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 F A R R I E R's 
 
 AND //^. 
 
 H O R S E M A N's 
 
 IJ, COMPLETE t^.^ ^7/^ 
 
 DICTIONARY: 
 
 CONTAINING 
 
 The Art of Farriery in all its Branches; 
 With whatever relates to the Manage, 
 
 AND TO THE 
 
 Knowledge, Breeding, Fe|ding, ancj 
 Dieting of Horses; 
 
 AS DELIVERED BY 
 
 The befl Writers upon thefe Subject s. 
 By THOMAS WALLIS, Surgeon. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 Printed for W. Owen, at Homer's Head near Temple-Bar ; and 
 
 E. Baker, at Tunbridge- Wells. 
 
 MDCCLIX. 
 
tiii? 
 
 P R E F A C E. 
 
 IT is unnecefTary to expatiate here upon the many excellencies 
 of the Horfe, and his importance to mankind ; nor is it re- 
 quifite to enforce the expediency of cultivating and propa- 
 gating thofe arts that relate to this noble and ufeful animal. 
 
 Horferaanfhip is a very extenfive fubjed^, that has, at all times, 
 been the ftudy and entertainment of fome of the greatell men in 
 moft countries. Thence the gradual improvements in the farrier's 
 province, and in the art of riding, became fcattered over fuch a 
 multitude of volumes, that a redudion of the whole fubjei^:, as at- 
 tempted herein the convenient fize of a pocket volume, was thougkt 
 every day more and more neceffary. 
 
 That the Didlionary form was the fitted for this purpofe I 
 judged, from its being of the moft general fervice in explaining a 
 iubjeft of fo much variety, and which confifts of feveral arts, that, 
 though they all relate to the fame fubje^ft, have neverthelefs their 
 different principles ; and abound with a confiderable number of 
 terms, the meaning of which have, in a great meafure, been left 
 unexplained by the writers in horfemanfhip. And certain it is, that 
 a knowledge of this, as well as of all other arts, depends much 
 upon being previoufiy acquainted with its principles, and the terms 
 peculiar to it. This indeed is the great ufe of all Didionaiies, that 
 they ferve inftead of many fyftems, and inftitutes ; and prevent the 
 trouble of turning over, upon every occaGon, the various writers 
 upon the fubjed. The whole of the Manage, as weH with 
 relation to the horfe as the rider, is delivered in a variety of 
 terms, which are, for the moft part, pure French, or Italiatiy or 
 derived from thofe or other foreign languages ; and the knowledge 
 of the Difeafes of Horfes requires the underftanding of a multitude 
 of phyfical and anatomical terms ; whereto may be added thofe 
 B.fed in pharmacy, &c. 
 
 A z Here 
 
Here then the reader may depend upon finding an explanatian 
 mot only of fuch terms of art, but of the feveral arts themfeives to 
 which they belong, as taught by the moil approved mafters in each • 
 of them. Whatever relates to the breaking, difciplining, and ma- 
 naging horfes ,• the knowledge of their make, colour, age, temper^ 
 and qualities ; their refpe6live countries ; the manner of breeding, 
 feeding, and exercifmg horfes ; the difcovery of the fervices they 
 are fitted for, whether the war, the race, the faddle, or labour ; 
 and forwarding and accommodating them thereto, are all ftverally 
 treated of under their proper heads. The more material part, and 
 ilridly the farrier's province, has been particularly attended to ; 
 the defedts and difeafes of horfes, the remedies proper for a cure, 
 together with the feveral operations requifiie thereto, are delivered 
 at fome confiderable lengths ; and a dcfcription is given of all the 
 inftruments ufed in the practice of the farrier, according to the lateft 
 improvements. On the other hand, the furniture, and appurte- 
 nances belonging to the horfe and his rider, as well thofe ufed in 
 the riding academies as in common life, are alfo defcribed. The 
 lefibns of the manage are rendered plain and eafy ; proper references 
 are made to thofe articles which have any affinity with others ; and- 
 all fynonymous terms are explained, with their moll proper ufe and 
 application. 
 
 A book appeared upon the fame plan, between thirty and forty 
 years ago, intitled the Farrier's and Harfemans Dictionary. The 
 compiler of this work did not make the utmofl advantage of fuch 
 helps as might be had, even at the time he wrote : fince which, 
 however, the art of farriery in particular has been greatly improved. 
 Gihfon^ Bracken., Bartlet^ and La FoJ/e, have treated the fubjedl in 
 a learned manner, refcued the pradice of the art out of the hands 
 of quacks and ignorant pradlitioners j and made ingenious advances 
 towards reducing it into a rational fyftem. They have delivered 
 very plaufible theories relative to the difeafes of horfes; and with 
 great accuracy and precifion treated the farrier's pradlice ; and Gib' 
 fon has, befides, not only wrote a treatife profefledly on the ana- 
 tomy of a horfe ; but has alfo compiled a farrier's difpenfatory, 
 wherein the defcriptions, preparations, and compofitions, of fuch 
 medicines as are ufed in the diilempers of horfes, are methodically 
 laid down. Thefe are indeed the only authors who have treated 
 the difeafes of horfes with propriety, judgment, and method: for 
 Mlundewille^ Markham, Burdon, De Grey^ ScllejjUlt Gkiriniere, Ss- 
 men, &c. were neither furgeons nor phyficians. 
 
 In 
 
In the conrfe of this work, I have en(ieavcured to throw as-ir.uch 
 light as poiTible upon every article of importance: wherever L 
 thought the fentiments of one author not fufficient for that end, I 
 coUedted what was nr.oft to my purpofe from tv.o, three, or more 
 of the moll reputable writers upon the fubjecl. The like method 
 was obferved wherever I found authors differ, either in their the- 
 ory or creaiment of any'difeafe. The length of each article I took 
 care fhould be in proport'on to its importance* and the bounds allot- 
 ted for the execution of the general plan ; always minsful, that if 
 any writer was more celebrated than another for his dcdrine of any- 
 particular fubject, to prefer his fentiments upon that head: tiaus, 
 for inftance, have I made m.oft ufe of La Tojfe under the article of 
 Shoeing cf horfes., and on the Difeafes of their feet \ oi Gihf^yfj^ 
 in articles of the Farriers Difpenjatoryi of Gihj'on and $nape^ 
 in articles of yinato7ny ; of Bracken^ upon the Cataract ; of 
 Bartlet, upon the Glanders i oili'cod, upon the iVJAD Staggers; 
 and fo of others. 
 
 In regard to the farrier's Difpenfatory, it may be proper to ob- 
 ferve, that 1 was much at a lofs how to comprife a fubjecl vvhich T 
 thought fo efienrial and recefiary a part of the defign. A dt^cn^- 
 tion of all the medicinal fimples, made ufe of in the diieafes of 
 horfe?, with their clafTes, virtues, manner of operation, &c I found 
 was endlef, 2nd fuch as I could not attempt. to include in the 
 bounds of this diftionary ; any rrore than the feveral forms and 
 preparations in the farrier's pharmacopoein. I therefore contenttd 
 myfelf with exhibiting the more general clafTes of medic.nes, and 
 the moil confimon and approved recipes ; with the proper and ne- 
 cefiary diredions for their ules, as under the articles,ALTEiiATi ves. 
 Charges, Drenches, EvACUAToR?, Ointments, PovvDEiis, 
 Restoratives, Waters, &c. But I have all a'ong taken care 
 that, in recommending any medicine not n^entioned under i:s pro- 
 per name in the work, to give the form, and the other circuoi- 
 flances neceffiry to the knowledge of adminiftring ir, in the place 
 where it happens to be prefcribed. The more common forms, tiic 
 reader v/ill meet with under their proper names. 
 
 In the fubjedl of anatomy, I have dwelt chiefly upon the defcrip- 
 tions and ufcb of the more capital parts ; annexed to each whereof, 
 1 have generally exhibited a table cf the difeafes incident to ths 
 partj.with proper references to the name': under which the rijf-edive 
 difeafes are treated of. 
 
 In 
 
fvi] 
 
 In the articles of the manage, and in many of thofe that concern 
 the training of horfes for racing, hunting, &c. and of breaking, 
 breeding, &c. of horfee, I indeed had no fuch choice of authors to 
 ^onfult ; the duke of Ne^cajile, Solley/ellt and Sir William Hope, 
 Guillet's, the RuJ^ii: and ^portfmarCs Di^ionariesj and one or two 
 books of hufbandry, being almoft the only authorities I thought 
 worth confulting. 
 
 I made it a conllant pra^ice to quote my authors at the end 
 of every paragraph that finilhes their quota of each article; 
 as well in juftice to their feveral opinions, as for the benefit 
 and fatisfaif^ion of the reader who would chufe to be referred 
 to the originals. 
 
 T H 6 
 
THE 
 
 farrier's and HORSEMAN's 
 
 COMPLEtE 
 
 I C T I O N A R V 
 
 A C C 
 
 A C C 
 
 ABATE, a term iifed In the 
 manage. A horfe is faid to 
 abate, or take down his cur- 
 f vets, vvhen, working upon 
 curvets, he puts both his hind-legs to 
 the ground at once, and obferves the 
 fame exa^nefs in all the times. Guil- 
 let. 
 
 ABSCESS, an inflammatory tumor, 
 containing a purulent matter, pent up 
 in a flefliy part, and generally proceed- 
 ing from a blow, hurt, or fome other vi- 
 olence J or a crifis of nature. The proper 
 treatment of an ahfcefs will be given 
 under the article TuMOR. 
 
 ACCOPUM, or Acopum, in 
 the farrier's difpenfatory, a topical 
 medicine ufed by the antients, both 
 externally as an ointment or charge, and 
 internally, as an eleChiary. The acco- 
 pum was in great reputation for horfe?, 
 from the time of Theomreftus, who 
 Cured a horfe he loved exceedingly that 
 was frozen almoft ftiff, while he carried 
 liis mafter from Pseonla into Italy, over 
 the mountains, in a violent ftorm, 
 tvhich killed many horfcs of the army. 
 
 This preparation is as follows : 
 
 • Take of euphgrbium two ounces, 
 
 caftoreum four ounces, adarces half 
 a pound, bdellium three ounces, pep~ 
 per one pound, fox-greafe two ounces, 
 oppoponax four ounces, lacerpitium 
 three ounces, of ammoniacum half 
 a pound, pigeon's dung as much, 
 galbanum two ounces, of nitruna 
 five ounces, fpuma nitri three ounces, 
 labdanum one pound, of pyrothrunii 
 and bay-bei ries, of each three ounces, 
 cardamums eight ounces, rue-feed 
 half a pound, agnus caftus four 
 ounces, parfley-feeds two ounces, 
 dried roots of ireos or flower-de-luce 
 five ounces, hyflTop and cariopobal- 
 famum, of each one pound, oil of 
 flower-de-luce, and oil of bay?, of 
 each one pound and an half, oil of 
 fpikenard three pounds, oleum cy- 
 prlnum three pounds and an halfj 
 of the oldeft oil olive that you can 
 poflibly get fix pound?, of pitch not 
 fmelling of the fmoke, one pound 
 eight ounces, turpentine one pound ; 
 melt all the liquid ingredients by 
 themfclves ; beat the hard ingredi- 
 ents, and mvA them together over a 
 gentle fire j and when they are dif- 
 lolved and thoroughly incorporated, 
 A ♦ drain 
 
AGE 
 
 * flram the whole compofition, and 
 
 * keep it for ufe/ 
 
 This is a very odil compofition, but 
 it is extr?meiy hot and penetrating, and, 
 if it coii'd be eafily made, miglit be of 
 good I'ervice outwardly, applitd after 
 the mnnner of a charge, in all paralytic 
 raimbneiTes?, in all old griefs of the 
 joints, fmews, and all other nervous 
 pait=, where there is either drinefs, or 
 too nnicli relaxation and foftnrfs. The 
 antients ufed it in all fuch cafes, and 
 like'vife were wont to dilfolve it, and 
 fquirt it into the nofe in violent colds, 
 and in all diforders in the head. They 
 alio give it as a confeflion inwardly, in 
 all cafes of malignity, difiblvedin a cup 
 of wine. But lome of the ingredients, 
 as the oil of fpikenard and oleum cy- 
 prinum are not now to be had, though 
 thefe might be fupplied by adding a 
 fufficient quantity ot fpikenard in pow- 
 der, and increafmg the quantity of the 
 oil of bays. Gihjhis Farruf^s Difpe?i- 
 fatcrv. 
 
 ACTION of the mouth, a phrafe, in 
 the manage, lignifying the agitation of 
 'the tongue and mandible of a horfe, or 
 his champing upon the bit of the bridle, 
 ti'keep his moL'.th fieHi, whereby he 
 emits a white rony foa;n, which is look- 
 ed upon as a fign of vigour, mettle and 
 health. GuUlet, 
 
 ACULER is ufed, in the manage, 
 for the motion of a horie when, in 
 working upon voks, he does not go far 
 enough forward at every time or mo- 
 tion ; io that his (lioulders embrace or 
 t ike in too httls ground, and his croupe 
 comes too near the center of ihe volt. 
 Horfes are naturally inclined to this 
 fault in making demi-volts. Guillet, 
 
 ^GYPTIACUM ointment, in the 
 farrier's difpenfatory. See the aiticle 
 Ointment. 
 
 AGE of a horfe makes a confiderable 
 point of knowledge ; the horft being an 
 animal that remarkably fhews the pro- 
 grefs of his years by cOfreipondsfit al 
 lerations in his body. 
 
 AGE 
 
 The age of a horfe is eafily known by 
 his teeth, till he comes eight, after 
 which the ufual marks wear out. A 
 horfe, like many othrr brute animals, 
 has his teeth divided into three ranks, 
 viz, his fore-teeth, which are flat and 
 fmocth 5 liis tufhes, and his back-teeth. 
 See the article Teeth. 
 
 The firft that grow are his foal-teeth, 
 which begin to come forth a few months 
 after he is foaled. They are twelve in 
 number, viz. fix above and fix below, 
 and are eafily diitinguifhed from the 
 teeth that come afterwards, by th^ir 
 fmallnefsand whitenefs, not unlike the 
 fore-teeth of a man. When a colt is 
 about two years and a haJf old, he cafis 
 the four middlemoft of his foal-teeth, 
 viz. twoaboveand two below : but fome 
 do not caft any of their foal-teeth till 
 they are near three years old. The 
 new teeth are eafily diltinguiflied from 
 the foal-teeth, being much Ifronger and 
 almolt twice their fize, and are called 
 the nippers or gatherers 5 bHng thofe hy 
 which a horfe nipscffthe grafs when he 
 is feeding abroad in the fields ; or in the 
 houfe, gathers his hay fiom the rick. 
 When a horie has got thefe four teeth 
 cotDplete, he is reckoned three years 
 old J when he is about three and a half, 
 or in the fpring before he is four yeais 
 old, he calts four more of his foal-teeth, 
 viz. two above and two below, one on 
 each fide the nippers or middle-teeth. 
 So when you look into a horfe's mouth, 
 and fee the four middle-teeth full grown, 
 and none of the foal-teeth remaining 
 but the corner teeth, you may conclude 
 that he is four that year, about April 
 or May, But fome are later colts, 
 which, however, makes littic alteration 
 in the mouth. • 
 
 The tufiies appear near the fame time 
 with the four laft mentioned teeth } 
 fometiwies fooner than thtfV, and fome- 
 times not till after a herle is four years 
 old. They arecuived like the tufhes 
 of other beafis, only in a young, hcrfe 
 they have a fharp edge all round tl.e 
 
 top. 
 
AGE 
 
 top, and on both fides, the infide being 
 foinej^hat g-ooved and flitiifli. inclined 
 to a hollo'^^^nefs. When a hoifg's tufneS 
 do not appear for lone t:me after the 
 foal-teeth abovementioned are calt cut, 
 and the new ones come in their room, 
 it is generally owing to this, that 
 their ifoa!-te?th have been pulled out 
 before their time by the breeders or ra- 
 ther dealers in horles, to make a colt of 
 three years old appear like ore of four, 
 tiiat he may be the more faleable ; for 
 v/hen any of the foil-tee'h are pulled 
 out, the oihers foon come in their place. 
 But the tufhes having none that go be- 
 fore them> can never make their ap- 
 pearance till their proper time, v z. 
 v/hen a horfe is about four, or coming 
 four. And therefore one of the furelt 
 marks to know a four year old horfe, 
 is by his tuHics, which are then but very 
 fmall, and Hurp on the top and edges. 
 When a horle comes five, or rather 
 in the fprmg before he is five, the cor- 
 ner-teeth begin to appear, and at firft 
 fut jull equa' with the gums, being 
 filled wiih fiefh in the middle. The 
 tufhes are alio by this time grown to a 
 more diffincl fize, though not very 
 lar^e ; they continue likewife rough 
 and (harp on the top and eiiges. But 
 the corner-teeth are now molt to he re- 
 marked. They differ from the middle 
 teeth in their bemg more flefhy on the 
 infiJe, and the gums generally look 
 j-awifh upon their firlt /hooting out, 
 whereas the others do not look difco- 
 loured. The middle-teeth arrive at 
 their full growth in lefs (ban three 
 "weeks, but the corner-teeth grow lei- 
 furely, and aie fcldom much above ihe 
 gums, till a horfe is full five. They 
 differ alfo from the other fore-teeth in 
 this, that they fomewhat refemble a 
 'fhcll, and from thence are called the 
 ftielUteeih, becaufe they inviron the flefh 
 'in the middle half way round ; and as 
 "they grow, the ficfh within dilappears, 
 and leaves a diftinfl hoi'owoel's and 
 ■openntfs on t'.'ie ioiide, Wlmn a liorfe 
 
 AGE 
 
 is full five, thefe teeth are generally 
 about the ihicknefsof a crown-piece a* 
 hove the gums. From five to five and 
 a half, tht-y will grow about a quarter 
 of an inch/iiigh, or more ; and when a 
 horfe is full fix, they will be near half 
 an inch, and in fome large hories a full 
 inch : bjve the gums. 
 
 The cornei-terth on the upper gums 
 caft out before thofe on the under 5 fo 
 that the uoper corner-teeth are feen be- 
 fore thofe below 5 on the contrary, the 
 tufhes m the under gums come out be- 
 fore thofe of the upper. When a horie 
 is full fix years old. the hollownefs on 
 the infide begins vifibly to fill up, and 
 that which was at firlt flefhy grows in- 
 to a brownifh fpot, not unlike the eye of 
 a diied garden hean, and continues fo 
 till he is feven, only widi this difference, 
 that tl-.e tooth is moM-e filled up and even, 
 and the maik or fpot becomes faint and 
 of a lighter colour. At eight, the m^rk 
 in moft horfcs is quite worn out, tho' 
 foir.e retain the velliges of it a Icng 
 time ; and thofe who have not had a 
 good deal of experience may fometimes 
 be deceived, by taking a horfe of nine 
 or ten years old for one of eight. It is 
 at this time only, when a horfe is paft 
 mark, that one can eafily err in knovv-- 
 ing the age of a horfe ; for what prac- 
 tices are u'ed to make a very young 
 horft or colt appear older than he is, by 
 pulling out the foal-teeth before their 
 time, mdy be difcovered by feeling along 
 the edges where the tufh^ giow, for 
 they may be felt in the gums before the 
 corner-teeth are put forth ; whereas, if 
 the corn£r-teeth come in fome months 
 before the tufhes rife in the gums, it is 
 much to be fu!'pe6led the foal-teeth have 
 been pulled out at th;ce years old. 
 
 The trick ufed to make faife marks 
 In a horfc'<? mouth, by hollowing the 
 tooth with a graver, and burning a msrk ■ 
 with a fmall hot iron, m^y be eafily di'- 
 coverfd, becaule thofe who are acquaint ■ 
 ed with the true ma ks, will perceive 
 the cheat, by the roundreis and b'unt- 
 A a nef* 
 
AGE 
 
 «efs of the tnflies, by the coiour of the 
 faffe mark, which is generally blacker 
 and more impreffed than the true mark, 
 and by many other vilible tokens, which 
 denote the advanced age of a horle. 
 
 After a horfe has palled his eighth 
 year, and fometimes at fcven, nothing 
 certain can be known by the mouth, 
 neverthelefs fome horfes have but indif- 
 ferent mouths when they are young, 
 and Toon lofe their mark: others have 
 their mouths good for a long time ; 
 their teeth being white, even, and regu- 
 lar, forr>etimes till they are fixteen years 
 old and upwards, with many other 
 marks of freflineis and vigour : but 
 when a horle comes to be very old, it 
 may be difcovered by feveral indicati- 
 ons, the condant attendants of age, viz. 
 his gums wear away infeniibly, and 
 leave his teeth long and naked at their 
 roots; the teeth alio grow yellow, and 
 ibmetimes browrifii. The bars of the 
 mouth, which in a young horfe are al- 
 ways fleftiy, and form fo many dirtin6\ 
 ridges, in an old hoyfe are lean, dry, 
 and fmooth, with little or no rifmgs. 
 The eye pits in a yoimg horfe (except 
 thofe faid to be come of old ll3llions)are 
 generally filled up with flefti, look 
 plump, and fmooth, whereas they are 
 funk and hol'ojv in an old horfe, and 
 make him look ghaltly, and with a me- 
 lancholy aipe6l. 
 
 There are alfo other marks which 
 difcover a horfe to be very old, viz. grey 
 horfes turn white, and many of them 
 ilea bitten, except about their joints. 
 This however happens fometimes later, 
 and fometimes fooner, according to 
 their variety of colour and conftitution. 
 All horfes, when very old, fink more or 
 jels in their backs : and fome horfes 
 that are naturally lew-hacked grow lb 
 hollow with age, that it is fcarce pofl!i- 
 ble to fit them with a faddle. Of this 
 kind are feveral Spanifh and Barbary 
 horfes, and many of the Danifli and 
 Fla-iders breed ; their joints with old 
 iige gsyvv alfp fo ftiff, and their knees 
 
 AGE 
 
 and houghs bend, and are apt to trip 
 and ftumble upon any the lealt Hefcent, 
 though the way be fmooth, and no ways 
 rugged. Alter this they a-e of little 
 u(e to the owner. Gihfoji on the Difeafes 
 of Horfes, 
 
 We have other chara6teriftics of the 
 age of a horfe, from his teeth, hoofs, 
 coat, tail, and eyes. 
 
 The firft year, he has his foal-teeth, 
 which are only grinders and gatherers ; 
 the fecond, the four foremoll: change, 
 and appear browner and bigger than the 
 reft 5 the third, he changes the teeth 
 n€Xt to thele, leaving no apparent foal- 
 teeth, but two on each fide above, and 
 two below ; the fourth year, the teeth 
 next to thele are changed, and no foal- 
 teeth are left, but one on each fide a- 
 bov8 and below ; at five, his foremoft 
 teeth are all changed, and the tuflies on 
 each fide are complete ; thofe which 
 come in the places of the laft foal- 
 teeth being hollow, and having a little 
 black fpeck in the mi&lft, which is called 
 the ?nark in a horfe's mcitth j this con- 
 tinues till eight years of age. At fix 
 he puts out new tufhes, near which ap- 
 pears a little circle of young fiefh. at 
 the bottom of the tufh ; the tuflies with- 
 al being fmall, white, fhort, and fliarp. 
 At feven, the teeth are all at their 
 growth, and the mark in the mouth ap- 
 pears very plain. At eight, all his 
 teeth are full, fmooth, and plain, and 
 the mark fcarce difcernabls \ the tuflies 
 looking yellowifh. At nine, the fore- 
 moft teeth appear longer, yellower, and 
 fouler than before, and the tufhes be- 
 come bluntifh. At ten, no holes are 
 felt on the infide of the upper tufhes-, 
 which till then are very fenfible ; add 
 that the temples begin to be crooked and 
 hollow. At eleven, his teeth are very 
 long, yellow, black, and foul : but he 
 will cut even, and his teeth ftand di- 
 re6^1y oppofite to one another. At 
 twelve, the upper teeth hang over the 
 nether. At thirteen, the tufhes are 
 worn clofe to his chaps, if he has been 
 
 iDuch 
 
AGE 
 
 TTiiicb rl(Men, otherwife they will be 
 black, foul, and long. 
 
 2. As to the hoof, If rt be fmooth, 
 moid, hollow, and well-founding, it is 
 a fign of youth j on the contrary, if 
 rug'^ed, and as it were feamed, one 
 feam over another,and withal dry, foul, 
 ^.nd rnfty, it is a mark of old age. 
 
 3. For the tail. Taking him by the 
 flem thereof, clofe at the letting on to 
 the buttock, and griping it between the 
 finger and thumb, if a joint be felt to 
 ftick out more than the reft, the bignefs 
 of a nut, the horfe is under ten : but if 
 the jiSints be all plain, he may be fif- 
 teen. 
 
 4. The eyes being round, full, and 
 flaring, the pits that are over them filled, 
 fmooth, and even with his temples, and 
 no wrinkles to be feen, either under or 
 above, are m^rks of youth. 
 
 5. The (kin being plucked up in any 
 part betwixt the finger and thumb, and 
 let go again, if it return fuddenly to its 
 place, and remain without v/rinkles, he 
 he may be believed to be young. 
 
 Tu the foregoing chara6leri(tics of 
 the age of a horfe, v»e fhali add a few 
 remarks of the Sieurde Solleyfell upon 
 that fubjeft. This author (in his Com- 
 pkat Horjhuan) obferves, that after the 
 mark in the horle's mouth is gone, re- 
 couife may be had to the horfes legs, 
 to know whether they be neat and good ; 
 to his flank, if it be well trufled, not 
 too fuller fwallowed up ; as alfo to his 
 feet and his appetite. 2. In young 
 horfes, that part of the nether jaw, 
 which is three or four fingers breadth 
 above the beard, is always round ; but 
 in old horfes fliarp and edged : fo that 
 a man who is accultomed to it, will, 
 before he opens a horfe's m®uth, judge 
 pretty near of his age. 3. Our author 
 adds, that you may alfo judge of a 
 horfe's age by looking on his palace j 
 becaufe, as he grows old, the roof of 
 bis mouth becomes leaner, and drier to- 
 wards the middle, and thofe ridges 
 
 A I D 
 
 which in young horfes are pretty high 
 and plump, diminifli as they encreafe in 
 age, lb that in very old horfes, the roof 
 of the mouth is nothing but fkin and 
 bone. 
 
 Dr. Bracken (in his Tra^jdlefs Pcc- 
 ket-Farrur) obferves, that it is harder 
 to know the age of a mare, than that 
 of a horfe, by reafon few mares have 
 tallies. The do6^or believes it pofiible 
 to come pretty near the knowledge of a 
 horft's age, by only looking him rcund : 
 yet he thinks this requires a nice judg- 
 ment, and fuch only as connoifTeurs in 
 horfes are polTefTed of: however, he af- 
 firms, that if a horfe has whit is termed 
 faddle-blanes upon his back in many 
 places, and grey hairs above his eyes, 
 he is an old horfe, unlefs as to the lat- 
 ter his colour makes fome alteration 
 that way, which it will it he has natu- 
 rally white hairs mixed with forrel, or 
 indeed any other fort over his body. 
 
 AID, in the manage, the help or af- 
 fiftance by which the horfeman contri- 
 butes towards the motion or aclion re- 
 quired of the horfe, by a difcreet ufe 
 of the bridle, cavefon, fpur, poinfon, 
 rod, calf of the leg, and voice j thus 
 we fay. 
 
 Such a horfe knows his aids, takes 
 his aids with vigour, &;c. The aids 
 are made ufe of, to avoid the correftion 
 or chaftiiement fometimes nectffary in 
 breaking and managing a horfe. The 
 fame aids, given in a different manner, 
 become corre6\ions. You can never 
 ride well, unlets you be very attentive 
 and a(5\ive, without precipitancy, in not 
 lofing or miffing your times, and in 
 giving your aids feafonably ; for, with- 
 out that, you will accultcm your horfe 
 to dofe upon it. If your horfe does not 
 obey the aids of the calves of your legs, 
 help him with the fpur, and give huii 
 a prick or two. This Ibrrel-liorfe has 
 his aids very nice ; that i>, he takes 
 them with a great deal of 1 jcility and 
 vigour : This gentleman gives his aids 
 very fine ; that is, he animates and roufes 
 A3 tiu 
 
A I R 
 
 \ip the hoife fearonably, and helps hirti 
 at juft turn?, in order to make biii 
 mark his timts or motions juftly. This 
 horfe knows the aitis j he obeys or an- 
 fvvers the aids ; he takes them finely. 
 You do not give the aitlsof the cavofon 
 with difcretion j vcu make a coriecf^ion 
 of them, which will b.avilk your hoiie. 
 Guilkt. See the article Corrections. 
 
 The aids uied to mike a horfe go in 
 airs are very different from thofe re- 
 quired in going upon the ground. Netv- 
 cajile. 
 
 The inner-heel, inner-leg, and inner- 
 rein, are called inner -aids. The outer- 
 hetl, outer-leg, &c. zxt outer -aids. See 
 the article In. 
 
 AIR, a thin elaftic fiuld, furround- 
 ing the globe of the earth. Air in me- 
 dicine, makes one of the fix non natu- 
 ral'', and that none of the leaft power- 
 ful. The very life of animals depends 
 on it, as is proved by a variety of ex- 
 periments ; and the wholefomenefs or 
 ijnwholefomenefs of it is certainly ow- 
 ing to the dift'tient effluvia witli which 
 it abounds, Loid Bacon think-? the 
 bell air is to be met with in open cham- 
 paign countries, where the foil is drv, 
 not parched or fandy ; and fpontane- 
 oufly produces wild thyme, wild niar- 
 j.oram, and the like fweet-fcented p'ants. 
 That near rivers, he thinks prr judicial, 
 unlels they are fmall, clear, and have a 
 gravelly channel. The morning air is 
 deemed more refrefning than thit of tl)e 
 evening ; and air aguated wifh hjeezes 
 than that which is fereneand ftlii. 
 
 As good air contrihutes greatly to 
 health, fo that which is bad is no If-is 
 prejudicial to it. Stagnating air is 
 produflive of putrid and malignant 
 diforders ; and that which is too moift, 
 of inflammatory ones. See the article 
 Airing. 
 
 For an account of the air necefT^ry 
 for a confumptive horfe, fee the article 
 Consumption. 
 
 Air, in the manage, is a cadenre and 
 liberty of motion, accommodated to the 
 
 A I R 
 
 natural difpofition of a horfe, which 
 makes him work in the manage, and 
 rife with obedience, meafure, and juft- 
 nefs of time. Some riding-maiters 
 take the word air in a more confined 
 fenfe, as fignifying only a manage that 
 is higher, flower, and moie artful or 
 defigned th^n the terra a terra ; where- 
 as others allow it a more extenfive fig- 
 nificaticn, fo as to include a terra a ' 
 terra \ for if a horfe manages well in 
 a terra a terra, they fay the horfem.an 
 has happily hit upon the air of the 
 horfe. In general, the walk, trot, and 
 gallop are not accounted airs, and yet 
 fome very good riding-maiters would 
 by air underltand the motion of a horfe's 
 legs upon a gallop; for inft^nce, they 
 fay, fuch a horfe has not the natural 
 air J, that is, in galloping he bends his 
 fore-legs too little. You fliould give 
 or form to your horfe an air, fpr he h s 
 no nauiral air, and fince his haunches 
 are very good, he is capable of the ma- 
 nag?, if you do but learn him an air. 
 See the articles Pace, Gallop, Trot. 
 
 High or raife<t aiis are the motions 
 of a horfe that lifes higher than terra 
 a terra, and works at curvits, balo- 
 tade^, croupad's, and capiioles. In 
 reoard that horfe has the beginning or 
 firti fteps of raifed airs, and of hinifeif 
 aftecis a high manage, you ought to 
 ufe this difpofition dilirvee'.ly, that he 
 rr.ay not be diflieartened, or baulked ; 
 for your high airs make a horfe angry, 
 when he is too much put to it, and y<m 
 ought to have Aippled his (liouldeis 
 verv well befose you put bim to leap. 
 See Pfsate and LEAPING. Guillet. 
 
 AIRING is particularly uftd for ex- 
 ercifing ho.les in the open aT, which is 
 of the greatefl advantage to thefe ani- 
 mals. It purifies the bleed, purges the 
 body from grofs humours, ?nd enures 
 the creatuie to fatigue, fo as not to be 
 hut by it, when much greater than on 
 thefe occafions ; and it teaches him, as 
 the jockies exprefs it, how to make his 
 wind rake equally, and keep time with 
 
 the 
 
ALT 
 
 the other motions of his body. It alfo 
 fharpens the ftomach, and keeps the 
 creatwre hungry, which is a thing of 
 great confequence, as hunters and racers 
 are very apt to have their ftomach fail 
 off, either for want of exercile, or from 
 the too violent exercife which they are 
 too often expofed to. 
 
 If the horfe be over fat, it is beft to 
 air him before fun-rife, and after fun- 
 fetting ; and, in general, it is allowed 
 by all, that nothing is more beneficial 
 to thefe creatures than early and late 
 airings. Some of our modern mana- 
 gers however difpute this ; they fay, 
 that the cold of thefe times is too great 
 for the creature ; and that if in particu- 
 lar he is fubje(5l to catarrh?, rheums, or 
 the like complaints, the dews and cold 
 fog5, in thefe early and late airings, 
 will be apt to increafe all fuch difor- 
 ders. Nature, we fee, alfo points out 
 the fun-beams as of gieat iiie to thefe 
 animals ; thofc which are kept hardy, 
 and lie out all nighr, always running to 
 ihofe places where the fun fhine comes, 
 as foon as it appears in a morning, 
 This fhould feern to recommend thofe 
 airings that are to be made before fun- 
 fet, and a little time after fun rife ; and 
 as to the caution fo earneftly inculcated 
 by Markham, of ufmg thele early and 
 late airings for fat horfes, it is found 
 unneceffary by many : for they f:<y, 
 that the fame efFe6l may be produced by 
 airings at warmer times, p:ovided only 
 that they are mide longer ; and ih^t, in 
 general, it is from long airings, that we 
 are to expert to bring a horfe to p^rfeft: 
 wind, and found courage. Markham s 
 Cornplc at Farrier, an^i Solkjfell s Com- 
 pL'at Horfe man. 
 
 ALTERATIVES, or ^LTBK^• 
 T IV E medicines, in the materia medica, 
 are fuch me({ictnes as have a power of 
 changmg the conltitution, without any 
 fenfible incieafe or diminution of the 
 natural evacuation. 
 
 The whole materia medica has been 
 very properly divided by the writers in 
 
 A L T 
 
 phyfic into three cJafTes, viz. alterative?, 
 evacuators, and reftoratives j but this 
 divifion being in itfelf too general, each 
 of thefe have been foiit into fub-divifi- 
 ons, t.'i.it might more particularly de- 
 note the feveral intentions that are ne- 
 cedary ; for inftance, in altering the 
 conftitution infenfibly or feniibly, by a 
 difcharge of what is hurtful or fuper- 
 fluous; or by adding and repairing what 
 is wanting ; and this is t!ie more necef- 
 fary, by reafon of the different degrees 
 of ftrength and efficacy, in medicines of 
 the fame general intention. Seethe ar- 
 ticles Evacuators and Restora- 
 tives. 
 
 Now, as all alteratives differ only in 
 degree from thofe whi-h caufe a fenliole 
 evacuation, fo thefe differ alfo from one 
 another in their feveral efficacies, and, 
 according to frequent obfervatlons and 
 experiments, are found adapted in dif- 
 ferent w^ys to contribute to that gene- 
 ral end of procuring health : Co alio, 
 thofe which work by fenfible operation 
 differ from one another ; as fome are 
 peculiarly adapted to work by fwest, 
 feme by urine, and othtrs by excretion 
 of the foeces, or dung ; and thefe alfo 
 allow of feveral gradations, fome being 
 ffronger, and fome weaker than others. 
 Gibfcfi's Farrier s Difpeufatory. 
 
 The intention of atteiative medicines, 
 in fome cafes, may perhaps be effed-ted 
 by corre6ling the acrimony of the juices, 
 and accelerating the blood's motion ; 
 and in others, by attenuating or break- 
 ing its particles, and dividing thofe co- 
 hefions which obftruft the capillaries or 
 finer veffels, and (o promote the due fe- 
 cretion of the various fiuifs, — Thefe 
 few hints are fufticient to convince the 
 judicious reader of the great advantage 
 arifmg from alteratives, and the prefe- 
 rence due to them in moff cafe?, over 
 purgatives, unlefs it could be proved that 
 the latter could cull our, and fep?rate 
 from the blood the bad humours folcly, 
 leaving the good behind ; but this elec- 
 tive power has long been jultly explod- 
 A 4 ed 
 
A M B 
 
 ed as ridiculous and uncertain, fince it 
 h plain that all kinds of purging me- 
 dicines differ only in degree ot ftrength, 
 and operate no otherwife upon different 
 humours, than as they ftimulate more 
 or iels. Bartlefs Gentleman s Farriery, 
 
 It is evident, that greater lervice may 
 be done in obftinate chronic cafes, by 
 alterative medicines given to horfes, 
 than to human bodies j for we can 
 venture on much larger dofes, even in 
 proportion to the bignefs of thefe two 
 lubjs61s, and the diameters of their vef- 
 lels ; that is, a cathartic or purging 
 medicine will operate in man in a 
 fmal'er dofe, as the fubje6l is man, than 
 it will do in a horfe, notwithlhnding 
 the different conftitutions of thefe two 
 animals. For the prone pofture of a 
 horfe guards him from difcharges by 
 ftool, as much as maybe, and therefore 
 cathartics may be givt;n in prttty high 
 dofes, which only (according to the 
 idiofyncrafy, or peculiar temperament 
 of horfes' borile':) operate as an ahera- 
 tive. Brack'CHs Farriery JmprG-ved, 
 
 AMSLE, or Ambling, a peculiar 
 kind of pace, wherein a horfes two 
 legs, of the fame fide, move at the fame 
 time. 
 
 The ambling horfe changes fides at 
 each remove ; two legs of a fide being 
 always in the air, and two on the 
 ground at the fame time ; an amble is 
 ufually the firft natural pace of young 
 colts, which, as fo.)n as they have 
 ftrength enough to trot, they quit. — 
 There is no fuch thing as an amble in 
 the manage; the jidmg-mafters allow- 
 ing of no other paces, beiides walk, 
 trot, and gallop ; their reafon is, that 
 a horfe may be put from a trot to a 
 gallop without ftopping him, but not 
 from an amble to a gallop, without fuch 
 ftop, which lofes time, and interrupts 
 the juHnefs and cadence of the ma- 
 nage. GidUet. 
 
 There are various prajllces and me- 
 thods of difcipline, for brincringa young 
 horfe to amble. Some chufe to toil hiiij 
 
 A M B 
 
 in his foot-pace through new-plougheJ 
 lands, which naturally enures him to 
 the ftroke required in the amble. But 
 its Inconveniencies are the weaknefs 
 and lamenefs that fuch diforderly toil 
 may bring on a young horfe. Others 
 attempt it, by ftopping or checking him 
 in the checks, when in gallop, and thus 
 putting him into an amazednefs, be- 
 tween gallop and trot, fo that lofing 
 both, he neceffaiily ftumb'es upon an 
 amble. — But this is apt to fpoil a 
 good mouth and rein, and expofes the 
 hoife to the danger of a hoof-reach, or 
 finew-ltrain, by over reaching. Sec. 
 
 Others prefer ambling by weights, as 
 the bed way ; and to this end, fome 
 overload their horfe with exceffive 
 heavy fiioes, which is apt to make him 
 interfere, or (hike (liort with his hind 
 feet. — Others fold leaden weights a- 
 bout the fetlock pafterns, which are not 
 only liable to the mifchiets of the for* 
 nier, but put the hoife in danger of in- 
 curable ftrains, crufliing of the coronet, 
 andbreeding of ring-bones, &c.-- Others 
 load the horfe's back with earth, lead, 
 or the like maffy fubftance, but this 
 may occafion a fwaying of the back, 
 over ftraining the fillets, &c. 
 
 Some endeavour to make him amble 
 in hand, ere they mount his back, by 
 means of fome wall, fmooth pail, or 
 rail, and by checking him in the mouth 
 with the bridle-hand, and correding 
 him with a rod on the hinder-hoofs, 
 and under the belly, when he t:eads 
 falfe. But this is apt to drive a horfe 
 to a defperate frenzy, before he can 
 be made to underftand what they 
 would have of him ; and to rear, fpraul 
 out his legs, and to make other antic 
 pcftures, which are rot e^iily quitted 
 again. Others think to effe6t it by a 
 pair of hind-fhoes, with long fpurns or 
 plates before the toes, and of fucli 
 length, that if the horfe offers to trot, 
 the hind-foot beats the fore-foot. But 
 this occafions wounds of the back-fi- 
 
 new'. 
 
A M B 
 
 news, which often bring on an incurable 
 lamenefs. 
 
 Some attempt to procure an amhie 
 by folding fine foft iilis Ibait about his 
 gambrels, in the place where he is gar- 
 tered for a (lifle-Jtrain ; and turn him 
 thus to grafs for two or three weeks, 
 and afterwards take away the lill. This 
 is a Spanifli method, but difipproved 5 
 for thovigh a horfe cannot then trot, 
 but with pain, yet the members muft be 
 fujterers ; and though the amble be 
 gained, it m.uft be How and unilghtly, 
 becaufe attended with a ciingirg in the 
 hind-parts. — In tWeR, ambling by the 
 tramel, as praftifed bv us, appears the 
 neareft to nature, and the belt and moti: 
 aHTiued way. 
 
 There are divers errors iioweverufually 
 praftiled in this method, as, that the tra- 
 mel is often made too long, and lb gives 
 no Hroke, but m-^kes a horfe hackle and 
 fiiuffle his feet confufedly, or too fhcrt, 
 which makes him volt,and twitch up his 
 hind-feet fofudd'enly, th?it by cuftom it 
 brings him to a ftring-halt, from which 
 he will fcarceever be recovered. Some- 
 times the tramel is mifplaced, and, to 
 prevent failing, put about the knee and 
 the hind-hoof, in which .cafe the bead 
 cannot give any true itroke, nor can 
 the fore-leg compel the hind to follow 
 it J or if, to evade this, the tramel be 
 made fhort and (trait, it will prefs the 
 main fmew of the hind-leg, and the 
 flefhy part of the fore-thighs, fo that 
 the horfe cannot go without halting be- 
 fore, and cringing behind. 
 
 As to the matter of the tramel, fom.e 
 make it all of leather, which is incon- 
 venient, in that it will either ftretch or 
 break, and thus confound the certainty 
 of the operation. In a true trame!, the 
 fide ropes are to be fo firm as not to 
 yield a hair's breadth j the hofe foft, 
 and to lie fo clofe as not to move from 
 its firrt place ; and the backhand flat, 
 no matter how light, and to defcend 
 i.-om the fillet fo as not to gall. 
 
 When the horfe, by being trameled 
 
 ANA 
 
 on one fide, has attained to amble per- 
 fefcly in the hand, it is to be changed to 
 the other fide, and that is to bi likewife 
 biought to rule. 
 
 Wlun by thus changing from one fide 
 to another, with a half tramel, ihe horfe 
 will run and amMe in the hand readily 
 and fwiftly, without fnappering and 
 ftumbling, which is ordinaiily done by- 
 two or three hours labour; the whole 
 tramel is to be put on with the broad 
 flu back-band, and both fides trameled 
 alike. Seethe article Tramel. 
 
 AMBURY, or Anbury. See the 
 article Anbury. 
 
 ANATOMY is the art of difTeaing, 
 or taking to pieces, the feveral folid parts 
 of animal bodies, with a view to dif- 
 cover their ftfui5fure and ufes. 
 
 Anatomy, in refpecl of its fub- 
 je5f, is divided into human and coni- 
 parative. Human anatomy is that 
 which is employed on the human body, 
 and comparative anatomy, that which 
 is employed on the bodies of other ani- 
 mals ; and that which in this work 
 we are more immediately concerned in. 
 As the great end of anatomy is health, 
 for the prefervation of which, reiioring 
 it when impaired by difeafes, or even 
 preventing their accefs ; nothing furely 
 is more neceflary ihan a true know- 
 ledge of the (fru(5fure of that frame 
 which is liable to be injured. Hence it 
 appears, that the ufe of anatomy to 
 phyficians, furgeons, and farrieis, is 
 molt immediately neceffary, as without 
 a perfect knowledge of it, they cannot 
 do juttice to the world in their feveral 
 profelfions. What the needle is to the 
 mariner, anatomy is to thefe ; and we 
 m^y venture to fay, that without its 
 affiltance they would rather be detri- 
 mental, than beneficial, to mankind. 
 
 As under this article, we can do no 
 more than deliver lome general {preli- 
 minaries, relating to the anat&my of a 
 horfe, neceflary to the knowledge of his 
 difeafes, and to the better underltanding 
 the parts and .Tiechanifm of that animal, 
 
 our 
 
ANA 
 
 our account fhall be general, and only 
 relate to the internal conftituent parts: 
 becaufe we purpofeto treat of the exter- 
 nal parts and the capital internal ones, 
 with fuch other things, relating to this 
 fubj'-<51, as may be u.'eful, in feparate 
 and dillin^ articles, under their Teveral 
 names. 
 
 A horfe acd all other animals are 
 in the embrio firft of a foft contexture, 
 which confiits of inch properties as, in 
 time, grow to flefh, blood, and bones, 
 capable of being organized and ani- 
 mated with proper life j all the parts of 
 an animal, fiom its fi»(t rndiment or 
 beginning, are made up of fibres and 
 threads, and retain the fame contexture 
 in all their changes, whether into mem- 
 branes, foJid flefh, or into bones or 
 ligaments, which muft be plain to every 
 one that will hut take the trouble of 
 a fuperficial inquiry into I'uch things. 
 Gibfon on the Difeafes oj Hcrfcs. 
 
 The bodies of all anim-ls are made 
 up of different part"?, which are adapted 
 to their feveral funcliors. The com- 
 ponent paits that produce all the necef- 
 fery functions of life confiif of mem- 
 branes, mufcles, glands, or kernels, 
 blood-veffels, lymphatics, ligamfnt5, 
 cartilages, and bones. H rfes and other 
 brute creatures have alTo their hair, 
 partly for a cover to keep them warm, 
 and partly for ornament j as the hools 
 anfwer to the human nails, and are a 
 defence to their feet ; and it is very cer- 
 tain that all are made up of fmall fibres 
 cr threads. This is fo plainly obiervable 
 in the foft parts, that it needs no msn- 
 ntr of proof, fince every one muft have 
 taken notice, in tearing fieOi a'under, 
 that it is compofed of little parcels, or 
 bundles, and thefe parcels may aga n 
 i-e divided into others, which are lefs, 
 and afterwards into fingle threads, which 
 are infinitely fmaller than a hair ; na- 
 ture has alloobferved the fame oecono- 
 my in the ftiu6lure of the hard parts ; 
 lor when we cut out a bone acrofs,all the 
 poruli or iitiig holes, which form the 
 
 ANA 
 
 interftices of its fibres, are, in moft parts 
 of It, plainly perceivable, and, if it be 
 cut lengthways, their direction and 
 courfe are no Ids manifeft. 
 
 But of all the different fubftsnces 
 whereof an animal bodv is compofed, 
 that which anatomifts call a membrane 
 is, next to a fiUre, the moft fimple in 
 its ftruclure ; it being a thin expanded 
 fubliance, which has length and breadth, 
 without much ihicknefs, fo that it feems 
 only to be made up of fingle threads, 
 laiii lengthways, and acrofs, like a 
 fine web. We find fome of them pret- 
 ty thick, efpecially towards their ori- 
 gin : but otheis much thinner than the 
 film of an egg i the whole body is 
 wrnpped up in one of thefe, and every- 
 partirulir mufcie or bone is covered 
 with its proper membrane, which pre- 
 ferves it from the injuries it would be 
 expofed to from thofe parts which lie 
 next it. Some paits are involved in 
 double memhranes, as the brain and 
 and pith of the back, &c. which aie 
 very foft and delicate, and could not be 
 be eafily preferved by a Hngie one. 
 
 But bcfides their office of covering 
 and defending all paits of the body, 
 fome of them ferve as hags or cafes 
 for food and excrements ; others are 
 formed into conduits for the blood 
 and animal Ju'ces; but fome of thefe 
 being partlymufcular, and partly mem- 
 branous, they may be properly faid to 
 be of a mixt natuie, as are moft of the 
 mufcles, and many other fubftances 
 throughout the body. 
 
 The mufcles are made up offleftiy 
 and tendinous fbres, which kind of' 
 (fru6^ure isneceilary totheir aflionj they 
 being the inftiuments of motion. Al- 
 moft all mufcles are flefliy and (oft in the 
 middle, and for that reafon are capable 
 of being contsa'ted and dilated j for if 
 they were otherwife, it would be im- 
 pofnble for any creature to move; 
 whereas, by the figure they are of, we 
 find them ready to anfwer every incli- 
 nation of the mind, without pain or 
 ftiffuefs. 
 
ANA 
 
 ftlfFnefs, The mufc'.es are of different 
 figures, fome flat, 3S thoie on the rim 
 o^ the beiiy, others more round, as thofe 
 of the thighs and legs ; all of \which, 
 towards their infertions, terminate in a 
 ftrong, nervous, finewy lubftance, called 
 a tendon. 
 
 A ligament is more compafl and 
 firm than a tendon, but not altogether 
 fo hard as a cartilage. It is tiiat lub- 
 llance which ties the joints together, 
 whereof Tome are round, as thole we 
 o'lfeive fafiened to the head of a bone, 
 and the infide of its foclcPt ; others are 
 flit, and cover the joints, like fo many- 
 pieces of leather nailed on to keep the 
 two bones from falling afunder, and 
 prefesve an uniformity in their mo- 
 tion. 
 
 Acarttlsgpcrgriftle, which weobferve 
 more or lels at the end of molt bones, is 
 harder and lefs pliable than the liga- 
 ments ; thefe, being of a fmooth lur» 
 face, anil moderately thick, are a de- 
 ience to the ends of the bones, which 
 are more bard and brittle, and if they 
 were not thus fortified might therefore 
 bewoin and abraded by their motion. 
 The V^nes are of the moft hard and 
 compafl fnbUance of the whole body ; 
 they are wi'hout fenfe, as are alio the 
 ligaments and cartil^eges, otherwil'e they 
 wuuhi be unfit to anfwer their particu- 
 lar funfl'ons : b'lt, notwithltanding 
 their inienfibiiity, if any of them hap- 
 p^i) to he dife^red, they may csufepain 
 and create a great deal c^ trouble. 
 
 As t!ie bones sre, of all the parts 
 which compoie the animal body, the 
 moft folid, the glands or kernels are 
 reckoned among the fofteft, being curi- 
 ous bundles of vtffels, which are infi- 
 nitely fin?l!, and laid clofely togeth-^r in 
 manv circumvolutions and tumihcs ; 
 from fomeof thefe are feparated excre- 
 ment';, and from others juices, which 
 have their peculiar ufes. 
 
 The veins and arterie'-, nerves and 
 lymp'iatic vtflels, a'e the conduils and 
 pipes through which ail the liquid jui- 
 
 A N B 
 
 ces of the body do pafs. The arte; tes 
 'are veflcls which carry the blood from 
 the heart to the extremities, and the 
 veins are the channels which carry back 
 that portion of it which is mere than 
 fijfficicnt for the nourifnment of the par- 
 tcubr members. The nerves are of a 
 compa6l fubilance, like fo many tough 
 cords, of a whi^e colour, and different 
 fiz?s ; ibme being pre'ty laroe, others 
 infinitely fVnaJl ; and, though they feem 
 to be folid and imperforate, that is to 
 fay, without any vifib'e bore or cavity 
 in them, yet it is very certain they car- 
 ry the animal fpirits from the brain in- 
 to all parts of the body, and are the 
 infiruments which communicate all fen- 
 fations to the imagination. The lym- 
 phatic vefTels carry a lymph of pure 
 water, feparated by the lymphatic 
 glands, which is mixt with the blood, 
 to preferve it thin and fluid. 
 
 In fiiort, all the parts of the body, 
 whether thofe th^t are hard, or thofe 
 which are denomin-^ted faft parts, are 
 nouriflied by blood, and their peculiar 
 juices produced of blood j neither is it 
 i'liprobable, that the whole animal 
 frame is compofed of the ftveral modi- 
 fications of veins, arteries, nerves, and 
 lympliatic veffcls. Gibfons Farriers 
 Guide. 
 
 ANBURY, orAMBURy, a name 
 given by our farriers to a kind of folt 
 and fpungy fwjiing, growing on the 
 bodies of horfe?, ibm-wbat fore to the 
 touch, and full of biood. The m.e- 
 thod of curing it is, fo tie a horfe hair 
 very hard round itat the root; in about 
 a week after this, it will fall off, and 
 the part is then to have fbme powder 
 of verdigreafe ftrewed upon it, to pte- 
 vent the return of the coinplamt, and 
 fin;^l;y to be healed up with the com- 
 mon green ointment. 
 
 This is the common method when the 
 anbury is high and prominent ; but 
 f;jmetimes it is fl^t and low, with a 
 broad b^fe : in this cife, it is impof. 
 fibk to take it off by ligature, and there 
 
A N B 
 
 h a neceility of having reconrfe io ^ fe- 
 veiav operation 5 it niuft, in this cir- 
 ciimliance, be taken away, either by the 
 knife or fire : It' the forsner way be a- 
 g:reecl on, the method is this ; thelkin is 
 to be drawn back tight, and then the 
 v/hoie fwelling cut oit clofe to the com- 
 mon level of the reft of the fiefli ; if in 
 the other wny, an iron is to be heated 
 red hot, and applied to it, continuing 
 it on till the whole is burnt down to the 
 even flefh. In both c^fes, care mult: be 
 taken not to fp.ire in the cutting or burn- 
 ing, Co as tole^ve any root behind, for 
 then the complaint will be renewed. 
 When it is taken off, the common oint- 
 ment of hog's lard and turpentine will 
 compleat a cure. There are fbme cir- 
 ciimllances, however, in which the knife 
 and cautery may be both improper, as 
 i/ it grows in a fmewy pirt, or the like. 
 In this cafe, the proper method is to cut 
 out the core with oil o^ vitriol, or white 
 liiblimate, and then ftop the hole with 
 flax dipped in honey, and lime unllaked. 
 Some, for the firft day 01^ two, dip it 
 only in the white of an es;g, and after 
 that in the mixture of quick-lime and 
 lioney ; and this Icems to be the bttter 
 \'</a.y, Markbavi\( Farrier. 
 
 Many of our fnrriers hoafi of a fc- 
 cret which infallibly cmes all protube- 
 rances of this kin{{, the preparuion of 
 vv^jiich is this. Take three ounces of 
 vitriol, and one ounce of white arfenic ; 
 beat them to a cofufe powder, and put 
 them into a crucible ; place the crucible 
 in the midll: of a chaicoal-fire, ffirring 
 the iublbmce, but carefully avoitling tlie 
 poiicnous (teams 5 when the whole 
 grows reddifh, take the crucible out of 
 the fire, and, when coot, break it, and 
 take out the matter at the bottom ; beat 
 tins powder in a mortar, and add to four 
 ounces of this powder, five oimces of 
 -rflbum rhofis -, make the whole into an 
 ointment, and let it be applied cold to 
 wails, rubbing them with it every day ; 
 they will, bv this means, fall off' gently 
 and eafily, without leaving any fwelj- 
 ings. It is beit to keep the horfe quiet, 
 
 ANT 
 
 and without working during the cure. 
 Wi)at fores remain on the parts where 
 the fwellings fall off' from, may be cured 
 with the common application called the 
 countels's ointment. SoJlyfeW s Compleat 
 HorfemfH. 
 
 ANTICOR, a difeafe in horfes, cal- 
 led in French anticoeur. on account of its 
 being over againft the heart, or in the 
 breall. l^racken's Farriery hnpro'ved. 
 
 Mod authors have been miltaken as 
 to the nature of this difeafe. The 
 greateft number attribute it to the heart ; 
 and Sollyfell calls it a fwelling of the 
 pericardium, or purfe of the heart. But 
 they are all plainly in an error j for an 
 anticor is an inflammation in the guUet 
 and throat, and is the very fame which 
 in man is called angina. Gihfon's Far- 
 rier* s Neiv Guide. 
 
 The figns of an anticor, according to 
 the beft obfervations of men of experi- 
 ence in fariiery, is a fwelling in the 
 bfeaff of a horfe, which fbmetimes riles 
 upwards along the gullet, and threatens 
 futfocating him : he will hang down 
 his head, and groan much when he is 
 hid down, forfaking his food ; neither 
 can he ftoop to grafs or hay upon the 
 ground ; he has a fauitering in his fore 
 legs, and trembling of the whole body ; 
 and if you tie up his head, to give him 
 a cordial drench, he is likely to tumble 
 over. It is faid that our Englifh horfes 
 are not lb fubje^t to this dilorder as the 
 Fiench, Spanifh, and other foreign 
 horfes are, though I know no reafon for 
 it, unlefs it be that our climate, which 
 is naturally temperate, does not gene- 
 rate thele inflammatory diforders lo fre- 
 quently as in the hotter regions, Mrack- 
 e;fs Farriery lmpro<ved. 
 
 Moll writers are agreed that this dif- 
 order proceeds from hard riding, expol- 
 ing a horfe to the cold, and giving him 
 cold water to drink, when he is hot, 
 full feeding, and whatever elfe may 
 caufe a fudden inflammation of the 
 blood. Some will have it to proceed 
 from fatuefs and rank feeding. 
 
 The 
 
ANT 
 
 The cure fliould firft be attempted by 
 large and repeated bleedings, to abate 
 the inflammation j and Mr. Gibibn 
 approves of ftriking one or other of the 
 veins of the hind parts to make a re- 
 vulfion. 
 
 Next to bleeding, if the horfebe cof- 
 tJve or bovmd in his body, clylters are 
 of ufe i and Dr. Bracken direds the 
 following as a general one. * Take 
 
 * leaves of mallows and pellitory of 
 
 * the wall, of each three handfuls ; ca- 
 
 * momile-flowers, one handful ; aniieed 
 
 * and fweet fennel-feed, each half an 
 
 * ounce; linfeeds, one ounce. Boil 
 
 * thefe in three quarts of water to two ; 
 
 * then itrain and prefs out the liquor 
 
 * ftrongly, and add of caryocoftinum 
 
 * electuary, one ounce ; common fait, 
 
 * two ounces ; and common plaifter oil 
 
 * three ounce?. Mix.'' 
 
 Thefe fliould be inje6\ed through a 
 verv long pipe for the purpofe, and as 
 warm as a man can bear his cheek, to 
 the fide of the bladder it is tied up in, 
 and it fliould be repeated every two or 
 three days, as occafion offers. 
 
 if the horfe takes to food, Mr. Gibfon 
 directs, that nothing be given him but 
 moiftened hay, and fcalded bran ; and 
 what elfe, muft be chiefly fuch things as 
 are proper to keep down heat and in- 
 flammation, and abate the fcverifli fym- 
 ptoms ; for which purpofe he recom- 
 mends, after bleeding, thofe reme lies 
 that are proper to promote fweat ; 
 therefore let the following drench be 
 prepared for him. * Take treacle- 
 
 * water and carduus-water, of each one 
 
 * pint ; diffolve in thefe two ounces of 
 
 * old Venice- treacle, and after this has 
 
 * been exhibited, cloath him well, and 
 
 * give him a fttle warm water to 
 
 * drink ^ inftead of the treacle and car- 
 
 * duus-water, a pint of if ale beer mixed 
 
 * with fmall beer miy be ufed.' No- 
 thing is fo efie<5\ual to remove inflam- 
 mations, efpecially after bleeding, as 
 fweating ; and therefore, if you hnd it 
 difficult to promote fweat, you may givs 
 him the following ball. 
 
 ANT 
 
 * Take of old Venice treacle, two 
 ' ounces ; volatile (ait of hartfhorn, fif- 
 ' teengiainsj Matthew'spill,one dramj 
 
 * camphirein powder, {)x grains ; pow- 
 
 * der of liquorice, or falTafras in pow- 
 
 * der, what is fufBcient to make it into 
 
 * a pafle.' Let this be exhibited after 
 the operation of the clyfler is over, and 
 if the fymptoms begin to abate, you 
 may venture to g've your horfe a gentle 
 purge ; for which purpofe, ' Take fuc- 
 
 * cctrine aloes aad diapente, of each 
 
 * half an ounce ; fait of tartar, two 
 
 * drams j jalap, in fine powder, one 
 
 * dram ; be^t thefe well together with 
 
 * honey, fufRcient to make a ball, which 
 
 * may be given with the ufual precau- 
 
 * tions.' 
 
 If the fwelling appears outwards, and, 
 at the fame time, the other iymptoms 
 abate, our author directs, that you leave 
 oflT purging, after which you are only to 
 apply ripening cataplafms and pcultice?, 
 aliowino him at the fame time fal pru- 
 nellae, fait petie, or the iai polychreftum, 
 diflblved in his water. The cataplalm 
 for this purpofe may be made ot the 
 following ingredients. * Take linfeeti 
 ' and fenugreek feeds, of each two oun- 
 
 * ces ; camomile, melilor, or their flow- 
 
 * ers, of each four handfuls ; boil them 
 
 * over the iiretill mo(t of the moifture 
 
 * be evaporated ; then pafs tbera thro' 
 
 * a (ieve, and add a quantity ot cow'« 
 
 * dung equal to the other ingredient?, 
 
 * with a, fufScient quantity of ox or 
 
 * fneep fuet to keep it moift.' Let this 
 be applied twice a day pretty warm ; 
 or, inflead of this compounded poultice, 
 cow's d\ing alone, applied warna to the 
 part, with a fuflicient qumtity of fuet, 
 or ointment of marlh-raaiiows, may be 
 fiifficient to bring the fwelliog to ma- 
 turity. 
 
 When it grows foft, and the matter 
 feems ready for a difcharge, it may be 
 opened in the dependent lowcrmoft 
 part, by the application of a hot iror^, 
 keeping a doflil ill the mouth of the 
 vy^und, until the running abates ; and 
 likewise 
 
ANT 
 
 ilkewlfe applying compreffes, and a con- 
 venient bandage, to keep the elevated 
 fkin clofe to the fubjacent flefh, that it 
 may be fooner united : but if the cavity 
 of the impofthumaticn he large, it will 
 notbeamifs to lay it open with a hot 
 knife, an inch or m'»e ; or if you 
 would chule to avoid the fear, with a 
 cold fharp infti ument, or with a pair 
 of fciflTars. 
 
 The cure may he fini/hed with apply- 
 ing only the unguenttitn haiilicum, or a 
 digeftive made with turpentine, tiie 
 yolks of eggs, otiioney, with a mode- 
 rate mixture of brandy, or fpirit of 
 wine ; and if any fculnefs appears, or 
 if it heal too faft, or fpungy foft flefli 
 arife, pledgits dipt in copperas-water, or 
 a folution of blue vitriol may be -ap- 
 plied, which will keep it fmooth and 
 even. 
 
 But if the fweliing increafe very faft, 
 which oftentimes happens, and there is 
 no tendency to- digeltion, but that it 
 arifes tovvards the neck, affecStii g all the 
 mufcles in thofe parts, the hoife will 
 then be in danger of fufFocation, and, 
 unlefs fpeedy relief be given, he muft 
 foon be ftrangled. Tiierefore, befides 
 repeated bleeding, if he is not much 
 wore out, authors adviie, to take a hot 
 fearing iron, and to "ipply it to five or 
 fix places on the lower part of the 
 fweliing, cauterizing thole pirts, that 
 they may be fpeedily brought to mat- 
 ter, which Mr, Gibfon directs to be 
 dreffed with flax or fine hurds, dipt in 
 tar and turpentine, mixed brfore the 
 fire, and applievi warm : for by giving 
 pain in thofe dfpendent ar.d inferior 
 parts, you caufe the humours to .flov/ 
 dovynwatds from the fweliing ; and, by 
 making vents that are fuEacient to dif« 
 charge them, you aniicipate the pain, 
 and take off from its violent e, wiiich is 
 alfb an extreme to be avoided ; neither 
 need you be afraid of t!,e iwellings that 
 may cafually hippen n his fore-legs, 
 and perhaps even his liiubs, by cau;e- 
 rizing ; for that cannot be of iuch ill 
 
 A P O 
 
 confequence as when it is upon the neck 
 and throat ; neither will it be of any 
 continuance, if due care be taken of 
 the iifues. 
 
 M. Gueriniere, as well as Sollyfell, 
 have advifed opening the fkin, when the 
 tumour cannot be brought to matter, 
 in order to introduce a piece of black 
 hellehore-root, ileeped in vinegar, and 
 to confine it there for twenty four 
 hours. 
 
 This is alfo intended as a ftimulant, 
 and is faid to anfwer the intention, by 
 occafioning fometimes a fweliing as big 
 as a man's head. Bartkfs Gentleman s 
 Farriery. 
 
 APOPLEXY, in horfes, adiRemper 
 which the farriers term the Staggers, 
 or Stayers, being ulually defined a 
 privation of (enfe and motion, excepting 
 only a weak and languid one in tlie heart 
 and breaft. Farriers generally include 
 all dilfempers of the head under two de- 
 nominations, viz. ftaggers and convui- 
 fions, wherein they always fuppofe the 
 head primarily affe6fed. See Convul- 
 sions. 
 
 An apoplexy or ftaggers proceeds ei- 
 ther from a caufe without the veiTels, 
 viz. when the blood, or any other fluid, 
 hapi)ens to break out of fome vefl'el with- 
 in the brain, or when there happens to 
 be preternatural bones or tumors bred 
 and contained within the fkull, or any 
 other extraneous matter, that may in a- 
 ny fort prefs upon the folt (ubftance of 
 the brain, caufing ihofe deadly dilbrders. 
 Gibfon s Farrie7-''s Nezv Guide, 
 
 The figns of an apoplexy are drow- 
 finef-, watry moill eyes, fomewhat full 
 and inflamed, a difpofition to reel, fee* 
 blenefs, a bad appetite, and alraoft a con- 
 tinual hanging of the head, or relying it 
 in his manger, fometirjes with little or 
 no fever, and Icarceany alteration in the 
 dung or urine. When the apoplexy 
 proceeds from water col!e8ed in the i'x- 
 riufes and ventricles of the brain, the 
 horfe has ge-oerally, befides all theie 
 foregoing fymptonis, a difpofition to rear 
 
 up. 
 
A P O 
 
 up, and is apt to fall back when any one 
 goes to handle him about his head. The 
 realbn of his falling backward ("eems to 
 be obvious, becaufe when the head is 
 raifed with his mouth upwards, the wa- 
 ter in the ventricles caules a weight and 
 preflure upon the cerebellum, and ori- 
 gin of the nerves, fo as may deprive a 
 horfe of fenfe and motion at once. This 
 is a cafe that may be often feen, but 
 does not luddenly prove mortal : 
 young horfes are moft fubjec^ to it, and 
 with proper hefps and good ufage, 
 fom.erimes get over it ; but when the 
 apoplexy proceeds from wounds or 
 blows on the head, or from any other 
 cawfe producing ruptures in the blood 
 velTcIs, or from matter cohered in the 
 brain or its membranes 5 or if any part 
 of the brain or its membranes bt indu- 
 rated, and grown callous, by long con- 
 tinuance, we (hall not only fee the 
 fymptoms already defcribed, but the 
 horfe will be frantic by fit?, efpe.ially 
 after his feeds, fo as- to ft.4rt and 
 fly into motion at every thint^ that 
 comes near him. Thefe c-ifes are ex- 
 tremely dangeious, and feMom admit 
 of a perfect recovery. But when the 
 horfes fall down Hiddenly, and work 
 violently at their flanks, without any 
 abiii-ty to rife, even after plentilul 
 bleedmg, fuch horles feodum recover. 
 
 All that can be done in fuch cafes is 
 to ftiikethe vrins in feveral phres at 
 once, to raife up the horfe's head and 
 fliouldeis, propping them with plenty 
 of (traw J and if he lurvive the fit, to 
 cut fevcral rowels ; though, in cafe of 
 ruptured velTcls, or if any kind of ex- 
 tranrcus matier be lodged on the brain 
 or its membranes, ail thefe helps will 
 be of little fervice. 
 
 But if the apop]e(Ric fit happens to 
 be onlv the efFe6lof a plethor?, or ful- 
 nefs of blood, from b'gh feedingr, and 
 want of fufncient ext^rciie ; or if it be 
 the eflfe^l of a fizy blood, vi'hich is of- 
 ten the cafe of mmy young hoi les that 
 .have btcn fed for idlit j 01 from caiclung 
 
 A P O 
 
 cold while the blood is in this Rate } 
 though a horfe, in thefe circumftances, 
 may reel and ftagger, and fometimes 
 fall down fuddenly, yet the cure will 
 admit of no great difficulty. Fiift of 
 all, bleed plentifully, and keep the horfe 
 for fome time to an opening diet of 
 fcalded bran, and fometimes fcalded 
 barley, leffening the quantity of his hay. 
 After two days, repeat the bleeding, 
 but in a lefs quantity : if the horfe has 
 a cold, it will be proper to give him 
 pe6^oral drinks, fuch as is proper in 
 colds J but if no fymptoms of a cold 
 appear, it v^iil be neceflary, after bleed- 
 ing and a fpare diet to give him two or 
 three aloeiic purges, not only to remove 
 the plethora and fullnefs, but to attenu- 
 ate and thin his blood, for which I 
 would recommend the following : 
 * Take of the fineft fuccotrine aloes, 
 
 * an ounce and a quarter j frefh jalap, 
 
 * two drams j fait of tartar, three dr^msj 
 
 * nativecinnahar, or thecinnabarof an- 
 
 * timony, half an ounce ; make it into 
 
 * a ball, with a fufficient quantity of 
 
 * fyrup of rofes or masfh-maliows, add- 
 
 * ing twenty or thirty drops of chenii- 
 
 * cal oil of anifeeds 5 and make it into 
 
 * a ball, rolling it in liquorice powder, 
 
 * to be given with the ufual precau- 
 
 * tions.' 
 
 The purge may he nnade Wronger or 
 weaker, by adding or diminifliing the 
 jalap. Let this be repeated two or 
 three times, and the horfe will probably 
 recover, without a relapfe. Powder of 
 antimony, or ?ts preparations, as the li- 
 ver or crocus metallorum, or its cina- 
 bar, or the native cinabar, mixed with 
 equal parts of gum guiacum, may be 
 alio given in ounce dofes, for three or 
 four weeks, to mend his blood and take 
 ofFits fizinefs; and exercife, which ought 
 not to be omitted, as foon as the horfe is 
 able to bear it. 
 
 When a horfe drops down fuddenly 
 with hard riding, or violent driving, 
 thi? is a cafe that in many refpe^ls re- 
 fcHibles an apoplexy, and all the organs 
 
 of 
 
A P O 
 
 of the head are afFefted as in an apo- 
 plexy ; but as this j>roceeds only fVonn 
 the extiaordinaiy iaiefa6lion of the 
 blood, and its rapid motion, whereby 
 the fmall vtfleisof the brain, heart and 
 lungs, are extremely dlltended, fo as to 
 caufe an univerl'al preflure on the ori- 
 gins of the nerves that rife from the 
 cerebellum and nredulla oblongata, the 
 horfe by this means lofes all fenfe and 
 motion, and generally falls fuddenly, 
 efpecially upon any fudden (fop, becaule 
 when the bodily motion ceafes, the cir- 
 culation of the blood in the veins is not 
 accelerated in proportion to its influx 
 from the arteries, which foon produces 
 a hifTocation, and a falling down with- 
 out fenfe or motion. Initances of this 
 kind are not uncommon, efpecially in 
 very hot weather, when the external 
 heat adds greatly to the blood's motion 
 and rarefatlion. But as we fuppole, in 
 this cafe, little or no fault in the blood, 
 but perhaps a plethora or weaknefs in 
 the velVels, the quitkeft and readied rc- 
 irtedy is bleeding plentifully ; and, un- 
 lefs the horle die with the violence of the 
 fall, which fomeiimes happens, or by 
 burlting the fmail veins of the brain or 
 lunos, or happens to have polipules in 
 t!ie heart or principal veins, he will foon 
 rife of himfelf, or without much help , 
 snd may be prcferved from kich acci- 
 dents iti time to come with belter ufage. 
 But when fuch fudden diforders pro- 
 ceed from defeffs in the blood and 
 rerve?, the horfe may be treated as in 
 other diforders of the head. Gibjhn on 
 the Difeafes cfHorfes. See the articles 
 Head, and Vertigo. 
 
 The prefent epidemical diftemper a- 
 monglt hcrfes, in fevtral parts of Eng- 
 land, from the near refemblance that it 
 bears to that difeafe, has obtained the 
 name of the mad llaggers, though the 
 mad daggers has never appeared to be 
 infectious, as this difteir.per is. The 
 fymptoms are much the fam.e with thofc 
 of the ftaggers already defcrihed 5 only 
 that in this difordej-j if the horfe fur- 
 
 A P P 
 
 vives, he generally breaks out in blot- 
 ches about the head, which is an indi- 
 cation of the malignant ftaie of the 
 blood. 
 
 Among the caufes of this tnalady, 
 befides foine ofthofe to which the apo- 
 plexy is aicribed, are bad provender, a 
 fudden (toppage of perlpiration, from 
 cold, or from a horfe Handing too long 
 in the ftabie, without proper exerciie : 
 and fometimes from a fault in the 
 air. 
 
 In regard to the cure, Mr. Wood (In 
 his Supplement to kis NeivTreatife cf 
 Farriery) directs the horfe that is infefl- 
 ed to be put in a place by liimfelf, in 
 order to prevent the contagious effluvia 
 communicating themfelves to other 
 horfes. In the next place, he advifes to 
 bleed him in the neck vein, and to take 
 away two or three quarts of blood, and 
 a quart more from that of the thigh be- 
 hind ; after which, * Take a handful 
 
 * of I ue \ two ounces of valerian root \ 
 
 * a handful of the fmall boughs of mlf- 
 
 * letoe, with the leaves and berries cut 
 ' fmall 5 half a handful of penny-royal, 
 
 * and the heads of twelve red corn pop- 
 
 * pies.' Boil thefe ingredients in three 
 pints of fpring-watei', till one pint is 
 confnmed, taking care to keep the vef* 
 fel cloCe covered ; then ftrain off the 
 deco6tion, and add to it half an ounce 
 of caffile foap, three drams of opium, 
 or more if the convulfions be ftrong ; 
 an ounce of affa fcetida,' and two 
 drams of cochineal. As foon as the 
 fo'ip and sfla fcetida are diiTolved, give 
 the above drink. The reft of the treat- 
 ment necc-ffary upon this occafion, be- 
 fides that already prefcribed by Mr. Gib- 
 
 fo>i, may be feen under the articles of 
 Compciind 2iV\A Epidemic Fevers, 
 
 APOSTLF/s ointment y in the farri- 
 er's di:penlatory. See the article Oint- 
 ment. 
 
 APPETITE. There are diforders 
 peculiar to the ftomach, without the 
 pajticipation of any other concomitant 
 diftemper, which may be reduced to 
 
 ihefe 
 
A P P 
 
 ttiefetwcviz. riie want of appetite, and 
 a voracious appetite. 
 
 fTant of At VET IT E, By the want 
 of appetite, we do not here fuppofe a 
 horfe to be totally off hisftomach, as in 
 fevers, and in cafes of exceflive pain, but 
 only when a horfe feeds poorly, and is 
 apt to mangle bis hay, or leave it in the 
 rack J and this frequently happeris to 
 horfes that have too much corn given 
 them, which abates their appetite to 
 hay ; fome horfes are alfo nice and 
 dainty, but will eat tolerably when their 
 hay is picked and free from duti, efpe- 
 cially when it is full of the herb and 
 well got ; but, without fuch qualities 
 in the hay, will eat but little. There are 
 others that will eat tolerably well when 
 they ftand much in the ftable, and do 
 but little bufinefs, but lofe their fto- 
 mach, whenever they come to be work- 
 ed a little more than ordinary ; and 
 fome of thefe may be obferved to feed 
 little for feveral days, after one day's 
 hard riding. 
 
 However, we are not to reckon any 
 horfe a poor feeder from the meafure of 
 his food, for we fee fome horfes that are 
 fraall eaters, and yet go through a great 
 deal of fatigue and exercife, without 
 much diminution of their flefli, or any 
 great alteration in their appetite j nei- 
 ther are they more choice than others in 
 what they eat : therefore thefe horfes 
 can hardly be reckoned bad or poor 
 feeders, but little eaters ; and any at- 
 tijmpt to make them eat better, would 
 perhaps do them more harm than 
 good. 
 
 But when a horfe feeds poorly, and 
 does not gather much fleih, when his 
 dung is habitually foft, and of a pale co- 
 lour, it is an evident fign of a relaxed 
 conftitution, wherein the weaknefs of 
 the ftomach and guts may have a very 
 great fliare. This habitual weaknefs 
 may be either natupal and hereditary, 
 or may be caufed by fome previous ill 
 management ; fuch as too much fcald- 
 ed bran, or too much hot meat of any 
 
 A P P 
 
 kind, which relaxes the tone of the 
 ftomach and guts, and in the end pro- 
 duces a weak digeftion, and confequent- 
 ly the lofs of appetite. 
 
 The beft method to harden and re- 
 cover fuch horfes, is to give them much 
 gentle exercife in the open air, efpeciaU 
 Jy in dry weather ; never to load their 
 Itomachs with large feeds, and keep 
 them as much as poffibie to a dry diet, 
 indulging them now and then with a 
 handful of beans among their oats ; 
 but if the cafe be fo, that the horfe 
 grows weak, and requires the help of 
 phyfic, I fliould advife to begin with fome 
 tew laxative purges, or the following. 
 * Take fuccotrine aloes, fix drams; 
 
 * rhubarb in fine powder, two drams ; 
 
 * fafFron dried and powdered, one 
 
 * dram j make it into a ftiff ball, with 
 
 * a fufficient quantity of fyrup of rofes, 
 
 * and add two drams of the elixir pro- 
 
 * prietatis, prepared with the oil of ful- 
 
 * phur by the bell.' 
 
