contracted feet 
 in cold water (or, what is better, in a bed of clay) for a couple of 
 hours, once or twice a day, he being allowed to lie down, as usual, 
 at night. By such a simple plan of treatment as this will his hoofs, 
 giving sufficiency of time for Nature to carry out her operations, 
 become restored to their pristine condition." 
 
 The author's method of treating contraction is, to soften the 
 hoof by soaking it often in warm water ; then open the heels by 
 means of the drawing-knife ; rasp the quarters of the hoof; then 
 pare the foot, but do not touch the bars nor frog ; then put on a 
 light shoe, and use the animal, daily, at light work. It will be 
 proper, also, to anoint the hoof, frog, and sole occasionally with 
 a portion of fish oil and spirits of turpentine, equal parts. This 
 will soon soften the hoof, and render it elastic. 
 
 Hoof-bound. 
 
 This term is usually applied to hoofs that appear to be dry, 
 brittle, unyielding, and having the appearance of more or less 
 contraction at the heels. The hoof, under such circumstances, 
 " pinches the foot," as the saying is, or, rather, embraces the soft 
 tissues too closely. The consequence is, pain, fever, lameness, and 
 perhaps, finally, organic disease of the foot. The condition of the 
 foot termed hoof-bound usually occurs in horses laboring under 
 some predisposition to the same ; that is to say, they have faulty 
 feet, which fault may be either functional or structural, and thus 
 the foot may be affected accordingly whenever the ordinary causes 
 of disease are in operation. 
 
 Causes. — The ordinary or exciting causes of diseases of the feei 
 are said to be faulty shoeing; allowing horses to stand on plank 
 floors, or in any situation which is likely to pervert the function 
 of the foot ; sometimes the feet are very much neglected, and 
 scarcely, if ever, make the acquaintance of sponge and water, am* 
 it is very certain that uncleanlincss has a bad effect upon the feet. 
 
348 DAD , S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERX. 
 
 ss it is known to have, on other parts of the body. " No prinoa 
 ever died of the plague," shows that the ablutions daily practiced 
 by persons of refinement, occupying an exalted position in society, 
 operate as a preventive against even a mortal malady. Yet, no*.- 
 withstanding all this, it is proper for us to remark that some horses 
 are occasionally the subjects of foot maladies, notwithstanding the 
 very best system of shoeing is practiced on them ; and others, that 
 never stood on a plank floor or inclined plane, are in the same pre- 
 dicament; so, also, are some that have their feet washed often 
 This goes to show that if animals under the very best care and 
 management get hoof-bound, or contracted feet, it is due to a pre- 
 disposition which they have either inherited or acquired, and, as 
 the old saying is, they would not enjoy bodily health unless they 
 were hoof-bound. 
 
 It is very evident that many diseases of the feet are traceable 
 to bad shoeing. Some persons seem to suppose that the foot of a 
 horse is as insensible as stone; and, when we see the blacksmith 
 wrenching off shoes by main force, often fracturing the hoof or 
 breaking off a portion of the bars, frog, and sole, with as little 
 care as a man would rough-trim a log, and afterward applying a 
 red-hot shoe to the thinned sole, we might be led to infer that the 
 foot is really insensible. The Hon. Marshall P. Wilder thu8 
 denounces such bad practice : 
 
 " I know of no greater evidence of inhumanity to that noble 
 animal the horse, than the almost universal custom of paring down 
 the foot and burning on the shoe. It has ever, to my mind, been 
 among the barbarisms of the age, which I trust will be no longer 
 countenanced by civilized society ; and I sympathize with the 
 efforts of every one engaged in correcting such dangerous prac- 
 tices." 
 
 The practice, also, of using a pair of pinchers on the feet, in 
 view of discovering some real or supposed lameness, is equally 
 barbarous, and often results in bruises of the sole, and should, 
 therefore, be discountenanced. 
 
 Treatment. — The blacksmith should so prepare the foot and fit 
 the shoe that the frog may be brought in contact with the ground 
 over which the horse travels. This not only prevents undue con- 
 cussion, which would otherwise occur, but tends, also, to expand 
 the heels, and preserve the natural tread and function of the foot. 
 Having prepared the foot in a proper manner, we then, if the sea- 
 
LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. .549 
 
 son of the year permits, apply cold water to the hoofs, often and 
 freely. At night the feet are to be wiped perfectly dry, and, by 
 means of a sponge, a portion of the following mixture must be 
 rubbed on : Kerosene oil and honey, equal parts ; or neats-foot 
 oil and turpentine, equal parts. Notwithstanding the very best 
 treatment, the restoration of the foot to comparative or natural 
 soundness will be a work of time, and sometimes, in bad cases, or 
 one of long standing, an impossibility ; yet the above treatment is 
 the best we are acquainted with. Some persons prefer to use 
 moistened clay, cow-dung, etc., but they are of no value, only in 
 consequence of the moisture they contain, and clean water is far 
 preferable. 
 
 Tlie Mechanism of the Hoof. — A brief exposition of the mechan- 
 ism of the hoof may possibly interest the reader. The external 
 covering of the foot may be divided into four parts ; namely, the 
 wall, bars, sole, and frog. The external portion, or wall, serves to 
 defend the sensitive tissues within. The wall, or hoof, is composed 
 of small filaments, or hollow tubes, consolidated in such a manner 
 as to preserve their canals distinct. These canals constitute the ex- 
 crementitious outlets of the hoof, from which morbid materials find 
 an outlet, and in these canals are found the vessels by which horn 
 is secreted or produced. The small vessels arising from the vas- 
 cular and nervous tissues of the foot proper enter, also, into these 
 canals. The bars are a continuation of the external portion just 
 described. They form an angle at the heels, which terminates to- 
 ward the toe. They thus serve to give strength and durability to 
 the hoof, and also to prevent contraction at the heels. When 
 these bars are cut away or demolished by means of the butteris, 
 then the foot often goes to "rack and ruin." The sole is much 
 more elastic than the crust, and is a medium of the sensitive fac- 
 ulty, through which, together with its powers of electricity, the 
 percussion of the foot against the ground is regulated. The frog 
 \s much more elastic than either of the parts just described. Any 
 unnecessary paring of the same is a monstrous evil. 
 
 On the internal portion of the above-named parts we find a 
 beautiful set of leaves (laminse), resembling those found in the 
 under surface of a mushroom. Their number is said to be five 
 hundred. These articulate with a like number given off from the 
 sensitive tissues of the foot proper, each lamina? having two sides 
 and an edge, from a series of articulations, numbering three thou- 
 
350 DADDS VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 sand. The whole °urface of these articulations measures four 
 square feet ; hence, the horse having four feet, his body rests on 
 sixteen square feet of surface, all contained within his hoofs. 
 
 The reader will probably realize that a knowledge of the ana> 
 omy and physiology of the foot is absolutely necessary, in orde: 
 to practice, with any degree of success, the art of shoeing. How 
 is this knowledge to be obtained? Can it be furnished at the 
 forge, in the blacksmith- shop ? Can such a complicated piece of 
 mechanism be thoroughly understood by the craftsmen of the 
 forge, who have never made the subject one of scientific inquiry? 
 
 Let it not be understood that I am in a fault-finding mood. 
 The fact is, the husbandmen of this country have failed to put 
 their shoulders to the wheel for the purpose of establishing and 
 endowing veterinary schools in this country, and if blacksmiths 
 and "vets" do not understand the anatomy of horses feet, the for- 
 mer, who have vast interests at stake, must come in for a share of 
 the blame. On the other hand, we are disposed to be charitable 
 toward blacksmiths; and, taking into consideration the unyielding 
 nature of our paved streets, and the rough ground over which 
 aome poor animals are forced to travel, the wonder is, that theii 
 feet are not oftener diseased. 
 
 Laminitis ("Fevee in the Feet," or "Feet Founder"). 
 
 Laminitis, or fever in the feet, is an acute affection, confined to 
 the sensitive tissues within the hoof. It is one of the most pain- 
 ful maladies to which the horse is subject. 
 
 Symptoms. — It manifests itself, very frequently, after a long 
 drive or race. The horse may be put into the stable at night all 
 right. In the morning he is observed to be all in a heap, as the 
 saying is — his flesh quivering, pulse very active, respirations quick 
 and jerking ; the flanks are tucked up, the back is roached, and the 
 fore-feet are sent forward, so that the animal treads on his heels; 
 and, when compelled to move, he endeavors to throw the weight 
 of his body on the hind legs. He is thirsty and feverish, but has 
 no appetite. All appearances about him indicate that he suffers 
 great pain. When a hand is placed upon the fore-feet, they feel 
 unnaturally hot. Such are the most prominent symptoms of 
 laminitis, or fever in the feet. 
 
LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 351 
 
 Treatment. — The principal objects to be accomplished are, to 
 keep the feet cool by frequent sponging with cold water; next, the 
 bowels must be kept loose my means of bran-mashes, or, if neces- 
 sary, a dose of Glauber salts — dose, twelve ounces, dissolved in a 
 pint of warm water, to which add half a gill of syrup — and an 
 occasional enema of soap-suds, and also a few doses of fluid extract 
 of gelseminum, say two drachms night and morning. This is the 
 kind of treatment that the author has found most successful dur- 
 ing a long period of practice. 
 
 | 
 
 ■:,' 
 
 EXTREMITY OP ONE OF THE FORB LIMB3. 
 
 Explanation.— «, The region of the coronet; 6, The sensitive laminse; c, The point of the 
 toe ; d, The quarters ; e. The heel ; /, The sole ; g, The solar border. 
 
 Many who treat such diseases are apt to do too much. Youatt, 
 and several other writers, recommend repeated bleedings, blisters, 
 and purges, and even tell us to bleed in the chronic stage. This 
 is all wrong, and such outrageous treatment is almost sure to end 
 in suppuration, founder, or ruin. (See article on Inflammation.) 
 The patient must be kept at rest, and, if he should lie down, must 
 not be disturbed. I never remove the shoes, because the patient 
 is in so much pain that he can not stand on the frog or sole, and 
 the shoes are a protection to the frog. 
 
352 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 Sand-crack. 
 
 " The name of sand-crack seems of questionable application. It 
 J3, evidently, a compound of the word sand and crack, as though 
 it denoted a crack with sand in it, or a crack occurring in a sandy 
 country, or in a dry, sandy season, which several derivations have 
 been ascribed to the term. May not the word sand admit of res- 
 olution into its primitive signification, and mean in this, as in 
 other instances, a sundered crack? A sand-crack may be defined 
 to be a longitudinal division in the fibers of the wall of the hoof, 
 amounting to a flaw simply, or else to a cleft or fissure through 
 the substance of the horn. 
 
 The direction of the crack is slanting, from above downward, 
 and from behind forward, following the course of the fibers of the 
 noof. A sand-crack in the side of the wall slants more than one 
 in front, owing to the greater obliquity of the course of the horny 
 fibers, as we proceed from the toe to the heel of the foot. 
 
 There are two kinds of sand-crack, quarter sand-crack and toe 
 sand-crack, the former occurring in the fore, the latter in the hind 
 foot. At least this is generally the case. It is rare to find the 
 reverse, though there are occasions on which we meet with sand- 
 crack in the toe of the fore-foot and the quarter of the hind foot. 
 It is possible for cracks to occur in other parts of the hoof; but 
 in these two situations it is that veritable sand-crack occurs, and 
 there are here, as we shall find hereafter, special causes for theii 
 production. Let us first consider 
 
 Quarter Crack. 
 
 The situation of this crack is the slanting line of the wall of 
 the hoof, directly opposed to the extremity of the wing of the 
 coffin bone ; and it is oftener found in the inner than in the outer 
 quarter, added to which the hoof in which sand-crack occurs is» 
 always a contracted one, quarter sand-crack, no more than toe 
 sand-crack, never happening in a hoof disposed to obliquity and 
 flatness. The same description of foot which is predisposed to 
 contraction is, for the same reasons, predisposed to sand-crack. 
 There is an obvious connection between contraction and quarter 
 sand-crack. The light, near-the-ground stepping horse, with 
 strong, narrow, upright hoofs, will be equally likely, under cer- 
 
LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 363 
 
 tain conditions, to have the heels of his fore hoofs becoming con- 
 tracted, and exhibiting quarter sand-cracks. Hot stables conduce 
 to this, but, more still, hot climates. Hurtrel- d'Arboval informs 
 us that at the time the French army was in Egypt, their horses 
 were continually having sand-cracks; and he adds that long 
 voyages on board of ship are, on some occasions, attended with 
 like results. 
 
 The proximate cause of quarter sand-crack is, then, contraction. 
 The horn, from dryness, or other cause, rendered cracky and 
 fragile, breaks at the quarter of the wall, from being at that 
 part bent across the edge of the ala of the coffin bone, during the 
 curving in of the heel, the result of contraction ; and this oftenest 
 happens to the inner quarter, from its being the thinner and 
 weaker one, as well as from being- the one which is the first and 
 most disposed to contract — not that sand-crack is the necessary 
 consequence of contraction, but that contraction becomes a neces- 
 sary precursor to sand-crack. If this were not the explanation 
 of the case, sand-crack would be as likely to occur in any part of 
 the wall as at the quarter, and on the outer as often as on the 
 inner side of the wall. This likewise accounts for the compara- 
 tive unfrequency of quarter sand-crack at the present day among 
 our nag and cavalry horses, since that which has tended to dimin- 
 ish the frequency of contraction has had the same effect in regard 
 to the occurrence of sand-crack. Greater attention to shoeing, 
 and increased care about the condition of the hoof itself, has, no 
 doubt, had a very beneficial effect in the prevention both of con- 
 traction and sand-crack. 
 
 The origir of sand-crack is usually sudden, both in the fore 
 and hind feet / though in the former case, from its situation in the 
 inner quarter, a part not exposed to transient view, it is possible 
 for a crack to exist for some time, unless lameness happens to 
 arise from it without being discovered. The crack first takes place 
 cfi rough the superior or coronary border of the hoof, that being 
 composed of newly-formed horn, and, consequently, thin and 
 ri-agile. Quickly it extends downward, through the thickest part 
 of the wall, stopping, as it does in some instances, at least for a 
 time, half way down, and afterward reaching nearly or quite to 
 the bottom. 
 
 Sand-crack is either penetrant or non-penetrant. It is usually 
 mmetraut, by which we mean the crack extends completely through 
 23 
 
304 DADK'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERf. 
 
 the (a. Knqss of the hoof, and produces lesion of the sensitive parts 
 underneath the horn, giving rise to some little hemorrhage :'n the 
 first instance, and subsequently to more or less inflammation — 
 occasionally, even to suppuration, depending, of course, on the 
 extent and nature and duration of the lesion, as well as on any 
 treatment, or aggravation from non-treatment, it may have re- 
 cc ived since being occasioned. When the crack does not extend 
 through the substance of the wall — which it sometimes does not 
 at first, though it may do so afterward — it may be said to be non- 
 penetrant; and this, when it happens, seems to be referable to 
 a sort of natural fusion there certainly exists between the solid 
 horn, as it descends from its secreting gland, (the coronet,) and 
 the horny laminae (new matter), which become glued to it in its 
 course downward. It. is in this uniting horny medium that seedy 
 toe commences and progresses. 
 
 Lameness is the usual accompaniment of penetrant sand-crack, 
 but not the invariable one. When penetrant it is said to arise 
 from the sensitive laminae getting pinched between the sides of 
 the crack. However this may be, inflammation following the 
 lesion has certainly its share in causing pain during action. In 
 general, the lameness does not amount to much, nor is it of long 
 duration, provided the sand-crack receive proper and timely at- 
 tention ; but if the crack is not heeded, action of the foot will much 
 aggravate the malady, and end in lameness increased so much as 
 to forbid further use being made of the animal. 
 
 Toe Sand-crack. 
 
 Occurring in the hind foot, as this crack almost invariably 
 does, occupying a different situation in the hoof, and arising alto- 
 gether from a different cause, toe sand-crack may be regarded as 
 almost a distinct affection. 
 
 The subject of it is not the light horse, but the heavy one --the 
 cart and wagon-horse, the dray-horse, the latter especially; aud 
 in particular, I believe, in paved cities, they are the sufferers from 
 this disease. I say ' sufferers,' because it is only those veterinary 
 surgeons whose practice lies among horses of this description that 
 have any conception of the amount of pain and irritation with 
 which sand-crack — simple as it may seem to those who are in the 
 habit of meeting quarter crack only — is found to be accon ;onied. 
 
LAMENESS, FROM VAiciOU* tfAOSES. 356 
 
 The cause of toe sand-crack is violence. Shoeing, also, may 
 have something to do in its production. The horses who are the 
 subjects of it are those employed in laborious and straining draft. 
 The toe of the hind foot is the grand fulcrum through which the 
 hind limbs, the propellers of the body, exert their power; and it 
 is in some violent and forcible effort that the hind hoof, strained 
 as it is to its uttermost, and in particular at the toe, splits, com- 
 monly first at the coronet, the same as in the fore-foot, where the 
 horn, but newly-formed, is then unresisting, the crack subse- 
 quently extending gradually down the wall, even as far as the 
 point of the toe. Digging the tip of the toe into the ground, or 
 stamping it hard down upon the pavement, and especially when 
 this stress upon the forepart of the wall is at all times promoted 
 by high caulkings to the shoe, must certainly, one would think, 
 be the main producer of toe sand-crack — an opinion still further 
 favored by the observation which has been made of shaft-horses 
 in drays being more subject to the accident than trace-horses. 
 Still, however, for all this, it behooves me to say that, with the 
 best judges of such matters, the point is one not yet set free from 
 doubt and difference of thinking. Short and upright pasterns, 
 with clubby prominent hoofs, indicate a predisposition to toe sand- 
 crack, the disease being in no instances seen in flat, shelvy, ob- 
 lique hoofs. It is said sand-crack may originate in tread. Un- 
 doubtedly any lesion of the coronary body, sufficient to injure or 
 destroy its secretory apparatus, may occasion imperfect or morbid 
 formation of horn, or loss of horn altogether ; but I do not believe 
 this to be a very common cause of sand-crack. 
 
 The consequences of sand-crack in the hind hoof are, as I have 
 before hinted, apt to be of a much more serious nature than any 
 usually arising from a quarter sand-crack. Whether the crack 
 extend to the bottom of the wall or not, being uniformly of the 
 penetrant description, lameness, to greater or less degree, is the 
 invariable result. And when the fissure does reach down to the 
 toe, the wall opens and exposes the lamina?, probably the whole 
 way from the coronet downward, the consequence of which is in- 
 flammation and suppuration of those parts, and sometimes even 
 mortification and sloughing of them ; and not of them alone, but 
 of the bone to which they are attached as well, which not unfre- 
 quently runs into a state of caries, ending in defalcation of sub- 
 stance, to be filled up by the effusion of callus, which usually 
 
356 DADDS VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 terminates in exostosis, coated with some tissue very imperfectly 
 representing the original laminated structure. 
 
 Mr. Braby, the intelligent veterinary surgeon to Messrs. Bar- 
 clay and Perkins' establishment, to whom I am indebted for much 
 of the information I possess on this part of my subject, has had 
 many cases of this description, one of which, of extraordinary char- 
 acter, I shall relate here. One of his dray hordes had suffered long 
 and severely from toe sand-crack in one hind foot, but, at length, 
 had recovered, and returned to work. Some time afterward, how- 
 ever, during the season of influenza, he was attacked with a vio- 
 lent laryngitis, which increased to a degree to call for the operation 
 of tracheotomy, to save him from suffocation. Notwithstanding 
 this temporary salvation, however, the patient, in the end, suc- 
 cumbed to the disease. His post-mortem examination became 
 doubly attractive, owing to the circumstance of the long-standing 
 and obstinate sand-crack he had suffered from heretofore, and the 
 result in this latter respect proved extremely interesting. The 
 coffin bone, along its front, occupying the line of the surface be- 
 tween the coronal process and the toe, exhibited a channel or loss 
 of substance half an inch in breadth, and fully the same in depth, 
 thereby robbing it of a quarter of an inch of its solid diameter. 
 This, of course, left the bone considerably weakened, the result of 
 which subsequently was, transverse fracture in two places, the 
 fractures commencing upon the articulatory surface, whence they 
 extended directly crosswise through the middle of its body, so as 
 to become apparent upon its concave surface underneath. In 
 addition to this, growing from the laminated interior of the wall 
 of the hoof, opposite to the middle or deepest part of the channel 
 in the coffin bone, was a projection of hard, horny, callous sub- 
 stance, having a covering of imperfectly-formed horny lamin:B. 
 At the time this horse was suffering in the greatest degree from 
 this extraordinary product of sand-crack, constitutional irritation 
 ran so high as even to create alarm for the animal's life. The 
 treatment of sand-crack, whether it be in the quarter or in the toe, 
 will have to be conducted upon principles applicable to both fornix 
 of the disease, though one must be regarded as of much more con- 
 sequence than the other. The treatment of quarter sand-crack, 
 generally speaking, is but comparatively a simple affair; indeed, 
 so lightly is it looked upon by horsemen in general, that we should 
 run some risk of their displeasure, and our own reputation as 
 
lamem:ss, from various causes. 337 
 
 well, were we to talk about laying a horse up for so trifling an 
 accident. Nay, some horses, with non-penetrant sand-cracks, or 
 with sand-cracks that have been penetrant, but have become horned 
 over, showing little or no lameness, continue to work on without 
 evincing any pain or inconvenience from them. Whether a horse 
 be lame or not, however, should he have a sand-crack, and we be 
 c< 'Usui ted about it, it becomes our duty to arrest the extension of 
 ihe <rack so long as it be but partial; and, besides that, to take 
 m ?;isiires for the cure or permanent removal of the crack. The 
 owner of the horse should be given to understand that no flaw or 
 crack in the hoof can, by possibility, unite the same as a wound 
 in a vital part does, but must, as the saying is, grow down; that 
 is, must be replaced by new horn, and be itself, by degrees, re- 
 newed, as it continues to come under the operation of the drawing- 
 knife every time the horse is fresh shod ; so that, in fact, the cure, 
 or obliteration of the crack, is necessarily a work of some monthsj 
 though the lameness may be cured in as many hours or days. 
 
 Paring out the crack, the shoe being taken off the foot, is the 
 first thing to be done. The cutting cautiously away of its rugged 
 edges, and the scooping out, with a light hand, (probably with 
 the back of the drawing-knife,) of its cavity, will enable us to 
 examine into the condition of it. Should there be no lesion or 
 exposure of the laminae detectable, nothing further will be needed 
 from the drawing-knife than the cleaning out of the crack. 
 
 Firing the crack is the next operation. Cross-firing will be 
 advisable below or above, or in both situations, according to cir- 
 cumstances. So long as the crack has not reached to the bottom 
 of the wall, it will be requisite, with an ordinary firing-iron, at a 
 red heat, to burn a deep but short fissure, or 'mark/ across its 
 lower extremity; and whether a similar operation be required 
 across the superior termination of the crack, must depend upon 
 its extension or not through the horn at the coronet. If there Le 
 any interval of sound horn between the hair and the crack, of 
 sufficient breadth and substance to bear firing, a very slight burn 
 may do good. In all cases it is the practice to finish the firing 
 with running the sharp edge of the iron down the crack ; and this 
 ceitainly proves beneficial in destroying any tendency there may 
 be (supposing the laminae to have become denuded) to abnormal 
 action, as well to stimulate any vascular parts exposed to issue 
 horny matter to cover in the bottom of the crack. 
 
358 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 Binding up the crack is a good practice after firing. With a 
 wax-end of sufficient length (such as shoemakers use) bind round 
 the wall of the hoof, so that any tar or pitch-plaster it may be 
 deemed advisable to place in or upon the crack may be maintained 
 there ; at, the same time the hoof itself is, by t: e tight binding 
 restricted in any tendency it may have to expand, and thereb) 
 open wider the crack. 
 
 A bar-shoe is the preferable one for a sand-cracked foot. By 
 it, the bearing being taken off 1rhat part of the wall which is oppo- 
 site to the crack, the pressure and jar, so continually splitting 
 afresh the new-formed horn over the crack at the coronet, is put 
 a stop to, the formation of an undivided coronary horny band be- 
 ins- the commencement of the radical cure of the sand-crack. As 
 I said before, horn being an inorganic substance, no union what- 
 ever can take place in the crack itself. Permanent cure can be 
 effected only through obliteration by the growing out or down of 
 the crack. This/I repeat, is the reason why a sand-crack occupies 
 so long a time in its removal ; though, by way of compensation, a 
 horse is not kept out of work while cure is being effected ; for, 
 after the crack has been bound up, and the hoof shod with a bar- 
 shoe, it is quite surprising to find how soundly and firmly the 
 animal sometimes steps upon the foot of which he had but now 
 been so lame. 
 