 This purge will work very gently, 
 and bring the horfe'ro a better appetite, 
 and ftrengthen his digeftion. It may 
 be repeated once a week, or once in 
 ten days ; and after the operation of 
 each purge, * Take a large handful 
 
 * of the rafpings of guiacum, pome- 
 
 * granate bark, and balauftines bruifed, 
 
 * of each an ounce j gallangals, and 
 
 * liquorice root fliced, of each half an 
 
 * ounce ; let thefe be boiled in two 
 
 * quarts of Smith's forge-water to three 
 
 * pints J and while it is warm, infufe 
 
 * in the decofllon, two drams of faf- 
 
 * fron, and half an ounce of diafcor- 
 
 * dium.' Let this be divided into two 
 drinks, and give one after the purge 
 has done working, and the other after 
 two days intermiflion : In cold weather, 
 the drinks fliould be warmed before 
 they are adminiftered ; the fame may 
 be complied with after the laft purge, 
 and repeated as often as may be necef- 
 fary, continuing to give the horfe con- 
 ftant exercife in the open free air, and 
 this will be the liltelieft method to 
 
 B ftrengthen 
 
A P P 
 
 ftrengthen fu'-h horfes as are of weak 
 rehxed conftitiitions. 
 
 But when luch a habit is only con- 
 tra«51:ed by tr<o much feeding, tfpecialiy 
 on loft raided diet, which is otttn tha 
 cafe of young horfes kept up for lale, 
 the heft way JS to bleed and purge fuch 
 horfes ; and, at the fame time, to rowel 
 them on the belly } for this fort of 
 feed mg eaHly expofes horfes to be lax, 
 that have no natural difpofition to it ; 
 for when thty grow fuddenly fat, by 
 fiich man:igement, the fecreiions from 
 the guts become greafy, which always 
 caules weaknefles and relaxation in 
 them, and often forms a proper nidus 
 fur the feeding of vermin ; all which 
 may be eafily remedied by purging in 
 the firft place, and afterwards by proper 
 exercile and a clean diet. 
 
 As for thofe horfes that are of a hot, 
 fiery difpofition, ar.d loofe their appe- 
 tites with their heat and fretting, it is 
 a cafe that cannot eafily be remedied, 
 becaufe of the natural inflammatory dif- 
 pofition of their blood } the only method 
 is to keep them to a cool diet, while 
 they are young ; and in country place?, 
 let them run abroad, efpecially where 
 they have (tables and warm ranges to 
 keep them from the inclemency of the 
 weather in winter ; for thofe fort of 
 horfes are always tender; being for the 
 moft part extremely thin fkinned, and 
 their blood of a thin texture, and eafi- 
 ly fet in motion ; and for the fame 
 reafon, the beft way, in the fummer, is 
 to bring them up in the day time, and 
 only let thera run abroad in the night ; 
 ihey being more hunted by the flies 
 than any other, which keeps them con- 
 tinually upon the fret, and hinders 
 them from thriving. Gihfons Difeafes 
 of Horfes. 
 
 Foracious Appetite,^ or the 
 Hungry Evil. If voracious or foul 
 feeding is not aliogether to be account- 
 ed a difeafe, yet it may be thecaufe of 
 various tnaladies, and is often the ef- 
 iciSl of Ibme latent dilkinper, as ver- 
 
 A P P 
 
 min, which have a quite different effecl 
 on fome horfes to what they have on 
 others ; for as hcil'es of a fix habit of 
 body often loofe fheir appetres by 
 worms, and are frequently griped and 
 fickly in their bowels, fo horfes of 
 ftrong rigid couftitutions, that can bear 
 the irritation thofe animals make in 
 their inteftines, are of en voracious in 
 their appetite?, and are continually cra- 
 ving after food. 
 
 Foul feeders in fome things differ 
 fiom thofe that have voracivus appetites, 
 for as thefe crav? only after their com- 
 mon food, and can hardly ever be fa* 
 tisfied, thofe, on the other hand, viz. 
 foul feeders, will leave their hay to eat 
 their litter; and feem to like it better, 
 when it is well mixed with their own 
 dung and urine ; and therefore, they 
 may be properly faid to have a vitiated 
 or depraved appetite. Though this 
 does not always proceed from a voraci- 
 ous appetite, yet the firft is often pro- 
 duftlve of the latter, and m^iy proba- 
 bly be occafioned by enlarging the ca- 
 pacity of the ftomach and inteftlnes to 
 luch a degree, that nothing will fatisfy 
 their cravings, but what has weight and 
 folidity ; for the fame kind ot horfes 
 will eat mould and wet ciay, or any 
 kind of foul nafly weeds out of the 
 ditches, and in the liable will eat ftlnk- 
 ing, raufty hay, which the generality 
 of horfes will refufe. 
 
 There are others of depraved appe- 
 tites, that are neither foul nor voraci- 
 ous feeders, fuch as we ©ften ob'erve 
 eat dry lime, or mud cut of the walls, 
 which perhaps denotes fome vitiated 
 juices in their ftomach ; and this alfo 
 is fiequently owing to vermin, or at 
 Iftaft to a bad digefilon, though per- 
 haps not to any imbeclllity in their 
 conllituiions, for though thefe horfes 
 have a longing after thofe extraneous 
 things, yet their appetites at the fame 
 time feldoin fail, but as this is o.^tea 
 owing to full feeding, with the want 
 of fufficient exercife, fo we often fee 
 
 them 
 
A P P 
 
 them recover, and quite lofe that viii- 
 ated talte, whan they come to ride a 
 journey, or go upon any other conftant 
 exercife. 
 
 The beft method in all thefe cafes, 
 of a vittiated or depraved appetife, is 
 to begin with purging, and to dilTolve 
 chalk, in their water, and afterwards to 
 give them good exercife. The fame 
 method may be complied with to thofe 
 that feed voracicufly. To thefe the 
 following draught may alfo be given. 
 
 * Take a handful of the roots of marfh- 
 
 * mallows, cumin feeds, and fenu- 
 
 * greek feeds, of each an ounce ; li- 
 
 * quorice roots fliced, half an ounce*, 
 
 * boil in three pints of water, till the 
 
 * roots are foft and flimy, then pour off 
 
 * the deco5tion, and difiblve in it an 
 
 * ounce of gum-arabick ; and add four 
 
 * ounces ot linfeed oil.' Let the horfe 
 have four handfuls of thefe every morn- 
 ing faftmg, till his appetite abates. If 
 the horfe be lean, gs many voracious 
 feeders are, he will gather more fleHi 
 under this management; and as his 
 flefti increafes, his appetite will a- 
 bate. 
 
 As to foul . feeders, many ef thefe 
 begin with voracioufnefs, and when 
 they come to be ftinted, fall to eating 
 their litter, to fill their ftomachs j and 
 in time take a great liking to it ; and 
 it is obfervable, that many of the horfes 
 that go broken-winded, have this evil 
 faculty : and theretore I fhould advife 
 any one who has a foul feeding horle 
 lo keep his ftall as clean as poflible, to 
 let no wet dirty litter lie under him; 
 nor to put his litter under the manger j 
 but to ijeftow it on fome other horf^, 
 • ctherwife they wdl paw it out, and 
 feed upon it greedily ; but clean ftraw 
 that has not been leaked with horfe- 
 pifs and filth will nevfr hurt any horfe ; 
 for though there is no harm in the urine, 
 yet when the ftraw, has been foaked ih 
 It, with the dung, it often turns into a 
 wad, or like aipunge, in thejr bowels, 
 and caufes grea: dilorders ; but when 
 
 ARM 
 
 their wet litter is taken away every 
 morning, it may be the means to make 
 them leave off that ill habit. Gibfon 
 ubi fupra. 
 
 APPUI, in the manage, q. d. reft 
 or Itay upon the hand, is the recipro- 
 cal effort between the horfe's mouth 
 and the bridle hand, cr the fenfe of the 
 action of the bridle and the hand of the 
 horfeman. 
 
 A juft Appui of the hand is the nice 
 bearing up or Itay of the bridle ; fb that 
 the horfe being awed by the fenfibility 
 and tendernefs of his mouth, does net 
 reft too much upon the bit mouth, nor 
 chack or beat upon the hand to with- 
 Itand it. A dull, obfufe Appui, is 
 when the horfe has got a good mouth; 
 but his tongue is fo thick that the bit 
 cannot work or bear upon the bars, the 
 tongue not being (o fenfibie as the bars ^ 
 though the like effect is fonhetimes 
 owing to the thicknefs of his lips. A 
 horfe is faid to have no appui, when he 
 dreads the bit mucli, is too apprehen- 
 five of the hand, and cannot bear the 
 bit. — He is faid co have too much ap- 
 pui, when he catts or throws himlelf 
 too much, or too hardily upon the bit. 
 Horfcs defigned for the army ought to 
 have a lull anpui upon the hand, 
 Culllet. 
 
 ARCHED. A horfe is faid to have 
 aiched legs, whe-n his- knees are- bend- 
 ed archwife. This expreffion relates 
 to the fore quarters, and tl.>e infirmity 
 here fignified hr.ppens to fuch horfes as 
 have their legs fpoiled with travelling. 
 The horfes called BrafTiCourrs- 'have 
 likewife their knees bended" other- 
 wife, but this deformity is natural to 
 them. Cuillet. 
 
 ARM of a Horfe, See the article 
 Fore Thigh. 
 
 Arm is alfo applied to a horfe, when 
 he endeavours to defend bimfi^if againff 
 the bit, to prevtnt obeying or being 
 checked thereby. - 
 
 A horfe i? f^id to arm hirrfdf when 
 
 he pieffes -down his head, and bend? 
 
 U i his 
 
ART 
 
 hh neck, fo as to rell the branches of 
 the bridle upon his brifket ; in order to 
 withftand the effort ©f the bit, and 
 guard his bars and his mouth. See 
 the article Carry Low. 
 
 A horfe is faid to arm himfelf nxf'ith 
 the Itps, when he covers the bars with 
 hie lips, and deadens the preflTure of the 
 bi^. This frequently happens in thick- 
 lipped-horfes. The remedy is by ufmg 
 « bit-mouth, forged with a canon or 
 fcratch-movith, broader near the bank- 
 ets than at the place of its preffure, or 
 reft upon the bars. CuilleS, See the 
 article Disarm. 
 
 For arming agarnft the bit, the re- 
 medy is to hare a wooden bail covered 
 with velvet, or other matter, put on his 
 chaul, which will fo prefs him between 
 the jaw-bones, as to prevent his bring- 
 ing his head fo near his breaft. La Broae, 
 
 ARRESTS, or ARRETS, among 
 farriers, denote a fort of mangy tu- 
 mours on the finews of the hind legs of a 
 borfe, between the ham and the pattern, 
 called alfo rat-tails. See Rat-Tails. 
 
 The name is taken from the relem- 
 blance they bear to the arrejfs or back- 
 bones of fifhes. Cuil. Gentleman's Di^» 
 in ^vac, 
 
 ARTERY, in anatomy, a conical 
 canal, conveying the blood from the 
 heart to all parts of the body. See the 
 article Blood and Vein. 
 
 An artery is compofed of three coats, 
 of which the firft feenas to be a thread 
 of fine blood vefTels and nerves, for 
 nourifhing the coats of the artery. The 
 fecond is made up of circular or rather 
 l*piral fibfes, of which there are more 
 Cfr fewer ftrata or coverings, according 
 to the bignefs of the artery. Thefe 
 fibres have a ftrong elafticity, by which 
 ihey contraft themfelves with foH>e 
 force, when the power by which they 
 have been ftretched out, ceafes in like 
 manner as a piece of cat-gut or fiddle- 
 Uringwilldo. The third and inmoft 
 coat is a fine denfe tranfparent mem- 
 Iribne^ which keeps the blood within its 
 
 ART 
 
 canal, which otherwife upon the dFla» 
 tation or ftretching out of an artery, 
 would eafily feparate the fpiral fibre:9 
 from one another. Bracken"^ Farriery 
 Improved. 
 
 The pulfe of the arteries confifts of 
 two reciprocal motions, like the pulfe 
 of the heart, being a fyftole and a di- 
 aftole, keeping oppofite times j the fyf- 
 tole of the one anfwering to the diaftole 
 «f the other. 
 
 The chief diftribntion of the arteries 
 is into the aorta defcendens, and the 
 aorta afcendens, from which they arc 
 branched like a tree into the feveral parts 
 of the body. The arteries arc moftly 
 accompanied by veins ; that is, where- 
 ever a vein is opened, you are to con- 
 fider an artery as big as the vein is near 
 at hand j and although nature has in- 
 deed very well guarded the arteries a- 
 gainR the blundering operator, by pla- 
 cing them deeper or more hardly to be 
 come at than the veins, yet every one 
 muft have heard what terrible and dan- 
 gerous confequences have befallen thofe 
 creatures, whether human or brute, 
 who have had the misfortune to have an 
 artery cut by accident or otherwife. 
 Bracken nbi fufra. 
 
 Artery 'wounded. In cafes where 
 any large branch of an artery is wound- 
 ed, the method is to feparate the m«f- 
 cular flefti about it, if it can be done 
 with fafety ; and by pafling a blunt, 
 long and crooked needle, with an eye 
 made in the point, under the artery 
 with a double filk-thread waxed a little, 
 the fame may be tied ftrongly both a- 
 bove and below the wound or hole in 
 the bbod vefTei ; and this operation it 
 ftiledj the operation for an aneurifm. 
 But it may be adviiable, before the 
 operation to try Colhateh's Styptic, 
 which has often proved fuccefsfiil. Of 
 this excellent ftyptic powder, the dofe 
 to a horfe inwardly, either to ftop bleed- 
 ing, or moft kind of fluxes, is about two 
 fcruples or a drachm. Jbid, & anonym, 
 
 Arzil* 
 
A S C 
 
 ARZEL. a horfe is faid to be arzel 
 that has a white mark upon his for- 
 foot behind. Some fuperftitioua cava- 
 liers perfuade themfelves, that, by an 
 unavoidable fatality, fucti horfes are un- 
 fortunate in battle, and for that reafon 
 they do not care to ufe them. 
 
 ASCARIDES, orNEEDLE-wORMS, 
 are a fpecies of thofe worms that breed 
 in the bodies of horfes, refembling 
 needles J and Jike thofe of the fame 
 name in human bodies. See the article 
 Worms. 
 
 The afcari4^ are {ome white, and 
 fome of an azure colour, with flattifh 
 heads ; they are very troublefome, and 
 cxpofe horfes to frequent gripings and 
 other diforders in the guts, Thefe 
 worms breed at all times of the year j 
 and often when one breed is deftroyed, 
 another fucceeds. Thefe are not mor- 
 tal, but when a horfe is peftered with 
 this fort of vermin, though he will go 
 through his bufincfs tolerably well, and 
 fometimes feed heartily, yet he always 
 looks lean and jaded j his hair flares as 
 if he was furfeited; and nothing he cats 
 does him good ; he often ftrikes his 
 hind-feet againft his belly, which fhews 
 where his grievance lies, and is fome- 
 times griped, but without the violent 
 fymptoms that attend a cholic or ftran- 
 gury : for he never rolls or tumbles, 
 but only ftiews uneafinefs, and generally 
 lays himfelf down quietly on his belly 
 for a little while, and then gets up, 
 and falls a feedings but the fureft 
 fign is when he voids them with his 
 dung. 
 
 The afcarides fometimes come away 
 in great numbers with a purge, and 
 fome horfes get clear of them with 
 purges only, but this does not often 
 happen, for the horfes that breed afca- 
 rides, above all others, are fubjcft to 
 flime and mucous matter. The afca- 
 rides in the human body are thought to 
 be ing;endered in the ftreight gut, near 
 the iundamentt but in horfes thefe 
 worms ieem to have their lodgment 
 
 ATT 
 
 about the beginning of the fmall gut« 
 near the (lomach, among the conceded 
 aliment or chyle, both from their co- 
 Jo«r and the fymptom of the gripes, and 
 fiadden fits of ficknefs, thefe horfes ar« 
 often feized with, which fometimes 
 makes them abruptly leave off their 
 food for a few minutes, ^nd fall greecli- 
 ly to it again, as foon as the fick fit it 
 over. Therefore to a horfe that is fub» 
 je6l to thefe fort of worms, the follow- 
 ing method may be ufed, as well fot 
 the ufe of the afcarides, as for that of 
 all other kind of wcrm« in the bowels «f 
 horfes. 
 
 * Take of calomel that has b^en fiit 
 
 * times fublimed, and well prepared 5 
 
 * two drams J diapente, half an ounce; 
 
 * make it into a ball with a fofficient 
 
 * quantity of cdnferve of wormwood, 
 
 * or of rue; and give it in the morn- 
 
 * ing ; letting the horfe be kept from 
 
 * meat and water four hours before, and 
 
 * four hours after.' 
 
 The next morning, let one of the 
 purges prefcribed under the article 
 Worms, be adminiftered; taking great 
 care to keep the horfe from wet or from 
 any thing that may expofe him to catch 
 cold. His purge may be worked off ia 
 the liable with warm water, which ic 
 much the fafeft way when mercurials 
 are given. The calomel-ball and t^c 
 purge may be repeated in fix or eight 
 days, and again in fix or eight days 
 more. Gib/on on the Difeafes of Hor^ 
 fes, 
 
 ASSIST, or Aid, in the manage. 
 See the article AlD. 
 
 ASTHMA. Seethe article Cox;gh- 
 
 ATTAINT, among farriers, fignifies 
 a knock or hurt in a horfe's kg, pro- 
 ceeding either from a blow with another 
 horfe's foot, or from an over reach in 
 frofty weather, when a horfe being 
 rough-flaod, or having Ihoes with long 
 calkers, ftrikes his hinder-feet againft 
 his fore-leg. 
 
 The farrier* diftinguifh upper attaint* 
 
 given by the toe of the hind>feot upon 
 
 B J thf 
 
a:t t 
 
 the fin^w of the fore-leg •, aitd nether 
 attaints, or over reaches, on the paf- 
 tern joint, which are little bladders hke 
 wind gails, coming either by a wrench, 
 a ftrain, or an over-reach, or the like. 
 The ufual place is in the heel or 
 fruOi. 
 
 The cure comjnonly prefcribed in each 
 of thefe cafes, is as follows. Whea 
 the hurt proceeds from a blow with 
 another horfe's foot; wafli away the 
 fiith with vinegar and i'alt, and cut off 
 the loofe pieces of flefh ; then apply to 
 tl)e part a hot egg boiled hard, cut 
 through the middle, and fprinlclcd with 
 pepper. In an over-reach in frofty 
 weather, let the wound be immediately 
 wafhed with warm vinegar, and then 
 iilled with pepper, laying over it a re- 
 ftringent charge of whites of eggs, 
 chimney foot and vinegar ; or elfe, of 
 hxne tempered with water. For an 
 over-reach by long calkers, fill the hole 
 
 A U L 
 
 ■with gun-powder, beaten an4 mixt w'th 
 fpittle ; then fet fire to it, and repeat the- 
 iame the next day, taking care to keep 
 the foot and wound (rem moiftuie; and 
 walhing the foie, from time to time, 
 with b.andy: otherwife fill the hole 
 with cotton dipt in empiafirum dlvinurn 
 melted with oil of roles in a' I'poon, lay- 
 ing a piaifter of the fame over all, and 
 drefling after this manner every dav, 
 
 AUBIN, in horfemannilp, a broken 
 kind of gait or pace, between an amble 
 and a gallop, reputtd a defeft in a 
 hbrfe. Guillefs' Gent, j^ul. p. i. in 
 <vcc. 
 
 AVERTI, a word ufed in the ma- 
 nage, and applied to a regular Itep or 
 rnotion enjoined in the leflbns. Gut/let, 
 
 In this fenfe, they fay, pas c.'vertiy 
 femetimes, pas ecoiite\ and pas d'ecole\ 
 which all denote the fame. The word 
 is mere french, and fignifies advifed, ap- 
 prifed, &c. 
 
 B. 
 
 B A C 
 
 BAG 
 
 A C K, in the manage and among 
 farriers. A horfe's back fhould 
 be ftrelght, not hollow, which is called 
 faddle- bached: horfes of this km J are 
 generally light, and carry their heads 
 high, but are wanting in ftrength and 
 fervice. A horfe with a weak back is 
 apt to ilumbie. RuJiusDici, in 'voc 
 Reins . 
 
 -In the fiench fchools, to mount a 
 horfe a dos, is to mount him bare- 
 -.^acked without a faddle. Guillet. 
 /*BACK-RAKING, an operaMon fo 
 tailed by the farriers, which ccnfifts in 
 anointing ti:e hand very well with nny 
 fort of oil or butter, and introducing 
 it into a horfe's fundament by little and 
 
 Hule, fetching out his excrements, 
 when he has got a windy cholic, and 
 there is reafon to fufpeft that the flatu- 
 lency proceeds f om hardened dung. 
 In this operation, the farrier fhould put 
 his arrn into the fundament as far as he 
 well can. But I advtfe every gentle- 
 man to piich upon a perfcn to do this 
 friendly office, who has a hand and arm., 
 of the fmiiller f ze ; for fome are io 
 large and brawny, that uniefs the horfe 
 yvas of the larger fort, there would be.- 
 fome danger of an innammation in the. 
 fireight gut, which would be of far 
 greater concern than the gripes. Brae- 
 kin" i Far r. imprcv'd. See CholIc. 
 
 B/.CK* 
 
BAG 
 
 BACK-SINE W, in the anatomy of 
 a hoife, a Iboncr tendon tlius called 
 which being info ted behind the fliank 
 into the heel, is fo often lubjeci: to be 
 ftiained or hurt. 
 
 B A c K - s T N E \v J} rained is one of th e 
 moft common and uiual accidents that 
 happens to a hoife j it generally pro- 
 ceeds from hard riding upon dry 
 grounds, and from other c^ufes where 
 the roads are ttony and bad ; and 
 fometimes where they ^ re patchy. It 
 is eafily perceived by the iwellir.g of 
 the finew ; \^hich fometimes reaches 
 from the back fule of the knee down to 
 the heel ; Gud when it is fo, a horfe 
 does not care to fet his foot even upon 
 the ground, hut for th.e moft part in 
 his ft^inding fers it l-iefore the other. 
 
 The ulual way of curing this mala- 
 dy is with cold charges, which often 
 ■fucceed veiv well if frequently renew- 
 ed j fome ufe currier's fisavings, bound 
 round the finew vi-ith a bandage ; and 
 this alfoanfvvers very well in feme cafes j 
 but there is i^othing either fo ready or 
 efficacious as vinegar cr verjuice vi'ell 
 boiled ; being ofien in a day foaked 
 well into the fmew, warm 5 and if any 
 thing of the lamenefs or fwelling 
 remains after this, and after the heat 
 and inflammation is gone out, a mild 
 blifter that has got nctl.irg corrofive in 
 it, befides the caufl::c falts of the flies, 
 will, generally fpeaking, effectuate a 
 cure, and bring the finew fine. 
 
 When hot and relaxing oils mixed 
 together are ufed to the back finew, 
 which many praClitioners are fond of, 
 becaufe thty fbmtrtimes fucceed in horfes 
 that have their finews ftrong ?.nd rigid, 
 yet they are apt to in^ender wind-galls 
 of a bad kind, or make the veins on 
 ea^h fide the finew to f^e full and g^v- 
 ged. Bliftcring in this cafe has very 
 little or no effefl: but fiting through 
 the vein, till tie blood comts, fcr no- 
 thing iefs will remove that weaknefs. 
 A ter the firing, the whole leg, from 
 the knee down to :he htel, and all ihe 
 
 BAG 
 
 hollow places on both fides, are to be 
 charged with a good Arengthning 
 plaifter, made of four ounces of adber- 
 naim ; add dragon's blood, mafiic, and 
 bole, of each half an ounce; and tjiis 
 will perfeiSl the cuie, efj^eciaily if the 
 horle be turned to grafs for a month or 
 five weeks; or in the winter, if he run 
 a little while in a Imooth yard, where 
 he has a good dry litter, Gibfo.ni 
 Difeafes of Horfes. 
 
 SORE-BACK is a difordervery inci- 
 dent to hoifes upon the road in travell- 
 ing ; and more efpecially to young hor- 
 fes, whofe backs are unufed to carry 
 loads; therefore to thefe ]^ft, a pretty 
 large feated faddle agrets bell j and 
 every morning alter jour crupper a hole 
 or two, that' it may thereby d.aw ri,e 
 faddle back; and. now and then let it 
 alfo have liberty forwards ; and by this 
 means he will not carry your weiglit 
 always in tl-e fame places ; which wi'l 
 conduce grearly to his eafe, and keep 
 the fk:n upon his back. Let your hor- 
 le's back be cooled every time you bait 
 him, and now and then waflied with 
 warm water, and wiped dry with a 
 linen-cloth; and the fid ile fhould al'b 
 be fcraped, fo that no hardnefs or in- 
 equalities remain from the fweat, ihar, 
 together with duft, fticks round the le-i 
 of the pannel. . 
 
 The fliape Indeed of the hcrfc'sbuk 
 fhould be viewed, feeing evciy hciz 
 differs in this particular: wherefore th^ 
 faddle fhould not only be pretty Ijirge 
 in the feat for a young horf?, but t.ha 
 pannel and ffufling fliould an'wer tf.e 
 fliape of the back, in fuch fort, that it 
 may bear as equally as pofl'ible ujion aM 
 the parts at the fame time ; and indetd 
 if we would do things to a nicety, we 
 fliould have the pannel of the faddle fb 
 contrived, as that we might fliift il;e 
 fluffing every morning, or accoiiling as 
 we fee there is an inflanimatiou comin;:^ 
 on, which we may perceive by Ibme 
 places under the faddle Iweating, or 
 keeping moift longer th.an others, ffpe- 
 B 4 c.:.:iy 
 
BAG 
 
 cially if you view the back fome hours 
 after the faddle has been taken off, and 
 it is thefe places ftiould be eafed by re- 
 moving the ftufting, and thereby cau- 
 fmg the weight of the rider to prefs up- 
 on the other parts that are not heated 
 fo much. 
 
 When this inflammation has advan- 
 ced as far as to corrupt the juices in the 
 capillary vefTels, it caufes an obftruflion 
 which tends to an abfcefs ; but becaufe 
 the hide of the horfe is thick, and the 
 prefTure of the faddle is often applied, 
 fuch tumor cannot always be formed 
 large, but inftead thereof there ouzes 
 out a kind of blider-water, or thin 
 lymph about the edges of (which people 
 generally call) the fit-faft, which is no- 
 thing but a piece of the horfe's fkin that 
 is over-heated. 
 
 If you take away the prefTure before 
 the inflammation is too far advanced, 
 in that cafe there will not be fo great an 
 obflru6lion occafioned in the fmall vef- 
 fels, as to caufe a fit-faft, or warble. 
 Salt and water, warm urine, vinegar, 
 &c. are commonly ufed to cool a hor- 
 fe's back that is hurt : but if the fkin 
 be broke in holes from what people call 
 warbles, I believe it will be found that 
 equal quantities of fpirits of wine and 
 tinfture of myrrh and aloes, with a lit- 
 tle oil of turpentine, will bebefl to bathe 
 the place with now and then. Brackens 
 Pocket Farrier. 
 
 BACKING a colt, the operation of 
 breaking him to the faddle, or bring- 
 ing him to endure a rider. To back a 
 colt, they ufually bring him into 
 ploughed ground i trot him a while, to 
 rid him of his wantonnefs ; then, hav- 
 ing one to flay his head and govern the 
 chaffing rein, you take his back, not 
 fuddenly, but by degrees} firft making 
 feveral heavingsand half rifings. When 
 he bears thefe patiently, you may mount 
 in earned, and fettle in your place, ta- 
 king care to cherifli him, &c. See the 
 article CoLT, and a colt Taming, See 
 Di^^ Rujf, in 'voc £f Gm. Kecr» 
 
 BAN 
 
 BALOTADES are the leaps of a 
 horfe between two pillars, or upon a 
 ftraight line, made with juflnefs of 
 time, with the aids of the hand, and 
 the calves of the legs ; and that, in 
 fuch a manner that when his fore-feet 
 are in the air, he fhews nothing but the 
 flioes of his hinder-feet, without yerk- 
 ing out. Thus it is, that the air or 
 manage of balotades difters from ca- 
 prioles, for a horfe that works at ca- 
 prioles yerks or Itrikes out his hinder 
 legs with all his force, keeping them 
 near and even. Balotades differ like- 
 wile from croupades in this, that in the 
 former, the hoi le fliews his fhoes, when 
 he lifts or railes his croup ; but in 
 croupades, he draws his hinder feet 
 under him. Guillet, 
 
 BALZANE. See the article 
 White-foot. 
 
 BANDS of a Saddle are two flat, 
 narrow pieces of iron, nailed on each 
 fide the bows of the faddle, to retain 
 thofe bows in the fituation which makes 
 the form of a faddle. 
 
 To put a bow in the band is to nail 
 down the two ends of each band to 
 each fide of the bow. Befides thefe 
 two great bands, the fore-bow has a 
 fmall one called the wither- band, and 
 a crefcent to keep up the wither 
 arch. The hinder bow has likewife a 
 fmall band to ftrengthen it. Quillet. 
 
 BANGLE-Ears, an impeife6tion in 
 a horfe, remedied in the following man- 
 ner: place his ears in the manner you 
 would have them (iand, and then, with 
 two little boards or pieces of trenchers, 
 three fingers broad, having two long 
 firings knit to them, bind the ears fo 
 fafl in the places where they are fixed, 
 that they cannot flir. Then behind the 
 head and the root of the ear, you will 
 perceive a great deal of empty wrin- 
 kled fkin, which you are to pull up 
 with your finger anti thumb ; and with 
 a fharp pair of fciffars, clip away all 
 the empty fkin clofe by the head ; then, 
 with a needle and red filk, flitch the 
 
 twa 
 
BAR 
 
 two outfides of the ikin together; and 
 with your green ointment heal up the 
 fore J which done take away the fplints 
 that hold up the ears, and in a fhort 
 time you will find them keep the fame 
 place where you fet them, without al- 
 teration. Ruji. DiS}. in 'voc^ 
 
 BANQUET, that fmail part of the 
 branch of a bridle under the eye, which, 
 being rounded like a fmall rod, gathers 
 and joins the extremities of the bit to 
 the branch, in fuch a manner, that the 
 banquet is not feen, but covered by the 
 cap, or that part of the bit next the 
 branch. 
 
 BANQUET-Z,i«<?, is an imaginary 
 line drawn by the bit- makers, along 
 the banquet, in forging a bit, and pro- 
 longed upwards and downwards to ad- 
 juft the defigned force or weaknefs of 
 the branch, in order to make it ftifF or 
 eafy. For th« branch will be hard and 
 ftrong, if the fevil hole be on the out- 
 fide of the banquets, with refpeft to 
 the neck ; and it will be weak and eafy, 
 if the fevil- hole be on the infide of the 
 line, taking the center from the neck. 
 Guillet. See the articles Branch and 
 Shoulder. 
 
 STo BAR a 'vein, an open tion per- 
 formed by the farrier, upon the veins of 
 a horfe's legs and other parts of his 
 fcody, with intent to ttop the courfe and 
 leflen the quantity of the malignant hu- 
 mours that prevail there. 
 
 In order to bar a vein, the farrier 
 opens the fkin above it, and after dif- 
 engaging it, and tying it above and be- 
 low, he ftrikes between the two liga- 
 tures. 
 
 BARB, or Barbe, a kind of horfe 
 brought from Barbary, much efteemed 
 for its beauty, vigour, and fwiftnels. 
 
 Thefe horfes are ufually very beau- 
 tiful ; they are of a flendtr make, and 
 have very fine limbs and fine turned 
 bodies. The fpanifli and englifh horfes 
 have much fuller bodies, and larger 
 legs. The barb is little inferior to the 
 aiabian or turkifh horfe ; but he is ef- 
 
 BAR 
 
 teemed by our dealers too tender and 
 delicate to breed ujson. The turkifh 
 and the fpanilh horfe are therefore 
 ufually kept for this purpofe, by the 
 nicer judges. 
 
 Tbe barb Is very lazy and negligent 
 in all its motions j he will flumble in 
 walking upon the fmootheft ground j 
 his trot is like that of a cow, and hi$ 
 gallop very low, and very eafy tohim- 
 felf} this fort of horfe is howe\er for 
 the molt part finewy, nervous, and ex« 
 ccilently winded ; he is therefore good 
 for a courfe, if not over-weighed. 
 The mountain barbs are accounted the 
 btlf, becaufe they are the largeft and 
 ftrongeft ; they belong to the Allarabes 
 who value themfelves much upon them, 
 and are as fond of them as other na- 
 tions are ; for which reafon it is not 
 eafy to get at any of them. The com- 
 mon barbs are not uncommon among 
 our people of fafhion. They may ufu- 
 ally be bought in Provence and Langue- 
 doc in France, at a moderate price; and 
 many of the englilh have them from 
 thence. 
 
 Barbs, among us, fall (hort of that 
 fwiftnefs attributed to them in their 
 native country. This may be accounted 
 for, partly from the fmallnefs and 
 llghtnefs of their riders, and partly 
 from their not being loaded with heavy 
 faddles and bridles as in Europe; nor 
 even with flioes. An arab faddle is 
 only a cloth girt round with a pair of 
 light ftirrups, and a fort of pummel fo 
 fuftain them. Cor?i. Did, des arts 't. 
 I p. 89. a. 
 
 Baftard barbs, defcending from the 
 beft englifli mares, covered by barb 
 ilallions are, by experience, conftantly 
 found both better fliaped, and fitter for 
 the faddle, and ftronger for fervice, 
 than their fires. PbilGjoph, ^ranj ac- 
 tions No. 105. 
 
 BARBS, orBARBLES, fmall excref- 
 fences under the tongue of a horfe, 
 which may be difcovered by drawing it 
 afidcj and are cured by cu«ij)gthen) dof* 
 
 off. 
 
^ A Y 
 
 off; and wafliing them with brandy, 
 or fair and water. Bartlefs Farriery. 
 
 BARNACLES, called aUb Horse- 
 TvviTCHERS, or Brakes, are in- 
 ilruintnts which farriers put upon the 
 siofe of a horfe, to make him ftand 
 quiet, in order to be fiioed, blooded, 
 or dreifcd of any fore: Seme call 
 them pinchers ; but they differ from 
 pinchers, as the latier have handles, 
 whereby to hold them ; whereas the 
 Ijamacles are fattened to the nofe with a 
 lace oi -cord. There is another meaner 
 fort of barnacle?, ufed in defeat »f th.e 
 former, called 'oiierbun'cies, or wood- 
 twitchers, v\hich are only two idlers of 
 wood, bound together, w/ih the hor/e's 
 jiofe between them. Didl. Ruji. Sec 
 the aiticle lyjAURArLLE. 
 
 'BARS, the fieilyy rows thatMun acrofs 
 the upper part of the mouth, and reach 
 almoft quite to thepal^te, vcrv diltin- 
 guifliable in young liorlcs. Gibj'on. 
 The bats are ihzt part o\ the mouth, 
 upon which the bit fliouuld reft and 
 have it's appjui ; for though a fmgle 
 cannon bears upon the tongue, the bars 
 3re fo-le-nfible and tender that they feel 
 the effe^is of it through the thickncfs of 
 the tongue. Guillet. 
 
 The bars fliould be fliarp ridged, 
 and lean ; for fince all the fubjeflion a 
 horfe bears proceeds from theie parts, 
 if they have not thofe qualitie?', thry 
 will be very little or not at all fenfihle ; 
 Jo that the horfe can never have a good 
 mouth: for if the bars be flat, round, 
 and infenfible, the bit will not have its 
 tfFe^l, and consequently fuch a horfe 
 can be no more governed by his brid'e, 
 than if we took hold of his tail. Di^. 
 Riiji. in <VDC.. 
 
 BAY- COLOUR. A bay horfe is 
 what we cotrimcnly call a red inclining 
 to a che'rut colour. This colour varies 
 fevoal ways; it is a daik hay, or a 
 light bay^ according as it is more cr 
 lefsdeep ; and vi-e have likewiCe (Ipp. 
 pie bays. See the ailicles IvIirou- 
 ETT£, and Colour. 
 
 'B. E L 
 
 All bay horfcs have black manesj 
 which dillinguifh them from the for- 
 rel, that have red or white manes. 
 Guillet. 
 
 BEAN. Eye f/ ^ Bean, See the 
 article E v e. 
 
 BEAT. A horfe is fiid to heat the 
 duft, vv-hen, at each (troke or motion, 
 he does not take in ground or way 
 enough with his fore-legs. He is more 
 particularly faid to brat the duft a terra 
 terra, wh^n he does not take in ground 
 enough with his flioulders ; making his 
 ftrok?s or motions too fliort, as if h^ 
 made them all in one place. He beats 
 the duft at fuY-vets, when he does them 
 too precipitately, and too flow. 
 • he beats upon a nvalk, when he 
 walks too (hort, snd thus makes i)ut 
 little ground, whether it be in (baight 
 lines, rounds," or pafTaging. Guillefs 
 Gent. Dia. />. i. 
 
 Be.-\T up n the hand. See Chack; 
 
 BELLY. By the lower belly, in the 
 anatomy of a horfe, is to be under- 
 Hood all that cavity which is below the 
 ,midr fF, anc* is ercompafTed by the 
 fliort-ribs, the point of the breaft-bone, 
 loins, hatmch bones, and fliare bones j 
 £nd is frlled with guts and other en- 
 tiails. 
 
 The proper teguments of the lower 
 beily aie tlie mufcks, and the mem- 
 brane which lies un'ler them, called thiB 
 peritoneum. Gib/ens Farrier's nevj 
 Guide. 
 
 The principal parts contained in the 
 lower belly, are the omentum or caul., 
 the liomach, the gtits, the mefenteiy, 
 the livei, tbegjlbpipe, the pancreas cr 
 fueel-hrf-ad, the fp'een, the kidneys, &c. 
 
 The difeafes of the lower belly are 
 the cholic and gripes, the wo)m<^, a lax 
 and fco\irmg, a ditrrl'oea, coltivenefs, 
 the yellows and jaundice, and ruptures' 
 and buii^enrefs. 
 
 The upper cavity, fometimes called 
 the n.idiile belly or venter, is common- 
 ly railed the cheil ; ani on the con- 
 tiary the chcfi gui cr flank is fcmetinje^ 
 dtnomi- 
 
B I T 
 
 denominated the belly. See th£ ariicle 
 Chest. 
 
 Feeding horfes with grafs, or much 
 hay, and few oats, makes them grow 
 cow-beUied. It is a maxim that hor- 
 fes wiiich are light bellieil and fiery foon 
 deilrov themielves. Far. Diet. 
 
 The belly of a horfe fhouid be of 
 an ordinary bigncfs, except draught- 
 horfes, where the larger the better, 
 provi led it be round and well incloled 
 within the ribs, rather extending i^pun 
 the fides than downwards. Thele lx)r- 
 fcs are apt to be cow- bellied which hav- 
 ing Itraight ribs are great feeders. 
 Hn/i. Diet, 
 
 A horfe is fald to be thick-bellied, 
 well bodied or flanked, where he has 
 large, long and well made ribs ; nei- 
 ther too narrow nor too flat. A horfe 
 again is laid to have no belly or body, 
 or to be thin flanked, when his ribs 
 are too narrow or fhort, and the flank 
 turns up lo. that his bsJy looks fiink- 
 lefs like a greyhound. Si.ch horfes 
 are called by the frsnch eftracs ; and. 
 generally prove fine and tender, not fit 
 lojT travelling or fatigue, unlcfs they 
 feed very heartily. Coach-horfcs are 
 rej£6^ed when they are not well bellied 
 or well bodied, but narrow or thin 
 gutted. But a hunter is not the worfe 
 liked for being light bebied. Such as 
 have piinful fcratches in their hind legs 
 are found to lofe their bellies extreme- 
 ly. Guillet, 
 
 BIT, or BiTT, or Horse-Bitt, in 
 general, fignifies the wl^.o'e machine of 
 all the iron appurtenances of a biidle, 
 as the bit-month, the branches, the 
 curb, the fevil-holes, the tranchtfil, 
 and the crofs chains : but oftentimes it 
 fignifics only the bit-mouth in paiti- 
 cular. 
 
 ' The bit-mouth is then a piece of iron 
 forged feveral ways, ir) order to be put 
 into a hoife's mouth, to keep it in 
 fubjeffioM. 
 
 Of thefe bit-mouths, fom^ are fingle 
 cannon mouths, fome are . cannon 
 
 BIT 
 
 mouths with an upfet or mounting 1'" 
 berty, fome fcatch mouths, lome, 
 mouths after the form of a barge. 
 Some with two long turning olives, 
 and feveral other forts, all with difle- 
 rent liberties for the tongue, tor with- 
 out liberty. But all bit-mouths ought 
 fliil to be proportioned to the moulh of 
 the horfe, according as it is more or 
 Icfs cloven or widej or more or Itfs 
 finfible and tender, according as ihe 
 tongue and the lips are higher or fiat-, 
 ter, and as the palate is more or lefs 
 flefliy ; cbl'terving withal, that if the 
 horfe be old, the palate will always 
 have but little fl-.fli upon it. Guillct. 
 
 It is the opinion of the Duke of 
 Newcallle, that as little iron as pofliible 
 fhoul i be put into the horfe's mouth \ 
 and we fcldom ufe any other than fnaf- 
 fles, cannon mouths jointed in the mid- 
 dle, cannon with a faft-movith, and 
 cannon wiiha port mouth, either round 
 or jointed. 
 
 As for the bits now in ufe, befid-es 
 the fnaflle or watering bit, there is the 
 cannon mouth jointed In the middle, 
 which M. Solieylcll affirms to be the 
 very beft of all, becaufe it always pre- 
 ferves a horfe's mouth whole and found ; 
 and though the tongue fuftains the 
 whoIeeffortof.it, yet it is not lb fcn- 
 fible as the bars, which are fo delicate 
 that they feci its preflure through the 
 toiigue, and thereby obey the leaft 
 motion of the rider's hand. The lon- 
 ger it is towards the ends fixed to the 
 branches the gentler it will be. V/e 
 fhou!d n^.ake ufe of this mouth to a 
 horfe fo long as we can; that is, if 
 with a fimple cannon mouth we can 
 draw from a horfe all the obedience he 
 is capable of giving, it will be in vain 
 to give him another j this, being the 
 very beft; of all. 
 
 The cannon with a faft mouth is all 
 of one piece, and only kneed in the 
 middle to torm a liberty for the 
 tongue. This bit is proper to fecuie 
 thoie mcuths that chack or beat upon. 
 
 the 
 
B ! T 
 
 the hand ; it will fix their mouths bc- 
 caufe it refts always in one place, fo that 
 ckadening the fame in a manner, thereby, 
 thehorfelofes his apprehenlions,and will 
 icon reiifh his bit- mouth better than 
 the laft, which being jointed in the 
 middle, refts unequally upon the bars. 
 This however becaufe not jointed in 
 the middle is more rude. The middle 
 of this bit fliould be a little more for- 
 ward to give the more play to the hor- 
 fc's tongue, and the bit fhould rather 
 reft upon the gums or outfide of the 
 bars than upon their very lidgcs. The 
 foupth fort is called the cannon-mouth 
 with the liberty after the form of a 
 pigeon's neck. When a horfe's mouth 
 is too large, fo that the thicknefs there- 
 of fupports the mouth of the bit, thst 
 it cannot work its ufuai eflre6^s upon 
 the bars; this liberty will a little dif- 
 cngage it, and fufFer the mouth of the 
 bit to come at and reft upon his gums, 
 which will make him fo much the 
 lighter upon the hafM. 
 
 The pojt-mouth is a cannon with 
 an upfet cr mounting liberty proper 
 for a horfe with a good mouth, but a 
 large tongue ; having its eflFe6^s upon 
 the lips and gums ; and becaufe the 
 tongue is difengaged, it will fubje6l the 
 horfe that hath high bars, and in fome 
 define fenfible. 
 
 The fcatch mouth with an upfet cr 
 mounting liberty is ruder than a can- 
 non mouth, becaufe not fully fo round, 
 but more edged and preferable to them 
 in one refpeiV, which is that thofe parts 
 of a cannon mouth to which the 
 branches are fattened, if not well rivet- 
 ed, are fubje^ to flip : but the ends of 
 a fcatch mouth can never fail, becaufe 
 of their being over lapped, and there- 
 fore much more fecure for vicious and 
 ill natured horfes. 
 
 Some are of opinion, that the befi: 
 way to fit a horfe exactly with a bit, 
 is to have a great many bits by them, 
 and change tiH they hit upon the right: 
 biii at ^rUf bs fu:e to let him hav€ a 
 
 B L A 
 
 gentle one, rightly lodged in his mouth, 
 fo as not to frumple his lips, or to reft 
 upon his tufhes. Then let him be 
 mounted, and pulled two or three fteps 
 back, whereby you will know if his 
 head be firm, if he performs frankly, 
 or only obeys with reluftancy, that 
 fo you may give him another bit, 
 which may gain his confent. If he 
 inclines to carry low, you are not to 
 give him a liberty for the tongxie, 
 which will rife too high ; for that by 
 tickling his palate, would bring his 
 head between his legs. Sport/man's 
 Di^. in 'ijoc. 
 
 BITE of a mad Jog, or other veno- 
 mous animal. See Madness, 
 
 BLACK. More or coal black is th«^ 
 colour of a horfe that is of a deep 
 fhining and lively black. Guillet. See 
 the article Colour. 
 
 BLADDER, in the anatomy of a 
 horfe, is feated in the lower part of the 
 belly, within that circumference which' 
 is made by the loins, hipbones, and 
 fhare-bone. It is of an irregular 
 ftiape, fomething refembling a pear,' 
 compofed as the ftomach and guts, 
 of a treble coat or (kin ; the out- 
 termoft from the peritonaeum, the mid- 
 dlemoft mufcular, the innermoft very 
 thin, of an exquifite fenfe, having 
 nerves both from the intercoftals and 
 the vertebras of the loins. The blad- 
 der is perforated, or bored, not only 
 where the ureters enter into it, but alfo' 
 in its neck, to give paffage to the urine, 
 which runs along the urethra, or 
 pifs-pipe, in order to its difcharge out 
 of the body. Its neck is compofed of 
 mufcular and flcfhy fibres, which form 
 a fphiniler mufcle, which ftiuts and 
 opens at pleafure. Gihfon's Farr, 
 Guide, 
 
 The ftone is the difeafe to which the 
 bladder is moft fubjeft. 
 
 BLAZE. See the articles Star and 
 White-Face. 
 
 BLEEDING, theoperation of open- 
 ing a vein with a lancet, for the evacu- 
 ation 
 
SLE 
 
 ation of corrupt or redundant blood. 
 See the article Blood. 
 
 Bleeding is the moft ready, as well 
 as the moil ufeful operation for reliev- 
 ing any creature in ficknefs, or difeafe, 
 that can pofTibly be performed. For 
 by this the moft immediate relief is ob- 
 tained, feeing that by it the fierce 
 aeftus or heat of the blood, together 
 with its velocity, is reftrained and a- 
 bated j and not only the heat and ve- 
 locity, but likewife its vifcidity or 
 clamminefs may, in fome meafure, be 
 deftroyed : therefore, in all cafes where 
 the blood is too much agitated, and in 
 motion ; or where it is thick, the ope- 
 ration is of fervice. 
 
 Bleeding ought to be avoided, if it 
 can with fafety, in all extremities of 
 heat and cold ; and the figns which re- 
 quire it are a plethora or over-fullels 
 of the blood veffels ^ and this may be 
 difcovered by a horfe's being purlive, 
 when he is put to any kind of exercilie. 
 Bracken's Art of Farr, 
 
 Thofe horfes that (tand much in the 
 liable, and are full fed, require bleed- 
 ing more than thofe that are in conftant 
 exercife : but efpccially when their eyes 
 look heavy and dull, red and inflamed, 
 or when they look yellow or inflamed 
 in their lips, or the infides of their 
 mouth; when they feel hotter than 
 ufual, and mangle their hay. Young 
 horfes fhould be bled when they are 
 fhedding their teeth. The fpring is 
 always a proper time for bleeding, be- 
 caufe the blood is then more luxuriant 
 than at other times ; and in fummer it 
 is often neceflary to prevent fevers ; al- 
 ways chufmg the cool of the morn- 
 ing, and keeping them cool the remain- 
 ing part of the day. 
 
 Some bleed their horfes three or four 
 times a year, or oftener, by way of 
 prevention : however there is this in- 
 conveniency in frequent bleeding, that 
 it grows into a habit, which in fome 
 cafes cannot be eafily broke off^, with- 
 out hazard. But the cafes that require 
 
 B L E 
 
 bleeding moft are colds, fevers of aU 
 moft all kinds, falls and bruifes, which 
 fometimes are dangerous to horfes, be- 
 caufe of their great weight; hurts and 
 wounds of the eyes ; ihains in hard 
 riding, or drawing; and all other ac- 
 cidents wht-re a ftagnation of the blood 
 may be fuddenly expt6led ; or where 
 the fmall veflTels may be broke, and the 
 blood extravafated. Cibfons Difeafes 
 of Horfes. 
 
 It is right to bleed a hoi*fe when he 
 begins to grow flefhy at grafs, or at 
 any other time, when he looks heavy 5 
 and it is generally proper to bleed be- 
 fore purging. Let your horfe be al- 
 ways bled by meafure, that you may 
 know what quantity you take away ; 
 two or three quarts is always enough 
 at one time ; when you repeat it, al- 
 low for the diforder, and the borfe's 
 conftitution. 
 
 Let the blood when cold be carefully 
 examined, both as to colour and con- 
 fiftence whether black, florid, fizey, &c. 
 Bartlefs Farriery. 
 
 During the operation of blood-lett- 
 ing, put your finger into the horfe's 
 mouth, and tickle him in the roof, 
 making him chew and move his chops, 
 which will well force him to fpin forth s 
 and when you find that he has bled 
 enough, rub his body all over there- 
 with, but efpecially the place where he 
 is blooded ; and tie him up to the 
 rack, for an hour or two, left he bleed 
 afrefh, for that will turn his blood. 
 Solleyfells compleat Horjemart, 
 
 For the feveral parts of a horfe'a 
 body proper to bleed in, fee the article- 
 Parts of a horfe" s body. 
 
 The particular cafes wherein bleed- 
 ing will be necelTary may be feen under 
 the name of each diforder. 
 
 For the treatment of a fwelled neck 
 in confeqnence of horfes being unflcil- 
 fully bled there. See the article Neck. 
 
 For the method of ftopping the bleed- 
 ing of wounds. See the article 
 Wounds. 
 
 Bleeding 
 
B L I 
 
 Bleeding at the nofe, is an acci- 
 dent common to young, horfes, pro- 
 ceeding from great Itore of blood, 
 whereby the blood vefTels are often 
 burft. There are leveial things in ge- 
 neral excesding good to ftaiinch this 
 bleeding : but the belt in fuch a cafe is 
 as follows. Take an band of Coven- 
 ti7 blue thread, and hang it crofs a 
 ftick, letting one end thereof on fire, 
 and itrewing a little white wine vinegar 
 thereon, to keep it fiom burning too 
 faft, and let the horfe receive the fmoak 
 up his noftrils. Alio new horfe dung, 
 a clod of earth, bruifed hyflbp Sec. 
 boiled with horfe blood, is alio good 
 in this cafe: but the following are the 
 lilua! preicriptions. Take the powder 
 of the ftone emachile, and blow it 
 up into his nofe, laying it to the bleed- 
 ing oiifice. Or, ftop the noftrils with 
 rhubarb bruiltd in a mortar. And 
 betony heat in a mortar with fait and 
 white wine vinegar, being put into the 
 nolhils has the like effe6\. RujTic Diet. 
 
 But if thefe prove ineire6\ual, open a 
 vein in the reck by way of revulfion, 
 and you need not doubt the fuccefs of it. 
 
 BLEYME, or Bleyne, an inflam- 
 mation in the horfe's hoof, occafioned 
 by blood putrified in the inner part of 
 the coffin, towards the heel, between 
 the fole and the coffin-bone. Guiilet. 
 
 There are three forts of bleymes ; 
 the firrt bred in fpoiled wrinkled feet, 
 with narrow heels, is ufually feated 
 in the inward or weakefl quatter; the 
 fecond, befides the ufual fymptonis of 
 the firft, infe(5fs the grifl:le, and muft 
 be extirpated as in the cure of a quitter 
 bone; the third is occafioned by fmall 
 ffonff«, as gravel between the flioe and 
 the fole. For a cure, they pare the 
 foot 5 let cut the matter, if any, and 
 drefs the fore like the pnck of a nail. 
 Rufric Diet. See the article Hoof- 
 Cast. 
 
 BLINDNESS, a difeafe -ncident to 
 horfer, efpecially thofe:Of an i:on-grev, 
 ©r dapple-grey colour, wheu ridden too 
 
 B L O 
 
 hard, or backed too younc Phi! 
 Tra;:/. No. 37. 
 
 it may be difcovered by the walk or 
 ftep, which in a blind horfe is always 
 uncertain and unequal ; becaufe he 
 does not fet down his feet boldly when 
 led in one's hand 5 though, i? the fame 
 horfe be mounted by an expert horfe- 
 man, and the honi? of himlelf be met- 
 tled, the fear of the fpur will make 
 him go more freely, fo that his blind- 
 nefs can fcarcely be perceived. Ano- 
 ther mark whereby a horfe may be 
 known to have loft his fight is, that 
 upon hearing any body enter the liable, 
 he will pi-irk «p his ears, and move 
 them backwards and forwards, as mif- 
 trufting every thing, and being in con- 
 tinual alarm by the leaft noife. Diet, 
 Rujlic in ^ooc. 
 
 Dr. Lower firft fliewed the caufe of 
 the ordinary blindnefs in horfes, which 
 is a fpungy excrclcence growing in 
 one, fomeiimes in two or three places 
 of the uvea, which being at lergth 
 over grown, covers the pupil, when 
 the horfe is brought into the light, 
 though in a dark liable it dilates again. 
 RafsPkiloJ. Lett. 
 
 Bliftering the temples, cutting out 
 the haws, and taking up the veins, 
 weakens the optics, and haftens blind- 
 nefs. ■BurdoJi's Pocket-Farrier. 
 
 BLOOD. The blood is produced 
 from the chyle, and is the principal Huid 
 of the body, from which the gall, pan- 
 creatic Juice, or liquor feparated from 
 the fvveet-bread, together with all the 
 reft are fecerned ; and it is alio obfer^ 
 vable that the blood in all kinds of 
 animals is the fame, and confills of 
 thefe three parts, viz. firft an almoft 
 infipid water, with a very little fccnt, 
 vi'hich being expofed to the fire, flies 
 off in vapours, yielding a foetid odour. 
 Secondly, of that part which we tefm 
 the ferum of the blood. This ferum 
 i? not red in its natural ftate, but tran- 
 fparent ; and yeilowifh, when difor- 
 dered by any difeaie j and bsirg ex- 
 pofed 
 
B L 
 
 pofed to heat, it hardens like the white 
 cf an eocr. Thirdly, the biood confitts 
 of that part which gives a rednefsto the 
 whole, snd which is rendered, by tlfe 
 powei-cf heat as well as cold, a fiim te- 
 nacious red mafs, called by the latins, 
 l-^fula, or Coagubm. 
 
 If the blood t:^ken away from any 
 animal be fuffered to reft in a v^lfel for 
 fomc time; firfl the wavy part f^iesofP, 
 as beinoj the molt fuhtll ; and then the 
 ferum is feparated, and the more plen- 
 tifully this is done, the infula becomes 
 the fmaller ; and in thr^e or four days, 
 the red part quite difappears, being 
 turned into ferum alfo \ and that ftrum, 
 if the blood be dra-vn from a difeafed 
 animal, is often of a black, yellowi/li, 
 or other unnatural colour. Erackms 
 Pocket Farrier, 
 
 For fome further account of the 
 blood, blood -veffels, tec. Seethe articles 
 Anatomy, ArtePvY, Bleeding, 
 &c. 
 
 Blood running itch, is a fpecies 
 of itch in a hor e, proceeding from an 
 inflammation of the blood, by over- 
 heating, hard riding, or other (oyc^. la- 
 bour, which getting between the ikin 
 and the fiefli, makes tiie bead rub and 
 bite himfelf ; and if let alone, fome- 
 times turns to a grievous mange, highly 
 infe61ious to any horfe that (liall come 
 nigh him ; among the cures both for 
 this and the mange, bcfides the general 
 ones of bleeding in the neck, fcraping 
 him, Sec. is tht following. 
 
 ' Into a quirt of fiir running water, 
 
 * put half a pound of green cop^peras, 
 
 * and an ounce of alum, together with 
 
 * the like quantity of tobacco chopped 
 
 * fmall ; boil the water into a pint ; 
 
 * and with this anoint the horle all 
 
 * over very warm, after you have rub- 
 
 * bed off the fcabs, and tied him to the 
 ' rsck three or four hour'^/ Twice 
 dreffing cures him. Diet. Ruftic. 
 
 There are feveral other cures pre- 
 fcribed for this dilbrder-, which may 
 befeen in the Rufic Ditlionary, untier 
 this article. See the article Ma n c £. 
 
 -B L O 
 
 Blood-shotten Eves In hoffcs, 
 are cured by lieeping roman vitriol, 
 in white-rofe-water ; or for want of 
 that, in fpring- water, and wafliing the 
 eyes with it twice or thrice a day.' 
 KuCttc Diet, in ^oc. 
 
 Blood-Spavin. See the article 
 Spavin. 
 
 BooLD Staling. See the article 
 Staling. 
 
 BLOODY-FLUX, is only an ad- 
 vanced degree ofa diarrhcsa,-. efpeciaily 
 of that part which proceeds from a p'o- 
 fufion of the pancreatic and bilious 
 juices: for when the difch^rge from 
 thofe paits is very much inlargeii, it 
 caufes dill a greater influx of blocd 
 and humour? towards them, which be- 
 ing more than can be converted into 
 the proper juices, forces it.'elf tiirougli 
 the interftices of the veflels, and is dif-. 
 charged with thofe juices into thj£ guts- 
 Sometuiies it refembles the waflrings of 
 fiefh. Sometimes, there is a mixture 
 of purulent matter or corruption alone^ 
 with it ; and fometimes little or nothing 
 comes away but pure blood. Put this 
 lalt kind piocceds, for the mo4i: part, 
 from a rupture, or burfting of the in- 
 teinal hemorrhoidal velTels. 
 
 But it is to be ohCerved, that a bloody- 
 flux very leldom happens to horfes, in- 
 Ibmuch that £ol!eyrcll has given it no 
 place among other difeafes of the like 
 natuie ; yet beesufe that difteii^permay 
 without doul't feize fome horfes, as it 
 is not inconfillent with the oeconomj 
 of that animal ; and as moll au- 
 thors aver, that they have met with it 
 in all its diiieient appearances, v\e 
 flnll give fuch dire(51:!ons as are necel"- 
 fary for the cuie. 
 
 And in order thereto, it U proper, «a 
 the firft place, to make a revuifion, by 
 taking a moderate quantity of bloot 
 from the ncck-vt-in ; ths is convenient 
 in all fluxes of blood from the inferior 
 parts, unlefs the horfe be exceeding 
 weok. If there be a mixture of pu- 
 luknt; coirupt matter after bleedings 
 moderate 
 
B L O 
 
 moderate purging will be very proper, 
 with fuch things as are fit in a lax or 
 fcouringj other medicines proper to 
 make a revuHion by fweat and infen- 
 lible tranfpiration, are alfo to be com- 
 plied with ; as likewife fuch aftringent 
 blifters as are proper in a lax or fcour- 
 ing. Gibfons Farrier's neiv guide. See 
 the article Lax. 
 
 In this diforder, Dr. Bracken direfls 
 the following powder to be given in 
 warm claret. * Take powder of oyfter 
 
 * (hells, three ounces j contrayerva-root 
 ' and Virginia fnake-root, of each one 
 
 * ounce ; cinnamon and tormentil- 
 
 * root, of each half an ounce ; faffron 
 
 * and cochineal, of each two drachms.' 
 Powder all well, and mix for fix papers, 
 to be given the horfe two every day. In 
 warm red wine, or beer, for three 
 days, keeping him well covered, and 
 no hay before him for two hours 
 after the drink, and fometimes may be 
 added to each dofc one ounce of diaf- 
 cordium with the wine. 
 
 Mr. Bartlet recommends the fol- 
 lowing reftringent glitter and dnnk. 
 For the glifter, * Take oak bark, four 
 
 * ounces j tormentil root, two ounces ; 
 
 * burnt hartdiorn, three ounces ; 
 
 * boil in three quarts of forge-water 
 
 * to two ; ftrain off, and add two 
 
 * ounces of diafcordium, four ounces 
 
 * of ftarch, and half a drachm of 
 
 * opium.' 
 
 A glifter may alfo be prep^ired with 
 the fame quantity of fat broth, ftarch, 
 and opium, in order to plaifter over the 
 coats of the bowels, and abate their 
 violent irritations. 
 
 For the drink, * Take foft chalk 
 
 * two ounces, mithridate or diafcor- 
 
 * dium one ounce, powder of Indian 
 
 * root half a dram, liquid laudanum 
 
 * fifty or fixty drops, di/ToIve in a pint 
 
 * of hart/horn drink, and add to it 
 
 * four ounces of cinnamon -water or 
 
 * red wine, and give it twice a day.' 
 Gum-arabic diffolved in hartfhorn 
 drink, or in common water, ftiould be 
 the horfe's ufual drink. 
 
 B L O 
 
 BLOSSOM, or Peacb coloured, Horfir 
 is one which has his hair white, but 
 intermixed all over with forrel and bay 
 hairs, called alfo peach coloured. 
 
 Horfes of this colour are generally 
 hard and infenfible both in the mouth 
 and the flanks, fo that they are little 
 valued, befides they are apt to tuin 
 blind. Guillefs Gent. DiSi. in voc, 
 
 BLOW. Blows on the Eyes. Hor- 
 fes frequently meet with blows or con- 
 tufions on their eyes, which are more 
 or lefs hurtful, in proportion to their 
 degree of violence; for a flight blow 
 or a flight bruife, though at firft pain- I 
 ful and apt to make the eye fwcll and 
 run down with water, yet fuch are 
 often cured only by bathing the eye with 
 cold fpring-water, which repels and 
 hinders a flux of humours falling up- 
 on it: but if the eye be any ways in- 
 flamed or fwoln, it will be neceflary 
 to bleed directly, and to apply fome 
 cooling cataplafm to the eye, fuch as 
 are made of the pulps of roafted or 
 boiled apples, cleared from their huflcs 
 and feeds, conferve of red rofes fpread 
 on a doubled linen-doth, and bound 
 gently over the whole eye, or a pledget 
 fpread with alum-curd, applied ini 
 the fame manner, and renewed as often 
 as it turns dry. I feldom ufe any 
 other thing in fuch cafes, befidcs a tinc- 
 ture made with red rofes, and a fevf 
 grains of fugar of lead in the following 
 manner. 
 
 * Take two drams of red rofe-bud$, 
 
 * either frefh or dried ; infufe them in 
 
 * half a pint of boiling water, in the 
 
 * manner of making teaj when it has 
 
 * ftood to be cold, pour off the infu- 
 
 * fion, which will be of a reddifli co- 
 
 * lour ; and add to it a fcruple, which 
 
 * is twenty grains, of fugar of lead.' 
 The beft way to ufe the tin6^ure is 
 
 this ; b^the the horfe's eye and eye-lids 
 all over with a bit of clean fponge, or 
 clean rag, dipped in it three or four 
 times a day 5 and it will feldom fail 
 to make a cure in a fliorl time of any 
 
 blow 
 
B L O 
 
 blow or hriilfe on the eye, that has 
 no uncommon fymptoms, or where 
 the eyes are not natunlly weak or 
 previoufly difeafed. The role tinc- 
 ture is a good reliringent and 
 ftrengthener 5 and the fugar of lead 
 being a fait made of lead, with 
 diftilled vinegar is intenfely cooling, 
 and prevents any immoderate flux 
 falling upon the eye, which ought 
 to be chiefly regarded in all tuch 
 cafes. 
 
 Sometimes, when the blow hits dl- 
 reflly the middle and moil promi- 
 nent part of the eye, the eye ball 
 turns white J and this whitenefs is 
 of different degreeSj according as 
 the injuiy received happens to be 
 more or lefs violent. Sometimes 
 the pupil or fight, the cornea, and 
 all that is ufually clear, and pellucid, 
 become the exacl colour of a pearl ; 
 and where the (troke has been more 
 violent, the eye will appear more 
 white and opake, refembling the 
 white of an egg, when boiled. In 
 the fird cafe, when the whitenefs is 
 only of a pearl colour, the horie has 
 ufually fome glimmering of light; 
 in the latter, he is quite blind, while 
 his eye continues in this ftr.te. 
 
 But when a blow happens to be 
 given with great force, the eye will 
 not only turn white but the tunica 
 adnata, it's uppermoft coat, which 
 anfwers to the white of the human 
 eye, will alfo be vifibly inflamed, 
 though in a horfe it is very much 
 ftreaked with brown, that coat being 
 full of little fmall twigs of arteries 
 and veins, which upon any hurt or 
 vi'eaknefs become turgid. In this 
 cafe, the eye is generally fliut up, 
 till the inflammation is abated ; and 
 the inflimed part grows yellow, as 
 almoft all inflammations do ac their 
 going off; and then we fee a white 
 blider on the cornea, fomerimes the 
 bignefs of a grape ; and this always 
 proves a great relief j and, when it 
 
 B L O 
 
 brea1<s foon, accelt rates the curp. 
 But when it happers to be feated 
 deep in the cornea, with a mixture 
 of rednefs J it is apt to leave a little 
 fear fometimes the fize of a barley 
 corn ; fometimes no bigger than a 
 lentil ; and often with gcod manage- 
 ment fo fmall and thin, that it is 
 fcarce to be perceived, unlefs a per- 
 fon comes quite clofe to the eye. 
 
 The right way to manige all 
 diefe diforders, is by treating them 
 with milder or more powertul ap- 
 plications, accoiding as the fymp- 
 toms are more or lefs aggravated. 
 If the horfe be loaded with flefti, 
 or of a grofs conftitution, evacua- 
 tions by bleedmiJ and an (opening 
 diet will be the more neceflary ; and 
 in fome cafes rowel! ing. If the eye 
 be only turned white, and continues 
 dry without moilture, and the hor e 
 keeps it open, nothing further will 
 be required after bleeding, but to 
 be bathed with fome cooling eye- 
 water, fuch as has been directed, 
 with a foft diet of fcalded bran for 
 a few days, avoiding any thing that 
 is hard to chew, as oats and beans. 
 But if a defluxion attend?, and the 
 undeifide of the eye be inflatned, the 
 eye lids fwelled and moift, and if 
 the horfe, by reafon of the anguifli, 
 keeps it fliut, it will be proper in 
 this cafe to ufe a digeftive in the 
 following m.anner : 
 
 ' Take of the tinflure of rofes 
 
 * as above drefted, four ounces ; 
 
 * while it is warm, diffolve in it an 
 
 * ounce of honey, and thirty grains 
 
 * of lugsr of lead; fliakc the vial, 
 
 * and bathe the horfe's eye all over, 
 
 * Or it may be made thus, viz. 
 
 * rofe w?.ter, three ounces ; honey of 
 
 * rofe?, one ounce j fugar of lead, 
 
 * thirty grains.' 
 
 If the eye be moift and watery, a 
 
 fpoonful or two of red wine may be 
 
 added, which will help to recover the 
 
 tone of the eye,thicken the water that 
 
 C runs 
 
B L O 
 
 runs froiTi it, and loon dry It up 5 
 aii'.i when once the eye is dry, and 
 has gathered (ticr.gth, that the horfe 
 opens it freely o^ his own accord, 
 if a bliftci- or any blemifli then re- 
 mains on the cornea, or any kind 
 of rorenefs, it v^iU be proper to 
 Iharpen this medicine by dilTolving 
 a dram of white vitriol in a little 
 water, about a fpoonful or two, and 
 adding it to the whole qmnrity of 
 the above mentioned eye-water ; or 
 elfe to blow a httle vitriol and fugar- 
 c.indy into the eye thus, viz. 
 
 ' Take whi:e vitriol, one dram ; 
 
 * white fugar- candy, half an ounce ; 
 
 * grind them very fine in a matble 
 
 * or glafs mort?f, and blow a little 
 
 * of it into the hoife's eye once a 
 
 * day, through a clean tobaeco- 
 
 * pipe ; or put a little into a corner 
 
 * between the eye-lid?, with your 
 
 * finger and thumb.' If this does not 
 take a fufficient eiTefV, make the 
 powder with white vitriol, and the 
 lineft loaf fugar, of each equal parts, 
 and ufe it as the other once a day j 
 and the laft mentioned eye-water 
 twice a day, viz. night and morn- 
 ing. But if the eye bfgins to clear, 
 and looks of a iky colour, it vVill be 
 fufficient to ufe the eye-water alone 
 once a day, until it is quite tranfpa- 
 rant and clear. Gibfons D':feafes of 
 Horfes. , * 
 
 Blows, or bmlfes on other parts 
 of the body. Every one mult know 
 that a blow or baiife by whatever 
 accident it happens, will caufe a 
 fsvellmc; 5 either in a larger or more 
 remifs degree, and the Iweliing caufed 
 by external accidents are more or 
 lefs dangeicus, according to their 
 degree of violence, and according, as 
 the aggrieved part or member hap- 
 pens to be more or lefs able to bear 
 the hurt and iniprefHon. Blows upon 
 the head fometimes bring horfas into 
 convulfive diforders, and prove mor- 
 tal \ and hurts and bruifcs on the 
 
 BOG 
 
 joints fometimes caufe incurable lame- 
 nefs. Blows and bruifes of the flfflsy 
 parts often produce very large fwel- 
 lings J and, when many of the fmall 
 fibrilise are broke, end in impolfhu- 
 mation: but this is feldom dangerous. 
 See the arhcles Convulsions, &c. 
 
 But as we fuppofe in thefe and 
 the >;ke cafes, that the blood is no 
 ways affefled, therefore one general 
 Intention in the method of cure is 
 only neceffary ; and that is by 
 coolers and repellers, ibch as red or , 
 white vinegar, old verju'ce, or com- 
 pofitions made with alluin, vitriol ^^ 
 and the like, which fhould be 
 applied frequently to the fwelling 
 till the heat and inflammation is 
 abated. Ibid ubi fupra. See the 
 articles TuMouR, Fistula, &c. 
 
 BOAR. A horfe is faid to 
 boar, when he /hoots out his nofe 
 as high as his ears, and tofTes his 
 nofe in the wind, Guillct. See the 
 article Wind. 
 
 BODY of a horfe is ufually called 
 his carcafs, fo that a large bodied 
 horfe is faid to have a large carcafs, 
 and a flender one to have a fmall 
 carcafs ; and when the body is 
 compa6l and well made, he is faid 
 to be well carcaflTerf, or to have 
 a good carcafs. Gibfons Dif, of 
 Horfes. See the article Carcass, 
 
 A horfe is faid to have a good 
 body, when he is full in the flank ; 
 a light body when he is thin or 
 flender in the flank. If the lalt of 
 the fliort ribs be at a confiderable 
 diflance from the haunch bone, 
 though fuch a horfe may have a 
 tolerahle body for a time, if he be 
 much laboured, he will lole it. It 
 is a general rule r.-ever to hurry a 
 horfe that is light bodied and fiery, . 
 becaufe he will prefently dedroy him- 
 felf. Ruftic. Dia. 
 
 BOG SpAViN. See the article 
 Sfavin. 
 
 X BoL< 
 
BON 
 
 BOLSTERS of a Saddle, are thofe 
 prirts of a gient Hicidle, which a'-e 
 raifed on the buws both before and 
 behind, to rell the rider's' thigh?, 
 and keep him in a paftiue of with- 
 ftanding the diforders which the 
 borfe may occafion. Coniinon fad- 
 dies have no hind-bo!fters. Wc \\k 
 the exprefhon of fitting a boifief, 
 when we put the cork of the fad-, 
 die into the bolller to keep' it tight. 
 That part of the faddie, being for- 
 merly made of coik, took firft that 
 rame, thongh now it is made of 
 wood. GuUlet. 
 
 BONE. See the articleANAToMY. 
 
 The bones me the chief fup- 
 porte s of the whole animal fabric, 
 to wliich they alfo give fnape, and 
 are like levers for the mufcles ro phy 
 upon ; being un'ted together by 
 many junitures for the convenier.cy 
 of motion. Gib. Difeafes of Horfes. 
 
 The bones of a horfe''are thole of 
 the head, the vertebrae or rack-bones, 
 the collar bones, the ribs, the' 
 Hioulder-bone, the leg-bone, with 
 thofe of the feet and pafteins, the 
 oflTa innominata or bones of the 
 hind-parts, the whirl-bone and the 
 ftiffle. • 
 
 In general, it may be obferved in 
 relation to the bones, that all the long 
 ©nes as the fnoulder and thigh bone?,' 
 the bones of the leg, of the fliank, 
 and in{^ep are hollow along their mid- 
 dle, and.contain a medullary fubllance" 
 or marrow, which ferves inftead of 
 oil, to keep them from growing too 
 hard and brittle. Towards their ex- 
 tremities, that is, at both end?, they 
 ,are not perforated : but their fub- 
 ftance is porous; and their inter- 
 Itces, when cut, are bloody, efpe* 
 cially in young animals, which is a 
 greit means to prevent their being 
 b oke very near the joints, which 
 would almpft intail incureable lame- 
 nefs. Over each end they have 'an 
 epiphyfis or cap covered with a car- 
 
 E O N 
 
 tilage or griftle, to make their ac- 
 tion glib and eafy. and are infenfible, 
 that their motion may induce no pain. 
 The larger joints, fuch as the ftioul- 
 der, the hip, and the ftiffle have not 
 only very (trong ligaments of various 
 contrivance, to keep them in their 
 place, as has been obferved, but have 
 glands or kernels that fcparsife an 
 oily matter,, which continually pre- 
 ferves them moift ; otherwife they 
 would foon grow drv, and w^ear with 
 their frequent friclion one upon an- 
 other. All the bones have holes or 
 perforations, more orlefs.for the paf- 
 f ige of nerves and blood-vefTels ; and 
 in feveral place?, befides the r com- 
 mon procefl'es and protub?rance«, lit- 
 tle afperities and rdughneff.^s for the 
 origin and inl'crtion of mufcles, whlth 
 are fo fituated as not only to add the 
 greateft beni^y, but are the moft fub- 
 fervient to their various motions, and 
 all their other appointments. Wliere 
 no motion, or but little motion is 
 intehdedjthe jonflures are more com- 
 pa6f, as in the bones or the head, the 
 rack bones of the back and loins, the 
 OS facrum,and bones of the hips ; and 
 yet all thefe junftures are ui'eful ar- 1 
 necefTary, and contrived with great 
 wi fd om : for by the feams or futures 
 of the head no GlTure or cleft can run 
 quite acrors,hut mufl: terminate at one 
 of thefe. The veitebrce or joints of the 
 neck, having no /harp fpines, but be- 
 ing fomewhat in refemblance of a 
 chain, aie altogether fitted to give a 
 beautiful turn to the neck, and to ail 
 the neceflfary motions of the head. 
 The veitebrse, or rack bones, of the 
 back are fo joined with yielding car- 
 tilages, as endues them with fuch a 
 property as we ohferve in green f?ip- 
 ling?, which enables them to corref- 
 pond with all the other animal mo- 
 tions, and at the fame time are \o 
 confined by their fpines and procelTes, 
 and by antagonift mufcles, that they 
 cannot be dilloited beyond 'heir pro- 
 
B O T 
 
 per limit?, without great violence ; 
 and yfct,it thefe vve:e altogether 'Aith- 
 out moiion, the whole body mull 
 alio in a great meafure be immovea- 
 ble. On the contraiy, the bones cf 
 the hips, with the os racrum,are join- 
 ed in lb coir.pa6l a manner, as fh^ws 
 them to have no veiy great capacity 
 of motion in themielvts, but are lb 
 placed, as to give the greater certain- 
 ty to ti e motions ol the hind Ifgs j 
 and tl.ecompadnefs of the rack bores 
 b-tween the (houlders and the height 
 oi their fpines has the fame etfe(.4 on 
 the foie legs j fo that there Is nothing 
 Wanting in the mtchanifm of the 
 bcne<^, 10 render all the ailicns of a 
 horle complete and paifecl. Gibjla 
 tibi fupra. 
 
 BcNE Spavin'. See the article 
 Spavjn'. 
 
 BOTS, or BoTTS, inhoifes, are 
 fliort thick, grubs that generdly are 
 (Voured away by the fpring graf?, 
 and fo turn in!e6t?, ai d fly about. 
 Bracken s Pocket Farrier. 
 
 Authors h^ve delcribed three forts 
 of worms that affed hore?, viz, the 
 bots, the territes or eaith-worms, or 
 rotundi, as they aie otherwife cal- 
 led, and ihe afcarides. See the articles 
 Worms, AscARiDEs, Sec 
 
 The bots which breed in the fto- 
 machs of horfes, and are fometimes 
 the cauleof convulfions, appear to he 
 very large maggots, compofed of cir- 
 cular rings, with little fliarp prickly 
 feet along the fules of their bdii??, 
 like the feet of hug-lice, which by 
 their fliarpnefs, like th^^ points of the 
 iincft needles, letm to be of ufe tofa(- 
 ten thcMi to the part wheiethey breed, 
 and draw in their nouiifliment, and 
 to prevent thicir being looleneJ tioiii 
 fuel) adhefjon. befoie they come to 
 mbuirity. The eggs from which thefe 
 bott aie produced, are difperli^d into 
 cluft.rs all round the lower orifice or' 
 the Itomach, and are Lid under the 
 inaer toat, or thin membrane of the 
 
 B O T 
 
 f!omacb, fo that when the animala 
 come to form and life, they burft 
 thiough this inner coaf, with their 
 breech and tail ftrait outward, and 
 their :runks ^o fixed into the mufcu- 
 lar or flefhy coat of the ilomach, that 
 it fometiii.es requires a good pull to 
 dfeng^ge them j from the blood of 
 this lall coaf, they draw their ncurifii- 
 mer.t, which ihcy iuck like lb many 
 leeches, every one ulceratirg and 
 purfing up the part where it fixes like 
 a iioney comb j and they often make 
 fuch quick havock as to deftroy the 
 horie. Eartlet's Farr. 
 
 The bots which many horfes are 
 troubled with in the beginning of 
 fummer, are always ften flicking to 
 the (freight gut, and aie often thiuft 
 out with the dung along with a yel- . 
 lo^-viHi cclouied matter, like melted 
 fulphur ; they are no way dangeious 
 there, but are apt to make a horfe 
 reltlefsand uneafy, and rub his breech 
 againit the pofts. The feafon of 
 thir coming is uliially in the months 
 of May and June, alter which they 
 are feldom to be leen, and rarely con- 
 tinue in any one horfe above a fort- 
 night or three week?. Thofe that 
 take their lodgments in the ftomach 
 aie extiemely dangerous in caufing 
 convulfions, and are leldom difco- 
 vered by any previous ligns, before 
 they come to lite, when they bring a 
 horfe into the moft violent agonies. 
 See the article Convulsions. 
 
 A hoife troubled with bots may be 
 relieved without much expence or 
 trouble, by giving him a fpoonful of 
 favin, cut very fmall,once or twice e- 
 very day, in oats or bran moiftened ; 
 and if three or four cloves ot chopped 
 gat lie be mixed with the favin, it 
 will i\o better, for garlic is a great 
 deteifive, attenuates vifcid matter, 
 and keeps the body open, which is 
 of great lervice in all thefe com- 
 plaints. And moreover, horfes that 
 are troubled with bots ought after- 
 wards 
 
B O T 
 
 wards to be purged with aloptlc pur- 
 ges, before the weather grows too 
 hot ; and if they are kept to a clean 
 diet after their purges, it will be a 
 great chance if ever they are trouhltd 
 w.th them any more. As the bots 
 generally happen about thegrafs-lea- 
 Ibn, it is ohferv^d that thefc; horles 
 which are turned to grafi often get 
 rid of them there, by the firft fortnight's 
 purging J and therefore thofe that 
 have the conveniency of a good paf- 
 ture for their horfes, need not be ve- 
 ry Iblicitoiis about giv ng them me- 
 dicines. Gihfons Difeafes ofHo"Jts. 
 
 The bot worm is theotFspring of a 
 fly, which is only found in open pla- 
 ces. For this reafon, horfes that go 
 to grafs or are kept in country ftable^;, 
 rear open places are more fubjefl to 
 this difeae, than thofe that are kept 
 altogether in the ftables in town. 
 When this fly wants to depofite its 
 eggs, it gets under the hoiTe's tail, 
 creeps into the anus, and glue? its 
 ova to the internal coit of the rec- 
 tum (o faff, that the dung in its paf- 
 fage cannot rub them off. They are 
 batched, and produce a worm com - 
 pofed of feveral rings, furniflied 
 with fliort, ftrong biiftle-, fo c'it'pofed 
 as to hinder its going ba'-kward«, but 
 to facilitate its progrefs up the in- 
 teftines of the horfe towards its Ho- 
 mach, where it finds proper food. 
 This worm has two ffrong unciform 
 teeth, phced hor zintaMy, by means 
 of which it fafttns it:elf to the infide 
 of the inte(fine<! fo llrongly, that it 
 requires a confiderable force to pull 
 it ofF alive. Thefe worms remain in 
 the ftoinach and inteftmes of a horfe 
 till fuch time as ihey are turned to 
 the'r nymph ftate, and then being 
 voided are changed into the fame fort 
 of fly as tl^eir mother. But in cafe 
 numbers of them are not deffroyed 
 by the common methods ued for the 
 cure of this difeafe, when tl'iey come 
 near to theii full growth, not find- 
 
 BOW 
 
 ing a fufflcient quantity of food fn 
 the ftomach, they generally, with 
 their teeth, make way through the 
 coats of it, gets into the abdomen in 
 fearch o^ iood, and deftroy the horfe. 
 The public are obliged for the above 
 remarks upon hots to Mr. WalL a 
 furgeon of Chrifl's Hofpital. TheO-, 
 with feme other ufeful, though lels 
 remarkab'e cbfervations, Mr. U'^afl 
 communicated to Mr. Wood, and this 
 laff in feted in his Supplonent to bis 
 Treaiife cfln.-.ieryX^i-A^j puhliflied. 
 From the conftru6iion of thole organa 
 of a bot concerned in the a61 of refpi* 
 ration, Mr. Wall^ aft^-r fome expe- 
 riment'^ thereon, conclude"^, that I'rge 
 and frequent'y repeited doffS o* bn- 
 feed oil would be mt only an eafer, 
 but a more ffficacions len edy than 
 any that hav-j hitherto been exhibited 
 for the deftruffion of thefe noxious 
 infe6l«. He abb adviies the injec- 
 tion of a few glyfters cf the fame oil, 
 left any worm« fhould remain lodged 
 in the large intelfines, and af;erthat 
 a few ('o'es of brifk purging phvfic. 
 
 BOULETE, in the manage, 
 applied to a horfe, whofe fet lock oi 
 partem joint bends forward and out of 
 its natural firuation, wl, ether through 
 vio'ent riding, or by reafon of being 
 two fliort jointed: in wh'ch ca'e the 
 leaff fari.nie will bring it, Guvlet. 
 
 BOUT, in the n)anage, is applied 
 to a horfe when his legs are in a 
 ftiaight line from the knee to if e co- 
 ronet. Short jointed horfes are apt to 
 be a boute : an.i, on the otlier hard, 
 long jointed horfci-s are rot. Guillet. 
 
 BOWS of a Saddle are two pie- 
 ces of wood laid archwife, to receive 
 the upper part of a horfes back, to 
 give the faddle its due foim, anci to 
 keep it tight. 
 
 The fore bow, which fuftains the 
 pommel, is compofed cf the withers, 
 the breafts,the points or toes, and the 
 corking. 
 
 Cj The 
 
BRA 
 
 The withers is the arch that rifes 
 two or three fingers over the hsrie's 
 withers. The breafts are placed 
 where the arch or the upptr part of 
 the bows end. The points or toes 
 are the lower part of the bow ; and 
 the corking are pieces of wood, for- 
 merly pieces of cork, upon which we 
 fit, and are made fall to the bo! iters, 
 
 T^^e hind bow bears the trouflequin 
 or quilted roll. 
 
 Thebovv's are covered with finews, 
 that is, with bull's pizxles, beaten, 
 and Co run all over the bows to make 
 them ihonger. Then they ft;engthen 
 them with hands of iron, to keep theivi 
 tight J and on the lower fide of the 
 hows, nail on the faddle llraps, with 
 wl'.ich they make fail the girths. 
 
 bowel-Galled, a horfc is 
 faid to be bowel -galled, when the 
 girth frets his fkin, between the elbow 
 of his fore-leg and his ; ib>. 
 
 This is o:cafiored by a horfe's 
 fliape generally : fer when the fore- 
 parts about the Hioiilders and brealt 
 are thin, and the belly large, the lad- 
 die runs towards the hardle or wi- 
 thers, and the girth works the fkin off 
 Jib Mit thefe places. 
 
 The cure is be ft performed bya- 
 nointing with the common white 
 ointnient of the Hiops ; and taking 
 away the caufe, by fliortening the 
 crupper, according as nectfii^y urges. 
 Brack. Pocket Fayrici'. 
 
 BRAIN. The brain of a horie is 
 much lefs in proportion than the brain 
 of a man; but it is compofed of a 
 medullary fublknce, and has mofl or 
 ail the fame parts with the human 
 head. 
 
 It is divided into three pnrts the 
 cerebrum, the cerebellum or brainkt, 
 and the medulla oblongata. Tl)e 
 cerebrum contains all that fubllance 
 which lies uppermoft of the head, and 
 which is divided into two halves by 
 a membrane called the falx. Ifs 
 eutiidt is of an alhy colour and form- 
 
 B R A 
 
 ed into feveral convolutions, and wind- 
 ings, but not with any vdihle regu- 
 larity as the cerebdlum : its infide is 
 white and therefore called the corpus 
 callofum. 
 
 Tlie cerebellum is divided from the 
 cerebrum by that membrane termed 
 the pia mater. This is made up of 
 four parts, whereof two are lateral, 
 one on each fide, the other two are 
 in the middle, ftanding before and 
 behind j they are fomtwhat orbicu- 
 lar, and are called the procefTus ver- 
 miculares. 
 
 The medulla oblongata is the be- 
 ginning of the fpinal marrow, it is 
 of an uniform white and compacf fub- 
 ftance and is harder than the biain 
 or cerebellum. 
 
 As to the a6lion and ufe of the 
 brain, it is very certain that, accord- 
 ing to the pliilofophers terms, it is the 
 chief feat of the animal faculty, as 
 the heait is the fountain of the vital. 
 The animal fpirits being prepared 
 out of its parenchyma or n;arrowy 
 liibftance, and from thence conveyed 
 into the nerves, which commimicate 
 f enfe and motion to all parts of the 
 bodv. Gibjl'ns Fiirrier''s Guide. 
 
 BRANCHES of a Bridle, are 
 two pieces of iron bended, which, in 
 the mterval between one and the o- 
 ther, bear the bit mouth, the crois 
 chains and the curb, fo that on one 
 end, they anfwer to the headllall, and 
 on the other to the reins, in order to 
 keep the horfe's head in fubjeflion. 
 
 A hardy, bold, or ftrong branch, is 
 one that brings in the head. A weak 
 branch is a branch that was formerly 
 uled for raifingthe head, but now is 
 difufed, eipecially fince the difcovery 
 of the error of thofe who fancied that 
 it raifed after the fame manner with 
 the knee branches. Quillet. 
 
 Which way ibever the branches of 
 of the bit incline, the horfe's mouth 
 goes to the con'rary. The Sieurde 
 Soieyieil is very particular on the 
 
 head 
 
B R E 
 
 head of branches, explaining their fe- 
 veral kind<:, as is ai'o the Duke of 
 Ne-wcaftle, who reduces their ef- 
 ieSis to thofe of a lever. 
 
 Thei'e are laws in the manage, i. 
 Thrit the fwrih.r the branch is from 
 the horle's ncck, the more effei5\ it 
 will have. 2. That fhort branches 
 ceteris paribus are ruder, and their 
 tfFe^is more ludden,than thofe of Ion- ^ 
 ger. 3. That the branch is to be 
 proportioned to the length of the hor- 
 (t^s neck. 
 
 BRASSICOURT, or Br.'\cki- 
 COURT, a term ufed in the manage, 
 and applied to a horfe whole fore legs 
 are naturally bended archwife ; hs- 
 ing fo called by way of diftin6^ion 
 from an arched horle, whofe legs are 
 bowed by hard labour. Guillet. 
 
 BREAK. To break a horfe in 
 trotting, is to make him light upon 
 the hand by trotting, in order to make 
 him fit for a gallop. 
 
 To break a horfe for hunting, is to 
 fupple him, and make him take the 
 h a b i t o f r u n n i n g. G ml let. 
 
 BREAST of a horfe. See the ar- 
 ticle Counter. 
 
 BREASTS, part of the bow of the 
 faddle. See Bows. 
 
 BREAST-PAIN called by the 
 Italians, grandezza di Petto, is a 
 diitemper incident to a horfe, pro- 
 ceeding from a redund:incy of biocd, 
 and other grofs humours, which be- 
 ing difToived by fome violent and dif- 
 .orderly heat refort downward to the 
 breaft, and pain him extremely, fo 
 that he can hardly go. The fymp- 
 toms of this diforder are a flifF, fl:ag- 
 gering, and weak g'oing with his 
 fore legs : btfides that, he can hardly, 
 if at all, bow down his head to the 
 -ground. 
 
 To cure the breaft pain, bathe all 
 his breaft and forebooths with oil of 
 peter ; and if that does not help him, 
 in three or four days, then let him 
 blood in both his breaft- veins, in the 
 . ufual place; putting in a rowel either 
 of hair, cork, horn or leather. 
 
 B R E 
 
 Others prefcribe an inward drench 
 for this diforder, made of a pint of 
 Aveet wine, and two fpoonfuls of 
 diapente ; and then to bathe his 
 breaft and legs, with oil and wine 
 mingled together ; and in ten or 
 twelve days it will cure him, Rtfiic 
 DiSI. i:i "joc. 
 
 BREAST- PLATE, a leathern 
 ftrap running from one fide of the 
 faddle, crofs the horfe's breaft, to the 
 other, intended to keep tlie faddle 
 from flipping backward?, in mount- 
 ing lip rifing grounds. It is o her- 
 wife called tee, fometimes l\\tpoitr£id. 
 Guillet. 
 
 BREATH, or Wind, fignlhes 
 fometimes the eafy refpiration of a 
 horfe, and fometimes, it implies the 
 eafe and reft or rcpofe of a horfe ; a? 
 give your horfe breath, do not ride 
 him down ; give that leaping horle 
 a long breathing time between the 
 turns or repetitions of his manage. 
 &c. Guillet. 
 
 BREEDING ofhorfes. In order 
 to raife a good and beautiful race of 
 horfes, it is neceflary to chufe for a 
 ftallion a fine barb, free from here- 
 ditary infirmities, fuch as weak eyes, 
 bad feet, fpavin, purfinefs, cheftfoun- 
 dering, &c, but remembering this, 
 that defe6\s which happen by accident 
 are not to.be accounted hereditary. 
 The ftallion being thus pitched upon, 
 three months before the time he is to 
 cover, feed him with found oats, 
 peas, or beans, or with coar.^e bread 
 and a little hay, but a good o,uantity 
 of wheat ftraw ; leading hira out 
 twice a day to water, and after he 
 has dri^nk, walking him up and 
 down for an hour, but not fo as to 
 make him fweat. If you put him to 
 many mares he will not ferve fo long, 
 therefore let him have mares but ac- 
 cording to his ftrength,thatis twelve, 
 fifteen, or at moft but twenty. See 
 Stallion. 
 
 Mares go with foal eleven months, 
 
 and as many days as they are years 
 
 C 4. «J^ i 
 
B R E 
 
 old ; In which cafe, a perfon may 
 order his mares to be covereil ib that 
 their foa's may be brought forth at a 
 time when there will be plenty of 
 graCs. 
 
 About the end of May, put your 
 mares into an indofure capable oi 
 feeding them the whole lime the ftal- 
 lion is to be wi^h ihem, or that they 
 are in feafon, in which inclofure all 
 the mares are to be pur together, as 
 well thf^fe which are br>rren as others. 
 
 Firft take off your ftaiiion's hind 
 fhoes, but let his tort-rnots remain 
 for the prefervation of his feet 5 then 
 leaii him forth, and let him cover a 
 mar^ t.vice in hand, to render him 
 move calm rnd gentle ; aker which 
 take off hi- bridle, and turn him loofe 
 to the reft, with whom he will be- 
 come fo familiar, th -t at lait they 
 will make love to him i fo that not 
 one of them will be horied but as 
 they are in feafon. See the article 
 Mare. 
 
 In this enclofure there fhould be 
 built a little lodge, into which the 
 ftallion may retire to fecurc himfelf 
 from, the fcorching heats ; and in the 
 lodge there fhould be a manger, to 
 give him oats, peas, fpiit beans, 
 bread, and whatever elfe he likes btft ; 
 and he mud be thu^ entertained 
 during the whole time he is with the 
 mares, which will be about fix or 
 feven weeks. You muft likewife take 
 care that the ftallion and the mare 
 have the fame food, viz. if the former 
 be at hay and oats, which is com- 
 monly called hard meat, the latter 
 fhould likewife be at hard meat, 
 otherwife fhe will not fo readily hold. 
 Mares which are very grofs hold 
 with great difficulty, but thofe that 
 are indifferently fat and plump, con- 
 ceive with the greatell eafe. 
 
 To bring a mare in feafon, and 
 make her renin, let her eat for eight 
 days before ilie is brought to the 
 Jjprfe, abpiJt twp <juarts of hemp 
 
 B R I 
 
 feed In the morning, and as much at 
 night. If fhe refufe it alone, mix it 
 with a little bran or oats ; and if the 
 ftallion eat alio of it, it will contri- 
 bu.e much to generation. 
 
 As for the age of the ftallion. he 
 fhould not cover hfrfore he is fix years 
 old, nor after he is fifteen, but the 
 lafl may be regarded according to his 
 firength and vigour. As tnr the 
 mare?, they fliouid n t be covered 
 before they are tnree years old : but 
 in thi« particular you m;^y be direfted 
 according to the goodnefs of your 
 mares. Suth perlons as are d^fu'ous 
 to have a mile breed may o' ferve the 
 following rule. ' The mare, being 
 
 * brought in k^Con, is to be covered 
 
 * very early in the morning, any 
 
 * time fi o n the fourth day of the 
 
 * moon to the lull, but never in the 
 
 * decrt-ale ; and then fhe will not fail 
 
 * to bring forth a male colt,' The 
 truth of th'S will appear from a 
 little experience. In the l^fl place, 
 yoxi may furn;fh yourfeU with young 
 breeding mares from your own race, 
 which being found and of a good 
 breed, will bring forth more beauti.'ul 
 foals than any other. But you are 
 not to mike ufe of your cults for 
 flailions, becaule they will much de- 
 generate from the goodnefs of the 
 tiue barbs, and at lafi become like 
 t'ie natural race of the coujiiry. It 
 is therefore advifeable never to chufe 
 a ftallion from your own breed, but 
 rather to change him for a good barb 
 or Spanifh horfe ; yet flill make 
 choice or the fineft mr.res of your 
 own ftnck to breed upon. Solleyfell 
 apudRufiicDia. 
 
 BRIDLE is fo termed when all its 
 appurtenances are fixed together in 
 the feveral parts of it, for the govern- 
 ment of a horfe ; and they are thefe : 
 I. The bit, or fnafHe, which is the 
 iron work put into the horfe's mouth, 
 of which there are feveral fort<!, as 
 may be feen under the article Bit. 
 ?. The 
 
B R I 
 
 2. The headftall, being tlie two 
 fliort leathers that come fVom the top 
 of the head to the rings of the bit. 
 3. Fillet, that which lies over the 
 lorehead anH under the foretcpi if the 
 horie have trappings : this is usually 
 adorned with a role or the like, or 
 leather let with Ruds. 4., The thi oat- 
 band, being tha^ leather which is but- 
 toned from the liead band under the 
 throat. 5. Retns, the long thong of 
 leather that comes from the rings of 
 the hit, and being caft over the 
 horfe's head, the lid. r holds them in 
 his hands, whereby he gui les the 
 hoife as he pleafes. 6. The button 
 and loop at the end of the rtins, by 
 which it i? faftened to the ring of the 
 bit ; the other end of the rems having 
 only a button fo large, that it cannot 
 go through the ring of the bit on the 
 other fide : this is called a running 
 rein, by which a horfe is led at a good 
 diftance, and h^s liberty to le.^p a 
 ditch, or mount a hedge. 7. The 
 nofe-band, a leatlier that goes over 
 the middle of the nofe, and through 
 tne loops at the back ot the head- 
 ftall, and fo buckle! under the 
 cheeks ; this is ufualiy adorned as 
 the fillet, if the horle be trapped and 
 ftudded. 8. A trench. 9. A cave- 
 fan, being a falfe rein to hold or lead 
 a horfe by. lo. A martingal, which 
 is a thong of leather, the one e.id 
 faftened under the horle's cheeks, 
 and the other to his girt between his 
 legs, to make him rem well to caft 
 up his head. 11. Chaff- baber. A 
 woman's bridle is the hme, only it 
 is double reined. RuJIic DiSi. 
 
 For a more particular account of 
 thefe fcveral members that compote a 
 bridle, fee the articles Head-stall, 
 Fjllet, &c. 
 
 In lieu of a bridle the mafiers fre- 
 quently ufe the word hand ; thus, for 
 pull the bridle, they fay hear the hand. 
 To cleave to or hold by the b idle is 
 fhe fault of a bad horfeman, who 
 
 BUR 
 
 when a horfe is diforderly, inf!ead 
 of flacking his hand, clings to it ; as 
 it were, to the mane or pommel of 
 tiie faddle 5 wantiri;;;- the habit or 
 ftrengih to keep himfelF fafl by cling- 
 ing wit!, his thighs. GuiUct, 
 
 BRIDON, or Bridoon, in the 
 manage, properly denotes a fnaffle, 
 in cor.tradiliin6lion to a bit 01 i)ridle, 
 Guillet. 
 
 The French fay, that the Englifh 
 ufe no bridles, but only hridoons, 
 except in the army ; a ho:fe never 
 goes fo well nor lb furc with a bri- 
 doon, iinlefs he have been fii It broke 
 to the bit. Ncivcaf, apud Trcu, 
 Dia. Urn-v. 
 
 BRILLANT. A brllt, h;?h met- 
 tled, ftateiv horfe, is called Briliant, 
 as having ■\ raifeii neck, a fine motion 
 and iX'-'ile-u h^iunches, upon which 
 he rifes though never io little put on. 
 Gmllct. 
 
 BRINGING in a horfe, is the 
 keeping down his nofe when he bears 
 and tolfes it up to the wind. A 
 horfe is brought in, by a good ftrong 
 branch. Guillet apudSuHl. to Chamh, 
 Cjd. 
 
 BROKEN WIND. See the ar- 
 ticle Wind. 
 
 BROUILLER, a French word, 
 ufed in the academies, to fignify that 
 a horfe, when put to any manage, 
 plunges, traverfes, and appears in 
 dilbrder. H-nce they iav. This gen- 
 tleman is not tnaikr cf his legs, he 
 makes his horfe biouiller, i. e. makes 
 him traverfe and cait down his head ; 
 the fpur being too hard for him. 
 Guillet. 
 
 BRUISE. See the article Blow. 
 BULIMIA, or Bulimy, vul- 
 garly called a canine or dog like ap- 
 petite, is in men the phyfical name, 
 for what in horfes is termed the 
 hungry evil. See the article Ap- 
 petite. 
 
 BURNS, or Scalds, occafioned 
 
 by gunrpowder, or any ether canTe, 
 
 when 
 
BUR 
 
 when the fkln remains intire, are to 
 be bathed well, and kept foaked with 
 rags dipped in fpiritof wine campho- 
 rated. Salt bound thick up m the 
 part has been found very effectual 
 for this purpofe ; and indeed all fa- 
 line and ipirituons applications excel 
 other?, while the fkin is yetunbroke, 
 but when the ikin is feoarated, anoint 
 the part, and keep itconltantly fupple 
 with linfeed or fallad oil, and a 
 plafter fpread with bees wax and 
 oil 5 if the fkin is fo fcorched that 
 floughs muft be digefted out, drefs 
 with the wound oirtment and oil of 
 turpentine, and finifli the cure with 
 any drying ointmrnt. Shovild the 
 horfe be feveriflifrom the p:\in, give 
 him cooling clylters, and treat him 
 as direi^ed in fimple fevers. The 
 fire fnppofed to be left in the part 
 after injuries of this kind, is nothing 
 more than the inflammation, which 
 is the natural effe6l of fuch canfe^ : 
 fo that the whimfical notions and 
 conceits concerning fire remaining in 
 the burnt part, is extremely abfurd. 
 Bartlefs Farriery. 
 
 IF the burn be new, the heat and 
 inflammation may be taken off, by 
 applying immediately to the part 
 pounded onions. Some ufe the juice 
 of onions and verjuice mixed to- 
 gether •, black foap and common fait 
 h^s the fame efre6\ : there are others 
 who uie quick-lime beat into an oint- 
 ment with frefti butter, but nothing 
 is better or fo fdfe a? the camphorated 
 ■fpiritsj applying afttrwaids the fol- 
 
 B tr T 
 
 lowing cataplafm. ' Take mallow? 
 « and marfhmallows, of each four 
 
 * largehandfulsj linfeed, one poundj 
 
 < boil them in four quarts of water, 
 
 * until moft of the moifture be diieel 
 
 * up ; pulp them through a fieve, 
 
 * and add a pound of frefli butter, 
 
 < and three ounces of camphire in 
 
 < powder 5 mix them all togetlier in 
 « a mortar, and fmear the part with 
 
 * it, or apply it fpread pretty thick 
 ' on a piece of limber canvas.' 
 
 But if the burn be deep, it muft be 
 fcarified with a fleam, and the fame 
 poultice applied over it to haften the 
 fear or burnt parts to a fuppuration. 
 Gib fan s Farrier s Ne-iv Guide. 
 
 BURSTENNESS. See the ar- 
 ticle Rupture. 
 
 BUTTERIS, BUTTRICE, or 
 Butt RE 5 s , a tool that farriers make 
 ufe of, to pierce the fole of a horfe's 
 foot, which is overgrown ; to pare 
 the hoof, to fit the flioe, and to cut 
 oflf the fkirts of the faid fole that 
 overcaft the fhoe, &c. RuJ\icDi6l. 
 
 BUTTON of the reins of a bridle 
 is a ring of leather, with the reins 
 put through it, running all along 
 the length of the reins. See the ar- 
 ticles Bridle and Reins. 
 
 To put a horfe under the button, is 
 when he is ftopt, having no rider on 
 his back, by the reins being laid on 
 his neck, and the button lowered fo 
 far , as that the horfe\<; head is brought 
 in by the reins, and fixed t© the true 
 pofl:ure or carriage. ' C 1111161' s Gent » 
 Did. Part L. in ioc. 
 
 C. 
 
c. 
 
 C A L 
 
 CAN 
 
 C CADENCE, in the manage, de- 
 ^ notes an equal meai'ure or pro- 
 portion, obferved by a horfe in all his 
 motions, when he is thoroughly ma- 
 naged, and works juftly either at the 
 gallop terra a terra, or the airs. 
 
 A horfe's working in cadence im- 
 ports that his times or motions are 
 uniform, fo that one does not take 
 in more ground than another. Horfe- 
 men fay, this horfe woiks always 
 upon the fame cadence ; he follows 
 the cadence, he does not change his 
 cadence ; he remains equally between 
 the two heels. He is hne aiid gentle 
 in all his aids, and when put to the 
 manage, he never interrupts his ca- 
 dence. Guilkt. 
 
 Calade, in the manage, a defcent 
 or Hope in a riding ground, by which 
 to bring a horfe to bend his haunches, 
 and form his ftop with the aids of 
 the calves of the legs, bridle, and 
 cavefan, feafonably given. 
 
 The calade is alfo called by the 
 French hajj'e. They fay, ride or gal- 
 lop dowji the calade. Guillet^ 
 
 CALKINS, or Calkers, a part 
 prominent from a horfe flioe, in- 
 tended to fecui-e the beatt Irom hid- 
 ing. 
 
 The calkins therefore are the ends 
 or extremities of horfe-fnoes turned 
 or bent downwards, and forged to a 
 jort of point, to make the beaft ftep 
 more fafe and fte.idy upon the ice. 
 Sa^'arfs DiSi. Co7n. <voc. Cra?npon, 
 
 The ipconveniency of the calkins 
 is, that they hinder the horfe to tread 
 evenly on the ground, and thus oc- 
 
 cafion wrenches of the foot, or ftrains 
 of the fmews, efpecially in ftony 
 ways, where the b.ardnefs of the bot- 
 tom will not foffer the calkins to pe- 
 netrate. Add, that they are apt to 
 make a horfe cut. SoUeyfell's Com- 
 pleat Horfeman, 
 
 Calkins are either lingle or double; 
 that is, at one end of the fhoe, or at 
 both 5 the latter are reputed lefs hurt- 
 ful, as they allow the creature to ti ead 
 more even. Some are made large 
 and fquare ; the beft are in form of 
 the point of a horfe's ear. See the 
 article HoRSE-SHOE. 
 
 CANKER denotes any gnawing 
 ulcer that corrodes the flefh about it. 
 
 A canker in a horfe's foot, for the 
 moft part, proceeds from thrufhe?, 
 when they prove rotten and putrid. 
 Sometimes a greafv humour, when it 
 has been of a long landing, and has 
 got into the fmucfities of the ccffin- 
 joint, will run down to the frog, and 
 under the fole, and turn to a canker. 
 Sometimes bruifes, corns, and forne- 
 times taking up a kennel or channel 
 nail, when thefe are ill managed, 
 will produce the fame effefl : but the 
 moft uual caufe is from a rank 
 thrufli. 
 
 The canker is ^o luxuriant in fome 
 conifitutions, that, in one night's 
 time, it will get into the mufcles cf 
 the bottom of the foot, turn them ail 
 into a quag, and at the fame tirr.e 
 ret the lole. A luxuriant canker very 
 much refembles a cancer, both in 
 fmell and afpecl : for if it be negle61ed 
 dreffing, for a few days, it will grow 
 fevetal 
 
CAN 
 
 feveral inches high ; and when the 
 flough is taken off, it will he under- 
 neath all full of papillae relembling 
 a cauliflower, except in the ccloiir, 
 which is of a very pale red and varie- 
 gated. The method that fariiersufe 
 for the cure of a canker is for the 
 rnoft part with hot oils, fuch as dou- 
 ble aqua fortis, oil of vitii;)!, and 
 butter of antiynony, which indeed are 
 very proper : for fome rankers are 
 ef Co quick a gro'.vth, that nothing 
 lefs than fuch cauliic medicmes wiil 
 keep the;Ti under. Some ufe Aibli- 
 mate, and I'rew the canker ove; after 
 the oils have been applied -. this fame- 
 times does a great deal of milchief. 
 Thofe do better, who only u*e red 
 precipitate : I^ut the main thing fome 
 fairiers are wanting in, is the nnnner 
 of ufing them ] the pliin canlfic oils 
 are the beft alane, providing they are 
 rightly spplied : for they fiiDuM be 
 more frequently drtffcd than 'vhnt is 
 common ; not to let them lie on three 
 or four oay-, as thty often do. — 
 When the ranker does no^ rife upon 
 the drefTngt, once in two days will 
 be fiifficic.,.- 5 and lometimes a little 
 precloit-te and burnt alum in fine 
 powder will bi very neceff-iry to ftrew 
 over the ntw growth of fl:fh, until 
 the fole begins to grow, after it ha 
 been wafted jway. There is one other 
 great en or co;umitted in curing the 
 canker; and that is not having fuf- 
 ficient regard to the hoof ; for it 
 fliould not only be cut off wherever it 
 prefTes upon the tender parts, hut 
 fliould be kept very foft with linfeed 
 oilj and as often as it is drtfTcd, 
 bathe the hoof all round ihe coi onet 
 with chan)ber!ye. Purging is very 
 proper tocompleat the cure. G'lhfons 
 Difeafcs c/HaVs. 
 
 For the canker arifing from gigs in 
 the mouih, fee the article Gir, s. 
 
 C AN N O N , or C A N o N , of a bit, 
 is a round but long piece of iron, 
 foraetiraes coinpofcd of two pieces 
 
 CAP 
 
 coupled together and bent in the 
 middle; and fometimes only of one 
 piece, that does not bend, as in the 
 cannon mouth a trompe. See the 
 article Bit. 
 
 Cannon mouths of all forts are 
 contrived to keep the horfe in fub- 
 je6\ion j being fo ordeied, thtt they 
 rifegradiially toward the middle, and 
 af^end towards ihe palate ; that the 
 void fpace left underneath may afford 
 a libertv to the tongue. Guillrt. 
 
 CAPARAS50N, or Horse- 
 cloth, a fort of cover for a horfe. 
 For led horfes this is commonlv made 
 of linen cloth bordered rou id with 
 woolen, and enriched with the arms 
 of the matter upon the middle, which 
 covers the croupe, and with two cy- 
 phers on the two fides. The capa- 
 raffons for the army are fometi^nes a 
 great bear fkin, and thofe for (iables 
 are of fitgle huckr?im in lummer, 
 and of ch)th in winter. Giallct, 
 
 CAPELET, or Capellet, a 
 fwclling which horfes are (ulijrft to, 
 of a wenny nature, whirh prow on 
 the heel ol the hack, and on the point 
 of the elbow. The capellets arife 
 often from bruil'es and other acci- 
 dents, and when this is tlie cafe, 
 fhould be treate<l with vintgar and 
 s other repellers : b'.it when they g;ow 
 gradually on both heels or elbows, 
 we may then expe6l the blood and 
 juices in fault, that fonoe of the vef- 
 feJs are broke and juices extravafated : 
 in this cafe, the luppuration flionld 
 be promoted by ru'.ibiiig the part 
 with marfhmallow ointment ; and 
 when matter is formed, the flcin 
 fliould be opened with a lancet, in 
 fome depenilcnt part towards one 
 fide, to avoid a fear : the dicffuigs 
 m -y be turpentine, honey, and tinc- 
 ture of myrrli. The relaxed flcin 
 may be bathed w'th equal paif;= of 
 fpirit of wine and vinegar, to which 
 an eighth pirt of oil of vitriol may 
 be added. The cent uts of thefe tu- 
 iiicurs 
 
CAR 
 
 moiirs are v?rlous j fometlmes wa- 
 tery, an J at others lliety or like thick 
 palte ; which if care be not taken to 
 digeft out properly, with the cylt, 
 will frequently collect again ; was it 
 not for the disfiguremenr, thefliorteft 
 method would be, to extirpate them 
 with a kni'e, which if aitfuHy exe- 
 cuted, and the Ikin properly pre- 
 ferved, would leave very little de- 
 formity. V/hen thefe tumours pro- 
 ceed from an indifpofition of the 
 blood, they are beft let alone, el'pecially 
 'thofe of the watery kind, which will 
 wear off infenfibly, without any ap- 
 plications : but when they are like to 
 prove tediou', endeavour to dil'perfc 
 them With bathing, with repelier?, 
 and have recourfe to rowel?, purges, 
 and diuretic medicines, to carry off 
 the fuperfluous juices and corieft the 
 blood, Bartiet's Farriery, 
 
 CAPRIOLES, ox Leaps a firma a 
 firmay are leaps that a horfe makes in 
 one and the idrnt place, without ad- 
 vancing forward? ; and that in fuch 
 a manner, that when he is in the air, 
 and at the height of his leap, he 
 yerks, or Itrikes out, with his hinder 
 legs even and near, 
 
 A capriole is the moft difficult of 
 all the high manage, or raifed airs. 
 It differs from a craupade in this, 
 that in a craupade the horf^ does not 
 fhew his flioes ; and from a balotade 
 in this, that in a balotade he does not 
 yerk out. Ycur horfe will never 
 work well at caprioles, unlefs you 
 put him between two pillars, and 
 teach him to raife firfl his fore quar- 
 ters, and then his hind quarters, 
 while his fore are yet in the air : for 
 which end, you mud: give the aids of 
 the whip and the poinfon. If you 
 would teach your horfe to make ca- 
 prioles, and yerk out handlbmely, 
 with his hinder feet, flay and help 
 him with your hand and your heels. 
 CuiUet. 
 
 CARACOL, in the manage, is 
 
 CAR 
 
 an obllqiie pifte, or tread, traced out 
 in iemi rounds, changing from one 
 hand to another, without obferving 
 a regular ground. 
 
 When horfes advance to charge in 
 battle, they foinetimes ride up in ca- 
 racols, to perplex the enemy, and 
 make them doubtful, whether they 
 are about to take them in the front or 
 in the flank. Caracol is a Spanifli 
 word, and in that laiginge, figni- 
 fies the motion that a iquadron of 
 horfe makes, when, upon an engage- 
 ment, the firll rank has no fooner 
 fired their piltols, than they divide 
 and open into two half rsnks j the 
 one wheeling to the right, and the 
 other to the left, along the wmgs of 
 the body to the rear. Every rank 
 oblcrves the fame order after firing j 
 and the turning or wheeling from the 
 front to t'le rear is called a caracol. 
 
 To car icol, is to go in the form of 
 of half rounds ; Guilkfs Geni. Di6l. 
 CARCASS of a horfe, the fame 
 with his body. See the article BoD Y. 
 The carcafs of a horfe ought not to 
 be too fmall and flender, becaufe a 
 fmall carcaffed horfe is generallyweak. 
 On the other hand, a very large car- 
 caffed horfe proves often heavy and 
 una(51Ive ; and when he happens to 
 be underlimbed, it is reckoned a great 
 fault. V/hen a tall liorfe happens to 
 have a fliort carcafs, and very long 
 legs like a fpider, fuch a horfe is fel- 
 dom good for much. It always de- 
 notes Itrenorh in a horfe, when his 
 
 carcafs is of a moderate lize. Gihf, 
 Dlfeaje of Horfes, 
 
 CAREER, fignifies both the 
 ground that is proper for the manage j 
 and the courfe or race of a horfe that 
 does not go beyond two hundred 
 paces. GuUlet, 
 
 CARRYING, in the manage. A 
 horfe is laid to carry low, when 
 having naturally an ill fhaped neck, 
 he lowers his heal too much. All 
 horfes that arm thtmi'clves, carry low : 
 
 but 
 
CAT 
 
 but a horfe may carry low wi bout 
 
 arming, tor when 
 
 he arms himfeif" 
 
 his neck is too fupole ; and he wants 
 to evade the fuhjeflion of the bridle : 
 but whei he carries low, he has his 
 reck ill plared and ill-made. A 
 French branch, or gigot, ii^ prefcribed 
 as' a remedy againll carrying low. 
 
 A horfe is f'.id to carry well, 
 when his neck is raifed or arched, and 
 he holds hi? head high and firm, 
 without conftraint. Guillet. 
 
 Carrying in the wind, fee 
 the article Wind. 
 
 CAST Hair or Hoof. A horfe 
 caftsior fheds his hair at leaft once a 
 year. Every fpring he cafts his win- 
 ter coat, and takes aduinmer one ; 
 and foni^times in the end of autumn, 
 he puts on his winter hair, in ca!'e he 
 has bc^en ill curried, or ill cioathed, 
 or kept in a cold liable. Sometimes 
 he cafrs hkevvife his hoofs : when this 
 happens, let the farrier give them a 
 good for?-n in fhaving him, or elfe 
 his feet will grow flat, and like an 
 oyfter Hiel!. 
 
 CASTING, or Overthrowing 
 ahoile is done as follows. Having 
 brought him upon fome even ground 
 tliat is fmooth and fofr, or into the 
 barn upon foft Itraw, take a long 
 rope ; double it, and caft a knot, a 
 yard from the bow ; put the bow a- 
 bout his neck, and the double rope 
 betwixt his fore legs; about his hin- 
 der pafterns, and under his fetlocks j 
 when you have done this, flip the 
 ends of the rope underneath the bow 
 of his neck, and draw them quick, 
 and they will overthrow him ; then 
 make the end« fafl. and hold down 
 his head. RuCvc DiS?. 
 
 CATARACT, is now generally 
 agreed to be, for the moll part, the 
 cryftaline humour of the eye render- 
 ed opake ; whence it is defined a 
 difoideV of the humours in the eye, 
 by which the pupiiU, that ought to 
 appear tranfparent and black, looks 
 
 CAT 
 
 opake, grey, blue, brown, ^,% 
 whereby vifion is varioully impeded, 
 or totally deftroyed. 
 
 Mr. Gihfon is very dark in his rea- 
 foning about feveral of the dilbrders 
 incident to the eyes of horles ; parti- 
 cularly what he fays of a cataraiTt is 
 very far from the truth, when he af- 
 firm^, that the matter which forms 
 this diforder is continually falling in- 
 to the aqueous or watery humour ; 
 and further (Farrier^s ne-iv Guide, 
 p. 202.) that we may know a cata- 
 rail before it Is ripe, by rubbing "the 
 outfide of the eye : for by fuch means 
 he fays, it will fliift it', place. 
 
 I cannot indeed be furprized that 
 Mr. Gi'jfon fliould millake the true 
 leat of a ca^tarail, feeing many greater 
 men than he have fallen into the like 
 error, and imagined it placed in the 
 watery humour, whereas nothing can, 
 be more abfurd and ridiculous : for 
 it is now made maiii'efl:, that the ca- 
 taract is fituate upon the cryftalline 
 humour of the eye, and is nothing 
 more than an alteration or opacify of 
 one or more of its coats, or flrata. 
 The tr\ie catara6l differs in Golour,be- 
 ing fometimes white, pearl colour, 
 yellow, black, or greenifli j and I 
 am of opinion that the two hit ooily 
 aie curable, yet not by any appHqa- 
 tion outwardly or med!-;^nes invvard- 
 ly adminiflered, but by manual ope- 
 ratirn with the needle, which turns • 
 off the lamina of the cryllalline that 
 are difeafed j and then the rays are 
 admitted through the remaining 
 parts: but the mifchief Is, that. if 
 yon conch a horfe for a cataract, you 
 cannot contrive fpeflacles for him af- 
 terwards to help the deficiency or 
 pla'nne's of the crydalline, fo that his 
 fight will not be at all perfeft, \\\6' 
 he may h3ve enough to keep hiiiiftlf 
 out of pits and ditches. 
 
 It has been, and I believe ftill .is, 
 
 an opinion ajiiong dealers in horfes, 
 
 that when a horfe ftarts much, or 
 
 feemj 
 
CAT 
 
 fecms frighted at every thing he 
 i-neets, his eyes are bad ; and Mr. 
 Snape, with like reafon believes (bch 
 horfes have congealed bits, like metes 
 floating in the aqueous humour 5 and 
 that thefe when they become adhe- 
 rent, or (ticking to one another, form 
 what we call a catarafl. But thelc 
 fpecks, fiie?, infei^ls, or the like 
 which are imagined to go to and fro 
 before the fight of human creatures, 
 (and no doubt it is the fame in this 
 refpeft as to brutes) are no other 
 than the difeafcrd parts or particles of 
 the outward coat of the cryl^alline 
 humour in an initient cataract 5 and 
 the reafon we do not perceive the 
 motes or reprefentation of flies, al- 
 ways in the fame place, is plain to 
 anv one who has the leaft notion of 
 optics : for unlefs the eye be kept 
 truly fteady 2nd fixed in the fame po- 
 fition, it is not poffible a perfon fliould 
 obferve the mote or fpeck always the 
 lame. 
 
 Receipt for the cure of an initient 
 or beginning cataraft : 
 
 * Take of Turbith mineral pow- 
 
 * dered, two drachms; and of the 
 
 * powder of the herb aflarabacca, 
 
 * half an ounce; mix and keep it in 
 
 * a bottle that is clean and dry, and 
 
 * well corked'. The method of ufing 
 the powder is to blow it up the 
 horfes nolhils once a day 5 and I 
 think as much as will lie upon a fix- 
 pence fufficient for one nolbil, pro- 
 vided the horfe's conditution be not 
 averfe to tke evacuation I'uch prepa- 
 ration promotes, viz. a running of 
 thin lymph or ferous liquid, by fome 
 called humours from the bram and 
 glands adjacent, and by that means 
 rot only purge the head, &c. but 
 alfo give fuch a ifimulus to the ner- 
 vous fyftem as to alter the courfe, or, 
 rather the vibration and undulatioa 
 of the nervous tubuli and fluid there- 
 in contained, and of conlequence 
 iliake off the initient or beginning ca- 
 
 C A V 
 
 taracV, before it has tco much altered 
 the outward lamina of the cr)ftai:ine 
 humour of the eye. See the article 
 Eye. 
 
 The lu'e of this powder may he 
 continued a longer or fhorter time, 
 according as it operates upon the 
 horfe, in making his nole run : but 
 ■ it is impoiTible to fet down the pre- 
 cife quantity that may be necefiary, 
 feeing the peculiar temperament and 
 difpolirion of all kinds of animals dif- 
 fer prodigioufly as to their pronenefs 
 to this or that evacuation : for tliey 
 are differently affe«5ied even by the 
 fame compofition, io that it is be(t to 
 begiti rather with an under than over 
 dole, and by fuch means, as it were 
 to grope out the particular conftitu- 
 tion of every animal we have to do 
 with. Bracken s Farriery Improved. 
 
 For the treatment of cataiacls and 
 moon eyes according to other authors. 
 See the article Moon-Eyes. 
 
 CAVALCADOUR antiemly de- 
 noted a riding maSter, but at prefent 
 it is difufed in that feiife, and is only 
 employed to denote a fort of equer- 
 ries or officers who have the diredion 
 of the itabies of princes, GuilUi mid 
 'Tre-L.'. Did. in <voc. 
 
 CAVALIER, in the manage, fig- 
 nificrs one who unde; liands horfes and 
 is praclifcd in the ait of riding theni. 
 G unlet. 
 
 CAVF:S0N or Cavesson, in the 
 manage, a fort of nole l)and, fcme- 
 timf s o\ iron, fometimes of leather or 
 wood, fometimes flat, and fometimes 
 hollow or twifted, which is ciopped 
 upon a horlc's nofe, to wring it and 
 fo forward the fuppiingand breaking 
 of the hcrfe. The cavtfon of leatiier 
 and that of wood are made ufe of, 
 when we put horfes between tvi-o pil- 
 lars; and when we .'ay, a hoife takes 
 the ropes, we mean the ropes or ftraps 
 of that fort of cavefon. An iron ca- 
 \^'i<s>w faves and fpares the mou'.h. of 
 young horfes, when we break ther~ : 
 
 for 
 
C H A 
 
 for by the help of it, we acoiliom 
 them to obey the hand, and bend the 
 neck and fliouMers, wiihout hurting 
 their mouth or fpoiling their hars with 
 the bit. Now an iron cavefon is a 
 femicircle or a band of iron bended to 
 an arch, confitfing of two or three 
 pieces joined by hinges 5 and this we 
 clap upon the nofe of a young horfe. 
 Some cavefons of iron are twiifed or 
 wreathed, and fome are fiat, which 
 bear equally upon the nole and are in- 
 deed the beft. 
 
 A cavefon, a figuette, or a biting 
 cavefon, is hollow in the middle, and 
 notched like a faw upon the two fides 
 of its concav'ty, in order to pinch the 
 nofe of a fuily or ftifF-necked horfe. 
 The cavefon called ca77iaresv?i% arm- 
 ed with little teeth or very fh^rp 
 points of iron, which tore and abufed 
 a horfe fo, that at prefent it is banifh- 
 ed the academies, as is ah'o the fi- 
 guette. 
 
 All iron cavefons are mounted with 
 a headftall, a throatband, and two 
 ftrapsor reins, with three rings \ one 
 rein we pafs through the middle ring, 
 when we mean to make a horfe work 
 round a pillar, or, for want of a 
 pillar, round a man that Itands in 
 the center. Through the two fide 
 rings we pafs the two reins which the 
 rider holds in his hand, or makes fad 
 to bis faddle, in order to keep a 
 horfe's head in fubjeflion, and fupf.le 
 his flionlders. See the arf^le RoPES. 
 Cmll. Gent. D'lCl. in 'voc. 
 
 CAUL, omentum, in anatomy. 
 See the article 0\:en'TUM. 
 
 CHACK, in the manage, is taken 
 in the fame fenfe as beat upon the 
 hand. A horfe is faid to chack, or 
 heat upon the hand, when his head is 
 rot fteady, but he toiTes up his nofe, 
 and fliakes it all of a fudden, to avoid 
 the l"ubjfc6tion of the bridle. Turk- 
 ish horfes have this fault frequently. 
 We fay, they beat upon the hand ; 
 and the beft bits nor the beft hands 
 
 C H A 
 
 can never fix their heads. Croats or 
 Croatian horfes are alio fubje6l to 
 chack upon the hand, which proceeds 
 from this, that their bars are too 
 fliarp and ridged, or edged fo that 
 they cannot bear the predure of a bit, 
 though never ^o gentle. If a horfe 
 had not too fenfible or too tender a 
 mouth, he would not beat ypon th.e 
 hand : but in order to fi>c and fecure 
 his head, you need only to put un- 
 der his noieband a fmall flat band of 
 iron bent archwife, which anfwers 
 to a martingale. This will hinder 
 him to beat upon the hand ; but will 
 not break him of this habit, for as 
 foon as the martingale is taken off, 
 he will fall into the iame vice again. 
 GuilUt. 
 
 CHANFRIN, in the manage, de- 
 notes the fore-part of a borfe's head, 
 extending from under the ears along 
 the interval between the eyebrows 
 down to his nofe. Guillet. 
 
 CHANGE, in the manage. To 
 change a horfe ^ or, change hafuiy is 
 to tuin or beat the horfe's head from 
 one hand to the other ; from the right 
 to the left, or from the left to the 
 right. You fhouid never change 
 your hoife, without pu/hing him for- 
 ward upon the turn ; and after the 
 turn, pufh him on ftraight, in order 
 to a ftop. Guillet. 
 
 CHANNEL, in the manage, is 
 ufed fur the concavity in the middle 
 of the lower jaw of a horfe, where 
 the tongue lies. This hollow being 
 bounded on each fide by the bars, 
 terminates in the grinders, or max- 
 illary teeth. The barbies grow in 
 this channel. Guillet. 
 
 CHAPELET, in the manage, a 
 couple of ftinup leathers, mounted 
 each of them with a ftirrup, and join- 
 ing at top in a fort of leather buckle, 
 called the head of the chapelet, by 
 which they are made faft to the pom- 
 mel of the Taddle, after being adjuft- 
 ed to the rider's length and bore. 
 They 
 
C FI A 
 
 They are ufed both to avoid the 
 trouble of taking v\) or letting down 
 the tticrtip every time that a gentle- 
 man mounts on a different hoife and 
 laddie J and to fupoly what is want- 
 ing in the academy faddles, which 
 have no ftirrups to them. Guillet. 
 
 CHAPERON of a Bit mouth is 
 ufed only for I'catch mouths, and all 
 others that are not connon mouths, 
 fignifying the end of the bit that joins 
 to the branch juft by the Banquet. 
 In fcatch mouths, the chaperon is 
 round, but in others it is oval j and 
 the fame part that in fcatch and other 
 mouths is called chaperon, is in con - 
 non mouths called froncean. 
 
 CHARBON, in the manage, ficr. 
 rifles that little black fpot or mar'K, 
 that remains after a large fpot in the 
 cavity of the corner tooth of a hone. 
 About the feventh or eighth year, 
 vvhen the cavity fills, the tooth being 
 fmooth and equal, it is faid to be ra- 
 fed. GuiUct." 
 
 CHARGE, in the farriers difpen- 
 fatory, a pieparation of a middle na- 
 ture between an ointment and a plai- 
 fter, or between a plaifter and a ca- 
 taplafiu i or participating of all three, 
 viz. being partly itiade up of oils, 
 meals, pulps ; and partly of gums 
 and refmous things, that give a ftifF- 
 nefs and body to plaifters. And there- 
 fore a? all charges are only a kind of 
 Ibft or liquid piaifters, the antients 
 who fii ft contrived ihem,made greater 
 ufe of them than any other topic 
 whatever in all outward infirmities, 
 as being the beft adapted to creatures 
 that are covered with hair; and ftill 
 there is not any form of greater ufe or 
 iTiore univerfally approved of than 
 thtfe topics that go under the name 
 of charges. 
 
 Charges are of different intentions, 
 as are all other forms of outwaid -^p 
 plication ; Ibme being chiefly emol- 
 lient, others difcuffive, and (ome al- 
 togeth'r repellent, of which kind are 
 
 C H A 
 
 moft of thofe called cold charges ; 
 fome of which are alfo Itiled defen- 
 five or ftrengrhening. Their princi- 
 pal ufe is to heal parts that are weak- 
 ened hy falls, bruifes, ficknefs, or 
 any other kind of accident, where 
 the joints, nerves, ard finews are af- 
 flifled ; to bring down cold and 
 phlegmatic fwellirgs ; andfometimes 
 to diy up watery corruption?, which 
 create an ulcerous difpofition in the 
 legs and other parts of the body. 
 ' Take oil of turpentine one pint, 
 
 * and mix vvith it the powder of 
 ' wormwood ; lavender-flowers, a- 
 
 * grimony, :ind St. John's wort, of 
 
 * each two ounces ; put them over 
 
 * a charcoal fire in a Ikillet. and ftir 
 ' the.r well together tor a quarter of 
 
 * an hour j then add fenugrte^, and 
 ' linfeed in fine powder, of each two 
 
 * ounces; ointment of marfli-mal- 
 
 * lows, four ounces ; rectified oil of 
 ' amber, half a pint ; continue to ftir 
 
 * them, till they begin to thicken ; 
 
 * then take them off the fire, and add a 
 
 * pint of chamberlye, which has been 
 ' boiled to the thicknefs ofafyrup, 
 ' and make the whole into a charp-e'. 
 
 This charge is of the greateft fer- 
 vice imaginable in all cramps and 
 convulficns of the mufcles or finews, 
 and may therefore be applied with 
 good fuccefs to cure the ftring-halr, 
 before it comes to be of a very long 
 ftanding. It is alfo good in all pa- 
 ralytic nuinbneffes, and in all old 
 griefs in the finews and joints. 
 
 * Take old chamberlye, three pints j 
 
 * boil it over the fire to one pint, or 
 
 * till it grows thick ; then take black 
 
 * pitch, half a pound; melt it over 
 
 * the fire with a fufficient quantity of 
 
 * boar's greafe ; ftrain it thrr.ugh a 
 
 * clodi, that no dro!-^ or lumps re- 
 
 * main in it, and then pour it to the 
 
 * chamberlye, adding bean flour and 
 
 * bole armoniar in fine powcii, as 
 
 * n uch a> is fufficient to make it into 
 
 * the ccnfifttrcv of a charge'. 
 
 ' D This 
 
C H A 
 
 Thi« may be complied with to or- 
 dinary hories in all Itrains of the 
 fl^oul'Jers or hips, in the knees or 
 h?im<;, or paftern joints. The!"e ap- 
 plications, when they are made in 
 time, bv their cckinefs and aftrin- 
 gency, lo prefeive the tone of the 
 vt-fle's as to hinder them from yield- 
 ing to (he influx of the blood, by 
 which means they become all one as 
 a ftay to any part that is relaxed and 
 wenkened ; but they will be yet more 
 efFeclual to thofe parts when they can 
 alio admit of a bandqge. 
 
 * Take maftic, dragon's blood, 
 
 * myrrh, ai d gum tragacanth, of 
 
 * each an ounce ; common pitch, 
 
 * fix ounces ; red lead bole, and 
 
 * litharge in fine powder, of each 
 
 * two ounces ; boil all thefe in a 
 
 * fufHcient quantity of vinegar over 
 
 * a (low fire, until tliey grow rcpy ; 
 
 * then take them off, and add bole 
 
 * armoniac in fine powder wh.it is 
 
 * liifficient to make a charge'. 
 This is of great fervice to abate the 
 
 hear and inflammation that attend 
 ]:irge wounds ; being applied over 
 the drtfiings ; and is likewife very 
 good to cool the heat and inflamma- 
 tion of the eyes,, being laid all over 
 the hfa:l and temples. It v/i!l cure 
 any new firain with one applic^uicn, 
 imltfs it be very violent. It is alfo of 
 the greateil (ervice iinaginab!.; to cure 
 the gourdinels and fwel lings of a 
 horfe's leg^, if it has not been of a 
 long continuance, or can fed by the 
 foulnefs of ihe b!ood following fome 
 tiiieale: in which cafe it is never pro- 
 per to make ufe of repellent medi- 
 cine<5, or thofe whofe chief efficacy is 
 of thatibrf, but rather to ufe llich as 
 are warm andfpiriiuous, of which the 
 following is an example* 
 
 ' Take common turpentine, one 
 
 * pound J honey, half a pound ; 
 
 * fpirit ofwlne, one pint : mix them 
 < wdi together i then add flour of 
 
 * linleeU ar:d fenugreek, of each four 
 
 S 
 
 CHE 
 
 ' ounces ; camphire in powder, an 
 * ounce i wheat-flour, what is fuf- 
 ' fic.ent to make a charge'. A va- 
 riety of other charges may be met 
 with under their feveral names in the 
 courle of jhis work ; but the curious 
 reader is delired to confult, Gihfons 
 Farrier's Difpenfatory^ upon this lub- 
 jea. 
 
 CHASTISEMENTS, or Cor- 
 rections, are the levere and rigor- 
 ous tfFefts -jf the aids 5 for when the 
 aids are g'ven with ftverity, they be- 
 come punifliment>. GudUt. See the 
 article Corrections. 
 
 CIIAUSSE hop haiit, in the ma- 
 nage. A white looted horfe is faid to 
 be luch, when the white marks run 
 too hiah upon the legs. Quillet. 
 
 CHEST of a horfe^ the upper ca- 
 vity, fometimcs called the middle 
 belly or venter. See Bellt. 
 
 In the chefl: or upper cavity is con- 
 tained the pleura rnediaflinum, the 
 heart, and lungs, with a glandular 
 fubilance called the thymus, from 
 it> relemblance to a leaf of thyme. 
 This lies acroi's the upper part of the 
 brcail, and is like a fo't [)i]iow to the 
 lungs, especially in biutes, where it 
 is confiderably larger in proportion 
 than it is in men. 
 
 CHEaT-FouNDERiNG, a difea'e 
 in horfes which comes the neareft of 
 any to that which in the human body 
 is called a pleuri.'y, or peripneumonia, 
 whi'.h is an inflan^m tion of the lungs 
 or pleura, accompanied with pain and 
 difficulty of breathmg. Ste pLiiU- 
 R I s Y . 
 
 The cau^e is from all the fame 
 things that pror'uce a cold, as from 
 very hard riding or work of any kind, 
 when the blood is fizy 5 expofing a 
 horfe when he is hot to the cold aii-, 
 riding him at that time into cold wa- 
 ter, and letting him have cold wa- 
 ter to drink j and therefore it is fome- 
 times introduced by a cold, Giofoiis 
 Nc^ Farr. Guide. 
 
 The 
 
CHE 
 
 The figns of this diftemper are a 
 flaring coat, and heaving of the 
 flanks more than common. Mr.Gib- 
 fon mentions ftniting with pain, as 
 often as lie offers to move, to he one 
 of the fymptoms of chelt-fonndcring. 
 
 In the cure of this dilorder, bleed- 
 ing is recommended according lo the 
 horfe's llrength, age, &;c. to eafc his 
 difficulty cf ireathing-^ and in this 
 cafe Mr. Gibfon recommends opening 
 the flank, veins, or thofe of the infuie 
 of the thigh, to make a fevuKion, 
 though D . Bracken does not think it 
 very material. 
 
 AsCneit foundered horfes are mofl- 
 ly coflive,and of a hot and dry habit, 
 the Idft mentioned author thinks loft 
 food molt proper : that is, luch as 
 boiled barley, oats giound rough, 
 v*arm water with a good deal of o it- 
 meal in it, and the like. He does 
 not conceive that theie is any cccafion 
 for gly Iters, unlels the horfe i?, 
 according to the farrieis term, burnt 
 up in his body ; if that fhoald he 
 the cafe, he prefcribes the follow 
 iiig. * Take peliitcry of the wall, 
 
 * and mallow-leaves, each three 
 
 * handfuls ; fenugreek-feed bruiied, 
 
 * and arnifeed, each an ounce. Bo;l 
 
 * thefe well in a gallon of water to 
 
 * three quarts; then add oftheel- 
 
 * e61uary called caryocoltinum, two 
 
 * ounce?, and three ounces oi com- 
 
 * men oil.' 
 
 It you find the horfe in pain and 
 ftill of agony after he has been bled 
 and hsd a cly Iter injected, Mr. Gibfcn 
 directs (he foilowing drench to be 
 given him, to promote fvveaf. 
 
 * Take milk-water one pint and a 
 
 * half, treacle water half a pint, dif- 
 
 * !olve in the treacle water fix grains 
 
 * of canaphire ; afterwards add an 
 
 * ounce and a half of Venice treacle, 
 
 * or mithridate ; or two ounces of 
 
 * London treacle; mix all tog-.ther, 
 
 * and give it your horfe through a 
 
 * ho n.' Afterward':-, let 1 im be 
 walked a liule and well ch/tle^d, and 
 
 CHE 
 
 then let one of the following balls hz 
 given him twice a day, one in the 
 morning and another in the after- 
 noon, an hour before watering-time. 
 
 * Take conferve of red rofes, two 
 
 * ounces ; fpermaceti, one ounce ; 
 
 * iinfeedand fenugreek feed in pow- 
 
 * der, of each an ounce and a half; 
 
 * liquorice powder, two ounces : 
 Let thefe be made into four bal'?, 
 with as much fweet oil, or oil of fwect 
 almonds as is fuificient. 
 
 The ufe of thefe mud be continued 
 forfeveial days, and when the violent 
 fymptoms are abated, he may by de- 
 grees be inured to exercife, which 
 with a cleanfing diet will neift(5l the 
 cure. 
 
 CHEVALER, in the manage. 
 A horfe is laid to chevaler, when, in 
 paffaging upon a walk or trot, his 
 far fore leg crcffes or overlaps the O' 
 ther fore leg, every fecond time or 
 motion. Guillet. 
 
 CHEWING balls, a fort of balls 
 contrived for horfes to chew, not 
 fwallow at once ; not intended as 
 food, but as incentives to appetite, 
 and on other med.cinal occafions ve< 
 ry ufeful to the creature. The re- 
 c-ipt row molt efttCmed for thefe bal's 
 is this : take liver of antimony, and 
 of afTa foeiida, of each one pound ; 
 wood of the bay-tree, and juni})er 
 wood, of each half a pound ; pel- 
 litory of Spain, two ounces : Irt all 
 thefe be powdered together ; then add 
 as much fine grape-verjuice as is ne- 
 cefiary to makethe whc;h into a pai'te. 
 This is to be formed into halls of a- 
 bout an ounce and an half weight, 
 which are to be dried in the lun. 
 Thefe are the chewing balls, and thefe 
 are to be ufed one at a time, in the 
 following manner, The ball is to be 
 wrappeo u|) in a linen-rag, and a 
 thread is to be faftened to this, in 
 fuch manner that it may be tied to the 
 bit of the bridle, and kept in the 
 mouth : when the bridle is taken f ff, 
 D z the 
 
C H O 
 
 tVie horfe will immediately eat, and 
 when one ball is confumed another 
 is to be tied up, and put in its place 
 till the intent is anfwered. SoUeyfdll. 
 
 CHINE, in the manage, is ufed 
 frr the hack bone, or t!>e ridge of the 
 b:ick of a horfe. Guillet. 
 
 CHOLIC, FRET, or Gripes, 
 which, in the farriers terms though 
 very injiidicioufly, is meant to fignify 
 moll: of the difeales of the guts, is no 
 other than the pain that accompanies 
 all the particular dilbrders thc-fe parts 
 are liable to ; and therefore, when a 
 horfe is troubled with cholic pains, 
 the farrier ought diligently to enquire 
 into the true caufes thereot, for as 
 ro part is more fenfible than the guts, 
 any thing retained too long in them, 
 or any thing inje^eJ cr thrown out 
 in an over great quantity, will on 
 Ibme occalions bring a horfe into ex- 
 quifite torment. Gibfons Farr:er\~ 
 Guide. 
 
 The word cholic ftridly taken fig- 
 nifies dilbrdtrs of the colon only, but 
 now it is generally taken for any 
 painful di/brder of the ftomach in 
 troubled urine, whether jn man or 
 brute creatures. Bracken s Farriery 
 Impro-u'd. 
 
 There feems to be no diftemper fo 
 little undejllood by the common far- 
 riers as the cholic or gripes in horfes } 
 one general remedy or method ferv- 
 ing them in all cafes ; but as this dif- 
 order may be produced by very dif- 
 ferent caufes, the method of cure 
 mull alio vary, otherwife the intend 
 ed remedy injudicioufly applied will 
 not only aggravate the complaint, 
 but make it fatal. We fliall divide 
 this dilbrder inro three diftcrent fpe- 
 cies } the flatulent or windy, the 
 bilious or inflammatory, and the dry 
 gripes ; each of which we ftiall dii- 
 tinguifii by their different fymptoms, 
 and then point out the proper reme- 
 dies. 
 
 The flatulent or windy cholic is 
 
 C H O 
 
 thus known. The horfe is often ly- 
 ing down, and as fuddenly rifing a- 
 gam with a Hidden fpring : he ftrikes 
 his beily with his hinder feet, ftamps 
 with his fore-feet, and refufes his 
 meat : when the gripes are violent, 
 he will have convulfive twitches, his 
 eyes be turned up,andhislimbsftretch- 
 ed out, as if dying ; hhs ears and feet 
 being alternately very hot and cold ; 
 befalls into profufe Iweats, and then 
 into cold damps, ftrives often toftale 
 and turns his head frequently to his 
 flanks ; he then falls down, rolls a- 
 bout, and often turns on his back j 
 this lalt fymptom proceeds from a 
 ftoppage of urine that always attends 
 this Ibrt of cholic, which may be in- 
 creafed by a load of dung prefTing on 
 the neck of the bladder. 
 
 Thefe are the general fymptoms of 
 cholic and gripes from wind, drink- 
 ing cold water when hot, and when 
 the perfpirable matter is retained or 
 thrown on the bowels by catching cold j 
 in all which cafes they are violently 
 difcended. Cubbing horfes are more 
 particularly fubjeft to this complamt, 
 by reafon they are conltantly fucking 
 in great quantities of air. 
 
 In the cure of this diforder, the 
 firft intention is to empty the ftrait 
 gut with a fmall hand dipt in oil, 
 which frequently makes way for the 
 confined wind to difcharge itfelf j and 
 by enfing the neck of the bladder, the 
 fupprefTion of urine is taken off, and 
 the horfe fUles and gets eale. See 
 the article Back-rakiNg. 
 
 Farriers generally ttrike a fleam 
 into the bjrs of a horfes mouth, 
 which feems to be of little or noufe : 
 for where a quantity of blood is in- 
 tended to be taken away, the vef- 
 fels of this part are neither large 
 nor numerous enough to furnifh it, 
 fo that it is more eligible to take it 
 from the neck-vein j and is always 
 proper in full, fanguine, plethoric 
 y^ung horfes. The following ball 
 a and 
 
C H O 
 
 and clyfter feldom fail of giving re- 
 lief in thefe cafes. ' Take ftrafbiirgh 
 
 * or veniceturpentine,and juniper ber- 
 
 * ries pounded, of each half an ounce; 
 
 * fait prunella or fall petre, an ounce: 
 
 * oil of juniper, one dram j fait of 
 
 * tartar, two drams ; make into a 
 
 * ball with any fyrup : it may be 
 
 * given whole and waflieddown with 
 
 * a deco6lion of juniper berries, or a 
 
 * horn or two of ale.' 
 
 If the horie does not break wind 
 or dale plentifully, he will find no 
 relief: therefore in an hour or two 
 give him another ball, and add to it 
 a dram of fait of amber, which may 
 be repeated a third time if found ne- 
 ceflary. During the fit, the horfe 
 may be vi^alked and trotted gently, 
 but fhould by no means be haraffed 
 beyond his ability, or dragged a- 
 bout till he is jaded. 
 
 The following glyfter may be given 
 between the balls, or alone ; and re- 
 peated occafionally. * Take cha- 
 
 * momile flowers two handfuls ; a- 
 
 * nife, coriander, and fennel-feeds, 
 
 * of each an ounce ; long pepper, 
 
 * half an ounce ; boil in three quarts 
 
 * of water to two, and add Daffy's 
 
 * Elixir or gin, half a pint ; oil of 
 
 * amber, half an ounce ; and oil of 
 
 * chamomile, eight ounces, "■ 
 
 The fubfequent balls and drink are 
 alfo very proper for this purpofe, and 
 to remove gripes occafioned by drink- 
 ing cold water, when hot, or catch- 
 ing cold after violent exercife. * Take 
 
 * powder ofanife, cumin and fen- 
 
 * nel feeds, of each half an ounce ; 
 
 * camphor, two drams ; pellitory of 
 
 * Spain, one dram ; oil of juniper, 
 « fifty drops ; make into a ball with 
 
 * any fyrup, and wafli it down with 
 
 * a horn or two of ale.' 
 
 For a drink. ' Take mithridate, 
 
 * or Venice treacle, two ounces; Ma- 
 
 * thew's pill, two drams ; camphor, 
 
 * one dram, dilTolvcd in a little Tpl- 
 . * lit of wine j powder of frefli an- 
 
 C H O 
 
 * nifeed, one ounce ; or the fam^ 
 
 * quantity of the cordial ball dif- 
 
 * folved in a pint and half of ale.' 
 The figns of a horfe's recovery are 
 
 his lying quiet, without ftarting or 
 tumbling; and his gathering up his 
 legs, and ceafing to lafii out; and 
 if he continues an hour in this quiet 
 pofture you may conclude all danger 
 is over. 
 
 The next fpecies of cholic we fhall 
 defcribe is the bilious, or inflamma- 
 tory, which, befides moft of the pre- 
 ceding fymptoms, is attended wiih 
 a fever, great heat, panting, and dri- 
 nefs of the mouth, the horfe alfo ge- 
 nerally throws out a little loofe dung, 
 with a hot fcalding water, w ichwhen 
 it appears blackifli or of a redifh co- 
 lour, and fetid fmell, denotes an ap- 
 proaching mortification. 
 
 In this cafe, the horfe fliould im- 
 mediately be bled, to the quantity of 
 three quarts ; and it (hould be re- 
 peated if the fymptoms do not abate 
 in a few hours. The emollient clyf- 
 ter, with two ounces of nitre diffolved 
 in it, fhculd be thrown up twice a 
 day, to cool the inflamed bowels j 
 plenty of gum arable water fliould be 
 taken, and a pint of the following 
 drink given every two or three hours, 
 till feveral loofe flools are procured ; 
 and then it fliould be given only night 
 and moining, till the dilbider is re- 
 moved. * Take fenna, three oun- 
 
 * ces ; fait of tartar, half an ounce ; 
 
 * infufe in a quart of boiling water 
 
 * an hour or two ; then ftrain off, and 
 
 * add two ounces of lenitive ele6lua- 
 
 * ry, and four of Glauber's Salts. 
 
 If this diforder is not removed by 
 thefe means, but the inflammation 
 and fever increafe, attended with a 
 difcharge of a flefh coloured water, 
 the event will moft probably be f^tal ; 
 and the chief thing to be depended 
 on now muft be a Itrong deco61ion of 
 Jefults baik, given to the quantity of 
 a pint every three hours, with a gill 
 D 3 of 
 
C H O 
 
 of red port wine. A quart of the 
 lame may be uied for a glylier, with 
 two ounce', of Venice tu: pentine dif- 
 f ;lved with the yolks of two eggs, 
 an ounce of diafcordium and a pint 
 ct red wine, and given twice a day j 
 ir the horfe recovers, give two or 
 three mild rhubarb purges. 
 
 To a horie of little value, give the 
 following, which in thefe caies have 
 been lound fuccefsful. * Tal:e dia- 
 
 * pente, one ounce j diafcordium, 
 
 * half an ounce; myrrh in powder, 
 
 * two drams j make it into a ball 
 
 * with two or three drams of oil of 
 
 * air.ber, to be given twice or thrice 
 
 * a day.' 
 
 The laft we fliall defcribe is the dry 
 gripes, or the cholic which aril'es of- 
 ten from coftiven'^rs ; it is difcovered 
 by the horfe's frequent and fruitlels 
 motion to dung 5 the blacknefs and 
 hardnefs of the dung ; the frequent 
 and quick motion of his tail, the high 
 colour of his urine, and his great 
 reftleflnefs and uneafmeis. In this 
 cafe the flrait gxit fliould be examined 
 and emptied with a fmall hand oiltd 
 properly for that purpofe ; and the 
 following emolient oily gly iter fliould 
 be thrown up twice a day. * Take 
 
 * marfh mallows, and chamomile 
 
 * flowers, each a large handful ; bay- 
 
 * berries, and fweec fennel feeds 
 
 * bruifcd, each an ounce ; boil in a 
 
 * gallon of water to three quarts ; 
 
 * pour off into a pan, and diflolve in 
 
 * it half a pound of treacle, and a 
 
 * pint of linfeed oil ; or any common 
 
 * oil.' To make it more laxative, 
 add four ounces of lenitive electuary, 
 or the fame quantity of cream of tar- 
 tar or common purging falts. 
 
 After this, the above purging drink 
 dire61ed to be given in the bilious 
 cholic, fhould be given till the bow- 
 els are unloaded, and the fymptoms 
 removed. 
 
 The diet for a horfe in the gripes 
 fliould he fcalded bran, warm water- 
 grue!, or white water made by dif- 
 
 C H O 
 
 folving four ounces of gum arable In 
 a quart of water, and mixing it with 
 his other water. 
 
 From this hiilory and d^vifion of 
 gripes and cholics, with their dif- 
 ferent treatment, it appears how ab- 
 folutely necellary it is, they fliould 
 be well undei flood, in order to be 
 managed llcifully 5 it is plain tco 
 that violent hot medicines fliould ia 
 every f^)ecies of this diforderbe guard- 
 ed againd, and given with great cau- 
 tion and difcretion, even in the firll 
 kind of flatulent cholic, where in- 
 deed they can only be wanted : yet 
 too often when prepared by farriers 
 vv'ith oil of turpentine, geneva, pep- 
 per, and brine, &c. they even in- 
 creafe that diforder, by flimulatlng 
 the neck of the bladder too forcibly, 
 heating the blood, and inflaming the 
 bowels, till a mortification is brought 
 on them. Thele are in general the 
 conftant appearances of hoi'ies that die 
 of this dilbrder, whofe bowels being 
 examined for that purpofe, have been 
 found inflamed, full of red and li- 
 vid fpots, Ibmetimes quite black 
 cril'ped with extream heat, and rot- 
 ten. Bartlet's Farriery. 
 
 CHOPS, CLEFTS, or Rifts, 
 are maladies in the palate of an hor- 
 fe's mouth, caufed either by eating 
 coarfe and rough hay full of thiflles 
 and other prickly fluff, or by fcul 
 provender, full of fharp feeds, which, 
 by frequent pricking the bars of his 
 mouth, caufes them to wrinkle and 
 breed corrupt blood, which may turn 
 to a canker 5 and which, if it fliould 
 fo happen, is to be cured as a canker : 
 but to prevent it, wafii his mouth 
 with vinegar and fait ; and anoint it 
 v/ith honey. For the removing of 
 thefe dilletnpers, pull out his tongue, 
 flice it with an inciflon knife, and 
 thurfl: out the kernels or corruption, 
 then waflithe parts as before dire6fed. 
 But to prevent their coming at all, 
 the belt way is to wafli his mouth and 
 tongue ofien with wine, beer, or a!e. 
 Chops, 
 
C L A 
 
 Chops, or Cracks, happen alfo 
 i'l a horle's leg on the bought of the 
 paftern, accompanied with pain and 
 a very noilbme (tench j being f'oine- 
 times occafioned by a fliarp mahg- 
 nant humour, that frels the Ikin. In 
 this cafe, fliave awa}''the hair fiom 
 the fore place, in order to keep it 
 clean ; an.l applying the white honey 
 "charge, or Coachman's ointment, it 
 AA/ill f^cedily heal the chops'' the ap- 
 plication be conftantly renewed. Ri{f- 
 tic DiSi. See the articles Honey 
 Charge, Coachman's Oint- 
 ment, Cracks m the Heels , and 
 Scratches. 
 
 CLAP 171 the hackfinenxi, in far- 
 riery, is properly fpeakmg, the name 
 of an ailment which proceeds from an 
 overftretched tendon. When an horfe 
 overreaches in his walk or trot, he 
 is apt to flrain the back fmewp, but 
 moltly by geting his foot into a hole 
 in the road : for when he does this, 
 and has a heavy weight upon his back 
 beyond his natuial fh'ength; he of- 
 ten catches himfelf fo hallily upon 
 tumbling, that he ftrains the back 
 fmew or tendon behind his fore leg. 
 The cure of this misfortune is beft 
 accomplifhed by cooling ap[>lications, 
 fuch as the following. * Take of 
 *■ bole armoniac, four ounces ; whites 
 
 * of eggs, number ten ; ftir thefe 
 
 * well, and add thereto as much 
 
 * flrong port vinegar, either white or 
 
 * red, as will make it to the confift- 
 
 * ence of a pretty IlifF poultice \ and 
 
 * apply it upon thin leather all a- 
 
 * long the fmew, and part affe61ed, 
 
 * after the leg has been well bathed, 
 
 * and walhed with warm water, and 
 
 * wiped dry with an eafy hand. ' 
 Claps in the back finews, or in other 
 words, relaxed fibres, are curable in a 
 longer or fliorter fpace of time, ac- 
 
 ^cording to the degree of afficlion : 
 that is, if the finew is much (trained, 
 and a ilu.x of humours brought on oc- 
 caf'oned by the tenfion and heat of 
 
 C L O 
 
 the parts, in this cafe reft and time, 
 together with a wide ftrjl or turning 
 out to grafs, is the beft cuje, pro- 
 vided we firft bleed the horfe in any 
 part of the body, and lefTen the quan- 
 tity, and thereby prevent that fluid 
 from acquiring too much of a fever- 
 ifli heat, which otherwife it would be 
 apt to do from pain and reftleflnefs, 
 the two infeparable companions of a 
 Itrained hnew. 
 
 There are many degrees of a clap 
 in the fmews, and fbme there aie that 
 can fcarce ever be cured, although 
 fi.ing and biiltering have been made 
 ufeofj for although the horie may 
 ftep upright upon his lam.e leg yet, 
 when he comes to hard pinching, the 
 cord will again give way : but this is 
 when a horfe has been let down, or 
 broken down in the fmews, fo as 
 that his footlock almoft touches the 
 ground, when he was upon his walk. 
 Bracke'ns Pocket-Farrier. 
 