 The treatment adopted by the late Mr. Read, V. S., of Cred- 
 iton, carries the same object into execution, through a different 
 method of procedure. This, as detailed in the volume of the 
 'Veterinarian' for 1848, consists in simply isolating the fissure 
 within the segment of a circle, by means of an ordinary firing- 
 iron. The best plan is to operate with the heel of the iron, be- 
 ginning at the coronet with either extremity of the segment, and 
 bringing the iron to a finish at the center. The iron should be at 
 a strong red heat, and be carried through the horny crust until it 
 tDuches lightly the sensible laminae, and so throughout the entire 
 semicircle. As you recede from the coronet, so, in proportion, 
 you will require to deepen the fissure in the crust. The iron 
 ought to be applied every week or ten days. The first effect de- 
 sirable tc bt, produced is a bulging of the crust around the coronet 
 within the segment, and when once this is fairly established, the 
 cure may be said to be effected, it being seldom necessary to apply 
 the cantery afterward. The old method of making a 'ine with 
 
LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 35iJ 
 
 the iron across the fissure can not prevent the opening and closure 
 of the fissure during the action of the foot; whereas, isolating the 
 fissure (or part of it) within the segment of a circle completely 
 effects the object. No tar-cord or strapping, or alteration of the 
 shoe, is required to limit the motion of the crust, all motion being 
 suspended within the segment, and especially after bulging has 
 commenced. 
 
 The objects of treatment, after what has been stated, will clearly 
 appear to be, first, to place the hoof in such a condition as shall 
 not render it liable to crack again; second, to remove that state 
 of it which, in the first instance, disposed it to crack, if it were 
 not of itself the immediate cause of cracking. The way in which 
 the first object is effected has been already shown, and when this 
 has become accomplished, past all risk of return, we may set about 
 to bring into effect the second. A bar-shoe, from its taking the 
 bearing off the quarters and placing it upon the frog, will, in a 
 measure, give facility to what we now are desirous of preventing ; 
 namely, the expansion of the heels of the foot ; but a tip (pro- 
 viding it can be worn, which it frequently may, with great ad- 
 vantage, after a bar-shoe) will bring about greater reform still — 
 will, in fact, by persistence in its use, bring about, in time, that 
 improved form of hoof which will be no more liable to quarter 
 sand-crack. 
 
 The treatment of toe sand-crack is, in some respects, a different 
 affair from that of quarter sand-crack. This disease is not only 
 different in its relative situation as regards other parts of the foot, 
 but it arises, as we have seen, from a totally different causation. 
 When once it has occurred, it becomes, compared with the other, 
 a serious affair. The horse is lame, too lame to continue his work, 
 probably, and we have a penetrant crack to deal with, extending 
 all, or nearly all, the way from the coronet to the toe, discharging 
 blood, or, perhaps, matter of some ichorous, offensive desciiption, 
 plainly calling upon us for, not binding up, etc., as in the former 
 case, but for opening, cleansing, and dressing the same. The shoe 
 being taken off, let the crack be pared out, and freed from all 
 horny rags and asperities, and laid completely open to view, so 
 that the bottom can be inspected and dressed with whatever may 
 be deemed requisite. In fact, when once the fissure is dilated into 
 a clean and open channel by the drawing-knife, warm baths or 
 poultices, or dressings of any kind, as may become necessary, are 
 
^60 BAUD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 now applicable, the case being in this stage no more than tie of 
 dilated sinus in the foot, similar to what might, in another -ntua- 
 tion, be called quittor. As with the quarter sand-crack, thfi cine 
 will, of course, be tedious in its duration, since w r e know that all 
 complete repair can only come from the coronet. The sensitive 
 laminae having the power of secreting horny laminae, may, as in 
 the quarter crack, issue a sort of horny covering-in of the bottom 
 of the fissure ; but fissure or cleft will ever remain so long as an 
 integral formation of horn does not grow down from the source of 
 secretion. 
 
 Whenever the horse is in a condition for work, a bar-shoe, so 
 made that at the toe the sides of the shoe remain unjoined together, 
 an interval being left of sufficient width to receive the crack in 
 front of the hoof, is, perhaps, the best. Binding the hoof up with 
 circles of wax-end, as in the case of quarter sand-crack, with some 
 plaster or dressing underneath it, will also now become advisable. 
 It will restrict the spreading inclination of the hoof, as well as 
 keep dirt and wet out of the crack. Repetition of this, and the 
 continuance of the bar-shoe, will be required so long as there ap- 
 pears any risk of an extension or renewal of the crack.'"* 
 
 The diseases of the hoof here alluded to are very apt to occur in 
 horses whose walls of the hoof are thin and brittle. They are, to 
 a certain extent, non-elastic, and, therefore, do not ward off the 
 necessary amount of concussion when the animal is traveling over 
 hard roads. At the same time there is always a liability to incip- 
 ient and permanent contraction in such hoof. More especially is 
 this the case when the foot is mutilated by paring or cutting away 
 the bars (the main stages or supports which prevent the heels 
 approximating). These are the kind of feet on which the but- 
 teris-knife and rasp should be used with great caution ; for, being 
 naturally weak, and perhaps congenitally defective in the function 
 of secreting horn, and the necessary amount of moisture to keep 
 the part pliant, any unnecessary tinkering with such tools is inad- 
 missible. Such hoofs lack moisture; therefore they should be 
 well soaked, night and morning, in warm water ; afterward wiped 
 dry, and then smeared with a portion of the following : 
 
 No. 5", Neats-foot oil 8 oz. 
 
 Kerosene 4 oz. 
 
 Lamp-black 1 table-spoonful. 
 
 * London "Veterinarian." 
 
LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 
 
 361 
 
 Mix well, and apply twice daily, by means of a common varnish- 
 brush. 
 
 Very many diseases of the feet, which are of daily occurrence, 
 might be prevented by proper attention to the feet. " No foot, no 
 horse ;" hence the feet need to be kept as free from filth as other 
 parts of the body. I think that a great majority of English 
 grooms pay as much, if not more, attention to horses feet than to 
 other parts of the body, and thus many forms of foot lameness are 
 avoided. 
 
 Curvature and Disease of the Spinl ("Sway Back," 
 
 "Hollow Back"). 
 
 The annexed engraving, represents a case of curvature of the 
 spine in a downward direction, known in stable language as hol- 
 low back. It usually, when it makes its appearance, occurs in 
 aged horses, and probably arises from putting too much weight 
 co the animal's back. 
 
 SECTION OF THE SPINE. 
 
 It will be observed that two of the superior spinous processes 
 of the vertebrae are united (anchylosed), and ossific deposits are 
 thrown out on the surfaces of the spine. On the lower part, be- 
 neath the diseased spine, a cleft is seen, showing that there is an 
 incomplete dislocation, and the capsular ligament was probably 
 dislocated or torn. 
 
 It may be interesting to the reader to know, if he does not 
 already, that the bones, like other parts of the body, are composed 
 of arteries, veins, absorbent vessels, nerves, and a cellular texture. 
 They are endowed with vitality, are nourished, grow, waste, and 
 are repaired, and undergo various mutations, according to the age 
 of the animal ; and they are subject to disease analagous to the 
 
362 DADDS VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERi. 
 
 soft parts. To the phosphate of lime, which is, more or less, dis- 
 tributed in their texture, they owe their solidity; and perhaps it 
 is to the same earthy substance that the difference in their vital 
 properties, and in their diseases from those of the rest of the body, 
 is to be referred. In fact, this particular organization and inferior 
 vitality of the bones are generally supposed to account for the 
 small number, peculiar character, and general slow progress of 
 their diseases. 
 
 Treatment. — So soon as a horse shows any symptom of undue 
 curvature of the spine, he must not be used under the saddle ; but, 
 provided he can work, he may be used lightly in a buggy. Ii 
 unfit for work, the owner knows what is best to do with him. I 
 should give an animal afflicted with this disease a wine-glassful of 
 cod-liver oil, two or three times per week, and one table-spoonful 
 of flour of bone, every night, in the food. If this article can not 
 be procured, substitute for it phosphate of lime. 
 
 Osteo Porosis (known as Big Head and Big Jaw). 
 
 The terms big head and big jaw are used by husbandmen and 
 others in Ohio, and, indeed, throughout the Great "West and South, 
 to designate a disease of the bony structure of the horse — a disease 
 about which very little of a reliable character has ever been said 
 or written ; yet the subject is one of great importance to the peo- 
 ple of this country, for the simple reason that the evil is one of 
 alarming proportions ; and should the disease multiply in a ratio 
 equal to that of the past few years, it will be a terrible blow to the 
 laudable and hitherto profitable enterprise of raising colts in sec- 
 tions where this disease prevails. 
 
 We do not wish to create any unnecessary alarm, but urge the 
 husbandmen of the South and South-west to give this subject 
 their earnest consideration ; for the disease probably has an hered- 
 itary origin — is " inbred " — and that, as the saying is, " constitutes 
 the root of the evil." The disease having been pronounced incur- 
 able, our only hopes of success in putting a stop to its propaga- 
 tion and development is, to adopt preventive measures, by reject- 
 ing, as breeders, all animals (sire and dam) that show the least 
 predisposition to or for this affection. 
 
 Let the reader understand that the disease itself is incurable in 
 so far as the enlargement, dilatation, and softening of the jaw- 
 
 
LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 
 
 3G3 
 
 bones are concerned ; yet, like spavin, ring-bone, and various other 
 diseases, it is accompanied, in certain stages, by pain and lameness, 
 and our services as physicians are only secured in view of remov- 
 ing this pain and lameness, so that the animal may be enabled to 
 perform the ordinary equine duties. This is what some persons 
 please to term a cure, whereas it almost always happens that some 
 alteration in the structure of the parts remains, which actually 
 renders the horse unsound, because he has that about him which 
 may, from overwork or other exciting causes, impair his useful- 
 ness. 
 
 THE PATELLA, OB STIFLE BUNE. 
 
 This cut shows the appearance of disease on articulatory surfaces when the animal is the 
 
 subject of Osteo Porosis, or Big Head. 
 
 As regards the "alarming" features of big head or big jaw, we 
 would inform the reader that almost every lame horse examined 
 by us, during a period of six months, in Ohio, had either one or 
 the other jaw enlarged. In some cases one angle of the lower jaw 
 was the seat of thickening and enlargement, but among the majority 
 both angles were affected. These remarks do not apply to other 
 obvious or accidental lamenesses which are constantly occurring. 
 
 A short time ago we visited, in company with a practicing vet- 
 erinarian whose attention had never been called to this affect inn, 
 three horses, the subjects of lameness, which was said to be occa- 
 sioned by eating Hungarian grass. To the astonishment of the 
 parties concerned, we demonstrated that they were all the subjects 
 of enlargements of the lower jaws. From the history of the cases, 
 
364 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 and the character of the lameness, it was veiy evident that it was 
 of an inter-articular character, and this is a pec uliar feature of this 
 affection. Then, again, the reader must bear in mind that the jaws 
 of animals do not dilate nor enlarge suddenly, nor make their ap- 
 pearance aii at once, like a meteor in the regions of space. The 
 affection is insidious, progresses in an almost imperceptible manner, 
 and usually escapes the notice of those who daily have charge of and 
 handle the animal, as the following case, which is selected from 
 among others, will serve to illustrate : 
 
 A few years ago a gentleman purchased what then appeared as 
 a fine family horse — a sorrel gelding, aged five years. About the 
 beginning of March, one year after the purchase, in attempting to 
 walk the animal from one stable to another, but a short distance 
 off, he became suddenly lame in one of the hind limbs, low down, 
 toward the foot, and it was found almost impossible to urge him 
 forward. Finally, assistance was procured, and the animal had, 
 literally, to be carried into a stable. Our services having been 
 secured, we visited the sufferer, and found him standing on three 
 legs, the near hind one being placed resting on the toe. The parts 
 around the coronet were hot, and the patient was very unwilling 
 to have the parts handled. He seemed to suffer much pain, was 
 breathing hurriedly, and the pulsations were quick and wiry. The 
 near approach of any person seemed to terrify the animal, and he 
 actually trembled, from fear and pain, when urged to move. On 
 making an examination of the jaws, we found that both angles 
 of the lower jaw were enlarged to about two inches in thickness. 
 This explained the nature of the sudden and otherwise mysterious 
 lameness. The articulating surfaces of various bones, and the 
 bones themselves, had become diseased, as is often the case in 
 big jaw. The owner assured us that the horse had never before 
 been lame, and he was very much surprised to find the lower jaw 
 enlarged. 
 
 Here the reader will perceive that the animal had been in the 
 owner's possession one year; had performed ordinary duty, yet 
 was the subject of a gradual enlargement of the jaw and a consti- 
 tutional disease, which probably existed, yet in a slight degree, at 
 the time of purchase. Hence we contend that the disease, in its 
 early stages, is of a hidden or insidious character, and requires some 
 tact and knowledge of the subject in order to detect it. 
 
 Nature of the disease. — Big head and big jaw are ut one form 
 
LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 
 
 365 
 
 of disease, only located in different parts. When the upper jaw 
 becomes the seat of affection, an enlargement of the facial bones 
 will be observed, and the examiner's attention will be attracted by 
 the unnatural appearance of the face. As the disease progresses, 
 
 ARTICULATING SURFACE OF THE THIGH BONE. 
 
 Explanation— 1 J X, Articulating surface of the lower or inferior part of the thigh bone occur- 
 ring in the disease known as Osteo Porosis, or Big Head. » 
 
 the face looks more like that of an elephant than a horse ; and now, 
 the disease being incurable, the subject should mercifully be put 
 out of his misery. The enlargement of the lower jaw is discov- 
 ered by manipulation. On removing the skin from the sides of 
 the face of such a subject, and dissecting the muscles and perios- 
 teum (covering of bone), the bones appear to have undergone a 
 softening process, and particles can be separated by means of the 
 finger-nails. At the same time, if a transverse section of any of 
 the shaft-bones be made, they will be found to have undergone 
 structural changes. For example, they will not only appear soft- 
 ened, but honey-combed, and many of the laminae and cartilagi- 
 nous braces will have been decomposed or dissolved, so that the 
 bone looks like fibrous net-work. In most cases, the vacuities 
 
J66 DADDS VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 and canals are filled with material resembling soft cheese, which 
 is probably fatty matter. This occasionally degenerates into pus. 
 Dr. Gordon forwarded me, some time ago, the head of a horse 
 who had long been the subject of this malady. The transverse 
 diameter of the bones of both upper and lower jaw was very much 
 enlarged ; the periosteum was very highly organized with blood- 
 vessels; the bones were softened and elastic, and could be easily 
 cut with a knife. On submitting them to the acid test, earthy 
 matter was found in excess, and, by burning them, it was found 
 that they contained very little animal matter; hence we were led 
 to infer that the disease was one of mal-nutrition. The articular 
 surfaces of various bones, and sometimes all the bones of the body, 
 are often ulcerated and studded with incrustations. This explains 
 the why and wherefore of the sudden and tormenting pains which 
 animals suffer, and goes to show how little of benefit can be ex- 
 pected from the ordinary treatment, which is principally directed 
 to the enlarged jaws. 
 
 On removing these diseased cartilages from the articulating 
 surfaces of the bones, the latter are found to be affected— in fact, 
 ulcerated. In some cases the ligaments and tendons are separated 
 by decomposition, or necrosis of bone, and the animal " breaks 
 down," as the saying is. 
 
 The subjects of this disease sometimes show lameness in the 
 vertebral region, and in that of the head of the thigh bone. In 
 such cases, we may safely infer that the lameness is of an articular 
 character, and the interticular cartilages, as well as the surfaces of 
 the bones, are incrustated and ulcerated. In this condition, the 
 animal is liable to become useless, or " break down " at any mo- 
 ment. The following case will illustrate what is meant by break- 
 ing down : 
 
 AVe were requested, a short time ago, by Prof. Muzzy, to ex- 
 amine an aged gray gelding, the subject of lameness in the hind 
 feet. Examination revealed considerable heat, tenderness, and 
 tumefaction around both the hind coronets, and both angles of the 
 lower jaw were much enlarged in their transverse diameters. We 
 advised the owner to let the animal have a run at grass. Accord- 
 ingly he was sent into the country about thirty miles, which was 
 too long a journey for him. A few days afterward, Prof. Muzzy 
 received a letter that the horse's strings (tendons) became loose, 
 and he broke down and traveled on his fetlocks, *nd was thes 
 
LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 367 
 
 deaJ. We infer that necrosis took place, and the extensor ten- 
 dons lost their at achment, which accounted for his breaking down. 
 
 Prof. Varxell, lately consulted Dr. Harley, of London, in 
 reference to this formidable malady, which is said to have been 
 almost unknown in England until November, 1859, when several 
 cases occurred among some horses the property of Mr. Champion 
 Calcot, near Reading. Three of this gentleman's animals had 
 died, a fourth was not expected to live many days, and two others 
 ■were laboring under the same disease, in a less acute form. Tho 
 most singular feature of the disease, as it appeared on the prem- 
 ises of Mr- Calcot, was, that it did not appear to owe its origin 
 to any perceivable cause, and it was not known to be prevalent in 
 any other part of England. Still, our opinion is that it does 
 exist in that country, only, not being suspected, is not sought for. 
 It prevails very extensively among horses brought to Ohio, and 
 hundreds of horses have been purchased for the American Gov- 
 ernment having more or less enlargement of the lower jaw, yet 
 we do not believe that either seller or purchaser suspected the 
 same. This arises from a lack of knowledge on the subject, and 
 the same remarks, as far as our ignorance of the subject is con- 
 cerned, may apply to England. 
 
 In answer to questions put to Mr. Calcot on the subject of man- 
 agement, etc., he contends that the affected animals had plenty 
 of exercise. There were no chemical factories or works in the 
 vicinity. One horse affected was purchased at a distance; the 
 rest had been bred on his farm. The sires and dams all appeared 
 free from the disease, and they were not all got by the same sire. 
 The food consisted of good grass, hay, pollard, oatmeal, and roots. 
 Other horses were on the farm, fed in the same manner as the 
 affected ones, yet they had no symptoms of the disease. (Perhaps 
 they will show symptoms when the jaws shall be examined. They 
 may have the disease, yet not be lame nor apparently ailing.) 
 Mr. Calcot never saw a case of the kind before. 
 
 From the above testimony, we may infer that the causes of this 
 affection are not yet discovered in England; but our impression 
 is that overfeeding has a good deal to do in the production of 
 the malady. It appears to me that this disease, as I have already 
 stated, is one '-of malnutrition, or defective nourishment ; hence 
 may be considered as a sonrbutic affection, like that affecting the 
 human subject, which is known to be the result of faulty nutri* 
 
368 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 fcion, and which often results in division of bony parts which 
 were once immovable (the epiphysis of the pelvis, for example) ; 
 also in the separation of cartilages from the ribs, and the shaft 
 bones softened and ruined by caries (ulceration or death of bone-: > 
 Big head and big jaw are terms sufficiently explicit in ordinary 
 conversation; but, in view of scientific inquiry, it is necessary to 
 employ terms indicative of the pathology of the disease. We caD 
 not expect, however, to select any one name that shall ipply to 
 all the pathological conditions during the rise, progress, and ter- 
 mination of this peculiar malady. The condition of the bones 
 is a state of enlargement, (porousness and softening ;) hence the 
 name osteo porosis. 
 
 Causes. — We have already informed the reader that the disease 
 may have an hereditary origin ; otherwise, we can not account for 
 its universal prevalence. In certain localities, under the ordinary 
 modes of feeding and general management, we grant that at first 
 the disease might have had an accidental or spontaneous origin, 
 and finally become permanent and transmissible. For example, 
 glanders and farcy afford illustrations of a spontaneous disease 
 becoming contagious and transmissible. There must have been a 
 me when neither of the two latter diseases existed ; hence, when 
 ,»he first subject became glandered, he could not have taken it by 
 infection or by contagion, but it must have had a spontaneous 
 origin, and, finally, became permanent. We do not pretend to 
 urge that the active disease itself is transmissible ; yet, in certain 
 cases, a predisposition is transferred to the progeny. This may 
 be called the predisposing cause ; the ordinary exciting causes are 
 those which disturb and derange the digestive function. The 
 digestive or nutritive function is deranged, both by excessive and 
 defective functional labors, or by the animal existing on food that 
 does not contain the necessary amount of nitrogenous or muscle- 
 making matter. This is the case when Indian corn is used as 
 food for a great length of time. It is hard to digest, is deficient. 
 in nitrogen, and almost always over-distends the stomach; for, 
 when submitted to the action of heat and the gastric fluids, it. 
 increases in bulk to about five or six times its original capacity. 
 I have noticed that where much whole corn is fed, as in Ohio and 
 Indiana, the disease is most prevalent. Associated with the pre- 
 disposing causes are others— for example, hard usage, scr- abuse, 
 and bad stable management. 
 
LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. S69 
 
 This disease *s rarely ever heard of in England, probably from 
 the foot that the food of horses is rich in phosphates and nitrogen, 
 while corn contains more of starchy matter, which, instead of fur- 
 nishing material for the preparation of muscular or animal matter, 
 merely furnishes that which is consumed in process of respiration. 
 
 Trecxment. — The ordinary treatment, as practiced by some per- 
 sona, is to bore into the jaw-bone, and inject the same with some 
 eonosive poison. Others expose the jaw-bone, and saw out a 
 sect on of the same. Some persons blister, or apply preparations 
 of iodine. Such treatment, I think, only tends to create unneces- 
 sary irritation and pain, and can not possibly be of any benefit, 
 for [ contend that the disease is not local, but constitutional, and 
 the reader will probably, after perusing this dissertation, come to 
 the same conclusion. The disease has extensive ramifications in 
 various parts of the bony fabric, and, therefore, the local treatment 
 must fail in curing the malady. Cases may arise which require 
 surgical operations, and if so, I have no objections to offer. I 
 have often been told that horses, after having all sorts of barbar- 
 ities practiced on them, have recovered. This, so far as the treat- 
 ment is concerned, is in accordance with the spirit of the old 
 error, " He got well after taking my medicine ; therefore, in con- 
 sequence of taking it." This is assuming a falsehood for a fact, 
 and then giving fanciful reasons for it. 
 
 In view both of prevention and cure of this organic disease of 
 the bones and their articulations, more is to be accomplished by 
 regimen than by medicine. The animal should always be pro- 
 vided with wholesome diet, and wmenever green vegetables can be 
 obtained, they should be fed liberally, or, what is much better, 
 provided the season permits, allow the animal to roam in a pasture. 
 Whenever I have a case of this kind under treatment, I furnish 
 apples, beets, carrots, cabbage, or any other kind of vegetable that 
 I can procure. I find that such articles are usually devoured with 
 good relish. The object in feeding green food is to combat the 
 scorbutic diathesis which usually exists. The patient should also 
 be allowed from five to seven quarts of oats per day. 
 
 When a horse with an enlargement of the lower or upper jaw 
 is suddenly attacked with acute lameness, he should be placed iu 
 a wide stall, and the parts where the lameness appears to be lo- 
 cated, as well as the jaws, should be diligemt^ nibbed, twice daily, 
 with a portion of the following: 
 24 
 
37C DADD S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 No. 58. Spirits of camphor 6 oe. 
 
 Cod-liver oil 4 oz. 
 
 Oil of cedar 2 oz. 
 
 Diluted acetic acid 1 pint. 
 
 Mix. 
 
 Then procure the following: 
 
 No. 59. Chlorate of potass 2 oz. 
 
 Powdered ginger -4 oz. 
 
 Gentian 3 oz. 
 
 Podophyllum 2 oz. 
 
 Poplar hark 6 oz. 
 
 Mix. 
 
 Dose, one ounce night and morning, to be incorporated in the 
 food. 
 
 This treatment usually palliates the lameness. Should it not 
 do so, the owner must be patient, and give Nature time to restore 
 the animal to comparative usefulness. Flour of bone or phosphate 
 of lime may be given, at the rate of a couple of ounces per day. 
 Such agents are always indicated in the treatment of the above 
 malady. 
 
 Spavin. 
 
 Spavin consists of an exostosis of the hock, commonly located 
 on the inner side, whereby bones before moveable become cemented 
 and fixed together, and which is often productive of ulceration of 
 the articular surfaces of one or more of the joints of the hock. 
 Sometimes, however, spavin makes its appearance on the anterior 
 or front part of the hock, and sometimes there is no enlargement 
 to be discovered. Such cases, unaccompanied by enlargement, are 
 called inter-articular spavin. 
 
 Symptoms. — "The symptoms of spavin," says Mr. Percivat l, 
 " are, in general, plain, simple, and unequivocal. The horse mani- 
 fests lameness in one of his hind limbs, and, on examination, a 
 circumscribed spheroid tumor, of the magnitude of half a walnut 
 or more, is evident enough both to the sight and feel of the man 
 practiced in such matters. Lameness, however, the effect of spavin, 
 may be present without any detectable tumor. 
 
 My own observation has led me to note two kinds of lameness 
 in spavin — one, the effect either of the ordinary subacute or chronic 
 inflammation, or of partial anchylosis of the parts, is but compar- 
 atively slight, and consists, for the most part, ii stiffness on motion, 
 
LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 
 
 371 
 
 or in defective flexible power of the hock-joint ; the other, the effect 
 of acute inflammation of the spavined parts, or else of ulceration 
 of the joints, consists in a sort of spasmodic catching up of the 
 spavined limb the moment the heel of the foot comes down upon 
 the ground, something after the manner of string-halt. Stiffness 
 may not unfrequently be observed even in the horse's side move- 
 
 SPAVINED IN OFF HIND LEG— RINGBONE IN ALL THE PASTERNS. 
 
 ment in his stall. With such characteristic lameness as this, and 
 with spavin present as well, evidently hot and tender to pressure, 
 there can exist no doubt about the case. Where, however, the 
 lameness is but slight, although a spavin is present, yet, from the 
 absence of any heat or tenderness in the swelling, as well as from 
 its duration, many doubts arise as to the cause of the lameness. 
 In such a case as this, we should take advantage of the well- 
 known fact of the fluctuating or evanescent character of spavin 
 lameness, to which end it is advisable to have the horse under 
 examination hard ridden or driven, or otherwise exercised, until 
 he be in a profuse sweat, and afterward kept standing tied up in 
 a stall, until he be cold and stiff in his joints, and then trotted 
 out again. A knowing vender of a spavined horse would take 
 care to ' warm ' him by a good ride or drive before he took him 
 to show to the presumed purchaser; and then, while under ex- 
 
372 DADDS VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 animation, by dint of whip and spur, and management in the 
 bridle-hand, he might pass his merchandise off to an unwary 
 buyer as sound. Indeed, so much is sweating work, or exercise 
 approaching thereto, apt to prove a foil to showing lameness, 
 that one is almost inclined to say no horse ought to be examiued 
 under such circumstances; certainly no horse suspected of spavin. 
 The time, of all others, that a spavined horse will be apt to man- 
 ifest his lameness will be the day following after a hard day's 
 work ; and when he makes his first egress from the stable in the 
 morning is the critical period for examination. Horses that go 
 limpingly lame from spavin, lame at all times, and lamer still 
 when they work, often experience pain in the seat of disease to a 
 degree which, in the language of Solleysell, causes them ' to pine 
 away, especially about the flanks.' They have probably been 
 blistered and fired, perhaps setoned ; have had their hocks fright- 
 fully scarred, and yet are lame to that degree that they are unable 
 to do more than gingerly put the toe of the foot of the spavined 
 limb to the ground, and so painfully hobble along ; and, although 
 they may still maintain their appetite, yet they are low in condi- 
 tion, tucked up in their flanks — evidently, in short, ' pining awa).' 
 
 Such pitiable subjects, it is true, may be kept at work. The 
 little, however, they can do, when put to any thing requiring 
 strength of action or pull, together with the wretched condition 
 they are generally in, is a fact so well known to coach and omni- 
 bus proprietors, and horse-keepers in general, that at the horse 
 auctions such animals fetch little or nothing. Even for agricul- 
 tural work such laborers as these prove of but little worth. Now 
 and then, however, it happens that the spavined horse, although 
 treatment has failed to render him sound, continues, in respect to 
 his disease, in that state in which he appears to suffer no local 
 pain at all while at rest, an^ but little while at work, and so is 
 able to do a considerable c 1 of some kinds of labor, lasting 
 
 in it perhaps for yearo- ,-JuIl, such a horse is more likely than 
 another to receive injuries, to experience aggravation or relapse 
 of disease in his already diseased hock; and, under such return 
 or augmentation of ailment, unless great care be taken, and fre- 
 quently with all the care we can take, may and will fail altogether, 
 
 Spavins exist which occasion no lameness. How this comes to 
 pass will appear when the time arrives to consider the reasons why 
 wpavins in general cause lameness, and, on occasions, very great 
 
LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 373 
 
 pain as well, which can not be done before we come to treat of the 
 pathology of spavin. It is sufficient for our purpose here that we 
 note and establish the fact that lameness is not a necessary conse- 
 quence of spavin. Nothing is more common than to meet with 
 horses, colts even, who have what the dealers call ' knots ' in their 
 spavin places; and the time was when such 'knots' (which have 
 always been regarded as spavins) were certificated as constituting 
 unsoundness. 
 
 Lameness arising from spavin is sometimes present without the 
 outward appearance of spavin. This is a form of disease better 
 known to veterinary surgeons in general, I believe, under the de- 
 nomination of occult hock lameness. My own attention to the 
 subject was first drawn so long ago as in the year 1815, though 
 then I was quite in the dark as to the nature of the case. On 
 my return from Belgium, after the battle of Waterloo, I had in 
 my possession a bay blood mare, who was lame in one of her hind 
 legs (I forget which), but whose lameness was of that nature that 
 no external sign whatever was apparent to account for it. The 
 limb had been searched over and over again, by myself and some 
 other veterinary surgeons, and the mare had been trotted and 
 walked, circled and paced, and put to all other known trials and 
 tests, without the examinations ending in any thing like concur- 
 rent opinions respecting either the seat or the nature of her lame- 
 ness. The mare returned home, marching with the troops, led 
 by a man on horseback — for, notwithstanding her lameness, she 
 walked very well — and, as soon as she arrived at head-quarters 
 (Woolwich), I showed her to my father, at the time senior veteri- 
 nary surgeon of the Ordnance Department. He examined her, 
 and without hesitation pronounced her 'lamp in the hock,' and 
 she was treated accordingly ; and the result was, at no great dis- 
 tance of time, her complete restoration to soundness. 
 
 It is true, so far as the case above related goes, that the only 
 proof that the mare's lameness was in the hock, was her restor- 
 ation to soundness after the application of remedies to that joint. 
 There is, however, tr be said, in addition, to induce us to believe 
 that it was so, that, of all the joints of the hind limb, no one is so 
 "frequently or so likely to be deranged as the hock ; and, conse- 
 quently, from this fact alone, is a prima facie case made out. 
 Moreover, we have, to assist us in our diagnosis, the stiff or im- 
 perfect flexion of the hock-joint in action, >.nd the wearing away 
 
374 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 of tlie toe of the shoe, showing that the heel is rarely or but very 
 gingerly put to the ground ; also the circumstance, often observ- 
 able by the groom, of the animal resting the lame (hind) limb in 
 the stable; on occasions, perhaps, knackling over upon it, and so 
 bearing the weight upon the toe alone. And it has happened 
 before now that, while doubt was impending as to the locality 
 and nature of the lameness, a spavin has made its appearance, and 
 dissipated all further conjecture; and with this development of 
 the spavin, the lameness, so far from being augmented, is not 
 unlikely to become better. This is an observation made so long 
 ago as the time of Solleysell. This admirable observer, in one 
 part of his chapter on spavins, says : 'At their first piercing, they, 
 generally speaking, make a horse halt, and afterward the swelling 
 growing bigger, the horse halteth no more with it.' " 
 
 I have noticed that spavined horses are usually the subjects of 
 ill-shaped hocks; hence this peculiarity of conformation would 
 seem to indicate that such animals have a certain amount of pre- 
 disposition lurking in their systems. The ordinary exciting causes 
 are sprain or strain, and overwork. 
 
 Now, what will cure spavin? This question was propounded 
 to the author, some time ago, and the following answer was 
 elicited. The answer is as good to-day as when first written. 
 "What will cure spavin?" I answer: Time, rest, and the appli- 
 cation of remedies adapted to the various stages of the disease. 
 The usual remedies, in the early stage, are rest, frequent use of the 
 shower-bath, and refrigerating lotions. In the chronic stage, and 
 when the disease has commenced on the articulating surfaces of 
 the hock-joint, or an ossific bony enlargement has made its ap- 
 pearance, then we resort to counter-irritation, by using some one 
 of the preparations of cantharides or iodine. " What will cure 
 spavin ?" is a tough question for a medical man to solve ; for, if 
 he has been properly educated, he knows well enough that bone 
 spavin, like hip-joint disease in the human subject, is, to all in- 
 tents and purposes, incurable — I mean in so far as the physiology 
 and pathology of the parts are concerned. Soft tissues, once 
 aaving been changed into bone, never can be remetamorphosed 
 into the original condition so as to possess their inherent qualities 
 of elasticity (contraction and expansion). At the same time we 
 are all horsemen enough to understand what the term " :ure " 
 means when applied to the disease known as spavin. It signifies 
 
LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES 375 
 
 freedom from sensibility and lameness, and a partial disappear- 
 ance of" the enlargement, or " eye-sore." As the reader may like 
 to refer to the opinion of some well-known author, as well as 
 what ] Iiere advance, I select a quotation on the treatment of bone 
 spavin from the pen of Mr. Blaine : 
 
 " This disease does not differ from splint, except that it is much 
 oftener a cause of serious lameness. Occurring, however, as it 
 commonly does, in older horses, it also proves more obstinate, and 
 the treatment required, therefore, should be more active. Among 
 the old farriers, who, like some of the moderns, thought nothing 
 too strong for a horse, violent mechanical operations were resorted 
 to, as the mallet and chisel to chip it off, boring the exostosis with 
 a gimlet, punching it with a hot iron, or applying caustics. The 
 first removing it mechanically, and the three latter methods de- 
 stroying its vitality, promoted its exfoliation. As might be ex- 
 pected, for one case which succeeded (and in some it certainly did 
 succeed) in many it increased the lameness, or ended in anchy- 
 losis and sometimes death. It is not improbable that instruments 
 may yet be devised which will operate on these bony •nlargements 
 without risk, though the chances are fewer in the hock, from its 
 connection with capsular and bursal ligaments, than in any other 
 parts. 
 
 Treatment. — The treatment pursued by veterinarians of the 
 present day varies somewhat. Those bordering on the old school 
 still rub with some, violence, and then stimulate them with oil 
 origanum, oil terebinth, etc. Those of a later day blister and fire. 
 At the Veterinary College setons are used, by ripping up the in- 
 tegument and pushing a needle around, with tape through it, so 
 that the seton within the skin exactly opposes itself to the spavin. 
 If the skin is tender or tumefied, it is more proper to make an 
 opening above and below the exostosis, and to push a blunt seton- 
 needle or eyed probe from one opening to the other, armed with 
 a tape smeared with mild blistering ointment, or common turpen- 
 tine. In this way, report says, the College practice has proved 
 very successful. Blistering we have, however, found, when re- 
 peated over and over, commonly prove equal to all the benefit 
 these obstinate cases can receive; for, when the bone deposit is 
 fully formed, it is in vain to expect its entire absorption. Even 
 its partial absorption is frustrated. The removal of acute lame- 
 ness is generally the only benefit which can be anticipated. Our 
 
376 DaDDS veterinary medicine and surgery. 
 
 principal hope lies in preventing the increase of the bony deposit, 
 and likewise in removing that inflammation which is the existing 
 cause of much of the pain, stiffness, and tumefaction in the sur- 
 rounding ligaments. Our hopes of success must also greatly de- 
 pend on the time the evil has existed. When it is early attended 
 to — that is, before the bony deposit has gained its full solidity — 
 stimulants act more favorably, and lessen it more materiall}. Li 
 remains to add that, when repeated blistering fails, the iring-iron 
 generally concludes the business, but commonly answers no further 
 purpose than being a publication of the animal's infirmity, and a 
 warning to practitioners as regards the previous treatment." 
 
 The remedies and means used by the author of this work for 
 the treatment of spavin are tke same as recommended for ring- 
 bone. (See article on Ring-bone.) 
 
 Fracture of the Pelvis ("Hip Shot," or "Pinhipped"). 
 
 My attention having lately been called to two cases of fractured 
 pelvis, I am*ed to make the following remarks for the benefit of 
 those who feel an interest in matters pertaining to veterinary sci- 
 ence. The accident of fracture of the pelvis is of very common 
 occurrence, and I think that many such cases might be prevented 
 by the exercise of a little judgment on the part of horse-owners. 
 For example, the great majority of cases with which I am ac- 
 quainted have occurred in the stable, after the animals have been 
 put up for the night "all well," as the owners have informed me, 
 and to them the matter seemed very mysterious and unaccounta- 
 ble. But I think that the mystery can easily be explained. 
 
 If a horse is put up for the night all well and free from lame- 
 ness, and in the morning is lame, and it is observed that the hip 
 is knuckled down, as the saying is, (fracture of the pelvis,) or, in 
 other words, he is " hip-shot," the evidence then seems conclusive 
 that the accident occurred within the stable. Then the question 
 arises, How did it occur ? We all ought to know that the stalls 
 in our city stables are too narrow ; many of them do not exceed 
 four feet in breadth. Now, let a large horse throw himself vio- 
 lently down, as they often do when tired or in pain, and he ia 
 very apt to strike the point of the hip against one side of the sta- 
 ble. The point of the hip being but imperfectly protected from 
 external or lateral" injury, except by the common 'ntegument, th«» 
 
LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 377 
 
 Jar or concussion thus received often occasions fracture. J know 
 that this is the case; for, on making examination of some of these 
 fractures, I found the skin over the region of the point of the hip 
 bruised and abraded. Then, again, horses frequently get cast at 
 nig] t, and are the subjects of colic, or other aches or pains. They 
 struggle violently, get imprisoned, as it were, in their nanow 
 apartments, and, when released by assistance, fracture of the pelvis 
 is often discovered. 
 
 This is not all. Sometimes sufficient bedding is not furnished 
 to protect the animal from the effects of hurriedly reclining, or 
 slipping down, on a hard plank floor, and the result is often the 
 same as that just alluded to. Then, in view of prevention, these 
 facts suggest the propriety of having wider stalls, and a liberaJ 
 supply of shavings or sawdust for bedding ; that is, when straw 
 can not be obtained ; yet I think that when sawdust can be ob- 
 tained, it is the most wholesome and economical bedding for 
 horses. Taking a pathological view of the matter, I have to in- 
 form the reader that a great proportion of these fractures occur 
 among horses well advanced in years; and it may be that their 
 bones, in some cases, are brittle and very easily fractured, as is 
 the case with some aged members of the human family, whose 
 thigh bones have been easily fractured by a slight fall, or jumping 
 out of bed in a hurry, many such cases being on record. 
 
 The horse is occasionally subject to a disease of the bones known 
 as fatty degeneration, which is said to be partly occasioned by an 
 exclusive Indian corn diet. In such cases the vacuities in some 
 of the bones are filled with oily matter, are light, and easily frac- 
 tured. He is also subject to a disease known as rickets, which 
 may depend either on hereditary predisposition or imperfect nu- 
 trition. The bones are defective in early constituents, and, con- 
 sequently, give way under the weight which they ought otherwise 
 to sustain. The remedy is, a nutritive diet, partly composed of 
 oats, and occasional doses of phosphate of lime. 
 
 Horses very frequently fracture the pelvis by falling in harness, 
 out for this I know of no remedy except careful driving; yet 
 sometimes, in spite of due care, they must fall when traveling on 
 slippery pavements, and when improperly shod. 
 
 Treatment. — As regards the treatment of fracture of the pelvis 
 I have but little to offer. It is all contained in the words rest 
 and counter-irritation fseton or blister), yet requires time for 
 
378 DADDS VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 Nature to unite the bones after her well-known fashion. If the 
 horse is a valuable one, and the fracture slight, he should be 
 placed in slings. The hair may then be shaved off the region of 
 fracture to the extent of one foot in diameter; then smear on, 
 while warm, a strengthening plaster, composed of pitch, resin, 
 and beeswax. But should the fracture be of a very grave char- 
 acter — the bones broken in several places, the animal down and 
 in great agony — then the sooner he is put out of his misery th» 
 better. 
 
 Splent, or Splint. 
 
 Splent, or splint, makes its appearance on the inner and lower 
 part of the knee-joint. It consists of a bony tumor (exostosis), 
 and, finally, the small bone known as f Jie metacarpus purvus 
 becomes united to the cannon or shank Done. This constitutes 
 anchylosis, so that the disease is of the same nature as ring-bone. 
 Splent sometimes appears on the outside of the leg ; but the dis- 
 ease is oftener found on the inside, from the fact that it is nearer 
 the center of the weight of the body than the outer, and receives 
 the greatest amount of concussion The inner bone is said to 
 receive nearly the whole weight transmitted to the small bone of 
 the knee. A splent on the inside is often the result of a blow 
 inflicted with the opposite foot, which bruises the soft parts and 
 periosteum, and, finally, the bones become affected. Faulty shoe- 
 ing has also a direct agency in the production of splent. For 
 example : if one caulk of the shoe be higher than the other, or 
 should the foot be pared more on one side than the other, the 
 effect will be to throw the limb into a false position, which may 
 result in ligamentary lameness and splent. Splent, however, ap- 
 pears sometimes without any assignable cause. On dissecting the 
 imbs of aged horses, we frequently find the splent bones firmly 
 united to the shank. The following is the opinion of Prof. Cole- 
 man in regard to splent: 
 
 " ' A splent once is a splent always.' The two bones being once 
 united by ossific matter, this connection, whatever we may do or 
 apply, will never be altered. It used to be the custom to remove 
 the splent with a hammer and chisel, but the production of a 
 large blemish, from the destruction of skin, was the consequence 
 of this barbarous method. Another practice, as ancient and bar- 
 barous as the former, was the application of corrosive sublimate, 
 
LAMENESS. FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 
 
 379 
 
 A PERFECT FORE-LEG. 
 
 
 X \1 
 
 A Seton for 
 the Splint. 
 
 Situation of 
 the Splint. 
 
 Situation of the 
 of firing it nil 
 
 Situation of the 
 & mode of 
 
 Windfall & method 
 round the leg. 
 
 Ring-bone 
 firing it. 
 
 Situation of the 
 & method of firms;. 
 
 Thorough-pin 
 
 Situation of Blood Spavin. 
 
 Situation of the Bone Spavin J^;: 
 firing the same. 
 
 & method of 
 
 BOTTOM OF THE HOOF. 
 
 o a the crust, 
 fc 6 the sole. 
 
 c c the bars. 
 d d the frog. 
 
38C DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 or other strong caustic, so as to occasion a slough. In this case, 
 too, the remedy was as bad as the disease ; the horse was disfigured 
 for life. Better and more recent treatment than this was either 
 firing or blistering. The objection to the former, however, was 
 the marks it produced; and to the latter, in common with the 
 former, that though the lameness was removed, it very frequently 
 returned with the resumption of labor. 
 
 The more modern, successful, and scientific treatment 01 splent< 
 consists in the operation of periosteotomy, or division of the peri- 
 osteum, which covers the bone. 
 
 Professor Sewell has introduced, within the few past years, an 
 excellent mode of performing the operation. The horse is cast, 
 the leg properly straightened and secured, and then a small open- 
 ing is made just below the splent sufficient to introduce a long, 
 narrow, convex, probe-pointed knife, the edge of which, is on the 
 convex side The knife is then passed up under the skin, and by 
 drawing it backward and forward on the splent, pressing firmly 
 at the same time, the periosteum is completely divided. A small 
 opening is then made through the skin above the splent, and a 
 narrow seton passed from one orifice to the other, after which a 
 bandage is placed on the leg, and the horse released. The seton 
 should be moved and dressed daily with digestive ointment, and 
 at the expiration of a week removed, and the wound permitted to 
 heal. I have found the operation succeed whenever I have adopted 
 it. In the very numerous cases that occur of splents being unat- 
 tended with lameness, it is 'better to let well alone;' but when 
 the lameness is slight, and the horse can not be spared from work 
 more than a few days, it is well to apply a mild blistering appli- 
 cation, such as the tincture of cantharides, about a tea-spoonful of 
 which will be sufficient for one application, which may be repeated 
 according to the action it produces and the benefit it occasions." 
 
 Treatment. — Our practice in this country is to treat splent on 
 the same general principles that obtain in spavin and ring-bone — 
 namely, in the acute stage, when the accident of striking has 
 happened, we apply sedatives and refrigerents, and in the chronic 
 stage, counter-irritants and absorbents. For the treatment of the 
 acute stage, a selection from the following articles may be made : 
 Arnica, infusion of hops or poppies, cold water, or equal parts of 
 vinegar and water. In the chronic stage, and in view of lessen- 
 ing the tumefaction. I recommend the following: 
 
LAMENESS, FROM VARiODS CAUSES. 38] 
 
 No. 60. Powdered iodide of potass 2 dr. 
 
 Simple Cerate 1 oz. 
 
 Cod-liver oil £ oz. 
 
 Rub these ingredients together in a mortar, and when thor- 
 oughly mixed it is fit for use. A daily application of this oint- 
 ment for a short time will suffice. There are many cases of splent 
 'that do not occasion the least lameness • therefore they had better 
 be let alone. 
 
 Bowed Legs or Sprung Knees. 
 
 The following case will illustrate the method of cure for sprung 
 knees. The subject of this operation had met with an accident, 
 which resulted in "bowed limb," and had so progressed within 
 the period of a few months as to render the limb the most de- 
 formed one I ever saw ; for when the toe touched the ground, the 
 heel was elevated about- four inches. At the same time, the infe- 
 rior extremity of the cannon overlapped the large pastern some- 
 thing like three-quarters of an inch. Such a deviation from the 
 perpendicular line would, as a matter of course, bring a tremendous 
 strain on the extensor tendons in front and the suspensory liga- 
 ment, and this appeared to be the case; for the tendons and liga- 
 ment were rigid as a bowstring. 
 
 The horse was cast on the off side, and, after securing the limbs, 
 the near fore one was released from the hobble and held by assist- 
 ants. A puncture in the outer lateral region of the flexor tendons 
 was made through the integument. A convex, probe-pointed 
 bistoury was then introduced, and, by a gentle sawing movement, 
 tae flexors perforatus and perforans were divided. On straight- 
 ening the limb, which was done without the least difficulty, the 
 edges of the tendons had separated almost two inches. These 
 would, of course, after awhile, become reunited by granulation anc 
 interstitial deposits. Thus tendons would, finally, gain in lengti 
 something less than two inches, which would render the leg al- 
 most straight again. The puncture through the skin being small, 
 a single suture- sufficed to close the orifice. This being accom- 
 plished, a cold-water bandage was neatly applied, and then the 
 patient was permitted to rise. He walked to the stable tolerably 
 well, yet still had a slight " knuckling over " at the fetlock. This 
 was probably owing to the distended or lax state of the capsular 
 ligament and extensor tendon. A shoe was now applied to the 
 
382 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 foot, having a straight piece of iron, eight inches in length, welded 
 on to the ground surface of the toe of the shoe. The ol ject in 
 applying this contrivance was to prevent flexion, to keep i he di- 
 vided ends of the tendon apart, and to guard against direct uniou 
 of the same. The operation finally proved successful. 
 
 The following case occurred in the practice of Professor Bra chet 4 
 as given in the " Veterinary Record : " 
 
 " This most extraordinary case was observed in September, 1856, 
 three months after the inundation of the Rhone, on a farm near 
 this river. The subject of the disease was a filly, three months 
 old. She was born perfectly straight on her legs, but about fifteen 
 days after birth the fore-limbs became bent, and the deformity 
 increased so rapidly that when Brachet saw the animal it moved 
 on its knees. It was with great difficulty that, by efforts to extend 
 the limb, the acute angle formed at the knee could at all be 
 widened, and such an experiment gave great pain to the animal. 
 The dam being taken out of the stable, Brachet was astonished 
 to see the iillv walking after her on her knees, almost as fast as if 
 progressing naturally. On the front of the knee the skin was hard 
 and callous, the tendons behind it were rigid and immovable, and 
 Brachet decided on performing tenotomy. The animal was cast 
 and the near fore-leg operated upon. An incision was made, about 
 an inch in length, at the back of the arm, in a line with the upper 
 part of the carpus ; the tendon of the flexor metaearpi extern us 
 was first cut, then one of the medius, and, lastly, that of the inter- 
 nal flexor of the metacarpus, when the limb straightened. A 
 splint was placed in front of the leg. Eight days afterward the 
 off limb was operated upon ; fifteen days later the splints were 
 removed, and, in the course of a month, the filly stood well, but in 
 moving carried her fore-legs forward in a piece. Flexion at the 
 knee could not be effected, but the young animal improved rapidly ; 
 the limbs became strong, and though slightly bowed, their action 
 was perfect. Brachet believes the deformity arose from rheuma- 
 tism, induced by the damp on the occasion of the overflowing of 
 the river near the farm." 
 
 The following is Mr. Percivall's method of performing te- 
 notomy for sprung knees: 
 
 " The operation of tenotomy, though a formidable one for the 
 patient, is not a difficult one for the operator. The object is sec- 
 tinD of the flexor tendons, the effect of which, as we have seen, is '.a 
 
LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 383 
 
 let down frife heel of the foot, not the fetlock, to the ground. The 
 flexor tendons support the pastern and foot-joints principally, the 
 fetlock-joint having the additional strong support of the suspen- 
 sory ligament, which it still retains after the tendons have been 
 cut through. This accounts for the heel of the foot, without thp 
 fetlock, being let down by the operation of tenotomy. 
 