 Few fevere claps are' cured in lefs 
 time than a year, fo as to (land ex- 
 ercife : but a (light clap, or more 
 properly called an over (tretched fi- 
 new, may and will go off in lefs time, 
 even without any application to the 
 leg. Bracken's Remarks on Burdens 
 Farrier. 
 
 CLEFTS, orCRACKs ?V; the keels. 
 See the articles Chops, Cracks, 
 Scratchls, Scars, Sec. 
 
 CLOSf^- Behind, is faid of a 
 horfe, whofe hams are nearer each 
 other than the feet, efpecially thofe 
 parts of the hams called the hocks j 
 and the diftance ftiil enlarging to- 
 wards the feet. Such bowlegged 
 liorfes are oftentimes good, yet they 
 generally have a weak hind- hand ; 
 and in great defcents are apt to (Irike 
 their hams againft each other. 
 
 To CLOSE a Pajfadcjujily, is when 
 a horfe ends the paffade with a de- 
 mivoit in good order, well narrowed 
 and roundt;d, and terminates upon the 
 fame line he parted, fo that he is (till in 
 
 D 4 a con? 
 
C O A 
 
 condition to part from the hand hand- 
 fomely, at the very laft time or mo- 
 tion of his demivolt. 
 
 CLYSTER, or Glyster, See 
 the article ©LYSTER. 
 
 COACH-HORSE. In chufing a 
 coach-horfe, which is called the 
 iWift draught, let hi=; fliape be tall, 
 bro^d, and well furniftied \ not grois 
 with much fiefh, but from the large- 
 nefs ot his bones ; his neck fliould be 
 ftrong, his breaft broad, his chine 
 large, his limbs found and clean, and 
 his hoofs tough. The laige Engiifti 
 geldings are reckoned the beft coach- 
 horfes, nnd the Flemifh are the next ; 
 the ftrong ftone-horfes are tolerable. 
 
 Coach- horfes muft have a good 
 drefling twice a day, hay and pro- 
 vender their belly full, and litter 
 enough to tumble in ; they fhould be 
 wafhed and walked after travelling ; 
 their beft food is fweet hay, or well 
 dried beans and oats, or bean bread. 
 The Itrength of their fhoes, and the 
 galling of their harnefs, ihould be 
 looked after j their legs (hould be 
 kept clean, efpecially about thtir 
 jiinder feet, and they mull ftand in 
 the houie warmly cloathed. Rujiic 
 Dia. 
 
 COACHMAN'S Ointment, a me- 
 dicine ufed for the cure of lores in 
 legs that are not gourdy, for mules, 
 clefts J and rat- tails. * Take com- 
 
 * mon honey and powder of copperas, 
 
 * of each a pound and a half ; and 
 
 * mingle them in a pot over a gentle 
 
 * fire J ftirring them ccnftantlv, till 
 
 * they begin to boil, when inftantly 
 ^ you are to take cfr the pot ; and 
 ' vvhen the matter is half cold, to 
 
 * add an ounce of arfenic powdered.' 
 This done, fet it on the fire again, 
 ftirring it till it begins to boil ; then 
 taking it off, continue to ftir it, till 
 it grows cold, but fo as to avoid the 
 jf^oifome and unhealthy frnell that 
 JiTues from it. 
 
 With this medicine, the part af- 
 
 C O F 
 
 fe£led is to be flightly anointed once 
 every two days, after it has been 
 Ihaved and rubbed with a wifp. 
 Rujlic Dia. 
 
 CODS, ov Stores fujelled, a ma- 
 lady in horfes thrtt comes many ways, 
 either by wounds, blows, bruifes, or 
 bad humours, which corrupt the mais 
 of blood that falls down to the cods, 
 or from a rupture : it Ibmetimes alfo 
 happens from a redundancy of feed. 
 See the article Testicles. 
 
 For the cure, take bole armoniac 
 reduced to a fine powder; vinegar, 
 and whites of eggs well beaten to- 
 gether, and anoint the part with it 
 daily, or rather twice a day, till the 
 fwelling abates. RiiJiicDiSI. 
 
 But if the fwelling and inflamma- 
 tion continue, bleed him plentifully, 
 and apply a foftening emoilent cata- 
 plafm, made of white bread ar^d 
 milk with ointment of poplar buds, 
 &c. Let his legimen be of the cool- 
 ing kind, keep his body lax by an 
 emollient clyftcr with nitre. Some 
 recommend b.Tthing bitten orbruifed 
 cods with warm whey morning and 
 evening, for three or four days, and 
 afterwards anoint them with populeon 
 till you find the fwelling allayed. 
 Rem.ember to keep the tefticles iwi^- 
 pended with a linnen cloth made in 
 the manner of a pu;fe, fo as to draw 
 ever them with eafe : when the in- 
 flammation and fwelling is abated, 
 apply the common charge of foap snd 
 brandy to it very hot. If, notwith- 
 ftanding thefe endeavours to difperie 
 the fwelhng- it fliould impofthumate, 
 where you find it foft, open it with a 
 hot iron, or incifion knife, and heal 
 it with green ointment. \{' it hap- 
 pens that the firings are fo torn as to 
 be pa ft cure, geld him. 
 
 COFFIN, a Hooy of a horfe, is 
 all the horn that appears when he 
 has his foot fet to the ground. See 
 the article Hoof. 
 
 COFFIN-BONE is that which 
 lies 
 
COL 
 
 lies within the hoof, as in a coffin ; 
 it is round upwards, where it receives 
 the little paftern, but grows broader 
 and thinner towards its bottom ; it 
 is of a porous open contexture, like 
 a piece of loaf-lugar, and is eafily 
 pierced, and often wounded when 
 horfes happen to take up nails or 
 other fharp things upon the ftreets, 
 to which accidents they are often 
 liable ; and are more eafily cured, 
 than if that bone was hard and folid. 
 Gihfon s Difeafes of Horfes. 
 
 li in fandcracks or quittors, or 
 other diforders of the hoof, the mat- 
 ter by its confinement has rotted the 
 coffin bone, which from its fott and 
 fpungv nature is eafily done, the 
 opening mull be enlarged, and the 
 rotten flefh cut away i then apply 
 the aflual cautery, or hot iron, 
 pointed pyramidically, and drefs the 
 bone with doffils of lint dipped in 
 tinflure of myrrh, and the wound 
 with the green or precipitate oint- 
 ment. Bartlefs Farriery, See 
 
 QUITTORS. 
 
 COFFIN-JOINT is where the 
 paftern Joins the foot. See the ar- 
 ticles Pastern and Foot. 
 
 VVIien the coffin joint is drained, 
 a horfe oftentimes continues a long 
 time lame, without difcovermg 
 where the lamenefs lies, becaufe at 
 firif a horfe does not favour it much, 
 upon the bending of the foot, only 
 upon planting his foot upon the 
 ground j but in time there will grow 
 fiich a liiffnefs in that joint, that he 
 will only touch the ground with his 
 toe ; and it will beimpoffible to pl:iy 
 the joint with one's hand. The only 
 metiiod alio to remove this ftiffnefs is 
 hiifteiing and firing, which often 
 fucceeds, unlef? the (tiiTneis and con- 
 traftion has been of a Inpg llanciing. 
 GlhfoTis Difcafes ofHoyjls. 
 
 COLD. By taking cold is meant 
 that the pore? and outlets of the fkin, 
 ('•vhich in a naturai healthy ftate of 
 
 COL 
 
 body, are continually breathing out 
 a fine fluid, like the fleam arifing 
 from hot water, or fmoke from fire) 
 are fo far fnut up, that theie fleams 
 or perfpirable matter, not having a 
 free palTage through them, are hin- 
 dered from going off in the ul'ual 
 manner; the coni'equence of which 
 is, their recoiling on the blood, vi- 
 tiating its quality, overfilling the 
 velTels, and afFcclingihe head, glands, 
 or kernels of the neck and throat, 
 the lungs ^nd other principal parts. 
 Bartlefs Farrie-fj, 
 
 Mr. Gibfon lays, that a cold is a 
 flagnation cf the pores, but he/hould 
 have faid, that it was occafioned by 
 the perfpirahle matter Itagnating in 
 the body : however, his next remark 
 makes fufficient amends for this mi- 
 ftake, when he fays, * That colds are 
 
 * often occafioned through negle6l of 
 
 * rubbing off the fweat, after hard 
 
 * exercife, which flrikes a chilnefs 
 
 * and damp over the whole body.' 
 Bracken's Farriery. 
 
 To enumerate the various caufes 
 cf colds would be endlefs ; the mcft 
 ufual are riding horles till they are 
 hot, and fuffering them to ftand in 
 that condition where the air is cold 
 and piercing ; removing a horfe 
 from a Iiot liable to a cold one, and 
 too fuddenly changing his cloathing : 
 hence it is that horfes often catch 
 fuch fevere colds after they come out 
 of dealers hand?. 
 
 The figns of a horfe's catching 
 cold are a cough, heavinefs, and 
 duilnefs, which atfeft him more or 
 lefs in proportion to the ftverity of 
 it ; the eycs are fometiines moift and 
 watery ; the kernels about the ears 
 and under the jaws fwell ; the nofe 
 gleets, and l)e rattles in his breath- 
 ing ; and when the cold is violent, 
 the horfe will be fevei ifli, his flanks 
 work, pnd he will both loath his hot 
 meat, and reiufe his water. When 
 theft lad fymptoms are attg^ded wi:h 
 a flimy 
 
COL 
 
 s flimy mniith, ears, and feet cold, 
 and a grer^t inward forcneis there is 
 tisnc^er of a bad fever. But when 
 the horfe coughs llrcn^, fnv-srts sfter 
 it, is but little off I'.is Itomach, pricks 
 lip his ears, and moves bnikly in his 
 itall, dunss and {tales freely, his 
 fkin feels kindly, ard his coat does 
 not ftare, he is in no danger, and 
 theiewill be nooccafion formcdicines 
 cf anykir.d: but you fliould bleed 
 him abjut two quarts, keep him 
 warm, and give him feeds of fcaldrd 
 bian, witii as much waim water as 
 he wil! dri. k, in order to dilute his 
 blojd. 
 
 If the difoider fliould increafe, the 
 horfe feel hot, and refufe his meat, 
 Weed him ; if a (hong one, tjvo 
 quarts or more j and if you are not 
 lailsfied without giving medicires, 
 avoid as you would do poifon a fu-- 
 lici's drench j (which is generally 
 comnoied ot fon.e hot, naufecus 
 powdeis, given in aqumtiy of ale ; 
 which too oiten increafes the fever, 
 by oveihe.ning the b'ocd, and pa'ls 
 the lioife's liomach by its luathfome- 
 refs) and jnflead of it, infufe two 
 ounces of annifeeds, v\ith a dram of 
 faffron in a pint and a half of boiling 
 water ; }>our cfr the clear, and dif- 
 (olve in it four ounces of honey, to 
 which may be added four fpoontuls 
 of i'allad oil ; this drink may be given 
 eveiy n^ght j or one ot the following 
 bails, p ovided there is no fever, 
 in which cafe, it alwa5S will be more 
 eligible to give two or three ounces of 
 ritie or fait pruntlla every day in his 
 feeds, or water, till it is removed ; 
 but (hould the horfe be inclined to 
 coflivenels, remen ber that his body 
 fliould -be kept open by emollient 
 glvfteiS, or cream of tartar diffo'ved 
 in liis wa'er, to the quantity of three 
 or four ounces a day. 
 
 * Take ot the frefn powders of an- 
 
 * nifeed, el^camp'^ne, carriway, li- 
 
 * quoiice, lunutiic, arid i'iuwer of 
 
 COL 
 
 * brimftone, each three ounces j 
 
 * juice of liquorice, four ounces, dif- 
 
 * Iclvcd in a fufiicient quantity' of 
 
 * mountam ; fafiVon powdered, half 
 
 * an ouiire ; failad oil and honey, 
 
 * each half a pound j oil of annifed, 
 
 * an ounce; mi >c together with wheat 
 
 * flour enough to make into a parte.' 
 Or, Take the following from Dr. 
 
 Brackeji. 
 
 * Take annifeed, carraway (eed, 
 
 ' and greater cardamoius finely pow- 
 
 * dtred, of each one ounce ; flower 
 
 * of-brimffone, two ounces ; turmeric 
 
 * in fine powder, one ounce and a 
 
 * half: faffron, two iframs ; Spanifh 
 
 * juice difTolvedin water, two ounces} 
 
 * oil of annifeed, half an ounce j 
 
 * liquorice powder, one ounce and 
 
 * a half J wheat flour a fufH:ient 
 
 * quantity to make a paf!e, by beat- 
 
 * mg all the ingredients well in a 
 
 * mortar.' 
 
 Thefe balls conful of warm open- 
 ing ingredients, and given in a finall 
 quantity, about the fize of a pullet's 
 ^gg) will encourage a free perfpira- 
 tion } but in cafe of a fever, fliould 
 be cautioufly continued. They are 
 much more efficacious, and in all 
 cafes fuperior to the farrfe: s drenches, 
 if di'Jolved in a pint of warm ale. 
 
 This fimplti method, with good 
 nurfmg arid hot maOies, warm water 
 and cloathing, efpecially about the 
 head and throat, which promotes the 
 running at ihe noftrils, will anfwer 
 in moit fudden colds ; and when the 
 horfe feeds hi^artily and fnorts after 
 coughing, moderate exercife every 
 day wiii haflen his recovery. 
 
 The fcalded bran fliouid be put 
 hot into the manger : for the Iteams 
 conduce not a little to promote a run- 
 ning at the no!e, which is often very 
 plentiful, and greatly forwards fhe 
 cure J his manger fliould be kept 
 clean, by filling it with ftraw j his 
 hay well iliook, and fprinkled with 
 water, and given in fraall quantities ; 
 
 foi- 
 
COL 
 
 for his breathing at this time taints 
 the hav, and then he will not touch 
 it. To a horfe loaded with fit Hi, a 
 rowel may Ibmetimes be rectfiary j 
 as may alio a gentle purge cr two, 
 to (bme, when the diltemper is gone 
 oft. Bartlcf's Farriery. 
 
 Dr. Brarken obftrves, that nothing 
 cold ftiou'd be given to a horfe to 
 drink upon his perfpiration being ob- 
 flruiled, or in other words, upon his 
 having cnught ccld ; for luch things 
 are oppofite to the main intention of 
 cure, viz. promoting perfpiration : 
 therefore, give him water milk warm 
 for a few days, which will do much 
 better by mixing a little oatmeal wi-.h 
 it j or rather, if the horfe wiij drink 
 it, the d 6^tcr recommends iome of 
 his cordial ball, as prefcribed ir> his 
 notes upon Captain Burden's Pccket 
 Farrier. Mr. Gibfon dirt8s ial pru • 
 reliae or purified nitre to be infufed 
 in the water, and of this do6tor 
 Bracken highly approves. 
 
 If a hoifs has got a cold in his 
 head, Dr. Bracken thinks that pa- 
 tience and warm clothing are very 
 requifite, byreafon the matter of the 
 diitemper requires time to afTimulate, 
 or gather together in fuch quantity 
 as that it may, with the greviteft e?ife 
 to nature, be dilcharged'through the 
 rofe ; when the nofe begins to run 
 ever fo little, he thirks "it proper to 
 blow through a quill up his nolhils 
 fome of the following fneezing pow- 
 der, which maybe repealed tv^ice or 
 thrice a day, till the running gra- 
 dually ceafes. The powder is this : 
 
 * Take of the leaves of the herb 
 
 * afTarabacca dried, half an ounce } 
 
 < white hellebore, one drachm j pow- 
 
 < der them well, and keep them in a 
 
 * bottle clofe licpped tor ule.' 
 Epidemical Colds, which fre- 
 
 qu-^nrly feize young hcrfes efpecially, 
 are often fo far from proving deadly, 
 that, with proper care, they tend 
 great'y to ths improvsment of a 
 
 COL 
 
 horfe's health and conftitut'or, by 
 rendering fuch horfes more hardy and 
 durable afterwards, ard recoverirg 
 many horfes to perfefl foundneis that 
 before v/ere full of complain-s. 
 
 In epidemical colds the. glands 
 about the throat and thofe under the 
 ears are more inflated than in com- 
 mon and accidental cold?, and wheie 
 a hoiffc's conttitution is good, and 
 his blood no way vitiated before, may 
 he cured as other colds ; only that 
 his her.d and neck ought to be mere 
 carefully covered and k pt waim, to 
 promote a conftant breathing in thofe 
 parts. About the end o: the year 
 1732, there was a very remaikble. 
 difiemper of this kind among the 
 horfes in London, and in fevfral 
 other parts of the kingdom. They 
 werefeized fuddenlywith a vehement, 
 dry founding cough, which fiiook 
 them fo violently, that fome of them 
 were often ready to drop down with 
 hard ftraining, and want of breath j 
 their throats were raw and fore ; 
 many of them had kernels (welled, 
 and painful to the touch. This dil- 
 temper, though no way mortal, yet 
 was fo very catching, that when any 
 horfe was feized with it, thofe that 
 flood on each hand of him were ge- 
 nerally infecled as foon as he began 
 to run at the nofe, which he did ge- 
 nerally the third day, in fo profufe a 
 manner for five or fix days, that ibm,e 
 horfes in that tiine difcharged as 
 much as two or three pails would 
 hold of purulent matter, which how- 
 ever was generally of a laudable co- 
 loiu^ and good confluence. 
 
 The method followed in curing 
 this malady was firlf to bleed the 
 horfe plentifully ; after which fo*t 
 balfamics mixed with deterlives, fuch 
 as the following drinks v/ere ad- 
 miniilred, viz. ' C-oltsfoot, hyffop, 
 
 < and chamomile flowers, of each a 
 
 < handful ; frefli linfeed, and garlic, 
 « of each an ounce j liqitorice root 
 
 « tut 
 
e o L 
 
 ^ cnt Into thin flice?, the fame quan- 
 
 * titv ; of fafTron, half an ounce in- 
 
 * fufed in two quarts of boiling v*?a- 
 
 * ter, one half tor the morning, and 
 
 * the other for the afiernoon.' With 
 thefe were given balls made of the 
 warm aromatic perioral powders 
 mixed with honey, bilfam of ful- 
 phur, and oil of annifsed j and hav- 
 ing allowed the horfe plenty of water 
 to dilure his blood, the cure was per- 
 fected by air and moderate exercife. 
 In fome feafons, the Ipring colds 
 among the young horfes are accom- 
 panied with an epidemical fever, 
 efpecially about the time of (liedding 
 their teeth, and putting out their 
 tufliesj and without fome care and 
 diligence be ufed, thefe colds are apt 
 to'ieave an ugly taint behind them, 
 a continuance of the cough, or a re- 
 laxation of the kernels under the 
 jaws, with a too great moillure and 
 fnottinefs of the nofe, which fome- 
 times turn t •> the glanders. Gibjofi's 
 Dlfeafes of Horfes. 
 
 COLIC, or Cholic. See the ar- 
 ticle Cholic. 
 
 COLLAR BONES are two in 
 rmmber, in the fl\ape of an Italic/, 
 viz. one on eich fide: by one end, 
 they are united to the uppermod rack 
 bones ; and by the other, to the upper 
 part of the llernon or brealt bonr, by 
 little heads which enter the cavities 
 of thofe bones ; whereas thofe in men 
 a:e joined to the fliouldcr, and a/Till 
 in its motion, by a paiti;:ular mecha- 
 nifni : but in a horfe, ihev are of ufe 
 to fupport the flioulder blades, and 
 keep them from Hiding forwards, 
 Gihfon's Difeafes of Horfs. 
 
 COLOUR of an 'horfe. Scarce 
 any author, who wrote upon fan ieiy, 
 has neglt(51ed to give his opinion con- 
 cerning the different difpolitions of 
 liorfes of one colour or another. 
 Though indeed thefe fignatures are 
 T^ot always to be depended' o-i, it is 
 however neceffary to deh'ver the fen- 
 
 COL 
 
 timents of authors upon it ; notwith- 
 ftanding the late duke of Newcaftle, 
 who was a very good author in this 
 way, feems to have fo far got the 
 better of prejudice, as not in the leaft 
 to regard the colour of a horfe in any 
 refped, hefides its being conducive 
 or o'herwile to his beauty. This is 
 thought to have been running too far 
 into another extreme, fmce moft au- 
 thors are of opinion, that fome indi- 
 cation of a horfc's goodnef«, as well 
 as his ill nature, may be drawn from 
 his colour, as well ;is from his marks, 
 more efpecially of the firft : for as 
 men's tempers and inclinations may 
 be gueffrd at from their complexions, 
 &;c, even fb may we form a judgment 
 relating to this particular in horfes. 
 
 The fieur de Solleyfell tells us, 
 that the dappled grey, the daik for- 
 rel, the brown bay, the roan with a 
 dark head, and the flea-bitten grey, 
 or ftarling colour, are the belt, as 
 they partake of an uniform mixture 
 of the four humours, viz. phlegm, 
 melaijchoiy, bile or choler, and 
 blood , and therefore, if a horfe have 
 a mixture of the white, the black, 
 the fonel, and the bay, he mud be 
 concluded a durable and good horfe \ 
 and as without doubt, all animal bo- 
 dies contain the four kinds of hu- 
 mours mentioned, a due and equita- 
 ble mixture of them will m^ke the 
 bell hoife. But let us hear Mr. Gib- 
 fon upon this fuhjeil. 
 
 The chief and principal colours are 
 the bay, the chefiuit, the black, the 
 brown, the dappled grey, and forrel : 
 for t!ie white is for the mod part ori- 
 ginally g>ey, and turns fooner or later 
 into v^hite, as his limbs happen to 
 be lighter or daiker; and the light 
 grey colts that grow the fooneft 
 white, iiave generally little or no 
 dark mixture about their joints. 
 
 The bays are of various degrees, 
 
 from the light.ft hay to the dark. 
 
 That approaches the neareft to the 
 
 brown, 
 
COL 
 
 brown, but is always more fhlning 
 and gay. 
 
 The bright bay is an exceeding 
 beautiful colour, becaufe he has often 
 a reddifh dafli with a gilded afpefl ; 
 his mane and tjil bl?ck, with a biaclc 
 or dark lift down his back. Alfo 
 the middle colours of bays have often 
 the black lift with black mane and 
 tail ; and the dark bTys have almoft 
 always their knees and paflerns black j 
 and we meet with feveral Ibrts cf bays 
 that have their whole liirbs black, 
 from their knees and hocks down- 
 wards. The bay is one cf the beft 
 colours, and horfes of all the difFerent 
 kinds of bays are commonly good, 
 unle's when accidents happen tolpoil 
 them while they are colts. 
 
 The true chefnut is generally of 
 One colour, without any fnade or 
 gradation. His hairs are often com- 
 pounded of three colours, the rcot 
 light, the middle dark, and the points 
 of a pale brown, which makes an 
 agreeable mixture ; and differs from 
 the forrel in this, that the mixture of 
 the chefnut is not fo diftin«51 and ap- 
 parent to the eye, efpecially at any 
 diftance ; becaule ihehairs of the for- 
 rel are often of feveral colours inter- 
 mixed, wherein the red or Fox col- 
 our generally predominate. Mary 
 chefnut horfts have their manes and 
 tails very near the colour of their bo- 
 dies. Both the Chefnut and the Sor- 
 rel are of degrees darker anJ lighter. 
 There are many good and beautiful 
 horfts both of liie chefnut and forrel, 
 but the l.ttter, when they have much 
 white about their limbi!, are apt to be 
 more faulty in their feet than thofe 
 that are more uniform in colour ; 
 and they are alfo apt to be more ten- 
 der in ccnf^itution. When a chef- 
 nut horfe happens to be bald or party 
 coloured, or to have white legs, which 
 may be owing to feme extraordinary 
 Jiff"ciSion in the dam, or fcmeimpj'o- 
 pei mixture in ihe breed, fuc'-; hcrles 
 
 COL 
 
 are not very agreeable ; for chefnufs 
 are the leaft tainted in their colour of 
 any other, and moft people prefer the 
 chefnut to the forrel, both in point of 
 beauty and goodnefs. 
 
 The brown is a colournot altoge- 
 ther fo be.Tutiful as the bay or chef- 
 nut. Brown horfes have alfo their 
 degrees, fome being light and fome 
 very dark. They have almoft all 
 black manes and tails, and o^ten 
 their joints are black, though not fo 
 finning as the bays, but rufty. Al- 
 moft all brown horfes grow gradually 
 lighter towards their bellies and 
 flanks ; and many are light about 
 their muzles. The moft besutiful 
 are thofe that happen to be finely dap- 
 pled, for the plain brown are efteem- 
 ed more ordinary. Many of them 
 are coarfe, but ftrong and ferviceable, 
 fit for draught, for burden, or for 
 war. 
 
 Black horfes are very beautiful, ef- 
 pecially, when they are of a jet fliin- 
 ing black and well marked, and have 
 not too much white : for a great deal 
 of white, efpecially when it fpreads 
 round their eyes and a great way up 
 their kgs, adds nothing to their beau- 
 ty ; neither does it add any thing to 
 their goodnefs. Some black horfes 
 have brown muzles, are brownifh on 
 their flanks and between their hip- ; 
 fome are cf a lighter colour about 
 their muzles. Thofe that partake 
 moft of the brown are generally the 
 ftrongeft in conftitution. Among the 
 grays the dappled are reckoned tlie 
 beft. The filver-grey is extremely 
 beautiful, and many of ihera very 
 good. The iron-grey, with a light 
 mane and tail, have alfo a gay ap- 
 pearance, but are not accounted tlie 
 rrioft hardy ; the light plain grey, and 
 the pigeon coloured grey foon change 
 and turn white, as all other greys do 
 in ccurfe of time. The dappled 
 grev keeps his firft colour the longeft, 
 which is a fign of flrength and dura- 
 blenefs. 
 
COL 
 
 about on the firft mounting, as they 
 otherwlfe would, but will take the 
 faddle quietly. The common way of 
 breaking a colt by beating him and 
 tiring him by trotting over plowed 
 fields, however necefTary ir msy be to 
 a colt that has always run wild, is 
 not to be chofen when it can be a- 
 voided j for it is breaking and fpoil- 
 ing the creature's fpirit. Uhng him 
 to other horfes, and winning him by 
 gentleneTs is a vaftly prefeiable v\ay. 
 It is ptoper to wear no fpurs for feme 
 time wi'ih a newly hacked hcrle. 
 
 In order to make him endure the 
 faddle well, the way is to make it fa- 
 miliar to him, by clapping it with 
 the hands as it lies on his back j then 
 fwaying upon it, and dangling the 
 ftirrups by his fiJes, rubbing his fides 
 with them, and bringing him thus to 
 be ufed to every thing about him. 
 Then the crupper fhould be often 
 ftrained, the girths loofened and 
 tightened, and the ftinups tsken up 
 and let down at times 5 all the while 
 making much cf him. This will 
 make every thing eafy to him, and 
 will make him gentle, without break- 
 ing his fpirit. 
 
 As foon as he will trot with the 
 faddle obediently, the mouthing of 
 him is to be confidered. In order to 
 this, put a trench of a full mouth 
 into his mouth, and throw the reins 
 over the fore part of the faddle, fo 
 that he may have a full feeling ol it ; 
 then put on a martingale buckled at 
 fuch a length, that he may jviiily feel 
 it, when he jeiks up his head. A 
 broad piece of leather is then to be put 
 round his neck j and the ends made 
 faft, by platting it, or fome other 
 way, at the withers, or before the 
 wind-pipe, about two handuls below 
 the thrapple, betwixt the leather and 
 his neck ; let the martingale pals fo, 
 that at any time, when he offers to 
 duck or throw down his head, the 
 caveffbn being placed upon iht tender 
 
 COL 
 
 griftle of his nofe, may correal and 
 punifh him. This will make him 
 bring his head to, and form him to 
 the rein. See the articles Backing, 
 Colt-taming, and Weaning of 
 Colts. S/ortf'mans Di^. 
 
 COLT-EVIL is a continued ftifF- 
 nefs in a borfe's yard, and is fo call- 
 ed, becaufe it is a difeafe incident to 
 colts, and is brought upon them by 
 having full liberty with mares, while 
 they are not able to cover them : but 
 the difeafe which generally goes un- 
 der that name, in this kingdom, is 
 no other than a fwelling of the fheath. 
 Gibfo'/is Ne-zv Farrier^ s Guide. 
 
 I obferve moft farriers are fo igno- 
 rant, that they bring under this de- 
 nomination all difeafes of the fhesth, 
 though they only proceed from dirt 
 and naftinefs lodged there, which a 
 little warm beer and butter fki!fu!!y 
 ufed will remove, 2nd caufe the fwell- 
 ing to difperfe, as has been often ex- 
 perienced. When a colt's yard is 
 tumefied or fwelled, from whatever 
 caufe it proceeds, it fhould be foment- 
 ed with warm flannels, fq«eezed out 
 of the following fomentation , as 
 warm as he can bear it j HJid if he 
 will not be eafy while it is ufing, bind 
 him In fome fafe manner, * Take 
 ' the leaves of mallows and marfh- 
 
 * mallows, flowers of camomile, me- 
 
 * lilot, and fumftory, of each three 
 
 * handfuls; rofemary, origanum, or 
 
 * wild thyme, fouthernwood, and 
 
 * flowers of elder, of each two hand- ■ 
 
 * fills } juniper and laurel berries 
 
 * bruited, of each four ounces j boil 
 
 * ihele 141 eight quarts of water to fix\ 
 Then ftrain out the liquor ; and with 
 two pieces of flannel by turns, fo- 
 ment the parts afFefled as warm as 
 the horfe will hear it, for fome time, 
 morning and evening. But before 
 you apply it, it may not be impro- 
 per to add to it fome common malt or 
 molofTes fpirit, about a p'nt will be 
 lufScient, and every time when ufed, 
 
 it 
 
C O L 
 
 3( fhould be kept warm over a chaf- 
 fing difli of coal'^, or it vvlll grow 
 collier than it fhou!d be. 
 
 Wljen you have done fomenting 
 the fweileil parfj the liqnor may 
 be put upon the herbs, Sec. to krep 
 for u.'e againit next diy- This fc- 
 meritation may bt ufcd as a general 
 one in all kinds of fwellings of 
 the fiefliy parts, only by adiling 
 more fpirits to make it penetrate the 
 deeper. Bracken s Art of Farriery. 
 
 COLT-TAMING is the brc:ik- 
 ing of a colt, fo as to endure a ridei j 
 
 Thefe animals being naturally of 
 themfeives unruly, you fhould make 
 them fainiliar to vou *lrom the 
 time they have been weaned wjien 
 foals ; and fo, winter after winter, 
 k) the hoofr', ufe them to familiar 
 a6t;ions, as rubbing, clawing, hal- 
 tering, leading to water, takmg up 
 their feet, knocking their hoots, 
 and the likej and fo break them to 
 the faddle. The beft time is at three 
 years or four at moft, but he who 
 will Inve patience to fee his horfe 
 at fu'l five, fl^all be fure to have him 
 of a longer continuance, and much 
 lefs fulijecl to dii'eifes ami infirmi- 
 ti-s. Now, in order to biidle and 
 iaddle a colt, when he is made a 
 little gentle, tdke a iweet wateiing 
 trencii wafned and anointed wiih 
 honey and fair, which put into his 
 mou'h ; and fo place it, that it 
 may hang ai.-out his tuHi; then offer 
 him the fadd.e, but with that cnre 
 and circumfpedion, that you do 
 not flight him with it, fuffering 
 him to fmell at it to be rub'jed 
 with it, and then to feel it; and af- 
 ter that, fix it on, and girt it fait; 
 and at what part and motion he 
 feem? mort coy, with that make him 
 moli^faniiliar cf any other. 
 
 Being thus faddled and bridled, 
 lead him out to w:uer, bring him 
 in again j and when he \xA'i itood a 
 
 COM 
 
 li:t!e reined upon the trench an hour 
 or more, t:.ke off the bridle and 
 laddie^ and let him go to his meat 
 till the evening ; and then lead him 
 out as before ; and when \cu carry 
 him in agnin to fet him up, tske 
 off his faddle gently, and dieis him, 
 cloathing him for all night. Kiiji, 
 Did. 
 
 COMMENCE. To commence, 
 or initiate a hoile, is to put hiin to 
 the firft Icfion, in order to break 
 hitr, GuiUets 
 
 COMPRESSION in the hoof 
 of a hoift happens by the coronary 
 pufliirg againit the nut bone, upon 
 which itpaitly moves, and which, 
 having the a61ion of a lever, takes 
 for its point of fupport the upper 
 and forepart of the foot-hone rom- 
 prefi'ed j the nut bore, v\'hich it 
 jailes, and which pu.^nes againit the 
 tendo achillis , which tendon 
 prefies the flrfhy fole againit the 
 horny one ; and all thef? combined 
 compreffion? produce an irifiamma- 
 tion upon the flefny fole, which 
 fp'eads all over the other parts. 
 Strong compielFions are diltinguilh- 
 ed by pulhing the thumb upon the 
 coronet, which jnakfs a hoife feel 
 as fillip a pain as if thcie was a frac- 
 ture ; when the compreflior. is not fo 
 violent as ih?t it cannct be tins 
 known by the ccrcnet, it mult be 
 examined in the foot ; the horny 
 fole mult be pared, tiil it becomes 
 flexible under the tool, which iruft 
 be done as near the frog as can be ; 
 the tool muit be preffed j and if the 
 hoife is fenf.ble of it in that place, we 
 msy be -ffured that theieisacom- 
 prcflion of the coronory bone uj^on 
 the nut bone. The length of time 
 the conipiefTion has continued may 
 be known by ihe adhefion of the 
 horny to the flefliy fole ; tor the horfe 
 bleeds but iitt'e after the drawing 
 it, becaiife of the interception of 
 the fluids bv the comprelTion. La 
 
CON 
 
 Fcffe^s Obfer^vations and Difccveries 
 sn Horfes. 
 
 CONSUMPTION. That horfes 
 are fuhjeft to confumptlons or waft- 
 ing dilbrders muft be manifeft to 
 all who havie had any tolerable ac- 
 quaintance with their dileafes, tlio' 
 lew have been able to diftinguifli a 
 true confampticn from an obllinate 
 cold , or other difoiders of the 
 breaft. 
 
 The caufe of a confumption is fre- 
 quently from colds that have ne- 
 ver tieen thoroughly cured, but 
 have left fome taint upon the h;ngs, 
 or fome other of the principal vil- 
 ,cera, efpecially of the parts contain- 
 ed in the cbeft ; fometitnes from 
 violent inward ftrains in working 
 a horfe beyond his ftrength ; or, 
 when he has a cold upon him, tra- 
 velling a horfe beyond his ftrength 5 
 riding long journeys without allow- 
 ing lufficient food or proper times 
 of baiting and reft upon the road ; 
 riding in the night in damp and 
 wet weather, and from other fuch- 
 ]ike errors ; and fometimes con- 
 fumptlons proceed from weaknefs or 
 •other faults in the conftitution ; 
 fometimes from plurifies, furfeits, 
 or long continued ficknefs of any 
 kind. 
 
 Fiery hot horfes are the moft 
 fubjeft to confumptlons ; being for 
 the moft p^^rt, naturally weak and 
 wafhy, and of a he5iic dirpoHtion. 
 When a confumption proceeds from 
 any deleft in the lungs, or principal 
 vifcera of a horfe, the eyes look 
 dull, and a little moift, the ears 
 and feet a|;e for the moft part hot, 
 he coughs ftiarply by fits, and fre- 
 quently with a groaning ; he fneezes 
 much, has an uneafmels or quick 
 iVjbtion in his flanks ; and often 
 gleets at the no^e, and fometimes 
 throws out a yellowifti curdled mat- 
 ter ; he has but little appetite to 
 4pad, efpecially to hay, but will eat 
 
 CON 
 
 his corn ; and is for the moft part 
 hot after it. Sometimes thefe fymp- 
 toms abate, and give hopes of re- 
 covery : but the leaft over exercife or 
 error in feeding brings them to their 
 old pafs. 
 
 When a horfe that has any of the 
 abovementioned fymptoms retains a 
 tolerable appetite for food, holds 
 out a long while without any great 
 abatement of his ftrength, or lofs of 
 flefli, it is always a good fign ; on 
 the contrarv, when he continues 
 lofmg his flefh and vigor, it is a fign 
 of decay. When a horfe runs a yel- 
 lovvlfti gleet from his nofe, or curd- 
 led matter, it always proves mortal, 
 and ftiews the lungs to be wafting : 
 but if the maiter be white and well 
 digefted, and at times abates with 
 a gleet of clear water, it is a pro- 
 mifmg fign ; efpecially if the horfe 
 be young : but even where the heft 
 fymptoms appear, confumptlons of 
 all kinds are dangeious and uncer- 
 tain. 
 
 As to the cure, one of the prin- 
 cipal things is bleeding, which 
 fhould be fmall in quantity, but 
 often, efpecially in tlie beginning, 
 befoi-e a horfe lofes too much of his 
 fiefh } a pint at once, or a pint and 
 half from fome horfes is fufHc-ient, 
 which may be repeated as often as 
 as they appear to be more than or- 
 dinarily opprefled in breathing. All 
 thofe things that are proper in colds 
 are profitable here alfo. The fol- 
 lowing balls will likewise do great 
 fervlce, if the horfe be young, 
 
 * Take conferva of red rofes, one 
 
 * ounce} lucatellus balfam, half an 
 
 * ounce i Ipermacoeti, rubbed in a 
 
 * mortar, and l^^lp^une]l3, of each 
 
 * two drams ; fyrnp of corn pop- 
 
 * pies, what is lufiiclent to make it 
 
 * into a ball to lie rolled in liquorice 
 
 * powder or wheat flouer-'' Thtfe 
 balls may be given one every morn- 
 ing for a week j and if they he 
 
 found 
 
CON 
 
 -found to do fervice, may be con- 
 tinued during pleaCure, till the horfe 
 recovers his ufual vigour, and, be- 
 gins to gather ftrength. If the horfe 
 icowers or runs at the nole, fo as to 
 induce weaknefs, the following in- 
 fufion may be ufed. 
 
 * Take ground -ivy and hore- 
 -f hjound, of e^ch an handful ; red 
 
 * rofe leaves, half an handful ; frefli 
 
 * linfeed and liquoiice root diced, 
 
 * or juice of liquorice, of each half 
 
 * an ounce; fafFron one dram; 
 
 * Gum tragacanth, one ounce ; 
 
 * infufe them in a quart of boiling 
 
 * water, letting the infufion Itand 
 
 * covered till cold.' This may be 
 jnade milk wa>m, and given every 
 morning after the ball, tailing two 
 .hours before and two hours after, 
 allowing him not above a quartern 
 of fcalued bran : for when fcalded 
 bran is often g'ven, and in great 
 quantities, it hurts a horfe, by re- 
 laxing too much i and is greatly 
 injurious iti all habitual weaknefles. 
 Hjs oat:^ fhould be the hardelt ^nd 
 fweetert that can be got : and his 
 feeds alfb fmail, that be may not be 
 cloyed. His hay fnould alfo be the 
 ■fineftj and the duil well fhook out 
 of it, and given in fuiall portions, 
 that he may digelt it eafily. But 
 nothing contributes more to the cure 
 of a Gonfump'ion than air and exer- 
 cife, though any excefs in the latter 
 is dangerous j and therefore a we k 
 confumptive borle fhou'd only be 
 -led, or rode by a perfon of a light 
 •weight : and if fnort breathed, 
 (hould only be walked : he fliould 
 be continued in the air as much as 
 pofilble upon ibme dry common, or 
 other place, where the air is good, 
 which is the mo'i: likely way to 
 bring him to his iiomach, am! con- 
 
 , feqviendy to his Urength ; am' if he 
 mends by this management, there 
 may be fome hoj-es of his recovery, 
 ip-ovKlipg he be young. Cicfons 
 Difeafes ofHorfes. 
 
 CON 
 
 Peflorals may be given to palliate 
 prefent emergent fymptoms 5 hut as 
 diffeflions have difcoveied both the 
 glands of the lungs and mefentery 
 to be fwelled, and often indurated, 
 the whole flrefs lies on mercurial 
 purges, and the following ponder- 
 ous alteratives given intermediately, 
 
 * Take native cinnab3r,or cinna- 
 
 * bar of antimony, one pound } 
 
 * powder vey fine, and add the fame 
 
 * quantity of gum guaiacum and 
 
 * nitre ; give the horfe an ounce of 
 
 * this powder twice a day, wetting 
 
 * his feeds.' 
 
 The fpring grafs Is oft^n extreme- 
 ly ferviceable, but the fait marflies 
 are to be prefeired, and even to be 
 more depended on than medicines : 
 for great alterations are thereby 
 made in the blood and juices. But 
 it may be worth obferving, that a 
 horfe frequently relapfes after ap- 
 pearances of ammendment ; when 
 a yellowifh gleet or curdled matter 
 runs from his nofe, and he grows 
 emaciated j is much addicted to 
 fweat, heaves much with a redu- 
 plicated motion, and has a fhort rat- 
 tling cough : un ler the'e circum- 
 ftances there can be little hopes of 
 his recovery, or any fu'ure fervices 
 from him; confsquently, to fave 
 farther expences, the belf way woidd 
 be to difpatch him as incurable. 
 Bartlefs Fat'riery, 
 
 CONTUSIONS, and Blows. 
 See the article Blows. 
 
 CONVULSIONS. Every ore 
 mufl be fenfible, that violent and 
 ex'cefTive pain in any any i>ait of the 
 body will excite convulfiors ; but 
 efpecially when the pain is" in thofe 
 parts where the nerves abound muft, 
 as the Oumach, the guts, the mld- 
 jifF, and tendinous p:rts of the 
 limbs ; and therefcre we find hor- 
 les often convulfed in the gripes snd 
 drangury, when the nervous p^rr? 
 of rhe guts and bladder are affctTted 
 
 E % with 
 
CON 
 
 with violent pain and inflammation. 
 Sometimes liorfes become convulfed 
 with woinids in the feet, when the 
 tendons in thole p^rts are pticked 
 and brirled ; or in any other part 
 \v!)ere the tendons are wounded. 
 Horfes have convuifive diforders 
 Ibmetimes from a plenitude, and 
 fulnefs of blood, which however is 
 lometimes eafily removed j as are 
 thofe that proceed flora a plenitude 
 in the ftomach ; or when the guts 
 a^e crammed with dung and ali- 
 ment, efpecially when the dung, by 
 long tontinuance, is grown hard 
 and dry. 
 
 Convulsion? /re »i the fiomach 
 and Qiker principal bc^iels. Of 
 this kind is that deplorable dif- 
 temper I'o well known, but little un- 
 derllood, which locks up the jaws 
 of a horCe fo clofe, that it is almoft 
 impolFibie to force them open by a- 
 ny means whatfotver, dther to re- 
 ceiv food or phyfic. S oHfyfell czWs 
 ■ this malady the ftng's evil, or palfy 
 ' jn the jaws, though in moft of its 
 lyniptoms it is direflly contrary to a 
 palfy. With our Englifli Farriers, 
 it goes under the general name oF 
 convulfions ; and indeed it foon 
 torns to an univerfal cramp or con- 
 vulilon, thnt fuddenly feizes all the 
 niufctes of the body of a horfe, and 
 that without any previous fymp- 
 toms. As foon as the horfe is thus 
 leized, his head is railed with his 
 nofe towards the rack j Ws ears 
 pricked v\^, and his tail cocked, 
 looking with eagernefs as an hung- 
 ly horfe, when hay is put down 
 before him ; or like a high fpiiited 
 horfe, when he is put upon his met- 
 tle ; infomnch that thofe who are 
 Grangers to fuch thit^gs, 'A-hen they 
 fee a horfe ftand in thi^ manner, 
 will fcarce believe any thing of confe- 
 qncnce ails him : but they are foon 
 convinced, when they fee other 
 '.ymptoras come on apace j and that 
 
 CON 
 
 his neck grows ftifF, cramped, and 
 almoft immoveable ; and if a horfe 
 in this condition lives a few days, 
 feveral knots will arife on the ten- 
 dinous parts thereof 5 and all the 
 mufcles both before and behind will 
 be (o much pulled and cramped, 
 and fo ftretched, that he looks as if 
 he WIS railed to the pavement, with 
 his legs itifF, wide, and Itradling: 
 his (kin is drawn fo tight en all parts 
 of the body, that it is almoft impof- 
 fible to move it ; and if trial be made 
 to make him walk he is ready to fall 
 at every ftep, unlefs he he carefully 
 fupported : his eyes are fo fixed with 
 the inaction of the mufcles, as gives 
 him a deadnefs in his Icoks ; he 
 fnorts and fneezes often ; pants con- 
 tinually with fhortnefs of brea'h ; 
 and this fymptom increafes contmit- 
 ally, till he drops down dead : which 
 generally happens in a few days, 
 unlefs fome ludden and very effec- 
 tual turn can be given to the dif- 
 temper. 
 
 Young horfes from four to fix 
 years old are the moft fubjefl to it, 
 and the large coach breed, and all 
 kinds of draught horfes more than 
 faddle horfes ; the moft ufual caufe 
 of this univerfal cramp orconvulfion 
 is from bots in the ftomach: and 
 when it happens to horfes above frjc 
 years o'd, that have been in bufmefs: 
 or at a fcafon of the year when bots 
 do not prevail, then the dilbrder is 
 for the moft part owing to other cau- 
 fe?, impoftumation?, or uleeis m 
 the midriff, or fome other of the 
 principal vi.'cera. 
 
 But it is of ufe In the cure of thefe 
 maladies, to diftinguifh between an 
 univerfal convulfion that takes its 
 rife from vermin in the ftomach, 
 and when it is produced by a diftem- 
 perature of the midriff, or any o- 
 then of the principal vifcera. 
 
 When the difkmper arifes from 
 
 bots in the ftomach, it feizes fud- 
 
 denly. 
 
CON 
 
 denly, and without any previous no- 
 tice, appearing with all the lymp- 
 toms above defcribed, which caie is 
 exceeding dangerous, and the cure 
 ^hnoll imprafticabie : but when the 
 mouth is fo far free from the con- 
 vulilons, that a medicine may be ad- 
 ininilleredi and that the horfe can 
 make a fliift to lick up a little Irin, 
 and IwaKow a little white wnter or 
 gruel, there may be ("ome hopes of 
 a recovery. 
 
 But when this fort of univerfal 
 cramp or convulfion proceeds from 
 a diftemperature of the midriff, or 
 any other of the principal vifcera, 
 Uiere are always fome previous 
 fympfoms that go before, by which 
 it maybe dilVmguiflied from the con- 
 vulfions that proceed from venmn. 
 When this is the cafe a horfe firfl 
 of all falls off his llomach, grows 
 giadually weak, feeble, and difpi- 
 rited in his work, turns fliort 
 brea'.hed with the leaft exerciie. 
 And though the diftemper advan- 
 ces more llowiy in this cafe than 
 in the other that proceeds from ver- 
 min, yet it is no lefs dangerous, be- 
 caufe the truecaufe is feldom known, 
 till it be too late to provide a leme- 
 
 In order to the cure, it will be 
 neceffary to obftrve carefully thefe 
 diitindions, and if a young horfe 
 that has been but lately in the dea- 
 lers hand happens to be feized fud- 
 denly j and it this falls out in the 
 Jpring, and the beginning of fum- 
 mer, without any previous fymp- 
 toms, we may reafonably conclude 
 the dilUmper to be owing to bots in 
 the ftomach, in v.'hich c.il'e no time 
 is to be loft j but before his mouth 
 is <juite fhut up, the following ball 
 may be given. * Take mercurius 
 
 - * dulcis and the powder of diapenle, 
 * cf each half r,n ounce ; make it 
 f^ into a bail, with a (ufKcient quan- 
 
 -$;:-^'fy. pfconfcrve of rofis i and roll 
 
 CON 
 
 * it in liquorice powder or floufr, 
 
 * and waih it dcwn with a hoin'ul 
 
 * or two of warm water.' When 
 this ball lias been adminiliered, 
 make the fo'lowing infulion, * Take 
 < penny-royal and rue, of each two 
 
 * large handfuls ; chamomile flow- 
 
 * ers, one handful ; alTafoetida and 
 
 * caftor, of each half an ounce ; 
 
 * f<ifFron and liquorice-root diced, 
 
 * of each two dramr.' 
 
 Let thefe be infufed in four quarts 
 of boiling water j and when the in- 
 fufion has Hood til! alniort cold, 
 give three or four hornfuls, and re- 
 peat the dofe three or four times a 
 day. Thefuliowing ointment may 
 be rubbed into the cheeks, temples, 
 neck, Hioulders, f])ines of the back 
 and loins ; and wherever there is 
 the greatell contra8ion or (iiffnel's. 
 
 * lake nerve ointment, or the un- 
 
 * guentum martrotum, of either 
 
 * of thefe four ounces ; ointment of 
 
 * marfii-mallows, fix ounces ; mufl- 
 
 * ard-feed ground, and Flanders 
 
 * oil of bays, of each two ounces ; 
 
 * oil of ambtr, two ounces, with a 
 
 * fufficient quantity of camphorated 
 
 * fpirils of wine, to m-ke it into a 
 
 * thin liniment.' Muftard-(etd a- 
 lone fredi ground, worked well into 
 the affeded parts, with camphorated 
 fpiiits, may al!b be ufed fuccefsfully 
 to horfes of fmall value, for out- 
 ward application i and internally, 
 the following cheap drink, which 
 may be given two or three hornfuls 
 once in four hours. 
 
 * Takeiue, pennyroyal, and to- 
 
 * bacco, of each a handlul ; afla foe- 
 
 * tida, an ounce } boil thein in a 
 ' quait of forge- water j and let the 
 
 * deco61ion ftand conffantly on the 
 
 * ingredients, and give as the for- 
 
 * mer.' When the ;.nws are lb lock- 
 ed up, that medicines cannot be 
 given by the mouth, it is mote eli- 
 gible 'then to give them by way of 
 glyfler 5 for forcing open the jaw* 
 
 E 3 by 
 
CON 
 
 by violence often puts a horfe into 
 fucli agonies, that the fymptoms are 
 thereby increafed. The infufion a- 
 bove may be given for that purpofe, 
 or tha following. * Take rue, pen- 
 
 * nyroyal, and chamomile flowers, 
 ' of each one handful ; garlic, an 
 
 * ounce; caftor and afTa foetida, of 
 
 * each half an ounce.' In making 
 this gly iler, the herbs are to be boil- 
 ed firlt in two quarts of water, for 
 ten or fifteen minutes, with the caf- 
 tor and aflfa foetida cut in fmail pie- 
 ces, and tied in a rag 5 then the 
 garlic is to be added, and continued 
 clofe covered on the fire, for ten mi- 
 nutes longer ; after which, the li- 
 quor is to be poured off into a pan 
 or any other convenient veffel ; af- 
 ter that, add of linfeed oil or trea- 
 cle, of each four ounces ; and laft 
 of all, half an ounce of unre6lified 
 oil of amber, with the treacle and 
 the oils mixed with the decoilion, 
 when it is put into the big. Give 
 thrs gl>fter once a day. Gibfons 
 Di/eafes ofHvfes. 
 
 In this cafe alfo he miift be fup- 
 ported by nourifhing glylters made, 
 of milk, pottage, broth, Sj:. which 
 mult be given to the quantity of 
 three or four quaits in a day ; glyf- 
 ters oi" this kind will be retained. and 
 sbforbed into the blood ; and there 
 have been inltances of horfes thus 
 fupported for three weeks together, 
 who muft otherwite have perlfned. 
 
 Mr. G/'/yt';? mentions forae extra- 
 ordinary inltances of fuccei's in ca- 
 fes of this fort, by thefe rnethods 
 and repeated fri6t;ons, which are 
 extremely ferviceable in all convul- 
 fivc diforders and often prevent 
 their being jaw fet ; they iliould be 
 applied with unwearied diligence e- 
 very two or three hours, wherever 
 any Itiffnefs or contractions on the 
 miifTl'es appear : for a horfe in this 
 c-ondi'ion never lies down till they 
 are in fome rasafure removed. He 
 
 CON* 
 
 takes particular notice of a horfe 
 whofe jaws were fo locked up for 
 three -weeks, that both food and me- 
 dicine were forced to be given by 
 glylters ; that not having recovered 
 the ufe of his jav^^s for a fortnight, 
 though he now m.oved them with 
 lefs ftiffnefs, he was determined 
 from, the known relaxing power of 
 opium, to give him half an ounce 
 of it diflolved in one of his glyfters, 
 the good effe(5ts of which were (o 
 evident by a general amendment, 
 that he was ericouraged to continue 
 it in the following manner. ' Take 
 
 * Matthew's pill and affa foetida, of 
 
 * each an ounce; make into a ball.* 
 This ball he gave for one dofe, and 
 repeated once ; and by this and the 
 ufe of the nervous medicines given 
 twice a day and gentle purging, the 
 horfe was perfe6tly recovered. The 
 ufe of rowels in thefe cafes is gene- 
 rally unfnccefsful ; the (kin being fo 
 ten!e and tight that they feldom di- 
 gell: kindly, and fometiines morti-" 
 fy ; that if they are applied they 
 flioulil b? put under the jaws and 
 in the hreatt. The red-hot iron fo 
 frequently run through the foretop, 
 a.ia mane, near the occipital bone, 
 for this purpofe, has often been 
 founJ to have deltroyed the cervical 
 ligament. 
 
 When this diftemper does not 
 proceed from vermin, as fometimes 
 iisppens to old horfes that have been 
 flrained in woikin)^, or after fome 
 very bad fuifeit, then the mercuri- 
 al preparations will be in a great 
 meafnre unnecefiary, or perhaps 
 hurtful. In this cafe, the horfe 
 fhouid firft be hied plentifully,- un- 
 lels he is low in fieni, okl, or lately 
 come from anv hard continued duty; 
 then vou muft be more fpaiingof 
 his blood ; afterwards give hun the 
 following nervous ball. ' Take alTa 
 
 * foetida half an ounce, rufiia caf- 
 
 * tor powdered, two drams ; vale- 
 
CO N 
 
 ' rian root powdered, one ounce ; 
 
 * make into a ball with honey and 
 
 * oil of amber.' This hall may be 
 given twice a day at Hill j and then 
 once wadied down with a decoc- 
 tion of mifletoe or valerian fweet- 
 ned with liquorice or honey } an 
 ounce of afla foetida may be tied up 
 in a piece of ftrong coarfe linen-rag, 
 and putbehindhis grinders tochamp 
 on. The laxative purges and emol- 
 lient glyrters fliould be given inter- 
 mediately to keep the body open : 
 but when the former balls have been 
 taken a week or ten days, the fol- 
 lowing may be given once a 
 day, with the valerian decoclion. 
 
 * Take cinnabar of antimony, fix 
 
 * drams j sfTi foetida, half an 
 
 * ounce, arillolochia, myrrh, and 
 
 * bay berries, of each two drams j 
 
 * make into a ball, wi-.h treacle and 
 
 * oil of amber. Bartlefs Farriery, 
 Convulsions from a reten- 
 tion of the dung and aliniefit. The le 
 ftoppages proceed from various cau- 
 fes ; and only afre6l the head when 
 they happen to be of feme continu- 
 ance. Among the (igns that ac- 
 company this kind of convul.'ien 
 are, that the horfe generally looks 
 dull about the head, with his eyes 
 fwoln, he is feeble, reels, and tot- 
 ters as he moves ; ius mouth is ge- 
 nerally ftifF, but not quite fliut up, 
 as in the cafes above d fcribed. 
 
 In order to the cure, let the horfe 
 be backraked thoroughly \ after 
 which let him have plenty of emol- 
 lient oily glyfters made of mallows, 
 marflimaliows, the herbs merdliry, 
 pellitory and fuch like : but in pla- 
 ces where thefe cannot be readily got, 
 they may be inade of pot-hquo;, 
 wafer-gruel, or any kind of meat 
 broth. To three pints, or two 
 quarts of the liquor, may be added 
 a pint of linieed oil, and half a 
 pound of treacle, or a pound of 
 brown fugarj to he 9,!vcn iniik 
 wanu, and repeated evciy day at 
 
 C O R 
 
 leafl, till his dung comes away with 
 eafe, and grows foft. His diet 
 (hould be the belt hay, fcalded bran, 
 Icalded chTfF, or boiled barley, tiU 
 he has been thoroughly emptied ; 
 and for feme time aftervvards. At 
 firrt, his dung that comes away with 
 the glyllers, will be in fmail hard 
 balls ; and fonietimes along with it 
 a nalty putrid flime, which after 
 difchaiged gives great relief. See 
 the aiticle Backraking. 
 
 * Take lenitive electuary, and 
 
 * cream of t^rta'-, of each four oun- 
 
 * ces ; brown fugar, two ounces j 
 
 * mix them in a pint a:ul a half of 
 
 * mild ale ; the ale is to be made 
 
 * hot, that the cream- of taitar may 
 
 * the more eafiiy diilolve in it} after 
 
 * that the fugar, and laft of all the 
 
 * lenitive ele«^uary.' This is to 
 be given in the morning upon an 
 empty ftomach, blood-warm ; and it 
 will probably begin to work be'ore 
 night, and feldcm makes a horfe 
 fi k, as theftionger purges are ant 
 to do, when a horie is full and coi- 
 tive. It may be repeated three or 
 foui times, allowing always two or 
 three days refpite between each 
 draught; keeping him ^o an open 
 diet, with prope; t^trcSsy till he 
 recovers his ulual vigour. Gibfon 
 lilnfupra. 
 
 CORD, or Rope. See the ar- 
 ticle Rope. 
 
 COKK.of afaduh. p'ecesofwood, 
 upon which the boKters a e made 
 fait. This part was formerly made 
 of cork, whence it ftiil retains the 
 name. See the article Bolsters. 
 
 CORNER, or Angles of the 
 "jolt, in the manage, are the extre- 
 mities of the /our lines of , the volt, 
 when you work in a fquare. Guil- 
 let. See the articles VoLT and 
 
 SqUARF. 
 
 CORNER TEETH cf a hofc, 
 four teeih placed between the mid- 
 dle rt-(-rh and the tuflies j being two 
 
 E 4 above 
 
C O R 
 
 above and two below on each fitle of 
 the jaw, which (lioot when a hoiie 
 is five years old, or ralher in the 
 Ipring before he is hve : then the 
 corner teeth begin to appear, and at 
 firft but jufl equal with the gums, 
 bring filled with flefli i)i the middle. 
 Tbefc differ Iro.ii themii-ldle teeth, 
 in their be;ng moretiefhy on the m- 
 llde J ihty arow Lifurely, and dif- 
 fer a f 1 from the other tore-teeth in 
 the kind of refemblance they bear to 
 a fhell, whence thty aie called the 
 lliell t. e:h, becaufe they environ the 
 flefh in the middle hal? way round ; 
 and as they g'ow, the flelh within 
 iiifappc-.L's, and haves a diiiinil hol- 
 lownefs ar.d opennels en the inlide. 
 The corner 'eeth on the wppergunis 
 caft out befo.e thofe on the under ; 
 fo th3t tlie upper corner teeih are 
 feen before thole below. See Ar.E 
 of a horfe. Sjllcy/cirs Qcjnpkat Horfe- 
 man o.nd Gib ion s Difeafes of Horjes . 
 
 CORONET, or Cronet, ot a 
 licrie's for.t, is that pnrt round the 
 Very top of it where tlie hair grow- 
 eth and faile.hdown upon the hoof; 
 crit is the lowert part of the partem, 
 wh.ich luns round thecoihn, and is 
 diitinguifhed by tlie hair, which 
 joins and covers the upper part of 
 the hoof. The coronet fhould be 
 no more raifed th;m the hoof, nor 
 make, as it were, 3 ridge or height 
 rcund it ; if it does, it is a hgn that 
 eiiher tlie foot is riiied up, or that 
 there are a great many humours in 
 the coronet winch do occaHon the 
 crown-fcai-', and other fores to which 
 that part is {u::»je6l. Solleyfell's Cojn- 
 fleai Hor~e7;:a:;. 
 
 CORRECnONS, in the man^ 
 age, is u!ed for helps ov aids given 
 v/ith fisveriry. See the articles AiDS 
 and CrIAiTISEMENTS. 
 
 Btiore a iiorie is taught any lef 
 fon, you ought to take notice, that 
 there aie feven lielps b)r his further- 
 ance thtiein, or to punilh him for 
 
 COR 
 
 faults committed in his KlTors, i* 
 The voice, which, when iweet and 
 accompanied with cherifliings, is 
 helpful : but when r^-ugh and ter- 
 rible, and accompan-eLl with ftrokes 
 and threarning>;, a coireilion. 2, 
 The rod, whicli is a help in the fhak- 
 ing, and a corre^lion in the (trik- 
 ing. 3. The hir, an help in its 
 fweetnels ; the IhafBe, in its fmooth- 
 nefs: but both coi re(ftions, the one 
 in its hardnels, and the other in its 
 roughnefs, and both in fiatnefs and 
 fquarenefs. 4. The calves of the 
 legs, which being gently laid to the 
 horie's fules are helps, but correc-. 
 tions when you Itrike them hard ; 
 as giving warning that the fpurs are 
 about to follow. 5. The ftirrv.p 
 and ilirrup-leathei", which are cor- 
 rections when ib ock haid again ft the 
 hinder p^rt of theflioulder, but helps 
 when thiuit iorwaid in a quick mo- 
 tion. 6. The fpur, that is helpful 
 when gently deiiveied in any njo- 
 tlon that calls for quicknefs and ac- 
 tivity, whether on or above the 
 ground ; and a correiStion, v/hen it 
 is llruck h:<)d in the hde upon any 
 floth or fault committed. 7. The 
 groumi, that is an help when plain 
 and iinooth, and not painful to tread 
 upon ; and a corredlion, when 
 rough, deep, and uneven, for the 
 amendment of a vicious habit con- 
 tra aed. Dia. Riift. 
 
 Mcil men whip snd fpur a horf^i 
 to make him go falter, Ijelore they 
 bid him: but that iscjuei treatment 
 to beat a generous creatuie before 
 yoxi have lignified your mind to him 
 (by fome token which he may be 
 brought to underftand) who woultj 
 obey you if he knew your p'oafure : 
 it is time enough to conetif him 
 whenhertfufes,or rehfts you. Do not 
 haul f;is head about with too tight 
 a rein j it deadens his mouih \ be- 
 fides h; will ca;ry you lafcr and take 
 better care of his Ittps v/ith an eafy 
 h:;int4 
 
COS 
 
 hnr.H than a heavy ofte ; jnuch de- 
 peniis-upofi the quietnei's otthe bri- 
 ule hand j keep yciu eilio-.vs it^aJy, 
 m<i\ you cannot hurt his mouth. 
 Bsif'don's Pocket-Farrier. 
 
 CORVKT or Cu r. vlt. See die 
 article Curvets. 
 
 COSTiVENESS in horfes fome- 
 tiines proceeds from violent and 
 hard exejcife, efpeciailv in hot wea- 
 ther, vi-hich, by increahng peri'pira- 
 tion too muc'n, divtlts the biooii 'A 
 its til inner Icrolltes, which is the 
 caui'eorthat heat and drinels that 
 is oblervabie in hcrfes that are bound 
 in their bodies. Sometimes coltive- 
 ne/s proceed* from a coiitiaiy Ciule, 
 viz. frofoitanding !ong at h.aid me.ir, 
 W:tiiont grais or other cleanfmg di- 
 et ; nnd having hut Httle- air and 
 cxercifej or having tlieir exerciie 
 only in i'purts and not continued. 
 When coltiveneCs proceeds from ei- 
 ther of thefe caules, it is eafily re- 
 medied, it t." ken in time. But there 
 is another kind of cuftivenel's in 
 hoifcs, which is more hard to be re- 
 moved, viz. that which Teems to be 
 natural or ^rown into a habit. 
 
 In the firft cafe, the cure is eafy, 
 oniy by giving him an open diet tor 
 i'ome tinie J and if any thmg more 
 is wanting, lenitive mild purges are 
 the molt likely to I'ucceed. In the 
 itcond, when co{tivenei> proceeds 
 cnly irom want of air ancl excrcife, 
 and a cooling lax ilier, it is no lets 
 e-ihly remedied wiih proper leni- 
 tives, as Glauber's Jalt with kni- 
 tive elevSuary. viz. four ounces of 
 each dlVolved in warm ale or wa- 
 ter, and repealed evt-ry otht-r day 
 w.ith Iralded bian every day till the 
 horfe's body is thotoughly opened ; 
 giving him at the fam-r time air and 
 ex^rcif^r. Oily glyllers may alio do 
 fervice in this ca/e j and when thefe 
 thirgs are complied with, ti^o cr 
 three purges will probably finini the 
 cuie. 
 
 ecu 
 
 But that fort of coftivenefs which • 
 fctpis natural to the conlt-.tu- 
 tions of fome very good horJes is 
 not eaiv to be removed j and we 
 feldom iind it nectlfary to bring inch 
 horfs into a contrary habjj : for 
 where this is naturi'i, and proceeds 
 from the power and force of ttigef- 
 lion in the liomoch and guts, as 
 ibmetimes happens, and the horfe 
 is otherwiie in perfect health, no 
 inconvenience will arife fiom it, 
 and it is obferved, that fuch horfe„s 
 are able to enduie gre^.t fatigue and 
 labour. However, it is psoper to 
 give fuch hoifes at all conven ent 
 tiints an opening diet: for if this 
 habit by r.ny uccident happens to 
 increafe and grew into an cbii-nate 
 collivenefs, fo as to produce ill ef« 
 feds as heat, drineisofthe confli- 
 tiition, little fcabhy eruptions over 
 the ikin, and a r.ugh coat, it will 
 then be necefTary to remove it in 
 fome degree, which cannot be done 
 but by a continued ufe of emollients, 
 and a loole opening diet along wiili 
 them. Purges here are alio necel- 
 ftry. Gib/on s Difeafes of Horfss. 
 
 COUGH. Nothing has more 
 perplexed the praiSlitioners in farrie- 
 ry than the cure of a lettled cough, 
 which, if It us of long continuance, 
 without the other lymjitoms of a 
 cold, frequently degenetate-s into 
 ailhmas, broken wind, or confujiip- 
 tion?. 
 
 The caufe cf a fettled habituil 
 cough is Ibmttimcs owing to colds 
 that have never been peifefiiy cured, 
 ibmetimes to a pleurify, peripneti- 
 mony, or malignant fevers, that 
 have left a taint upon the lungs, or 
 other prmcipal vii'ceia, whicii pro- 
 duce tubercles and hard fchlnous 
 (ul>ltances j frour whence an irregu- 
 lar circul.'ition of the blood in the 
 lungs, and the want of a free paf- 
 I'age of the air, which in the conie- 
 quence, muit naturally p oduce a 
 cvugh 
 
c o u 
 
 cough and an inordinate working 
 of the ti.iufcs, as often as a hoik is 
 put upon any brifk acbon. Some- 
 times a fettled cough proceeds from 
 little erolions in thofe part>;, feme- 
 times only from a fupeifluity of 
 tough phl-'gm, and mucilaginous 
 juices (iuiHng the gland?, and 
 branches of the wind pipe j and 
 Jometimes from pol'puies or flefliy 
 fobftances engendered in the large 
 blood venfeis. 
 
 Some hoifesare fubjefl to nervous 
 coughs, .when the nerves that are 
 difperfed on the lungs and midrilT 
 happen to be clogged or obfliuiHed. 
 Now, when a horfe has a fettl-d 
 cough of any kind, the figns and 
 diagnoflics are carefully to be ob- 
 ferved, which diftipguif]ione cough 
 from another ; becau(e, withoi't 
 that, it is in.poiBble to find out the 
 method of cure. Thu>, if a horfc's 
 cough is oi long ftanding, attended 
 with lofs of appetite, wafting of fidli 
 and weaknefs, it denotes a confump- 
 ticn ; and that the lungs are full 
 of knotty h'rd fubftances called tu- 
 bercle?, which hape often been d'.f- 
 covered on diffeffion. See the ar- 
 ticle Cor.' .UMPTioN'. 
 
 The following figns denote when 
 the cough proceeds from phlegm, 
 and fliiny matter that ftufFs up the 
 vellels of the lung=;. The hoife"'s 
 flanks have a fudden ^nd quick mo- 
 tion; he bveathes thick, but not 
 with his noftriis open, like a horie 
 in a fever, or that is broken winded, 
 his cough is fometimes dry and 
 bulky ; and ibmetiuies moift, befoe 
 which he wheeies and rattles in liis 
 throat; and fometimes throvi's out 
 of his nofe and mouth grestgobs ot 
 white phltgm, efpecialiy after drink- 
 ing 5 or when he begins or ends his 
 exercife, which difcha.ge commonly 
 gives great relief. Some of the e 
 hoifes wbeefe and rattle to fuch a 
 degree, and are fo thick winded, 
 
 c o u 
 
 that they can hardly he dragged a- 
 long at firft, till they have been out 
 ibme time in the air; though then 
 they will perform beyond expecta- 
 tion, Theie are properly althma- 
 tic cafes, and ought to be diftin- 
 guilhed in their fymptoms from 
 that purHvenefs and thicknefs we fee 
 in fovQf. hnrfes, occafioned by loo 
 full or foul feeding, want of exer- 
 cife, or their being taken up from 
 winter grafs. But thefe two laft ca- 
 fes are eafily cured by proper diet 
 and exercife, the one by lowering 
 his keeping ; the other, by increa- 
 fing it. Gibjhi's D'lfeafes of Horfes. 
 
 The above afthmatic cafe often 
 proves very obllinate : but if it hap- 
 pens to a young horfe, and the 
 cough is not of long (landing, it is 
 greatiy relieved, if not totally cured, 
 by the following method. If the 
 horfe is full of flcfh, bleed him plen- 
 tifully ; if low in flcfh, more fpar- 
 ingly, wiiich may occafionally be 
 repeated on very great oppreilions 
 and (iifn^ulty of breathing, in pro- 
 portionate quantities. 
 
 As mercui ial medicines are found 
 remark?.bly ufeful in thefe caie-, 
 give a mercurial ball (with two 
 drams of calomel) over night, and 
 a common purge the next morning ; 
 or the following, which is recom- 
 mended by Mr. Gihfon. * Take 
 ' gum g^lb^num, ammonlacum, 
 
 * and affii foetida, of each two 
 
 * drams; fine aloes, one ounce, 
 ' faftron, one dram ; oil of anni- 
 
 * £-id?f two drams ; oil cf amber, 
 ' one dram ; with honey enough 
 
 * to form it into a ball.' They 
 might be repeated at proper inter- 
 vals with the Tifual cautions. In 
 the intermediate days, and for feme 
 time after, one of the following 
 bulls msy he given every morning. 
 ' Take cinnabar of aniimony finely 
 
 * leviga'ed, fix ounces ; gum am« 
 
 * moniacum, g:jibanun^, and afiW 
 
 * foe. 
 
c o u 
 
 ' foetida, of each two ounces : gar- 
 
 < lie, four ounces j faffron, half 
 
 * an ounce j make into a pafte for 
 « balls, with a proper quantity of 
 
 < honey.' 
 
 Thefe balls are extremely well cal- 
 culated for this purpofe 5 but if they 
 are thciight too expenfue, the cor- 
 dial ball may be given with an eighth 
 part of powdered iquills, and bar- 
 badoes tar 5 or equal quantities of 
 the above and cordial ball may be 
 beat up together ; and where they 
 can be afforded, balfam ofperu, 
 bair^m of fulphur and flowers ol- 
 benjamin would undoubtedly, added 
 to the cordial ball, make it a more 
 efticacious niedicine in cafes of this 
 fort, as thus : ' Take of the 
 
 * pectoral or cordial ball, one 
 
 * pound ; balfam of peru, half an 
 
 * ounce j b^ilfan of fulphur, ani- 
 
 * r,;ited, one ounce 5 flowers of ben- 
 
 * jamin, half an ounce ; honey, as 
 ' much as is fufiicieDt to form them 
 
 * into a parte ; give the fsze of a 
 
 * piegeon's egg evrry morning/ 
 Exercife in a free open air is very 
 
 fervice-^ble, and the diet fltould be 
 moderate. Horfes fubjeft to any 
 inward oppr^.fTion of I'le lungs 
 ftiould never be fufFered to have a 
 belly full ; that is, they fliould ne- 
 ver be peimitted fo to diftend their 
 ftomach with meat or water as to 
 prefs againft the midiirf^ which of 
 coyrfe would hinder refpiration. 
 Their hay fliould even be abridged, 
 given in Imall quant;tie'^,3r!d fpiink- 
 led with v.ater ; and their ufual al- 
 lowance both of- CO! n and water 
 ftiould be divided into fevcial por- 
 tions : by fuch a regulation in diet, 
 horfes may be fo recovered a? to do 
 grcTt I'ervice ; and in all dilbn'ers 
 of the lungs, it is whatfiiould piin- 
 clpally he attended to. 
 
 The following are the fympto-ns 
 of a dry ccugh, or siihma. The 
 horfr aiHJctcd ^,vith this ccugh, eats 
 
 c o u 
 
 heartily, hunts, and goes through 
 his biifinefs with alacrity, ap(;ears 
 well coated, and has ail the figns 
 of perfed health : yet he ftlall cons^h 
 at particular times almolf incef- 
 fanily. without throwing up any 
 thing, except thnt the violence of the 
 cough will caufe a little den- wa- 
 ter to diltil from his nofe. Though 
 this cough is not periodical, yet 
 fome of thefe horfes cough moft in 
 a morning after drinking. This 
 may properly be ftiled a nervous 
 af^hma in a horfe, as prchibly it 
 chi'^fly aftcdls the nerves in the mem- 
 branous parts of the lungs and miJ- 
 liff; and is a cafe very douht'nl, 
 at heft, if not incurable: but when 
 the horfe is young, the foUcving 
 method may be fuccefsful. Take 
 away firft a moderate quan»i'y of 
 blood, tlien give him two d:rim<: of 
 calomel, mixed with an ounce of 
 diapente, for two nights ; and tl-.e 
 ntxt morning, a purging^ ! all : keep 
 him well cloathed and littered, and 
 feed him with fcalded bran ar.d 
 warm water. 
 
 Once in eight or ten days, this 
 purge may be repeated, with one 
 m<-i curia! ball only given over night. 
 The following balls may then be 
 taken, one every day, about the 
 fize of a pullet's egg ; the horl'e faff- 
 ing two hcurs afterwards ; and 
 fliould be continued two months or 
 longer, to be of real fervice. * Take 
 
 * native cinnsbar, or cinnabar of 
 
 * antim.ony, half a pound j turn 
 
 * gua-acum, four ounces ; mytih 
 ' and gum ammoniac, of each tvv'o 
 
 * ounces ; Venice loap, half a 
 
 * pound ; the cinnabar m.uli be 
 
 * finely levigated as before obfci ved, 
 
 * and the whole tnixed up v^-ith lion • 
 
 * ey oroxymcl fquills.' 
 
 The follov\'ing alfo will be fo'.md 
 an ufeful remedy in chftinate dry 
 coughs. * Take gum ammcnia- 
 
 * cum, fquiils, and Venice foap, 
 
 • • of 
 
c o u 
 
 ' of each four ounces ; balfam of 
 
 * fulphur , with annileetls , one 
 
 * ounce ; beat up into a m^I»-, and 
 
 * given as the former.' 
 
 Thele mercurial and ponderous 
 medicines are well adapted to o^'cn 
 obltru<51ions in the lungs, and to 
 prevent thofe litt'c knots or tuber- 
 cles, which I'o liiquently ulcerate, 
 ard hy the foundation of an incura- 
 ble malady or confumption : but 
 the common peCtoials alone will a- 
 Vdil nothing in old ftubbarn couglis; 
 their ethcacy being lolt m the long 
 tour they have to make befo-e tiicy 
 come to the lungs ; and indeed were 
 itotherwife, w.ihout they had luch 
 pDvveiiul opener; joined with then}, 
 ihey would lie of littie confeipie 'ce : 
 for wlie:e the.'e are any expedations 
 froni medicines, Inch are chiefly to 
 b- rc-lied on which have a power of 
 tliffoiving and attenudting the viivid 
 humours, opening the iinail ob- 
 flruded veflKis, and promoting a!! 
 tUt natural lecrctions. Some your)g 
 ho'ies are fabjecl to coughs on out- 
 ing ilfeir teeth ; their eyes aie alio 
 atfcfted from the fame caufe. In 
 the.'e cafes always bleed ; and if t^e 
 cough is obitiiiate, ;epeat it, and 
 give warm maflies, which in gere- 
 lal are alone fuficiei.t to rcmcv- 
 this complaint. But when tlie 
 cough is an attendant on worms 
 as it often is in young horfes, you 
 rnnft give fuch medicines as have a. 
 power to dellroy thofe animals ; par- 
 ticuUily mercurial phyfic, at pio- 
 per intervals, and intermediately, 
 half ?n ounce of ethiops mineral, 
 mixed up with the cordial, or pec- 
 toral bads, may be given every 
 day. See the article Worms. 
 Bart Id's Farriery. 
 
 COUNTER, or Breast of a 
 Jioric is that part of a horl'e's fore- 
 hand which lies between tlie fhoiil- 
 dtrs and under the neck. Cuillst. 
 