 Having cast the horse, and so secured the limb to be operated 
 a that there is not much chance of any interruption being occa- 
 sioned through its motion, I recommend that a longitudinal in- 
 cision, three or four inches in length, be made through the skin, 
 along the back of the leg, down upon the middle portion of the 
 flexor perforatus tendon. This incision freely and boldly made at 
 once, the operator will be able to stretch the mouth of the wound 
 he has made round to the inner side of the leg, in which stretched 
 position the skin is to be held by an assistant, while the operator 
 introduces the fore-finger of his left hand, to push back the blood- 
 vessels and nerve (which run along the inner borders of the ten- 
 dons) against the suspensory ligament, so that they be safe out of 
 the way, while with the right hand he insinuates his bistoury 
 between them and the flexor tendons. Opposing now the cutting 
 edge of the bistoury to the tendons themselves, he commences 
 incising them by a steady but firm and strong sawing movement, 
 until both be completely divided. I say he is to hold the bistoury 
 (which ought to be a stout one) firmly, and to use it with some 
 force, since such is the dense and tough texture of these tendons 
 that they are not cut completely through without some determi- 
 nation. Complete division being made of them, the heel of the 
 foot may not (in all probability will not) come down without 
 some extension of the leg; and this must be made, not by such 
 violence as Mr. Goodenough found himself compelled to use, still 
 with such force as will, if possible, make the limb straight, by 
 stretching or even tearing through adhesions of moderate stand- 
 ing, so far as this can be effected without the risk of rupturing 
 ligament or fracturing bone. The giving way of adhesions, in 
 euch cases, is frequently attended with a sort of snap or jerk, de- 
 notive of their being overcome, a ad by this the end is known to 
 l>e answered, such adhesions and impediments to extension being 
 commonly situate about or in the vicinity of the fetlock-joint. 
 The usual and most effective mode of accomplishing the extension 
 is, to place the knee against the front of the fetlock, and, grasping 
 
384 DADDS VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 the back of the foot with one hand, and the upper end of the leg 
 with the other, to use such steady and moderate force as will ac- 
 complish the object without doing harm thereby. This done, the 
 divided ends of the tendons recede from each other, leaving a gap 
 between them of one or two inches, or even more, dependent upon 
 circumstances." 
 
 Coiins. 
 
 What is known as corns, occurring in horses, is very different 
 from that affection in the human subject, which bears the same 
 name. In the horse the affection is caused by bruise of the sole, 
 and consists of extravasation of blood. On making an examina- 
 tion in the angle between the bars and quarters, the horn of the 
 sole will appear red. This may not be seen, however, until the 
 blacksmith has pared away a flake or two of the sole. 
 
 Treatment. — Neglected corns are very apt to end in suppuration 
 (formation of matter within the hoof). This matter sometimes 
 burrows in an upward direction, and breaks out at the top of the 
 hoof. It then forms what is known as a quittor, the remedy for 
 which is to make a small opening into the sole, and thus allow 
 the matter to escape in a downward direction. After making the 
 orifice in the sole, it should be dressed with a paste composed of 
 equal parts of sugar and brown soap. As a dressing for common 
 corn, without suppuration, I recommend equal parts of tar and 
 olive oil. This I conceive to be one of the best dressings ever 
 used for corns. 
 
 Many corns are produced by suffering the shoe to remain on toe 
 lonff. It thus becomes imbedded in the heel of the foot : the ex- 
 ternal crust then grows down on the outside of the shoe, and the 
 bearing is thrown in the angular portion of the sole. In unusually 
 troublesome cases of corns, recourse should be had to the bar-shoe. 
 
 Youatt says : " Mr. Spooner, of Southampton, very properly 
 states that the corns occasionally fester, and the purulent matter 
 which 'n secreted, having no dependent orifice, ascends, torturing 
 the animal to a dreadful extent, and breaks out at the coronet. 
 These cases are very troublesome. Sinuses are formed, and the 
 evil may end in quittor. A large and free dependent orifice must 
 then be made, and a poultice applied, to which should succeed a 
 solution of sulphate of zinc, with the application of the compound 
 tar ointment. 
 
LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. CS5 
 
 The cause of corn is a most important subject of inquiry, and 
 which a careful examination of the foot and the shoe will easily 
 discover. The cause being ascertained, the effect may, to a gieai 
 extent, be afterward removed. Turning out to grass, after the 
 horn is a little grown, first with the bar-shoe and afterward with 
 the shoe fettered on one side, or with tips, will often be service- 
 able. A horse that has once had corns to any considerable extent 
 should, at every shoeing, have the seat of corn well pared out, and 
 the butter of antimony applied. The seated shoe should be used, 
 with a web sufficiently thick to cover the place of corn, and extend- 
 ing as far back as it can be made to do without injury to the frog. 
 
 Low, weak heels should be rarely touched with the knife, or 
 any thing more be done to them than lightly to rasp them, in 
 order to give them a level surface. The inner heel should be 
 particularly spared. Corns are seldom found in the hind feet, 
 because the heels are stronger, and the feet are not exposed to so 
 much concussion ; and when they are found there, they are rarely 
 or never productive of lameness. There is nothing perhaps in 
 which the improvement in the veterinary art has relieved the 
 horse from so much suffering as shoeing. Where corns now exist 
 of any consequence, they are a disgrace to the smith, the groom, 
 and even to the owner." 
 
 LAMENER8. 
 
 We have already considered the nature and treatment of vari- 
 ous forms of lameness, occurring in consequence of strain or sprain 
 of different parts of the body ; also that attending rheumatism and 
 diseases of the feet. It only remains to offer a few remarks on 
 some special forms of lameness. Lameness occurs in one of two 
 forms. We either find it in the acute stage, when, from injury 
 or other causes, it comes on suddenly ; or else in the chronic stage- 
 that form which has existed for some time. Therefore, there being 
 only two forms of lameness, there are only two indications to fulfill, 
 namely : in the acute stage, we endeavor to lessen the activity in 
 the circulation, heat, and pain of the parts by rest and cold-water 
 bathing; and when pain exists, we mitigate it by bathing the af- 
 fected parts with cold infusion of hops or poppy-heads. When 
 the affection assumes a chronic type, we apply stimulants and 
 counter-irritants. The following is the best remedy in use: 
 25 
 
38b 
 
 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERT. 
 
 No. 61. Aqua ammonia 3^ oa. 
 
 Spirits of camphor 3 oz. 
 
 Salt (bay or rock salt) 8 oz„ 
 
 Water 2 pints. 
 
 Dissolve the salt in the water, with a few drops of aqua am- 
 monia ; allow the impurities to settle, and add the clear liquor to 
 the camphor and ammonia, the latter having been previously 
 mixed. A portion of this should be rubbed on the region of 
 lameness morning and evening. Sometimes the actual seat of 
 lameness may be somewhat obscure, yet we can generally find out 
 which limb it is in ; then, to make sure that we shall hit the mark, 
 the whole limb may be treated. Should counter-irritation be nec- 
 essary, strong liniments and blisters, such ss are in general use, 
 are recommended. 
 
 This plate represents the fore extremity, cot off a little above the 
 condyles of the humerus, with the flexor metacarpi interna* 
 medius and the ulnaris accessorius muscles remov*** 
 
 A, The origin of the ulnaris access^us muscle. 
 
 B, The flexor metacarpi interna" 
 
 C, The flexor metacarpi medius. 
 
 F, The radial nerve. 
 
 G, The radial artery. 
 H, The radial vein. 
 
 I, The superior suspensory ligament, or band. 
 J, The tendon of the flexor metacarpi internus muscle. 
 K, The cut edge of the posterior annular ligament trmed back. 
 L, The inferior suspensory band. 
 
 M, Oblique branch of nerve crossing the perforatus tendon. 
 N, The perforatus tendon. 
 O, The perforans tendon. 
 P, The inner metacarpal nerve. 
 Q, Metacarpal artery. 
 R, Suspensory ligament. 
 8, The metacarpal vein. 
 T, One of the lumbriei muscles. 
 U, Cut edge of the thin, dense membrane which invests the perforaw 
 
 from a little above the front of the fetlock downward. 
 V, The perforatus tendon. 
 W, A portion of the tend- n lined internally with synovial mombm* 
 
 removed, to expose the perforans as it passes through tha W- 
 
 mrcation of the perforatus. 
 
 1W "S 
 
 m 
 
 
SECTION XIII. 
 
 HORSE MANAGEMENT, ETC. 
 
 Prolapsus Ani — Hemorrhoids, or Piles — Pricking and Nicking Horses Taim 
 — Docking Horses — Anemia — The Use and Abuse of the Curry-comb — 
 Horses and Cattle should have a supply of Pure Water — Galled Back 
 — The Heart — The quantity of Blood contained in a Horse's Body — 
 Rapidity of the Circulation — The transfusion of Blood — Management 
 of the Horses put in the Stable — Strangles. 
 
 Prolapsus Ani (Falling op the Fundament or Kectum). 
 
 PROLAPSUS ANI, or protrusion of the rectum, is a calamity 
 much to be dreaded. Fortunately it very rarely occurs, yet 
 when it does, a valuable horse is almost sure to be the subject; 
 hence it is a matter of importance that persons who own valu- 
 able horses should know something about the nature and treat- 
 ment of this mishap. The best authority on this subject is Mr. 
 Percivall, from whose works the following is quoted : 
 
 "It consists in inversion and prolapse of the mucous coat of 
 the rectum, either confined to the mucous membrane itself, or 
 otherwise involving more or less of the entire substance of the 
 intestine along with it. The aspect of the protrusion will mainly 
 depend on the nature and volume of the parts ejected, and upon 
 the time such evolution has been in existence. When recent, so 
 readily does tumefaction (swelling) of the parts follow their pro- 
 trusion, that this speedily opposes all attempts at return, should 
 the animal make any, though, in truth, his efforts in general have 
 the effect of straining more gut out, and through his straining, in 
 some cases, tearing the membrane, and thus augmenting instead 
 of diminishing the evolution as well. In this manner arises a 
 large (sometimes enormous) rotund, red, wrinkled redness of skin, 
 consisting of cylinders of mucous membrane, having an aperture 
 
 (387) 
 
388 DADDS VETERINARY MEDICINE AINi) St/RGERY. 
 
 closed through constriction in its centre, though, when opt», issu- 
 ing a mucous and sanious matter, especially at such time as the 
 animal is straining afresh. The circumflex action of the sphincter 
 ani around the neck of the swelling, together with its distension 
 with gas, and the action of the air upon its surface, all add to its 
 increase of volume and change of color; while the straining, at ths 
 same time, increases the difficulty of any effort the practitionci 
 may make toward effecting a return of the protruded gut. With 
 its augmentation of volume comes a deepening redness, turning, 
 through the constriction of the sphincter, to a darker, and even 
 purple hue, the membrane becoming, at the same time, inflated 
 and swollen, and gradually changing its color from red to yellow 
 and to brown, though still having a humid shining aspect, now 
 becoming glairy from albuminous secretion, which is not only 
 mucous, but at times purulent. 
 
 Causes. — These may be summed up in irritation, either direct 
 or sympathetic, of the mucous membrane lining the anus and 
 rectum. It is possible that prolonged constipation, from giving 
 rise to violent straining efforts at expulsion of dry and hardened 
 feces, might briug it on, or even the strains of parturition. The 
 action produced by excessive purgation may cause it, but more 
 especially irritation of a mechanical kind, arising from direct in- 
 jury to the membrane or rectum during the operation of raking 
 or manual exploration of the gut, or of clystering. It may prove 
 an accompaniment of an enteritic, colicky, or diarrheal condition 
 of bowel. It is possible it may ensue on nicking, though I never 
 knew it to follow that operation. Violent struggles of any kind, 
 as in such a case as is mentioned in the ' Veterinarian,' by Mr. J. 
 "Brown, V. S., London, wherein the horse ' had forced out nearly 
 a foot of the rectum in struggling violently to release himself,'" 
 while being cast. 
 
 Treatment. — The formidable, and indeed awful, aspect of this 
 disease is apt to operate in the mind of the owner of the animal 
 favorably for the veterinary surgeon, inasmuch as it gives rise to 
 his being called to the case sooner than he otherwise would have 
 been. Should the summons be an early one, at the time that 
 the protrusion is recent, and its volume nothing so very alarming, 
 judicious exercise of the taxis, if employed at the moment, may 
 succeed in the return of the gut. Distributing the fingers of both 
 hands over the wrinkled and swollen body of the protrusion. 
 
HORSE MANAGEMENT, ETC. 389 
 
 steady, firm, and forcible pressure ought to be maintained against 
 it for such length of time as appears to afford any chance of suc- 
 cess, augmenting the force used whenever there be any remission 
 of the straining. Should the first efforts of this description fail, 
 the protruded mass may have its bulk lessened and constricted as 
 much as possible by local application of some sort, than which 
 none offers a better chance of succeeding than such as follows 
 frorr. sudden and intense cold, though to a part so sensitive and 
 VJtsoular the practice is not devoid of danger. Ice may be pow- 
 dered and inclosed in a linen bag, so as to form a sort of bolster, 
 that may be held or braced with firmness upon the tumefaction. 
 The contrary of aucn treatment as this, however, though the ob- 
 ject be the same, is generally preferred — namely, fomentation, 
 medicated or not, with scarification of the exposed membrane — 
 though in other cases astringent applications are employed, with 
 a view of causing contraction and diminution of the mass, such as 
 lime-water, decoction of oak bark, solution of alum, etc.; and 
 while such proceedings are going on, it is advisable to have the 
 hind parts raised. Supposing we succeed in accomplishing the 
 reduction, the chances are in favor of the relapse of the prolapsus, 
 and these chances seem great in proportion to the facility with 
 which the return of the inverted gut has been effected. Indeed, 
 50 constant and troublesome does the return in some of these cases 
 become, that it is necessary to contrive some sort of truss to op- 
 pose the descent, the same as is done for rupture in man. Mr. 
 Dycer's truss consisted of 'a new wet chamois leather, a breast- 
 plate, and a hip (human) truss.' Should constipation be thought 
 to operate against reduction, in addition to clysters, we may ex- 
 hibit cathartics and aloes in solution, and should there .be plethora 
 and great irritability in the membrane of the rectum and anus, a 
 blood-letting will be advisable, while an opiate or belladonna clys- 
 ter will be advantageously administered, in order to allay all local 
 irritation as much as possible. 
 
 As a dernier and effective mode of procedure in prolapsus 
 ani, when the case proves either irreducible, or, after return, con- 
 tinually protrudes on any slight effort, such as coughing afresh, 
 we have recourse, with safety and certainty, to an operation con- 
 sisting in excision of more or less of the inverted membrane en- 
 veloping the protruding portion of the gut. This is an oj)eration 
 of ancient date, though to Dupuytren is ascribed the credit of 
 
390 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 introducing it into human practice, and to the French veterinarians 
 that of transplanting the same into veterinary practice. For- 
 merly the actual cautery was the instrument employed for the 
 removal of the parts obstructing reduction ; but in our own day 
 this has been thrown aside for the scalpel, an instrument quite as 
 effective, while the simple act of cutting with a knife gives so 
 much less pain than cutting or dividing with the actual cautery. 
 In general, it is considered necessary to cast the horse for the ope- 
 ration ; but Mr. Gregory, V. S., did not cast his patient, but 
 merely put on a side-line, and had one leg held up and the tail 
 kept on one side; and, most assuredly, the standing position of 
 the patient is one which, in such an operation, offers no mean 
 advantages to the operator, provided he can avail himself of it 
 without any personal danger. A great preservation against re- 
 fractoriness in an operation of the kind, at the moment when any 
 pain is felt, is a twitch, well put on, and well and timely turned. 
 The horse secured, with his tail turned out of the way, an incision, 
 forming a circle, is to be carried around the protruding mass, at 
 sufficient distance from the constricted part of the neck of the 
 protrusion to leave behind it such parts as are distended from 
 tumefaction or infiltration, whose removal will render the retrac- 
 tion of the gut an easy and natural effoct. In making incision, 
 it may be advisable to take up and tie with a silk ligature any 
 vessel met with of size enough to issue a current of blood, though 
 eometimes no such precaution is required. In the case mentioned 
 \ y Mr. Gregory, not more than a quart of blood was lost. Tl ie 
 : ncision ought to be made of sufficient depth to penetrate com- 
 pletely through the substance of the mucous membrane, however 
 morbidly thickened that may be, without, however, running a 
 risk of wounding the muscular coat beneath it, the object being 
 to dissect the former away and strip it off the latter, so as to lessen 
 the bulk of the mass to that degree that return becomes a volun- 
 tary and facile action of the animal himself. So soon, however, 
 as this denudation has been carried near to the inverted anus, 
 care must be taken not to dissect or otherwise injure the sphincter 
 of that part, lest we leave the horse with an imperfection in closing 
 an outlet of so important a function. A soft or mash diet should, 
 for a few weeks, succeed the operation, with abstinence from hay, 
 which, from its fibrous, prickly nature, must be particularly offen- 
 aive to th« denuded gut. Occasional emollient clysters are also 
 
 
HORSE MANAGEMENT, ETC. 391 
 
 recommendable, especially when there appears any pain or diffi- 
 culty in giving exit to the feces." 
 
 Hemorrhoids, or Piles in the Horse. 
 
 The following case of piles, occurring in the practice of Mr 
 P. Wals, V. S., is here introduced from the " Veternarian : " 
 
 "On the evening of March 13, 1851, I was summoned hastily 
 to attend a brown carriage-mare, belonging to an employer about 
 a mile distant from Xorwich, which was reported to have some- 
 thing ' bloody ' hanging out of her rectum. The coachman who 
 came said it had made its appearance two or three times during 
 the day after dunging, but had always returned again, until just 
 before he left home, when a portion of it was left out, and the 
 mare became very uneasy. On my arrival, I found, as reported, 
 the mare in pain, indicated by a peculiar switching or lashing of 
 the tail, and stamping of the hind feet ; but she had not lain 
 down, although she made several attempts to do so. It first struck 
 me as a case of prolapsus ani, but, on examination, it proved to be 
 a true case of piles. The tumor protruding was about the size of 
 a duck's egg, presenting piedoeiy the appearance of a pilous grape 
 in the human subject, only, of course, much larger. I had some 
 difficulty in returning it, in consequence of the powerful action 
 of the sphinuier ani, which, no doubt, accounted for the pain; but, 
 having accomplished it, the mare became easy, and continued so 
 for some little time. I thought it right, however, to have her 
 removea to my infirmary, as I anticipated a return of the tumor 
 when she again dunged, in which I was not deceived, since, on her 
 arrival at my stable, I found it out again. On making a more 
 minute examination, I discovered smaller tumors round and about 
 the larger one, the latter, however, being the only one that pro- 
 truded. The mare being naturally of an irritable temperament, 
 and consequently dunging more frequently than one less so would 
 have done, induced me to have a careful assistant remain up with 
 b.2r during the night, for the purpose of returning the tumor 
 wl:2never it made its reappearance, which it invariably was said 
 to do after each evacuation, pain being constantly present at such 
 time. 
 
 Reflecting on the case next morning, and observing consider- 
 able mischief was being done by the necessary manipulation. I 
 
392 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 foresaw I should have a very tioublesorne case, unless I could hit 
 upon some plan of dilating the sphincter so as to allow of a return 
 of the tumor without so much handling of it. This I accom- 
 plished in the following manner : I had the mare placed in a nar- 
 row stall, the back part of which was well bedded with litter, so 
 that, in standing, her hind quarters were elevated six or eight 
 inches higher than the fore ones. I then procured a pair of glove- 
 sticks, such as glovers use for opening the fingers of gloves, and, 
 ha\ ing dipped their ends in oil, gently introduced them about an 
 inch or an inch and a half into the rectum, underneath the tumor, 
 letting it, in fact, rest upon them. In this way, by pressing the 
 handles, dilatation took place, and the tumor receded with little or 
 no difficulty. This treatment I persevered in for four days, in 
 conjunction with a constant application of cold water to the parts, 
 at the end of which time such great improvement had taken place 
 that the use of the sticks became no longer necessary. In four 
 days more the parts appeared to have become quite reinstated, 
 which, of course, rendered any further treatment unnecessary. I 
 gave no medicine, except a very mild aperient in the first instance, 
 but kept the bowels lax with bran, linseed, carrots, etc. The mare 
 being sold shortly afterward, I lost sight of her, and am unable to 
 say, in consequence, whether any return of the difficulty has taken 
 place, but I should think such an occurrence not improbable " 
 
 Pricking or Nicking Horses' Tails. 
 
 The English method of nicking horses is, instead of inserting a 
 knife and making a subcutaneous section of the muscles of the 
 tail, known as the depressors, to make three straight incisions at 
 equal distances right across the tail. By this method the muscles 
 of the tail are effectually or completely divided. The first incision 
 is usually made about two inches from the root of the tail, and 
 the other two at equal distances from the first, in a direction toward 
 the end of the tail. The tail is then kept perpendicular, in the 
 usual manner, by pulleys. It is said that by this method a more 
 graceful curvature of the tail is secured, which I believe is a fact, 
 fet the operation is any thing but pleasant to the horse. It is me 
 of the fashionable barbarisms of civilization. 
 
 The English method of nicking, although the most unsightly 
 and Darbarous, is still the safest, as there is less liability to lock- 
 
HORSE MANAGEMENT, ETC. 393 
 
 j w. It is well-known that lock-jaw more frequently ensues 
 from a punctured wound than a clean cut or incision ; yet when 
 nicking or pricking, after the American fashion, (if care be taken 
 to make the orifice through the skin sufficiently large, so that pus, 
 afterward secreted, may escape,) I think there is no danger. The 
 danger arises from the imprisonment of pus by closure of the 
 orifice in the skin. In healthy subjects the orifice made through 
 the skin will often unite in the course of a few hours ; then, should 
 morbid matter accumulate within the substance of the tail, it bur- 
 rows, forms an abscess, or else becomes absorbed, producing lock- 
 jaw. Therefore, I would advise persons having pricked or nicked 
 horses under their care, to pay strict attention to such, and see 
 that the orifices are kept open, which may easily be done by oc- 
 casionally inserting the point of a penknife. The skin should be 
 the last to heal. The healing process must be perfected in the 
 interior first, and, lastly, the skin. Should fungus or " proud 
 flesh " appear, apply powdered bloodroot, burnt alum, or red pre- 
 cipitate. When an abscess forms at the base of the tail after 
 pricking, apply a poultice of flaxseed; and when the tail is much 
 inflamed and swollen, it should be bathed frequently with the 
 following : 
 
 No. 62. Acetic acid 1 part. 
 
 Water 7 parts. 
 
 Mix. 
 
 "When horses are nicked in warm weather, the tail should be 
 moistened with tincture of aloes ; this will keep the flies off. 
 
 Persons who are not experts in the art of pricking are apt to 
 wound, and sometimes completely sever the coccygeal arteries, 
 thereby causing an unnecessary and dangerous hemorrhage. In 
 such cases, I should advise the operator to crowd into the orifice 
 a small piece of dry sponge. This will arrest the hemorrhage, 
 and, at the same time, keep the divided ends of the muscles apart, 
 so that they can not reunite ; hence it is not necessary to put the 
 tail into pulleys for some hours, or until bleeding has ceased. 
 When this is the case, the sponge may be removed by means of 
 a small pair of forceps. 
 
 The success in securing what is denominated a fashionable tail 
 depends altogether on the skill of the operator, who must make 
 a complete division of the muscles beneath the tail only, as their 
 action is to compress and depress that useful appendage; for. 
 
5 C J4 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 snould the incision be made too high on the side of the tail, the 
 curvators may be partly or wholly severed. Then the tail will 
 ultimately diverge laterally, or, in stable language, it will be said 
 that "the horse does not carry his tail straight." To remedy 
 this, the curvator on the opposite side must be divided ; then the 
 tail has to be forcibly drawn and kept in an opposite direction 
 from the curved side, so as to prevent the muscle from reuniting. 
 In the course of a short time granulations are thrown out from 
 the surface of the divided ends of the muscle. It then acquires 
 length, and thus the tail becomes straight. 
 
 ANATOMY OF THE TAIL. 
 
 For the benefit of those who wish to practice the art of " nick- 
 ing or pricking " understandingly, I now propose to give a brief 
 exposition of the anatomy of the tail. 
 
 Bones of the Tail. — The bones of the tail, numbering fifteen, 
 sometimes sixteen, are situated at the back of the rump-bone, or 
 sacrum. They are not a continuation of the vertebral bones, but 
 are an appendage to the haunch bone. The bones entire are termed 
 coccyx (from the Greek, which signifies cuckoo, the bill of which 
 bird the appendage to the sacrum, or haunch-bone of man, is said 
 to represent) ; and, in order to prevent confusion in anatomical 
 terms, veterinary smgeons have applied the same name to the tail 
 bones of the horse. Hence, when the terms coccygis or coccygeal 
 r.re used, they have some relation to the tail. The bones are 
 'oughened on their surfaces, and have depressions and eminences 
 or the insertion of ligaments, tendons, and muscles. 
 
 Muscles of the Tail. — These muscles are divisible into four pairs. 
 They are most distinctly seen at the root of the tail, but, in their 
 course toward the end of the same, they become blended one with 
 another. 
 
 The first pair of coccygeal muscles are situated on the upper 
 part of the tail. They are attached to the sacrum and to the 
 bones of the tail. Their action is to raise or erect the tail. 
 
 The second pair are termed depressors coccyx, and are situated 
 at the under part of the tail. They are attached to the under- 
 neath part of the sacrum, and to the same locality on the bones 
 of the tail. They are antagonistic to the first pair } and their di- 
 rect action is to depress the tail. These are the muscles which 
 should be divided in the process of pricking or nicking. 
 
HORSE MANAGEMENT, ETC. 395 
 
 lie third pair are termed curvators coccyx. These muscles are 
 situated on the sides of the tail, between the first and second pairs. 
 They are attached to the fourth and fifth lumbar vertebra, and to 
 the sides or transverse processes of all the bones of the tail. Their 
 action is to curve or flex the tail toward the quarter and sides, and 
 the division of one of these muscles causes permanent flexure of 
 the tail in an opposite direction. Considering the tail as a meant 
 of defense in switching off flies, etc., these muscles are the principal 
 ones called into action. t 
 
 The fourth pair are termed compressors coccyx. They are lo- 
 cated at the sides and root of the tail, and are inserted into the 
 back part of the hip bones (ischium), and into the five first bones 
 of the tail. The action of these muscles is to maintain the tail 
 forcibly against the anus. In the mare, these muscles protect her 
 from ravishment. 
 
 The arteries of the Tail are termed coccygeal arteries. Those lo- 
 cated at the sides are called lateral coccygeal, and the one found 
 in the lower or inferior region is called inferior coccygeal. 
 
 Nerves of the Tail. — As with the muscles, so with the nerves. 
 There are four pairs of coccygeal nerves. They are not a con- 
 tinuation of the true spinal cord, but are given off from it. They 
 are distributed to the muscular filaments, to the skin, and at the 
 extremity of the tail. 
 
 Docking Horses. 
 
 All persons familiar with the old tactics of " jockeyism " and 
 the tricks of horse trade, will understand what is meant by the 
 above caption. It is a most cruel and barbarous outrage on one 
 of Nature's menials, and I feel inclined to indorse the sentiments 
 of the profound poet Tupper, when he says, " In that great day, 
 when crime is sentenced, cruel man shall not go uncondemned 
 because no complaining brute stands there accusing, for our Fa- 
 ther careth when a sparrow dies." 
 
 Horses should never be deprived of any part of that valuable 
 weapon of defense known as the tail. It is a part and parcel of 
 the organization of the horse, and to deprive him of what Nature 
 gave him, after the fashion of " doing all things well," is an out- 
 rage which should be considered beneath the dignity of a gentle- 
 man to perpetrate. Besides the cruelty which is acknowledged 
 
391 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERr. 
 
 to b . identified with the operation, there are other reasons, on the 
 grounds of physiology, why the tail should be left entire, espe- 
 cially in the case of a mare; but, as the reader is probably con- 
 versant with the facts in the case, I shall not enter into a discussion 
 of the same, but prefer to introduce the following paragraph* 
 written by a person who aims at reform: 
 
 " I am glad that the abominable practice of docking and nick- 
 ing horses is going out of fashion. It prevails in no country in 
 the world besides England and the United States. We got it 
 from the mother country, and the sooner we leave it off the bet- 
 ter. It is wonderful how any body but an ignorant, narrow- 
 minded blockhead of a jockey should ever have thought of it 
 being as offensive to good taste as it is a violation of every hu- 
 mane feeling. Has Nature done her work in such a bungling 
 manner in forming that paragon of animals, the horse, that a large 
 piece of bone should be chopped off with an ax to reduce him to 
 symmetry, or that beauty and grace can be obtained only by cut- 
 ting a pair of his large muscles? 'The docking and nicking of 
 horses,' says an intelligent writer on farriery, ' is a shockingly cruel 
 practice, and ought to be abandoned by the whole race of mankind. 
 Every human being, possessed of feeling and a magnanimous 
 mind, must confess that it is cruel and entirely uncalled for; but 
 that creature called man attempts thus to mend the works of his 
 almighty, wise Creator, in doing which he often spoils and dis- 
 figures them. What is more beautiful than a fine horse, with an 
 elegant, long tail and a flowing mane waving in the sports of the 
 wind, and exhibiting itself in a perfect state of nature? Besides, 
 our Creator has given them for defense as well as beauty.' The 
 same author relates an instance of a fine hunting horse, owned by 
 an Englishman, which would carry its rider over the highest five- 
 barred gate with ease ; but he thought that the horse did not carry 
 as good a tail as he wished; he therefore had him nicked, and 
 when the horse got well, he could scarcely carry over two bare. 
 i Thus,' said he, ' I have spoiled a fine horse ; and no wonder, foi 
 it weakened his loins.' Any man of common sense would give 
 ten per cent, more for a fine horse whose tail had never been 
 mutilated, than for one which had been under the hands of a 
 jockey.'* 
 
horse management, etc. 39t 
 
 Anemia. 
 
 This signifies an impoverished state of the blood, usually oc- 
 casioned by want of nutritious food and exposure to inclement 
 weather. I was called, a short time ago, to see a yearling, said 
 to be ailing and unthrifty, and had been so for some time. 
 
 Symptoms. — The principal symptoms were as follows : The 
 head, face, and eyes were in a dropsical condition and much swol- 
 len ; underneath the heart, and along the lower part of the abdo- 
 men, dropsical swellings were also observed; the membranes of 
 the mouth and nose appeared pale, almost bloodless ; the pulse was 
 quite slow, and the action of the heart feeble; the respirations 
 were somewhat hurried, yet the lungs were not expanded to their 
 full capacity. I was informed that the urine was thick, and of a 
 cream-like color, and the feces hard and scanty. The muscular 
 system was spare and wiry ; the ribs could be easily counted, and 
 the animal was unsteady on his legs. From such symptoms as 
 these the reader will perceive that the case was one of debility, 
 and from the fact that the animal had been confined to an innu- 
 tritious diet, or, rather, like a hen, had to scratch for a living. 
 It will also be inferred that the debility was the result of partial 
 starvation. 
 
 Treatment. — I gave the animal one drachm of sulphate of iron, 
 and three ounces of the fluid extract of resin -weed per day, dur- 
 ing a period of ten days. At the same time, he was liberally fed 
 on oats and good timothy hay, under which treatment he rapidly 
 gained in health and strength, and soon recovered^. 
 
 Anemia (Thinning of the Blood). 
 
 1 do not advocate that the curry-comb shall be entirely dis- 
 pensed with ; for, in the first place, it is needed for the purpose of 
 removing scurf and dirt which has been removed from thj ex- 
 ternal surface of the body by means of the brush, and, probably, 
 this was the intention of the man who first invented a curry- 
 comb, and, in the next place, the curry-comb may be needed to 
 scratch off or remove mud that may have become dry and stiff on 
 th* limbs of horses ; and for these reasons, if for no others, I sup- 
 pose we can not dispense with the curry-comb. There are some 
 parts where the curry-comb should not be used — for example, on 
 
398 DADDS VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 the iiiaide of the thighs, flanks, chest, and face, where the skin ia 
 not so thick, and more sensitive than some other regions of the 
 body. Some horses, especially those of a strongly-marked, nervous 
 temperament, have very sensitive skins, and can not even bear ;) 
 fly to light on their bodies without evincing signs of pain an<» 
 irritation. On such the curry-comb should be used gently and 
 in a spirit of mercy. There are other horses, however, especially 
 those of the lymphatic temperament, and whose skins are less 
 sensitive, who can bear the action of the curry-comb without 
 much flinching, and it is the duty of a merciful man to consider 
 this matter when cleaning a horse. Thoroughbred horses, which 
 include a vast number of the sanguine temperament, have a very 
 active circulation over the whole surface of the body, and this 
 vast circulation, through the superficial vessels, argues a delicate 
 sense of touch. To them the curry-comb, unless used very gently, 
 is severe torture. 
 
 Horses and Cattle should have a Supply of 
 
 Pure Water. 
 
 Although few persons think it worth while to pay much atten- 
 tion to this department of husbandry, yet a little reflection will 
 convince any reasonable person of the value and importance of 
 furnishing animals with a constant supply of pure water. Pure, 
 cool water is said to be a God-send to a thirsty throat ; and as ani- 
 mals are apt to have thirsty throats, they should be permitted to 
 enjoy a luxury which costs but a trifle, and operates very favora- 
 bly in promoting their health. All classes of domestic animals 
 have as great an aversion to impure, filthy water as ourselves, and 
 the former will often turn away with disgust from the filthy stuff 
 called water which is often found in water-troughs on the road- 
 side, and within the precincts of the barn and in some pastures. 
 The common, stagnated pond-water, which many poor creatures 
 sire compelled to imbibe, is often the exciting cause of disease, 
 especially in the Western States, where decayed vegetable matter 
 abounds. 
 
 Pure water will never injure an animal. I do not believe the 
 stories which are told about horses becoming fouudered in conse- 
 quence of drinking pure water. In a majority of cases, Mr. Fast- 
 man is Uarneable. He has probably either overdriven or over- 
 
HORSE MANAGEMENT, ETC. 399 
 
 worked the ereature, or else has suffered it, when heated, to cool 
 off without the necessary care and attention which should always 
 be observed when animals are fatigued or perspiring freely. Hard 
 usage, willful neglect, and wanton cruelty are more likely to pro- 
 duce disease than the universal beverage, so acceptable to the palate 
 3f a weary or thirsty horse. How often do we see a " let " horse 
 iXime into the stable all exhausted and used up, scarcely able to 
 s.lvance one limb before another ! Examine into the facts, and we 
 shall find that the powers of the subject have perhaps been over- 
 taxed. He has been driven too far, or at too rapid a rate, for the 
 present state of his constitution to endure, and perhaps he has not 
 had sufficient nourishment to repair the waste incidental to the 
 living mechanism under the states of rapid and protracted labor. 
 Is not this enough to account lor the used-up condition ? Is it 
 not more rational to suppose that abuse of the respiratory organa 
 and those of locomotion operates far more unfavorably on the 
 horse than water ? It is. But Mr. Fastman must, if there be 
 any blame rightly belonging to him, try to shift the same from hia 
 shoulders, and, therefore, he avails himself of a popular error— 
 " He drank too much water f yet the individual had no means of 
 ascertaining the precise quantity needed. 
 
 We might say, as regards some horses, whose labors are very 
 fatiguing, that they come from their work, and, as soon as unhar- 
 nessed, go to the trough, and imbibe from one to three buckets 
 without any bad effect. Some animals need more water than 
 ethers. The kind of work, the temperature of the atmosphere, 
 and the nature of the food, whether it be wet or dry, all tend to 
 diversify an animal's wants. The domesticated horse requires a 
 bountiful supply of good water. His body is composed of seventy- 
 five per cent, of the same, and he can no more exist without it 
 than he can without food. A cow or ox is probably the best judge 
 as regards its own wants as to the quantity of water needed. It 
 in not the quantity which a rational animal imbibes which does 
 harm, but it is the quality that demands our attention. 
 
 Thirsty people drink all the cold water they need. Then why 
 deprive a cow or horse of what they actually require ? Consider 
 the condition of the inhabitants of populous cities during the sum- 
 mer season. Thirst amounts almost to a disease, and, in view of 
 quenching it, the thirsty are continually imbibing water, rendered 
 cold, hot, sour, sweet, or alkaline, just as fancy dictates or as fashion 
 
400 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE ANL SURGERY. 
 
 prevails. Cold icings and other fixings are called into requisi- 
 tion to smother the fire of thirst which rages within. Every body 
 partakes freely — the young and the aged, the exhausted and vigor- 
 ous, the laborer wearied by a hard day's work, and the rich man 
 of no work — each and all are doing their best to see the bottom 
 of the pitcher, and to pitch their bodies into the watery element. 
 Yet, after all, how few persons complain of any bad effect from it 
 
 Inquire into the history of some of the acute maladies that are 
 supposed to arise from water-drinking, and it will be found thai 
 many of the sufferers have a peculiarity of constitution which ren- 
 ders them amenable to the laws of primogenital disease, which, 
 although latent under -ordinary circumstances, can, by disturbing 
 the. life forces, through neglect, cruelty, and overwork, be developed 
 at almost any time of life. 
 
 Animals should never be allowed to drink pond-water. They 
 should either have access to a running stream or a clean water- 
 trough. 
 
 Galled Back. 
 
 Galled back, o* sore back, is usually occasioned by bad-fitting 
 saddle or harness. If that be the case, the shape of the same must 
 be altered so as to correspond to the shape of that portion of the 
 back which comes in contact with it. This can be done by pad- 
 ding the concavities with lamb's wool, and in chambering the con- 
 vexities so that there shall be no unequal pressure nor causes for 
 irritation. Yet, after all, it may be more economical to procure a 
 new article and a better fit ; and this may also be the most humane 
 policy. 
 
 Treatment. — So soon as an abrasion is discovered on the back, 
 tne animal should be excused from duty for a few days. The 
 abraded part should be lubricated two or three times daily with 
 common tar and olive oil, equal parts, and this will soon restore 
 the parts to soundness. Should there be no abrasion, yet tume- 
 faction, heat, and tenderness, a cold-water pledget, renewed as 
 occasion seems to require, will improve the condition of the parts, 
 when recourse must be had to the tar and oil lotion. Sometimes, 
 in consequence of neglect, the integument becomes callous or indu- 
 rated. This condition was termed by ancient farriers " sit-fast." 
 The treatment for this consists in smearing the callous with the 
 following : 
 
HORSE MANAGEMENT, ETC. 401 
 
 Mo. 03. Iodide of potass 1 dr. 
 
 Simple ointment 6 dr. 
 
 Glycerine 2 dr. 
 
 Mix these ingredients well together, and they are then fit foi 
 we. A few applications of this ointment will have the effect of 
 removing the callous, when a healthy surface will appear. 
 
 Some animals, owing to a peculiarity of constitution or of form ; 
 will chafe in those parts which come in contact with the collar and 
 saddle, and no human foresight nor mechanical contrivance can 
 always succeed in preventing the same. For example, some horses 
 are humory, as the saying is — perhaps have a taint of scrofula 
 about them — and if they perform a hard day's labor in the warm 
 season of the year, notwithstanding they be harnessed in the best 
 possible manner, they will come home at night with either galled 
 shoulders or sore back. For such cases as these the harness-maker, 
 with all his skill and ingenuity, has no other remedy than that of 
 a palliative character. 
 
 The Heart. 
 
 The current of blood is said to be put in motion by a muscular 
 orjran known as the heart, which is located within the thorax, or 
 
 O . 7 7 
 
 chest. The blood is distributed to all the various ramifications 
 of the body by means of vessels called arteries, and it is returned 
 to the heart by the veins. The red color of the blood is due to 
 the presence if red corpuscles, which are always to be found in the 
 blood of the vertebrata. In some of the invertebrata the blood 
 is white, or resembles the color of chyle. 
 
 Mode of Circulation. — The blood, having been propelled from 
 the left or posterior ventricle of the heart to all the various rami- 
 fications of the body, passes through the extreme vessels (capil- 
 lar}') into the veins. These veins terminate in a vessel known as 
 vena cava, anterior and posterior, both of which sections termi- 
 nate in the right or anterior auricle. This auricle contracts, and 
 the venous blood thus finds its way into the right ventricle, where 
 Ihs pulmonary arteries have their origin. By aid of the muscular 
 power of this ventricle, the blood is sent through the pulmonary 
 arteries to the lungs (aeration and oxygenation.) The color of 
 this blood is dark, almost black. It is highly carbonized, abounds 
 in morbific matter and the worn-out materials of the body, and 
 in this state is a non-supporter of vitality. In this condition, 
 26 
 
40k DADDS VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 then, venous blood enters the pulmonary tissues. The arteriali- 
 zacion of the blood which follows is a process more essential to 
 vital integrity than the assimilation of food; for animals can live 
 a long time without food, but they can only exist a short time 
 unless the blood be oxygenized. 
 
 The pulmonary arteries branch off into minute ramifications on 
 the surface of the air-cells of the lungs, and where these minute 
 divisions terminate others commence, termed venous radicles, 
 which ultimately become large veins. By the pulmonary veins 
 the oxygenized blood is returned to the left auricle and ventricle 
 of the heart. This route of the blood from heart to lungs, and back 
 again from lungs to heart, is termed the lesser circulation. The 
 left ventricle delivers the blood into the great aorta, and thence 
 to every part of the body. This is called the greater circulation. 
 
 Difference between Veins and Arteries. — The veins differ from 
 arteries in being less dense, having no muscular nor ligamentary 
 tunics like the arteries, and, therefore, offer but little resistance to 
 tight collars and tight-fitting harness and circingles, which are apt 
 to interfere with the return of blood to the heart. The incapacity 
 of veins returning blood to the heart in the same ratio in whicn it 
 is carried by the arteries, is proved from the fact that the former 
 are twice as voluminous as the latter. The veins also differ in 
 their internal arrangement from the arteries, the former being 
 furnished, at proper distances, with valves, which guard against a 
 retrograde venous action. 
 
 The Quantity op Blood Contained in the Body 
 
 of a Horse. 
 
 Mr. Perctvall, who is our chief authority on this subject, 
 contends that, for many reasons, the quantity of blood contained 
 in an animal body may be made matter of speculation, but can 
 not, for many reasons, be ascertained with any degree of precision ; 
 for, says he, " if we attempt to draw all the blood out of the body, 
 the animal sinks and dies long before its vessels are evacuated; 
 and as we possess no means of measuring what remains behind, 
 any calculation we may make from the quantity that has flowed 
 must necessarily turn out vague, if not altogether iacorrect." He 
 contends, however, that the following experiment offers a datum, 
 ir guide: 
 
HORSE MANAGEMENT, ETC. 403 
 
 "The weight of an animal being ascertained to be seventy- 
 nine Dounds, a puncture was made with a lancet into the jugular, 
 from which the blood flowed in a very free stream, and was col- 
 lected. The vein having ceased to bleed, the caroted artery of 
 the same side was divided, but no blood came from it. In a few 
 oeconds afterward the animal was dead. The weight of the car- 
 cass was found to be seventy-three and one half pounds ; conse- 
 quently, the animal had sustained a loss of 5.12 pounds, precisely 
 the measure of the blood drawn. 
 
 It appears, therefore, from this experiment, that an animal will 
 lose one-fifteenth of its weight of blood ere it dies, although a less 
 quantity may so far debilitate the vital powers as to be, though 
 less suddenly, equally fatal. In the human subject, the quantity 
 of blood has been computed at about one-eighth part of the weight 
 of the body ; and as such an opinion has been broached from the 
 results of experiments on quadrupeds, we may fairly take that to 
 be about the proportion of it in the horse ; so that if we estimate 
 the weight of a common-sized horse at about 12 cwt., the whole 
 quantity of blood will amount to 84 quarts, or 168 pounds, of 
 which about 45 quarts, or 90 pounds, will flow from the jugulai 
 vein prior to death, though the loss of a much smaller quantity 
 will sometimes deprive the animal of life." 
 
 The Rapidity of the Circulation. 
 
 In 1827, Hering,* a German physiologist, performed the ex- 
 periment of injecting into the jugular vein of a dog a harmless 
 substance, which could be easily recognized by its chemical reac- 
 tions, and noted the time which elapsed before it could be de- 
 lected in the vein of the opposite side. This gave the first correct 
 idea of the rapidity of the circulation ; for though the older phys- 
 iologists had studied the subject, their estimates were founded on 
 calculations which had no accurate basis, and gave very different 
 lesults. The experiment of Hering is often roughly performed 
 as a physiological demonstration, and we have thus had frequent 
 occasion, in a general way, to verify its accuracy. If, for ex- 
 ample, we expose both jugulars of a dog, inject into one a solution 
 of ferro-eyanide of potassium in water, and draw a specimen of 
 
 Milne-Edwarda. 
 
404 DADDS VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 blood from the other, with as little loss of time as possible, it will 
 be found that, in twenty or thirty seconds after the injection, the 
 salt has had time to pass from the jugular to the right side of the 
 heart, thence to the lungs and left side of the heart, and from 
 this, through the capillaries of the head and face, back to the 
 jugular on the opposite side. Its presence can be determined by 
 the distinct blue color produced on the addition of the perchlo- 
 nae of iron to the serum, if the specimen be allowed to stand, or 
 a clear extract of the blood be made by boiling with a little sul- 
 phate of soda and filtering, treating the colorless liquid thus ob- 
 tained with the salt of iron. The experiments of Hering were 
 evidently conducted with great care and accuracy. He drew 
 blood at intervals of five seconds after the commencement of the 
 injection, and thus, by repeated observations, ascertained pretty 
 nearly the rapidity of the circuit of blood in the animals on which 
 he experimented. Others have taken up these investigations, and 
 introduced some modifications in the manipulations. Vierordt 
 collected the blood as it flowed, in little vessels fixed on a disk 
 revolving at a known rate, which gave a little more exactness to 
 the observations; but the method is essentially the same as that 
 employed by Hering, and the result' obtained by these two 
 observers nearly correspond. 
 
 Hering made observations on horses by increasing the fre- 
 quency of the pulse, on the one hand, physiologically, by exercise, 
 and, on the other hand, pathologically, by inducing inflammation. 
 He found, in the first instance, that in a horse, with the heart 
 beating at the rate of thirty-six per minute, with eight respira- 
 tory acts, ferro-cyanide of potassium injected into the jugular ap- 
 peared on the vessels on the opposite side, after an interval of 
 from twenty to twenty-five seconds. By exercise, the number of 
 pulsations was raised to one hundred per minute, and the rapidity 
 of the circulation was from fifteen to twenty seconds. The obser- 
 vations were made with an interval of twenty-four hours. The 
 same results were obtained in other experiments. 
 
 The Transfusion of Blood. 
 
 J. Farrell, V. S., has lately been experimenting in an intei - 
 esting department of veterinary science ; namely, the transfusion 
 of equine blood in diseases attended with low, vital action. Tnuis- 
 
HORSE MANAGEMENT, ETC. 405 
 
 fusion signifies the transfer of blood from one living animal tc 
 another, by means of a hollow tube inserted into the jugular veins 
 of each horse. His method was as follows : 
 
 " I commenced a series of experiments, so as to discover the 
 simplest, safest, and most effectual method of conveying blood 
 from one animal to another. I first tried the transfusion syringe, 
 .vhich has been used by medical practitioners for this purpose ; 
 but, whether from want of skill in its use, or from some defect in 
 the instrument, (which had been recommended to me as one of the 
 best,) or from some other cause, I can not tell, but certain it is I 
 was in no case so successful with it as I was with a more simple 
 apparatus. I fancied that the blood lost much of its vitality by 
 being exposed to atmospheric action, and also by its being forced 
 and compressed within the cylinder of the instrument. These 
 impressions as to the cause of failure induced me to undertake 
 several experiments, with a view to the construction of an instru- 
 ment which would fulfill the requisite indications ; namely, to allow 
 the blood to pass freely from the vein of the healthy into that of 
 the diseased subject, without coming in contact with the atmos- 
 phere, and without alteration of its temperature. I at length 
 adopted an exceedingly simple apparatus, which may be described 
 in a few words. It consists of an India-rubber tube, some two 
 and a half feet long, and three-eighths of an inch in diameter ; 
 that is, about the caliber of the vein in the adult horse. To either 
 end of this is fitted a silver tube, curved somewhat like a syphon, 
 so that me end, which is slightly rounded at the point, might be 
 easily passed into the vein, both tubes being exactly alike. A nar- 
 row zinc or tin trough is required, to contain hot water, in which 
 two-thirds of the tube should be immersed during the time that 
 the blood is flowing. This completes the apparatus ; and, being 
 prepared, and the horses ready, held by assistants, the jugular 
 rein of the haalthy horse from which the supply of is to be taken 
 may be opened, and into it one of the silver tubes carefully passed, 
 poiot upward, so as to receive the current of blood as it flows back 
 from the head — the operator holding the other end, and, having 
 previously opened the corresponding vein in the patient, he should 
 wait till the current is passing freely down the tube from the 
 healthy horse, and then bring it in contact with that which is now 
 flowing slowly from the patient. He should pass the end of the 
 tube carefully into the vein, point downward, by which means tht 
 
406 DaDD'S veterinary medicine and surgery. 
 
 possibility of any air getting into the tube is avoided. The quan- 
 tity to be transfused is readily ascertained by watching the expres- 
 sion of the eyes and noting the pulse carefully. So long as there 
 is no dilatation of the pupils, and so long as the heart's action is not 
 very much affected, the blood may be allowed to flow on uninter- 
 ruptedly ; but as soon as the pupils become dilated, it is necessary 
 to lessen the supply gradually, by compressing the tube with the 
 finger and thumb. If the dilatation disappear after a minute ' i 
 two, the blood may be again allowed to flow ; but if it increases, 
 further transfusion must be stopped, or, otherwise, injurious con- 
 sequences will result. 
 