 ^V iar^s and full breall or couu- 
 
 c o u 
 
 fei' is always eReemed in light or 
 fmall fized horfes : but in Dutch or 
 Friezland hcrfes,they are commonly 
 too laige, which makes them heavy: 
 however for horlts that are dcfigned 
 for draught, large and broaii coun- 
 ters do very well, becaufe tliey ena- 
 ble them to draw with the greater 
 e:iie, and the harnefs galls them 
 lefs : but to baliance that advan- 
 tage, fuch brealts or counters make 
 them much more heavy ; having by 
 that means the perfe5l quality of a 
 cart hoife, who, the more he is tied 
 to the ground and the bigger, the 
 better lie is. SoUeyfeWs Cofuplcat 
 liorftman, 
 
 COUNTER - MARKED. A 
 horfe is faid to be counter marked, 
 when his teeth are ait fitially n)ade 
 i)o low by a farrier's graver ; and a 
 falie mark is made in the hollow 
 p'ace, in imitation of the eye of a 
 bean, with intent to make people 
 think th*.t a horfe is not above fix 
 years old, and fo conceal his age. 
 See the article AcE of a horfe. 
 GuiJlet. 
 
 COUNTER-POISE, ox balance 
 of the body^ is the Jtbeity of the ac- 
 tion and feat of a horfeman, acquir- 
 ed by prailifing in the manage, fo 
 that in all the motions made by the 
 horfe, the horfeman does not incline 
 his body more to one fide than to 
 another: but continues in the mid- 
 dle of the faddle i bearing equally 
 on his ftirrups, in order to give the 
 horfe the feaionable and proper aids. 
 Thus we fay, This gentleman keeps 
 his counter-pciie fowell, that he is 
 always prepared againft the fur- 
 prizes and diforderly motions of the 
 hoiie. See the article Seat. Gull. 
 
 COUNTER-TIxME, the de- 
 fence or refinance of a horfe that in- 
 teri-upis his cadence, and the wiea- 
 fuie of his manage. Tin's is occa- 
 fioned, either by a bad horfeman, 
 or by the vicious humour of the 
 horfe i 
 
C R A 
 
 horCe : thus we fay, This leaping 
 horJe has made two or three coun- 
 ter-times, and, inftead of raifing 
 his fore quarter?, has continued to 
 yerkbehird. This horfe has broke 
 the juftnefs of his manage by his 
 counter-time, and the rider has hut 
 forrily feconded the aids of the bri- 
 dle with the aids of the heels. Cutl- 
 iet. 
 
 COURSE, or Race, a word 
 which, though not received in the 
 manage, fignifies upon other occa- 
 fjors, a gallop at full ipeed, where 
 we lay, This baib is a orood courier 
 and v/e!l winded. Guillet. 
 
 CRACKS, C L E F T S, or 
 Chops, in the heels of a horfe. 
 See the article Chops. 
 
 When this is the cafe, or the heels 
 are full of hard fcabs, it is necefla- 
 ry to beg'H the cure wi:h poultices 
 made either of boiled turneps and 
 lard, with a handful of linfeed pow- 
 dered, or oatmeal and rye flcuer, 
 with a little common turpentine and 
 hog's lard boiltd up with (hong beer 
 grounds, or red wine-lees. The 
 degeffive ointment being applied to 
 the (ores, for two cr three days, with 
 either of thefe poultices over it, wii!, 
 bv foftening them, promote a dif- 
 chnrge, untcpd the veflels, and take 
 down thefwelling; wben they may 
 be dried up with the following dry- 
 ing water. * Take v%hite vitriol 
 
 * and burnt alum, of each two oun- 
 
 * cesj egyptiacum., one ounce; 
 
 * lime water, a quart, or three 
 
 * pints ; wafh the fores with a fponge 
 
 * dipped in this three times a day, 
 
 * and spply the common white 
 
 * ointment Ipread on tow, to an 
 
 * ounce of which may be added t-.vo 
 
 * drams of fugar of lead.' See the 
 article Great.e. Bartlefs Farriery. 
 See Scratches. 
 
 Sand CRACKS. See the article 
 Sand Cracks. 
 
 CRAMP, a kind of corvulfion. 
 Seethe article Convulsion:.., 
 
 C R E 
 
 For cramps or convulfloRS In the 
 finrw'c, fee the article SiNEVv. 
 
 C R AP AUD 1 N E , or ^read npnn 
 the ccrcr.et, an irnp?tft61ioti in a 
 hcrie's foot ; being an id'-er on the 
 co'onet, whence idues a fiit!)y ma- 
 ter, wliich by its fiiarpnels di ies w^ 
 the horn beneath the part where the 
 tread is made; and forms a kind 
 of g'oove or hollcw down to the 
 very flioe. Ho) Tes of man''<ge,which 
 da not crofs their legs enough in 
 pafTnging, but knock and hit fre- 
 qurntly thtir coronets in one and 
 tile f^me place, wish the nails of 
 their fhoes, may very readily occa- 
 fion fuch ulcer? ; of which they will 
 halt very much, if they be not look- 
 ed to and kept clean. However 
 they are cf no great contequence, 
 and come for the mofl part rather in 
 the bird teet than in the fore. Sol- 
 Icyfell's Co7np'eat Horjeman. 
 
 CRATCHES, a iwelling on the 
 pattern urder the fet!cv:k, and fome- 
 titnes under the hoof; when'^e it is 
 diflinguifhed into the finewy cratch- 
 e«:,which auV6t the fmews, and thofe 
 Tipon the coronet, called the quit- 
 tors. See the article Quittors. 
 Ginilet. 
 
 CREAT, in the manage, an 
 Uiher to a riding maffer, or a gen- 
 tleman bred in the academy, with 
 intent to render hinifelt capable of 
 (e.".ching the art of riding the great 
 horle. Guillet, 
 
 CREPANCE is a chop or cratch 
 in a horlr's legs, given by the fpun- 
 ges of tl e fhoes of one of the hinder 
 feet, crcffing and ftriking againft 
 the other hinder foot. This cratch 
 degenerates into an ulcer, which is 
 cuied by walhing it with warm wine 
 and urine, and (if accompanied 
 with a tVeliing and inflammation) 
 applying the white honey charge. 
 Black f bap with fpirit of wine i« nl- 
 fo a very efFe^lual remedy. Guillet 
 zr,i) Fu/f:c Dt^, 
 
 CKE- 
 
C R E 
 
 CRESCENT. A horfe is fa^d 
 to have a ci€l"cent, when the point, 
 or that part of the coffin bone, or 
 }itt-e foot, which is molt advanced, 
 falls down and prefles the fole out- 
 wards : and the middle of the hoof 
 above the toe flirinks, and becomes 
 fiat, by jeafon of the Ivoliowntfs be- 
 Keatli : thougii thefe crcicents be 
 leallv the bo»e of the !Jtt!e foot, 
 which has left its pbce, and fallen 
 downwards, fo as the underpart of 
 the loot, that is of the (ble and the 
 toe, appears round and the hoof a- 
 bove fjirinkfi in. Rufiic Dltl. 
 
 CRKEST-FALLEN isanim- 
 perfcvllion or infirmity in a hotfe, 
 when the upper part of his neck on 
 which his mane grows, called the 
 cielt, hangs, either on the one fiJe, 
 or on th€ ether, not ftan iing up- 
 right a.s it ci'ght to do. This pro- 
 ceeds for the mod part from po- 
 verty, caufed by ill keeping, and 
 efpecially when a fat horle fa'ls a- 
 way fuddenJy upon any inward 
 fi':kn.eis. The remedy is as follows : 
 fir ft rAbfe it up with your hand, and 
 place it as it ought to itand ; then 
 let a per Ton ftanding on the fide the 
 creft falls f om, hoid up the crell 
 with one h?.ndy an-i thruft out the 
 bottom of it witli the cMiher, '^o tliat 
 it may Hand upright. This being 
 done, draw a hot iron, broad <>n the 
 edge, on tliat fide through the fkin 
 (:irawing hl^; neck firft at the bottom 
 of the creft, tlien in the middle of it, 
 and laftiy at the fetting on of the 
 hair) and no .deeper than on the o- 
 ther fide from whence the creft falls; 
 then gatht-r up the fKin with your 
 hand, and apply two plallers of 
 fiioemakers wax laid one againft the 
 o'lier at tlie ^d'st of the wound ; 
 and with fmooth fplints Itay the 
 ikin, that it may (brink neither up- 
 ward nor downward. Then clip 
 away all the fpare fkin which you 
 had gathered with your hand with 
 
 C R I 
 
 a pah* of fciffars, and ftitch the fkm 
 together in divers places with a nee- 
 dle full of redfi'kj and ftitch the 
 edges of the plalters, to prevent it 
 from breiHkmg. And Uft of all, 
 anoint the (ore with tuipentine, hon- 
 ey and wax, melted together, and 
 the places which you drew with the 
 hot iron, with a piece of greafe 
 made warm 5 and thus do twice e- 
 very day till it be whole. But you 
 mult be fure to take care that your 
 fplints flirink not ; though after all, 
 the belt cure for this malady is to 
 let the horfe blood, and to keep him 
 very well : for the ftrength and fat- 
 nefs will raift the cruil .-.gain. RuJ- 
 
 tic Dia. 
 
 CREVICE, a clvxp, cleft, chink 
 or crrfck. See Cracks, 5ec. Gu'il- 
 Ict. 
 
 CRIB-BITING, or Tick, a 
 fort of vice, or rather ill habit, to 
 which mir.y horfes are addi6fed ; 
 and which c>mfiils in a horfe's catch- 
 ins hold of tiie edge o\ the manger, 
 fuckng in the air, and fwallow- 
 ing it down by gulp?, till he is 
 foml?times fo full that he is ready to 
 iburll. Some do it only on their 
 collar reins, and fome on every poft 
 and gate they can come at. This 
 vice is moie common in London 
 than any where elfe, and may either 
 come upon horfes from very luw 
 feeding, while they are voun^ and 
 have craving appetites, or perhaps, 
 by ftanding much at the crib, while 
 they are Ihedding their t^eth ; for 
 then their mouths are hot and their 
 gums tender and itching, which 
 may make them more readily fuck 
 in the air to cool their mouths. The 
 beft way to (lifcover this vice is, 
 when one looks into a horfe's mouth 
 for his age, to take notice that his 
 foreteeth are not worn : for when 
 a horfe has '■■ een long accultomed to 
 this vice, the teeth will not meet rn 
 fame places by the breadth of. one's 
 4 finger. 
 
C R O 
 
 finger. The coach breed are t1:€ 
 fnoii Cnhje6i to it, and a horfe nevei- 
 Jofcs this ill hahit during iiis whole 
 life J and indeed all the methods hi- 
 thei to ui'ed to l>reak it have proved 
 ineffe6lual. Horfes ihat crib are 
 but of fma'I value ; they drop a 
 great part of their food unchewed, 
 which makes them ahiiolt always 
 look lean and jaded, with a Raring 
 coat ; and conlequently few ofiheni 
 Pre able lo endure much labcv.r; be- 
 fites they are frequenhy fijbje6\ lo 
 the gripes and other maladies, which 
 are owing to their continuii fucking 
 and fining thcT^felves wiih air. Gib- 
 fonsD;fepf€S of Horfes. 
 
 CRICK in the neck, an infirmky 
 which hinders a horfe from tuining 
 his neck any way, or taking his 
 meat from the ground, without great 
 pain and uneafinefs. In order to 
 cure a crick in the neck, it is pre- 
 fcribed to thruft a fharp hot iron 
 through the flefh of the neck in five 
 places, at three inche? didance one 
 from another ; taking care that no 
 finew be injured 5 and to rowel all 
 of them with horfc-hair, fi.\k, or 
 hemp, for fifteen days ; anointing 
 the rowels with hogs greafe ; in 
 which cafe the neck will Ibon be 
 reftored. Or eiie, bathe his neck 
 with oil of pepper, or oil of "pike, 
 very hot ; and roll it up in wet hay 
 or rather litter, keeping him very 
 warm . Rv.fic Did. 
 
 CROATS, or Cravats, hor- 
 fes brought from Croatia in Hunga- 
 ry, which for the mofl: p^rt, beat 
 upon the hand, and bear up to the 
 wind, that ic, bear their neck high, 
 and thruft out their nofe, fhaki'ng 
 their head. Guillet. 
 
 CROSS. To make a crofs in 
 corvets, to make a crofs in Halo- 
 tades, is to make a fort 01 1 aps or 
 airs, with one breath forwards, 
 b-ickwards, and fideways, as in the 
 tiguie of a crofs. Some talk of 
 
 C R O 
 
 m?king a cro^s in capriole? : hut 
 that cannot be, for the horfts that 
 (hould make caprioles backwards 
 w.Hi'f4 appear rdiy ; and !u^h as 
 ue cf«!l r..mingue, which would 
 not woik a^-cording to the jult tx- 
 a6lne/s of the manage. Not ta 
 mention, that the moft rigorous 
 hoiie ihnt is cannot with one hreath 
 mark the whole crofs in caprioles. 
 Guiilci. 
 
 CROUP f)f a horfe is the extre- 
 mity of the reins above the hips. 
 The rrcup of a horfe fiiould he large 
 and round, fo that the tops of the 
 two haunch bones be not within 
 v'ew of each other ; the greater dif- 
 tance-between (heie two !x)nes the 
 better: hut yet it is an imperfection, 
 if they be too hioji, which is cnlled 
 horn hippevi ; th.ough that hiemiln 
 will in a gre^t meafure difappear, 
 if he can be made fat and luH^y, 
 The croup fiiould have its cotnpafs 
 from the hsxmch bone to th.e very- 
 dock, or onfet of the tail, and fliouid 
 be divi'^cd in two by a channel ot 
 hollow all along to the very dock. 
 
 A Rocking Croup is when a 
 horfe*s fore qoarters go ri2;ht, but 
 his croup in walking fwings frem 
 fi.ie to fi e: when fuch a horfe trots, 
 one of his haunch bores v>-i!l f;:l!, 
 and the other rife, like the beam of 
 a balance, which is a ngn thrn he 
 is not very vigorous. Ki'f. DiSl. 
 
 To ga:!: ihe Ckovp, in the ma- 
 rage, is when a horieman makes a 
 demitour upon another, in ord^r to 
 take him upon the croup. If in a 
 combat, you are hard put to it hy 
 your enemy, mr.ke a demipyroft at 
 the end of the paiTade, and gain his 
 croup, Guillet. 
 
 V/ithcnt flippngthe Croup is nn 
 exprefr>on uied for volts and a gal- 
 lop ; and fignifies without traverfuig 
 or letting -the croup go out of tlie 
 volt or tiead cf the gaMop. Guillet., 
 
 CRCU. 
 
C R U 
 
 CROUPADE, in the manage, 
 is a lenn in which the horfs pulls 
 up his hirul legs as if he drew them 
 »j{> to bis belly. Croupades are 
 hijrher leaps than thofe oF curvets, 
 vvhtch keep the fore and hind quar- 
 ters of the hoi le in an ecjinl height, 
 io that he truircs his hind ]eg;s under 
 his briiy, wiihcut yerking, or /hew- 
 ing his flioes. Croupades differ 
 from caprioles and b^lotades in this, 
 that IT croupades the horfe does not 
 yeilc, as he does in the other two 
 airs. 
 
 High croupades are croupades 
 railed above the ordinary height. 
 Set- the anirle Yerk. Gu'ilkt. 
 
 CROWN-SCAB, in horles, an 
 huinonr that breaks out round the 
 coronet } is very fnarp and itching, 
 and attended with rcr.rhneis. Mutt 
 ufe onlv ihaip water for the cv.re of 
 it: b'.U the faftlV way is to mix it 
 with fume marfli- mallows and yel- 
 low bahlicon, eq'ial parts, fpicad 
 upon tow, and laid all round the 
 coroner, and at the (a me time let 
 the horfe have a Ao(t or two of phy- 
 I'lr, or a couple ol diureiic i!riiik.s, 
 f'K-'.i as are prefcvibeU under ihe ar- 
 ticleGREASE. Gibpjns Difetyh of 
 Ho:'fes, and Bartlel's Fo.rr. 
 
 CKOWNED. A horfe is faid 
 to be Cf owned, when by a !a'.! or 
 any other accider.t, he is fo hint or 
 wcunded in the knee, that the hair 
 filed s and falls off without growing 
 again. Guillt't. 
 
 Crown Ei> Pa^^tkrn •- Joint. 
 See the article Paster..v-1oint, 
 
 CRUPPER, the buttocks of a 
 horfe, the rump ; aifo a roll of lea- 
 ther put uiider a hoifes t:iil, and 
 drawn up bv thongs, to the buckle 
 behind the faddle, lb as to keep him 
 from ca'Hng the faddie fbrua;d3 up- 
 on his reck. Dkl. Ruf:. 
 
 Crupper-Buckles, large 
 lijuare buckles, Hx.-d to the faddle- 
 tree behind, to falkn the crupper \ 
 
 CUR 
 
 each buckle having a roller or two 
 on, to m?ke it draw eafdy. Id ihid, 
 
 CURB, in the luanage, a chain 
 of iron made fait to the upper part 
 of the branches of the bi idle, in a 
 hole called the eye, and mnuing o- 
 ver the beard of the horfe. The 
 curb of a horfe's bridle confu'ts cf 
 the following parts, i. The hook 
 fixed to che eye of the branch, z. 
 Tlie chain of S S. or links. 3. The 
 two rings or mails. Large curbs, 
 provicied they are round, are al- 
 ways the moft genile. But care 
 mull be taken that it reft in its pro- 
 per place, a little above the beaid, 
 otherwiie the bit-mouth will not 
 have the efft<Sl that may be expelled 
 from it. Didl. RkJI, 
 
 To g'i-je a leap upon /^v Curb, 
 is to lliortcn the curb by laying one 
 of the mails or S. tike joints ol the 
 cliains over the reft. Giullet. 
 
 CURB,' in F.-irriery. As a fpavin 
 rifes among the bones of the fore 
 pit t of tJie hock, fo a curb take^ its 
 origin from the iuiitTiuies ol the fame 
 bones, and rifes on the hind part, 
 fo.iTi'Ing a psetty large tumor over 
 the back part of the hind leg, at- 
 tended with ft'ffnefs and Tome tiines 
 with a pain and lamenef*. A cuib 
 proceeds from the fame caufes ihat 
 produce fpavins, viz. hard ridinr, 
 llrain", blows, or kicks. The cure 
 at fiift is getveraily eaiy enough ef- 
 fefled by bliftering repeated two or 
 three rimes or ofrncr. If it does nut 
 lubmit tc this treatment, but grows 
 exctfTiv-i-iy hard, the quickeft and 
 fureft way is to fire with a thin iron, 
 making a hnedown the middle frortj 
 the top to the biittom, and drawing 
 feveral lines in a pennitorm man- 
 ner pretty derp \ and then, to apply 
 a mild bliftering pialler or ointment 
 over it. This method will intirely 
 remove it. Gihjhi's Dipafcs o/Hor- 
 fes, andBarilefs Fan'iery. Seethe 
 article Stavin. 
 
 CUR. 
 
CUR 
 
 CURTAIL a horfe, /. e. to 
 dock him, or cut off his tail. Cur- 
 t?.ilin2:is not ufed in any ration in 
 Europe, or ellewhere fo much as in 
 England, by reafon of the great 
 carriage and heavy burthens cur 
 hcrfes are continually employed in 
 carrying or diawingj the Englifli 
 being of opinion, that the taking 
 off thefe joints makes the horfe's 
 chine or back nnich ftronger, and 
 more able to f'upport a burden. 
 
 The manner of performing the 
 operation of curtailing is firft, to feel 
 with your finger or thumb, till you 
 have found the third jomt from the 
 fetting on of the horfe's tail ; hav- 
 ing dene this, raife up all the 
 hair, and turn it backwards ; then, 
 taking a very fmall cord, and wrap- 
 ping it about that joint, pull it 
 with both your ovt'n and another 
 man's ftreiigth, as {trait as polTibly 
 you can ; after this, wrsp it about 
 again, and draw it as (trait or (trait- 
 ei than before j and t!:us do three 
 or four times about the tail with all 
 pofTibie (traitnefs ; and make faft 
 the ends of the cord ; after that, 
 take a piece of wood, the end of 
 which is fmooth and even, of a juft 
 height with the (trunt of the horie's 
 tail, and fet it between the horfe's 
 hinder legs, having firft trammelled 
 all his four legs, fo that he can no 
 way (tir j then lay his tail upon it 5 
 and taking a large, fharp Itrong 
 knife m.ade for that parpofe, fet the 
 edge thereof as near as you can be- 
 tween the fourth and fifth joint \ 
 and, with a large fmith's haiumcr 
 fti iking upon the back of the knife, 
 cut oft the tail. 
 
 If you fee any blood ifTue, you 
 may know that the cord is not ftrait 
 enough, and therefore you fliould 
 draw it itraiter j but if no blood fol- 
 low, then it is well bound. When 
 ycu have done this, take a red hot 
 
 ! turning iron; made of a round fcrm, 
 
 CUT 
 
 of the full compafs of the flefh of 
 the horfe's tail, that the bone there- 
 of may not go through the hole j 
 with this fear the fit fli till it be mor- 
 tified J and in the feaiing you will 
 clearly fee the ends of the vtrins ftart 
 out like pnp heads : but ycu muft 
 /till continue fearing till you find 
 that all are moift, fmooth, plain 
 and hard, lb that the blood cannot 
 break through the burning; then 
 you may boldly unloofc the cord; 
 and after two or three d?.ys, when 
 you perceive the fore begin to rot, 
 then do not fail to anoint it witn 
 frefli butler: or elfe with hog's 
 greafe and turpentine, till it be 
 whole. Kiijl. D:a, See the article 
 
 Doc KINO. 
 
 CURVETS, or Corvets, in 
 the manage, an air in which the 
 horfe's legs are more raiftd than in 
 the demivolts : being a kind of leap 
 up and a little forwrirds, wherein 
 the horfe raifes both his forefeet at 
 once equally advanced (when he is 
 going ftraight forward and not in a 
 circle) and as his fore Irgs are fal- 
 ling, he immediately raifes his hind 
 legs as he did his fore; that is, e- 
 qually advanced, and not one be- 
 fore the other : lo that all his four 
 legs are in the air at once ; and as 
 he fets them down, he marks but 
 two times wiih them. Horfes that 
 are very dull or very fiery are im- 
 proper for corvets ; they being the 
 moft difticultair that they can make; 
 and requiring a great deal of Judg- 
 ment in the rider, as well as pati- 
 ence in the horfe to perform it. 
 
 CUTTING, in the manage, is 
 when the hone's feet interfere ; or 
 when with the fhoe of one foot he 
 beats off the fkin from the paltern 
 joint of another hoof. See the ar- 
 ticle Interfere. 
 
 To Cut, or Geld a horfe, is to 
 render hsm impotent, after which 
 he is called a gelding, by way of 
 
 F ' dif- 
 
CUT 
 
 (liftinfllon from a ftone horfe. See 
 the a'-ticle Gelding. 
 
 The befl: way to cure a horfe of 
 biting and kicklny is to geld him. 
 
 To Cut the Round, or Cvrthe 
 Felt, is to change the hand when a 
 horfe works upon voits of" one tread. 
 
 cur 
 
 fo that dividing the voits in two, lie 
 turns and parts upon a right line, 
 to recommence another volt. In 
 this fort of manage the riding maf- 
 ters are wont to cry coupes, ctupe^ 
 le Kcndy cut, cut the Round, 
 Cuiliet. 
 
 %%'^%%%%%%%%%^^%%%%m%%%%%%% 
 
 D. 
 
 D E F 
 
 D E F 
 
 DAPPLE-BAY, in the manage, 
 is ufed for a horfe which has 
 marks of a dark bay colour : fuch 
 are alfo called, bays a/niroir. Guil- 
 Icfs Gent. Diil. F^ i . in woe. See 
 the article Bay. 
 
 D APPLE- BLACK,a black horfe 
 having fpots or ni^rks blacker and 
 more fhiningthan the reftof hislkin. 
 Guillet, See Black. 
 
 DECEIVED. A horfe is faid 
 to be deceived, when, upon a demi- 
 volt of one or two treads, working 
 for inftance to the right, and not 
 having yet furniflied above half the 
 deniivoltjhe is preffed one time or mo- 
 tion forwards, vvith the inner leg 5 
 and then is put to a reprife upon the 
 left in the fame cadence with which 
 he beg-^n. He thus regains the 
 place where the demivolt had been 
 begun to the right, and works to 
 the left. Ahorle may in this man- 
 ner be deceived on any hand. Gtal- 
 let. 
 
 DEER'S NECK, See the article 
 Neck. 
 
 DEFECTS and Faults which 
 ought chiefly to be avoided in buying 
 of horfes are, accoruing to Mr. Gib- 
 fon, fuch as follow. If a horfe has 
 a lamenefs in any part that is 
 
 e^fily perceived ; if a horfe's limbs 
 are Iwelled ; if he has fpecks or 
 defiuxions on his eyes j if he ftartles 
 and flies off at ihe fight of common 
 obje6fs ; if his feet ase fo plainly 
 bad, as to make him go cripling 
 along; if he heaves at his flanks, 
 and coughs. Thefe and many more 
 fuch like are dtfeffs that cannot be 
 hid, even from thofe who perhaps 
 know but little of a horfe. When 
 a man is about to chu.^e a horfe, if 
 he be never fo good a judge, yet he 
 rr.uft be forced to take fome things 
 upon truft, unlefs he be allowed a 
 fufficient trial : for fcveral defefls in 
 a horfe are of fuch a nature that they 
 cannot be eafily dlfcovered till a 
 perlon has ha i him a flicrt time in 
 his own keeping : for inftance, fome 
 horfes when turned fix or feven years 
 old are fubjeff to a dry, chronical, 
 fixed cough, which comes upon 
 them at uncertain timesj efpecially 
 when fuch horles happen to catch a 
 frefli cold. 
 
 The goodnefs or bidnefs of the 
 eyes is another thing wherein the 
 befl: judges are fometim.es millaken. 
 It is not always the clearn?f< of the 
 eye that denotes its goodnefs-, but a 
 m?n is alfo to form his judgment 
 from 
 
D E F 
 
 from other indications, particularly 
 from the form and manner of the 
 eye, which includes not only the 
 body of the eye, hut the eye lids, 
 eye brows, and all the parts belong- 
 ing to it. For a luore particular 
 account of the deficiencies and faults 
 of this organ, fee the article Eye. 
 
 The knowledge of the feet is 
 rerkoned more eafy than that of the 
 eyes. A thin, weak foot is juUly 
 reckoned a very great defc6l in a 
 horfe ; neither is a very ftrong foot 
 always the moft eligible; but is 
 liable to feveral sccidents. See the 
 articles Feet, Heel, Hoof, &:c. 
 
 Other things to be regarded in a 
 horfe are, his fhoulders, cheft, el- 
 bow, limb?, &c. for an account of 
 each of which parts fee the articles 
 Shoulders, &c. 
 
 Accidents to which the limbs are 
 liable are fpler.ts, windgal?, ring- 
 bones, curbs, &c. See the articles 
 Ljmbs, Splints, &c. 
 
 Another thing to be regarded is 
 the carcais or body of a horle, which 
 comprlfes his ribs, flanki;, back, &c. 
 the properties whereof we have al- 
 ready confidered under the articles 
 Carcass, &c. 
 
 Other things to be regarded in a 
 horfe is his wind, which may be 
 eafily known by the m.otion of his 
 fi^nksj and feme other figns. For 
 other defefls cbfervable in hoifes 
 one (liould feel under his Jaws, that 
 he be free from inflated kernels ; 
 he fhould not have a large flefhy 
 head, nor a grofs thick neck ; neither 
 fli uld he be leaf eared, nor have a 
 deer's neck. When the hocks ap- 
 proach near together, and the feet 
 ftand cut, and (haddllng, he will al- 
 ways appear with a remarkable 
 meannefs 5 fiefliy- legged Iiorfes are 
 ufually fubjea to the greafe and 
 other infirm.ities. The temper of 
 a horfe ought alfo to be regarded. 
 A fulltn, ill-conditioned horfe en- 
 
 D I A 
 
 dangers every one that comes near 
 him. On the other hand, a fearful 
 horCe both endangers himfelf imd his 
 rider, more than a vicious horfe that 
 has courage. A horfe that is very 
 hot and fretful is ro lefs to be a- 
 vcided ; and a dull, heavy, phleg- 
 matic horfe is the very reverie of one 
 that is hot and fiery j and his quali- 
 ties are e^fily known, notwithftand- 
 ing all the ai ts of the dealer to put 
 life and fpirit into him. Gibfon's 
 D'lfeafes cf Horfcs. 
 
 The vice ot crib-feiting we have 
 already taken notice of under the 
 article Crib eiting. Seethe ar- 
 i\c.\f Vices in horfes. 
 
 DEMI AIR, or DE?v1I VOLT, 
 in the mar age, one of the feven ar- 
 tificial motions of an horfe ; being 
 an air in which his fore-parts ar6 
 more raifed than in terra a terra i 
 but the motion of the horfe's legs is 
 more quick in the latter than in ths 
 demivolt. See the article Terra A 
 Terra, and Volt. 
 
 DEVUIDER, a term in the aca- 
 demies, applied to a hofe that, in 
 working upon volts, makes his 
 flioulders go too fait for the croupe 
 to follow 5 fo that, inftead of going 
 upon two treadi as he ought, he 
 endeavours to go cnly upon one, 
 which comes from the refiftance he 
 makes in defendingagainft the hfels; 
 or from the fault of the horfcman, 
 that is too hafty with his hand. See 
 the article Hasten. Guiilet. 
 
 DIABETES is a frequent and 
 profufe Haling, attended with great 
 weaknefs, lofs cf flefli, and often 
 with an atrophy and decay. 
 
 A diabetes is generally the refult 
 of long continued ficknef-, old fur- 
 feit>^, or the tffe6l of hard riding, 
 hsrd laboiu-, with low feeding, by 
 which the ferofities of the blood be- 
 come too much attenuated ; and the 
 hoife, by a continual pifTmg, is al- 
 wavs craving after water. Ani 
 
 F X wl:eR 
 
D I A 
 
 when this happens to a horfe of a 
 weakjy conftiiution, it becomes very 
 difficult to remove i^. He foon lolies 
 both his flefli and appetite, grows 
 teeble, his hair Hares, and his bones 
 Hick out j his eyes look weak and 
 watry ; and when it is of a long 
 Handing, he grows unfit for all kind 
 of bulinefs j and if the piHing in a 
 true diabetes is not foon conquered, 
 it ufually ends in rottennefs. 
 
 The cure of young horfirs that 
 are addifled to pifs from fearfuinefs, 
 which cafe is to be diHinguifhed from 
 the true DiabeteSjdcpends very much 
 upon gentle ufage: forfear is fo Ihong 
 an cfte61ion in a hoi le, that vihere it 
 prevails, it is ftldom overcome by 
 any other means : and if this con- 
 tinues, the pifliiig w^ill increafe ; 
 and fcarce any remedy will be able 
 to prevent its return. 
 
 If the horfe be of a tender, weak- 
 ly conltitution, he fl)ould neither be 
 indulged in too much water or too 
 much moift diet, of any kind, ef- 
 pecially fcalded bran and other hot 
 malhes which relax the kidneys: but 
 fliould ratlier coniiantly be kept to 
 dry food, unlefs fome other diforder 
 Hiould require the horle to be kept 
 open : his water fhould be fmali in 
 quantity, and often ; his exerciie 
 gentle, and unconltrained, till he 
 ibecome more fettled, and grow 
 rnore familiar; and then the fre- 
 quent pifling will probably le;ive 
 him. When the Haling, asitfome 
 times may do, proceeds from any 
 iudden ill ufage, as too much wa- 
 ter and hard riding after it, fo as to 
 weaken ,the tone of the kidneys, 
 by throwing too great a load upon 
 them, it may be cured by a contrary 
 treatinetft j and if the horfe be lufty, 
 with high feeding and pampering, 
 it will be proper to bleed, and give 
 a (lender dry diet, and to tide him 
 gently after his water. Rowelling 
 and purging msy aifo help in fuch 
 cafes* 
 
 D I A 
 
 But if a horfe has a true diabetes^ 
 lofes his appetite andftrength, pilTes 
 Oiten and in great quantities ; if he 
 has had a furteit, or any other lin- 
 gering ficknefs previous to the other, 
 he ought to be treated vi^ith reftrin- 
 gents, and with a proper mixture of 
 balfamic and agglutinant medicines, 
 to heal and ftiengthen the kidneys, 
 luch as the following: 
 
 * Take conierve of rofes, two 
 
 * ounces; lucatellus balfam, one 
 
 * ounce ; fpermacoeti, and Japan 
 ' earth or bole, in fine powder, two 
 
 * drams ; diafcordium, half an 
 
 * ounce; make into two balls, with 
 
 * a fufficient quantity of llarch, and 
 
 * roil them in liquorice powder or 
 
 * flour.' Let one of thefe be giv- 
 en in the morning, and the other 
 between the horfe's feeds in the af- 
 ternoon ; and after each, about 
 four hornfuls of the following de- 
 coflion. * Take Jefuit's bark 
 
 * bruifed, four ounces ; the roots 
 
 * of biftort and tormentil, of each 
 
 * two ounces ; gum arabic, three 
 
 * ounces ; red rofes dried, one 
 
 * ounce ; boil in two gallons of 
 ' lime water, to the confumption 
 
 * of one half; pcurofFthe decoc- 
 
 * tion, and while it is warm, dif- 
 
 * folve in it an ounce of diafcordit 
 
 * um.' 
 
 Thefe things may be ccntinue.d 
 for feveral days ; snd if the horfe 
 begins to recover his appetite, and 
 his pifling abates : it will then be 
 proper to renew the fame things, and 
 repeat them for lometime; thefe in- 
 gredients may be boiled over a fe- 
 cond time, in the lame quantity of 
 lime water, adding frefn rofes, for 
 the bark will require twice boiling, 
 before its virtut: can be drawn out. 
 The gum arabic may alfo be re- 
 newed; and if the horfe be of value, 
 a pint of red wine may be added to 
 the deco6fion, when it is cleared 
 off. 
 
 His 
 
D I S 
 
 His food fliould be dry and nou- 
 riflimg, viz. the cltanell oats, and 
 the fineft hay that can be got. Air 
 and exercife is very necefTary, but 
 that fliouId be very modcFate, un- 
 til the horfc recovers Ibnie degree of 
 ftrength. 
 
 The above pra6Hce recommended 
 by Mr. Gibfon is verv injudicioufly 
 cenluredby Mr. Ree^oes in his Trea- 
 t'fe upon Farriery \7it^\y pubiiflied, 
 as Mr. Wood in his Supplement to 
 his Treaiife cf Farriery has abund- 
 antly ftiewn. 
 
 DIAPENTE, in the farrier's 
 difpenfaiory. See the article Pow- 
 ders. 
 
 DIAPHRAGM, or PvIidriff, 
 in the anatomy ot a horfe. See the 
 as'icle Midriff. 
 
 DIARRHOEA, or Lax. See 
 the Article Lax and Scouring. 
 
 DIASTOLE of the hearty in 
 anatomy. See the article PuLSE. 
 
 DIET, the regimen, or conrfe 
 of living proper in regard to health. 
 Seethe articles Exercise, Ff.ed- 
 INO, &c. 
 
 For the feveral diets proper in fe- 
 vers, ftrangles, lax and fccurin^s, 
 iurlcits, Sec. See the articles Fe- 
 ver, Strangles, &c. 
 
 Die t-Dr INKS. See the ar- 
 licle Drink. 
 
 . DISARM, m the manage. To 
 difarm t!ie lips of a horle, is to 
 keep them ilibjeff, and out from a- 
 bove the bars, when they are fo 
 large as to cover tlie bars, and pre- 
 vent the true prelrure or appui of 
 the mouth, by hearing np the bit, 
 and fohindering the horfe feelingthc 
 eiiefts ol it upon the bars. Give 
 your horfe a bit with a cannon 
 coupe, or cut, which will duarm 
 his lips; or elfe put the olives UDon 
 liim, whi':h will have the fame ef- 
 fea. GuUIet. 
 
 DISEASE, or Sickness, is an 
 unufual ciicaiaticn or the blood, or 
 
 D I S 
 
 the circular motion of theblcod au2- 
 mented or diminifhed,either through- 
 out the whole body, or fome part of 
 it; in contradiftin-Sion to health, 
 vi-hich is the faculty of performing 
 all the anions proper in the moll 
 per{e61: manner; and all the effe(5ls 
 of thefe anions are fuch as regard 
 certain determined motions, or the 
 change and alteration of what is re- 
 ceived into the body. 
 
 In ail diieafes, paiticular regard 
 muft be had to the fymptoms moft 
 urgent ; oi* in plainer terms, to the 
 mcft fiangerous figns or tokens of 
 the diftemper, as for example, if a 
 horfe be feized with a haemorrhage, 
 or violent bleeding from a wound, 
 or otherwife, the main bufinefs is to 
 ftop it, and afterwards to confider 
 of proper medicines to remove the 
 caufe; in like manner, if a horfe 
 (or as is moit frequent a colt) be 
 in the ftrangle=;, bleeding, glyfters, 
 fweating, and other evacuations are 
 immediately required ; fetting afide 
 all other ccnfiderations of ficknef?. ' 
 
 Secondly, if there be feveral dif- 
 eafes at one and the fame time, re- 
 gard muft be had to them jointly ; 
 only taking this along with you, 
 that the moft dangerous enemy is to 
 be firft encountered. 
 
 Thirdly, if the indication or fign 
 of the dileafe, be taken from the 
 blood, it is to be confidered that all 
 diforders thereof depend on the cir- 
 culatory motion being increased or 
 dimini/hed ; and th?.r all the chang- 
 es in the texture and quality of the 
 blood, as aifo in its quantity, are 
 attended with either a diminution or 
 increafe of the blood's velocity. 
 Therefore, if the quantity is too 
 much atigmented, bleeding and o- 
 ther evacuations are recefiary : but 
 if its quantity is diminiflied, then 
 reftoraiive?, reft, and nouriftiing 
 food may be required. And if this 
 laft proceeds from anv enor In the 
 F 3 ' fto^ 
 
DOC 
 
 ftomach, caufinp: lofs of appetite, 
 S:c. then thole things which create 
 hunger, and promote digeliion, are 
 to be adminiitered ; and if thecralis 
 or texluie of the blood, be chang- 
 ed, as is ufual in long continued 
 iicknefs, then it may be neceiTary 
 (having due regard to other inten- 
 tions) to prefcribe fuch things as 
 may corre6l the vitiated mafs. 
 
 Fourthly, when the diftemper 
 proceeds from an increafe or dimi- 
 iHition of feme fecretion or difcharge, 
 the cuie for the mod pa^t confills in 
 enlarging the fecretions which are 
 too fparing, and reftraining fuch as 
 are too liberal. 
 
 Fifthly, as in man fo In horfes, 
 nature is the bcft and fureit guide j 
 and therefore, the farrier ought di- 
 ligently to follow her, becaufe when- 
 ever flie finds herfelf oppreffed, fhe 
 endeavours to diflodge the enemy ; 
 and to that end, tries the neareft 
 and propereft means. Brackens 
 Srt of Farriery. 
 
 This being fufficient upon the 
 nature ofdifeafesin general, the rea- 
 der will find each particular one 
 treated of under its proper name. 
 
 For the general figns or fymp- 
 toiiis of difeafes. See the article 
 Sickness. 
 
 DISTEMPER. See the pre- 
 ceeding aiticle. 
 
 DISUNITE. A horfe Is fnid to 
 dlfunite, that drags his haunches, 
 that gallops falfe, or upon an ill 
 foot. See the article Gallop - 
 False. 
 
 DOCK, in the manage, is ufed 
 for a large cafe of leather, as long 
 as the dock of a horfe's tail, which 
 ferves it for a cover, and is made 
 faft by ftraps to the crupper } hav- 
 ing leather thongs that pals between 
 his thighs, and all along the flunks 
 to the faddle ftraps, in order to 
 keep the tail tight, and to hinder 
 it from whil^ing about, Guillet, 
 
 DOC 
 
 Docking a horfe^ the opera- 
 tion of cutting off his tail. See the 
 article Curtail. 
 
 In regard to the docking of hor- 
 fes, though it is an operation io 
 common, and in general fo fuccefs- 
 fully executed, yet, as it does now 
 and then mifcTrry by an inflamma- 
 tion and gangrene fucceeding, which 
 lometimes are communicated to the 
 bowels, it is thought proper to lay 
 down fome general lules and direc- 
 tions, both in relation to the ope- 
 ration and the fubfequent manner of 
 treating the fymptoms j and as thele 
 moft probably srife from the tendons 
 of the tail fuffering by an injudici- 
 ous application of the knife, or fear- 
 ing iron, or an improper feal'on for 
 the operation, oradiacrafis of the 
 biood; we fliall firft obferve that ihe 
 very hot or cold months are by no 
 means proper tor that purpofe. We 
 are next to obferve, that this oper- 
 ation fhould always be performed 
 by incifion, or the chopping engine} 
 the knife being paffed through the 
 tail above, while it lays on the 
 block. Laftiy, we (liall obferve in 
 regard to the leiring iron, that it 
 fliculd be fmoQth and better poHrti- 
 ed than thofe generally ufed ; and 
 ought to be rubbed clean on a wool- 
 en cloth before the application to 
 the ftump; otherwile the fparks 
 which fly from the iron are apt to 
 occafion great pain with fwelling 
 both to the fneath and fundament : 
 nor fhould it ever be applied flam- 
 ing hot, for then it brings the burnt 
 part away with it j and as it re- 
 quires a re-application, in order to 
 form a new efchar on the veffels, 
 the bone by the.'e means is frequent- 
 ly left too much expoi'ed, fo that it 
 is often a confiderabie time before it 
 is covered. 
 
 Farriers ftldom apply any thing 
 to the llump ; which ueed only be 
 anointed with the wound ointinent ; 
 
 and 
 
D R A 
 
 and, when the efchar 3S digefied off, 
 jTiay be wafhed with alum or lime 
 water J but if an inflammation en- 
 fiies, with a difcliarge of thin mat- 
 ter, let the wound he digefted by 
 drelTing it with doffjls of lint dip- 
 ped in an ounce of Venice turpen- 
 tine divided with the yolk of an egg, 
 to which halt an ounce of tin6iure 
 of mvirh may be added ; over this 
 dreffing, let a bread and milkpoul- 
 tice be applied ; and then let the 
 rump be often bathed with oil of 
 rofes and vinegar ; bleed largely, 
 and obfei ve the cooling medicines 
 prei'cribed under the article Fe- 
 ver; and if the fundnment is fwel- 
 Jed, and the inflammation at all 
 fiifpe6led to be communicated to the 
 bowels, let cooling emollient g'yf- 
 ters be injefled two or three times a- 
 day ; (hould a gangrene enfue, add 
 -i^gvpriacum to your drefTings, and 
 fpirits to the fomentation j and ap- 
 ply over all a ftrong beer pouhice, 
 with London treacle twice a day. 
 Bartlet and Biir-dori's Furriery. See 
 the ariicle NiCKlNG. 
 
 DOCK-PIECE of a horfe fliould 
 be large and full raiherthan toofmall: 
 if a horfe gal! beneath the dock,greafe 
 the part every day, and wafli it with 
 fait and water orgocd lirandy,butthe 
 latter is the moft effe^lual remedy, if 
 the horfe will endure it. ^olleyfell 
 and Dia, Rnji. 
 
 DOUi^LE. Ahorfels faid to dou- 
 ble the reins, when he leaps feveral 
 times together to throw the rider. 
 Thus we (ay, this Ramingue dou- 
 bles his reins and makes pontelvifes. 
 See the aiticle Ramingue, and 
 
 PONTELVIG. 
 
 DRAUGHT, in the farriers dif- 
 penfatory. iice the aiticle Drink. 
 
 DRAUGHT-f/or/^, in famiing, a 
 fort of coarfe made horfe deliined 
 for the fervice of the cart or plough. 
 In the choice of thtfe horfes,(or what 
 is called the flow draught, they aie 
 
 D R A 
 
 to be chofen of an ordinary height, 
 for ofherwife when put into the 
 cait One draws unequally with the 
 other, and the tall ones hang upon 
 the low ones. The draugh^-horfe 
 fhould be large bodied and ftrong 
 loined, and of fuch a difpofition, as 
 rather to be too dull than too brifk, 
 and rather to crave the whip than 
 to draw moie than is needful. 
 Mares are the fitteft for this ufe for 
 the farmer, as they will be kept 
 cheap, and not only do the work, 
 but be kept breeding, and give a 
 yearly incieafe of a foal, of the fame 
 kind, and fit to be bred to the fame 
 purpofes. They Hiould have a good 
 head, neck, breaft, and fhoulders ; 
 for the reli of the fhape, is not of 
 much confequence. Only for breed- 
 ing the mare fliould have a large 
 belly, for the more room a foal has 
 in tl;e dam, the better proportioned 
 it v/ill be, Draught-horfes fhould 
 be always kept to that employ. 
 Some put them to the faddle on oc- 
 caHon, but it does them great harm, 
 alters their pace, and fpoils them 
 for labour. The draught-horfe 
 ought to have a large broad head, 
 becaufe horfes of this fnaped head 
 are lefs Iiibjefl than others to dif- 
 eafes of the eye;;. Tlie ears fhould 
 be fmall, ftrait and upright ; the 
 nolfrils large and open, that he may 
 breathe with the more freedom. A 
 horfe with a full and bold eye al- 
 ways promifes well. On the other 
 hand, a funk eye and an elevated 
 brow are very bad figns. The horfe 
 is effeenied fitteft for this purpofe 
 alfo, I hat has a large and round 
 buttock, v^hich neither fmks dawn 
 nor cuts. He muft have a firm and 
 ftrong tail, and the dock muft be 
 thick and well furnidied with hair, 
 and placed neither very high nor 
 very low. The legs ftiould be ra- 
 ther flat and broad than round. 
 The roundnefs of the leg being a 
 F 4 ^ fault 
 
D R A 
 
 f;m!t In a horfe deftined to labour 
 that will foon ruin him. As lo the 
 hinder legs, the thighs flioukl he 
 flefhy and longr, and the whole 
 inufcie which fhews itfelF on the 
 cutfide of the thigh fliould be large 
 and very thick. Nothing is To ef- 
 Icntial to the health of thcfe fervice- 
 able creatures as cleanlinefs : if they 
 are fed evtr lb well, and n®t kept 
 clean, they will be fubje^l to nu- 
 merous difeafes. 
 
 The fervant who h^s the care of 
 them ought to be up very early, and 
 to c ean the racks and mangers from 
 all filth. The currying of them 
 ought to be carefully performed e- 
 very morning, but not in the liable, 
 for the duft to fa!! upon the other 
 liorfts, as it is loo often done. Af- 
 ter the horfes are dulled, they fliould 
 daily twift a whifp of ftraw hard up, 
 and welting it in water, rub the 
 legs, fhoulders and body with it. 
 Many of the difeafes of draught- 
 horfes, which are not owing to naf- 
 tinefs, are owing to bad water ; 
 fuch as are too raw, too muddy, 
 or too cold, being all improper. If 
 there be any running ftream in the 
 neighbourhood, they fliould always 
 be had to that to water, every day 
 in fummer, but in winter, well- 
 water is warmifli, and is better for 
 them. If there be a nectffity of 
 giving them well-water in fummer, 
 it muff be drawn up fome hours be- 
 fore the time, and expofed to the 
 fun- beams in tubs or troughs ; 
 marfli- water or that of lowland 
 ditches is wo'.fl: of all. V/hen the 
 labouring horfe has drank his wa- 
 ter, he fliould have his oats given 
 him, and thefe fhould be cartfuUy 
 fifted, and the manger dudfd firlf. 
 It is a common pra6fice as foon as a 
 horfe is come in from his work, to 
 rub down the legs with a hard whifp 
 ol hay, but the befl judges of hor- 
 fes, abfolutely condemn this, and 
 
 D R A 
 
 obferve, that this rubbing of the 
 legs after hard labour, brings down 
 humours into them, and makes 
 them flifF. 
 
 The rubbing itfelf is wholefome, 
 but the doing it when the cieature 
 is hot is the mifchief j v.'hiJe a horfe 
 is in a fweat it is a great relief and 
 refrefliment to him to have his body 
 rubbed down, but when he is cool 
 is the proper time to rub his legs. 
 The racks are to be well fupplied 
 whh hay, and the horfes fliould be 
 left to reft and eat, about two hours, 
 antl then led to water ; after this 
 their oats fliould be given them, and 
 they fliould then go to woik. again. 
 
 In the evening, when the labour 
 of the day is over, the firft thing 
 to be done, is to examine ihe feet, 
 and fee if any thing is amifs about 
 the fhoes ; and what earth or gra- 
 vel is lodged in the foot, between 
 the fiioe and tlie fale, is to be pick- 
 ed out with a knife, and fome frellt 
 cow-dung put in its place, which 
 will cool and refrefli the part. 
 
 A very material thing for the 
 prefervation of all forts of cattle, 
 but of none fo much as draught- 
 horfes, is frefh and clean litter j 
 this is a thing too often neglefled in 
 thecaie of thefe creatures, and ma- 
 ny even negle6l the cleaning away 
 the old litter on purpole, leaving 
 it there to imbibe more moiflure, 
 that it may be the better manure 
 for the land. It is true, that by 
 this the dung is eniiched and will 
 go farther, but the btnefit they 
 reap from this, is nothing in com- 
 parifon of the mifchief they do the 
 horfe in the mean time ; for the heat 
 this gives his feet, is alone enough 
 to ruin him. The owner often 
 finds the effeft of this, without 
 knowing the csufcj the horfe he- 
 comes tender footed and weakly, 
 and is unable to do his bufmels, 
 though fed in the befl manner that 
 
 can 
 
D R I 
 
 can be ; the dung in this cafe is left 
 under him that there may be Ibme 
 advantage from liis feeding, and 
 the dlilemper isincieafed inllead ot 
 being relieved, till in the end the 
 horfe is generally rendered uleleis. 
 Alitor ancnjm, rpd Sportjma'ns 
 T)iBionary. 
 
 DRENCH, among farriers, a 
 phyfical draught or potion given a 
 horfe by way of purge. See the 
 next article. 
 
 DRINKS, in the f?.rriei's dlfpen- 
 fatory, include chiefly all kinds of 
 infufions, decodions, and fuch mix- 
 tures as have a great deal of their 
 .efficacycwing to their management; 
 or are not reducible to any other 
 form. And here we are not to con- 
 fine ourfelves to fmgle draughts or 
 potions only, but prefcribe larger 
 quantities, fuch as may be meafured 
 out into draughts in their due pro- 
 poriion, sccoiding to the exigency 
 of particular diitempers, where a 
 great many and often repeated 
 x-lrenches are necelTary before the 
 caufe can be removed. Gibfons 
 farr. Difpenfatory. 
 
 Molt horfes take things more 
 willingly that are fweet and palata- 
 ble, than things that are bitter and 
 of an ill tafle ; and therefore, their 
 medicines, but efptcially their 
 drinks, fhould be fo contrived as to 
 be as li'.tie as pcfllhie difagreeable 
 and naufeous. In drenching hor- 
 fes, it is ulual to draw up their 
 heads pretty high with a cord faft- 
 ened rounf? the upper jaw, holding 
 \^v> the borfe's head in that pofture, 
 till the drink has run down his fto- 
 niach ; o'herwile it is apt with his 
 champing to return back and run 
 out of his mouth, efpecialiy wh.en 
 the tafte is difagreeabie to him. 
 But when a horle is full of blood, 
 when his lungs are inflamed, his 
 breath ftiort, as frequently happens 
 in very great colds and fevers, the 
 
 D R I 
 
 beft way to adminif:er thefe tWSdf- 
 cines without danger to the horfe, 
 is in the firft place to contrive his 
 drink fo as it may pafs down with 
 the ieaft trouble and labour. Drinks 
 ih'.uld not only be made as free as 
 poflible from fuch things as may fet 
 the horfe a ftraining violently to 
 cough, but ought to be made with 
 mucilaginous and balfamic ingre- 
 dients j and fometimes when the 
 cafe requires it, v^ith oils and unc- 
 tuous medicines joined with proper 
 deterfives, of which examples will 
 be given under each particular ma- 
 lady where drenches are necelTary 
 to be adminiftered. 
 
 When a horfe is drenched, he 
 fhould be kept fafting feveral hours 
 before, and alter it; the ingredi- 
 ents that compofe the drench fhould 
 be good in their kind, and fuited to 
 the diftem.per; when a horfe is in- 
 wardly fore, he ought to be treated 
 Very carefully, and fliou'd ftand a 
 tew minutes to reft, before his head 
 is raifed up: for his drink fhould 
 have only one or two hornfuls at a 
 time, and then his head fhould be 
 let down a few minutes, that he may 
 recover his breath before his head is 
 drawn \:\;) for the ftcond draught, 
 and fo alfo for the remainder. Af- 
 ter ihe laft of his drink, he fliould 
 he let to ftand two or three hours be- 
 fore he is (cX. forward to his rack. 
 Gihj'ons Difcafes of horfes. 
 
 DRINKING cf horfes Immedi- 
 ately alter hard riding, &c. is very 
 dangerous ; and therefore they 
 fhould not be fuftered to do it, till 
 they be thoroughly cooled, and have 
 eat fome cats : for many horfes, by 
 drinking in fuch cafes, have died 
 U[)on it, cr become extremely fick. 
 A horfe after violent labour will 
 never be the worfe for being kept 
 half a day from water, but mav be 
 killed bv drin'ung an hour too loon, 
 Rtijl. Did. 
 
 DROPSY. 
 
' t) R O 
 
 DROPSY. All ourEnglifli au- 
 thors and fome Italians have enu- 
 merated the droply amone^ the dif- 
 eafes of horfe?, and fome aflirin pc- 
 fitively, that they have cured it in 
 all its different kinds : but that which 
 chiefly happens to hoiTes is what the 
 ■farriers cail the univerfal dropfy, 
 ar,d fhews itfelf mere or lefs in ?.il 
 the external parts of the body, but 
 efpeciaily the legs snd thighs, as 
 they are the moft dependeiit. 
 
 The caufe is from all kinds of ill 
 ufage, but efpeciaily from bleeding 
 and purging horfes beyond their 
 ftrength : for thel'e unffaf:.nahle e- 
 vacuations render the blood languid, 
 and flow in its motion j and for 
 want of fpirits it has not force 
 enough to reach the pafidges of the 
 fkin, I'o as to m:'.ke the ufual dif- 
 charge : but its llrous parts burft 
 through the fmall veiTels, and are 
 depofited under the fkin or the fiefliy 
 pannicle. 
 
 The figns are a lafTitude and wea- 
 rinefs, faintnefs and a difficulty of 
 breathing, loi's of appetite, and a 
 change of a horle's colour from bay 
 to dun, or from black to a diilki(h 
 coloui', and from white to an afliy 
 complexion, and the like; his hair 
 will (lied with the Ic.afi: rubbing, and 
 the pits of your fingers will remain 
 wherever there is a iwelling. 
 
 Although pwging to excels is 
 fometimes the caufe of this difteni- 
 per, by realon it divefts the blood of 
 its fpiritous and balfamir p^rts, yet 
 to attenuate the vilcidities of its 
 ferum, and to make a difcharge of 
 what is fupeiPiUous, purging muft 
 again be made ufe of ; and when 
 that is performed, with proper me- 
 dicines, it is of no fm^li moment in 
 the cure: but thefe muft be fuch as 
 befide their purging quality are en- 
 dued fo as to communicate waimth 
 and vigour to the blood,. &c. for 
 which purpofe the following is chief- 
 3 
 
 D U K 
 
 ly to be preferred. * Take of Jalap 
 
 * one ounce and a half ; gamboge, 
 
 * two drams ; feeds of dwarf-elder, 
 
 * two ounces ; ginger and nutmeg, 
 
 * of each half an ounce ; make all 
 
 * thefe into a fine powder, and form 
 
 * them into two bills, with as much 
 
 * turpentine as is fuHncitnt for that 
 
 * purpofe.' Let thefe be dipt in oil, 
 and given with the ufual precau- 
 tions. They mu(t be repeated eve- 
 ry other day for a fortnight or 
 longer, and on thofe days he does 
 not purge, an ounce or fix drams of 
 antimony may be given him. 
 
 And becaufe fweating is alfo of 
 the greateil feivice in this diforder, 
 when it an be promoted, the fol- 
 lowing dofe may be given and re- 
 peated, as ofttn as there is eccafion, 
 
 * Take old venire treacle, four 
 
 * ounce>; Mathew's pill, two drams; 
 
 * camphire and fait of hartfliorn, of 
 ' each fifteen grains ; n)ix them all 
 
 * well togtther, and give them in a 
 
 * quart of hot ale. Some parti- 
 cular regard is to be had to a hoife'ff 
 diet in 'his cafe: for although it 
 v/ould be 'nconvenient to feed him 
 high, yet while he undergoes fo 
 much cleanfingby purging, Iweats, 
 and other evacuations, his aiim'^nt 
 (hould be fome what prop ntioned to 
 it ; and therefo'e he may be allow- 
 ed a large meafure of clean oats 
 eveiy day after the cper;uion of his 
 phyfjc, with an ounce of the feeds 
 of dwarf elder, and two ounces of 
 caraway /reds flrewed among them, 
 GibCo/i's Farrier^s Neiv Oiiide. 
 
 DIIY-MEAT, in the manage, 
 is ui'ed for corn and hay. A'ter 
 taking the horfe from grals, or houf- 
 ing him, he is frt^quently put to dry 
 meat. GHiUet. 
 
 DaKE'S OINTMENT, in the 
 farrier's difpenfatory, a preparation 
 leconiMiended to be rubbed on the 
 wjrhers, ham*:; or any otlier part of a 
 hoife,vvhen they happen to be inflam- 
 ed > 
 
D U L 
 
 edjOr fwelled by blows or bruifes; and 
 IS (aid for the mcft part to take down 
 the fwelling, aba-e the heat and in- 
 flammation, without bringing to 
 Suppuration. It is alfo very good 
 to anoint any part that is mangy. 
 The preparation is as follows, 
 
 * Take clear and pure linfeed oil, 
 
 * one pound ; flour of brimftone, 
 
 * four ounces ; put them into a 
 
 * matrafs or glafs vial, with a long 
 
 * neck, letting it Itand in a modc- 
 
 * rate heat of land, fur the fpace of 
 
 * an hour j after which, augment 
 
 * the heat, and keep it up to the 
 
 * fame degree, till the fl:;ur he per- 
 
 * fe511y diffolvedj melt a pound of 
 
 * tallow, boar's or horfe greafe, 
 
 * with four ounces of wax in ano- 
 
 * ther vcflel j whereinto muft be 
 
 * poured the linfeed oil and fiour of 
 
 * brimltone, before they be quite 
 
 * cold j and removing it from the 
 
 * fire, ftir the ointment with a flice 
 
 * of alcanet till it is quite cold\ 
 Gibjoii's Farrier s D'lfpenj'atcry. 
 
 DULL, in the manage. The 
 common marks of a dull, ftupid 
 horfe, are white fpots round the eye, 
 and on the tip of the nofe, upon any 
 general colour whatever. Though 
 the vulgar take thefe ipots for figns 
 of ftupidity, yet it is certain they 
 are the marks of the goodnefs of a 
 
 D U S 
 
 horfe; and fuch horfes as have them 
 are very lenfible and quick upon the 
 fpur. Gidliet, 
 
 BUN COLOUR of a horfe, fee 
 the article Colour. 
 
 DUNG of a horfe y fhould be ob- 
 ferved upon a journey. If it be too 
 thin, it Is a fign that either his wa- 
 ter was too cold and piercing, or 
 that he drank too greedily of it, if 
 there be among his ordure whole 
 grains of oats, either he has not 
 chewed them v/ell, or his ftomach 
 is weak : and if his dung be black, 
 dry, or come away in very fmall and 
 hard pieces, it denotes that he is 
 over heated in his body. Vifcous 
 or flimy dung, voided by a race- 
 horle, fhews that he is not duly pre- 
 pared, in which cafe garlic bails are 
 to be adminillered to him ; and he 
 is to be duly exercifed, till his or- 
 dure come from him pretty dry and 
 without moifture. SoUeyfell. 
 
 DUST and SamD will fometimes 
 fo dry the tongues of horfes that 
 they loi'e their appetite. In fuch 
 cafes give them bran well moift- 
 ened with water, to cool and refrefh 
 their mouths ; or moilien their 
 mouths with a wet fpunge, to in- 
 duce them to eat. 
 
 Beat the Dust. See the ar- 
 ticle Beat. 
 
 iSM;sa^^^^g^<^'^£S6<5^^s;B?^^a^ 
 
 E. 
 
 EAR, in comparative anatomy, 
 is divided into t!)fc external and 
 internal : the external is tiiat part 
 whic " a horfe moves backward and 
 forward at plealme, and is fo wtll 
 known, that there reeds but little 
 ^0 be faid about it. Its ufe is partly 
 
 for ornament, and partly to gather 
 all founds, and tranfrait them to 
 the internal. 
 
 The internal ear confifts of feve- 
 
 ral prrts, which are very curious 
 
 and are feated in the ^cavity of the 
 
 OS pctrofum. The liirf of thefr i^ the 
 
 druin^ 
 
EAR 
 
 ^rum, with its cord and mufcles. 
 The drum is a very thin and tranf- 
 parent membrane, being an expan- 
 fion of the foiter procels of the au- 
 ditory nerve ; it is very dry, that it 
 may the better coKtribute to hear- 
 ing ; and ftrorg, that it may the 
 better endure lend founds, or any 
 other external injuries : for if once 
 this be broke, or any vi-ay relaxed, 
 a deafnefs mu(l unavoidably tnfue. 
 Within this mtmbrane there is a 
 cavity called the concha, wiierein 
 are tovu- little bones, which are 
 bound together by a iinall ligament 
 proceeding from the cord of the 
 drum ; the firft is called die ham- 
 mer, which lies upon the fecond, 
 called the anvil ; the third is named 
 the (tapes, or liirrop, but in a horfe 
 it is triangular like the gieek letter A. 
 Upon the upper part of the Itirrop, 
 the longeft foot of the anvil Ifands, 
 The tcuith is called the orbicular 
 bone; it is of a round fliape, and 
 tied with a fiender ligament to the 
 fide of the liirrop, wheve it is fa(t- 
 ened to the anvil. Thele bones are 
 a defence to the drum, and preferve 
 it from being t. in, or heat inwaids 
 by the violent vibrations ol the out- 
 ward air in loud founds, and are 
 thus afiifting to the lenfe of hearing : 
 when the external air beats upon 
 the diiim, it is driven againlt the 
 hammer, which ftrikes upon the an- 
 vil, as the anvil beats againtl the 
 ftirrop 5 and as this force is more or 
 lefs exerted, io the ftii rop opens the 
 oval window^ more or lef;;, and pro- 
 portionably the found appears loud- 
 er or lower. 
 
 The cavities within the os petro- 
 fum are in number three ; the firll 
 wherein thefe four little bones are 
 fiUiatcd, is callcii the copchao from, 
 its lefe.nbling the fii^sll of a tabor. 
 When the membrane is lirurk upon 
 by any outward found, the echo is 
 made in this cavifv as in a ccnimon 
 
 EAR 
 
 drum. There are in this cavity di- 
 vert inftruments, whereof fome are 
 for pulfation, as the four little bones 
 abovementioned. Some are for con- 
 ducing the air into the other cavi- 
 ties, fuch are the two frnall perfora- 
 tions called the windows ; and a 
 third fort are thole by which the 
 pituitous matter colle6led within 
 this cavity is difcharged towards the 
 palate and nofe< The firft of theie 
 two perforations, bting the upper- 
 moll and largeft, is from its figure 
 named the oval window, which 
 is kept fliut next the concha by 
 the brifis of the Itirrop as often as 
 the found ceafes. The other which 
 is round is always open, having no 
 covering, and divided by the os Iqua- 
 mofum into two pipes, one of which 
 tends to the cochlea, the otlier into 
 the labyrinth. The labyrinth, which 
 is the fecond cavity, by its feveral 
 turnings and windings, which are 
 fomcwhat circular, modulates the 
 founds in' (uch a manner as they 
 may be leil'urely communicated to 
 the auditory nerve, which is dif- 
 perfed through the membrane that 
 invefls this cavity. There is, befides 
 the two windows which open into this 
 cavity, one perror:.tion which opens 
 cut of it into the inner cavity called 
 the cochlea, into which the air paffes 
 after it has been agitated in this ca- 
 vity and the concha. Bcfides thefe, 
 there are four other fmall holes for 
 the ingrefs of the nervous fibres, 
 th<t are inferted on tlie membrane 
 which cloaths it. 
 
 The cochlea, which is the third 
 and innermoft cavity is io ceiled 
 from the refemblance it has to a f:nall 
 fnaiUfliell, efpecially in its fpiral 
 win'.iir.gs ; it is h.r lefs than either 
 of the former : but invelted as the 
 others are wiih a thin membrane in- 
 to which alio the (lender fibres of the 
 auditory nerve do enter. This ca- 
 vity is iilicd With the internal inbred 
 
 air 
 
EAR 
 
 sir as well as the former, by which 
 the echo is'made to the impulie ot 
 the interna! air upon the tympanum ; 
 and tb.e auditory nerve l;eing expand- 
 ed upon the membrane vvl);ch imes 
 all thofe cavities, it is fuddenly af- 
 fefled therewith, whereby it is com- 
 munieated to the original of the 
 rerve?, where all founds are diftin- 
 guifhed. The clipping away the 
 hair cut from the infide ot fome 
 liorfes, where the pafl'jge into the 
 ear is large may prove hurtful, by 
 expofing them to colds, when they 
 happen to be out in cold winds or 
 rainy weather, and may tend great- 
 ly to mar their hearing. Gibfon. 
 
 How far a horfe may exceed or 
 fall ftiort of other brute animals in 
 point of hearing, no one can ex- 
 aftty determine : however it is ob- 
 ferved, that ibme horfes will diftin- 
 guifti their keeper, not only by his 
 voice, but by the tread of his foot, 
 before he enters the ftabje, and fome 
 will diltinguidi the found of an- 
 other horle's foot, at a very great 
 dili:ance, and before it can be 
 heard by us. When a horfe is in a 
 fever, and parched with heat and 
 drought, though at that time we 
 jnay fuppofe his fenfes to be very 
 dull and much confufed, yet he will 
 prick up his ears at the leali noife of 
 a pail. Horles are very acute in 
 diitinguifhirg founds , appearing 
 greatly delighted with fome, and 
 difpleafed with others. The grunt- 
 ing of a hog, or the brayirg of an 
 afs will put fome horfes upon the 
 iret j or any haifli found ir\?AQ by 
 an unulual inftrument. On the 
 other hand, all fine horfes love the 
 yelling of hounds, are elevated witli 
 the horn, and with various kinds of 
 mufic j and fome are quite tianTport- 
 ed with the found of drums and 
 trumpets, and otlier martial inftru- 
 mcnts, winch Hiews that a horfe has 
 a well formed sar, and a vcrv great 
 
 EAR 
 
 delicacy in hearing. Gib/en's Dif- 
 eafes of Horfes. 
 
 The fttting up of the ears of a 
 horfe may be injurious, efpecialiy to 
 one that is fearful or ticklifh, as it 
 may more or lefs mar his hegrirg : 
 for all horfes, upon h.earing any 
 noife, poinr their ears that way from 
 whence it comes j and when their 
 ears are \o fet up and fixed, as to 
 deprive them of that libeny, it ir.uft 
 cauie them to hear more impeifc6l- 
 ly, and makes them oftimes unruly, 
 and fome of them grow fo fhy with 
 this treatment, that they can fcarce 
 fuffer their ear? to be touched, ibid. 
 
 The ears of a horfe (i, e. the ex- 
 ternal) ftiould be fmaij, narrow, 
 ftiaight, and hardy 5 and the whole 
 ccnfiftence of tiit^m thin and deli- 
 cate : they fliould be placed on the 
 very top of the head, and their points 
 when ftyled or pricked up, fhould 
 be nearer than their roots. When 
 a horfe carjies h:s ears pointed for- 
 wards, he is faid to have a bcld, 
 hardy, or biifk ear ; alio when a 
 horfe is travelling, he fnould keep 
 them firm, and not, like a hog, 
 working every ilep by the motion of 
 his ear. Solleyfell. 
 
 Ear ach. To cure a pain in 
 a horfe's ears, firft cleanfe them well, 
 for fear the hcrl'e fhcui J run mad ; 
 and then put in fome honey, fa!t- 
 pe'.re, and very clear water j mix 
 the whole together, and dipping a 
 linen cloth tliereir, to attra^l the 
 mcilture, continue the application 
 til! the cure is eifefled. 
 
 If any thing fliauid be got Into the 
 ear, {o as to incommode ir, put in an 
 equal quantity of o;d oil and nitre ; 
 and thruil in a little wool 5 if fjmelit- 
 tie animal has got in, you mult thruft 
 a tent into it, taiiened to the end c'i a 
 flick, and lle.-ped in glutinous rofm \ 
 turn in the ear that it may itick to it. 
 
 If it be any thing e!fe, ycu mult 
 open the ear x<\\\\ an ir.Ilrument, 
 
 and 
 
ECU 
 
 and! draw it out ; or you may fquirt 
 ill Come water. Rujric and Sportf- 
 matis Did. 
 
 EBRILLADE, in the manage, 
 acheclc of the bridle which the horie- 
 man gives 'to the horfe, by a jerk of 
 one rein, when he refufes to turn. 
 An ebrillade differs from a f^.ccade ; 
 the latter being made with both reins 
 at once, and the former only with 
 one. Moft people confound thefe 
 two words under the general name 
 of a check, or jerk of the bridle, 
 called in French, coup de bride. It 
 is a challifement and no aid, and is 
 difufed in academies. GuilUi. 
 
 EC AVE3SADE, in the manage, 
 is ufed for a jerk of the cavellbn, 
 Guillet. 
 
 ECHAPE, in the manag", is 
 ufed to denote a horie got between 
 a ftallion and a mare of a different 
 breed and country. Guillet. 
 
 ECHAPER is ufed in the French 
 academies, for giving the horfe head, 
 or putting on full fpeed. Guillot. 
 
 ECOUTE, in the manage, a 
 pace or motion of a horfe, when he 
 rides well upon the hand and the 
 lieels, is compaftly put upon his 
 haunches, and besirs or liftens to the 
 heels or fpurs; and continues duly 
 balanced between the heels, without 
 throwing to cither fide. This hap- 
 pens when a horfe has a fine fenfe of 
 the aids of the hand and heel. Guill. 
 ECURIE, in the manage, is a 
 covert place for the lodging or houi- 
 ing of horfes. The word is French. 
 We ufe (fable in common difcourfe. 
 ECUYER, in the French man. 
 age, is ufed for the riding mafter ; 
 fometimes it denotes certain officeis 
 in the king of France's houfliold, 
 who help the king in mounting hiS 
 horfe and alighting, and follow hi;n 
 on horfeback, and c.irry his fword. 
 Thefe are called ecujers de quartier. 
 , Gentlemen ufhers to the queen of 
 France, and the mafters of the ho) -^ 
 
 E N L 
 
 to the princes and perfons of quality, 
 are alfo called ecuyers. Befides 
 thefe, there are others called ecujers 
 ca'vaUadours, fee the article Ca- 
 VALCADOUR. GuHlet. 
 
 EFFECTS of the hand, in the 
 manage, are taken for the aids ; 
 that is, for the motions of the hand 
 which direct the horfe. They di- 
 ftinguifli four cffefts of the hand, 
 or four ways of making ufe of the 
 bridle, viz. that of putting the horie 
 forwards, drawing him backwards, 
 and fhifting it out of the right hand 
 into the left, or ^vice ^oerfa. See 
 the article Nails. Guillet. 
 
 ESUILLETTE, in the maa- 
 age. See the article Yerk. 
 
 ELBOW of a korfs, is the hind 
 part of the arms which points to- 
 wards the briiket. Gihfon. 
 
 EMBRACE the ^olt, in the 
 manage, is x\\'&iS when a horie, in 
 vvorking upon volts, makes a good 
 way every time with his fore legs. 
 The oppofite term to embracing a 
 volt is beating the dull, which is 
 putting his forefeet near the place 
 from whence he lifted th.em up. 
 
 Embracing the ground is ufed in 
 the fame fenfe with embracing the 
 volt, A horfe cannot take in too 
 much ground, provided his croup 
 does not throw our, that is, does 
 not go out of the vo.t. See the ar- 
 ticle Beat. Guillet. 
 
 ENCRAINE, in the manage, 
 sn old, ob'clete, and improper word, 
 fignifying a hor.'e wither-wrung, or 
 fpoiled in the withers. Guillet. 
 
 ENLARGE, in the manage, is 
 iiff-d for making a horfe go iarge ; 
 that is, making him embrace inore 
 ground than he before covered. This 
 is done, when a horfe works upon 
 a round, cr upon volts, and ap- 
 proaches too near the center, (6 that 
 it is defired he fnould gain more 
 ground, or take a greater compaO. 
 Tu enla'ge yoiu horll^j you fliould 
 piick 
 
E N T 
 
 prick him with both heels, or aid him 
 with the calves of your legs, and hear 
 your hand outwards. U your horfe 
 narrcvvs, he is enlarged, by prick- 
 ing him with the inner heel, and 
 iuiiaining him with the outer leg, 
 in order to prefs him forwards, and 
 make his fhoulders go. Upon iuch 
 occafion?, the riding mailers cry 
 only, large, large. See the article 
 In Gidllet, 
 
 ENTABLER, in the manage, is 
 faid of a horfe whole croup goes be- 
 fore his fhoulders in woiking upon 
 volts : for in the regular matiage, 
 one half of the flioulders ought to 
 go before the croup : thus we lay, 
 your hoiTe entables, for in working 
 to the rioht, he has an inclination to 
 throw him/elf upon the right heel, 
 which fault you may prevent, by 
 taking hold of the rig!)t rein, keep- 
 ing ycur right leg near, and remov- 
 ing your left leg as far as the horfe's 
 flioulder. A horfe cannot commit 
 this fauit without committing that 
 called aculer, but aculer may be 
 without entabler. See the article 
 Aculer. Giiilht. 
 
 ENTERFERE, or Interfere. 
 See the article. Interfere. 
 
 ENTIER, in the manage, is 
 ufed for a fort of refty horfe, that 
 refufes to turn, and is fo far from 
 following or obfervirg the hand, 
 sthat he refills it. If your horfe is 
 entier, and refufes to turn to what 
 hand you will, provided he flies or 
 parts from the htels, von have a re- 
 medy, by putting the Newcaftle on 
 him 5 that is a caveJon made after 
 the duke of Newcaftie's way. Cuill. 
 
 ENTOR.SES. See the article 
 Pastern. 
 
 ENTRAVES, and Entra- 
 VONS. See the article LCCKS. 
 
 EI^ITREPAS, in the r.ianage, 
 is a iMoken pace or going, and m- 
 deed propeily a broken amble ; that 
 J* neither walk nor tjot, but has 
 
 E p r 
 
 fomewhat of an amble. This Is the 
 pace or gate of fuch horfes as have 
 no rems or back, and go upon their 
 fhouJder, or of fuch as are fpoiled 
 in their limb'?. Guillet. 
 
 EPARER, a word ufed in the 
 manrige, to lignify the flingirgf of a 
 horfe, or his ftriking or yerking out 
 with his hind-legs. In capriole?, a 
 hcrfe muit yeik out behind with all 
 his force, but in balottades he ftrikea 
 but half out; and in croupades he 
 does not Urike out his hind legs at 
 ail. All fuch yerking horfes are 
 reckoned rude h.ories. Guillet. 
 
 EPILEPSY, a diftemper which 
 in the human body goes more pe- 
 culiarly under the name of convul- 
 fiors. See the article Convul- 
 sions. 
 
 The epilepfy feiz€S perIodically,hut 
 often at uncertain times, and for the 
 moll part fuudenly, with little or no 
 previous (ymptoms, though in man 
 there i?, generally preceding the 
 fit, exceilive pain in the head, drcw- 
 finefs, ftupidiry, lofs of memory, 
 &c. which cannot be fo clearly di- 
 ftinguiflied in brute creatures. The 
 common I'eople call this diforder the 
 falliiig ficknefs, or falling evil, 
 when it leizes fo fuddenly and uni- 
 verfaliy, that the pen'on falls down 
 in the fit : but it is called a parti- 
 cular convullion, when a part or 
 member of the body only is afie61ed. 
 When the convulficn is univerfsl, 
 it generally proceeds from all ths 
 fame caufcs that produce vertigoes, 
 apoplexie?, and lethargies, to all 
 vvhich it ha> a near affinity. Some- 
 times epilepfies proceed from a ple- 
 thora or fuHnefs of blood, when it 
 is grofs and fizy. When convul- 
 fions happen to old horfes they ge- 
 nerally prove incuiahle, becaufe na- 
 ture, being languid, gives but little 
 afliftance to the operation of medi- 
 cines, or any other help made ufe of 
 for their rccoveiv. 
 
 In 
 
E p I 
 
 In the epilepfy, the liorfe reels 
 and ftaggers, his eyes ate fixed in 
 his head, he has no itnfe of what 
 he is doing, ftales and dunjjs infen- 
 fibly, runsrouPid, and lalis i'udden- 
 ly, fometimes immoveabie, with his 
 legs ftretched out as if he was dead, 
 except only a very quick motion of 
 his heart and lungs, which makes 
 him work violendy at his flanks j 
 and fometimes an involuntriry mo- 
 tion and fll;^king of hi<; hmbs. At 
 the going ofT of the fit, the hoife 
 generally foams at the mouth ; the 
 foam is white and dry like tlsat 
 which comes from a healthy horfe, 
 when he champs upon his bit. 
 
 In ihe cure, firft of all bleed plen- 
 tifully, though if the horfe be low in 
 flefh, or has come off any hard jour- 
 ney, or Isold, be fomewhat fparing 
 of his blood. 
 