 In the cases of two animals which I purchased for the purpose 
 of experiment, I purposely allowed the blood to flow after dilata- 
 tion of the pupil had manifested itself, in order that I might see 
 the result, and I found it to increase ; and in one of the cases, 
 after winking both eyes three or four times, in rapid succession, 
 the horse reared up and fell back. In the other case, I forced the 
 blood in from an India-rubber enema bottle. The pupils firut 
 became still more dilated ; the breathing very quick and difficult ; 
 the eyes assumed a wild, agonized look, and the animal, with a 
 sudden bound, fell forward dead. I had my finger on the artery 
 during the entire time, and observed a great unsteadiness and flut- 
 tering of the pulse, which increased in frequency until the instant 
 before he fell. In the first of these cases, I did not force the blood 
 into the vein, but allowed it to flow until I perceived the injurious 
 effects upon the horse. He tottered and fell, but in a short time 
 recovered, and was walked back to his stable. He died in the 
 course of the night, and, on examining his head the next day, I 
 found considerable congestion of the brain. The tube used for 
 the experiments transferred about three quarts of blood in eight 
 minutes; at least it might be so inferred, from the fact that when 
 used a*> a syphon, it passed three and a half quarts of water (and 
 r. little less of oil) from one vessel to another in that time. 
 
 I think, however, that I am correct in saying that this disease 
 is by no means so likely to occur in horses as in human beings, and 
 is certainly not so formidable ; but, nevertheless, I am quite sure 
 that it may happen as a consequence of the operation, if the instru- 
 ment be not kept scrupulously clean, and also if great care bo not 
 taken in its introduction in the vein. Having, from these and 
 other experiments, not necessary to detail, determined on the mode 
 
[TORSE MANAGEMENT, ETC. 407 
 
 af operation most likely to be successful, I shall now proceed to 
 state the result of four cases in which I have operated, and which, 
 I think, I may look upon as having been followed with entire 
 success. In three of the cases the patients had been bled a short 
 time previous to my haviug seen them, and were so much weak- 
 ened that they could scarcely walk. In the fourth case, a drastic 
 purgative had been administered, causing superpurgation and great 
 prostration of strength. In each of the four cases, the condition 
 of the patient was so similar that the description I have already 
 given may answer for all. Having selected a healthy young hor»e 
 from which to obtain the blood to be transferred, I opened the 
 jugular vein in the patient and in the healthy subject; and hav- 
 ing inserted the tube, as before described, into the vein of the 
 healthy horse. I placed the India-rubber tube in the tin trough 
 containing hot water, to maintain the right temperature, and the 
 other curved tube into the descending portion of the vein in the 
 patient. As soon as the current from the healthy horse had com- 
 pletely expelled all atmospheric air, the instrument being thus 
 arranged, the blood flowed freely from the vein of one h&rse into 
 that of the other in an unbroken current. The average quantity 
 of blood transferred in each of these cases was about three quarts. 
 1 observed no particular symptoms to follow from the transfusion, 
 until two quarts or more had passed from the healthy to the dis- 
 eased subject ; but as soon as about that quantity had flowed, there 
 appeared to be produced an amount of stimulation, indicated by an 
 increased action of the heart ; at the same time the pupils began to 
 dilate, and the countenance evinced an anxious expression. My 
 former experiments led me to watch with great care the progress- 
 ive dilatation of the pupil, and I deemed it expedient, in each case, 
 when this symptom was well developed, to compress the tube so 
 as to diminish the current, and allow the transfusion to proceed 
 more gradually and slowly. Occasionally I almost completely 
 interrupted the current until the subsidence of this symptom, and 
 I found that when about three quarts had been transfused, any 
 additional quantity was followed by unpleasant symptoms, which 
 indicated the necessity of stopping the operation. On removing 
 the tube and closing the vein, all symptoms of irritation gradually 
 subsided, and the pulse, from being rapid and irritable, became 
 slower, stronger, and fuller, gradually approaching the healthy 
 tandard. 
 
408 
 
 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY 
 
 In each of these four cases the reaction was steady and progrea 
 give. The natural warmth of the extremities was gradually 
 restored, and, in the course of ten or twelve hours, the patient 
 Resented other equally unmistakable symptoms of amendment, 
 such as returning appetite, more quiet and steady respiration, 
 cheerfulness of countenance, and a willingness to move about. 
 From this point there was a gradual improvement, and. in a short 
 time, they were pronounced cured. 
 
 I have been induced to submit these few remarks, much lest 
 with a view to record any little success I may have had in per- 
 forming the operation myself, than with a hope that others, far 
 more capable, will take up the matter, and test it thoroughly ; for, 
 whatever obstacles and objections there may be to its performance 
 in the human subject, there are none to prevent its becoming a 
 most valuable agent in veterinary science." 
 
 Soon after the discovery of the circulation of the blood by 
 Harvey, transfusion was attempted on animals, and afterward 
 on man. In some cases the experiment was successful, while 
 others failed to airord relief; in fact, a majority of the cases ter- 
 minated unfavorably ; and of late years«transfusion has been aban- 
 doned, and regarded as " useless and even dangerous." We can 
 conceive, however, of cases which might occur — when, for exam- 
 ple, a horse has lost a large quantity of blood accidentally — to 
 warrant us in resorting to transfusion ; and if any of our veter- 
 inary friends are disposed to make experiments of this kind, we 
 urge them to do so, notwithstanding the opinion of the Parlia- 
 ment of France against it, and that of some scientific men who 
 have pronounced it " useless and dangerous." 
 
 One among the many reasons which may be urged against 
 transfusion is the fact that venous blood is a non-supporter of 
 vitality. It is saturated with the excrementitious material ab- 
 sorbed from the intestinal canal, fibrous membranes, and cellular 
 tissues, and a vast amount of morbific matter is mixed with the 
 venous blood in the course of its circulation, so that it can not be 
 yf any benefit to the system o J a sick or dying horse until it shall 
 become oxygenized or Vitalized, or changed from venous to arte- 
 rial blood, which change can not possibly take place until this 
 fluid has reached the air-cells of the lungs. It would appear, 
 therefore, that the transfusion of vitalized arterial blood, if the 
 process can be conducted with the relative amount of safety at- 
 
HORSE MANAGEMENT, ETC. 40U 
 
 tending that of the transfer of venous blood, would bo a procedure 
 more consistent with the known laws of physiology than is the 
 case when venous blood is transfused. It is possible that some 
 animals might be benefited by the transfusion of venous blood, 
 provided the heart and lungs of the patient are in a healthy state, 
 so as to insure sufficient oxygenation; otherwise, the rapid con- 
 sumption of the little oxygen absorbed would be likely to end in 
 asphyxia. If the function of the lungs be impaired by disease, 
 then the process of aeration of the blood is checked, and the blood 
 can not circulate, notwithstanding the healthy state of the heart. 
 In verification of this fact, as regards the very important function 
 of respiration and aeration, we may mention that Dr. Austin 
 Flint, Jun., has lately demonstrated that the condition of oxy- 
 genation of the blood is necessary to the performance of the vital 
 functions, and that a want of capillary power (occasioned by im- 
 perfect oxygenation) throws all onus on the heart, and that the 
 heart is insufficient for the labor. In one of his experiments, after 
 capillary circulation had entirely ceased, the chest was opened 
 ind the heart found beating regularly. 
 
 Management of the Horse's Foot in the Stable. 
 
 It is my firm belief, based on a knowledge of the physiology 
 of the foot, that soft bedding, containing the usual amount of 
 filth, is, in many cases, the exciting cause, not only of tender- 
 ness and contraction, but also of many muscular affections. I 
 lejoice to find horse-owners exercising their reason in this depart- 
 ment of stable management, because it is one step in the right 
 direction, and will put a stop to those glaring absurdities whic" 
 are constantly practiced just because they have the sanction ox 
 antiquity, or because Neighbor So-and-so recommends them. 
 Reason teaohes that the health of the whole animal fabric is best 
 promoted by cleanliness and ventilation (by which a pure atmo- 
 sphere is insured), and by food suitable in quantity and quality 
 to the special wants of the animal. Hence, what reason teaches, 
 man should practice. 
 
 It is unreasonable, therefore, to suppose that a horse can be 
 benefited by standing on a soft bed, composed in part of the de- 
 filing excrements of his own body, which are constantly decom- 
 posing and forming gaseous vapors unfit for respiration. If dirt 
 
4IC DADDS VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 riii] filth are innoxious, in what does the value of our sanitary 
 regulations consist? Why do our city authorities spend so much 
 money to purify the pestiferous cesspool and sewer, and to rid our 
 streets of accumulating rubbish and filth ? Let human beings wal- 
 low knee-deep in muck, and revel shoulder-deep in an atmosphere 
 saturated with ammoniacal and carbonic acid gases (as some horses 
 are compelled to), and death would run riot — our cities would be 
 converted into immense charnel-houses, fit receptacles for a race 
 of beings that would not adopt the means which reason and expe- 
 rience suggest for averting the calamity. 
 
 Horses that have no better care than that alluded to, are in 
 close proximity with disease. That they are often found dead in 
 their stalls from the effects of carbonized blood I can testify, and 
 many more would die, only they are permitted to take a little of 
 the breath of life during the day, which, to some extent, dilutes 
 the poisonous gases with which their system has been saturated 
 during the night, and thus their life, which, under the best cir- 
 cumstances, is a weary toil, is prolonged. 
 
 Without attempting to prove the general effects ui impure air 
 and filth on the system of a horse located in a stall from one to 
 two and a half feet deep of soft bedding, let us consider, in a brief 
 manner, the local phenomena. Our readers are all aware that the 
 combined action of heat and moisture tends to relax — enervates 
 the tissues of the body, and, if carried beyond a certain point, 
 ends in decomposition. Take, for example, a common poultice, 
 apply it to a horse's foot, and renew it as soon as it becomes dry. 
 In the course of two or three days the hoof will separate from 
 its matrix, the frog and heels soften, the tissues be in a state 
 of relaxation, and, if the poultice is continued, the hoof will 
 separate from the sensible parts ; if the foot is already diseased, 
 tne separation is accelerated. Warm water has the same effect. 
 .Applied externally for any length of time, it relaxes and pros- 
 trates ; applied internally, it relaxes and vomits. Hence the soft, 
 (which implies moist,) hot bedding, tends to create morbid action 
 in the feet, and whatever disease the horse may be predisposed to 
 in those parts will generally manifest itself. Some animals, how- 
 ever, escape the evils alluded to, owing to their insusceptibility ; 
 for disease of the foot can not occur without a susceptibility to it 
 and the application of a cause. Soft bedding, cow dung, and other 
 unmentionable filth, are often resorted to as remedies for con- 
 
HORSE MANAGEMENT, ETC. 41 J 
 
 traction, but they are classed among the irrational barbarities of 
 tho past, with which they ought to have sunk into oblivion. 
 Veterinary science has discovered that if such articles possess 
 nnv virtue, it is owing to the moisture they impart to the foot. 
 Therefore, on the score of decency, and in view of relaxing the 
 contracted foot according to the principles of reason and modern 
 science, Ave should avoid every kind of filth, and resort to pure 
 water or wholesome poultice ; or take off the shoes, wash the feet 
 daily, and let the horse run to grass, so that he may bring the sole 
 and frog in contact with the ground, and thus promote expansion 
 of the heels. 
 
 As regards the manufacture of tender feet, in both the young 
 and aged, it makes but little difference whether they have the 
 range of a filthy barn-yard or are confined in a bedded stall ; the 
 effect is tenderness of foot, and subsequent lameness; and the 
 same, or a disposition to it, may be transmitted through the sexual 
 congress to future offspring. In view, therefore, of preventing 
 diseased feet, strict attention must be paid to cleanliness. The 
 .stall floor should be composed of brick or plauk, having just suf- 
 ficient declivity to conduct fluids into a gutter, running along the 
 entrance to the stall, which should terminate exterior to the stable, 
 so that the ammonia, in which the urine is abundant, is carried 
 beyond the stable atmosphere. The bedding, which, according 
 to long custom, is stowed under the crib, there acting as a sort of 
 noxious smelling-bottle to the horse's nostrils, should be spread 
 out in the open air, sorted, the refuse and excrement removed to 
 a dung-heap, located as far from the stable as possible; for the 
 common manure receptacle, under the stable floor, is one of the 
 worst features of stable economy. The stable floor should be 
 washed clean as often as circumstances permit. 
 
 Strangles ("Distemper," or "Horse Ail"). 
 
 This disease is most prevalent in young horses. After the age 
 of eight the disease is more rare I have, however, seen some 
 well-marked cases occurring in hoi*es whose ages varied from five 
 to eight years. Strangles is, without doubt, one of the evils of 
 domestication, and often results from errors in diet and man- 
 agement, which, if vre make some exceptions, will generally bear 
 improvement. 
 
412 DADDS VETERINARY MEDICINE AND oURGER - 
 
 Strangles is supposed to be a disease to which all horses art 
 subject once in their lives, yet Mr. Percivall contends that 
 many horses escape the disease. Hence, if many escape, it is very 
 natural for those who know the value of pure air, natural food, 
 and exercise to conclude that the colt, while enjoying these great 
 luxuries in the open air, by the side of its mother, guided by hei 
 superior instinct, is not liable to be attacked with a disease which, 
 as already stated, we believe to result from depriving animals of 
 those blessings which Nature has in store for them in their unre- 
 strained state. But it often happens that young colts, after run- 
 ning a season with their mother, partaking of the invigorating 
 country air, grow up to be strong and robust, and then the period 
 arrives for weaning them. How changed the scene ! Instead of 
 being permitted to gambol in their native element, they are con- 
 fined to a small space, not large enough to swing a cat round, and 
 perhaps as dark as the grave ; and the animal, after fretting for a 
 season, and making unsuccessful efforts to escape from its prison- 
 house, tamely submits to the discipline, not, however, until he has 
 cut and bruised and otherwise injured himself. I was called, a 
 bhort time ago, to visit a young colt that had lacerated his head, 
 breast, and fore-legs in a most shocking manner, in making aE 
 attempt to escape through a window from the horrors of confine- 
 ment. His companions were about a dozen cows, more calculated 
 to alarm and render his position a perilous one than otherwise; 
 and the impure atmosphere, rendered so by the emanations from 
 the excrements and from the lungs of his companions, was a source 
 of great mischief. Then, who can blame such an one for attempt- 
 ing to escape and regain liberty ? If strangles should appear in 
 such a subject, it would not be surprising. 
 
 Then, again, take a colt from its mother, whose milk coutains 
 all the elements for sustaining life and developing the organization 
 of the young subject, and place it upon a diet of hay or like innu- 
 tritious trash, a whole truss of which would not afford one-half 
 the quantity of nutriment contained in a quart of its mother's 
 milk. However profitable and well-adapted hay may be for stock 
 of mature growth and powerful digestive organs, it is a sad mis- 
 take to suppose that it will do for the young. A case of this kind 
 came under my observation last year. The subject, aged two and 
 a half years, died in a state of marasmus (a gradual wasting of the 
 eysten without any apparent disease) , A post mortem examine- 
 
HORSE MANAGEMENT, ETC. 413 
 
 tiou failed to detect any disease other than general emaciation. 
 On making inquiries concerning the food, the owner replied, " The 
 edit has been fed on good sweet hay and corn-stalks ever since it 
 was weaned." This was capital food for the poor thing, provided, 
 however, its stomach had a grist-mill within it ; otherwise, it was 
 hard fare, and must derange the digestive function, and, ere tb.8 
 colt has attained maturity, dyspepsia, in either a mild or aggra- 
 vated form, has secured a victim. 
 
 Mr. Percivall has defined strangles to be "a diffusible swell- 
 ing under the iaw. The tumor consists in a circumscribed inflam- 
 mation, having all the characteristics of simple phlegmon, attack- 
 ing the subcutaneous cellular substance included between the 
 branches of the jaw, which, in consequence, become gradually 
 filled and distended with effusions of lymphy and serous matters, 
 acquires a firm and solid feel, tenderness on pressure, and a sense 
 of unnatural heat. This commonly proceeds to suppuration, end- 
 ing, to all appearances, in a common submaxillary abscess. Now, 
 this, and this alone, constitutes strangles. There are in the oooks 
 a variety of other symptoms described, but they are all concomi- 
 tant or accidental, none but these being, properly speaking, essen- 
 tial to its existence. The usual concomitants are, membranous 
 inflammation, giving rise to soreness about the throat ; reddening 
 and discharge at the nose, and perhaps cough ; tumefaction of the 
 salivary glands, producing pain and difficulty of deglutition; and, 
 lastly, some slight febrile commotion of the system." 
 
 Contagiousness of Strangles. — We learn from the "Veterina- 
 rian" that M. Reynal, clinical professor at the Alfort School, 
 submits a number of observations corroborative of the contagious 
 character of strangles. He states that "young horses having 
 strangles, and put into stables with horses of adult age, doing 
 their duty, have communicated the disease to those of the latter, 
 who have ^tood in adjoining stalls, though some few have onlj 
 exhibited the disease in a catarrhal form. Even the foal has been 
 known to suck the disease from its dam. Moreover, experiment 
 has been had recourse to -to inoculate for strangles. M, Damalix 
 smeared with a sponge, impregnated with matter taken from the 
 abscess of strangles, twice daily, both sides of the pituitary mem- 
 brane and the internal surfaces of the linings of the eyelids, in a 
 Bound horse, about to be cast for spavin. This was continued for 
 :-*even days. On the eighth, he remarked that the horsp had lost 
 
414 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 his appetite, had commenced running from both nostrils, loughed 
 softly and loosely, and had swelling under the jaw, which ended 
 in resolution, all the symptoms terminating eight days from their 
 commencement. 
 
 It has been remarked that strangles is more surely communi- 
 cated at an early than a late stage, and in a certain form more 
 readily than in others. Strangles will assume the herpetic char- 
 acter, simulate farcy and glanders, settle in the mesenteric glands, 
 or may follow castration. In regard to contagion, may be men- 
 tioned, as most readily communicable, that form of strangles which 
 assumes the character of eruptions on the lips, nose, and pituitary 
 membrane." 
 
 The Tumor of Strangles is not always confined to the submax- 
 illary space, as Avill be observed from the following case, which 
 occurred in the author's practice, a short time ago, in a gray marc, 
 and which speedily ran to a fatal termination. The subject had 
 previously suffered from some internal disorder, and, on recovery 
 from which, did not appear to regain its usual health, but re- 
 mained in an unthrifty condition. A few days before our atten- 
 tion was called to the case, a turn r made its appearance on the 
 near hip, which suppurated and discharged. On the morning of 
 our visit, the animal had been attacked with abdominal pain, for 
 which remedies had been prescribed. They not appearing to 
 afford relief, the owner called in the aid of some person, who in- 
 serted a knife into the mouth, and wounded the palatine artery, 
 from which the blood had flowed for several hours, but was now 
 arrested. We found the extremities icy cold, and the pulse very 
 feeble. The eye appeared glassy, mucous surfaces pale, and the 
 lips hanging pendulous. There was a painful tumor on the near 
 hind leg;, close to the stifle, and another on the flank of the same 
 side. The animal was exceedingly stiff and lame in the hind ex- 
 tremities, and appeared to be failing very fast. Considering the 
 case a hopeless one, we merely recommended some restorative cor- 
 dial and a few quarts of gruel. The animal died in the course 
 of a few hours, and its death, no doubt, was hastened by the loss 
 of blood; for, as the owner expressed himself, "the horse had 
 some life in him before being bled," thereby intimating that the 
 abstraction of blood deprived him of that life. 
 
 Treatment. — So soon as matter can be detected in the tumor or 
 abscess beneath the jaw it should be laid open. This will libo.r- 
 
horse management, mr, 415 
 
 ate a quantity of pus. The orifice thus made must not be allowed 
 to close, but must be kept open for a few days, or until matter 
 ceases to run. During this period, a liniment, composed of cod- 
 liver oil, half a pint, and powdered camphor, two ounces, must 
 occasionally be rubbed about the region of the jaws. Half aa 
 ounce of powdered chlorate of potass should be mixed in the 
 irink, or with some flaxseed tea, if the patient will drink it. A 
 couple of drachms of fluid extract of pleurisy -root may be given, 
 night and morning, for a short time. Active medicine is not 
 indicated ; good nursing, aided by pure air and voluntary exercise 
 in an in closure, will soon restore the patient to health. 
 
 We close our labors in {lie Equine Department by entering 
 our solemn protest against the unwarrantable use of the lancet or 
 knife in Veterinary Practice. It is a disgrace to humanity, an 
 outrage on the rights and privileges of that noble animal, the 
 horse, over whom God has given us dominion and power — not to 
 abuse and render their life a weary toil, and extort from them all 
 the labor we can, but to protect them, to administer to their wants 
 and necessities, and render their condition as happy as possible. 
 A moral responsibility rests on every man to see that the claims 
 which these poor creatures have upon our race are respected ; that 
 their rights are not violated ; that, when sick and in a dying con- 
 dition, they shall be treated with mercy, and be protected from 
 their tormentors, the unmerciful phlebotomists. Any misguided 
 man who can draw from the veins of an emaciated or dying horse 
 the little blood they contain should be sent to the insane asylum, 
 and never again be permitted to disgrace the noble nature of man. 
 We can respect the man who conscientiously practices blood-let- 
 ting; b it where is the medical man who can conscientiously bleed 
 i dying brute with a view of saving life? 
 
 KBTD OF EQUINE DEPAETMEHT. 
 
TABLES OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 
 
 APOTHECARIES' WEIGHTS. 
 
 20 grains make one scruple, marked $j. 
 
 3 scruples do. drachm, do 3j. 
 
 8 drachms do. ounce, do gj. 
 
 12 ounces do. pound, do Ibj* 
 
 LIQUID MEASURES. 
 
 ftU drops make one drachm, marked .... 33. 
 
 8 drachms do. ounce, do • 3J« 
 
 20 ounces do. pint, do. Oj. 
 
 8 pints do. gallon, do Cong, 
 
 ORDINARY MODES OP MEASURING LIQUIDS. 
 
 A tea-spoonful of liquid equals 60 drops, or one drachm. 
 A table-spoonful of do £ ounce, ox four drachma. 
 
 A dessert-spoonful of do. 1 80 drops, or three drachms. 
 A wine-glassful of do. 1£ ounces. 
 
 The doses vary in quantity in different animals. The amount to 
 be given in any case will do found clearly stated in the treatment ot 
 each disease, whether of horses, cattle, sheep, or hogs. 
 416 
 
A LIST OF FLUID EXTRACTS, 
 
 8EOENTLY INTRODUCED INTO VETERINARY PRACTIO* 
 
 By G. H. DADD, V. S., 
 
 WITH INSTRUCTION REGARDING THEIR ACTION, AND 
 THE QUANTITY TO BE ADMINISTERED. 
 
 THE introduction of medicines, in the form of Fijjid Ex- 
 tracts, for the treatment of diseases incidental to domestio 
 animals is considered a very great improvement over the old 
 method of drenching by the pint or quart, to the great disgust of 
 the patient as well as the practitioner, and the great danger attend- 
 ing the administration of a large quanty of fluid which was neces- 
 sary when crude materials were used. In the use of fluid extracts 
 all danger is obviated and much labor saved, for the doses are 
 quite small, rarely exceeding one fluid ounce. This can be merely 
 placed on the tongue, the animal's head being slightly elevated, 
 and he swallows it without any difficulty or resistance. 
 
 The fluid extracts bear an exact relation to the crude materials— 
 that is, ounce for ounce — yet, from a variety of circumstances, they 
 may vaiy slightly from this standard. It is, however, the inten- 
 tion of the manufacturer to completely exhaust the active principle 
 of the crude material and render the medicine uniform in strength. 
 The fluid extracts used by the author are manufactured by Messrs. 
 Garrison & Co., manufacturing chemists, of Chicago. They con- 
 duct their evaporations at a very low temperature, by means of an 
 improved steam bath, and use only select drugs, thereby prevent- 
 ing the possibility of adulteration. I have used large quantities 
 of medicine manufactured by the above-named firm, and find them 
 27 417 
 
41c L^DD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 equal if not superior to any in the market; therefore I do not 
 hesitate to recommend them as efficient and reliable medicines. 
 The doses here recommended apply to both horses and cattle. 
 
 Fluid Extract of Chamomile. 
 
 (Anthemis Nobilis.) 
 
 This is a valuable tonic, and is used in cases of derangement of 
 the digestive organs. Dose, from two to four drachms. 
 
 Fluid Extract of Arnica. 
 
 ( Leopard 1 s-bane. ) 
 
 Arnica is chiefly used in veterinary practice as an external ap- 
 plication in the treatment of wounds, sprains, and bruises. It is 
 prepared as follows : 
 
 Fluid extract of arnica 4 oz. 
 
 Proof spirits (equal parts of water and alcohol) ... 1 pint. 
 Mix. 
 
 Apply a portion to the affected part two or three times daily. 
 Fluid Extract of Wormwood. 
 
 (Artemisia Absinthium.) 
 
 This is used as an anthelmintic for the expulsion of worms. 
 The dose is one ounce (fluid), to be given every morning for a 
 week, just before feeding-time. It not only has a tendency to e: - 
 pel worms, but gives tone to the digestive organs, and corrects 
 morbid appetite 
 
 Fluid Extract of Pleurisy Root. 
 
 (Asclepias Tuberosa.) 
 
 This is used in pleurisy and irritable sore throat. Dose, four 
 drachms, night and morning. The powdered root enters ink the 
 compositf in of some of the most celebrated cough powders. 
 
 Fluid Extract of Male Fern. 
 
 (Aspidium Filix Mas.) 
 
 This is the celebrated remedy for the treatment of tape- wet m, 
 which is sometimes to be found iD the intestines of young sits. 
 
LIST OF FLUID EXTRACTS. 419 
 
 Dose, four drachms, to be given every morning, on an empty 
 stomach, for six or eight successive days, and longer if necessary. 
 
 Fluid Extract of Buchu. 
 
 (Barosma Orenata.) 
 
 This is used exclusively for the treatment of diseases of the 
 urinary organs, retention of the urine, and for the treatment of 
 the various forms of dropsy. Its direct action is diuretic, yet it 
 also gives tone to the parts on which it acts. Dose, from four to 
 eight drachms. Should an animal be suffering from retention of 
 the urine, the diuretic action of the buchu may be augmented by 
 adding to it a small quantity (equal parts) of sweet spirits of niter. 
 For the treatment of spasm at the neck of the bladder, add to the 
 dose of buchu an equal quantity of tincture of assafetida. 
 
 Fluid Extract of Indian Hemp (Foreign). 
 
 ( Cannabis Indicus Sativiu.) 
 
 This medicine acts as a narcotic and antispasmodic. Its use is 
 indicated in all diseases attended with pain and restlessness, but is 
 chiefly used for the treatment of tetanus or locked-jaw. Dose, 
 two drachms, to be repeated as occasion may require. 
 
 Fluid Extract of Prince's Pine. 
 
 (Pipsissewa.) 
 
 Prince's pine is a very excellent tonic and diuretic in chronic 
 diseases of the urinary organs, and has been used with much suc- 
 cess in cases of local dropsy of the limbs, known as swelled legs. 
 Dose, from four to six drachms. 
 
 Fluid Extract of Black Snakeroot. 
 
 ( Cimicifuga Racemosa.) 
 
 This extract is considered a valuable agent for the treatment of 
 spasmodic affections, which arise in consequence of derangement 
 of some portion of the nervous system. It is an efficient remedy 
 in hysteria. 
 
420 dadd's veterinary medicine and surgery. 
 
 Fluid Extract of Colchicum. 
 
 (Colchicum Autumnale.) 
 
 This extract is prepared from the roots and seeds of the plant, 
 It is celebrated for the treatment of rheumatism, inflammatory 
 diseases of the joints, and inter-articular lameness. Dose, one 
 drachm, two or three times per day. 
 
 Fluid Extkact of Yellow Jessamine. 
 
 ( Gelseminum Sempervirent.) 
 
 This agent is used as a sedative in the treatment of pleurisy and 
 pneumonia in the early or acute stage. It is also a powerful febri- 
 fuge, hence it is indicated in all acute fevers. It entirely dis- 
 penses with use of the fleam. Dose, from one, to three drachms. 
 
 Fluid Extract of Witch hazel. 
 
 (Hamamelis Virginica.) 
 
 Witch-hazel is used as a local astringent in the treatment of 
 u bog and blood spavin." It is prepared for use as follows : 
 
 Fluid extract of witch-hazel 6 oz. 
 
 Proof spirits 1 pint. 
 
 Mix. 
 
 Apply a portly twice daily. 
 
 Fluid Extract of Hops. 
 
 (Humulus Lupulus.) 
 
 This preparation of hops is used as a tonic in general debility, 
 and as a narcotic in diseases of the nervous system. It is a relia- 
 ble remedy to induce sleep and relieve pain. Dose, from two to 
 four drachms, to be repeated as occasion seems to require. 
 
 Fluid Extract of Golden Seal. 
 
 (Hydrastis Canadensis.) 
 
 The golden seal is a pure tonic, and its use is indicated in all 
 cases of debility, loss of appetite, derangement of the digestive 
 organs, and torpidity of the liver. Dose, from two to four 
 drachms. 
 
list of fluid extracts. 421 
 
 Fluid Extract of Sassafras. 
 
 All the preparations of sassafras are more or less alterative. 
 The fluid extract is used in view of purifying the blood in diseases 
 of the skin, and in cases of chronic rheumatism. Dose, from four 
 to six drachms. 
 
 Fluid Extract of Culver's Root. 
 
 (Leptandra Virginica.) 
 
 This is employed, in the author's practice, as a substitute foi 
 calomel, in the treatment of acute and chronic diseases of the liver. 
 Dose, from two to four drachms. 
 
 Fluid Extract of Lobelia. 
 
 Lobelia is a very valuable antispasmodic, and is useful in dis- 
 eases of a spasmodic character. The author has used it, with great 
 success, in obstinate cases of spasmodic colic. Dose, two drachms. 
 
 Fluid Extract of Bayberry. 
 
 (Myrica Cerifera.) 
 
 Bayberry is successfully used as a stimulant and astringent in 
 scours, diarrhea, and super-purgation. Dose, two drachms, to be 
 administered in a small quantity of milk porridge. 
 
 Fluid Extract of Poppy-heads. 
 
 (Papaver Somni/erium.) 
 
 This is used as a narcotic, in all cases that seem to require the 
 exhibition of opium. It mitigates pain, induces sleep and rest, 
 and is much safer than crude opium. Dose, from two to six 
 drachms. 
 
 Fluid Extract of Poke-root. 
 
 (Phytolacca Decandra.) 
 
 This is used as an alterative in a disease occurring among cows, 
 known as " garget," or " caked udder." Dose, from two to four 
 drachms. 
 
122 
 
 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 Fluid Extract of Matico. 
 
 (Piper Angusti/olium.) 
 
 This is used as a styptic to bleeding wounds, internal hemor- 
 rhages, and chronic diarrhea. Dose, from four to eight drachma. 
 
 Fluid Extract of Cubebs. 
 
 This is a very valuable agent for the treatment of leucorrheaj 
 gleet, nasal gleet, or discharges from mucous surfaces. Dose, from 
 three to six drachms. 
 
 Fluid Extract of Black Pepper. 
 
 (Piper Nigrum.) 
 
 This is a carminative and stimulant to the digestive organs, 
 and is often used successfully in the treatment of stomach stag- 
 gers. Dose, from two to four drachms 
 
 Fluid Extraci of Mandrake. 
 
 (Podophyllum Peltatum.) 
 
 Mandrake is now used as a laxative and cathartic, in lieu ol 
 aloes. About one ounce will usually purge a horse, if followed 
 tip by sloppy bran-mashes. 
 
 Fluid Extract of Bloodroot. 
 
 (Sanguinaria Canadensis.) 
 
 This is used as an escharotic in the treatment of foul ulcers, 
 and fungus growths. It is used, also, as a gargle in suppurative 
 laryngitis, croup, putrid sore throat, etc. The gargle is prepared 
 as follows: 
 
 Fluid extract of bloodroot 4 oz. 
 
 "Vinegar 1 pt- 
 
 Mix. 
 
 It is applied to the mouth and throat by means of a sponge, 
 affixed to a piece of rattan or whalebone. 
 
list of fluid extracts. 423 
 
 Fluid Extract of Valerian. 
 
 ( Valerian Officinalis.) 
 
 This is a very useful antispasmodic, and its use is indicated in 
 all cases marked by irregular nervous action and hysterical affec- 
 tions. Dose, four drachms. 
 
 Fluid Extract of Ginger. 
 
 (Zinziberis Officinalit.) 
 
 Fluid extract of ginger is one of the most valuable diflusible 
 stimulants to be found in the whole materia medica. The Ja- 
 maica ginger is preferable to any other; it is used in cases of indi- 
 gestion, flatulency, etc. Dose, from three to six drachms. 
 
 Fluid Extract of Ginger enters into the composition of the cele- 
 brated colic drench, used by the author of this work and his 
 students, during a period of twenty-five years, with marked suc- 
 cess. The following is the formula : 
 
 Fluid extract of ginger ) , , ,, - .. 
 
 Fluid extract of golden seal.. } each l lb " flmd ' 
 
 Hyposulphite of soda 6 oz. 
 
 Dose, four ounces (fluid) every four hours, until relief is ob- 
 tained. 
 
 Remedy for Wounds. 
 
 Apply a compress of several folds of cotton cloth, soaked in a 
 portion of the following : 
 
 Balsam fir 1 lb. 
 
 Hyposulphite of soda 2 o». 
 
 Proof spirit 1 pt. 
 
 Mix. 
 
 Remedy for Tedious Labor. 
 
 The natural labor-pains may be excited by administering: 
 fluid extract of ergot (ergota), two drachms, every half hour, 
 until delivery is accomplished. The ergot operates with great 
 energy upon the contractile function of the uterus, of both mares 
 and cows, and to a certain extent prevents inordinate hemorrhage 
 after parturition. 
 
424 
 
 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 Remedy for Hemorrhage in Performing Operations. 
 
 Apply, by means of a compress of linen or sponge, a small 
 quantity of persulphite of iron. This is the most valuable styptic 
 known to veterinary science. 
 
 Fluid Extract of Aconite. 
 
 -Monk's-hood.) 
 
 (Aconilum Napellus- 
 
 This medicine is used as a very powerful sedative and narcotiCj 
 in all cases of active or inflammatory disease of the lungs or brain 
 It is highly recommended by the professors of our art as a reliable 
 antiphlogistic in the treatment of acute affections. The dose is 
 from ten to twenty drops. This medicine is said to be very effi- 
 cacious in inflammatory rheumatism, and as a fine topical remedy 
 in localized painful affections, such as laminitis, myalgia, etc. 
 
 Hyposulphite of Soda. 
 
 The hyposulphite of soda is useful in all kinds of diseases known 
 as rinderpest, pleuro-pneu»monia, typhoid affections, and in en- 
 zootic affections, and in all diseases caused by fermentation in the 
 blood, such as Texas fever, malignant scarlet fever, typhus, etc. 
 The hyposulphite of soda can be used with great success in the 
 treatment of the above and other affections of an enzootic origin, 
 yet I have found it more efficacious and reliable when prepared 
 as follows: 
 
 Hyposulphite of soda ") 
 
 Hypophosphate of lime. . . > each 1 oi. 
 
 Hypophosphate of potass. . ) 
 
 Fluid extract of ginger 2 ob. 
 
 Sugar of milk 1 oi. 
 
 Proof spirit , 1 pt. 
 
 Dose, two ounces, two or three times daily. 
 
A GUIDE TO DIAGNOSIS; 
 
 OB 
 
 COMPLETE INDEX OF SYMPTOMS 
 
 The following Index of Symptoms is arranged under four heads, 
 viz. : Diseases of Horses ; Diseases of Cattle ; Diseases 
 of Sheep; Diseases of Swine. Each part is arranged alpha- 
 betically, so that ready reference can be made to any symptom. 
 
 HOW TO USE THIS INDEX. 
 
 Animals when taken sick, not having the power of speech, can 
 not make known the seat of their disease, except by certain signs 
 r>r invariable symptoms. It therefore becomes of the highest im- 
 portance to be able to understand the mute language of the poor 
 dumb brute, and thus to find out what ails him, in order that the 
 proper means of cure may be speedily made use of. 
 
 An instance of the use to be made of this Index may be found 
 in the following case : "A horse is noticed to breathe faster thaa 
 usual, with evident pain; back, arched; legs, straddling; head 
 often turned toward the loins ; urine, reddened and scanty." Now, 
 a reference to these symptoms, as arranged alphabetically, enables 
 us to turn directly to page 223, where "Inflammation of the Kid- 
 neys" is seen to be the disease we are looking for. 
 
 The same thing can be done in case a cow, sheep, or hog be the 
 victims of disease. 
 
 In observing symptoms, attention should be directed to the 
 
 425 
 
426 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 various parts of the body of the animal which give the earliest 
 warnings of disease. These are, usually, 
 
 The Eyes, Tongue, Muzzle, Throat, Pulse, Chest, Heart, 
 Breath, Breathing; Discharges from the Mouth; Dis- 
 charges from the Nostrils; The Skin, The Coat, The 
 Back, The Attitude, and General Appearance of the 
 whole Body. 
 
 EQUINE DEPARTMENT. 
 
 PAGBB 
 
 Abdomen, distended with gas 188 
 
 do. pressure on, produces pain 198, 201 
 
 Acute rheumatism 333 
 
 " All in a heap " 350 
 
 Anus, scurfy, yellow accumulation around margin of 220 
 
 Anxiety , 124 
 
 Appetite, little 289 
 
 do. loss of 116, 124, 201, 206, 223 
 
 Back, arched 223, 332 
 
 Back, muscles of, rigid .73 
 
 Back, roached 350 
 
 Belching, continually 183, 188 
 
 Belly, ccld sweat on 112 
 
 do. dropsical swellings under 120, 397 
 
 do. striking of. 193 
 
 do. suddenly very much bloated 187 
 
 do. pressure on causes pain 201, 198 
 
 do. "tucked" up 74,193 
 
 Blood from bowek 297 
 
 Body, becomes thin 299 
 
 do. cold 94,112 
 
 do. covered with cold sweat 187,188 
 
 Sowels, bloody, fetid discharge from 112 
 
 do. blood from, caused by straining 205 
 
 do. inactive ..... 198 
 
 do. constipated 332 
 
 do. irregular • 220 
 
 Breath, hot and offensive 289 
 
 do. smells badly • 208 
 
 Breathing, grunting 61 , 62, 64 
 
 do. labored and quick 187 
 
A GUIDE TO DIAGNOSIS. 427 
 
 PAGES 
 
 iireathing, quick and grunting 120 
 
 do. quick and painful 223 
 
 do. oppressed and slow 63, 206 
 
 do. excited 78 
 
 do. oppressed and noisy 94, 179 
 
 dc croupy , . . . 97 
 
 do. difficult 101, 183 
 
 do. labored 116 
 
 Chest, pressure on side of, gives pain 120, 332 
 
 do. dropsical swellings under , , 120 
 
 do. tinkling sound in, when ear is held close tc 124 
 
 Chewing performed slowly 75 
 
 Coat, staring 206 
 
 do. rough and unthrifty 220, 275 
 
 Convulsions 62 
 
 Coughing, spasmodic 94 
 
 do. and laborious breathing 108 
 
 do. deep-seated and half suppressed 116 
 
 Cough, dry and hacking 220 
 
 Cramp of the muscles 70 
 
 Darkness, preferred 75 
 
 Delirium 78 
 
 Drowsiness 62 
 
 Dung, unusually dark-colored and hard 99 
 
 do. scanty 120 
 
 do. covered with yellow slime 220 
 
 do. bloody 297 
 
 Ears kept in constant motion, one forward the other backward.. . 43 
 
 do. tips of, cold 97, 208 
 
 do. cold 183 
 
 Excretions, diminished , 63 
 
 Extremities, cold 94, 116, 208 
 
 do. dropsy of. 112 
 
 Eye, tenderness in one, with eyelids closed 56 
 
 do. copious flow of tears from 56 
 
 do. white of, slightly red 56 
 
 do. anterior chamber of, full of yellow matter 56 
 
 do. pupil of, dilated 59, 61, 64, 179 
 
 do. staring wildly 63, 1 96 
 
 do. do. as if they would burst from sockets 67 
 
 do. bloodshot 179 
 
 Eyss, squinting appearance of. -. 73 
 
428 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 PAGES 
 
 &yes, dull 75 
 
 do. prominent , 97 
 
 do. glassy and prominent 187 
 
 do. dropsical 397 
 
 Eyelids kept closed 46 
 
 do. swollen 46 
 
 do. internal surface of, red 46, 59, 201 
 
 do. profuse discharge of matter from 55 
 
 do. closed, with tenderness in one eye 56 
 
 do. half shut , 75 
 
 do. lining of, white « 206 
 
 do. do. bright yellow 212 
 
 Face, swelling of. 297, 397 
 
 Falling down suddenly on the road 64 
 
 do. do. with a loud snorting sound 67 
 
 Fear and restlessness on approach of heavy vehicle 43 
 
 Feeling, loss of 64 
 
 Feed refused 178, 223 
 
 Feet, fore ones raised to an unnecessary height in walking 43 
 
 do. raised very high , 75 
 
 do. pawing with fore 190 
 
 do. fore ones hot and thrown forward 332 
 
 do. fore ones thrown forward 350 
 
 Feverish symptoms 158, 198 
 
 Flanks, bedewed with cold perspiration 97, 112 
 
 do. heaving at the 116, 125 
 
 do. head turned toward 1JI0 
 
 do. tucked up 3£>0 
 
 Flesh, quivering 3£n0 
 
 Flesh, loss of. 2Jt9 
 
 Foaming at the mouth 67 
 
 Food, no desire for 178, 223 
 
 Foot, pointing of. 330, 342 
 
 Fore-legs widely separated 116 
 
 do , beneath the belly 75 
 
 do. in the manger, kicking and tearing 78 
 
 Gait, heavy, slow, and unsteady 75, 289 
 
 do. short, tripping, and cautious 330 
 
 Groaning after passing urine 224 
 
 Gums, covered with slime 112 
 
 Hair, falls off in patches 275 
 
 do. do. in circular patches on shoulders and sides 291 
 
A GUIDE TO DIAGNOSIS 429 
 
 PACKS 
 
 Hair of neck and legs elevated in blotches 289 
 
 do. rough, unthrifty, and not glossy 275, 299 
 
 Haw, swollen 
 
 do. shooting above, on raising the jaw 70 
 
 Flead, depressed and bent to one side 59 
 
 do. hanging down 1°* 
 
 dc, held drooping H6, 208 
 
 do. kept elevated 
 
 do kept near the ground 179 
 
 do. reposing on the manger 62 
 
 do. swollen and dropsical 397 
 
 do. tossed backward "1 
 
 do. turning of to the sides 120 
 
 do. turned to the belly 179 
 
 do. turned toward flanks 190, 223 
 
 do. violently thrust against the rack or wall 62 
 
 Health, general, slightly impaired 158 
 
 Heart, violent beating of 206 
 
 Heaviness and indolence following suddenly on activity 75 
 
 Heels, dry, horny scabs on 284 
 
 do. pinched in 330 
 
 do. ulcers on 284 
 
 Hind limbs become suddenly too weak to support the body 66 
 
 Hock, enlargement at point of 322 
 
 do. do. on inside of. 323 
 
 Hock-joint, stiffness of 371 
 
 1 tching, severe 291 
 
 .1 aw, swelling under ..., 412 
 
 J ugular veins congested 124 
 
 do. do. pulsate like an artery 124 
 
 Lamenes*s in hind leg 370 
 
 Legs, cold * 1°3 
 
 do. hind, dropsical 12^ 
 
 do. do. swollen *°° 
 
 do. do. widely separated 2-4 
 
 do. straddling 223 
 
 do. tremble 206 
 
 Lethargy 59 
 
 Q7 
 Limbs, cold Vi 
 
 do. swellings on 297 
 
 do. violently convulsed 67 
 
 Lips, swelling of 29? 
 
430 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 PAGIB 
 
 Listlessness 206 
 
 Loins, pressure on causes pain and crouching 223 
 
 Look, fixed and stupid 75 
 
 Lying down and soon rising 112, 178 
 
 Motion, loss of. 64 
 
 do. tremulous of various parts of the body 64 
 
 do. unwillingness of 116 
 
 Mouth, bright yellow color of lining of 212 
 
 do. cold 124 
 
 do. dried up Ill 
 
 do. dry and clammy 75 
 
 do. foaming at 67, 162 
 
 do. hot and clammy 116 
 
 do. hot and dry 201 
 
 do. membranes of, pale 397 
 
 do. yellow tinge on the inside surface of 99 
 
 Movement, stiff 332 
 
 Neck, blotches on, after being driven , 287 
 
 do. cold sweats on 112 
 
 do. muscles of, rigid 73 
 
 do. tumor or swelling on nape of 293 
 
 Nose, bleeding from 112 
 
 do. gluey matter from 156 
 
 do. lining of, pale 397 
 
 Nostrils, dilated 97 
 
 do. discharge from, streaked with blood 97 
 
 do. mucous discharge from 102 
 
 do. redness of lining membranes of Ill 
 
 do. scarlet blotches in 289 
 
 Pawing with fore-feet 63 
 
 do. do. slightly 198 
 
 Perspiration, profuse 78, 179 
 
 do. do. and chilly 183 
 
 Pulse, active 350 
 
 do. feeble 188 
 
 do. full, strong, and frequent 111,183 
 
 do. hard and quickened 223 
 
 do. nearly gone 94 
 
 do. quick and oppressed ! 78 
 
 do. slow and sluggish 63 
 
 do. small and quick 158 
 
 do. snmll and thready 97, 1 87 
 
A GUIDE TO DIAGNOSIS. 431 
 
 PAGM 
 
 Folsf). unnaturally strong 64 
 
 do. variable . H6 
 
 do. wiry 74 ? 120 
 
 Reeling and falling, on being urged to move 59 
 
 Respiration quick and jerking 350 
 
 Restlessness 178, 201 
 
 Rolling 190,205 
 
 Rolling and tumbling 179, 183 
 
 Rubbing, constant 275 
 
 Shivering fit, followed by discharge from nostrils 108 
 
 do. do. slight 116, 198 
 
 Shoulder, wasting of. 324, 330 
 
 Sides, blotches on, after being driven 287 
 
 Skin, coldness of 124 
 
 do. hot 201 
 
 Sleep, deep and snoring , 64 
 
 Sleepiness 59, 62, 75, 212 
 
 do. with general fever 78 
 
 Stamping and pawing continually 193, 205 
 
 " Star-gazing " 43 
 
 Steps, short and slow 332 
 
 Stomach, pain in 178 
 
 Strength, much reduced 178 
 
 Swallow, loss of power to 64 
 
 Sweating, cold 178 
 
 do. profuse 78 
 
 Tail, elevated and quivering 179 
 
 do. great inclination to rub against posts and fences 220 
 
 Tears, excessive flow of 46 
 
 Thighs, corded swellings on inside of 158 
 
 Teeth, covered with slime 112 
 
 Thirst, great 120, 223, 289 
 
 Throat, sore 108 
 
 Toes, walking on 342 
 
 Tongue, foul 75 
 
 do. has a horny feel, and turns brown , . . . 112 
 
 do. livid 94,187 
 
 do. leaden colored , 179 
 
 do. of a bluish cast 205 
 
 do. slightly coated 99, 198, 208 
 
 Torpor 61 
 
 Tottering anH dropping down 205 
 
432 DADDS VETERINARY MEDICINE AND BURGERY. 
 
 EA0M 
 
 Turning, awk hardness in. ...* - 75 
 
 Unconsciousness 61 
 
 Unsteadiness in moving 61, 208 
 
 Urine, of a dark yellow color • 99 
 
 do. high colored 120,332 
 
 do. scanty 208 
 
 do. do. and red 223 
 
 do. frequent and painful discharge of 224 
 
 do. light colored, almost transparent 230 
 
 do. has the smell of musty hay • • 230 
 
 do. hloody 237,297 
 
 Vomit, continued efforts to ••• 183 
 
 Vomiting, from both nostrils 187 
 
 Walking, leaning to one side in ••••••••• « 75 
 
 Windpipe, rattling sound in Ill 
 
 Wind, from the bowels. < 179,190 
 
GLOSSARY 
 
 OP 
 
 MEDICAL AND SCIENTIFIC TERMS. 
 
 Abnormal — Irregular. 
 