 When the paroxyfm is over, let 
 the following ball be adminiliered, 
 with a proper drink to wa/li it down, 
 viz. * A-fla foetida, half an ounce j 
 
 * Ruflia caftor pounded, two drams ; 
 
 * Venice turpentine, the fame quan- 
 
 * tity } diapente, an ounce ; made 
 
 * into a ball with honey and oil of 
 
 * amber/ The drink is to be made 
 as follow?, ' pennyroyal and mifle- 
 
 * toe, of each a large handful ; va- 
 
 * lerian root, an ounce 5 liquorice, 
 
 * half an ounce j fafFion, two 
 
 * di"ams infufed in a quart of boiling 
 
 * water, and ftanding about two 
 « hours upon the ingredients : let it 
 
 * be poured off and adminiliered af- 
 
 * ter the ball'. Let this be repeat- 
 ed fometimes once, fometimes twice 
 a day at firft, and afterwards once 
 in two or three days. 
 
 Inflead of drenches, let a large 
 handful of miiletoe boiled in three 
 pints of fpring water, and mixed in 
 a pail with his common drink. I-et 
 this be continued after the cephrdic 
 balls and odier medicines are left 
 off, for about ilute weeks j a«d in 
 
 EVA. 
 
 the mean time, let purges and plyf- 
 lers at proper inteivals he given to 
 keep (he body open and prevent a 
 rtlapfe. The glyller may be made 
 with camomile floweis and mifletoe, 
 with oil and treacle added to the de- 
 coiflion 5 the purges being made of 
 the fame decoiTiion.by dillolving four 
 ounces of lenitive eleciuary, and the 
 fame quantity of cream of tartar, or 
 fal mirahile. G:ly/b/:'s Difecif. 
 
 ERGOT in the manage, is a 
 flub l:ke a piece of foft horn, about 
 the bignefs of a chefnut, placed be- 
 hiiid and belcw the paliern-joinr, 
 and commonly hid under the tuft of 
 thi fetlock. To difergot, or to 
 t-ike It out, is to cleanie it to the 
 quick, with an incihon knife, in or- 
 der to pull out a bladder lull of wa- 
 ter that lies covered with the ergot. 
 This operation is fcarcely pra6fil'cd 
 at Paris, but in Holland is fi equent- 
 ly performed upon all four leg?, 
 with intent to prevent watry fores, 
 and foul ulcers. Guillct. 
 
 ESQUIAVINE, an old French 
 word, Jignifying a long and fevere 
 challilement of a horfe in the man- 
 age, Guilkt. 
 
 ESTRAC, in the manage. Is 
 applied to a horfe that is light bo- 
 died, lank bellied, thin flanked, and 
 n a r ro w c h e It e d . Gulllet . 
 
 ESTRAPADE, in the manage, 
 is the defence of a horfe tiiat will 
 not obev, but, to get rid of his ri- 
 der, rifes mightily before ; and 
 while his fore hand is yet in the air, 
 yerks out furioully with his hind 
 legs, Itriking higher than his head 
 was before ; and during his coun- 
 tcrtime goes back rather than ad. • 
 V3nce?. Guillet. 
 
 EVACUATORS, one of the 
 three clafTes into which the whole 
 materia medica has been dividtd by 
 the writers upon phyfic. See the 
 articles ALTERATIVtS and RE- 
 STORATIVES. 
 
 The 
 
EVA 
 
 The evacu^tors vlfibly promote 
 difcharges, fome by fweat, fome by 
 urine, and others by excretion of the 
 foeces or dung ; and all thefe allovv 
 of feveral gradations, Tome being 
 ftronger, and fome weaker than o- 
 thers. The firft to be ranked un- 
 der this denomjnation are all fuch 
 medicines as exert their efficacy on 
 the ftomach and bowels, by vomit 
 or purgation ; and thele two ope- 
 rations ieem to be efFeded by fuch as 
 are endowed with the fame or the 
 like properties; only with this dif- 
 ference, that as vomiting medicines 
 exert themfelves very foon after they 
 come into the ftomach, many of the 
 purging tribe pafs into the guts, 
 without any fenfible change in the 
 ftomach, otherwife than to create a 
 little ficknefs. 
 
 But both the one and the other 
 abound with fuch parts as ftimulate 
 the tender fibres J and if thcfe ftimu- 
 lating parts be but little guarded, 
 that is to fay, if they be involved in 
 others that can eafily be drawn off 
 by the a6lion of the ftomach or its 
 common liquids, then their firft fenfe 
 of exertion will of confequence be in 
 the ftomach : but if they be invol- 
 ved in grcfTer fubftance, and fuch as 
 cannot be eafily feparated, they will 
 then require all that is natural in di- 
 geftion, before they can thoroughly 
 exert themfelves ; that is, the me- 
 dicine muft be rubbed, ground, and 
 comminuted in the ilomach, as the 
 common food, before its ftimulaling 
 parts are fet at liberty : but as the 
 whole is by degrees palling into the 
 guts, there not being a fufficient 
 quantity of the med-cine to excite 
 vomiting, the remainder only exerts 
 itfelf by gentle vellications, which 
 fo far difturb the offices of the fto- 
 mach, as to caufe fick qualms : 
 but the greater part of the medicine 
 being now got into the guts, its fti- 
 mulating particles exert themfelves 
 there j and by their frequent velli- 
 
 EVA 
 
 cations quicken the periftaltic mo- 
 tion fo, that what is contained in 
 them becomes thereby fliook off} 
 and if the medicine he of ftrength, 
 it will touch the fenfible membranes 
 of the guts fo forcibly, as to cauCe 
 a more than ordinary deiivation of 
 blood and fpirits into thofe parts, 
 fo that a more than ordinary quan- 
 tity of matter will be feparated from 
 the intelfinal glands, and caft off 
 with the dung ; and this is the oc- 
 cafion of all ftrong purging. 
 
 From the fame way of reafoning, 
 we may alio underftand in what 
 manner a purging medicine fome- 
 times caufes vomiting 5 and that 
 can only be fuppofed, when the guts 
 are very much crammed with hard 
 excrements, which are not eafily 
 moved, but adhere clofe to them j 
 and therefore detain the medicine in 
 the ftomach, &c. longer than it 
 ought to be, whereby it exerts its 
 whole force in thofe parts ; or alio, 
 when the ftomach is under foma pre- 
 vious debility, whereby a very gen- 
 tle ftimulus during the comminution 
 of the phyfic, will draw it into con- 
 vulfions, and make it throw off it's 
 contents ; and from hence it will 
 be eafy for any one to account for 
 the natureof vomiting and purging; 
 and in what manner a medicine can 
 have fuch efFe61:s as we obferve from 
 it in thefe operations. But there 
 yet remains one thing very material 
 to be known; and that is, how it 
 comes to pafs, that a horfe feldom 
 or never throws up any thing that has 
 once entered into his ftomach, for 
 the water that rebounds backwards, 
 and guflies through a horfe's roftrils 
 in drinking, or what runs out .^oon 
 after drinking, has never had ad- 
 mittance into the ftomach, as fome 
 farriers imagine, but proceeds from 
 fome defe61: or inflammation of the 
 gullet, or relaxation of the uvula. 
 
 One reafon why a horfe does not 
 
 vomit, feems to proceed from the 
 
 G necclTarv 
 
EVA 
 
 necelTary make and configuration of 
 the ftoniach, but particularly of the 
 g\illet, which evtry one knciws to 
 h(i in a hoi fe of a confidei ahje hngth; 
 and this alone is urKloub:edly ?. great 
 h)\;i!rance to vomiting : but belides 
 this, the gullet o( a hoile is found 
 to be confiderably narrow near its 
 insertion into the itotnach, and like- 
 wile Ibmevvhat contorted, with its 
 fi'Mcs of a fpiral dire6^tion, which 
 k'ndof Ifrucfure (tem> to be necef- 
 lary in a creature that iceJs much 
 with its liead towards the ground, 
 as all of them do when at grafs, 
 Jnit there is yet anorher reafon why 
 thel'e aniiTials are not fo eailly or at 
 all excited to vomit 5 and that i?, 
 becaufe of the largenefs and weight 
 of their ftomachs, foi- in vomiting, 
 it is requiiite that thellomach fliould 
 he contra6fedand gathered together, 
 like a purfe : but in a horfe, or any 
 other large an'mal, that cannot be 
 done without a very powerful Iti- 
 muius, and perhaps very few things 
 in the materia medico could be found 
 futficient to do that effr^dhially, 
 though given in a laige quantity ; 
 and that alfo on another account, 
 viz. becaufe of the thicknefs and 
 ftrength of iis fibres, which muft 
 requiie fomething that is m re than 
 ortfin^iry powerful to make impref- 
 fions ftrong enough upon them to 
 draw up fo great a weight. 
 
 The next thing that comes under 
 the denomination of tvacuators are 
 thofe medicines called dinretics that 
 'promote the difcharge of urine, 
 wherein there are feveral intentions 
 to be anfwered, according to the 
 ' feveral ways whereby the bcdv be- 
 convcs indifpofed by its fopp-efTion. 
 See the article IJRiNii. 
 
 The laft that come under the title 
 of evacuators are Inch me licines or 
 fimples as promote thedifcharges by 
 jueifs, and are therefi,M"e termed fii- 
 t'orifi.rs or dj=ipl!Oietics. They are 
 al.".- cniled febiifuges and altx^phar- 
 
 EXE 
 
 mlc<!, or counterpoifons, becaufe 
 ot their extraordinajy ufe in all ma- 
 lignant and peftilential fevers. No.w 
 the matter by which a medicine can 
 anfwer in the intention of promot- 
 ing fweat, muft be from one or o- 
 ther of the following caufes, viz. ei- 
 ther from their finenefs and fubtilty, 
 whereby they fo rarify the humours 
 as to render them fit to pais through 
 the fmall cutaneous glands ; or bv 
 their auiferity and roughnefs, fo far 
 conllrirge the vefiels as to force 
 them t.) a confracHion whereby the 
 matter which lies readieft for a dif- 
 charge is fqueczed out. GibfoniFar' 
 riers Difpeufatory. 
 
 EXCRESCENCE, fuperfluons 
 or luxuiiant ilefh, or other matter 
 growing en ceitain parts of the bo- 
 dies of animals. To cure flefhy 
 exci'efcences, and make them fall off 
 without pain. Take a fmall quan- 
 tity of alum, and reducing it into 
 powder, put water to it fufficient to 
 difiolve it ; with this folution wafh 
 the excrefcencc two or three times a 
 day, and it will flop, harden, and 
 reduce the flcfli into a callus, which, 
 wiil fall oif in about a week or eight 
 days ; after which the fore is to be 
 treated ?is dircded undtr the article 
 Wound. 
 
 Excrefccnces of the bones is an 
 evil incident to horfes, occafjoned 
 chiefly by cauftics or burning corro- 
 lives und'iely applied to wounds that 
 Jie clofe to the bone, as when the 
 wound is in the leg or about the paf- 
 tern ; for the flefli being much burnt 
 by them cau'es an excrefcence upon 
 the bone \ which remains after the 
 wound is healed j fometimes it comes 
 by a Hiackle, or the galling of a . 
 lock or fetters, that have been long 
 continued on the foot. What is 
 prefcribed for the bone fpavin will 
 alfo be proper in this diforder. See 
 Spavin, Rufuc Dia. 
 
 EXERCISE, no doubt Is-efTen- 
 tially neceiury for prefci ving health 
 
 in 
 
EXE 
 
 in any kind of animal, but more ef- 
 pecialiy a horfe, whofe very nature 
 requires abundance of ir, if he has 
 his full feeding ; for by exercife the 
 blood is not only forced through the 
 fmallelt veins and arteries, by the 
 feveial cotitraJlicns of the mufcles, 
 but all the little glands and (trainers 
 of the body are thereby forced to 
 throw out and difcharge their fe- 
 veial contents, which certainly muft 
 be a great, if not the greatefl means 
 to preferve health. And this pre- 
 fervation ought to be continued in 
 proportion to a horfe's ftrength and 
 manner of feeding. Brackeii's Art 
 cf Farriery. 
 
 A horfe's food ought always to 
 be in proportion to his exercife. But 
 the time and the manner of his ex 
 ercife is alfo to be regarded : for if 
 a horle happens either to be worked 
 at an unfeafonablc time, or beyond 
 his ftrength, it will be more injuri- 
 ous to him than if he had not been 
 worked at all. Therefore this ge- 
 neral caution is always needful, viz. 
 never to ride a horle hard, or put 
 him upon any viol nt exercife when 
 he has been newly fed, and has had 
 his belly full of meat or water : but 
 fiiould be moved out at firft gently, 
 and he will naturally mend his pace, 
 as his food and water begin to af- 
 fwage, when his rider n ay urge 
 him on to farther fpeed as his bufi- 
 nefs may require. 
 
 When a horfe is hot with riding 
 or any other iharplaboiious exercife, 
 he (hould be cooled by degrees j 
 wherefore, when any one has tra- 
 velled hard upon a journey, or when 
 horfes have been driven hard in a 
 coach or chaife, it is not fufficient, 
 after they come to their baiting 
 place, or to the end of their day's 
 journey, to walk them about in hand 
 tor half an hour or more, which is 
 Niually done, but their pace fliould 
 be -flackened for a mile or two be- 
 fore they come in i and after that 
 
 EXE 
 
 fhould be alfo walked fome time In 
 hand, that they may cool gradually 
 before they are brought into the (fa- 
 ble, with a thin cloth lai:*. ever each, 
 if they have been ufed to it. When 
 horfes come late to the end of their 
 day's journey ; or when the weather 
 is fobad that they cannot be walked 
 about in hand, they (hould then be 
 rubbed all over their bodies and limbs, 
 till they are qul;e cool, without tak- 
 ing ofr their harnefs and (addle j and 
 then cloathed. 
 
 Another necefTary caution for the 
 prefervation of horfes is, never to 
 feed them too foon afier they have 
 been heated with exercife ; and few 
 are lb ignorant as to give horfes wa- 
 ter while they are hot, Plorles that 
 have not been much accuftomeii to 
 labour (hould be led en to it gradu- 
 ally : for habits can feldom be broke 
 off abruptly, but by degrees; and 
 this caution is the more neceffary, 
 becaufe, when horfes have had but 
 little exercife they aie apt to increafe 
 in fle(h; though their feetling be but 
 moderate, yet their flefh is, for the 
 moft part, but loofe and fiabby ; 
 and if a horfe in this condition, while 
 his velfels are relaxed, fliould be 
 hard worked, it would be the more 
 dangerous, becaufe the blood at that 
 time muft have acquiied a great de- 
 gree of vifcidity, (b as to render it 
 unfit to pafs through the fmall vef- 
 fels, which muft therefore be dif- 
 tended and the fecretions thereby 
 gieatly obftruiSled, and prove the 
 caufe of many obftinate diftempers. 
 The longer any horfe has been with- 
 out exercife, the more time fliould 
 be alKov/ed to prepare him for bufi- 
 nefs ; and therefore, when a horle is 
 newly brought from a dealer's hand 
 (where they are generally well fed 
 and have fcarce any exercife) or any 
 other, that has been kept a long time 
 without fufficient exercife, is to he 
 put upon bufinefs, fome proper pre^ 
 paration is to i)e made for it, which 
 G % cu^ht 
 
EXE 
 
 rught to be fo accommodated as the 
 rircumftances of time and place, and 
 other reqiiilites wlil allow. V/!jen 
 txercife is kiddenly attempted, vvliile 
 a boii'e is in a plethoric condition, 
 and indeed morbid ftate, it inflames 
 the blood, and therefore it is advife- 
 ahle in the firft place to bleed the 
 horfe, and lower his diet, which 
 however fliouid not be too much a- 
 bated. Walking exercife is the 
 moft proper to begin with ; andthis 
 fiioiiid be in the open air, in good 
 weather. They fliouid be walked 
 in it at lead two or three hours a 
 diy ; and the farther they are car- 
 ried from home in that time, the 
 better. A week or lortnight after 
 this, the exercife noay be increafed, 
 the horfe may be made to walk out 
 twice a day, two hour^ in the morn- 
 ing and two in the afternoon ; and 
 as^'his fpirit and vigour increafes, 
 his exercife may be increafed too. 
 Gibj'ofis D'tfsafes ofHorfes. See the 
 articles Feeding, Airing, &c. 
 
 The particular diforders which 
 are brought on by carelcfl'nefs in 
 drefllag, feeding, exerciiing, and the 
 ]ike, are firft a load oF humours up- 
 on the bowels, the brains, lungs, 
 ]iver, &c. together vrith the over- 
 fuinefs of the alimentary tube, 
 which is the ftomach or guts ; add 
 to thefe, the glands, or fecretory 
 clu:*^s obftru^led, from whence pro- 
 ceed fevers of the worlt kind, Chefi: 
 foundering, together with all the 
 Jieceffary requifltes for producing an 
 afthma or broken wind. Secondly 
 the glanders often proceed from o- 
 veriu'nefs and want of exercife at 
 proper intervals, as well as the yel- 
 lows or jaundice and gourdinels or 
 fwelled legs. Bracken s Farriery, 
 
 EYE, the organ of fight, where- 
 by the ideas of all outward objects 
 are reprefented to the common fen- 
 fbry. Tne eye is of a convex glo- 
 bular form, covered by its proper 
 
 EXE 
 
 lids, and inclofed within an orbrt 
 or focket, formed for that purpofe 
 out of the bones. The eye-lids pre- 
 ferve the eyes from dult, or other 
 external injuries ; are an expanfion 
 of the mufcles and fkin the inner 
 membrane being of an exquifite 
 contexture, that may no ways hurt 
 or impair the furface of the eye.- 
 Their edges have a cartilaginous or 
 griftly rim, by which they are io 
 fitted as to meet clofe together in 
 time of fleep, or upon any emer- 
 gency to prevent duft or other acci- 
 dents that may hurt its delicate tex- 
 ture. The orbit, or cavity in which 
 the eye Is fituated, is lined with a 
 very freeable, loofe fat, which is 
 not only eafy to the eye in its vari- 
 ous motions, but ferves to keep it 
 fufiiciently mollt, as the lachrymal 
 glands feated in the outer corner of 
 the eye ferva to moiften its furface, 
 and to wafli oflTany dull or dirt that 
 may get into it. At the inner cor- 
 ner of the eye, next the nofe, is a 
 caruncle, which Mr. Chefelden thinks 
 may be placed there to keep that 
 corner of the eye from being totally 
 clofed, that any tears or gummy 
 matter may flow from under the eye- 
 lids in the time of fleep, or into the 
 puncla lachrymalia, which are little 
 holes placed one in each eye-lid to 
 carry off" any fuperfluous moifture 
 or tears into the nofe. 
 
 The eye has four membranes or 
 coats, and three humours. The 
 firfl: membrane is called tunica ad- 
 nata or conjun6^iva, and covers 
 all that part of the eye, which in a 
 man appears white, but in a horfe 
 is variegated with ftreaks and fpots 
 of brown ; and being refle61ed back, 
 lines the infide of the eye-lid, and 
 by that inverfion, it is alfo the meats 
 to prevent motes, duft, fmall flies, 
 or any other extraneous matter get- 
 ting behind the eye ball into the or- 
 bit, which would be extremely dan- 
 gerous^ 
 
EXE 
 
 gerous. This coat is full of blood 
 vefTeis, which appear in little red 
 ftreaks all over the white of the hu- 
 man eye, when it is inflamed j and 
 where there is but little white, as in 
 the eyes of horfes, the eye appears 
 fiery ; and the eye-lids, when open- 
 ed and turned back, look red. The 
 fecond coat h^s its fore part very 
 Itri^ng, and tranfparent like horn, 
 and is therefore called the cornea or 
 horny coat ; and the other pait, 
 whicii is op-que, and daik. is cal- 
 led the folerctis. Under the cornea 
 lies the iris, which in a hovfe Inclines 
 to cinnamon colour. The middle 
 of this membrane or coat is perfor- 
 ated for the admiflion of the rays of 
 light, and is called the pupil. Un- 
 der the iris lies the procerus ciliares, 
 which go off in little rays, and in a 
 found eye are plainly to be feen : 
 as often as thefe procefTes contraft, 
 they dilate the pupil, which may 
 always be obferved in places where 
 the light is fmall, but in a flrong 
 light, the drcular fibres of the iris 
 atl as a fphin6ler mufcle, and lef- 
 fen the pupil j a??d therefore a di- 
 lated or wide pupil in a ftrong light 
 is almofl always a fign of a bad eye. 
 Mr. Chefelden obferves, that in men 
 the pupil is round, which fits them 
 to fee every way alike, and is the 
 fame in many oiher creatures, ef- 
 pecially thofe that are the prey of 
 ravenous birds and beafb, that they 
 may always be on their guard to 
 fpy out their enemies, and to avoid 
 them : but horfes, and other large 
 creatures that feed on grafs, and 
 are not (b much expofed to dangers' 
 of this kind, have the pupils of their 
 eyes oblong horizontally, by wliich 
 they are able to view a large fpace of 
 ground, which is alfo the reafon 
 why a liorfe that has good eyes fliall 
 carry his rider as fafe in the night as 
 in the dav, and will find the way 
 .better, with once oi" twice travelling, 
 
 E X E- 
 
 thin fome men that have travelled - 
 the lame way twenty time?j and if. 
 the rider happens to lead him out of 
 the way will fall into it again of his 
 own accord. 
 
 Under the fclerotls lies the chor- 
 oides, which is the third coat or tu- 
 nicle of the eye. In men it is of a 
 dufky brcwn, and in bealts of prey, 
 as the above men'ioned author ob- 
 ferves, a great part of this coat is 
 white which enables them to fee bo- 
 dies of all colours in the night better 
 than men, in regard white relie£ls 
 all colours. But horfes and ot!-.er 
 creatures that feed upon grafs, have 
 the fame parts cf this membrane cf 
 a bright green, which enables theiu 
 to fee with lefs light, and niakts 
 grafs an objc(5l they can dii'cerrt 
 with greatelt llrength ; and there 
 fore ii is called . lbmetin.es lu- 
 r.ica uvea, from its reftmbling the 
 colour -of a grape. The innermoft 
 or fourth tunicieis called the nieni- 
 biana retina, u-hich is only an ex- 
 panfion of the optic nerve upon the 
 choroides, and encon.pr^fTeth the 
 glafiy humour like a net. By ^^ 
 combination of the rays of li^lu up- 
 on the fine filam.ents of this mem- 
 brane, all external images are con- 
 veyed by the optix: nsives to the 
 bjain. 
 
 Within thetunicles or coats of the 
 eye are I'eattd the three humcurs 
 wdiich chiefly compole the eve ball. 
 The firll is the aqueous or watry 
 humour, which lies foremcft, and 
 feems cliiefiy a proper medium to 
 pr efet ve the chryfta nine humour from 
 injuries in cafe of wounds, bruil'e'^, 
 or any other external caufe. 
 
 Behind the aqueous humour hes 
 the chryflalline, in a very hne mem- 
 brane called aranea ; be ng thin 
 like a fpider's web. The figure ct 
 the cliryflalline is a deTirt-fl'erl '1 H- 
 or fpheroid, and its ufe, to rtfrad 
 the rays of li^ht that pais thj ui' 
 
EYE 
 
 it, fo that all the rays proceeding 
 from the fame point of any obje6l 
 being firft refra6led on the cornea, 
 may be united upon the retina. 
 
 The vitreous humour lies behind 
 the chryftaliinc, being concave on 
 its forefides, to make a. convenient 
 lodgment for the chryftalline ; and 
 its hinder part convex agreeable to 
 the globular form of the eye, upon 
 which the tunica, retina, and choroi- 
 des are fptead. This humour pof- 
 fefTes a rpace larger than both the o- 
 ther two ; and bemg of a hue l:ke a 
 light coloured green glafs is a pro- 
 per medium, not only to keep the 
 chryftalline humour and the retina 
 at a due diilance one from the other, 
 but by its colour to prevent the rays 
 o? light falling too forcibly upon 
 the latter, which might weaken or 
 impair the fight. Gihfons Difeafes 
 cf horfes. 
 
 Obfer-jations for judging of the 
 goodnsfs or badnefs of the Eyes. 
 The goodneis or badnefs of the eyes 
 is a thing wherein the beft judges are 
 fometime<; millaken : for molt peo- 
 ple regard the clearnels and trnnf- 
 }iarenc}' of the eye, which indeed 
 ought to be confidered, but it is 
 worth obferving, that horfes before 
 they are fix years old have not that 
 tranfparenry in their eves v.-hich they 
 arrive at aferwards, (b that the eyes 
 look thicker or clearer in proportion 
 as their blood and juices happen to 
 be more or lefs in a good ftate. It 
 is not always the clearnefs of the eye 
 that denotes i;s goodnefs: but a man 
 js alfo to form his judgment from 
 other in-iications, particularly from 
 the form and manner of the eye, 
 which includes nor only the body 
 of the eye, but the eye-lids, eye- 
 brows, and all the parts belonging 
 to it. Many gnodeyed horfes have 
 a heavinefs in their countenance 
 with a lowering l-,row, ye' great num- 
 iBers of this afpe^ go blind wiih ca- 
 
 EYE 
 
 tarafls, when about feven years old, 
 or fometimes later. 
 
 Thefe are the mod fufp'clous, 
 where there is a bunch or fulnefs be- 
 tween the upper eye lid and the eye- 
 brow, with a fulnefs round the un- 
 der eye-lid, fo that the eye looks 
 as if it was environed in a ring. 
 
 When the eye is extremely fiat, 
 or funk in the head within its orbit, 
 it is always a bad fign, even though 
 there be no defluxion or humour 
 upon it. A fmall p'g eye is none 
 of the belt, nor a very large gogling 
 eye. That eye is almolt always 
 weak which is of a longifh oval fi- 
 gure, efpeciilly when the two cor- 
 ners are narrow lijce the fhape of an 
 almond. When the coat or mem- 
 brane that ri(es from the under part 
 of the eye happens to be large and 
 thick, io as to prefs the eye ball, and 
 the caruncle or kerne! of the inward 
 corner next the nofe is fpnngy and 
 moift, tho' there is fomeumes a re- 
 medy for this defeat, yet fuch hor- 
 fes in the end geneially go blind. 
 
 When the eyes are bad, the muf- 
 cles ormoveis of the eyes are gene- 
 rally weakj fo if tlieeve looks dead 
 and lifelt-ls, the beit way ot trial is 
 to hold up the hor'es head in the 
 fame manner as when a diench is to 
 be given, which will draw the eye 
 upwards : and if it remains then 
 fixed and immoveable, or has a lar.- 
 guid motion, it is a pretty fure fign 
 the eye is brtd. And this \\\^\ will 
 for the molt part hchi good, whe- 
 ther the eye be moift or (fry. 
 
 Some regard the colour cf theeye, 
 which however is different accord- 
 ing to the difference of colour in 
 horfes : and indeed .we are {'o far 
 to regaid ti.e colour, that if th'-* his 
 or circle that furround<; the pupil or 
 fight of the eye be difrin6>, .■nd of 
 a pale variegated cinnamon colour, 
 it always denotes a good eye. For 
 the iris is tilways moft diitinil where 
 
 the 
 
EYE 
 
 the humours of the eye are moft 
 clear and pellucid j and thofe 
 holies have the befc eyes which in 
 colour relemble the eyes of a flietp 
 or goat : but few hoifes arrive fit 
 that perfection of colour and tranf- 
 parency till they are at leafr fix years 
 old or upwards. On the other 
 hand, if the iris or circle round the 
 pupil be ot 3 daik muddy colour, 
 and does not appear diftindl and va- 
 riegated, tiil one approsche!* near 
 the eye: and if the nairow fky co- 
 loured verge (which vveobfeive more 
 or lefs in moft horfes on the outfide 
 of the iris happens to be of a milky 
 hue, it is no good fign. Neverthe- 
 lefs wall eyed horles have tor the 
 moft part good eyes. 
 
 Some in examining the eyes h^ve 
 a regard to the colour oi the horfe,but 
 this is no fure way of judging, for 
 as there are good horfts of ail co- 
 lours, fo there aie good eyed horfes 
 of all colours. Moil people in ex- 
 amining a horfe"s eyes lead him un- 
 der a gate- way, or Ibme fliade, that 
 they may fee perfe6^1y the colour 
 and tranfparency of the eye : but 
 the heft way is to obfei ve his coun- 
 tenance, when he conies firlt cut of 
 a dark ftable into a ftrong 1 ght : 
 ior it he has anv weaknefs in his 
 eyes, he will wrinkle his brow, and 
 look upward* to receive mort' light } 
 and if the pupil at the fame ritue be 
 large, it is a bad fign ; and there- 
 foie the belt way is to look to a hor- 
 {e's eyes firft in the fiiade, toobfcrve 
 the dimenfions of the pupil 5 snd if 
 thatltffens upon his coming out in- 
 to a ftrong light, it is almolt an in- 
 fallible fign that the eye is good. 
 
 Upon the whole, that eye is ge- 
 rieially good where the eye-lids are 
 thin, where the outvv^ard coat or tu- 
 nicle of the eye is aifo thin and de- 
 licate, where the caruncle next tl.e 
 nofe is fmall and drv, where the eye 
 is tranfparcnt and fprightlyj when 
 
 EYE 
 
 a horfe has a bold refolute look and 
 takes notice o' objects without fear. 
 On the other hand, when a horie 
 moves his ears backwards and for- 
 wards and feems furprized at every 
 noife or motion of the hand, when 
 he raifes his feet high, is unceitain 
 in his walk or ftep, and unequal in 
 h's goings j when his eyes appear 
 full and fwoln with a fltn^y circle 
 round them, or when they aie funk 
 or flat, or of a longifh oval figure, 
 when the outer coat is tjiick, and 
 covers a great part of the eye- ball, 
 and the glands or kernels of the e}e 
 are fpxmgy and nioift : all thele de- 
 note the badnels of tlie eyes, and ai e 
 often the forerunner of hlindnels, 
 Gibfcn's Difeafcs ofHcrfts. 
 
 Dif cafes cf the Ey^s. T b e d i f- 
 eafes that affr^f the eyes of horles 
 are neiiher lo nuinerotis nor fo much 
 complicated as thofe that affeil the 
 human eye, though horfes ajemuch 
 more apt to go blind than men, 
 when once difoiders happen in their 
 eyes, unleis ihey he Ipeeddy re- 
 moved. Mofl of the naiadies that 
 affeiR the ey?s of hones proceed ei- 
 ther from external accidents as 
 blows, contufions, and wounds, 
 (sr fiom intern?.! caufes, as fevers, 
 Ivnfeirs, and fuch like ; or from a 
 natural weaknefs and id conforma- 
 tion of the eye, which pclTiblv jnay 
 often be heie<!it-ry. For the treat- 
 ment of externa' injuries of the eyes 
 proceeding from blows, biuiies, 
 bites, contufions, Sic. See the ar- 
 ticle Blows. 
 
 If a film, or thick (longh fliould 
 remain upon the e\e in ccnftquence 
 of an externa! injury, it may be taken 
 olF by blowirg into the eye equal 
 parts of white virricl and fugar- 
 candy finely povvdered; glafs finely 
 p( wdfitcf mixt up with honey, and 
 a little hefl] but'.er is niuch recom- 
 mended by Dr. Brachen for this 
 purpofe, as ally, the following 
 
 G 4. oint- 
 
EYE 
 
 ointment. * Take ointment of 
 
 * tutty, one ounce; honey of ro- 
 
 * fes two drams j white vitriol burnt, 
 ' one fcruple, this with a feather 
 ' may be fmeared over the eye twice 
 ' a day." Bartlefs Farriery. 
 
 The eyes may be wounded in the 
 Ame manner as the other parts of 
 the body, viz. by inclfion or punc- 
 ture j and we find thefe alfo com- 
 plicated with contufion and fra6lure 
 of the bones of the orbit ; and often, 
 with laceration or tearing of the 
 eye-lids, and the circumambient 
 pa'ts of the eye- brows and temples, 
 which frequently happen from vio- 
 lent bitesand other accidents; and the 
 method of cure as to generals is near- 
 ly the fame as in all other wounds, 
 but in regard of the extreme ten- 
 dernefs of the eye, feme particular 
 cautions are necefl'ary to be obferved 
 as bleeding, even though the wound 
 be but fmall, becaufe the leaft irri- 
 tation will eafily bring a defluxion 
 into the eye, which ought by all 
 poflible means to be removed. The 
 pofition of a horfe's head and the 
 contortion of his neck, contributes 
 alfo to render the cure more difH- 
 cult; and therefore all the methods 
 ot revulflon are proper, asrowelling 
 under the jaws, the breaft or belly, 
 efpecialiy when the eye is much 
 fwoln and inflamed, as has been 
 already recommended in the cafe of 
 Blows and Contusions. 
 
 Another caution is neceffary in 
 curing wounds of the eyes, that no 
 lurfli application be made, while 
 the psin and inflammation remaliis; 
 and even not, when thefe fymptoms 
 are gone oft, if milder methods will 
 do the buGnefb-. Care muft alfo be 
 tskin to keep the horfe low in his 
 diet, efpecialiy while he is unfit for 
 any other exercife befides walking 
 in the fliade ; his diet fliould be o- 
 pening, and if it be the grafs feafon, 
 cut ^rais or any kind of green herb- 
 
 EYE 
 
 age cannot be improper. Car? 
 fhould be taken to keep the wounded 
 eye cool by cooling medicines, a- 
 voiding the ufe of the oil of turpen- 
 tine, which our farriers ufe almoft 
 upon all occafions. If the eye-lid 
 is wounded and cut through, and 
 the cut divides it fo as the lips part 
 one from another, it ought to have 
 a ftitch with a ftreight needle, fuch 
 as the furgeons ufe for fuperficial 
 wounds, and not to be drawn too 
 clofe, but jult fo far as to biing the 
 edges together. 
 
 The proper dreffing for wounds 
 of the eye is honey of rofes ancj 
 tin6^ure of myrrh, viz. one dram of 
 the tindure to an ounce of the o- 
 ther. The beft way of ufing it is to 
 dip a pledgit of lint in this mixture 
 made warm and applied to the 
 wound twice a day until it is healed. 
 If any part of the orbit bones be 
 broke and feel loofe, the cure will 
 be retarded till the broken parts be 
 feparatcd and cut off, during which 
 time it will be proper to drefs with 
 tinflure of myrrh, and the tin^lure 
 of euphorbium mixed together : 
 for nothing agrees with the bones 
 but cleanfmg tin6^ures and other 
 fpirituous applications. See the 
 article Wound. 
 
 Sometimes alfo horfes, meet with 
 punctured wounds in their eyes, 
 viz. when fome fliarp pointed thing 
 has run into the eye-ball. In this 
 cafe nothing is better than tincture 
 of rofes with honey, or honey of 
 rofes, either alone or with fugar of 
 lead. The juice of eye-bright, or 
 the juice of celandine aie of ufe to 
 help to wepsr out the fears which 
 punffured wounds are apt to leave 
 upon the cornea. Gihfcii's Difeafa 
 cfHcrfes, 
 
 For lunatic or moon eyes. See 
 the article Moon-Eyes. 
 
 For a cataraft on the eye. See 
 theaiticle Cataract. 
 
 For 
 
EYE 
 
 For the gutta ferena on the eye. 
 See the article Gutta Serena. 
 
 Though rheums and inHamma- 
 tions, for the moft part, accompa- 
 ny the higbett diforders in the eye, 
 yet, if, after a wound or bruife has 
 been heaied, the eye continues weak 
 and indifpofed, a horfe will become 
 much fubjeft to thefe diforders for 
 the future, efpecially upon every 
 change of air or diet, as often as he 
 chances to be rid harder than or- 
 dinary, or put upon any uncommon 
 and unufual exerclfe. Tlie like will 
 alfo happen from any other caufe 
 inducing a weskrefs into t!ie eye, 
 as after a cold or other ficknefs j 
 and where there has not been luf- 
 ficient care taken to put a check to 
 the flux of the humours, or to take off 
 their acidity aud n:iarpners : for by 
 this means the eye becomes injured, 
 and is rendered iiib'e to ilieiims and 
 defiuxions, and to many otiier ac- 
 cidents, notwithdandipg the horfe 
 may in all other refpefis be reco- 
 vered to a good (fate of health. 
 Sometimes thole fymptoms do ac- 
 company or are the eiieiSt of an ill 
 habit ot body ; and therefore in or- 
 der to the cure, the farritr ought to 
 examine both mfo the pad ftate and 
 prefent condition of the horle. If 
 
 EYE 
 
 he finds him under any indifpofitlon, 
 then his firft and chief care ought 
 to be to remove that, but if a horfe 
 be otherwife in a tolerable ftate of 
 health, the farrier may conclude 
 that there is either fome natural in- 
 firmity in the eye difpofing it to 
 thefe diforders, or elfe that the eye 
 is rendered very weak and difeafed, 
 by a continual defluxion upon itj 
 in either of which cafes, it will not 
 be very needful to burden him with 
 medicines : but yet if the horfe be 
 full of flefii, lell the diftemper flioulJ 
 be overmuch icc\, a moderate quan- 
 tity of blood may be taken from 
 him, and he may be purged gently 
 every week, cr have now and then 
 a glyfter given him, and moderate 
 diet and exercife. 
 
 If the eyes are only inflamed, 
 without a defluxion of ferum upon 
 them, they may be wafhed once or 
 twice a day with the following. 
 
 * Take red rofe-leaves, one hand- 
 
 * ful ; infufe them in a pint of wa- 
 
 * ter ; ftrain it ofF, when cool ; and 
 
 * add an ounce of honey of rofeF, 
 
 * and about a dram of fugar of lead; 
 ' let your horfe^s eye be moiftened 
 
 * there- with two or three times a 
 
 * day."" GiI>fo?i's Farrier s Guide, 
 
 ■;^##t##*#####S# 
 
 ####*# 
 
 F A L 
 
 ■pALCADE, in the manage. A 
 horie makes falcades, when he 
 throws himCtrlf upon his haunches 
 two or three times, as in very quick 
 curve;?, which is done in forming 
 a rt>p ai.d half-flop. A falcade 
 
 F A L 
 
 therefore is the aftion of the haunch- 
 es and of the legs, which bend very 
 low as in curvets, when you make 
 a fiop or half Hop. They fay, this 
 horfe Hops well, for he makes two 
 or three falcades, ar.d finifhes his 
 
 flop 
 
F A L 
 
 flop with a pefate. This horfe has 
 no haunches, lie will make no fal- 
 cadts. The falcades are I'o much 
 ihe prettier that, in making them, his 
 haunches arelow. Stop your horle 
 ijpon the haunche^ in making him 
 piy them well, i'o that after lorm- 
 ing his falcades he may reiume his 
 gallop without making a pefate } 
 that is, without flopping or making 
 one time j and thus he will make a 
 half ftop. See the articles Stop, 
 Haunches, and Time. GutUet^ 
 
 FALLINC^EVIL, orSiCKNESS. 
 See the article Epiletsy. 
 
 FALSE GALLOP, in the man- 
 age. See ihearticlcs Gallop, and 
 Gallopade., 
 
 FALSE QUARTER is a cleft 
 or chink in the quarter of the hoof, 
 from top to bottom ; it happens ge- 
 nerally on the infide, that being the 
 weakeit and the tf.inneft; and pro- 
 ceeds from the drynefs of the hoof, 
 but efpecially when a horfe is ridden 
 in dry findy, or ftcny grounds in 
 hot weather J or in frofty weather, 
 when the ways are fl.nty and hard. 
 It is likewife can led by bad rtioeing, 
 and all the other accidents whereby 
 a horfe brcomes hoof-bound: for 
 the narrownefs o! the heels an;i brit- 
 tlenels of the quarters continually 
 expoie a horfe to all the faid acci- 
 dents. This acci(ient is both dan- 
 gerous and painful, for as often as 
 a horfe fets his foot on the ground, 
 the chink widens ■■, and when he lifts 
 it up, the fliaip edges o\ the divided 
 hoof wounds the tender ficflithat 
 covers the coffin bone; which is 
 tor the mcft p^'.rt followed with 
 blood J and it muft of courfe be 
 apter to render a horfe lame, as it 
 is very difficult to form a reunion. 
 The ufual method taken to remedy 
 this imperfeflion is by cutting off 
 that part of the flioe, which lies 
 tiocn the chink, that it may be 
 wholly uncovered j then with a 
 
 F A L 
 
 drawing-iron, to open the rift to the 
 quick ; filling it up in all parts with 
 a rowel of hurds dipt in turpentine, 
 wax, and fheep's luet molten toge- 
 ther } renewing it every day until 
 the fame is filled up. After it is 
 clofed in the top or upper part, it is 
 ufual to draw the place betwixt the 
 hoof and coroner, which, by Ibiten- 
 ing the hoof and bringing a moif- 
 ture into it, caufes it to grew the 
 faihr, and (hoot downwards. But 
 there are fome who fear the cronet 
 above the crack, without piercing 
 the fkin ju(t where the hoof begins, 
 and with another iron, fear the 
 chink about the middle of the hoof, 
 which fucceeds very well, if caie be 
 taken to keep the hoof mol(t°with 
 applications of tar, honey and 
 greafe. Some pour aquafoitis into 
 the rift, when the pain is violent, 
 to deaden the part ; making a bor- 
 der of wax on tacli fidi=-, to hinder 
 it f.'om fpoding the reft of the hoo^ j 
 and there aie others who prepare a 
 flat piece of wood, about an inch 
 in bread'h, but at the fame time fo 
 (lender, that it will bend like a 
 hoop, and of a fufhcient length to 
 go twice round the hoof; and hav- 
 ing firft drawn the whole length of 
 the cleft, they apply turpentine, 
 pitch and fuet, molten together, to 
 the fore, and fallen (he hoof with 
 pieces of lift or filletting. This is 
 a contrivance to ardwer infte^d of 
 bandage, to keep the chink united : 
 but it is thought that inftead of this 
 troublefome way, the following me- 
 thod will be found more eafy and 
 fuccefVfui. 
 
 Firft draw the whole length of the 
 cleft gently with your drawing iron; 
 then anoint the htot with tar, hon- 
 ey, and futt molttn together", as 
 direfled : for notliing can be more 
 proper for the hoof; and lay a thin 
 pledgit dipt in the fame along the 
 cleft j after this, take of) ope yarn 
 fuca 
 
FAR 
 
 furli rjs the failors ul'e, wlilch j? no 
 other than hemp moiliened in ir.elted 
 pitch or tar, and Ipiin ioofe : ap- 
 ply the yarn all ilown the hoof, be- 
 ginning at the croner, and defcend 
 downwards, one lay after another 
 a<; clo'e as the binding of the hoops 
 of wine caflcs, laying a fmooth 
 pledgit of flax behind, to keep it 
 from fretting thehtel. This fhould 
 be opened once in three or four 
 days, that the cleft may be diefTed ; 
 and, to prevent any inconveniency 
 tliat can happen by the opening, a 
 thin ffapie may alfj be contrived, 
 wirh points like horle-fhce nails call 
 off obliquely, to tnke a ilenderholdj 
 the plate of it crofTmg the cleft where 
 part of tiie flioe is cut off 5 and the 
 nails coming out on e"ch fide of the 
 cleft or the upper p?rt, to be riveted 
 as the other nails. Ey this method 
 acle't in any part of the hoof may 
 he eafily cured, if the borfe be not 
 very oKl or difealed. Gibfons Far- 
 rier's Ci<ldc. 
 
 FAR, in tlv? manage, a \t\m 
 11 fed to denote any parr of a horfe's 
 right fide : thus the far foot, far 
 fhoulder, &;c. is tiie light foot, 
 iftiht fhou'dcr, oJr. 
 
 'farcin, or Farcy, in horfes 
 a kind of creeping u-cei, beginning 
 wiih hard knots and pultle?, which 
 f|Tead fbnietimes over the whole 
 body of the hoi fe like the branches of 
 a vine or ivy free. Braclcn. 
 
 The chara^leril'lic of the f^trcy is 
 a cording of the veins, and an ap- 
 pearance of fmall lumps in fi^veral 
 pirts of the body. The farcy is a 
 /tifenfe arilingfi-om plenitude, antl a 
 vifcitiity and lentor of the blood, and 
 may veiy jultly be ranked among 
 glandular diforders. Wcod'sTrca- 
 t'lje of Farriery. 
 
 Tile true farcy is properly a dif- 
 temper of the biood vclleh, which 
 genernliy follows t!ie tracl: of the 
 \ei:;s } and, when ii.v^jterate, thick- 
 
 FAR 
 
 ens their coats and integuments, fo 
 that they become like fo many cords. 
 
 The different kinds of farcys be- 
 ing only degrees of one and the 
 fame diftemper, we fhall not de- 
 fcribe them, but proceed to defcribe 
 the diforder by its fymptoms, which 
 are pretty manifelt to the eye. At 
 firll, one or more fmall fwellirgs 
 or round bud/ like grapes or berries 
 fpring out over the veins, and are 
 often exquifitely painful to the touch j 
 in the beginning they are hard, but 
 loon turn into f-'ft bliflers, which, 
 when broke, dilcharge an oily or 
 bloody ichor, and tuin into very 
 foul and ill dilpofed ulcers. In fome 
 horfc-s, it appears in the head only j 
 in fbme on t!ie external jugular, in 
 others on the plate vein, and runs 
 downwards on the infide of the fore 
 arm touaids the knee, and very of- 
 ten upv^ards, towards the brifket ; 
 in fome the farcy fliews it'elfon the 
 hind parts, about the pafterrs, and 
 along ti)e lar^^e veins on the infide of 
 the thigh, rifing upwards into the 
 groin, and towards the flie?th ; and 
 lometimes the farcy makes its ap- 
 pearance on the flanks, ard Ipieads 
 by ('egiees towards the lower belly, 
 where it often becomes very trouble- 
 fume. 
 
 When tlie farcy appears on the 
 head only, it is f-afiiy c'Ji'rd, Spe- 
 cially when it is fcafed in the cheeks 
 nnd forehead; the blood veffcis be- 
 ing here I'mali ; but it is more difli- 
 cu!t, when it afrtffs the lips, the 
 noitiils, the eyes, the kernels un- 
 der the JiW'--,anii otlier W\ and Ioofe 
 paits; elpecially if it con;inues fo 
 long tdl the neck vein becomes af- 
 fefied by it, and turns coided. 
 When it begins on the outfide of the 
 flioiiKiers or hips,, the cuie is iVIdom 
 difiicu't : but n hen the faicy ari'es 
 on the plate vein, and that vein 
 fweils much and turns corder!, and 
 the glands or keinels under the arm- 
 pit 
 
FAR 
 
 pit are affected, it is hard to cure ; 
 bat more To when the crural veins 
 withinfide of the thigh are corded, 
 and befet with buds, which affe6l 
 the kernels of the groin, and the 
 cavernous body of the yard. When 
 the farcy begins on the pafterns or 
 lower limbs, it often becomes very 
 uncertain, unlefs a timely (top is 
 put to it : for the fwelling in thofe 
 dependent parts grows fo exceflively 
 large in Ibme conftitutions, and the 
 limbs fo much disfigured thereby, 
 with foul fores and callous ulcera- 
 tions, that fuch a horfe is feidom 
 fit for any thing afterwards but the 
 meanell drudgery : but it is always 
 a promifing fign, wherever the farcy 
 happens to be fituated, if it fpreads 
 no farther. It is ufual for the farcy 
 to affe6l only one fide at a time, but 
 when it pafTes over to the other, it 
 fhews great malignancy ; when it 
 arifes on the fpines it is then for the 
 moft part dangerous ; and is always 
 more fo to horfes that are fat and 
 full of blood than to thofe that are 
 in a more moderate cafe. When 
 the farcy is epidemical, as fome- 
 times happens, it rifes on feveral 
 parts of the body at once, forms 
 nafty fcul ulcers, and makes a pro- 
 fufe running of greenifli bloody mat- 
 ter from both noJtrils, and foon 
 ends in a miferable rot. 
 
 From this defcription of the farcy, 
 it will appear how greatly thofe may 
 he difappointed who depend on fome 
 fingle fpecific drink or ball for a 
 certain cure 5 for the fvmptoms are 
 fometimes fo favourable that it is 
 fafily conquered by a very fimple 
 management j and when it arifes 
 fuperficially upon the fmaller vefiels, 
 it will often go off with moderate 
 labour, wlthetit any other means 
 than bleeding. Such inllances as 
 thefe may eafily give a reputation to 
 things of no great efficacy, and 
 bring them into efteem : but who- 
 
 FAR 
 
 ever has acquired any true notion of 
 the farcy will know, that this dif- 
 temper is not to be conquered but 
 by fuch things as are fitly adapted to 
 the various lymptoms that appear in 
 the different Ihges of it. To avoid 
 therefore the perplexity that arifes 
 from the various complications fo 
 ufual in the farcy^ we (hall confider 
 it in its d;tT<;rent ftates or degrees, 
 viz. when it feizes only the fmaller 
 veffels, when the larger veins are 
 corded, and the feet, pafterns, and 
 flanks affefled ; and laftly, when 
 the farcy, beginning on one fide on- 
 ly, breaks out on the other alfo, and 
 affe8s the whole body. 
 
 When the farcy makes its firft 
 appearance on the head, it rifes on 
 the cheeks and temples, and locks 
 like a network, or fmall creeping 
 twigs full of berries. Sometimes it 
 inflames the eye ; and fometimes, 
 like blifters, or buds, runs along 
 the fideof the nofe. It arifes often 
 on the outfideof the fhoulder, run- 
 ning along the fmali veins with heat 
 and inflammation ; and fometimes 
 a few fmall buds appear near the 
 withers, and on the outfide of the 
 hip. In all thefe appearances, the 
 difeafe being fuperficial, and afftfl- 
 ing only the fmaller veffels, is eafily 
 conquered by the following method 
 when taken in time : for the fimpleft 
 farcy, if neglefted*, may degenerate 
 into the worft fort. This diftempcr 
 being then of an inflammatory na- 
 ture, and in a particular manner af- 
 fe61:ing the blood vefiels, muft ne- 
 ceffarily require large bleeding, par- 
 ticularly where the horfe happens to 
 be fat and full of blood. This al- 
 ways checks the beginning of a 
 farcy, but is of fmall fervice after- 
 wards ; and if a horfe is low in flefli, 
 the lofs of too much blood fome- 
 times proves injurious. After bleed- 
 ing, let the horfe have four ounces 
 of cream of tartar and lenitive elec- 
 tuary, 
 
FAR 
 
 tuary, which may be given every 
 other day for a week to cool the 
 blood, and open the body j and 
 then give nitre, three ounces a day, 
 for three weeks or a month 5 and 
 anoint the buds and fwellings with 
 the following ointment twice a day. 
 
 * Take ointment of elder, four 
 
 * ounces j oil of turpentine, two 
 
 * ounces, fugar of lead, half an 
 
 * ounce J white vitriol powdered, 
 
 * two drams : mix together in a 
 
 * gallipot'. 
 
 The buds fometimes by this me- 
 thod are difperfed, leaving only lit- 
 tle bald fpots, which the hair foon 
 covers again. When they break 
 and run, if the matter be thick and 
 well digeited , they will foon be 
 well, but in order to confirm the 
 cure, and to difperfe fome little 
 lumps, which often remain for fome 
 time upon the fkin without hair, 
 give the liver of antimony for a 
 month ; two ounces a day for a 
 fortnight, and then one a day for 
 the other fortnight : by following 
 thiy method, a farcy which affc6ls 
 only the fmall veflels may be flop- 
 ped in a week or ten days, and 
 foon after totally eradicated. 
 
 When the farcin affefts the larger 
 blood velTels, the cure is more dif- 
 ficult, but let it always be attempted 
 early : therefore on the plate thigh 
 or neck veins appearing corded, let 
 blood immediately on the oppofite 
 fide, and apply the following to the 
 corded vein. * T£k2ci! of turpen- 
 
 * tine in a pint bottle, fix ounces j 
 
 * oil of vitriol, three ounces j drop 
 
 * the oil of vitriol into the oil of tur- 
 
 * pen'ine by little at a time, other- 
 
 * wife the bottle will burft j when 
 
 * it has done fmoaking, drop in 
 
 * more oil of vitriol, ^nd Co on till 
 
 * all is mixed'. 
 
 This mixture is one of the beft 
 univerfals in a beginning farcy ; 
 but when it is featcd in loofe flefhy 
 
 FAR 
 
 parts, as f.anks orbeily, equal parts 
 of the oil of vitriol and turpeniina 
 are neceffary. Rub ths parts built 
 with a woolen cloth, and then apply 
 fome of the mixture over the buds j 
 and wherever there is any fwelllng, 
 twice a day. Give the cooling phy- 
 fic every other day, and then three 
 ounces of nitre every day for fome 
 time. This method mufl be continu- 
 ed till the buds digelf, and the cord 
 dilTolves j and when the fores run 
 plentifully, the matter digefts well, 
 and the lips and edges are no ways 
 thick or callous, you may expe5t a 
 fpeedy recovery : yet, to confirm the 
 cure and prevent a relapfe, give the 
 liver of antimony, or crude antimo- 
 ny, as above direi51ed ; and to heal 
 the fores and fmooth the fkin, drcfs 
 with bees wax and oil. 
 
 When the farcy begins on the 
 flanks or towards the lower belly, 
 it often takes its rife from a fmgle 
 pun6lure of a fharp fpur. The pain 
 and fmarting is one lure fign to dlf- 
 tinguifh the farcy from common ac- 
 cidents } ihe ftailng of the hair, 
 vi'hich ffands up like a tuft all round 
 the buds or blllters ; and the matter 
 that ifTues from the buds, which is 
 always purnlenr, and of a clammy, 
 greafy confidence, are other certain 
 figns. After bathing with the mix- 
 ture abovementioned, till the ulcers 
 are fmooth and healing, fliculd the 
 fwelling not fubfide, to prevent the 
 fpreading of the buds, and to dif- 
 perfe them, bathe with either of thefe 
 mixtures, as far as the center of the 
 belly ; and at the fame time, give 
 a courfe of antlmonials as v^'ill pre- 
 fently be defcribed. * Take fpirits 
 
 * of wine, four ounces ; oil of vi- 
 
 * triol and turpentine, of each two 
 
 * ounces ; white wine vinegar, or 
 
 * verjuice fix ounces'. Or the fol- 
 
 * lowing. 
 
 * Take fpirits of wine reflified, 
 
 ' four ounces j camphor, half an 
 
 * ounce j 
 
FAR 
 
 * ounce ; vinegar, or verjuice, fix 
 
 * ounces; white vitriol didolved in 
 
 * fbiir ounces of l])iir<? water, one 
 
 * ounce, mix together'. 
 
 , In th- lower limbs^ the farcy lies 
 fometimes con/^aled for a g'^eat 
 while 5 and makes fo flow a pro-- 
 grefs, that it is often milLiksn 
 for the greafe, or For a blow or kick, 
 and goes by the general appellation 
 of an humour fettled there. In or- 
 der to diftinguifh the one from the 
 other, we Hiall obferve that a kick 
 or bruife, is generally attended with 
 a fudden fwelling, or a contufed 
 wound, which For the moft part di- 
 gefts eafily. The greafe is alfo a 
 Frnooth Fwelling that breaks out a- 
 bove the bending of the pallerns 
 backwards, but the farcy begins on 
 the paltern joint, ufusllv with one 
 bud, and runs upwards like a knotty 
 crab-tree. Very Fimple means have 
 fometimes flopped it before it began 
 to Fpread ; a poultice with bran and 
 verjuice bound round tlie part, and 
 renewed once a day will often alone 
 fucceed ; and if proud flrfh fhould 
 arife, touch it with oil of vitriol or 
 aqua fortis, an hour before you ap- 
 ply the poultice, for when the dif- 
 teinper is locil, as we fuppofe 
 it here, it is to be conquered by out- 
 ward application. 
 
 When the diftemper grows inve- 
 terate, and refifh the above me- 
 thod, and the vefTels continue cord- 
 ed, ufe the following mixture. 
 
 * Take linfeed oil, half a pint; oil 
 
 * of turpentine and pctie, of each 
 
 * three ounces ; tin6lure of euphor- 
 
 * bium and hellebore, ofeachtvvo 
 
 * drams ; the foldier's ointment, 
 
 * two ounces; or oil of bays ; oil of 
 
 * origanum, half an ounce ; double 
 
 * aquaforiis, half an ounce ; after 
 
 * the ebullition is over, add two 
 
 * ounces of Barbadoes tar'. 
 
 Rub this into the corded veins, 
 and wherever there is a fwelling. 
 
 FAR 
 
 once In two or three days : but if 
 the orifices are choaked up with 
 proud flcdi, or the fkm fo much 
 thickened over the ulcers as to confine 
 the matter, in either cafe it is ne- 
 cefTary !o make an open pafT^ge with 
 a flnall hot iron, and deftroy the 
 p-^ou.i flefli ; after which it may be 
 kept down by touching with oil of 
 vitriol, aquafortis, or butter of an- 
 timony, A faive may alfo be pre- 
 pared with quickfilver and aquafor- 
 tis, rubbing any quantity of the 
 former with enough of the latter, 
 to the confiflence of a liniment. 
 Smear the ulcers with this, when- 
 ever they 3p;)earfoul ; and you will 
 find it preferable to moft other eat- 
 ing medicines'. 
 
 Our fariiers, after opening the 
 buds, put in ufiialiy a Imall quan- 
 tity of corrolive fliblimate or arFenicj 
 which they call coring out the farcy : 
 this may anfwer where the buds are 
 few, and not fituated near large 
 blood veffels, joints, or tendons. 
 Others \ik Roman vitriol, or fub- 
 limate and vitriol in equal quin- 
 tities : but let it be remembered, 
 that many a horfe has been poifoned 
 by thele medicines ignorantly ufed, 
 and in too large quantities, which 
 fhould be a caution to huntfmen, 
 not to fuffer their hounds to feed on 
 the carcafts of farcyed horfes, as 
 the greatefl part of a pack have been 
 poifoned by that means. 
 
 1 fliall now mention fome of the 
 defperate methods, and more vio- 
 lent kinds of medicines given by 
 fome internally : thus from four to 
 eight ounces of lapis calaminaris, 
 to which two ounces of tutty finely 
 powdered is added, with other me- 
 tallic fubftances, have been given, ' 
 Some give a pound of barrel-foap ' 
 boiled in f^aie beer, with favin, ' 
 rue, and other herbs of that inten- 
 tion. Others go'yet farther, being 
 determined to kill or cure, by giving 
 drinks 
 
FAR 
 
 drinks prepared with green vitriol, 
 roch alum, roman virriol, oil of y'l- 
 triol boiled in chamberlye, with 
 hempfeed, hemiock, and common 
 fait. Thofe who ufe nothing but 
 the deco6lion or juices of herbs, 
 fuch as wormwood, rue, or elder 
 particularly, ftand a much better 
 chance for a cure, if given in time : 
 but when the dillemper is grown in- 
 veterate, nothing coi^ies in compe- 
 tition with mercurial and antimoni- 
 al medicines. 
 
 * T^.ke of native cinnabar or 
 ' cinnabar of antimony , eight 
 
 * ounces J long birthwort, and gum 
 
 * guaiacum powdered, of each four 
 
 * ounces ; make into a patte with 
 
 * with honey, and form into balls 
 
 * of the fize of a large walnut, and 
 
 * roll them into liquorice powder'. 
 The tedioufnefs of this courfe has 
 
 encouraged the giving mercurials, 
 and indeed where they are directed 
 with fkill, they muft be attended 
 with fuccefs ; the ftronger prepara- 
 tions, as the red and white precipi- 
 tates, and turbith, being combined 
 with fliarp faline puts, may be 
 hazardous and injurious : but the 
 latter given in fmall quantities have 
 been found very luccefsful in fuch 
 kind of inveterate diforders. Mr. 
 Gibfon fays, he has given it to a 
 dram at a dofe, wheie the limbs 
 have been greatly fwelled ; that in 
 forty eight hours, the fores were all 
 dried up, and the limbs reduced : 
 but that it made the horfe fo violent- 
 ly fick for feveral days, and fcoured 
 him to fuch a degree, that it could 
 not be repeated. 
 
 The method I would recommend 
 is as follows ; give one fcruple or 
 halfadiamof turbith, mixed into 
 a hall, with an ounce of venice foap 
 every other night, for a fortnight j 
 then,,abftain a week or ten days, 
 and repeat it again ; fhould this ball 
 purge or make the horfe fick, mix 
 
 FAR 
 
 it lip with two drams of philonium, 
 or with four or five grains ol opium 
 or camphor ; with tb.tfe reltriftioiis 
 It may be given for fome wt-eks : 
 but fiiould the horftr's mouth be 
 found tender or fore, you mull re- 
 frain giving till that complaint is 
 removed, by gentle purges 5 and 
 then return to it again in finaller 
 quantities : for as theelfe6ls of nier- 
 curiais are very different in the dif- 
 ferent conftitutions both of horfes 
 as well as men j fo the quantity 
 mufl be varied in proportion to the 
 operation, which is not intended 
 here to be fenfible, but to work im- 
 perceptibly on the blood and juices ; 
 correcting them as a pov.er'ui alte- 
 rative ; during the whole courle, 
 particular care fliould be taktn that 
 he gets no co'd. Two ounces of 
 qufcklilver divided with an ounce of 
 turpentine and mide up into four 
 balls, with diapente and gum guai- 
 acum, of each two ounces, and a 
 fufiicient quantity or honey, have 
 for this purpoie been fuccefsfully 
 given, one bail twice a week : but 
 gentle purgatives fnould be inter- 
 pofed, to prevent a falivaticn, which 
 fome horles are very prone to, on 
 taking mercuiials, though in fmail 
 quantities. 
 
 Dr. Bracken recommends the 
 knots and cords to be rublied with 
 the mercurial ointment, before »hey 
 break, in order lo difperfie them ; 
 and after breaking, to drefs the fores 
 v/ith equal parts of Venice turpen- 
 tine and quickfiiver ; if by thefe 
 means the mouth fliou'd become 
 fore, treat as above. This me- 
 thod feems to be effeflual with pro- 
 per care. 
 
 The following is abb recom- 
 mended by ihe lame gentleman, 
 
 * Take butter of antimony and be- 
 ' zoar mineral, of each one ounce j 
 
 * beat up with half a pound of cor- 
 
 * dial ball, and give the bigneis of 
 
 « a 
 
FAR 
 
 < a walnut, or three quarters of an 
 
 * ounce every day, fci' two or three 
 
 * v/eeks, falting two or thiee hours 
 
 * after it\ 
 
 As moft p-eparations from anti- 
 mony are of" ufe in the farcy, (o 
 fiom two drams of antihe6licum po- 
 terii, to half an ounce may be given 
 with a bit of cordial ball every o- 
 ther day for fome time : for in thofe 
 obftinate cafes, the very crafis of the 
 blood muft he altered, which can 
 only be efFe6\ed by c'e^Kees, and of 
 courfe i"! a work, of time. 
 
 We fliall here only obferve, that 
 there is a difeafe called the water 
 farcy, which has no refemblance to a 
 true farcy, either in its cavife^ fymp- 
 toras, or effefts : but has only ob- 
 tained this name through cuftom and 
 ignorance ; being in reality no o- 
 ther than the dropCy. See the arti- 
 cle Dropsy. 
 
 Here v/e tlunk proper to lay down 
 the fymptoms of an incurabUj farcy, 
 that the owners of fuch horl'es may 
 fave themlelves unnecelfaiy expence 
 and trouble in their endeavours to 
 obtain a cure. When a farcy by 
 improper application, or by iieglciSl, 
 has fpread and increafcid ; or after 
 long continuance refilkd the medi- 
 cines above recommended ; if frefh 
 buds are continually fprouting forth, 
 while the old ones remain foul and 
 ill conditioned 5 if they rife on the 
 fpines of the back and loins } if the 
 horfe grows hide bound, and runs 
 at the nofe ; if abfceiTes are formed 
 in the fiefhy parts between the in- 
 terftices of the large mufcles ; if his 
 eyes look dead and lifelefs ; if he 
 forfakes his food, and fcours often ; 
 and his excrements appear thin, and 
 and of a blackifh colour ; if the 
 plate or thigh vein continues large, 
 and corded after firing, and other 
 proper applications, thtfe fymptoms 
 denote the diffemper to have pene- 
 trated internally, and that it will de- 
 
 FAR 
 
 generate Into an incurable confump- 
 tion : it is moft probable alfo,that the 
 whole mafs of fluids are tainted and 
 become irremediable by art. Gibfoti's 
 Difeafe of Hcrfes, Bracken's Far'' 
 rierjf and BartleVs Farriery. 
 
 The cure of the farcy confifts in 
 the ufe of attenuating medicines, 
 and what, at the fame time will 
 bluntthofe fharp corroding particles, 
 which tl>e mat:er has acquired by 
 its ftagnation. There is feidom any 
 necefTity for outward applications, 
 in rc-gard of this diforder j as pro- 
 per bleeding in the beginning, to- 
 gether with exercile, generally per- 
 forms a cure : fliould the corded 
 veins not fubfide by this treatment, 
 let them be well fomented vi^ith 
 cow's pifs and train oil mixed toge-' 
 tl>er, and made very hot. And in' 
 cafe the lumps fhould fpread fall, ia 
 order to put a bar to their progrefs, 
 a circle is to be made round them 
 with a red hot iron ; and the puflles 
 are to be drelTed with oil of vitriol. 
 After fuitable bleeding, it will be 
 reqiiiGte for three mornings run- 
 ning, to give the following drink, 
 viz. ' Take groundfel and mug- 
 
 * worth, of each two double hand- 
 
 * fuls ; rue, wi!d valerian, pellitory 
 ' of the wall, grcund pine, and ver- 
 
 * vain, of each two handfuls. Boil 
 
 * thefe in two gallons of forge wa- . 
 
 * ter, till a confumption of twa 
 
 * quarts. Then ftrain off the re- 
 
 * mainder, and bottle it up for ufe\ 
 A pint of this decoftion may be 
 given at a time, to which may be 
 added, to render it more palatable, 
 two or three ounces of honey. 
 Woo us Treatife of Farriery. 
 
 FARRIER, a perfon whofe of- 
 fice is to flioe horfes, and to cure 
 them when difeafed or lame ; the 
 profeflion whereof being the prin- 
 cipal Iubje6l of this di6}ionary, it 
 will be unnecefTary to fay any thing 
 further coiicerniiig ir in this place. 
 FAR. 
 
FAT 
 
 Farrier's Pouch, in the 
 manage, a leathern bag, in which 
 they carry clivers nippers, flioes for 
 all fizes of feet, good fliarp nails, 
 and all that is proper for new (hoe- 
 ing a horle that has loil his fhoe up- 
 on the road. If you have no far- 
 rier with you, you inuft always 
 have in your equipage a farrier's 
 pouch, well provided, and a groom 
 that knows how to drive nails. 
 Guillet. 
 
 FATTENING of Horfes. The 
 being able to do this fpeedily is one 
 of the greateft arts our dealt-rs have, 
 and indeed one of the greateft nice- 
 ties of the whole management of 
 that creature. Many methods have 
 been preicribed, but the following 
 Teems moft to be depended on. 
 Take elecampane, cummin feed , 
 tamarifk and anifeed, of esch two 
 ounces j common groundfel, one 
 handful. Boil all thei'e very well, 
 with two handfuls of garlic fcraped 
 and cleaned, in a gallon of good 
 ale ; ftrain the liquor well oiF, and 
 give the horfe a quart of it every 
 morning made hot ; keep him waim 
 after it. After he has taken this 
 for four or five mornings, he may 
 be turned out to grafs, or kept in 
 the houfe, as the feafon will permit. 
 But whenever provender is given 
 him, a quantify of a powder is to 
 be prepared of equal parts cf cum- 
 min-feeds and elecampane, and give 
 him half an ounce of it every time, 
 fprinkling it in by degrees as he eats, 
 that he may not naufeate the whole. 
 If this method does not fucceed in 
 a fhort time, then take two fpoon- 
 fuls of diapente j brew it in a pint 
 of iWeet wine, and give it the horfe 
 for three mornings. This will t.■^ke 
 off any inward ficknefs, and make 
 the other things to take effect. Ai- 
 ter this feed him with good proven- 
 der thiee times a day, that is, after 
 his watering in the morning, aiter 
 
 FAT 
 
 his watering in the evening, and at 
 nine o'clock at night. If he does 
 not eat the provender well and free- 
 ly, it muft be changed for fonie o- 
 ther kind. 
 
 If all this does not fucceed, let 
 the horfe be blooded 5 and then take 
 half a bufhel of coarfe barley-meal, 
 put it into a pail full of water, and 
 ftir the whole together very well j 
 then let it lettle by ftanding. Pour 
 off the clear liquor into another 
 vefTel, and let him drink it for his 
 common drink, and cat *he remain- 
 der which falls to the bottom of the 
 pail. If he refufe to eat this alone, 
 there may be fome bran mixed a- 
 mong it. This fhould be given him 
 three times a day, morning, noon, 
 and night. If he does not rightly 
 take to the meal with the bran, fome 
 oats mull be mixed with it, and this 
 will readily bring him to feed orv 
 it. But whichever way is ufed, 
 they mult be by degrees diminilhed 
 in quantity, till at length he »s 
 brought to eat the meal alone ; for 
 that is the thing that muft fattea 
 him up. Care muft be taken that 
 the barley is ground frelli e^e^y d^y 
 as it is ufed, for it quickly grows 
 four ; and when this has once been 
 the cafe with one parcel, no art will 
 ever bring the hone to touch any 
 of it afterwards. Scarce any horie 
 but Will be well fattened by keeping 
 ^lim to this diet for about twenty dayp. 
 Barley, ground' in this manner, 
 cools and purges the creature ; but 
 the greateft efficacy, as to the fat- 
 tening him, lies in the water, which 
 by this management takes up all the 
 rich part of the bailey into itfeif. 
 When the horfe grows lufty on this 
 diet, it muft be taken from him by 
 degrees, giving hitn at firft oats 
 once, and barley-meal twice a day j 
 and then oats twice, and the barley- 
 meal once, till he is perfectly v/ean- 
 ed from it. In the mean time be 
 H muft 
 
F E A 
 
 muft h:\ve good hay, and he muft 
 not be rid ; only it will be proi:>er to 
 walk him gently about an hour or 
 two in the heat cf the day. If it be 
 4oand that the horle wants a good 
 fmart p^^iging during the time of 
 his continuing in the barley diet, 
 the bell time to give it him is after 
 the firll eight days, and the follow- 
 ingr is a very proper fort of phyfic. 
 Take of the finelt aloes one ounce, 
 agaric in powder half an ounce, 
 and powder of floientine or rice one 
 ounce. Lit all thefe be mixed to- 
 gether, and put into a quart of milk 
 warm from the cow. This will 
 woik very brifkly ; and after it is 
 over, the ufual diet is to be con- 
 tinued. If horfes of value were to 
 be kept to this diet once a year, it 
 would make them lefs hot and dry, 
 and not fubjeft to many difeafes 
 which they are troubled with at pre- 
 fent, and would be particularly ufe- 
 ful after campaigns and long jour- 
 )ieys. It the horfe lofes his appetite 
 by this diet, it will be proper to tye 
 a chewing ball to his bit, renewing 
 it fo often till at length he begins to 
 feed heartily on the barley j for 
 tljel^ ba'h at once reftore appetite, 
 and are in themfelves of a fattening 
 ii"».ture. See the article Chewing 
 iiall. RiijVic Did, 
 
 FAULTS or Defects in horfe3. 
 Seethe article Defects. 
 
 FEATHER, in the manage, a 
 fort of T.atural frizling of the hair, 
 tound in many parts of the horfe's 
 body, biU more commonly between 
 the eyes. Many are of opinion, 
 that when the feather is lower than 
 the eyes, it Is a fign of a weak eye- 
 fight : but this remark is not always 
 certain. Gu'dlef. 
 
 Roman Feather , called in 
 French, epee Romain^ is a feather 
 upon a horfes neck j being a row 
 si liair turned back, and raifed, 
 
 FEE 
 
 which forms a mark like a fword 
 blade, juft by the mane. Guillet, 
 
 FEEDING of Horfes. As hay 
 is fo material an article in a horfe's 
 diet, great cue fhould be taken to 
 procure the bell : when it is not ex- 
 traordinary good, the duft fhou'.d be 
 well fliook out, before it is put into 
 the rack j otherwife it is apt to bretd 
 vermin. See the article Hay. 
 
 Beans afford the ftrongeft ncurifli- 
 ment of all grain, but are fitted for 
 laborious horfes, except on particu- 
 lar occafions. In fome feafons, they 
 breed a kind of vermin, called the 
 red bugs, which is thought to be 
 dangerous : the beft method in fuch 
 a cafe, is to procure them well dried 
 and fpiit. Peas, when they are hard 
 and dry, have a great affinity to 
 beans, as has alfo peas llraw, which 
 the farmers give to their cart-horfes. 
 Bran fcalded is a kind of panada 
 to a fick horfe, but nothing is worfe 
 than a too frequent ufe of it, either 
 dry or fcalded : for it relaxes and 
 weakens the bowels too much. The 
 bots in young horfes may be owing 
 to too much mufty corn and chaff, 
 given them with other foul food to 
 make them up for fale : particular 
 care therefore fnould be taken that 
 the bran be fweet and new. 
 
 Oats well ripened make a more 
 Iiearty and durable diet than barley, 
 and are much better fuited to the 
 conftitutions of Englifli horfes, as 
 appears by experience. A proper 
 quantity of cut Itraw and hay mixed 
 with them is fometimes very ufeful 
 to horfes troubled with bots, indi- 
 geftion, &c. The method fome 
 have of giving to young horfes oats 
 or peas, &c. in the ftravy is attend- 
 ed, amongft others, with this in- 
 convenience, that their pulling out 
 the ftraw, in order to find the corn, 
 teaches them a bad cuftom, which 
 they never after forget, of pulling 
 roolt 
 
FEE 
 
 noft of their hay out of the rack in- 
 ^o the manger, or on the floor with 
 the fame expectation. 
 
 Horfes who eat their h'tter fhould 
 particularly have cut Itraw and pow- 
 dered chalk given them with their 
 feed, as it is a fign of a depraved 
 ftomach which wants corre^in^. 
 See the article Appetite. 
 
 The fait marfhes are good pa- 
 (lure, remarkably fo, for horfes who 
 have been furfeited ; and indeed for 
 many other diforders ; they purge 
 more by dung and urine than any 
 other pallure, and make afterwards 
 a firmer flefh j their water is for the 
 mod part brae kiih, and ofcourfeas 
 well as the grafs faturafed with falts 
 from the fea water. The great ad- 
 vantages that arife from drinking fea- 
 water, fo much recommended a- 
 mong us of late, may have taken 
 the hint from the good efFe(5ls it was 
 obferved to produce in obftinate 
 chronical cafes, on morbid horfe?, 
 who are as frequently ient to the 
 marfties, when all other means are 
 defpaired of, as confumptive people 
 are to Briftol ; and as often recover 
 beyond expeflation. 
 
 A fummer's grafs is often necef- 
 fary, more particularly to horfes 
 glutted with food ; and who uCe 
 little exercife : but a month or two's 
 running is proper for moft, thofe 
 efpecially who have been worked 
 hard and have ftiff limbs, fwelled 
 legs, or wind-galls. Horfes whofe 
 feet have been impaireo by quitters, 
 bad flioeing, or any other accidents 
 are alfo beft repaired at grafs. Thofe 
 lameneiTes particularly require turn- 
 ing out to grafs, where the mufcles 
 or tendons are contra6\ed or (hrunk : 
 for by the continual gentle exercife 
 in the field, with the afliftance of a 
 pattin-Oioe on the oppofite foot, the 
 ftortened limb is kept on the ftretch j 
 the wafted parts are reftored to their 
 ufual dimcnfionF, and the limb ag'in 
 
 FEE 
 
 recovers its ufual rone and flrphgfh, 
 
 VVheie it can be done, the pa- 
 fturing them in May and June is in 
 general moft adviieable, as the grafs 
 in thofe months is to be preferred, 
 and the feafon is lefs infe8ed vi-itli 
 flies and heat, which in July and 
 Auguft are apt to be very trouble- 
 fome, and frequently fo teafe and 
 torment a horfe at pafture, that with 
 ftamping and kicking, his gourdi- 
 nefs and wind galls will often rather 
 be increafed than diminiftied. See 
 Grass. 
 
 The fields which lie near great 
 towns and are much dunged, are not 
 proper pafture for horfes: but ci\ 
 obfervation appear very injurious to 
 them, if they Iced thereon all the 
 fummer. If, when horfes are taken 
 up from grafs, they ftiould grow 
 hot and coltive, mix bran and chopt 
 hay with their corn, and give therni 
 fometimes a feed of fcalded bran for 
 a fortnight or longer; let their ex- 
 ercife and diet be moderate for fome 
 time, and both increafed by degrees. 
 See the article Exercise. 
 
 No general dirt£\ions can be laid 
 down for the feeding of horfes, but 
 this, that all horfes who conftantly 
 work fliould be well led ; othets 
 fliould be fed in proportion to their 
 extrcife, and not kept to certain re- 
 gulai feeds, whether they work or 
 not. The ufual method of feeding 
 coach-horfes on the ro.id, by giving 
 them bran with a few beans before 
 their oat?, is not amifs, becaufe 
 their work makes them perfpire fo 
 much, that without fomething ot 
 this kind they would be faint, or 
 apt to grow coftive. The br-m 
 keeps their body open ; and the 
 beans prevent its fcouiing, which 
 horfes of weak bowels are fubje^i to 
 on a journey. Gibfon a?idP>artlet. 
 
 FEEL in the manage. To feel 
 
 a horfe in the hand is to cbferve that 
 
 the will of the horfe is in the rider's 
 
 H ft hand. 
 
FEE 
 
 hand, that he taftes the bridle, and 
 has a good appui in obeying the 
 bit. 
 
 To feel a horfe upon the haunches 
 is to obfei ve that he plies or bends 
 tneai, which is contrary to leaning 
 or throwing upon the fhouldeis. 
 GuUlet. 
 