 Absorbents — Medicines used for absorbing; also the vessels of &£ 
 
 body which suck up. 
 Acute — Sharp, severe. 
 Adipose — Fatty. 
 Adynamic — Debilitated. 
 Alae — Wings. 
 
 Alteratives — Medicines which change a disease for the bertef, 
 Anasarca — Dropsy of cellular membrane. 
 Anasarcous — Dropsical. 
 Anaemia — Bloodlessness. 
 
 Antiseptics — Medicines opposed to putrefaction. 
 Antispasmodics — Remedies opposed to spasms or convulsions. 
 Antiphlogistic — Opposed to inflammation. 
 Aperients — Medicines which open the bowels gently. 
 Aqueous — Watery. 
 Ascites — Dropsy of the belly. 
 Ataxic — Disordered. 
 
 Auscultation — Examination by sounding and listening. 
 Autopsy — Post-mortem examination. 
 
 Bifurcation — Division into two branches. 
 
 Bolus — A large pill. 
 
 Buccal Membrane — The lining of the month. 
 
 Canthus — Corner of the eye. 
 Capsule — Shell or case. 
 28 
 
 433 
 
434 DADDS VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 Carbonaceous — Containing carbon. 
 
 Carminatives — Medicines which relieve pain by expelling wind fro» 
 
 the bowels. 
 Cartilaginous — Composed of cartilage. 
 Cathartic — Loosening. 
 Cellular — Cell-like. 
 Cerebellum — The brain. 
 Cerebrum — The brain. 
 Chancrous — Cancerous. 
 Clinical — Relating to individual practice. 
 Coma — Stupor. 
 Comatose — Stupefied 
 Conjunctival Membrane — The membrane whioh lines the eyelids 
 
 and covers the eyeball. 
 Cornea — Transparent coat of the eye. 
 Cranial — Pertaining to the skull. 
 Cranium — Skull. 
 Crucial — Shaped like a cross. 
 
 Decarbonize — To purify by air. 
 
 Diagnosis — The art of telling the naturo of diseases. 
 
 Diaphoretics — Medicines which promote perspiration. 
 
 Diathesis — Predisposition to certain diseases. 
 
 Dietetics — Regulation of diet. 
 
 Diuretics — Medicines which increase the flow of urine. 
 
 Duct — Canal. 
 
 Dynamic — Relating to the vital forces. 
 
 Emollients — Substances used to reduce inflammations. 
 Emphysema — Distention by gas or wind of certain portions of the 
 
 body. 
 Emunctories — Organs which carry off waste matters. 
 Encephalon — The brain. 
 Enema — Injection. 
 
 Enzootic — Endemic diseases among animals. 
 Epizootic — Epidemic among animals. 
 Equilibrium — Balance. 
 Equine — Relating to the horse. 
 Etiology — The doctrine of the causes of disorders. 
 Excrementitious — Useless. 
 
 Excretory — Relating to vessels which throw off useless matter. 
 Extravasation — Escape of a fluid of the body from its vessel into 
 
 surrounding parts. 
 
4 
 
 GLOSSARY OF MEDICAL AND SCIENTIFIC TEBMS. 4S6 
 
 Exudation — Oozing through a membrane. 
 
 Fauces — The throat. 
 Fleam — Usea m bleeding. 
 
 Graminivorous — Feeding on grass. 
 
 Hematosine — The red coloring matter of the biovii 
 
 Hemorrhage — Bleeding. 
 
 Hippiatric — Relating io diseases of the horse. 
 
 Histology — General anatomy. 
 
 Hydrocephalus — Water in the head. 
 
 Hygiene — Preservation of health. 
 
 Ichorous — Hunioiy . 
 Idiopathic — Primary affections. 
 Idiosyncrasy — Peculiarity of constitution. 
 Intubated — Hardened. 
 Inguinal — Belonging to the groin. 
 Intercostal — Between the ribs. 
 Inunction — The act of rubbing in. 
 
 Lachrymal Glands — Those which secrete tears. 
 
 Lancinating — " Shooting." 
 
 Laxatives — Loosening medicines. 
 
 Lesion — Disorder. 
 
 Ligament — The substance which joins bones together. 
 
 Mammae — Breasts. 
 Masseters — Muscles of the jaws. 
 Morbid — Diseased. 
 Morbific — Producing disease. 
 
 Navicular — One of the bones of the foot. 
 Neuro-pathology — The nervous system in 3ifl9Mfc 
 Nodulous — Like a knot. 
 Nosology — Classification of diseases. 
 
 (Edematous — Swollen. 
 Opaque — Not transparent. 
 Os calcis — Bone of the heel. 
 Osseous — Bony. 
 Ovoid — In form of an egg. 
 
> 
 
 436 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AKT) HURLER?. 
 
 Palatine — Relating to the palate. 
 
 Panzootic — An ep'taroic affecting animals generally. 
 
 Parasite — An animal which lives on another. 
 
 Parotid — Largest salivary gland. 
 
 Pathology — The study of the body in disease. 
 
 Pedicle — Narrow part of a tumor. 
 
 Petechial — Resembling flea-bites. 
 
 Phthisis — Wasting away. 
 
 Pituitary Membrane — Lining of the nostrils. 
 
 Pseudo-membranous — Relating to false membrane*. 
 
 Pus — Matter. 
 
 Pylorus — Entrance into intestines. 
 
 Bale — A watery sound heard in sounding the ehest in tOBft &JiMMf 
 
 Sanative — Health-giving. 
 
 Schneiderian Membrane — The lining of the nostrils. 
 
 Sebaceous — Of the nature of suet. 
 Sedatives — Medicines which produce sleep. 
 Serous — Watery. 
 Serum — Watery part of the blood. 
 Solvent — That which dissolves. 
 Sporadic — Scattered. <- 4 
 
 Submaxillary — Beneath the jaw. 
 Sudamina — Small eruptions. 
 Supra -renal — \bove the kidney. 
 
 Thoracic — Relating to the chest. 
 
 Thyroid — Shaped like a folding door. 
 
 Tonics — Medicines which give tone and strength to the bod/. 
 
 Tubercular — Relating to tumors in the structure of an orgut 
 
 Tumefaction — Swelling. 
 
 Turbinated Bones — Bones of the nose shaped like a top. 
 
 Tcrgescence — Great amount of humors in any part. 
 
 Vascular — Full of blood-vessels 
 
 Ventricle — Cavity. 
 
 7irus — Poison. 
 
 Vis a fronte — Force from the front 
 
 Yis a tergo — Fores> of propulsion. 
 
 Viscous — Sticky. 
 
 Voice box —Larynx. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 A PAGES 
 
 AMomen distended with Gas 188 
 
 ao. dropsy of 199 
 
 Abdominal cavity, \vound3 of 206 
 
 Abscess within the substance of the 
 
 brain 58 
 
 Absorbents, disease of. 156 
 
 Abstraction of blood 268 
 
 Acute cough 99 
 
 Acute disease of the laminae of the 
 
 foot 350 
 
 Acute disease of the eye 46 
 
 Acute rheumatism 333 
 
 Acute and general disease of the 
 brain, known as encephali- 
 tis "6 
 
 Advantages of in-and-iu breeding. 315 
 
 Affections, typhoid 110 
 
 Age of horse, as known by his teeth. 127 
 
 Albuminous urine 235 
 
 Amaurosis 40 
 
 Amputations 26U 
 
 Amputation of the penis 261 
 
 Anaomia 397 
 
 Analysis of the blood in glanders. 25 
 
 Anatomy of the lungs 90 
 
 Anatomy and physiology, impor- 
 tance of studying 315 
 
 Anatomy of the tail 394 
 
 Animals become parents too early. 312 
 
 Apoplexy, cerebral 64 
 
 Apoplexy of the spine 65 
 
 Apoplexy of the spleen 206 
 
 PAGE* 
 
 Artereotomy 268 
 
 Ascites, or abdominal dropsy 199 
 
 Atrophy, or wasting of muscles in 
 the region of the shoulder- 
 blade 324 
 
 B 
 
 Back, galled 400 
 
 Big head and big jaw 3G2 
 
 Bladder, inflammation of 224 
 
 do. stone in 224 
 
 do. rupture of 232 
 
 Bleeding, various modes of 268 
 
 Blistering 263 
 
 Bloody urine 237 
 
 Blood, the quantity found in the 
 
 body 402 
 
 Blood, its transfusion 404 
 
 Bog spavin 323 
 
 Bone, removing tumor from 258 
 
 Bots, stomachic and hemorrhoidal. 164 
 
 Bowed legs ?81 
 
 Brain, abscess within its substance. 58 
 
 do. diseases of 58 
 
 do. dropsy of --•- 50 
 
 do. inflammation of. 78 
 
 Breeding, and the principles of the 
 
 same 3(2 
 
 do. in-and-in , 307 
 
 Brief exposition of the function of 
 
 the lungs 88« 
 
 Bronchocele . 103 
 
 437 
 
438 
 
 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 C PAGES 
 
 Capped hook 322 
 
 Carbuncular Fever 206 
 
 Case of laryngitis in Patchen colt. 94 
 
 Case of croup 97 
 
 Case of pleurisy and dropsy of the 
 
 chest 120 
 
 C*se of meteorization 186 
 
 Cnsting, mode of 241 
 
 Castration 243 
 
 do. by cauterization 245 
 
 do. the French method 249 
 
 do. by ligature 251 
 
 Cataract 45 
 
 Catarrh, epizootic 106 
 
 Causes of disease 19 
 
 Cerebral hemorrhage 64 
 
 Chabert on polypus 102 
 
 Chest Founder 333 
 
 Chords 335 
 
 Chorea, equine 81 
 
 Chronic rheumatism 336 
 
 Circulation of the heart 401 
 
 do. experiments on its ra- 
 pidity 403 
 
 Colic, flatulent 189 
 
 do. spasmodic 193 
 
 do. treated by inhalation 195 
 
 Composition of the blood of a 
 
 healthy horse 25 
 
 Composition cf the blood glandered 25 
 
 Condition, out of. 299 
 
 Congenital glanders 24 
 
 Contagiousness of glanders 151 
 
 do of strangles 413 
 
 Contraction of the hoof 344 
 
 Copeman on treatment of inflam- 
 mation 47 
 
 Copeman on meningitis 80 
 
 Cornea, opacity of 44 
 
 Corns 384 
 
 Cough, in its chronic and acute 
 
 stage : 99 
 
 Croup, (cynanche trachealis).... 95 
 
 Curry-comb, use and abuse of o97 
 
 Curbs 319 
 
 Curing diseases, the best method of. 26 
 Curvation and disease of the spine. 361 
 
 Cynanche trachealis 95 
 
 Cystitis 224 
 
 D PAGCT 
 
 Death of a horse from ruptured 
 
 stomach 179 
 
 Dentition 127 
 
 Diabetes 229 
 
 Diet 133 
 
 do. changes in, recommended 141 
 
 Digestive organs, disease of 160 
 
 Disease, causes of 18 
 
 do. hereditary causes of....... 20 
 
 do. cases of , 26 
 
 do. o' the urinary organs 223 
 
 Diseases of the skin and sub-tis- 
 sues 274 
 
 Dislocation of the stifle 343 
 
 Distemper 41 J 
 
 Division of the flexor tendons 2oy 
 
 Docking of the tail 396 
 
 Dropsy of th« brain 60 
 
 do. of the abdomen or chest.... 199 
 
 Dropsical limbs 287 
 
 Dun, F. on causes of hereditary 
 
 d'^ease 20 
 
 E 
 
 Education, importance of 32 
 
 Elbow tumor 321 
 
 Encephalitis 76 
 
 Enteritis 20] 
 
 Enlargement of the thyroid glanas. 103 
 
 Epilepsy 66 
 
 Epiglottis, spasm of 90 
 
 Epizootic catarrh 106 
 
 Equine chorea, or stringhalt 81 
 
 Experiments by M. Magendie on 
 the brain and nervous sys- 
 tem 83 
 
 Experiments on the itch insact 277 
 
 Eye, diseases of 40 
 
 do. films or specks on 44 
 
 do. cataract of the 46 
 
 do. worm within 45 
 
 do. acute disease of 46 
 
 do. common inflammation of 46 
 
 do. hooks of 46 
 
 do. treatment of inflammation 
 
 (Copeman on) 4/ 
 
 do. purulent ophthalmia of. 55 
 
 do. periodical inflammation of.... 56 
 
 Eyelids, foreign bodies within 41 
 
INDEX. 
 
 439 
 
 F PAGES 
 
 F*r«w 166 
 
 Fevei typhuB 110 
 
 do. carbuncular 206' 
 
 do. scarlet 288 
 
 do. in feet 350 
 
 Films or specks on the eye 44 
 
 Firiag 262 
 
 Fistulous withers 295 
 
 ?i'e epileptic 66 
 
 lo. hereditary origin of 67 
 
 Flatulent colic 189 
 
 Flexor tendons, division of 259 
 
 Food, effects of various kinds 137 
 
 do. quality required 138 
 
 Foot, division of the nerves of 256 
 
 do. inflammation and ulceration 
 
 of the bones of 330 
 
 do. management of, in the stable. 409 
 Foreign bodies within the eyelids. 44 
 
 Founder bleeding for the same 37 
 
 do. grain 182 
 
 do. chest or water 333 
 
 do. in the feet 350 
 
 Fracture of the pelvis 376 
 
 Functional disease of the liver 211 
 
 Function of the pancreas 216 
 
 Fundament, falling of 387 
 
 Q 
 
 Galled back 400 
 
 Gamgee on splenic apoplexy 206 
 
 Gastritis 178 
 
 Giddiness, or vertigo 74 
 
 Glands, thyroid, enlargement of... 103 
 
 Glanders 147 
 
 do. congenital 24 
 
 do. analysis of the blood 25 
 
 do. can be communicated to 
 
 man 147 
 
 do. contagiousness of. 151 
 
 do. why the disease is so 
 
 called 155 
 
 Glass eye 40 
 
 Gleet, nasal . 153 
 
 Glottis, spasm of 90 
 
 Gohier on polypus 103 
 
 Goiter 103 
 
 Gorged or over-distended stomach. 182 
 Urfcin founder 182 
 
 pa on 
 
 Grease 283 
 
 do. nature of 23 
 
 do. transmission of from horse 
 
 to man 265 
 
 Gullet, opening of to remove for- 
 eign bodies 255 
 
 Gutta serena 40 
 
 Hsematuria 237 
 
 Head, big 362 
 
 Heart sac, inflammation of. 123 
 
 Heart, its circulation 401 
 
 Heaves 125 
 
 Heels, disease of 283 
 
 Hemorrhage, cerebral 64 
 
 do. spinal 65 
 
 Hemorrhoidal bots 164 
 
 Hemorrhoids, or piles 391 
 
 Hereditary origin of epileptic fits. 66 
 
 do. causes of disease 20 
 
 Herpes 299 
 
 Hip shot, or pinhipped 376 
 
 Hide-bound 299 
 
 Hock, capped 322 
 
 Hollow back ... 361 
 
 Hoof, contraction of 344 
 
 Hoof-bound 347 
 
 Hooks 46 
 
 Horse ail 411 
 
 Horses, lice on 282 
 
 Horse's foot, management of, in the 
 
 stable 409 
 
 Hydrocephalus 60 
 
 I 
 
 Importance of ventilating stables, 
 in view of preventing dis- 
 eases of the lungs & 
 
 In-and-in breeding 807 
 
 Inflammation, nature of. 38 
 
 do. its nature and treat- 
 ment 85 
 
 do. treatment of. 47 
 
 do common, of the eye. 46 
 
 do. periodical, do. 56 
 
 do. of the brain 76 
 
 do. of lining membrane 
 
 of larynx W 
 
4 10 
 
 I) ADD S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND STTUGERY. 
 
 PAGES 
 
 lEflammation of the lungs 114 
 
 io. of the pleura 119 
 
 do. of the pericardium 
 
 or heart sac 123 
 
 do. of the Btomach 178 
 
 do. of the peritoneum.... 197 
 
 do. of the intestines 201 
 
 do. of the bladder 224 
 
 do. of the kidneys 223 
 
 do. and ulceration of 
 
 bones of the feet.. 330 
 do. rheumatic, of the 
 
 neck (chords) 335 
 
 inflammatory laryngitis 92 
 
 Influenza, or epizootic catarrh. ... 106 
 do. followed by acute dis- 
 ease of the brain 108 
 
 Inhalation, colic treated by the 
 
 same 195 
 
 Intestines, strangulation of 205 
 
 do. inflammation of. 201 
 
 Intestinal canal, parasites infest- 
 ing the 217 
 
 Iodine, Morton on 105 
 
 Itch 274, 291 
 
 do. insect, experiments on 277 
 
 J 
 Jaundice 211 
 
 K 
 
 Kidneys, inflammation of 223 
 
 do. sprain across 223 
 
 Knees, sprung.. 381 
 
 L 
 
 Lameness from various causes 319 
 
 do navicular 330 
 
 do. remarks on 385 
 
 Laminitis 350 
 
 Lampas 160 
 
 Laryngitis, suppurative and in- 
 flammatory 92 
 
 Leblanc, M., on tracheotomy 100 
 
 Legs, bowed 381 
 
 do. swelled 287 
 
 Lice on horses 282 
 
 Limbs, dropsical 287 
 
 Lithotomy, method of performing . 252 
 
 FAQKt 
 
 Liver, functional disease of 21 1 . 
 
 Locked-jaw 70 
 
 do. test of 70 
 
 Lungs, anatomy of 91 
 
 do. function of 88 
 
 do. inflammation of 114 
 
 M 
 
 Mad staggers 11 
 
 Magendie's experiments on animals JM 
 
 Malignant typhus 113 
 
 Management of the horse's foot in 
 
 the stable 4C9 
 
 Mange 274 
 
 Meningitis, cerebral 77 
 
 do. Copeman on 89 
 
 Meteorization of the intestines 18.') 
 
 Morton on iodir-e 103 
 
 N 
 
 Nasal gleet 158 
 
 Navicular lameness 330 
 
 Navicular thrites 341 
 
 Nephrites 2^,8 
 
 Nervous system £<i 
 
 Neurotomy, mode of operating 2£0 
 
 Nicking 26tf 
 
 do. the tail 3S2 
 
 Nitrate of potass, its uses 3S5 
 
 Nostrils, polypus within 101 
 
 O 
 
 Objections to in-and-in breeding 
 
 answered 3i.4 
 
 CEsophagotomy 255 
 
 (Estrus equi 171 
 
 (Estrus, hemorrhoidalis 17S 
 
 Opacity of the cornea .., 44 
 
 Operations, surgical 289 
 
 Ophthalmia 4tJ 
 
 do. purulent 56 
 
 do. specific. 56 
 
 Osteo porosis, known as big head 
 
 and big jaw 362 
 
 Out of condition 299 
 
 P 
 
 Pancreas and its function 21.6 
 
 Paraplegia && 
 
INDEX. 
 
 441 
 
 PAGES 
 
 Parasites infesting the intestinal 
 
 canal 217 
 
 Patchen colt, laryngitis, ease of.... 94 
 
 Pelvis, fracture of 376 
 
 Penis, amputation of 261 
 
 Feritonitis .... 197 
 
 Pericarditis 123 
 
 do. Woodger on 124 
 
 Firitouvjum, inflammation of. 197 
 
 Periosteotomy 258 
 
 Phlebotomy 270 
 
 Phrenitis 77 
 
 Piles, or hemorrhoids 391 
 
 Pinhipped, or hip shot 376 
 
 Pleurisy 119 
 
 do and dropsy of the chest, 
 
 case of. 1^0 
 
 Pleurodynia, painful affection of 
 the pleura and muscles of 
 
 the chest 332 
 
 Poll evil 292 
 
 Pneumonia 114 
 
 Polypus within the nostrils 101 
 
 do. Chabert ou 102 
 
 do. Gohier en 103 
 
 Pricking the tail 392 
 
 Profuse stalling 229 
 
 Prolapsus ani (falling of the fun- 
 dament) 387 
 
 Prurigo 291 
 
 Pure water needed by horses and 
 
 cattle 398 
 
 Purulent ophthalmia 66 
 
 Quantity of blood in a horse's body. 402 
 Quarter crack 362 
 
 R 
 
 Remarks on veterinary science.... 19 
 
 Remedy for tape-worm 221 
 
 Respiratory organs, diseases of.... 86 
 
 Retention of urine 229 
 
 Rheumatio inflammation of neck... 336 
 
 Rheumatism, acute 333 
 
 do. chronic 336 
 
 Ring-boue 337 
 
 Ring-worm — 291 
 
 Roaring 100 
 
 PAGES 
 
 Rowelling 266 
 
 Rupture of the bladder 232 
 
 do. of the stomach- 178 
 
 8 
 
 Saliva, amount of secretion 163 
 
 Salivation, spontaneous slavering 162 
 
 Sand crack 352 
 
 Scabies 276 
 
 Scarlatina 288 
 
 Scarlet fever 288 
 
 Scratches 283 
 
 Scrofula, its predisposition 24 
 
 Scurvy 297 
 
 Shoulder blade, wasting of mus- 
 cles of 324 
 
 Sitfast 400 
 
 Skin, diseases of 278 
 
 do. warts on 295 
 
 Slinging, mode of 242 
 
 Spasm of the muscles of the glottis 
 
 and epiglottis 90 
 
 Spasmodic colic 193 
 
 Spavin 370 
 
 do. bog 323 
 
 Specific ophthalmia 50 
 
 Specks on the eyes 44 
 
 Spinal hemorrhage 65 
 
 Spine, disease and curvature of.... 361 
 
 Spleen, enlargement of 208 
 
 Splent •'- • 8 
 
 Splenic apoplexy 206 
 
 Sprung knees 381 
 
 Stables, importance of ventilating. 86 
 
 Staggers, Coleman on 68 
 
 do. sleepy, blind, or mad 76 
 
 Stifle out, dislocation of the stifle- 
 bone —.. 343 
 
 Stocking 287 
 
 Stomachic bots 104 
 
 Stomach, gorged 1S2 
 
 do. inflammation of 178 
 
 do rupture of. 178 
 
 do staggers 62 
 
 Stone in the bladder... 224 
 
 Stringhalt 81 
 
 St. Vitus's dance 81 
 
 Strangles 411 
 
 do. contagiousness of. 411 
 
442 
 
 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 PAGES 
 
 a trangulation of the intestines..... 205 
 
 Suppurative laryngitis 92 
 
 Suppression of nrine 226 
 
 Surgical instruments 238 
 
 do. operations 239 
 
 Surfeit 286 
 
 Sway back 861 
 
 Sweeny 324 
 
 Swelled legs m 287 
 
 T 
 
 Tail, anatomy of 894 
 
 do. docking of 395 
 
 do. nicking 392 
 
 Tape-worm, remedy for 221 
 
 Temporary teeth, remarks on 128 
 
 Tetanus 70 
 
 Teeth, age of horse as shown by the 127 
 
 Tetter 299 
 
 The principles of breeding 304 
 
 Thick water 235 
 
 Thinning of blood 397 
 
 Thorough-pin 328 
 
 Thyroid glands, enlargement of.... 103 
 
 Toe sand-crack 854 
 
 Trachealis, cynanche 95 
 
 Tracheotomy 254 
 
 do. Leblanoon 100 
 
 Transfusion of blood 404 
 
 Tumor of the elbow 821 
 
 do. removing of, from bone 258 
 
 Twitch, use of. . 239 
 
 Typhus, or typhoid affections 110 
 
 do. malignant 113 
 
 Tympanitis 188 
 
 U 
 
 Uriury organs, disease oL. 228 
 
 FAcn 
 
 Urination, profuse *. 229 
 
 Urine, suppression of *.««. 226 
 
 do. retention of 229 
 
 do. albuminous...... 235 
 
 do. bloody 287 
 
 Use and abuse of the curry-comb.. 397 
 
 V 
 
 Vapor bath 114 
 
 Varix, or bog spavin 323 
 
 Ventilation, importance of- 86 
 
 Vermifuges 221 
 
 Vertigo 74 
 
 Veterinary science, remarks on.... 19 
 do. science, the relation it 
 bears to social sci- 
 ence 27 
 
 do. science, how to inaugu- 
 rate it 80 
 
 do. education, importance 
 
 of 32 
 
 W 
 
 Warts on the skin 295 
 
 Water founder 888 
 
 do. necessity of its purity 898 
 
 Windgalls 879 
 
 Windpipe, opening of. 254 
 
 Withers, fistulous 295 
 
 Woodger on pericarditis 124 
 
 Worms 217 
 
 Worm within the eye 45 
 
 Wounds penetrating the abdominal 
 
 cavity 206 
 
 Y 
 Yellows ~ 811 
 
Webster Family Library of Veterinary Medicine 
 Cun js School of Veterinary Medicine at 
 Tufts University 
 200 Westboro Road 
 North Grafton, MA 01536 
 
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