 FEET. The foot con fifts of the 
 hoof or coffin, the quarters, the 
 heel, the toe, the frufli, the fole, 
 ?.nd the coffin bone, or little foot. 
 Seethe articles Hoof, Coffin, Sjc. 
 iee alio the article Foot. 
 
 When a foot is fmooth and tough, 
 of a middle fize, without wrinkles, 
 neither too hard, nor too foft 5 and 
 when the heel is firm, open, and no 
 way fpungy or rotten j and the frog 
 horny and dry ; and the fole fome- 
 what hollow like the infide of a difh 
 or bowl, whatever be the colour, 
 luch a foot will tor the moll part 
 turn out good, though the dark or 
 black hoof, where it refembles that 
 of a deer, is generally the belt ; 
 and, for this realbn, thofe who are 
 the moil curious about a horfe'sfeet, 
 a\o not chufe fuch as have much 
 white upon their legs and pafterns, 
 to avoid their having too much 
 white feet. 
 
 Both the fore feet of a horfe fhould 
 be of equal Hze, for though it may 
 proceed frun^ a horle's ufing one leg 
 more than another, yet, when one 
 loot is fmailer than the other, it is 
 a biemifli. A dtfc<^ in horfes feet is 
 when they are- flat and without 
 depth, and when a flatfoet is fhaped 
 like an oyfter, has many rings or 
 wrinklts, if the folebeibft, and the 
 frog ticihy and fpungy, it is a very 
 gieat de{c^. 
 
 Some defecls in the feet are na- 
 tural, vyhich lenders them very dif- 
 licult to cure j among the natural 
 defe^iS of the feet are narrow heels, 
 binding of the hoofs ; when the 
 hoots are exceflively hard, or when 
 
 FEE- 
 
 they are foft and thin. A fiefhinefs 
 of the toot, efpecially abot?t the bog 
 and under the fole, are great defers 
 in the feet ; theie being natural de- 
 fers of the feet, the cure of mofi of 
 them proves only palliative. Gih- 
 foris Difcafes of Horfes. See the ar- 
 ticle Defects in Horfes. 
 
 Other difeafcs or accidents inci- 
 dent to the feet are fand-cracks, 
 quitters, greafe, running thrufli, or 
 frufh, canker in the foot, lofs of 
 the hoof, Sec. may be ften treated 
 of each under their relpe61ive names. 
 Wounds in the feer, from nails 
 and other accidents, are very com- 
 mon, and fometimes, from want of 
 early care, prove of bad confe- 
 quence. For the parts being natu- 
 rally tender are very fufceptible of 
 inflammations. And when matter 
 is once formed, if a free difchargeis 
 not produced, the bone, which is 
 fpungy, foon becomes alfe6led ; and 
 the whole part is then in danger. 
 The foot on this occafion is to be care- 
 fully examined immediately. 
 
 Should a nail, or any other ex- 
 traneous body, be lodoed in the foot, 
 the firll thing to be done is to ex- 
 trafl that body, after which the 
 wound is to be thoroughly wafhed 
 with oil of turpentine. Then muft 
 be poured into it fome turpentine, 
 tar, and a little pitch melted well 
 together, and the foot fluffed up 
 with bran and hog's lard. In order 
 to rempye the inflammation, the 
 cold charge of armenian bole, vine- 
 gar, and the whites of eggs, is to be 
 laid all round the hoof and coronet. 
 Should the foot not be reftored by 
 this method, one may fufpe6l that 
 fcmething is le^t behind. In this 
 cafe, the wound muft be laid open 
 to the bottom, and the ulcer dreffed 
 with tinflnre of myrrh, in the firft 
 place J and afterwards, with fome 
 detergent ointment. For the me- 
 thod of treating the foot when in- 
 jured 
 
F E V 
 
 ' jured by little gravel Hones getting 
 in between the hoof and the flioe. 
 See the article Gr avellin c. 
 
 In cuts of the feet from what caufe 
 foever, let them he immediately 
 wafhed with a little brandy, or any 
 other fpirituous liqdor, or in defe^ 
 of that, let feme nettles and fait 
 ftampt well together be bound on 
 the part, which will have a very 
 good effect. 
 
 As for loft and pumiced feet, thefe 
 muft be kept as dry as poHible, 
 which is all (hat can be done in re- 
 gard of then). For when nature has 
 given a horfe a foft foot, it is not in 
 tlie power of art to make it other- 
 wife, without lameing him. 
 
 Bruifed feet are to be (luffed with 
 linfeed, foft foap, and chamherlye, 
 b )iled well tcgether,andftiffened with 
 hog's dung, wl'.ich is the beit me- 
 thod that can be ufed in regard of 
 them. IFood's nenv Treatife of Farr» 
 
 FERME, in the manage, figni- 
 fies to exercife in the fame place, 
 without ftiiring or parting. Guillet. 
 
 FETLOCK, in the manage, a 
 tuft of hair growing behind the 
 j>3ftern joint of horfes. Hence the 
 juint where it grows is called the 
 fetlock or paftern joint. Horfes of 
 a low fize have fcarce any fuch tuft. 
 Some coach- horfes have large fet- 
 locks, and others have fo much hair 
 upon theirs, that if the coachman 
 does not take care to keep them 
 clean and tighf, they will be fubjefl 
 to watery fores, called the <zvafers, 
 
 FEVER, a more than ordinary 
 degree of motion in the blood, at- 
 tended with a preternatural heat ; 
 and in fome, with inflammation 
 and burning, 
 
 . Of¥ Ew ERS in ge;7cral. Some 
 fevers are more fimpie, and o- 
 thers more complicated. In fome 
 the fever rifes and falls , being 
 higher at one time than another } 
 and fome fevers sre periodical, and 
 
 F E V 
 
 come only at a certain time, even to 
 an hour or to a minute, once or of- 
 tcner a day j once in two days ; and 
 fometimes once in three days, and as 
 foon as thefe pei iods are over, the fe- 
 ver generally goes entirely off.iill its 
 ufualtime of return, wliich by conti- 
 nuance becomes habitual. All theie 
 periodical ttvers are called intermit- 
 lents ; but the.'e feldom happen to 
 horfes. And ihe other fevers whe- 
 ther they be more or leJs compound- 
 ed, viz. whether they are fimple, 
 inflamma^^ory, maligtiant, putrid, 
 or peftdential ; whether they rife 
 higher or lower, or have any other- 
 variations, yet if the fever does not 
 totally go off", but remains in fome 
 degree, fuch are ufually termed con- 
 tinued fevers, as confdling only oF 
 one ;i°riod. Almoll all lymptonta- 
 tic fevers, which arife from : ccidents 
 of any kind, or from the difeafes of 
 particular parts, generally conditute 
 levers of the continued kind, and 
 always remain in a higher or lower 
 degree, until the caufe by which 
 they are produced is removed. 
 
 Si?7iple continued Fever. In a 
 fimpie continued fever theie are few 
 or no fymptoms of any other difeafe : 
 here we fuppofe the blood to lie little, 
 if at all, vitiated, the principal vifcera 
 found, and no way hurt or injured 
 by any previous accident, or con« 
 comitant difeaie : it admits but of • 
 one fingle period, and has no inter- 
 midions as fome other kinds of fe- 
 vers, where the ftate of the blood is 
 changed or altered. A fimpie fever 
 is feldom dangerou";, hut when ill 
 managed by the ignorant pr36lition- 
 ers, who, by improper applications, 
 often change limple fevers into thofe 
 of the complicated kind. Simple 
 fevers may proceed frojB any caufe 
 that tends to rai-efy a horfe' s biood 
 too much, as working or travelling 
 in very hot weather j fometime> 
 from a diet too hot and rarelying, 
 H 3 as 
 
F E V 
 
 as too many oats 5 and perhaps 
 fbme kinds of hay and grafs may 
 have the lame effecl, as may aho a 
 particular temperament and difpo- 
 fition of the air. The figns are feme 
 of them in common with moft other 
 fevers, as reftlciTnefs, beating at the 
 flanks, the eyes red and inflamed, 
 the tcngue parched and dry, by an 
 jncrealed perfpiration j his breath is 
 hot and fmells (tiong j he lofes his 
 appetite, and nibbles his hay, but 
 dont chew it j and is frequently 
 irnellirg to ths ground j his whole 
 body is hotter than ordinary : 
 (though not parched as in fome in- 
 flmiiuatory dilorders) he dungs of- 
 ten, but little at a time, ufually 
 hard, and in fmall bits ; he fome- 
 times (tales with difficulty, and his 
 urine Is high coloured 5 his flanks 
 beat, and he fceuis to thiift, but 
 xliinks little at a time and often j his 
 pulfe beats full and hard, to fifty 
 it rok es^an d upwards in a_minute. _ 
 The'Hrft intention orcuie is bleed- 
 ing to ilie quantity of three pints or 
 more, if the horfe be Itrong and in 
 good cafe. After bleeding, give 
 him the following drench, * Take 
 
 * chamomile - flowers, fage and 
 
 * haum, of each half a handful ; 
 ' liquorice root fliced, halfanouncej 
 
 * lai prunellas or nitre, two ounces j 
 
 * infule in two quarts of boih'ng 
 « water in the manner of tea ; when 
 
 * it is almoft cold, pour off the in- 
 ' fuijon, and fvi-eeten with honey/ 
 
 As all cooling applications are 
 proper here, the efore his diet fhould 
 be Ccaided or moiftened bran ; how- 
 ever it fhould be but fmall, about 
 half a quartern three or four times a 
 day will be fufficient, until he comes 
 to a better appetite ; and if he re- 
 iufes fcalded bran, let him have 
 raw bran fprinkled with water. It 
 is alfo neceffary to pick out the fi- 
 neft and fweeteft hay, which ought 
 to be put down in his rack by fm^ 
 
 F E V 
 
 glehandfuls, and renewed prettyof- 
 ten,(hat being the likelieft way to pro- 
 voke a fick horfe to eat 5 his water 
 need not be much warmed, but it 
 fliould be given pretty often and in 
 fmall quantities ; for while the blood 
 veflels of the lungs, midriff, and 
 other parts, that ferve to refpiration, 
 are full and diftended, by the over 
 rarefaftion of the blood, a horfe in 
 this condition is unable to get down 
 much at a time for want of breath, 
 which being obfeived by perfons ig- 
 norant of the true caufes of this dif- 
 ficulty of fwallowing, both when 
 they drink and when their drenches 
 are given them, they are apt to ima- 
 gine this fymptom proceeds from a 
 iorenefs of the throat ; and therefore 
 they adiuiniller fuch things as they 
 think proper to remove that fymp- 
 tom ; and cover their heads and 
 necks with woolen hoods, which is 
 altogether unneceffary, if not hurt- 
 ful ', there being nothmg more want- 
 ing, in the way of cloathing, than 
 to cover the horfe's body from his 
 flioulders to his hips, juft to keep 
 him moderately breathing, and to 
 prevent his catching cold, when 
 doors and windows happen to be 
 opened ; too much heat and too 
 much weight are improper in hor- 
 fes fevers, which fcarce ever go ofF 
 in critical fweats, as thofeofthe hu- 
 man body, but by a ftrong perfpi- 
 ration. 
 
 If in a day or two he begini !• 
 eat his bran, and pick up a llrtle 
 hay, this method with good nur- 
 fmg will anfvver : but if he refufes^ 
 to feed, more blood fhould be tak- 
 en away, and the drinks continued, 
 to which may be added two or three 
 drams of faffron, avoiding at this 
 time all hotter medicines. The fol- 
 lowing glyfter may be given, which 
 may be repeated every day, efpeci* 
 ally if his dung is knotty and dry. 
 "^ < Take 
 
' Take two handfu'.s of marfli- 
 '■■ mallows, and one of chamomile 
 
 * flowers ; fennel feed, an ovmce ; 
 
 * boil in three quarts of water to 
 ' two, ftrain off ; and add four 
 
 * ounces of treacle, and a pint of 
 ' linfeed oil, or any common oil.'' 
 Two quarts of water gruel, fat 
 broth, or pot liquor with the trea- 
 cle and oil, will anfwer this pur- 
 pofcjto which may be added a hand- 
 ful of fait. Thtfe fort of glyfters 
 are properer than thofe with purg- 
 ing ingredients. Four ounces of 
 Glauber's falls or cream of taitar, 
 with the fame quantity of lenitive 
 ele<5luary diflblved in barley water, 
 or any other liquor, may be given 
 as an opening drink every other day, 
 when the glyfters ftiould be omitted. 
 
 In four or five days, the horfe 
 generally begins to pick his hay, 
 has a feemingrclirti for food 5 though 
 his flanks will heave pretty much 
 for a fortnight, yet the temper of 
 bis body and return of appetite 
 iliew, tliat nothing more is rcquifite 
 to complete his recovery, than 
 walking him abroa<i in the air, and 
 allowing plenty of clean litter to reft 
 him in the ftable. 
 
 This method of treating a fever is 
 ilmple and agreeable to the laws of 
 nature ; and is confiimed by long 
 experience to be infinitely prefera- 
 ble to the hot method. The inten- 
 tion here is to leflTen the quantity of 
 biood, promote the feoetions of u- 
 rine and perfpiration, and cool and 
 dilute the fluids in general. How 
 far vinrus cordials, ftrong beer 
 drinks, loaded with fiery powders, 
 snd fuch methods, are likely to an- 
 fwer thefe purpofe?, is fubmitteH to 
 the judicious obferver ; as al'o, whe- 
 ther adapting the cool one in its ftead 
 is not as real an improvement in Far- 
 riery asphyfic. 
 
 As to an inflammatory fever, it 
 is no other than an augmented de- 
 
 F E V 
 
 gree, which may happen in fevers 
 of all kinds, where there is a ple- 
 thora or fulnefs of blood : and whe- 
 ther that proceeds from high feed- 
 ing, from the nature of the food, 
 from the natural temperament and 
 conftitution of the horfe, or from 
 any other caufe, is always danger- 
 ous to holies ; and ought by all 
 means to be fpeedily removed by 
 bleeding, and other proper evacua- 
 tions, with plenty of fuch things as 
 are proper to allay the intemperate 
 heat and effervefcence of the blood, 
 which fymptoms ought always to be 
 regarded in this and all other fevers, 
 otherwife they will foon prove mor- 
 tal. 
 
 Comlo'.ind or Complicated Vi-VEVf. 
 has befides an augmented motion 
 ot the blood, feme evil qualities 
 in the blood and animal juices, 
 that give rife to the fever: from 
 whence they are denominated ma- 
 lignant, putrid, or peftilenti;^l, ac- 
 cording as the blood happens to 
 be more or lefs vitiated. 
 
 The malignant fever feidom rifes 
 to any remaikable degree of hentand 
 burning, as other fevers often do ; 
 neither does it come to any certain 
 or diftinfl crifis, but as it creeps on 
 gradually, fo it wears otl' infenfiblyj 
 nature Itriving all the rime to get 
 rid of her enemy in various ways ; 
 fometimes by one fecretion, and 
 fometimes by another : but not per- 
 feclly by any, which renders the 
 cure both tedious and uncertain ; 
 and without great care and fkill ia 
 the pra£litioner, tliefe fevers are apt 
 to end in a confumption ; and {e\' 
 doin or never come to diftinfl inter- 
 miflions as in the human body. 
 
 Thefe fort of fevers take their rife 
 from feveral caufes; fometimes from 
 unwholfome food, viz. eating too 
 great quantities of rotten or coarfe 
 hay, rank clover, mufty bran or oats, 
 too many bsans, mufty chaff, drink- 
 
 H 4. ing 
 
F E V 
 
 ing unwholfome water, a'l which 
 things weaken the ftomach, and 
 ppilbn the blood ; fometimes ma- 
 iignsnt levers proceed from want of 
 exercife ibfficient to digelf what a 
 torfe eats; and fometimes thev are 
 the effects of harafling or working a 
 horie beyond his natural Ilrength. 
 
 The figns are a flow fever, with 
 languifliing and great depreiTionsj 
 the horfe is fometimes inwardly hot, 
 and outwardly cold ; at other times 
 hot all over, but not to any extreme ; 
 bis eyes look moift and languid i lie 
 ha:! continual moifture in his mouth, 
 which is the reafon he feldoni cares 
 to (irink, and when he does, it is 
 bm little at a time. He feeds but 
 little, leaves off as foon as he has 
 eat a mouthful or two ; he moves 
 his jaws in a feeble loofe manner, 
 with an unpleafant grating of his 
 teeth, his body is eommonly open ; 
 his dung Jbft and mo. ft, but feidom 
 ^i^realVi his ftaling is often irregular, 
 fometimes little, at other times pro- 
 lufe, ieldom hi^h coloured, but ra- 
 ther pale, with little or nofedmient. 
 
 When a horfe's appetite declines 
 daiiv till he refufes all meat, it is a 
 brid lign. When the fever doth not 
 diminifh or keep at a ftand, but in- 
 cieafej, the cafe is then dangerous. 
 But when it lenfibly abates, and his 
 sncuth grows drier, the grating of 
 bis teeth ceafes, his appetite mends, 
 and betakes to iie down; (which per- 
 haps he has not donefor a fortnight) 
 thefe are piomifing figns. A horfe 
 in thefe fevers always runs at the 
 noTe, but not the kindly white dif- 
 ch;irge, as in the bresk ng of a cold, 
 but of a redifh or greeniHi dufky co- 
 Jour, and of a coniiiience like glue, 
 and fticking like turpentine to the 
 l^.air, on the infide ot hisnoftrili?; 
 if this tui ns to a gleet of clear, thin 
 water, the horfe's hide keeps open, 
 and he mends in his appetite, thefe 
 are certain figns of recoverv. 
 
 F E V 
 
 The various and irregular fymp- 
 toms that attend this flow fever re- 
 quiie great fkill to direcl the cure, 
 and more knowledge of the fymp- 
 toms of horfes difeafes than the ge- 
 nerality of gentlemen are acquainted 
 with. The experienced farrier 
 fliould therefore be confulted and 
 attended to, in regard to the fymp- 
 torns : but very feidom as to the ap- 
 plication of the remedy, which is 
 generally above their comprchen- 
 flon, though it may be readily fe- 
 le6led, by duly attending to the ob- 
 fciVitions here inculcated. 
 
 Fnit then let a moderate quantity 
 of blood, not exceeding three pints, 
 be taken away, and repeated in pro- 
 poition to his ftiengih, fulnefs, in- 
 ward Ibrenefs, cough, or any ten- 
 dency to inflammation 5 after which 
 let the following infufion be made. 
 
 * Take rue, penny royal, and fcor- 
 
 * dium,ofeach alargehandfuli cha- 
 
 * mo-nile floweis, half a handful ; 
 
 * gallingals bruiled in a mortar,half 
 
 * an ounce ; the belf Englifli faffron, 
 
 * three drams. Ini'ufe thefe in two 
 
 * quarts of boiling water in an 
 
 * earthen pan.; cover the infufion, 
 
 * and when it is cold, Ifrain it into 
 ' another velTel, or pour it off gent- 
 ' ly from the ingredients.' Of this 
 infufion, let a pint be given twice 
 a day, viz. in the morning fafling, 
 and about two hours befoie feeding 
 time in the afternoon. 
 
 The diet fhould be regular, no 
 oats fliould be given, but fcalded or 
 raw bran fprinkled with clear water; 
 thebeft flavoured hay fliould be given 
 by handfuls, and often by hand ; 
 as the horfe fometimes cannot lift up 
 his head to the rack. 
 
 As drinking is fo abfolutely ne- 
 ceffary to dilute the blood, if the 
 horfe refufes to drink freely of warm 
 water or gruel, he muft be indulged 
 with having the chill only taken off, 
 by flandin^ in the liable j nor will 
 
F E V 
 
 any inconvenience enflie, btit often 
 an advantage : for the naufeous 
 warmth of water, forced on holes 
 for a time palls their ftoniach;?, and 
 takes away their appetites, which 
 the cold water generally reftores. 
 
 Should tha fever after this treat- 
 ment increafe, the ho! fe feed little, 
 itale often, his urine being pale and 
 thin, and his dung fometimes loole, 
 and at other times hard, fhould the 
 moifture in his mouth continue, his 
 ikin being fometimes dry, and at 
 other times nioift, with his coat 
 looking ftaring and furfeited : upon 
 thefe irregular fymptoms, which 
 denote great danger, give the fol- 
 lowing balls or drink : for in thefe 
 cafes there is no time to be loll.' 
 
 * Take of contrayerva-root, myrrh, 
 
 * and fnake-root, powdered, each 
 
 * two drams 5 fafFron, one dram. ; 
 
 * mithridate or Venice treacle, half 
 
 * an ounce ; niak2 into a ball with 
 
 * honey, which Ihould be given 
 
 * twice or thrice a day, with two 
 
 * or three hornfuls of an infufion of 
 
 * fnake-root, fweetened with honey j 
 
 * toa pint and a half of which ir.ay 
 
 * be added half a pint of treacle wa- 
 
 * ter, or vinegar, which latter is a 
 
 * medicine of excellent ufe in all 
 
 * kinds of inflammatory and putrid 
 
 * diforders, either external or in- 
 « ternal.' 
 
 Should thefe balls not prove effec- 
 tual, add to each a dram of cam- 
 phor J and where it can be afforded, 
 to a horfe of value the fame quan- 
 tity ofcaftor. Or thefollowingdrink 
 may be fubftituted in their ftead, for 
 fomedays. ' Take of contrayerva 
 
 * and fnake-root, of each two ounces 5 
 
 * liquorice root fliced, one ounce j 
 
 * fatfron, two drams ; infufe in 
 
 * two quarts of boiling water clofe 
 
 * covered for two hours ; ft rain off, 
 
 * and add halt a pint of diftilled vi- 
 ' negar, four ounces ; of fpirit of 
 
 * wine, wherein half an ounce of 
 
 F E V 
 
 ' camphor is diffolved, and two 
 
 * ounces of mithridate or Venice 
 
 * treacle} give a pint of this drink 
 
 * every four, fix, or eight hours.' 
 A more fimple drink and perhaps 
 
 full as efficacious may be thus pre- 
 pared. * Take camphor, one dram, 
 
 * diffolved in reflified fpirit of wine, 
 ' one ounce, then gradually pour 
 ' on a pint of dirtilled vinegar 
 
 * warmed, and give for two dofes. 
 
 * The quantity of camphor may be 
 
 * increafed,' 
 
 Sliould the horfe he coftive, re- 
 courfe muft be had to glyfters, or 
 the opening drink ; fliould he purge, 
 take care not to fupprefs it, if mo- 
 derate : but if by continuance the 
 horfe grows feeble, add dialcoi dium 
 to his drinks inlfead of the mithri- 
 date ; il it increafe-^, give more po- 
 tent remedies. See Scouring and 
 
 LOOSEXESS. 
 
 A horfe fhould drink plentifully, 
 to promote the operation of thefe me- 
 dicines : but inittad of them, to a 
 horfe of fmall value, give an ounce 
 of diapente, and half an ounce of 
 mithridate, and one dram of cam- 
 phor, with a ftrong infufion of rue, 
 fcordium, and fnake-root, in the 
 manner above dire6fed. 
 
 Regard fliould alfo be had to his 
 ftaling, which if in two great quan- 
 tities, fo as maniiedly to deprefs his 
 fpirits, fhould be controuled by pro- 
 per reftringents, or by preparing his 
 drinks with lime water. If, on the 
 contrary, it happens that he is too 
 remifs this way, and ftales fb little 
 as to occafion a tulnefs and fwellirg 
 of his body and legs, recourfe may 
 behad toihcfoliowingdrink. ' Take 
 ' of l'alparnel!?e or nitre, ore ounce; 
 
 * juniper-berries and Venice tin pen- 
 ' tine, of each half an ounce j make 
 
 * into a ball v\Mth oil of amber.' 
 Give him two or three of thefe balls 
 at proper intervals, with a deco61ion 
 of marfh mallows fweetened with 
 honey. If 
 
If any other fymptoms arife, fuch 
 as inward forenefs, running at the 
 riofe and eyes, with greater heavi- 
 nef^-and deprefiion than was before, 
 the fever may then be reckoned of 
 the putrid kind, and owght to be 
 treated as fuch: for a putrid fever 
 feems to be no other than a dege- 
 neracy of a malignant or any other 
 fever into a partial or univerlal rot- 
 ten nefs. 
 
 In all putrid cafes to which horfes 
 are liable, whether they proceed ori- 
 ginally fr'^m fevers, or from fudden 
 heats and colds, coagulating the 
 blood, or from any fudden Hop giv- 
 en to perfpiration, the following 
 fign? c.^nltantly a:tcn d. A horfe in 
 tht'teciles always runs at the nofe a 
 gleet of a redifh or greenifli colour, 
 with a Ircquent fneezing ; if lie 
 continues to lofe his Meili, and be- 
 come hide bound ; if he altogether 
 forfakcs his meat, and daily ^ows 
 weaker; if he Iwells ?.'ioiit tl)e 
 joints, and his eyes look tixed and 
 dead ;'if the kernels under his jaws 
 fwell and feel loofe ; if his tail is 
 raifed and quivers j if his breath 
 fmeils ftrong, and a purging enfues, 
 with a difcharge of a foetid dark 
 coloured matter, his cafe may tlnn 
 be looked upon as defperate, and a'l 
 future attempts to fave him will be 
 fruitlef?. 
 
 The figns of a horfe's recovery 
 are known by his hide's keeping o- 
 pen, and his ikin feeling kindly ; 
 his ears and feet will be of a mode- 
 rate wannth, and his eyes brifk and 
 lively ; his nofe grows clean and 
 diy, his appetite mends, he lays 
 down well, and both ftale* and 
 dungs regniarly. 
 
 B e caietul not to ovetfeed hirn on 
 his rercverY ^ let his_diet be l^gKtj 
 fu:".P^ and i ncres fr d^ by_ jd^ 
 "as he sets" ftreiHcrth, for b^ 
 
 feecT 
 
 overfeeding', TTode s_ hg .' ye rreq uent 
 reiapfes "or " great furfeit? 
 arv\'!rvs'di^-ult oi cure. " ^ 
 
 hf 
 
 la ve rre quent 
 ts, Wiiicri are" 
 
 If this fever (liould be brought to 
 intermit, or prove of the intermit- 
 ting kind, immediately after the 
 fit is over, give an ounce of Jefuifs 
 bark, and repeat it every fix hours 
 till the horfe has taken four or fix 
 ounces. Should eruptions or fwel- 
 lings appear, they fliould be encour- 
 aged, for they are good fymptoms 
 at the decline of a fever, denote a 
 termination of the diftemper, and 
 that no farther medicines are want- 
 ed. 
 
 EpUemic Fevers. From the 
 experience we lately had of the epi- 
 demic cold and fever among our 
 horfes, and from the obfervations of 
 others in the years 1732 and 1734., 
 it evidently appeared, that the fim- 
 pleii method of treatment fucceeded 
 beft. Thus, it is proper to bleed 
 largely at fiift, to the quantity of 
 three quarts, if the horfe is full an(l 
 ftrong ; and if it appears that his 
 lungs are not relieved by it, but con- 
 tinue Huffed and loaded, the bleed- 
 ing fliould be repeated, and a rowel 
 may be put in his chert cr belly. 
 
 Dilute the blood with plenty of 
 water, or white drink 9 let his diet 
 be warm bran maflies, and his hay 
 fprinkled. Should the fever rife, 
 which will be k)iov.'n by the fymp- 
 toms above defcribed, give him an 
 ounce of nitre thrice a day in his wa- 
 ter, or made up in a ball with honev. 
 Let his body be kept cool and open, 
 with the opening drink given twice 
 or thrice a week 5 or an ounce of 
 fait of tartar may be given every day 
 diffolved in his water, for that pur- 
 pofe, omitting then the nitre. Af- 
 ter a week's treatment in this man- 
 ner, the cordial ball may be given 
 once or twice a day, with an infu- 
 fion of liquorice- root, fweetened 
 with honey ; to which may be ad- 
 ded, when the phlegm is tough, or , 
 cough dry and hufky, a quarter of 
 a pint of linfeed or fallad oil, and the 
 fame 
 
F E V 
 
 fame quantity of oxymel fquills. 
 As the kernels about the throat are 
 greatly fwelled in thefe cafes, we 
 need not mention the nectfTity of 
 keeping the head and throat warm- 
 er than ordinary, to promote a freer 
 perfpiration, and forv.ard the run- 
 ning at the nofe, which in a horfe 
 ai^fwersthe end of fpittingcr expec- 
 toration in us; but the nofe fhould 
 never be fyringed, as is fometimes 
 done to promote this difcharge, 
 which it often checks, and occafions 
 bad fwelh'ngs in the neighbouring 
 parts and glands ; for lee it be re- 
 membered, thefe are critical run- 
 nings of nature's own appointment, 
 which by art may foon be fruftrated. 
 The following cooling purge is ve- 
 ry proper to give at the decline of 
 the diftemper, and may be repeated 
 three or four times. 
 
 * Take two ounces of fenna, an- 
 
 * nifeed and fennel bruiied, each 
 
 * half an ounce ; fait of tartar, three 
 
 * drams } let them infufe two hours 
 
 * in a pint of boiling water ; ftrain 
 
 * off and diflolve in it three ounces 
 
 * of Glauber's falt,and two of cream 
 « of tartar 5 give for a dole in the 
 
 * morning.' This purge generally 
 v/orks before night very gently, and 
 in fevers and all iniiammatory dif- 
 orders, is infinitely preferable to 
 any other phylic. See Apoplexy. 
 
 Before we conclude this article, 
 it may not be improper to obferve 
 that a hoi fe's pull'e in a fever fhculd 
 be particularly attended to, as a pro- 
 per eflimate may thereby be made 
 of the degree and violence of the fe- 
 ver prefent, by obferving the rapidity 
 of the blood's motion, and the force 
 that the heart and arteries labour 
 with, to propel it round. See the 
 article Pulse. 
 
 The true resfon perhaps why fo 
 many horfes mifcarry in fevers are, 
 that their maffers or do61ors will 
 not vvait with patience, and let na- 
 
 F I G 
 
 ture have fair play j that they ge- 
 nerally negle6t bleeding fufficiently at 
 firlt and areconft:mtly forcing Hown 
 fugar fops or other food in a hom, 
 as if a hcrfe muft be Ifarved in a few- 
 days, if he did not eat j then they 
 ply him twice or thiice a day wiili 
 hot medicines and fpirituous drinks, 
 v;hich (excepting a very few cafes) 
 mult be extremely pernicious to a 
 horfe v/hofe diet is naturally fimple, 
 and whofe ftomach and blood, un- 
 accuftomed to fuch heating medi- 
 cines, muft be greatly inju.ed, and 
 without doubt are often inflamed by 
 fuch treatment. Gihfju's Difeajesof 
 Horfes, a72d Bartkt's Farriery. 
 
 FIG, a fpungy excrefcence, which 
 mofi: commonly grows out on tlie 
 foot of fuch horfes as are high and 
 hollow, with large flefhy heels : 
 they are caufed by all the comnion 
 accidents that happen to t'.e feet, as 
 furbating, foundering, Ecc. and of- 
 ten times they are the confequence 
 of a long continued gourdincfs in 
 the legs and palferns. Their feat 
 is for the motf part ct the top or iide 
 of the frufli, but when they are fuf- 
 fered to grow old, or are dried up 
 with Itrong ointments, they take 
 another courfe, and fpread to the 
 corner of the heel. They are, as 
 moft other excrefcences of that 
 kind, bred and nouriflied of the 
 fame matter which fullains and nour- 
 ifhes the ftnews and nervous parts, 
 and are only to be cured by extirpa- 
 tion. Therefore, if the figs be on 
 the fide of the frufh, pare away lb 
 much of the root as may give room, 
 to reach the fore wiih a fleam, or a 
 lancet j then cut the fole about the 
 fig, and take them clean out, a- 
 voiding as much as pcfTible to wound 
 the large blood veffels. Let your 
 firft drefTmg be made of dry hurds, 
 to flop the bleeding 5 and if it re- 
 quires a ftyptic reiuedy, apply Inch 
 as are proper for itopping the blceJ- 
 
 ingt 
 
F I R 
 
 jng. Two or three days thereafter 
 remove your cireffing, and if any 
 part of the exrrefcence be left, you 
 may deliroy it, by applying segyp- 
 tlacum Ipread on boUiersor pledgits 
 of hurds, mixing with every ounce 
 of the (aid ointment, hslf » dram of 
 arfenic or corrolive lubiimatc, en- 
 larging or diminirtiing the quantity 
 of the latter as you find your lioil'e 
 able to bear it, or the circunillances 
 of the lore iTi3y require, and then 
 heal up the fore v\d[h a good digef- 
 tive and rpiritnoos applications, &c. 
 
 But if the fig has us iniei tion into 
 the ijnewy or giiiilcy fuHllances in 
 thofe parts, you muli take up the 
 Jble, and if any part of the griilie 
 be corrupted, you may cut it off 
 %with a razor, or other <])3rp in(f;u- 
 ment. Ifihe bone be ulcerated and 
 carious, you may touch it with a 
 hot iron, and then drefs it with 
 pledgits dipt in a tini^fure of myrrh, 
 aloes, and frankinceni'e, and alio 
 with warm turpentine and honey 
 of roies, until the bone is covered 5 
 afterwards heal up the {ore with 
 fome good digcif ive. GlhjWs Far- 
 riers Guide. 
 
 FILM upon a horlVs eye. See 
 the article Eve. 
 
 Dr. Bracket thinks, that glafs 
 finely powdered, and fiited thr(»iugh 
 a fine flour ileve, mixed with honey 
 and a little frelh butter, is the moft 
 likely to remove a tiimor fpeck upon 
 the eye, when there is no inflamma- 
 tion accompanying it : but if the 
 film is old and hardned, it muft be 
 continued for a long time togeiher. 
 
 FIRE. To give the lire to a horle 
 is to apply the firing iron led hot to 
 fome preternatural fweljing, &;c. in 
 order to dii'cufs it, which is oittn- 
 times done by clapping the firing 
 iron to the fkin, without piercing it. 
 The firing iron is a piece of copper 
 or iron, about a foot long, one end 
 of which is made fiat and forged 
 
 F I R 
 
 like a knife, the back of it being 
 half an inch thick, and the fore edge 
 about five or fix times thinner. 
 Guil/di. 
 
 Soifejjeinsiys down thefe import- 
 ant dire(Sfions in giving the fire : 
 the firft is not to prefs too hard upon 
 the part J the fccond, to let the 
 kni.'"e b.' red hot, but not flaming ; 
 and the third, to heat tlie knife in a 
 charcoal fire. Firing or cauterif- 
 ing is often neceffary after (trains 
 and other accidents, which may oc- 
 cafion a long continued weaknefs, 
 or where theie is a f ulnefs, and the 
 part is grown hard and callous, ef- 
 pecially about the joints, finews and 
 nervous parts; thofe parts being 
 compofed of an infinite number of 
 fibres and nervous threads, wliich 
 lie fo clofe together, that nothing 
 but wl^at i<; of the moft powerful na- 
 ture is fulficient to relieve them when 
 obftruffed. This is promoted in 
 tlie moll effe(Stual manner by burn- 
 ing the outlide, and giving vent to 
 the inclofed matter, to difcharge it- 
 fel'', and ibmetimes proves beneficial, 
 when all other helps have been found 
 ineffectual. 
 
 In firing about the finews and 
 nervous parts, great care is to be 
 taken, not to go too deep at fi.ft, 
 but by gentle repeated razes or lines, 
 till they come to a pale red colour : 
 for if the fire once touches the fi- 
 new, it will make the horle go lame 
 as long as he lives : the fame ought 
 to be drawn pretty clofe together, 
 on each fide of the jomt or finew, 
 following the courle of the hair, 
 without making crofs lines, which 
 are of no ufe in thefe parts and are 
 only spt to disfigure the horle after- 
 wards. When the more fiefliy 
 parts, or an obliinate tumour that 
 cannot be brought to fuppuration, 
 requires firing, the fkin ought to be 
 pierced deeper, in order to draw a^ 
 way a fufficient quantity of matter 
 from 
 
F I S 
 
 from the part; the fame ought to 
 be performed upwards, to prevent 
 any ulcerous difpoiition attending 
 it. And in fuch cafes, little folt 
 doflils of tow dipt in warm bafilicon 
 and fpiiits of wine may be thrull 
 gently up the orifices. 
 
 The firing inthument or knife 
 ought to be fomewhat rounded on 
 the edge, and gradually thicker to 
 the back, lufficient to keep the heat 
 of the fire for feme time ; the Tame 
 fliould be rubbed clean that no dirt 
 or afiies may ftick to it j and not 
 ufed until the flaming rednefs is in 
 part gone off. AH the feared parts 
 *ought immediately to be bathed with 
 fpirits of wine, and where nothing 
 eJfe is rtquifite,to complete the cure, 
 the place is only to be anointed with 
 oil and bees wax melted together. 
 
 The ufe of the fire with refpefl to 
 fpavins, ringbones, cuibs, fcratche?, 
 See. is treated of in their proper 
 places. See the articles Spavins, 
 &c. Gibfon''sDifeaf£s oJ'Horfes, and 
 farriers Guide, 
 
 FiSTLTLA, in furgery, (ignifies 
 an ulcer that lies deep, and ouzes 
 out matter through a long narrow 
 winding paffage ; in which cafe the 
 bones are frequently affe<5fed with 
 rottentjefs or blacknefs, and the ex- 
 treme parts or lips of the wounti, 
 as well as many times the infide of 
 it, are callous, horny, and hard. 
 Thefe wounds are coq:imonly nar- 
 rower at the mouth than at the bot- 
 tom, and fend forth thin matter, 
 commonly called ichor. 
 
 A fiftula is often occafioned from 
 the ill healing of a wound ; fome- 
 times it comes from a cruflifrom the 
 faddle, whence thofe troublefome ul- 
 cers are moft commonly in the wi- 
 thers ; where, if they pafs down 
 between the flioulder blades and ribs, 
 as is often the cafe, they are very 
 difficult of cure, by reafon there is 
 ro coming at the bottom of the 
 
 F I S 
 
 wound. Thefirft thing to be (^one> 
 is to fearch or probe the wound with 
 a leaden probe, that will eafily hend, 
 or with a piece ot imall wax candle; 
 and if the finus or cavity lie in any 
 part that can with fafety be opened, 
 it (lioukl be done the whole length 
 of it, by the help of a long fmali 
 pointed penknife or billor}-, which 
 fiiould be gui ledVilong with a fmall 
 piece of iron, that is channelled oa 
 one fide, and of a fit length. Af- 
 ter the hollowne's or cavity is quite 
 open, you mufl feel with your fin- 
 ger up and down for callous, horny, 
 and hard fubftances : for the ichor- 
 ous difchaige from thefe old wounds 
 is of I'uch a corrofive quality, that 
 it caufes the finus or cavity to he- 
 come homy and hard, in order to 
 defend the veffels, &c. from the 
 farther corrofion of it. All this cal- 
 lous fubifance muft be taken away, 
 either by the knife or by an aclual 
 or potential cautery, and where this 
 Cdnnot be complied with, Ibme cor- 
 rofive powder, or the like, is made 
 ufe of. Therefore, firll defircy ths 
 cailous or horny fubiiance to the ve- 
 ry bottom of the wound j then ap- 
 ply the following waterand unguenr. 
 
 * Take a pint of lime water made 
 
 * very flrong, and put to it of cor- 
 
 * rofive fublimate, two drams-; tfir 
 
 < thefe frequently together fjr fome 
 
 < days ; then pour off what is clear, 
 
 * and add fpirit of wine four oun- 
 
 * ce?.' 
 
 With this water the wound may 
 be waflied with a hunch of feathers 
 for a week at the beginning : but its 
 ufe lliould not be continued too long 
 together, for though it is a good 
 cleanfer of old wounds, yet after all 
 the hardnels is eaten away, proper 
 ointments are fufiicient : therefore 
 you need only now and then wafh 
 the fore with if, to hinder fungous 
 or proud flefh from generating. 
 
 Let 
 
F I S 
 
 Let the wound be opened accord- 
 ing to the direftion of the animal 
 fibres, erj)ecially where there is not 
 a good deal ofinurciilar fiefli : but 
 where this is in plenty, it cannot do 
 much harm, if the iinus or cavity be 
 opened a little croffwife. When 
 ail, this is done, let the wound be 
 dreff-d once or twice a day, accord- 
 ing to the quantity of matter it dif- 
 charges, by the following unguent. 
 ' Take common tar, two pounds ; 
 
 * common turpentine, half a pound} 
 « honey, fix ounces ; yolks oi" eggs, 
 
 * number ten. Melt the tar, tur- 
 
 * pentine, and honey together; and 
 
 * and when they have ftood till they 
 
 * are only milk warm, ftir in an 
 « ounce of the beft French verdigreafe 
 
 * in fine powder ; and mix it fo 
 < long, that it cannot' fink to the 
 
 * bottom.' If you would have it a 
 little more ftiff, or of a thicker con- 
 fidence, you may add half a pint of 
 wheat flour i and then with a bunch 
 of feathers, the whole wound may 
 be anointed with the ointment very 
 warm, as often as there is occsfion ; 
 and laftlv, cover with tow and 
 pledgets. ' Brackens Farriery. 
 
 Bruifes on the withers frequently 
 impollhumate, and, for want of 
 care, turn fillnlous : they arife of- 
 ten from pinches of the faddle, and 
 ihould be treated with repeilers : 
 for this purpofe bathe the tumour 
 well with hot vinegar, three or four 
 times a day 5 and if that does not 
 fucceed alor.e, an ounce of oil of 
 vitriol may be put to a quart of vi- 
 negar, or half an ounce of white vi- 
 triol difTolved in a little water, and 
 added to the fame quantity. Thefe 
 are generally very effc<?lual repeilers 
 fot this purpofe in horfes, and will 
 frequently prevent impofthumatlon. 
 When the fwelling is attended v/iih 
 heat, fmarting, and little hot walry 
 pimples, the following mixture will 
 then be more proper to bathe vath. 
 
 FLA 
 
 ' Take two ouuces of crude fal 
 ^ ammoniac boiled in a quart of 
 '' lime water ; where that cannot 
 
 * be had, a handful of pearl or wood 
 ' allies may be boiled in common 
 
 * water j pour off the deco6\ion 
 < v.'hen fettled, and mix with it half 
 
 * a pint of fpirit of wine ; anoint 
 
 * the part afterwards with linfeed 
 
 * oil, or elder-ointment, to foften 
 
 * and fmooth thefkin.' 
 
 But when thefe fwellings are cri- 
 tical, the confequence of a fever fet- 
 tled on this part, you muft avoid the 
 repelling method, and aflTift in 
 bringing the fwelling to matter, by- 
 means of fuppurating poultices : 
 experienced farriers advife never to 
 open thefe tumours, till they break 
 of themfelves,for if they are opened 
 before they are ripe, the whole fore 
 will be fpungy and difchargea bloo- 
 dy ichor, which foon degenerates 
 imo a fordid ulcer. But take care 
 to enlarge the openings, and pare 
 away the lips, that your dreffings 
 may be applied eafily j and avoid 
 the ligament which runs along the 
 neck to the withers ; if a gathering 
 forms on the oppofite fide, open it 
 in the fame manner, but take care 
 they incline downwards, for the 
 fake of depending orifices, and let- 
 ting the matter flov/ off eafily. Gib'^ 
 fo7i an J Bartlef. 
 
 FLANKS, the fides of an horle. 
 In a Hn6i fenfe, the flanks are the 
 extremities of the belly, where the 
 ribs are wanting, and below the 
 loins. The flanks Ihould be full, 
 and at the top of them, on each fide, 
 fiiould be a feather ; and the nearer 
 thofe feathers are to each other, fo 
 much the better: but if they be, as 
 it were, within view, then the mark 
 is excellent. The dif^ance between 
 the laft rib and haunch bone, which 
 is properly the flank, fhould be (hort: 
 this is termed ^'ell coupled: fuch 
 horfes are mod hardy, and will en- 
 dure 
 
FLY 
 
 dure labour longeft. If a horfe have 
 a flank full enough, you are to con- 
 fider whether it be not too large, 
 that is, if over againft that part of 
 the thigh called the lliffle, the flank 
 fall too low : for in that cafe, it is 
 a great advance to purfinefs, efpe- 
 cially if the liorfe be not very young. 
 A horfe is faid to have no flank, if 
 the laft of the fhort ribs be at a con- 
 fiderable diltance from the haunch 
 bone i although fuch horfes may for 
 the time have very good bodies, yet 
 when they are hard laboured, thev 
 will lofe them. A horfe alfo is faid 
 to have no flank, when his ribs are 
 too much ftraitened in their compafs, 
 which is eafily perceived, by com- 
 paring their height with that of the 
 haunch bones: for they ought to be 
 as high and equally raifed up as 
 them ; or but very little lefs, when 
 the horfe is in good cafe. 
 
 A horfe is likewiie faid to have 
 little flanks, to be forrily bodied, to 
 be gaunt bellied, and thin gutted, 
 when his flank turns up like agrey- 
 heund, and his ribs are flat, nar- 
 row and fliort. A well flanked 
 horfe is one that has wide and well 
 made ribs, and a good body. In 
 this cafe, the word flank is ufed in 
 the room of gut. Solleyfell and 
 Sport/man's Did. 
 
 FLEAM afmall inftrument of 
 fine fteel, compofed of two or three 
 moveable lancets for blooding a 
 horfe } and fometimes making in- 
 clfions upon occafion, and fo fup- 
 plying the room of an incifion-knife. 
 Cuillet. 
 
 FLING, in the manage, is the 
 fiery and obftinate action of an un- 
 ruly horfe. To fling like a cow, 
 is to raife only one leg, and to give 
 a blow with it. To fling or kick 
 with the hind legs. See Yerk. 
 
 FLUX, or Bloody Flux. See 
 Bloody Flux. 
 
 FLY thi keels, in ^the manage. 
 
 F O A 
 
 A horfe is faid to fly the heels, when 
 he obey's the fpurs. See the articles 
 Spur, and Heel, 
 
 FOAL, or Colt. See the ar- 
 ticle Colt. 
 
 It is no difiicult matter to know 
 the fliape that a foal is like to be of, 
 for the fame fl>ape he carries at a 
 month, he will carry at fix years 
 eld, if he be rot abu fed in after 
 keeping ; and as the good fliaue, \\y 
 the defe^ls alio. As to the height, 
 it isobfeived, that a large (hin bone, 
 long from the knee to the paRern, 
 fliews a tall horfe : for which ano- 
 ther way is, to fee what fpace he 
 has between his ktee and withers, 
 which being doubled, it will be his 
 height vihenheis a competent hot I'e, 
 There are alfu means to know their 
 goodnefs, for if they are ftirring, 
 not apt to be frighted, adive, and 
 ftriving for maftery, they generally 
 prove good mettled horfes. Rujiic 
 
 Dia, 
 
 F o A L-T E E T H. See the ar- 
 ticle Teeth. 
 
 FOALING. It fometimes hap- 
 pens, that mares kill their foais, 
 through careleffnefs, or for having 
 been entanglcrl in the liable w;rh 
 their halters, or through the difli- 
 cuhy they have in bringing them 
 forth. Now, fince mares go with 
 foal eleven months and as m-^ny 
 days as they are years old, you m^y 
 guefs near the time when flie fliould 
 foal, and therefore fhould caufe a 
 fervant always to attend her, that 
 he may afuil \\\ cafe ofnecefllty, and 
 obferve whether it be for want of 
 ftiength or courage, that the m?re 
 does not bring forth her foal, in 
 which cafe he i-^, with his hand, to 
 clofe her ncltrils, which will make 
 her prefs to have breath ; in making 
 which eftoft, fhe will be delivered j 
 or oiherwife, let him pour into her 
 nolliiis a little claret wine bciled 
 with fennel, and fallad oi'^ which 
 
 will 
 
F O O 
 
 will alfo afTift her to bring forth. 
 But if through misfoftiinc the foal 
 be dead in her belly, then promote 
 a delivery by taking mares or affes 
 milk, or for want of that, goats 
 milk about two quarts j three pounds 
 of It/ong claret wine lees j two 
 pounds of olive oil j one pound of 
 the juice of white onions ; mix all 
 together, and make it luke warm ; 
 aitcr which give it to the mare at 
 two drenches, the one about halt an 
 hour after the other. 
 
 If this remedy has not effefl: e- 
 nough, then fome fkilful perfon, 
 with a fmall hand, having anointed 
 his hand and *;"m, fiiall emleavour 
 to pull out the foal, either whole or 
 in pieces ; and if he cannot get a 
 good hold of it, he is ta tie a ftrong 
 whip-cord round its neck, and io 
 pull it forth as gently as poffible. 
 Sometimes fo^-ls appear with their 
 feet foremoft, in that cafe, you are 
 to thrufl them in again, and with 
 your hand endeav:ur to pull forth 
 his head, at leaft its nofe, thereby 
 to facilitate the mare's delivery. Sol- 
 kjfdrs Compleat HorfenwM. 
 
 FONCEAU, in the manage, is 
 the l>ottom or end of a cannon bit- 
 mouth, that is the part of the hit 
 that joins to the banquet. See 
 Chaperon. 
 
 FOOT. See the article Feet. 
 
 The foot is the extremity of a 
 horfd's leg, from the cronet to the 
 lower part of the hoof. The four 
 feet are diffinguiflied by four diffe- 
 rent names : the two fore-feet are by 
 fome called the hands of a horie ; 
 but that term is in difui'e, the com- 
 mon expreffion being the far fore 
 foot, to denote the right foot before; 
 anoi the near fore foot, the flirrup 
 foot, and the bridle-hand foot, to 
 denote the left foot before. 
 
 Of the two^ hinder feet, the right 
 is called the far hinder-foot; and 
 when fpearswere in ufe^it^twas ca'ltd 
 
 FOR 
 
 the fpear-foot, becaufe in refling the 
 fpear, the focket of it anfwered the 
 right hinder foot. The left hind- 
 foot, is called the near foot behind. 
 
 Foot i^/^/'oit', in the manage. A 
 horfc's loot has this appellation when 
 it is worn and walled by going 
 without (hoes, fo that for want of 
 hoof, it is a hard matter to flioe 
 him. 
 
 A horfe's foot is faid to be worn 
 and waited, called in French use, 
 when he; has but little hoof, and not 
 enough for fhoeing, 
 
 'To gallop upon a good Foot, or 
 put a horfe upon a good foot, called 
 in French fur le bo?ipied, Seejalfe 
 Gallop. 
 
 Fat Foot, in the manage. A 
 horfe is faid to have a fat foot, when 
 the hoof is fo thin and weak, that 
 luilefs the nails be driven very fhort, 
 he runs the I'dque of being pricked 
 m flioeing. The Englillihorfes are 
 very fubjefi to this dif(;rder. 
 
 FOREHEAD of a horfe fhould 
 be fomewhat broad ; fome would 
 have it a little raifed, but a flat one 
 is mofl beautiful. A horfe fhould 
 have in his forehead that which we 
 call a feather ; and if he has two 
 that are near, or touch one another, 
 the mark is Ifill the better. See 
 Feather. 
 
 If a horfe be neither white, dap- 
 pled, nor approaching thefe colours, 
 he fliould have a ftar or blaze in his 
 forehead ; it being a defeft, not 
 only as to the beauty, but often as 
 to the goodneis of a horfe of any 
 dark colour to be without one. 
 SoUeyfeU. 
 
 FORE-LEGS of a horfe confifl of 
 an arm, a fore thigh, and the fnankj 
 both which, the lai-ger, broader, 
 and more nervous they are, the bet- 
 ter. SoUeyfeU. 
 
 FORE- FHIGH, or Arm, of a 
 horfe, Se€ the article Thigh. 
 
 FORME 
 
F O U 
 
 FORME a French term for a 
 fwelling in the very fubftance of a 
 hone's paltern, and not in the fkin ; 
 they come as well in the hind legs 
 as in the fore, and though it be an 
 imperfection not very common, yet 
 it is dangerous, in that it will ad- 
 mit of no other remedy but firing, 
 and taking out the foie ; neither can 
 the fire be given to that part with- 
 out great difficulty and hazard. In 
 the beginning the forme doe?, not 
 exceed half the bignefs of a pigeon's 
 egg, hut labour and exercife will 
 make it, in time, to grow to about 
 half the bignef? of a hen's egg; and 
 the nearer it is fitunte to the coronet 
 upon the quarters, fo much the more 
 dangerous it is. ScUeyfelL 
 
 FOUL FEEDERS. See the ar- 
 ticle Appetite. 
 
 FOUNDERING, a diforder in 
 horfes whereof there are two kind^, 
 viz. in the feet, and in the cheft. 
 
 I. Foundering in the feet is anex- 
 ceflive pain in the feet, whereby the 
 horfe, being fcarcely able to touch 
 the ground, draws himftlf in a heap, 
 upon which account moft people 
 have conftantly been of opinion, that 
 a horfe in this condition mutt alfo 
 be foundered in his body, and his 
 greafe molten, which, immediately 
 falling downwajds, caufesthatlame- 
 nei's, and therefore in their cure have 
 made application to the back and 
 loins as well as the feet: but Mr. 
 Snape, in his anatomy, has not on- 
 ly given ihebeft account of th's dif- 
 temper, but has alfo pointed forth 
 the true method of cure. In de- 
 fcribing the coffin bone he has the 
 following words ; 
 
 * Its lubllance is fungous or fpon- 
 
 * gy, having innumerable little 
 
 * holes piercing through its hdes, 
 
 * for the palTage of the vefieis ; as 
 
 * alfo very fmail finufes whereinto 
 
 * are impinnted the ends of the ten- 
 
 * dons cf the mufcles that move the 
 
 F O U 
 
 ' lower part of the leg and foot, 
 
 * whofe fibres being at any time af- 
 
 * fe£l:ed^ either by bruifes, ill Hioe- 
 
 * ing, cr ftar.d ng in the water af- 
 
 * ter hard rifling, while the horfe is 
 
 * hot, or by (landing ilii] in the (ia- 
 
 * ble for feveral days without !iav- 
 
 * ing the feet ftopt up, and the like. 
 
 * I lay, the tendinous fibres, being 
 
 * ntFe.^Ied by tiiefe or other means, 
 ' caufe the horfe to have fuch great 
 ' pam in his feet, that he can fcarce 
 
 * endure t5 tread upon them, which 
 ' lamenefs we call a founder. Now 
 ' this dideraper is fo much the hard- 
 
 * er to cure, by reafon thefe fibres 
 ' lie fo far cut of reach ; m.oil cf 
 
 * them running on the upper fide of 
 
 * the bone, betwixt it and the hoof, 
 
 * and not to its bottom ; fo tivat the 
 
 * hoof growing upon the fides, as 
 
 * the foie doth at the bottom, there 
 
 * is a great hazard, but we fliall 
 
 * mifs effec^ling a cure, if vi'e only 
 ' pull the fo'e out, and do not cut 
 
 * part of the hoof off alfo.'' 
 
 This method in all obilinate ca- 
 fes fliould be complied with, as the 
 moft certain ; being fuch, if rightly 
 managed, as may for the moft part 
 be attended with fuccefs j and no- 
 thing can be more properly applied 
 to the wounds mnde in the hoof than 
 tar, turpentine, and honey melted 
 together, with a twurth partoflpi- 
 rit of wine, foaking pledglts of clean 
 hurdi in this mixture, and laying; 
 them pre'ty warm upon the razures 
 or chink'^, on tttjng fvo days alter 
 the firftdreffing; con'inuing after-, 
 wards to make your applications e- 
 very day, until the vacant fpices of 
 the hoof are filled up. The lame 
 applications ought alfo to be made, 
 to the fo'e ; covering the whole foot 
 with flaxen cloths dipt Jn oil and 
 vinegar, beat together, which may 
 be iaftned with a roller or a pi'.ity 
 long piece of lift. 
 
 I 
 
 But 
 
FRO 
 
 Eat the preceding methocl is on- 
 ly neceflary in obltinate cafes : for 
 many times the foundering is cured 
 only hy melting pitch and tar, with 
 a fufncient quantity of hog's lard, 
 pciuring the mixttn-e boiling hot up- 
 on the fj.e, and ftuffing it up very 
 carefully with hurds, and above 
 them a piece of leather with fplents. 
 This is very good, but would be 
 much more efficaciou;?, if the fole 
 was pared fomewhat thin, and half 
 an ounce of camphor difTolved in 
 themixtuiC, juft as it comes off the 
 fire. Cicfons Furrier s Guide. 
 
 i.FoutiDLKiiiG intheCheJ}. See 
 Chest Foundering. 
 
 FOUR Corners, in the man- 
 age : or to work upon the four cor- 
 ners, is to divide in imaaination the 
 volt or round into four quarters j fo 
 that upon each of thete quarters, 
 the horfe makes a round or two at 
 trot or gallop ; and when he has 
 done fo upon each quarter, he has 
 made the 'our corners. Guillet. 
 
 FRENZY, or Madness, in a 
 hoifr-. See the.article Madness. 
 
 FROTH, in the manage, is a 
 moift white matter, that cuzesfrom 
 a horfc^s mouth, otherwife called 
 foam. A horfe that, by champing 
 
 F U Z 
 
 on his bridle, throws cut a great 
 deal of froth, is judged to be a horfe 
 of mettle and health, and to have a 
 cold, frefh mouth. Guillet. 
 
 FRUSH, or Frog, of a horfe U 
 a fort of tender horn which arifcs in 
 the middle of the fole, and at fome 
 diftance from the toe, divides into 
 two branche?, running towards the 
 heel, in the farm of a fork. Thus 
 they fay, look after this horfe, for 
 the fle^ is run in upon the frufh. 
 I fee an excrefcence or fprouting of 
 fiefh in that part. There isa fig in 
 that forrePs frufli 5 and this roan 
 has a fcabbed frufh j and here is 
 another that has a fat frufli ; that 
 is, a frufh that is too thick and too 
 large, Guillet. 
 
 Rujining Frush, or Thrush. 
 See Running Thrush. 
 
 FUZEE, two dangerous fplents, 
 joining from above downwards* 
 commonly a fiizee rifes to the knee 
 and lames the horfe. Fuzees differ 
 from fcrews or thorough fplent* in 
 this, that the latter are placed on 
 the two oppofite fides of the leg. 
 Fuzees are a gieat deal more dan- 
 gerous than a fimple fplent. Guil- 
 let and Sollejfell. 
 
 #'t'tt 
 
 ®@-M5S-®©^@€^®®'S:n1^t-0®®##®® 
 
 G. 
 
 GAL 
 
 GAL 
 
 GALL, in anatomy, a yello'.v 
 bitter juice or humour, called 
 alto the bile^fecreted from the blood 
 in the glands of the liver, and de- 
 pofited in a peculiar refervoir, called 
 the gall-bladder, in moft animals. 
 
 Though a horfe has no g^ll-blad- 
 der, yet he has the porus biliarius, 
 or gall-pipe, which is very large ; 
 and horfes abound with gall as much 
 as env ether creature ; and are fre- 
 qufcuily in danger, either when the 
 paf- 
 
GAL 
 
 pafTage of the gall is obftru6led, or 
 when the difcharge of it happens to 
 be too profufe ; and therefore had a 
 horfe a gall-bladder, as fome other 
 animals, it might be grestly expof- 
 ed to accidents, by the violence and 
 quicknefs of his motions. It is fe- 
 parated by its proper vefTels, and 
 conveyed direftly into the firft gut, 
 about ten or twelve inches below 
 the undermoft orifice of the ilomach. 
 This liquor is feparated from the 
 blood, which is imported to the li- 
 ver frsm the fpleen, Sec. Gibfon 
 and Bracken. 
 
 The ufe of the bile therefore upon 
 being mixed with the chyle and fasces 
 is to attenuate and diflblve the oily 
 parts, intimately mix them with 
 the watery, to cleanfe ofFvifcidities, 
 and flimuiate the mufcular fibres of 
 the inteftines to their periftaltic mo- 
 tion, it alfo obtunds and correfls the 
 faline and acrimonious parts of the 
 chyle, diffolves fuch as were coagu- 
 lated, and opens the lafleal paflages 
 for the reception of the chyle, it ex- 
 cites the appetite and aflimilates 
 crude or prepared aliment, therefore 
 a principal in digeftion. 
 
 Na^el-GhLL. See the article 
 Navel-Gall. 
 
 TVind Gall. See the article 
 Wind-Gall. 
 
 GALLING of a horfc's back. 
 Good horfes are often fubjeiSl to gall 
 upon their backs, and the utmoll 
 care ought to be taken to prevent or 
 cure it. The bell method of pre- 
 vention is to take a hind's Ikin, well 
 furnifhed with hair, and fit it neat- 
 ly beneath, the pannel of the faddle, 
 fo that the hairy fide may be next 
 the horfe j this does not harden by 
 fweat, but keeps the horfe from gal- 
 ling. This is alfo a method that 
 ftiould never be omitted with horfes 
 that are newly cured of fuch a hurt, 
 as it will prevent their falling into 
 it again. In long journeys, and in 
 
 GAL 
 
 horfes that are fubjeSl to gall, it is 
 always proper to takeoff the faddle, 
 as foon as the horfe is brought in, 
 and examine whether the back, be 
 at all piefTed, or pinched in any 
 part : it will be well to re-examine 
 it after an hour or two, to fee what 
 effefl the (landing has had, for of- 
 ten the part hurt will not (hew it at 
 firft, but will fwell very violently 
 afterwards. In this cafe, where 
 the fkin is not fretted, but a fwel- 
 ling comes on, a bag of coarfe clotli 
 fliould be filled with warm dung, 
 and tied upon the fwelling, which 
 will not only prevent it from grow- 
 ing worfe, but will take it often 
 quite down ; or the fwelling may 
 be well rubbed with good brandy, 
 laying on a paper foaked in it. If 
 the Ikin be broker, a mixture of 
 red wine and fallad oil is a good re- 
 medy. Solleyjell. See the articles 
 Navel-Gall, Back- SORE, Har- 
 ness, Saddle, &c. 
 
 It may not be amifs to tell the 
 reader how he may preferve his own 
 pofleriors, as well as the horfes 
 back, from galling, fretting, or ex- 
 coriating j to which end, the firft 
 thing is, to ride upon a large faddle. 
 Next to that is, after eafing yourfelf 
 from the hoife, and either walking 
 flowly, or relling yourfelf upon 
 fome ea.^y feat, and now and then 
 cooling your buttocks in cold wa- 
 ter, to harden the ikin : for it is 
 much eafier to prevent by good 
 management the buttocks from gall* 
 ing, thjn to make the flcin come on 
 again upon a journe\ : therefore, 
 apply pretty large plafters fpread 
 thin upon leather with diachylon to 
 the buttocks, before they are actual- 
 ly fore; and if the fkin is off the 
 buttocks, no other application is 
 better than thefe very plafters. 
 Bracken's Farriery. 
 
 GALLOP, in the manage, is 
 the fwiftelt natural pace of a horfe, 
 
 I 2 per- 
 
GAL 
 
 peiTormed by reaches or leaps ; the" 
 two fore-Teet being raifed almoll at 
 the fame time ; and wlien thefe are 
 in the air, and jult ready to touch 
 the ground again, the twn hind-feet 
 are lifted ahiioit at once. In gallop- 
 ing^, (h£ hon'e may lead with which 
 fore- leg be pleafes ; the moft ufual 
 way is th'.t with the right; but 
 which foever it be^ the hind-leg ot 
 the fame iide mull follcvv it next t 
 other wife the l<=gs are faid to be dif- 
 unlted, and the pal'op to be faife. 
 To remedy thi^ di-order, the rider 
 iTiuil fta'y the horle a little on the 
 hand, and help him with the /pur a 
 Jiltle on the contrary fide to that on 
 which he is difunite I, As for ex- 
 ample, if he he difunited on the 
 right fiJc, he'p him with the left 
 fpur, by ftaying him as before on 
 the hand a little ; and alfo helping 
 him at the fame time with the calves 
 cf your leg?. 
 
 In a circle, the horfe is confined 
 always to lead with his fore- leg 
 within the turn, otherwife he is faid 
 to gallop falfe : but here too the 
 hind Itg of the fame iide mull fol- 
 low. 
 
 When vou mak^ trial of a gal- 
 loper, obferve if he performs it e- 
 q'.ully and pufh him on foinewhat 
 hard, that you may krow by his 
 ftop, whether he has ftrength and 
 vigour, udilch is termed a fund or 
 fource ; aud if he alfo be fenhhie 
 of the fpur. Oi a horfe that has an 
 ea!y light gallop, that gallops fine, 
 they Iny, he gallops upon his 
 haunchts ; die does not prefs, heavy 
 tipon the bridle ; be bends his fore 
 legs well ; he is well coupled, keeps 
 his leg"? unitetl. 
 
 The gieat gallop, or the hunting 
 gallop ; or the gallop with a long 
 Ihetch, or gallop widi all the heels, 
 . <?. full fpefd, A (hort light gal- 
 lop, i. e, a How gallop. We alio 
 ,.ay a h^nd g'\ilap, a canterbury gal- 
 
 GAL 
 
 lop, a fchool gallop, &c. a Anodth 
 gallop clofe to the ground the French 
 call the EngliHi gallop. See the 
 next article. 
 
 GALLOPADE, in the manage, 
 the fine gallonad-, the (liort gallop, 
 the lilkning gallop, the gaHop of 
 the fchool. It is a hand gallop, or 
 gallop upon the hand, in which a 
 horfe galloping upon one or two 
 treads is well united, and well rac- 
 courci orknittogether, well coupled, 
 and well fet under him. Hence they 
 fiy, this horfe makes a gallopade,- 
 and works with one haunch in : i, e. 
 inliead of going upon one tread, 
 whether right out or in a circle, he has 
 one haunch kepr in fubjeiSlion, let the 
 turn or change o^ the hand be what 
 it will ; fo that the inner haunch, 
 which looks to the center of the 
 ground , is more narrowed and 
 comes nearer to that center than the 
 fhoulder does ; and thus the horfe 
 does not go altogether to that fide \ 
 and his way of working is little 
 more than one tread, and fomewhat 
 lefs than two. The difference be-j 
 tween working with one haunch in,i 
 and galloping upon volts, and man- 
 aging upon terra a terra, is that in gal- 
 loping upon volt'!, and working terra; 
 a terra, the two haunches are kept 
 fubje6f, and the two haunches a'r^ 
 in, that is, within the volt, but in 
 galloping a haunch in, only one is 
 kept fiibje6V. 
 
 To gallop united y to gallop upon 
 the good or r'ght foot, is when a 
 horfe that gal'ops right out, having 
 •cut the way, or led with either of 
 his fore-legs, continues to lift that 
 fame leg always firft ; fo that the 
 hinder-leg of a fide with the leading 
 fore-leg mult likewife be raifed foon- 
 er that) the othep.hind-leg. For in- 
 rtance, if the right fore- leg leads be- 
 fore the left, then the right hind- leg 
 HiU.^ likewife move fooner than the 
 
 left 
 
G A N 
 
 left hind-leg ; and in this order mufl 
 the hoife continue to go on. 
 
 To gallop faljiy to di (unite, to 
 drag the haunches, to change feet, 
 to go or run upon fall'e feet, to gal- 
 lop upon the falle foot, is when the 
 galloper having led with one of the 
 iore-legs, whether the right or left, 
 does not continue, make to that leg 
 always fet out firft, nor to make the 
 hind-leg of a fide with the leading 
 leg, to move before its oppofite hind- 
 leg ; that is to fay, the orderly 
 going is interrupted. 
 
 A horfe that gallops falfe, gal- 
 lops with an unbecoming air, and 
 incommcdvis the rider. If your horfe 
 gallops fali'e, or difunites, and you 
 have a mind to put him upon keeping 
 the right foot, and uniting well his 
 haunches, you muft bring to with the 
 calves of your leg-, and then with 
 the out fpur ; that is, the fpur that 
 i« contraiy and oppofite fo the fide 
 on which he difunites 5 i'o that if he 
 difunites to the right, you mult pricic 
 him with the left heel. Guillet. 
 
 GANACHES, in the manage, 
 are the two bones on each fide of ti;e 
 kinder part of the he id, ojipofite to 
 the necic, or on let of the head, 
 which form the lower jaw, and give 
 it motion. It is in this phce that 
 the glands or k.crnels of the ffrangks 
 or glanders are placed. Gv.illet. 
 
 GANGRENE, a very gieat and 
 dangerous degree of iiifiammatiGn, 
 wherein the parts afiLcled begin to 
 corrupt, or put on a Uate of putre- 
 laflion : whence a gangrene appeais 
 to be a mortification in i;s firli or 
 beginning ftate, while yet the part 
 retains Tome fenfe of pain, and a 
 fliew of the natural heat, by which 
 it is diilinguilhed from a fphacelus, 
 or thorough mortification, where 
 there is no iVnfe or warmth left. See 
 
 MOHTIFICATION. 
 
 The figns o! a gangrene are, when 
 ti.»e fymploms ot infi:'.ni;iiaiion too 
 
 GAT 
 
 fuddenly difappear, without taking 
 away the cauie j a dull lenfe in the 
 part, foftneis, flaccidity, rot lifing- 
 ag'^in if depreiTtd, puftles full of 
 a lyn)j)hatic or watery liquor, fome- 
 times yellowifh, at other tmies of a 
 reddifh colour, in and about the 
 place inflamed. After this, comfS 
 on a deadly blacknefs cf the fl-(h, 
 h". the figns of an a6fual moriifi- 
 caticn. 
 
 In the cure of a gangrene, no- 
 thing exceeds timtlv and fmart fcari- 
 fication or cutting into liie part in 
 feveral places, to difcharge the fer- 
 menting blood and humo\us tending 
 to corruption. And really the ichor 
 which Hows out in fuch cafes is or 
 fb corrofive a quali:y, th.at it takes 
 avi/ay the polifli of a fine Heel in- 
 ftrument, and tirges it v.-ith a bluifh 
 calf. After fcarificatlon it is necef- 
 fary to w.ifli the fores and all round 
 the part with ftrong and warm lime- 
 water, with loine iu!}>! ur cf vivura 
 in powder, mixed with it j about a 
 qiiisrter of a pound to two qum ts cf 
 the lime water will be fufEcie'nt. 
 Bellofte recommends the following 
 folution for a gangrene. * Take fpi- 
 
 * r't cf nitre, made with cil cf v:- 
 
 * triol, or for want ol" that, aqua 
 
 * fortis, two our.ce? \ quickfiiver, 
 
 * an ounce, n.ixe;f.' Moiilen clothts 
 in thii liquor, and fold them round 
 the eangrened part, whereby the 
 dead will readily feparate from the 
 found. Bracken's Far i.ry, 
 
 GASKOiN, the hindtV thigh of 
 an liorfe, which begins at the ftifiie, 
 and reaches to the ply, or bending 
 of the ham. See the article ITliGH. 
 
 GATE, in the manage, !s uirci 
 for the goin^^r once ot a hoife. 
 Hence th.ey f*y, this hcrfe has a 
 good g'Me, but the ether has a 
 l)roken g?.te ; thu is, this horfe goes 
 well, but thectherdoes not. Guillet. 
 
 GATHERERS or Nippers, 
 
 tise name uiin'lvgivsn to four teeth, 
 
 I 3 ' ' v.hicl: 
 
GEL 
 
 which a horfe gets when he is three 
 years old. See the articles Age of 
 a Horfe, and Teeth. * 
 
 GAUNT BELLIED, or Light 
 Bellied horfe, is one whofe belly 
 fhrinks up towards his flanks, 
 whence you m!\y conclude he is ex- 
 tremely coftive, and annoyed with 
 much unnatural heat, fo as always 
 to be very wafliy, tender, and un- 
 healthy, after hard labour. 
 
 In order to cure it, we muft ob- 
 ferve, that all horfes have two fmall 
 firings reaching from the cods to the 
 bottom of the belly, one on each 
 fide ; you muft therefore with your 
 finger break thefe ftrings, and then 
 anoint the part every day with frefh 
 butter and the ointment populneum 
 nixed in equal quantities. Rufiic 
 
 Dia. 
 
 GELDING, a term ufed to de- 
 note the operation of caftrating 
 horfes ; and ufed alfo for the horfes 
 fo caftrated, or whofe tefticles are 
 cut out. 
 
 The gelding o^ a foal is an eafy 
 operation, and feldom attended with 
 any ill accident. But if a horfe's 
 llones fhould be bruifed or otherwife 
 hurt, and fo become irrecoverafele, 
 the extirpating of thefe will require 
 the fkill of a good artift. The horfe 
 Being firft call on a dunghil, or o- 
 ther foft place, the fcrotum or out- 
 ward cafei^ to be cut open on each 
 f)He, where both Itones are to be 
 t^ken away ; and where there is but 
 one, that fide where the difeafed 
 (ftone lies ; previous to taking out 
 the ftones, tie a waxed thread lound 
 the ftring?, to ftop the b'ood ; and 
 with a pair of fharp fciiTars or knife, 
 cut the ftrings betvygijj the ligature 
 and the ftone, applyin|^to the wound 
 pledgits dipped in the common di- 
 geltive, mixed with fpirits of wine, 
 iaying over all compreffes and a 
 bandage. 
 
 GEN 
 
 The ufual method of fecuring the 
 fpermatic veflels is by cauterizing 
 their extremities, and filling up the 
 fcrotum or bag with fait : this me- 
 thod, though fuccefsfully praflifed 
 on young colts, fhould by no means 
 be trufted to in grown horfes; be- 
 caufe the efchar from burning may 
 by accidents be removed, and a pror- 
 fufe bleeding enfue before it is dif- 
 covered. Should a fever or inflam- 
 mation enfue, bleed largely, and 
 follow the diredions laid down un- 
 der the article Fever. Should the 
 belly and flieath fwell, foment twice 
 a day, and bathe often with oil of 
 rofes and vinegar, till the tumor 
 fubfides, and the wound digefts. 
 Gihfons Farrier s Guide t and Bart» 
 lefs Farriery. 
 
 In gelding of horfes there are two 
 things principally to be regarded, 
 which are the age of the creature, 
 and the fer.fon of the year ; if it be 
 a colt that is to be gelt, it may be 
 done at nine days eld, or at fifteen, 
 or as foon as the tefticles come down; 
 for the fooner this is done the better 
 it always is for ftrength and courage 
 in the creature afterwards. But a 
 farrier may geld a horfe at any age 
 that he pleafes, if he will be careful 
 as to the cure. The fecond thing is 
 the time of the year, as to this, the 
 months of April and May are al- 
 vfrays efteemed the moft proper, 
 but it fliould by no means be done 
 later than in June for ^he fummer 
 time ; if this is paiTed by, it ought 
 to be deferred till the fall of the leaf, 
 or end of September. The farriers 
 generally add a third confideration, 
 which is always to do it in the wane 
 or decreafe of the moon. RuficDiii. 
 
 GENETTE, in the manage, a 
 turkifti bit, the curb of which is all 
 of one piece, and made like a large 
 ring, and placed above the liberty 
 of the tongue. 
 
 When 
 
GEN 
 
 When they bridle a horfe, they 
 m2"ke his chin pals through this 
 curb, which furrounds his beard. 
 This fo;t of bit was much ufed at 
 the court of France, when Guillet 
 wrote. 
 
 GenETTE, is alfo ufed for the 
 particular way of riding praftifecl in 
 Spain, which being fo fhort, that 
 the fpurs bear upon the horfe's 
 fl:Ank, would be, reckoned an in- 
 decency in France and England ; 
 but among the Spaniard?, it paflTes 
 for a piece of gallantry, and hand- 
 fome carriage, when they riJc upon 
 their genetics in going to court be- 
 fore the ladies. Guillet. 
 
 GIGGS, or Gigs, or Flaps, 
 little fwellings or bladders, with 
 black heads, that grow in the mouth 
 of a hor!e on the infule of the lips 
 and palate, which will fometimes ap- 
 pear as big as a wahnit, and fo pain- 
 ful withal, that the horfe will let 
 hi"; meat fall out of his mcuth, or at 
 lead keep it in his mouth unchewed. 
 The gigs proceed from foul feed- 
 ing ; and are cured by flitting them 
 open with a knife or lancet, and 
 wartiing them afterwartis with fait 
 and vinegar : but when they dege- 
 nerate into what are called cankers, 
 which are known by little white 
 fpecks, that i'pread. and occafion ir- 
 regular ulcers, the bd\ method then 
 is to touch them daily with a fmall 
 flat cautery moderately heated, till 
 the fpreading is ftopped ; and to rub 
 the fores, three or four times a day, 
 with ^gypttacum, and tinflure of 
 myrrh fharpened with oil or fpirit of 
 vitriol : when by this drtfTing the 
 iloughs are feparated, they may be 
 waflied frequently with a fpunge 
 dipt in copperas or fublimate wa- 
 ter, if they continue to fpread ; or 
 a tinflure ma.ie by diffo'ving half an 
 ounce of burnt alum, and two ounces 
 of honey, in a pint of tin6fure of 
 rofes. Either of thefe will dry them 
 
 G L A 
 
 lip, and are very ufeful in moft dif- 
 orders of the mouth. Rujlic Did, 
 and Bartkfs Farriery. 
 
 GIGOT, in the manage. A 
 branch after the form of a gigot or 
 leg, is a branch the lower pan of 
 wliich i? round, and called in French 
 gargcuille . Guille t . 
 
 GLAND, in anatomy, a foft 
 fpcngy, lax body, ferving to fepa- 
 rate lome particular humour from 
 the mafs of b'ood, and in brute 
 creatuies ccmmonly called a kernel, 
 A gland is principally compofed of 
 a long continued convolution of one 
 or m.ore arteries, from whofe fides 
 arifes a multiplicity of excretory 
 du(Sts, of laiger or fmaller dimen- 
 fions in v^roportion to the thicker or 
 thinner fluid defiliicd by nature to 
 pafs through them, a^^reeably to the 
 exigencies of the animal fabric. Moft 
 part of the body are fupplied with 
 ghnd% and thole of various kinds. 
 The fkin abounds with minute 
 glands, for the fecretion of the fweat. 
 The lidder is a gland whole office it 
 is to prepare the milk, the livc-r is a 
 gland that feparates the bile from 
 the blood ; and the kidneys are 
 glands foimed for the fecretion of 
 the urine. The falivary glands are 
 of ufe to moiften the food, and ren- 
 der it more eafy to be digefled. 
 
 As to what regards the lympha- 
 tic glands, fome of thefe are fituated 
 in the head, fome of them in the 
 cheff, and fome in the lower belly ; 
 whilfl others are difperfed in the 
 interfaces of the mufcles, or accom- 
 pany the laige blood- vcflels. The 
 limbs are furnifhed but v/ith a few 
 of them ; and thofe generally fmall, 
 which notwiihftending, if diflemper- 
 ed , will acquire a confiderable 
 f)ze. From a burfting of thefe vpf- 
 fels, thus increafed in their buik, 
 proceed dropfies. 
 
 Several ill efFe(51s arife llkewlfe 
 
 from diforders in the other glands, 
 
 I 4. as 
 
G L A 
 
 ^s the Jaundice from a diftempered 
 'iver, or an obIrru6iion of the bili^ 
 ary diiRs ; violent colds from a 
 preternitural ftate of the parotide?, 
 and other gi:inds about the ears, 
 mout'.j, and throat ; and a itubborn 
 codivenefs, and fometinies a purg- 
 ing, from a difeafed condition of 
 the frnall gl.inds, and membranes 
 of the inte'tines. The glands of 
 the external pirtsare alio iometimes 
 inflamed and kippurate 5 and fome- 
 times grow hard and fchirrous. Nor 
 are the glands fubfervient to the lu- 
 brication of the joints exempt from 
 being affeL^led with difeafes. See 
 the article KERNEL, U'ooSs ^trea- 
 I'lfe of Farriery. 
 
 GLANDERS, a flux or running 
 of corrupt matter from the nofe of a 
 borfe, which is of different colours, 
 white, yellow, green, or black, ac- 
 cording to the degree of maiignity, 
 or according as it has been of long 
 or Ihort continuance. Glbfcns Far- 
 rier's Guide, and B^acko/'s art of 
 Farriery. 
 
 Tlie caufe and feat of the glanders 
 have till lately been fo iniperfedt- 
 ly handle.1, and fo little undeiftood, 
 by the writers on this diRemper, ihn 
 it is no wonder it ftir^uld be ranked 
 nmorg the incurable-; : but a new 
 light having l->een thrown on this 
 vv'hole affair by M. la Foffe, the 
 French king's farrier, who has been 
 at the pains to trace out and diicover 
 bv diiT£<ftIons, the fource and cauie 
 of this diibrder, we hope the method 
 be has propofeJ, with fome further 
 experiments and improvements, will 
 foon bring to a certainty of cure (in 
 molt cales at lealt) a diihm.per fo 
 dangerous to our horfes, and that 
 bitherto has eluded the force or art. 
 
 Before we make mention of this 
 work, which has the approbation of 
 the royal acac'emy of fcicnces, it 
 will not be unacceptable to our read- 
 ers, we apprehend, to have a more 
 
 G L A 
 
 particular account of the fymptoms 
 of this diforder from M. la Foffe, 
 that we may the better judge of the 
 merit of our author, and his difco- 
 veries. This gentleman then has 
 diftinguifhed feven different kinds of 
 glanders, four of which are incu- 
 rable. 
 
 The firfl: proceeds from ulcerated 
 lungs ; the puiulent matter of which 
 comes up the trachea, and is dif- 
 charged through the noftrils, like a 
 whitifh liquor, fometimes appearing 
 in lumps and grumes. In this dif- 
 order, though the matter is dif- 
 charged, from the noltrils, yet the 
 malady is folely in the lungs^ 
 
 The lecond is a wafting humour, 
 which ufually leizes horfes at the de- 
 cline of a difeafe, caufed by too 
 hard labour : this defluxion ahb pro- 
 ceeds from the lungs. 
 
 The third is a malignant dif- 
 charge which attends the (trangles, 
 fometimes, and falls upon the lungs, 
 which runs off by the noftrils. 
 
 The fourth is when an acrimo- 
 nious humour in the farcy fe'zes 
 thele parts, wheie it foon makes 
 terrible havock. 
 
 The fifth we fliall defcribe by and 
 by, as arifing from taking cold. 
 
 The iixth is a dikharge from the 
 Ibangles, which fometimes vents it- 
 feif upon the nolnils. See the ar^ 
 tide Strangles. 
 
 Thele aie the various diforders 
 which have been obferved fometinies 
 to throw matter out from the no- 
 ftrils ; let us now defcribe the leal 
 glanders. 
 
 The matter then difcharged from 
 the noltrils of a glandered horfe is 
 either white, yellow, or greeniQi ; 
 fometimes llreaked or tinged with 
 blood ; when the difeafe is of long 
 Handing, and the bones are fouled, 
 the matter turns biackilh, and he. 
 conies very foetid, and is always at- 
 tended with a fwelling of the kernels 
 
 or 
 
G L A 
 
 or glands under the jaws , In every 
 other refpeil: the hoife is gene- 
 rally healthy and found, till the 
 cliileniper h:ith been of fome conti- 
 luiance. 
 
 It is always a bad fign when the 
 matter llicks to (he inlide of the 
 noftriis like glue or lliff pafte j when 
 I the infide of tiie nofc is raw and 
 I looks of a livid or lead colour ; 
 when the matter becomes blcody, 
 and ftinks i and when it looks of an 
 afli-colour. But when only a lim- 
 pid fluid is firlt difcli.trgtd, and af- 
 terwards a whitilh mntfer ; the 
 gland under the jaw not increafiiig, 
 and the difuidtr of no long continu- 
 ance, we may expe6> a fpeedy cure : 
 for in this cafe, which arifes from 
 laking cold, after a horfe has been 
 over heated, the pituitary membrane 
 IS but llightly intbmed ; the lymph 
 in the liuall veffels condenfed, and 
 the glands over loaded, but not yet 
 ulcerated. 
 
 From thefe fymptoms and fome 
 obiervatians made botii by Bracken 
 and Giblbn, it is plain they were 
 net abfolute ftrangers to the feat cf 
 this diforder, though they negltded 
 pulhing their inquiries to the foun- 
 tain head, and coofcquently were at 
 a lofs to know how to apply the re- 
 medy to the parts affcfted. But la 
 FoITe, , after examining by difftc- 
 tion , the carcaffes of glandered 
 horfcs, and making a rtri6t fcrutiny 
 into the ftate of the vilcera, sflifted 
 for that purpol'e by ingenious and 
 expert anatomifts, for ten years lo- 
 geiher, affirms ihis difeafe to be al- 
 together local, ai.d tliat the true feat 
 of It is in the pituitary membrane, 
 which Imes the partition along the 
 infide of the nofe, rhe maxillary fi- 
 nufes, and the 'rontal fmu.'es's, that 
 the vilirera, as liver, lungs, &c. of 
 glandered hori'es are in general ex- 
 ceeding found, and coniequently that 
 the feat ol this diioider is not in thole 
 
 G L A 
 
 parts, as has been afferted by moft 
 authors 5 nor indeed is it probahie 
 it fhould : for how could fuch horfes 
 preferve their appetite, their good 
 appearance, fleek and fliining coats ; 
 in a word, all the figns of health 
 for many years together (which 
 many glandered horfes are known 
 to enjoy) with fuch diftempered 
 bowels. 
 
 But on nicely exaiT.ining the heads 
 of fuch horfes, he found the cavities 
 aboveinentioned more or lefs filled 
 with a vifcous flimy matter j the 
 membrane which lines both them, 
 and the noftrils inflamed, thickened, 
 and Qfirroded, with fordid ulcers, 
 which'in fome cafes had eat into the 
 bones. He obferves that when glan- 
 dered horfes d^fch-^rge matter from 
 both noftrils, both ndes of the mem- 
 brane and cavities vv'ere affeded : 
 but when they ran at one noftril on- 
 ly, that fule only was found dif- 
 tempered. 
 
 It is a curious remark of our au- 
 thor, that the fublingual giands, or 
 the- kernels fituated under the jaw 
 bone, v/hich are always fweiled in 
 this diftemper, do notdifcharge their 
 lymph info the mouth, as in man, 
 hut into the rioilrils ; and that h.e 
 conitantly found their obibuclion 
 agreed with the diuharge, if one 
 gfsnd only was affecied : then the 
 liorfe diCcharged from or.e nollril 
 onlv, but if both were, then the dif- 
 charge was from both. 
 
 H>:; ibmetinres though rarely found 
 the bony partition of the noie cari- 
 ous or rotten, but that the fpons^y 
 bones about this part muft fuifer 
 from the acrimony of matter long 
 pent up is not at ail to be doubted, 
 though the more folid ones may e- 
 fcape. 
 
 The feat of this diforder, th.us 
 difcovered, our author with geat 
 ingenuity has paved die way for 
 cure ; by trepanning ihefe cavities, 
 
 and 
 
G L A 
 
 anil taking out a piece of bone, by 
 which means the paits affc^led may 
 be wafhed with a proper injet^ion j 
 and in fine the ulcers deterged, 
 healed, and dried up. 
 
 But as from the obfervations fince 
 made by this gentleman, there are 
 different fpecies of the glanders : fo 
 the cure of tlie milder kinds may fiift 
 be attempted hy inje^ions and fu- 
 migations. Thus after taking cold, 
 flvould a l^orfe for fifteen or twenty 
 days difcharge a limpid fluid, or 
 whitifh mattei-, from one or both 
 ncftiils, the glands under the ]^\v 
 rather growing harder, than dimi- 
 mfhing, we may expert it will de- 
 generate into a true glanders. To 
 prevent which, after firft bleeding 
 and treating liim a? above dire(5^ed, 
 for a coid, let an emoHfent inje61ion 
 prepared with a decoflion o( Imfeed 
 and marflmi^ilows, tldery camc- 
 mile flowers, and honey of rofes, 
 or fnch Ilk?, be»thrcwn up as far as 
 pofllble wirii a ftiong fyiinge, and 
 repeated three time-; a day. Should 
 the running rot lelfen, or be remov- 
 ed in a fortnight, by the uie of this 
 inje6^ion, a reftu'ngtnt ore may now 
 he prepaied with tincture of rofes ; 
 lime water. Sec. (as will hereafter 
 be particuiafly defcribed) and the 
 noftijls fumigated with the powders 
 of trankincenfe, moftich, i-mber, 
 and cinnabar burnt on an iron heat- 
 ed for that purpoie j the fume of 
 which may eafi!ybec(-nveyed through 
 a tu'^e into the noflriis. This me- 
 thod has been found fuccefsful when 
 ufed in time, but tlie methods of 
 cure depend on the ftubbomeis of 
 thediforder; and when inveterate, 
 recourfe muft be had to the opera- 
 tion above mentioned. 
 
 This operation U Fofle has per- 
 formed on three horfes, two of 
 whom difcharged from one noffii! 
 only, and the third from both : the 
 two firft he trtpanned on that fide of 
 
 G L A 
 
 the head which was alft^^ed ; and to 
 the other he performed it on bothj 
 and found that the w.und and per- 
 foration filled up with good flefh in 
 twenty f)X days } and that the 
 horfes fuffcred no inconvenience from 
 the operation, though after this ex- 
 periment, they were put to death. 
 
 The directions and orders of the 
 civil governrrent of France, which 
 binders people from keeping glan- 
 dered horfes long, prevented M, la 
 Foffe repeating his attempts, and 
 pufhing his experiments farther : 
 hut it is to be hoped, that fo ufeful 
 a project will be purfued to its ut- 
 moft extent, as it feems fo promi- 
 fing in the execution, and is fo im- 
 port.^nt in its confeqoences, to which 
 end we fhall beg leave to animad- 
 vert on wh^it has been faid, and of- 
 fer our opinion both in relation to 
 the difeafe, the operation, and the 
 minner of condufting tb.e cure. 
 
 In order to prove that a great in- 
 flammation of the pituitary mem- 
 brane is always the caule cf the 
 glanders, M. la Foffe, has attempt- 
 ed to bring on an inflammation upon 
 the fame meirihr?ne, by a corroiive 
 inje61ion j and when the injection was 
 only thrown into one fi.'e, the max- 
 illary lymphatic glands were fwelled 
 on the fame fide ; and that noftril 
 only produced the dil^harge: but 
 when both noftrils w^ere mje^led, 
 thefe fymptoms appeared on both 
 fides. This gentleir.an obfervec, 
 that the bone of the maxillary finus 
 being broke by the kick of another 
 hoife, the uiual fymptoms of the 
 glanders foon appealed from the in- 
 flammation the pituitary membrane 
 fufrered on the occafion. 
 
 The original fourceand caufe then 
 of this diforder fe^miS fo be an in- 
 flammaion of the glands and mem- 
 brane that lines the ncftrils and 
 thefe cavities, v/hich, if not difper- 
 Icd m time, v/iil iorm maner and 
 ulcerate, 
 
G L A 
 
 ulcerate, and erode the bones for 
 want of a free difchaige to unload 
 the cavities, and of proper applica- 
 tions to cleanfe and deterge the ul- 
 cers 5 violent colds or a feverifh 
 tranflation fettling here, may alfo oc- 
 cafion the fame complaint, and are 
 probably the general caules. 
 
 There is a di.'brdtr in men called 
 ozoena, that has a great fimiiitude 
 to this in horfes, and aiiles often 
 from an inflammation in the max- 
 illary fmufes or cavities in the cheek 
 bones, from whence enfiies a col- 
 lection of matter, which when the 
 cavity is full, or the head properly 
 inclined, runs over into the nole,and 
 would conftantly difcharge thence 
 Jike a glandered horfe, was the head 
 continued in the fame pofition. The 
 furgical cure is the taking out one 
 or more teeth from the upper jaw, 
 and perforating the cavity with a 
 proper inlirument, in order to make 
 a depending orifice lor the matter to 
 flow through, and to make way for 
 fyringing the parts affefled with 
 proper inje6\ions, which in this cafe 
 are thrown through the cavity into 
 the nofe. 
 
 The fimilarity of thefe two cafes, 
 with the method of cure, and the 
 fuccefs attending the fuigical treat- 
 ment (which was firll invented and 
 perfefted by our countrymen Drake 
 ?nd Cowper) undoubtedly gave the 
 firft hint ior trepanning and ly/ing- 
 ing ihefe cavities in hories ; and it 
 is mo(t probable, that when the o- 
 peration is attempted in time, be- 
 fore the bones become rotten, it will 
 be attended with equal I'uccefs : hut 
 alter opening the cavities, fiiould it, 
 by probing, I e diicovered that the 
 bones are in that ftate, the beftway 
 then would be to difpatch the horfe, 
 to prevent unnecelTary trouble and 
 ix pence. 
 
 The perforation bein<j made on 
 the maxillary and fiontai hnufes, by 
 
 G L A 
 
 means of the trepan, our next bufi- 
 neis is to prevent the holes from fill- 
 ing up too laft, as it may be ne- 
 ceffary to keep them open for fome 
 weeks, be'oie a cure can be effed- 
 ed : for which purpofe, after the ufe 
 of the injection, let the upper one 
 be filled with a piece of cork waxed 
 over, and adapted exaflly to its fize ; 
 the lower one may be kept open with 
 a hollow leaden tent, through which 
 there will be a ccnUant drain of 
 matter from the finufe?, which will 
 be greatly favourv-d by this depend- 
 ing orifice, and both be detained by 
 a proper bandage. If this method 
 fhould not prevent the granulations 
 or flioots of the flefh from filling up 
 fo fart as to chcak up the perfora- 
 tion, and by that means hinder the 
 injeftions paffing freely, they mud 
 be fupprefled by rubbing with cau- 
 ftic medicines, or touching with the 
 a61ual cautery, as may alfo the bony- 
 edges, which by obliging thtm to 
 exfoliate or fcale ofi^, will ret?>rd the 
 healing. The injetfions firll made 
 ule of fhould he of a de:erfive na- 
 ture, as a deco6lion of birthwort, 
 gentian, and centaury ; to ^ quart 
 of vi'hich, if two ounces of ^gyp- 
 tiacum and tin6\ure of myrrh are 
 added, it may be as proper as any ; 
 and when the difcharge i» cb.'erveJ 
 to abate, and the colour alt^r to a 
 thick white matter, the iiije^tion 
 may be changed for bailey v/ater, 
 honey of rofes, and tin6lure of 
 myrrh ; and finally, to dry up the 
 humidities, and i-ecover the tone of 
 the relaxed glands, Bates's alum 
 w2ter, or a folution of colcathar vi- 
 triol, lapis medicamentofu-:, or fuch 
 like in lime-water will r^o'A proba- 
 bly complete (he cure. Dr. Bracken 
 recommend^ the following. 
 
 * Take of alum and white vitriol 
 
 * powdered, of each four ounces ; 
 
 * calcine them in a crucible; when 
 
 * cold, powder the calx, and m-x 
 
 • it 
 
G L A 
 
 * it with a gallon of >i:ne-water,and 
 ' a quart of vinegar ; decant the 
 
 * clear for uie.' 
 
 But whoever is at all acquainted 
 with practical furgei y weil knows, 
 that without the afliftance of inter- 
 nals, efpccially in glandular dif- 
 ordeis, the cure is not fo eaiily ef- 
 fected, nor rendered complete or 
 lading. I therefore advife a ftrong 
 deco6\ion of guaiacuiii chips to be 
 given every day to a qiiart or three 
 pints througr.out the cure, and 
 when the matter ItiVens, to purge at 
 proper intervals ; and put a rowel 
 into the horfe's cheli:, in order to di- 
 vert the fl'jids fiom their old chan- 
 nel : if thefe (hould not fucceed, 
 mercurials may he given with tlie 
 phyfic ; ind the alterativ? powders, 
 with lime wattr may be given 'or a 
 time, if the horfe is woith the ex- 
 pence. Bartkfs Farriery. 
 
 For paiticuhr directions for tre- 
 panning glandered horle=;, the rea- 
 der is uefired to confuh M. LaFojJc's 
 Obfer'vations upon horfes, and Mr. 
 Bartlefs Farriery, in each whereof 
 the directions are further illuitrated 
 by a copper p'ate. 
 
 Mr. irood (in his Ne^.u Treafife 
 of Farriery) declares, that all the au» 
 thors wh > have hitherto wrote upon 
 this diforder, have not been able to 
 give us the lealt probability ol ac- 
 complifhing an effectual cure of it. 
 As to tiie caufe or feat of the glan- 
 ders, he thinks that Dr. Bracken 
 has fet t!iefr, oarticulars in as g^ood a 
 light as La FoJJ'e has done ; and as 
 to the treatftient of then), he thinks 
 the French author ordy fingular in 
 dire6ling a hole to be made in the 
 head, in order to throw in an in- 
 jection, which from die obfervarions 
 he has made in refpei^ of trepanning 
 horfes afiefled with the real glan- 
 ders, he confidently afferts muft tuin 
 out as jruitlefs and abr>itive as any 
 mtihcd whatevf r. This writer can 
 
 G L Y 
 
 by no means fall in with the fenti- 
 ments of M. La Fcjfe, in fuppofing 
 that the blood in the glanders is no 
 way faulty, and that no (frefs is to 
 be laid upon internal medicines. 
 •Our countryman thinks the blood in 
 this cafe muR be very much vitiated, 
 and full of fait, acrid, particles, as 
 is evident from the ulcerations cauf- 
 ed in the glandular part of the he^^d. 
 For the clmc of this dilfemper, Mr. 
 U'ood advifes the fame remedies 
 which he direct*? for colds and (tran- 
 ^les. On til; failure of thefe, let 
 recourff' be had to fait marflies, 
 whicn r; tlu: only expedien* left that 
 can carry along with it the ieafl: pro- 
 ba'.^iiity of brmging about a cure. 
 
 The glanders are looked upon as' 
 the molt infectious of ail other ma- 
 ladies that can happen to a horlis j 
 and, according to G;7?/o/7, it is cer- 
 tainly 16 at iome fealons more than 
 others. On the ether hand, Brafken 
 mentions that the glande-s are not 
 more contagious than a coniumption 
 in human bodies. 
 
 CLYSTER, or Clyster. A 
 certain liquid remedy or injeCtion 
 introduced into the inteftines by the 
 fundament. 
 
 Tnere can be nothing more ex- 
 peditious in relievirg divers diltem- 
 pers tlian the medicines that come 
 under thefe formsj btfides which they 
 are in all tho'e ot the guts the molt 
 certain, as they are immediately 
 conveyed to the feat of the diltem- 
 per i whereas thofe things given 
 at the mouth muit often lie a con- 
 fiderable time, and lik.wife undergo 
 many changes nnd alterations be- 
 fore they can reach their pioper fcene 
 of action : therefore all lonfenefs, 
 cholics, all manner of coltivenefs, 
 all fluxes and hoemorrhages of blood, 
 &c. are moft certainly conquered 
 and overcome by one or other of 
 thefe forms: but when thele dif- 
 charges 
 
G L Y 
 
 charges tend to the folution of fome 
 other dlfeafe, the judicious prac- 
 titioner ought neither to attack them 
 by glyrter, nor any other wav, in 
 contradi6iion to nature. Gibfons 
 Farriers' s Difpenfatory . 
 
 Glyfters may be reduced to thefe 
 different kinds, viz. lax'itive and 
 emollient, purgative and rtftiin- 
 gent. 
 
 Emollient glyfters are thofe made 
 of the deco6tion of emollient herbs 
 as mallows, marfhmallows, the herb 
 mercury, pellitory, chamomile flow- 
 ers, and fuch like, which relax the 
 guts, and foften the excrement when 
 they are hard and dry; and when to 
 theie are added an ounce of fweet 
 fennel-feed, or of hay-heiries brniled, 
 they make the glyfttr deco6tion ; 
 and to make it laxative, oil and 
 treacle, or coarfe fugar may be dif- 
 folved in the ftrained decoflion, 
 v/hile it is warm, and it will open 
 a horfe's belly, and give eale by dif- 
 charging the excrements and other 
 contents of his bowels without pain 
 or griping. 
 
 Purging glyfters are compounded 
 of the fame purging ingredients of 
 which the various kinds of pvirges 
 are made, added to the decoi^ion of 
 the emollient ingredients ; or for 
 want of thefe, to two or three quarts 
 of fat broth. The properelt pur- 
 gatives for glyfters are fena, colo- 
 quintida, or bitter apple, jalap, le- 
 nitive e!e6luary, carrocoftinum, or 
 fyrup of buck-thorn, with a hand- 
 ful of common fait for a ftimulus, 
 when a fpeedy and immediate dif- 
 charge is required. 
 
 Rertringent glyfters are intended 
 to ftop violent loofeneiTes ; they are 
 feldom ufed, or indeed but little 
 imderftood, by the practitioners in 
 Farriery : but they have often been 
 found efficacious when no internals 
 by the mouth would avail, fuch as 
 decoctions of oak bark and pom.e- 
 4 
 
 G L Y 
 
 gran^.te bark, balauftine?, -e-^rnfe??' 
 d\ers g?>i', and fuch like, vvith di- 
 afcordium, mithridate, or vertice' 
 treacle dilfolved in them 5 and la 
 thefe may be added a fourth kind, 
 which may be termed nutritive, and 
 are of great benefit in fome ccnvui- 
 five cafes, where the jaws are fet in: 
 clofe that notning can be tranfmit- 
 ted into the ftomach ; or where the 
 paflages of the throat and gullet are 
 fvveiled and inflamed, which fonif- 
 times is fo violent that a horfe is in 
 danger of being ftarved or ftrangled, 
 unlefs nourifnment can be conveyed 
 fome other way than by the moutlr. 
 Nutritive glyfters, or the conveying 
 food by a pipe into the fundament, 
 may confift of broths made of fheep's 
 headr., flieep's trotter?, or any other 
 kind of m.eat that is not too fat, as 
 milk, potage, or rice milk ftrained, 
 or any other thing whereby a horle 
 may receive a nouriftunent in any 
 extremity, wherein nothing can ba 
 convryed by t!^e mouth. A nutri- 
 tive glyfter Ihouid be but fmall in 
 quantity, not exceeding a quart or 
 three pints at a time : but fliould be 
 often repeated. The like caution is 
 no lefs neceifary in adminiftring re- 
 ftrineent glyfter?. which ought to be 
 but fmall in quantity, znA have no- 
 thing in their ccmpofuion that is 
 unctuous or oily, or tint would aU 
 fo defeat the end for which they are 
 given ; and the lorger Uiey be in 
 the bowels, before they come away, 
 the more efficaricus they will prove 
 in flopping Icofenefl'ts. In rega-d 
 to laxative and purging g!yi*ers, 
 there is no need ol any gieat reftrir- 
 tion as to the quantity, which may 
 be given to two or three quarts in 
 fome cafes where the balls of dung 
 are black and hardened in the pui fts 
 of the colon. 
 
 It ought to he a general rule in 
 ndir.iniftiing glyiters of all kinds, 
 that the horfe flr.uld firft: be raked 
 
 by 
 
G R A 
 
 by a perfon who has a fm^ll hand, 
 to take out the dung that lies in the 
 llrait gut. The glyfter fhould be 
 but milk, warm : the glyiler p'pe 
 Ihould be made of hex, lignum vitae, 
 or any other wood that turns iTnooth 
 and will receive a polifti. It fhouM 
 be at leaft fourteen inches long, an 
 inch thick at the nofle, and an inch 
 and a half at the other end where 
 the bag is faftened ; and the mouth 
 ftiould be tuined into a fmooth oval 
 with little holes. Gibfons Difeafes 
 of horfes. 
 
 GOAD, in the mana>2;e, the fame 
 with vaiet. See Valet. 
 
 GOING, in the manage, tlie 
 pace or gate of a horfe. See Gate. 
 
 GONORRHOEA, or Mat- 
 tering of the yard. See Mat- 
 tering of the yard. 
 
 GORGED, a term in fariiery 
 importing a fwelling : thus they 
 fay, this horfe's paftern joint is gorg- 
 ed, and the other has hi> legs gorg- 
 ed ; you mult walk l<im to take 
 do^A-n the fwelling. GulUct. 
 
 GOURDINESS,the dealer's term 
 for a fwelling in a honVs leg. 
 Bracken. 
 
 GRAPES, a word fcmetimes 
 ufed tofignify the arrefts, or mangy 
 tumours in a horfes Itgs. See ttie 
 article Arrests. 
 
 GRAPPLE, in the manage. A 
 horfe is faid to grapple either with 
 one or both leg?;, when he catches 
 or raifes them more hailily, and 
 higher than ordinary, as if he were 
 curvetting. He grapples with one 
 leg, when he railes it precipitately 
 higher than the other, 'without bend- 
 ing the ham. Hence they Uy, your 
 horfe harps or grapples, fo that he 
 mult have the itring-hait in his 
 hough. Guillet. 
 
 GRASSfeernstobethe moft natu- 
 ral food of hoi fes as well as of many 
 other brute creatures, but by reafon 
 of the coldne.^s of our foil and cli- 
 
 G R A 
 
 mate, our grafs is not fo nourifh- 
 ing as to ftrengthen a horfe for 
 hard labour, without an addition of 
 dry provender. See the aiticle 
 Feeding of horfes. 
 
 Thatsjrafs is always reckoned the 
 beft, which is fliort, thick, and on 
 dry but fertile ground j that needs 
 little manure, efpecially fuch as has 
 always been made ufe o^, only as 
 pafture and has little or no other 
 dunging, but which the animals 
 theirjfelves leave upon it : therefore 
 molt horfes thrive better on com- 
 mons, or on the grafs that grows 
 near commons, than on meadows 
 that have been often mowed, and 
 have had great crops of hay taken 
 off them from time to time. 
 
 A fummer's grafs is often necef- 
 faiVjirore particularly to horfes glut- 
 ted wi:h food, and who ufe little 
 exercife : but a month or two's run- 
 ning is proper for moft, thofe efpe- 
 cially who have been worked hard, 
 and have ftifF limbs, fwelled legs, 
 or wind -galls. Horfes whofe feet 
 have been impaired by quitters, bad 
 flioeing, or any other accidents are 
 a!fo beft repaired at grafs. Thefe 
 lamenelTes particularly require turn- 
 ing out to grafs, where the mufcles 
 or tendons are contra61ed or fhrunk: 
 for by the continual gentle exercife 
 in the field, with the affiftance of a 
 pattin fhoe on the oppofite foot, the 
 fhortened limb is kept on the ftretch; 
 the wafted parts are reftored to their 
 u'ual dimenhons, and the limb a- 
 gain recoveis its ufual tone and 
 ftrength. Where it can be done 
 conveniently, the pafturing them in 
 May and June is in general moft ad- 
 vifeanle,as the grafs in thofe months 
 is to be preferred, and the feafon is 
 !efs infected with flies and heat, 
 which ir^ July and Auguft are apt to 
 be very troul^lelbme, and frequently 
 fo teize and torment a ho:fe, that, 
 with ftair.ping and kickingjhis gour- 
 dinefs 
 
G R A 
 
 dinefs and wind galls will often ra- 
 ther be incresftd than diminifhed. 
 Gihfiris Difeafes of Horfes,and Bart- 
 let's Farriery. See Feeding of 
 Horfes, 
 
 GRAVELLING, an accident 
 that happens to a horfe in travelling, 
 when little gravel (tones, getting in 
 between the hoof and the (hoe, fettle 
 at the quick, and there fefter and 
 fret. The firft thing to be dore 
 in this cafe, is to get the (lones out : 
 but if you have not very good rea- 
 Ibn to believe your horfe gravilled 
 by pinching his fo'e, with a pair of 
 pinchers, do not tear up his foot. 
 
 After you have got out all the 
 gravel, which may be known by a 
 difcontinuation of the blacknefs, the 
 place may be healed by the green 
 ointment, which mull be applied 
 vjry warn;, or rather poured hot in- 
 to the grievance ; and afterwards, 
 fill the hollow part with fomething 
 of a more firm confillence, fuch as 
 black pitch, with a lifle turpentine 
 or the like. If the gravel lie deep, 
 or thro' the fole of the foot, then it 
 is lafeft and beft to draw the fole, 
 by which means you will prevent a 
 quitter-bone; and then apply tar 
 and turpentine warm, till a new 
 one be formed enough for the horfe 
 to travel upon. Sometimes, the 
 grievance proceeds ftili farther, and 
 afFe6fs the ceflin-bone, which is of 
 fo fott and fpungy a nature, that it 
 foon turns carious and roiten. 
 Therefore, if this be the cafe, which 
 though it cannot be difcovered till 
 the fole is drawn, yet it may be ea- 
 fily difcerned afterwards, in two 
 drefTings, by a continuation of the 
 blacknefs over againlt the hole. 
 Then, if the coffin-bone is tainted, 
 nothing exceeds the a6\ual cautery 
 or burning iion, contrived with a 
 point like a fugar loal j and, by dry- 
 ing the bone in this manner, and 
 the application of the following fpi- 
 
 G R E 
 
 ritous mixture, with the green oint- 
 ment ever ?.ll,the part may be cured. 
 The mixture is this, * Take 
 
 * tin6lure of myrrh abes, half an 
 
 * ounce ; tinflure of euphorbium, 
 
 * two diams. Mix,' Apply this, 
 by dipping a fmall dolTii of lint in 
 it to the decayed bone, without 
 wannis'.g, twice a day ; and the 
 green ointment over all, as already 
 dii lifted. Bracken's Farriery. 
 
 GRAY or Grey Colour . See 
 the article COLOUR, 
 
 GREASE, a fweiling and gour- 
 dinels of the leg?, which fiequently 
 happenirg to horfes after a journey, 
 mcft people have hitherto believed 
 their greafe to be melted by hard 
 riding, and fallen into their legs; 
 and that which may have probably- 
 given encouragement to this opinion 
 is, the colour of the matter iffuing 
 from the chinks and fores in thole 
 paits when they come to break, 
 fomewhat refembling the greafe, as 
 the fubliance of the legs is nervous 
 and fmewy, whereby the matter 
 
 'hich 
 
 comer, trom 
 
 thence is different 
 
 fiom that which is difchargtd from 
 the mufcularand fieOiyparts, where 
 the redncfs and texture of the blood 
 gives it a different colour and con- 
 liltency. Gibfon's Farrier's Guide. 
 
 The greafe fometimes proceeds 
 from a relaxation of the vefiels, and 
 fometimes from a vitiated blood. 
 In the former cafe, the cure depends 
 upon much about the lame treat- 
 ment, as when it is confequent to 
 the want of exercife. In the latter, 
 recourfe mu(t be had to internal me- 
 dicines accompmied with proper e- 
 vacu.uions. Should the grtafe be 
 an attendant on fome other diftern- 
 per, that difeafe muft be firll re- 
 moved before any remedy can take 
 effei5\ in regard of the greafe. If 
 the heels crack, and a matter ouze 
 out from them, apply for three or 
 four times the following poultice, 
 
 viz. 
 
vT?. * Take four ounces of garUc, 
 ^ boil it in a quart of ale giounds 
 
 * and half a pint of vinegar, till 
 
 * half is confumed : then take half 
 
 * a pound of honey, and three or 
 
 * four ounces of the ointment of 
 
 * marflimalktws or hog's lard, or 
 
 * goofe greafe; and with a fufficient 
 
 * quantity of rye meal, work it into 
 
 * the coniidence of a poultice.'' 
 This will foften and blunt the ftiarp 
 corrcfive particles the matter has 
 acquired ; and at the fame tune, by 
 promoting a dilcha-ge, will unload 
 the vefTels, and take down the fwel- 
 ling. Alter the ufe of this poultice, 
 apply the following linimnt, viz. 
 
 * Take an ounce oT romsn vitriol, 
 
 * and diiTolve in a pint of lime wa- 
 
 * ter. When diiTolved, add to it 
 
 * half a pint of train oil, two oun- 
 
 * ces of oil of turpentine, and half 
 
 * an ounce of verdigreafe in fine 
 
 * powder J mix, and make a lini- 
 
 * nient.' 
 
 Shc'uld this liniment not be fuf- 
 ficiently drying, let ule be made of 
 the following omtment. * Take red 
 
 * lead, and Venice turpentine, of 
 
 * each four onnces j an ovmce of ver- 
 
 * digreafe in Hne powder ; and make 
 
 * them int^ an ointment.' Should 
 the horfe be full of flefii; a rcv^el or 
 two will be proper after bleeding, 
 and the following gentle pnrge. 
 
 * Take an ounce of aloes, a dram 
 
 * of jalap, two drams of crocus me- 
 
 * tallorum, an ounce of cream of 
 
 * tartar, and thirty or forty drops 
 
 * of oil of annifeeds; let thele be 
 
 * made into a ball with fyrup of 
 
 * buckthorn.' 
 
 After this purge^ two or three 
 dofes of the diuretic balls would be 
 advifeable as they would thin the 
 blood and huinour?, and break 
 through the minutell ohltru6tions. 
 It would be a great relief to a horfe 
 afP.ifled with the greafe, to let him 
 run out in a paddock. But if no 
 
 G R E 
 
 fuch convenience Is to be had, ^ 
 large wide ftall would ftill be of fome 
 fervice, though in reality afaltmarfli 
 would be the mioft beneficial expe- 
 dient in this cafe. Should the greafe 
 proceed from a ifate of poverty, the 
 blood being languid and the muf- 
 cular force not flrong enough to 
 pufti on the fluids, in that cafe ail 
 evacuations are hurtful, and all the 
 refource one can have, is to mend 
 the feed, and let the exercife be gen- 
 tle. The legs will fometimes fwe'.l 
 after a hard journey, which a li'tle 
 reft and m.oderate exercife ieldoai 
 fail to remedy. / 
 
 Diuretic balls for the Grease. 
 
 * Take fal prunella, and nitre, of 
 
 * each four ounces ; half a pound of 
 
 * ftone brimflone finely powdered ; 
 
 * two ounces of cinnabar of antimo- 
 
 * ny, or crocus metallorum ; a. 
 ' pound of caflile foap ; and one 
 
 * ounce of balfam offulphur; let 
 
 * thefe be made into a pafte, and the 
 
 * quantity of a fmall hen's egg of it 
 
 * formed into two balls be given in 
 
 * a morning on an empty ftomach, 
 
 * the horie fafting two hours after. V 
 Then let him be walked out for the 
 fpace of tvi-o hours ; and when he 
 is out, let him be watered a little at 
 a time and often. After this livef 
 of antimony given him for fome 
 time will attenuate the blood and 
 humours, and render them fit for 
 paflingthrough their refpe61ivedu6ts. 
 Wood's Treatife of Farriery. 
 
 For the treatment ot Icrafche?, 
 crown- fcabs, rat tails, &c. the con- 
 comitants of the greafe : See the ar- 
 ticle Scratches, &c. 
 
 Grease Melt&d. Seethe article 
 Molten Grease. 
 
 GREEN OINTMENT, a me- 
 dicine ufed in the cure of horfes, 
 whereof there are feveral forts. One. 
 is made as follows. * Take rofiif 
 ' and yellow wax, of each the quan - 
 * tity of a \A'alnut j and leaving 
 < mfclted 
 
G R O 
 
 * melted them, add half a pouRd of 
 
 * dried hog's greafe, and a fpoon- 
 
 * ful of common honey : this mix- 
 
 * ture being well melted and ftined 
 
 * together, add half a pound of tur- 
 
 * pontine ; and this being dilTolvcd, 
 
 * remove the mixture from ofFthe fire, 
 
 * andput in a cunceofveidigreafe in 
 
 * fine powder, and ftir all together. 
 
 * Then putting the veflel again up- 
 
 * on the fire, till the matter begins 
 
 * to fimmer, take it off, and ftiain 
 
 * it through a cloth, and keep it 
 
 * forufe.' Thi? oinment is of ad- 
 mirable efficacy in cleanfing w( unds, 
 eating away proud andfpungy fleffi, 
 and extrafling thorns, fpiinter', 
 nails, &c. out of the fiefli. Di6i. 
 Ruji. 
 
 GRIPES, orCHOLic. Seethe 
 article Cholic. 
 
 GROOM, a man who looks af- 
 ter hor'es, or a fervant appointed to 
 attend on horfes in the Stabie, Sec. 
 
 A groom fhould demean himfelf 
 after fo gentle and kind a manner 
 towards the horfes under his care, 
 as to engage them to love him : for 
 a horfe of all other brutes is reckoned 
 the fondeft creature of man, and in 
 all refpefis the moft obedient. 
 Therefore, if he is treated gently, 
 his kindnefs will be reciprocal} and 
 if the groom be harffi and choleric, 
 the horCe will become rebellious and 
 Jearn to bite and kick. For this 
 reafon, the groom Aiould frequently 
 dally, toy, and play with the hor- 
 fes under h!s care 5 leading them 
 out into the funfhine, running with 
 them, and fhowing them all the di • 
 vertifements in his power. He muft 
 alfo duly curry, comb, and drefs 
 them ; wipe away the diilr, pick 
 and clean them j feed, pamper, 
 and cherifh them ? and conftantly 
 employ himfeif in doing fomething 
 about them, as looking to their heels, 
 taking up their feet, rubbing upon 
 the foles, &c. Nay the groom 
 fliould keep his horfe fo well dielt, 
 
 G U KT 
 
 that he may almoft fee his own face 
 in his coat ; he fliould likewiie keep 
 his feet Itopped and anointed con- 
 ftantly, his heels free fiom fcratches 
 snd other forancesj and fhould al- 
 ways have a watchful eye over him, 
 looking upon him feeding and drink- 
 ing, that lo no inward infirmity 
 may feize him, but what he fhall 
 difcover and endeavour to cure. 
 The qualifications neceffary in a 
 groom are obedience, fidelity, pati- 
 ence, diligence, &c. Anoiherqua- 
 lity nccefTary to a groom i? neatoefs, 
 fo as ro keep his itahle clean fwept, 
 and in order ; as alfo to keep the 
 faddles, houfmgs, cloths, ftirups, 
 leathers and girths clean drefTed ami 
 rubbed. This is the fubltance of 
 the duty of a gioom in general, 
 Dia. Rufj. 
 
 The proper weic;ht of a srroom, 
 according to Y>\\^Brad:ef7,^[ho\\\d. 
 be only about eight or nme ftone 
 vveight, 
 
 GROUND, in the manage. See 
 the article Terrain, 
 
 GULLET, in anatomy. See 
 Stomach. 
 
 GUN- SHOT- WOUNDS are of- 
 ten the niolicompli-ated of all oihej^s, 
 whereby nor only the fleHi is wound- 
 ed, but the bones are alfo frequently 
 broken, or fplintetied, attended with 
 contufion and many ether bad and 
 dangerous fymptoms; as hsemoirhag- 
 es of blood, when the larger blood- 
 veffels are lacerated and torn; tacti'- 
 five pain and inflammation, when 
 bullets or other extraneous matter 
 happen lb to be lodged on the nervous 
 parts, as they cannot be eafily remov- 
 ed; or when the bones are very niuch 
 fplirtered, whereby theflrfh'is con- 
 tinually pricked 'nnd ffinuilated, 
 wiiich IS often followed with a fever, 
 convulfions, and femetimes with 
 gsngrene and mortificatiop. Cih- 
 fens Difcafes of Horfc:, See the 
 
 ^ Gun- 
 
GUN 
 
 Gun-fnot wounds are diftlnguifh- 
 e\ by ih-rir rituation, fize,and figure: 
 Tonic: are very dangerous ; feme al- 
 together' incurable, when they hap- 
 pen to penetrate the brain, or other 
 robie parts; and ihofe wliich (hatter 
 the liiiihs of a hoile may alio be 
 looked upon as incurable, fince a 
 horle in th^t con»iition is able to 
 yiehi no further fervice. Their fize 
 and figure depend upon the inltru- 
 ment wherewnh they are irfl 6leJ, 
 and alfo render the cure more or 
 Ifcfs certain : for a frnall wound is 
 rnore eafily cured than one that is 
 large ; aid a wound that is circu- 
 lar, made with a bullet, than one 
 which is ragged and torn : luch as 
 foiv.ctimes happen by ipiints, pieces 
 o* iron, ftones, &:c. but however 
 they differ in thefe refptfls, they 
 are all of them accompanied with 
 lo s of fubftance, contuhon, and 
 brulfing of the part; and for this 
 rcaibn no wounds m^debv fire amis 
 ai e liable to foch great liaMncrrhagts 
 of blood, as thole made by a (Irrrp 
 and cutting inlliuiuent. Gibfons 
 Farrier's Guide. 
 
 The fiift thing to be attempted 
 in gun fljot wounds is to extract 
 the ball, if the lame be lodged lo 
 as fafely to come at it 5 and in or- 
 der to this, the hcrfe fhou'.d be put 
 in the very fame poliure he was in 
 when he leoeived it, otherwife, it 
 will be impofTible to extract it, by 
 reafon of the htllying out of the 
 mufclfcs ; and befides, this opera- 
 tion ftiorld be done as foon as pcfli- 
 ble, or the ball will Jail by its own 
 weight, by the motion of its parts ; 
 irifbmuch that it can no wife be laid 
 hold of. The inliiument for ex- 
 tra(^!ng balls, or other foreign bo- 
 dies out of deep wounds, is a hollow 
 pipe, or long cannula, which con- 
 tains afmall piece of (ttel,wiih a kind 
 o* (harp fcrew at the end, made in 
 the manner o that we laife tlie Icull 
 
 GUN 
 
 with when deprelTed, and when yoti 
 touch the ball with ihe end of the 
 fmooth cannula, youtur\i forwards 
 the fcrew, and io txtrafi the ball, 
 pieces of ragg";, &c. Bracken s Farr. 
 Sometimes exliatting the bniltt 
 is imprafticable ; as it may be lodg- 
 ed within the cavity ot the body, 
 and in the thick fiefliy parts, where 
 the bringing it out is by no means to 
 be attempttd j and fometimes, after 
 feveral years habitation, bullets <all 
 more ou^warcis, and upon parts of 
 more (lender fcbllance, and -re caft 
 out by impollhumaiions, or brought 
 away by incifion. 
 
 The next thing to be done in the 
 cure of gun-fhot wounds is to bring 
 them to a good and laudable digel- 
 tion, that they may caft off the 
 iTiortified flefli ; to efFeOuate which, 
 nothing can be better than the com- 
 mon digertive, with afmall mixture 
 of oil of rofes poured into it every 
 day ; let the wound be alfo often 
 clca<ifed with fpirit of wine j and all 
 the hot and irtinmed parts about it 
 bathed with the fime. When the 
 infl-immation is veiy great, and like 
 to be attended with a (ever, a mo- 
 derate quantity of blood may be 
 taken; laxative glyfters admimller- 
 ed ; and a poultice applied of bar* 
 ley flour, fenugreek meal, and lin- 
 fred meal, boiled in milk, till it be 
 thick ; and a fufficient quantity of 
 ointment of maifhmallows, to make 
 it moilt j adding alio an ounce of 
 camphire powdered to eveiy por- 
 ringer full of poultice. This miy 
 be applied hot twice a day over the 
 inflmimation, putting omy a veiy 
 (hort and foft tent into the orifice. 
 But if the hrge veflels be woundf-d, 
 and fend forth an iminodeiate flux 
 oi blood, in that ca!e, the firlt dtel- 
 fing may be made with a ibtt-tent 
 dipt in a fo'ution of Ityp ic powder ; 
 and if the w^uii d penetrate thiough 
 any membtr, boih orifices in nil be 
 dielVed 
 
GUT 
 
 cireflecl alike. If the wound be a- 
 mong tlie ftnews, or other nervous 
 parts, oil of turpeniiiie mixt with 
 the common digeftive may be ap- 
 plied to it, bithing it row and then 
 with camphorated f^iut of wine. 
 Wi'.h rrij.ecl to bai.il-ge?, no gun- 
 fliot wound can bear any, faither 
 than to keep on the diclTings, litl 
 the e'irar and mortified parts are dif- 
 charged. 
 
 All greafy dreHlngs ought to be 
 avoided in gun-flu-t wounds, a^ 
 th<: V are apt to breed fungous proud 
 fleth ; but the ufe of turpentine, mx- 
 ed with honey or the >olks of eggs, 
 bathing the part w'th rectified Ipi- 
 jfrs, is fhe inoft file and efficaccus; 
 and it pr* ud flefh arife. it may be 
 ftrewed with ^v-ecipitate fi-^ely pow- 
 derc(^, or dreffed wich lint dip|.»ed 
 in vitriol -water, wrung out diy, 
 and applied to it. l\ the wound 
 tu«T»s to an ulcer, which frequently 
 happens in gun-fhot wound , ahout 
 the joints and hnews, it ir.ud be 
 treated accordingly, as direiitd un- 
 der the article Ulcer.. Gibfons 
 Farrier's Guide, 
 
 GUTo arr, according to Ruin! 
 and Sinpe, fix in number, viz. the 
 fmall gut, the coe:nm or blind gut, 
 the thr e colons, and the ftteight 
 gut. The fm^ll gut (vAhichiua 
 man is divided into thiee, to Wit, 
 the duocienuin, jejunum, and ilion, 
 from its feveial -cirtu-nvolu ions) 
 is m a hole reckoned to be abcut 
 twen y (ix yards in length, and is 
 in all its turnings fixed to the rae- 
 fenterv. The llcmacli emptie;^ its 
 aliment into this gut, which is I'ur- 
 rifhed wiih an infinue number of 
 milky veffels, called la^eal^, that 
 leceive the finer p'-rtions of the ali- 
 ment, which being conveyed by 
 tliefe little conduitsacrofs the melen- 
 tery to one common receptacle, af- 
 cendupwards along the rpiiie,through 
 3 pretty large channel, which is cai- 
 
 G U T 
 
 led the thoracic du51 ; andfrom thence 
 into the veins, and is incorporated 
 with the blood. The coaiier part 
 of the food by a periftaltic or ver- 
 mi' u'.ar motion, which is comn.oa 
 to ai! the guts, falis downw:?njs, 
 and is dilcliarged in ex. remen'. 
 Ihere are in ihis gut, betid-cs the 
 vefle's it has in conimcn with the 
 relt, twodufls, which open into it, 
 the one fioin the liver and the ether 
 from the fweet-bread, each of which . 
 fends in a juice th?.t contri' utes to 
 the refinement of ihe aliment, &c. 
 
 The blind gut, which in man is 
 not much bigger than a goole quiil 
 or a common earth-woim, in a horfe 
 is pretty hrge, and of a triangular 
 ftiape, and feems only like a valve 
 to retain the aliment, that it n ay 
 not pafs too haliiiy downwards into 
 the other gut"?, betoie the body has 
 received its proper nourirument 'rom 
 it. The three co'ons are divided 
 by two fm^I! neck^, of ahout h If a 
 yard in length each. This gut is 
 di awn up into fcveral faccvili or 
 pur'es, by two ligaments, one of 
 which runs along the upper fide, and 
 another along the under fide, which 
 with a valve at ihe enrranre, ferve 
 alfo to detain the aliment until the 
 n\itritious juices are whody extra-R- 
 ed from it. The colons reach to 
 the ffreight gut, which is fo calUd, 
 becaufe it goes in a (Ircight bne, 
 without any circumvolution or turn- 
 ing, along the infide of the back to 
 the fundament, and is criy about 
 half a yard or little more" in length. 
 Its coats are confideia-'ly thicker 
 than the coats of the oih-r guts \ its 
 middlerr.oft being very fiefliy and 
 mufcular ; at its extremity there is 
 a (phincter which dii'stes ititli fur the 
 evacuation of the excrement!-, and 
 keeps it ccnrraiSfed or fliut up ^t a!f 
 oilier time'. Ail the guts are hned 
 with a mucus that pieferves thenv 
 from being huit by the loughnefs of 
 
 K z " their 
 
GUT 
 
 their food, or the acrimony of fliarp 
 humours. They have ahb feveral 
 Imall g!?nJs or kernels, th?t lepa 
 rate continual fupplies ot moilture, 
 though thvfe are io Imall, that ihey 
 are fcarce to be perceived even in a 
 horie, except ab:~.nt the extremity 
 o' the ftreight or great g,"t. See the 
 article Mesentery. Gibfon's Far- 
 rier's Guide-, and Difeafe: ofHorfes. 
 GUTTA-Serena a kind of 
 biindnefs, where the fye looks clear 
 and tranipairnt without any v:fi. le 
 blemifh or defe^l. A gntta-lerena 
 moft commonly is derived ♦rem an 
 obllru6lion gradually formed in the 
 arteries of ihe Retina, by a fizy 
 blood. Hence the rays oi light, 
 vvhicn fhould paint the imager of 
 obje6\s on ihe bottom of the eye, 
 falling on thefe di ate 1 blood-veflels, 
 produce no effefl, wh ch is the caufe 
 of the fight's being either diminifhed, 
 or intirely loft, according to the de- 
 gree of the ob(lru6lion. Sometimes 
 thi? difeale is owing to a paralytic 
 ftate of the nerves of this fame mem- 
 brane, which deftroys their fenfib' I ity, 
 wh-reby the impulle of the corpuf-. 
 cles of light on the m is not fufticiefit 
 to make them tr inlinit obje^^s to the 
 b^^in. Howtver let this fpecies of 
 biindnefs proceed from wtiattver 
 caufe, it is vety difficult to cure, e- 
 ven in the b-ginning. The method 
 Mr. Bartlet prefcribes on this occa- 
 fion is thought a very rational one, 
 which iS; to let the hoife be bled, 
 
 GUT 
 
 and rowelled at proper intervals, 
 except the difeafe appears to be a 
 paralyfis of tl c nerve. Slvould the 
 horfe be feverifh he muft be treated 
 accordingly, and let him have for 
 three or four mornings running, 
 two drams ot calomel made into a 
 bail with conftrve of rolcs or honey 
 and flour ; and after that, the fol- 
 lowing pu:ge. 
 
 * Take an ounce of focotrine a- 
 
 * loes; (and fhould the horfe be 
 
 * hard to work upon, an additional 
 
 * quantity of two drams or four 
 
 * more) an ounce of cream of tayi 
 
 * tar, and forty drops of oil of an- 
 
 * nifceds. M^ke thee mto a ball 
 
 * with liquorice powder and fyirup 
 
 * of buckthorn.' Should the horfe 
 be grown no brtttr, four or five 
 days afterwards repeat the calomel, 
 and work It offm the lame manner. 
 
 If the eyes be not lunk,it would be 
 advifeabh, to t e up the temporal ar- 
 teries, which has been found fome- 
 times to be of fervice, though it 
 muft be owned, that there is Icarce 
 one horfe in a hundred whofe eyes 
 are ihus affefted that ever recovers 
 hiS fight, though he may not go 
 diicdly b.intf. After h;ivmg gone 
 thiough phyficing, it will be pro- 
 per to give half an ounce of liver of 
 aniimony, once a day, in the corti 
 for fome time, in order to thin the 
 blood, and break through the ob- 
 Itiuctions. Woodi Farriery, 
 
 H, 
 
H. 
 
 H A B 
 
 H A I 
 
 rj ABITS of horfes, 'whether good 
 *^ orhad. We find experimen- 
 tally, that brute creatures will con- 
 trail what we call habits, as well 
 as men ; and that theie may be im- 
 proved er amended as well as made 
 worfe. When the vicioufnefs of a 
 horfe proceeds from his natural dif- 
 pofition, it is eafy to gather fome 
 ligns of it from his countenance ; 
 yet the figns which authors have 
 given us about the temper of horfes, 
 proceeding from this or that colour, 
 is as erroneous as the doflrine of 
 temperaments, or humours, in hu- 
 man bodies of this or that complex- 
 ion. 
 
 The mod fure and certain way to 
 fatisfy yourfelf, whether the hoVfe 
 has any natural or acquired habits, 
 is trial. Among horfes, we find 
 fome brifk and a61ive, and of a 
 'quick apprehenfion, as well as le- 
 tentive memory, whilft others are 
 dull and fluggifhly ftupid. Some 
 are calm and gentle j others are 
 fierce and furious ; fome aie fkittifn 
 and fearlul ; others are refolute and 
 bold ; and laftlv, though a horfe 
 may be of an txcellent difpofition 
 and temper, yet he may be rendered 
 quite the reverfe by falling into had 
 hands ; and it may be a very diffi- 
 cult matter to remove fuch bad ha- 
 bits acquired from the careleffnefs 
 cr want of underftanding in the 
 owner or keeper. It is evident with 
 refpe6t to horfes as well as men, 
 that their tempers alter with their 
 years. It has been obferved by for- 
 
 mer authors, that colts have been af- 
 fected in their tempers by the paf- 
 tures they go in ; as that pafture 
 which produces long and four grafs 
 inclines a colt to (luggirnners j and 
 one that is more fwect and airy 
 makes him giow more lively ar.4 
 mettlefome in proportion to his fize 
 and lineage. 
 
 The management or train'ng up 
 of colts lays a foundation for good or 
 bad habits, for there is nothing more 
 d fncult than to remove any habit 
 of a long ftanding, more elpecially 
 if fuch ha'.iit has been '"onti;a6led ear- 
 ly. Bracken's farriery. See CoLT, 
 Exercise, &c. 
 
 HEMORRHAGE, a fl-ix of 
 blood from any part of the body. 
 See the articles Bleeding, 
 Wounds, &rc. 
 
 HAIR. Every one knows that 
 the hair is not only a defence but 
 an ornament, efpcciaily to thofe fine 
 horfes that have good manes and 
 tails. The hair is thought to be 
 produced of moillure, and it may 
 be obferved, that it is thicker and 
 lies (moother in yourg horfes than 
 or> the old that have lefs moiftore, 
 and when the ilcin has been wourd- 
 ed, burnt or fcalded, fo as to alter its 
 texture-, by contrc^ing the fibres 
 into a fmocth glofTy fear or cicatrix, 
 the part e'ther rei^ains altogether 
 bare; or if any hair grows, it ge- 
 nersi'ly comes white, and not fo 
 ftrong and thick as on the other 
 paits that hive received no injury. 
 Cibfv7i's Difeafes of Horfes^ 
 
 K 3 Hair 
 
H A I 
 
 Hri'r falling oi- fhet'dlng from the 
 mane or tail of a lioi fe is cauied ei- 
 ther bv fome heat tsken that has 
 engendered a dry mange therein ; 
 or It proceeds tiom lome iurfeit 
 which caafes the bad humours to 
 refort to thoCe part-^. To cu;e tliis, 
 anoint the horie's mane and crell 
 with hlack foap ; makt- a ftrorg lee 
 of afli-arties, and wafli it all over 
 vviih it. But if a canker ftiould 
 grow on a hoifes tail, which w.ll 
 eat aw^y both flefli and bone, then 
 put ibme oil of vitriol to it, which 
 w.ll confume it ; and if you find the 
 vitriol corrodes too much, you need 
 only wet it with cold water, and it 
 will pi.t a (lop to it. Marhams 
 Majler Piece. 
 
 If you have a mind to take away 
 hair from any part o* a horfe's body, 
 rub it with the gum that grows on 
 the body of ivy, or the juice of fu- 
 mitory, that grows among barley ; 
 or boil half a pound of lime in a 
 quart of water, till a fourth part is 
 confimied, to which add an ounce 
 of orpiment, and lay a plalter on 
 any part of the horfe, and it will do 
 the bufinefs in a verv few hours. 
 
 In order to m?ke the hair of an 
 horfe fmooth, fleek, and foft, he 
 mud be kept warm at heart, for the 
 lealt inward cold will caufe the hair 
 to dare ; alfo fweat him oftm, for 
 that will I'oofen and raife the dull 
 and filth that renders his coat foul, 
 and when he is in the height of a 
 iWcat, fcrape off all' the white foam, 
 fweat, and fiUli that is raifed up 
 with an old fword blade ; and that 
 will lay his coat even and fmcoth } 
 and alfo vvhen he i<; b'oided, if you 
 jub him all over with his own blood, 
 and fo continue two or three days, 
 and curry and drels him well, it will 
 m k-r hi= coat ihine and look poliflied 
 as varnifh. Ruftic Did. 
 
 Fnle Hair is thofe parts of the 
 ikm that approach more to while 
 
 HAL 
 
 than the reft, being not of fo high a 
 tinge. Giiillet. 
 
 Staring Hair, or Planted 
 Coat, is faid of a horfe whole hair 
 bi ililes up or raifrs upright, which 
 diforJeris owing to his being ill cur- 
 ried, not well covered, or too cold- 
 ly houled. Guillet, 
 
 H ALBERT, in the manage, a 
 fmall piece of won, one inch broad 
 and three or four inches long, fol- 
 dered to the toe of a horfe's fhoe, 
 vv'hich Jets out before, to hmdtr a 
 lame horfe from refting or treading 
 upon bis toe. Thefe halbert fhoes 
 do of necefiity conrtrain a lame 
 horfe, when he goes at a moderate 
 pace, to tread or reft on his heel, 
 which lengthens and draws out the 
 back-fmew that was before in fome 
 meil'ure ftirunk. GuUlet. 
 
 HALTER ycr a horfe is a head- 
 ftali of Hungary leatlier, mounted 
 with one and fometimes two ftraps, 
 with a fecond throat-band, if the 
 horfe is apt to unhalter himfelf. 
 
 A horfe is faid to unhalter him- 
 felf that turns off the haher. If your 
 horfe is apt to unhalter himfelf, you 
 muft get him a halter with a throat- 
 band. 
 
 Strap or ftring of a halter (Jonge) 
 is a .cord or long ftrap of leather 
 made faft to the hcadftall, and to 
 the manger to tie the horfe. Do not 
 bridle your horie, till you fee if he 
 is haher-caft. Guillet. See TiCK, 
 and the next aiticle. 
 
 Halter -cast is an excori- 
 ation of the paftern, occafioned by 
 the halter's being entangled about 
 th? foot upon the horfe''s endeavour- 
 ing to rub his neck with his hinder 
 feet. For the cure of this, take lin- 
 (ttd oil and brandy, of each an e- 
 qual quantity ; (hake them together 
 in a glafs till they are well mixed, 
 and anoint the part affected morning 
 and evening; having firft dipt away 
 the hair j but take care to ktep the 
 foot 
 
HAL 
 
 foot v6ry clean. Another eafy re- 
 medy is, to take oil and wine, of 
 each an equal quantity ; boil them 
 together till the wme be evapoiated, 
 and apply the remainder of the oil 
 once a day to the part, whi^h will 
 be quickly healed. Rujiic Di^. 
 
 To cu e the tetlofk of a horfe 
 that is call in his haher, Capt. Hur- 
 don pielcrihcs to apply the following 
 poultice leptrated, ' •^oil turnep toos, 
 
 * or tuneps thtmlelves, till they are 
 
 * tender i tquetz^^ out the w -ter, ai d 
 
 * chop them in a wocden bowl with 
 
 * two ci three ounces of h. g's lard 
 
 * or butter j put this poultice into a 
 
 * cloth, and tie his foot in it all 
 
 * night as hot as you can.' Thefe 
 accidents might be greatly prevent- 
 ed by faftening a block of wood at 
 the end of tne l:a!ter. 
 
 HALTING, in a horfe, is an 
 inegulaiiiy in the motion of a horfe, 
 arifing from a iamenefs or other in- 
 jury in the (lioulder, leg, or foot, 
 Nvhi~h leads him to Ipare the part, or 
 u(e it too nmoroufly. Haltmg in a 
 boife happens lomttimes before, and 
 fometirnes behind ; if it be belore, 
 the ailment mult nccefTarily be in 
 the fhoulder, knee, partem, flank, 
 or foot. If it be in the fhoulder, 
 it muft be toward the withers, or 
 the pitch of the fhoulder, and this 
 may bt known, in that he will a 
 little draw his leg after him, and 
 rot uie it lb nirhbly as he does the 
 ether. 
 
 If he cad it more outward than 
 the other in going, it is a lign of 
 Iamenefs, and that the caufe lies in 
 the fhoulder j the rider fliovild then 
 take him in his hand, and turn him 
 ihort, ill ft one way, and then the 
 othei,and it will be eafily feen which 
 flinilder the pain is in, and he will 
 either favour that leg, or trip in the 
 turning. The Iamenefs may be fcen 
 in hin) alio while ftanding in the 
 liable, for he will there hold the 
 
 HAM 
 
 lame leg out more than the other. 
 If he is worft when the rider is oa 
 his back, it is a Hgn that the com- 
 plaint is in the withers, and this 
 may he foon tried, by prefling down 
 the faddle, and pinching him in that 
 part! for if this he the cafe, he will 
 flinch at it, and probably he will of- 
 fer to bite. 
 
 If the complaint be feated in the 
 knee, the only way of making this 
 out, i"? in the going, for he will be 
 feen to be (tiff of tnis, and not to 
 mcve it !o freely as the other. 
 
 If the comphint be in the fl^nk, 
 or fhin bene, it may be feen, or 
 felt, being a back fmew-ftiain, fpiin- 
 ter, or the like. If in the bending 
 of the knee, it is a malander, and 
 that al(o is eafily difcovered. When 
 the pailern, or lower joint, is affeft* 
 cd, it will be ieen by his not bending 
 it lb freely a=; the other, and gene- 
 rally, \\ the hand be laid upon the 
 place, it will be found to be very hot. 
 If the compliint be in the foot, 
 it mud be fitu.Ued either in the co- 
 ronet oriole, and, if in the coronet, 
 it probably came by ibme ftrain or 
 wrench. If it be in the hoof, by 
 fome over reach or diftemper in or 
 about the frulh. If it be in the fole, 
 it probably ariies from fome nail or 
 prick. 
 
 Thefe are the methods of judging 
 of the caufe of a horlc*s halting, ard 
 that often leads very direffiy to the 
 cure, when a great deal of time and 
 coft might otherwife be thrown a- 
 way in applying remedies, as has 
 often been done to a p^rt a yard or 
 more diltant from the feat of the dif* 
 order. Rujlic DiSi. 
 
 The lurelt way to know if a horfe 
 halts is to make him trot along a 
 paved ft reet or caufey in one's hand, 
 SolleyfelL 
 
 HAM, or Woven of a horfe^ is 
 the ply or bending of the hin«.j-ieg«, 
 comprehending a!fo the point be- 
 K 4 hind 
 
HAN 
 
 hind ana oppofite to the ply, called 
 the hock. The hams of a horfc 
 fhould be large, full, and not much 
 bonded, as alio difcharged of flefh, 
 nervous, fupple, and dry : oiher- 
 wife they will be fubjet^ to many 
 jmperFefiions, as the capalet, curb, 
 jardan, felander, fpavin, varifle, 
 vefli^non, &c. See the articles Ca- 
 PmLET, &c. Solleyfell and Ruflic 
 
 Dia, 
 
 HAND, in the manage, is the 
 meafure of a nit clenched, by which 
 we compute the height of a horfe. 
 The French call it painne. A horfe 
 of war fiiould be fixteen or eighteen 
 hands high. 
 
 Spur-hand, or fword-hand, is the 
 horfe man's right hand. 
 
 Bridle-hand is the horfeman's left 
 hand. There are feveral exprefTions 
 which relate to the bridle-hand, be- 
 ^ caufe that hand gives motion to the 
 bit mouth, and ferves to guide the 
 horfe much better than the other 
 helps. 
 
 A horfeman ought to hold his 
 bridle hand two or three fingers a- 
 bove the pommel of the faddle. This 
 hoifeman has no hand, that is, he 
 does not m?ke ufe of the bridle, but 
 unfeafonably, and does not know 
 how to give the aids or helps of the 
 hand with due nicety. To keep a 
 horfe upon the hand, is to feel 
 him in the ftay upon the hand, and 
 to be prepared to avoid any furprizal 
 or difappointment from the horfe. 
 A horfe is faid to be, or reft, upon 
 the hand, ih^t never refufes, but 
 always obeys and anfv/ers the effe61t 
 of the hand, and knows the hand. 
 
 To m'^ke a horie right upon the 
 hand, and free in the (tay, he muft 
 be taught to i<now the hand by de- 
 grees and gentle methods : the horfe- 
 m;in muft tuinhim or change handsj 
 (lop him, and manage with dexte- 
 rity the appui or prelTure of his 
 mouth, fo as to make him fufter 
 
 HAN 
 
 chearfuUy, and freely the effcft of 
 the bit- mouth, without refifting or 
 refting heavy upon the hand. 
 
 The (hort, or hand- gallop, teaches 
 the horfe to be right upon the hand. 
 
 A light hand, A horfeman fhould 
 have a light hand, that is, he ought 
 only to feel the horfe upon his hand, 
 in order to refill him, when he at- 
 tempts to flip from it ; he ought in- 
 ftead of cleaving to the bridle, to 
 lower it as foon as he has made re- 
 filtance. If a horfe, through an o- 
 verbearing eagernefs to go forward, 
 prefles too much upon the hand, 
 you ought to flack your hand at 
 certain times, and keep a hard hand 
 at other times, and fo difappoint the 
 horfe of prefTmg continually upon 
 the bit. Now this facility, or liberty 
 in the horfeman, of flacking and 
 itifFening the hand, is what we call 
 a good hand. 
 
 To flack or eafe the hand is to 
 flacken ihe bridle. To hold up, or 
 fuftain the hand, is to pull the bridle 
 in. To guide a horfe by the hard, 
 is to turn or change hands upon one 
 tread, 
 
 A horfe is faid to force the hand, 
 when he does not fear the bridle, 
 but runs away in fpite of the horfe- 
 man. To make a horfe part from 
 the hand, or fuifer him to flip from 
 the hand, is to put on at full fpeedi 
 To make a horfe part right from 
 the hand, he fliould not put himfelf 
 upon his back or reins, but bring 
 down his hips. 
 
 All hands, A horfe that turns upon 
 all hsHids upon a walk, trot, or 
 gallop. 
 
 To work a horfe upon the hand 
 is to manage him by the efFe6l of 
 the bridle, without interpofmg any 
 other helps, excepting thofe of tha 
 calves of the legs upon occafion. 
 
 fore-hand nnd Htnd-ha7id of an 
 horfe, is an exprefTion diltinguifliing 
 the parts of a horfe as divided into 
 
 the 
 
H A U 
 
 the fore and hind parts, by the iitu- 
 ation of a hoiieman's hand. The 
 parts of the fore- hand are the head 
 and neck, and the fore quarters. 
 Thofe of the hind hand include ail 
 the other p3rts of his body. Guilht. 
 
 Hand-High, is a term ufed 
 jn horfemanfhip, and is peculiar to 
 theEnglifti nation, who mea'ure the 
 height or tailnefs of their hori'es, by 
 hands, beginning with the heel, 
 and meafuring upwards to the high- 
 e(t hair upon the withers. A hand 
 is four inches. Ruftic DiSi. 
 
 HARD -HORSE, in the ma- 
 nage, 13 one that is infenfible of 
 whip or fpur. Guilkt, 
 
 HARNESS, all the accoutre- 
 ments of an armed horfeman ] alfo 
 all manner of trappings, furniture, 
 collai-s, &c. fitted to horfes, or o- 
 ther beads for drawing. Riijfic Di6i, 
 
 H A R N E s s-G ALLS. Some- 
 times the breads of coach -horfes are 
 galled by the harnefs, or rife in hard 
 bunches efpecially in rainy weather. 
 To cure this, firft fhave off the hair 
 about the fore very clofe, and rub the 
 whole bread with a lather of water 
 and black-foap ; then wafh that part 
 of the bread which is ufually cover- 
 ed with the petrel, with fait water j 
 fuffering it to dry of iffelf. If the 
 hardnefs of any pait of the harnefs 
 occafions the galling, take it away, 
 or cover it with little boUters, Ruftic 
 Dia. 
 
 HASTE, or Quicken jc«r 
 hand, in the manage, an exprtlFion 
 frequently ufed by the riding mader, 
 when a fcholar works a horfe upon 
 volts, and the mader has a mind he 
 /hould turn his hand quicker to the 
 fide on which the horfe woiks, To 
 that if the horfe works to the right, 
 he turns quicker wiih his flioulders 
 to the right. And the like is ob- 
 ferved if he works to the left. Gziillet. 
 
 HAUNCH or Hip of a hoHe, 
 tfjfit part of the hind quarter, winch 
 4 
 
 H AU 
 
 extends from the reins to the Itougll 
 or ham. 
 
 The haunches of a horfe are too 
 long, if, when danding in the da- 
 ble, he limps with his hind legs far- 
 ther back than he ought, and that 
 the top or onfet of his tail does not 
 anfwer in a perpendicular line to the 
 tip of his hocks ; as it always does 
 in horfes whofe haunches are of a 
 jud length. 
 
 There are fome horfes, which tho* 
 they have too long haunches yet 
 commonly walk well : fuch are good 
 to climb hills : but to ballance that, 
 they are no wife fure upon a defcent j 
 for they cannot ply their hams, and 
 they never gallop (lowly, but almoft 
 at full fpeed. SoUeyfelU 
 
 The art of riding the great horfe, 
 has hot a more neceflary IcfTon than 
 that of putting a horfe upon his 
 haunches j which in other terms, is 
 called coupling him well, or put- 
 ting him well together, or compaf^. 
 
 A horfe that cannot bend and 
 lower his hips, throws himfelf too 
 much upon his flioulders, and lies 
 heavy upon the bridle. 
 
 A horfe is faid to be throughly 
 managed, when he bears well upon 
 the hand, knows the heels, and fits 
 well upon his h'ps ; as, 
 
 This horfe has his haunches in 
 fuhjeftion, and falques very well j 
 for in making his falquades, he 
 holds his haunches very low, and 
 bends admirably well. 
 
 To make a horfe bend his hips, 
 you mud frequently go backward, 
 and make ufe of the aids of the 
 hands, and of the calves of your 
 legs in giving him good dops ; and 
 if that does not Succeed, try him up- 
 on a calade or fioping ground, aftei* 
 the Italian fafliion. Hence they fay. 
 
 Your hor'e n.akes his hips ac- 
 company his dioulders fo well, that 
 he is perfe6tly right fet. See Put 
 upon 
 
HAW 
 
 VESSON, Falqitade. afid Feel. 
 
 To drag the haunches, is to 
 change the Itraclinsr foot in gallop- 
 ing. See Gallop-False, 
 
 Head in and hips in. See Head. 
 To gallop wiih the iiaunch in. See 
 Gallop AD E. Guilld. 
 
 Haw, a (Welling and fpiingi- 
 Bffs of the caruncle 3n<) flefhy lub- 
 ftance in the inner coiner of the eye, 
 next the nofe. The membrane to 
 which this I'vvelling adherer alio 
 grows thick, and iprcads itklf fo as 
 to cover a confideiahle part of the 
 eye, but feldonn reaches !o far as to 
 cover any part of the pupil. The li 
 gament that runs along the verge of 
 this membrane becomes horny oi like 
 a cartilage, and when it aiilcs to this 
 ftate, it binds and comprelTes the 
 eye ball like a hoop j and, by i's 
 continual prefTure, caufcs conltant 
 pain, and increafes all thofe bad 
 fymptoms that are the forerunners of 
 blindnefs. See MooN Blind. 
 
 Haws grow fometimes in eyes that 
 are not naturally bad, after furleits 
 anti cold, hut moon-blind horfcs in- 
 deed are (ddom without them j and 
 "wherever this fymptom appears, 
 that the haws grow large and ipungy 
 and dtr-rive a drain of liumours up- 
 on the eye, the operation becomes 
 necellary, and is performed by t;ik- 
 ing hold of the membrane with a 
 fmall hook, and cutting off fo much 
 of the caruncle as looks moift and 
 fpungv, with p^.rt o' the me.nbrane 
 and griltle thnt make a prcfTure on 
 the eye. Wh'-n this operation is 
 well performed, it doe? great fervice, 
 and often recovers horl'es that are not 
 fubje<5l to catarafl?. The operation 
 is eafy, and what almolt every far- 
 rier pretend? to, but the farriers are 
 apt to cut off too much of this fub- 
 ftance, and by that means weaken 
 the eye, and help on the biindnefs 
 
 HAY 
 
 inftead of preventing it. The pro- 
 per application, after cutting out the 
 haw, is honey of roies, or rather 
 tin6^ure of nfes, with a little honey 
 diifolved in iti But if the eye con- 
 tinue ftiil to abviund with moillure, 
 after the haw is extirpated, and 
 th.rer.tcns frefli fu«gules, the cafe 
 may be deemed bad ; and then it 
 will he r eceflary to blow into it a 
 fiuall quantity of burnt alum, and 
 fine loat fugar, equal pans, once cr 
 twice a day j or one part of white 
 vitriol, and two parts of fiigar \ and 
 in fome cafes, it may he touched with 
 the blue vitriol-ftorie, or the lunar 
 cauftic : but thefe violent fymptoms 
 fcldom happen, and. when they do, 
 we may fuppofe the blood to have a 
 very bad difpofition, fo that it will 
 hardly be worth while tp attempt a 
 cure, conlidering both ihe length of 
 time, and the uncertainly of fuc- 
 ccfs. Gibfons Difeafcs ofHorfts. 
 
 HAY, grafs cut and dried. See 
 the articles Grass, and Fefding 
 ofH:.rJcs. 
 
 As hay is fo material an article in 
 a horfc's diet, great care fhould fie 
 taken to procure the btft. It is well 
 known, that the hay which is hard, 
 of a pale green, and fulleft of the 
 herb and flower, is always to be 
 preferred to that which is foft, and 
 without flavour. New hay is never 
 reckoned fit for any but working 
 ho.les J for till hay has fweattd out 
 its fuperfluous mciiture, it abounds 
 with crude vifcid juices which are 
 hard ta digrfl ; and therefore may 
 caufe ficknefs, or breed impurities 
 in the blood. 
 
 Rye grafs hay is feldom given to 
 horfes, but in the months of Auguft 
 and September. 
 
 As for clover, either green or dry, 
 
 it is extremely furfeiting, unlel's it 
 
 be given fparingly, though moil. 
 
 horfes have a good relifti to it j and 
 
 whea 
 
H E A 
 
 when they are fuffered to eat much 
 of it often produce cholics and other 
 -diforders. 
 
 All kinds of hay fhculd be given 
 as frefti as pofTible from the Itark, 
 efpecialiy in winter, or in wet fea- 
 fons : for at fuch times even the be ft 
 hay will imbibe a great deal of 
 moifture, and loon turn foft and 
 niufty in the hay-loft. The fhort 
 hay is always the belt, being gene- 
 rally full of lietd, and needing no 
 preparation. Gibjons Difeafes of 
 Horfes. 
 
 HEAD of a horfe. The proper 
 containing paits ot the head are 
 reckoned to be thefe five, namely, the 
 mul<les, the pericranium, the perio- 
 fteum, the fcull, and the meninges, 
 or membranes contained within it. 
 
 The external parts of the head 
 are the eyes, the ears, the mouth, 
 and the nofe j each whereof are treat- 
 ed under their leCpe^five n^mes. 
 
 The difeafes of the head, or fuch 
 as are peculiar to the head alone, are 
 an apoplexy, a lethargy or lleeping 
 evil, an epilepfy, a paUey, or para- 
 lytic diforders, convulfionsand (tag- 
 gers, and head-ach. See the arti- 
 cles Apoplexy, &c. 
 
 Head, in the manaae. The 
 head of a harfe fhould be fmaii, 
 narrow, lean, and dry : every horfe 
 that has a large head is apt to reft 
 and loll upon t!)e bridle, and by 
 that means in a journey tire the hand 
 of the rider ; and befides, he can 
 never apper-rweli with a large head, 
 Ufilefs he has a long and well turned 
 neck: but the main po'nt with re- 
 gard to a horfe's head, is a good 
 onfet fo as to be able to bring it into 
 its natural fituation, which is that 
 all the fore part Irom the brow to the 
 nofe be perpendicular to the ground ; 
 fo that if a plummet were applied 
 thereto, it would juft raze or ftiave 
 it. SolleyfeU, and Riijiic Did. 
 
 H E A 
 
 Head of a horfe imports the afHcm 
 of his neck, and iheefic6i of the bridle 
 and the wi ill. This horfe plants his 
 head well, and obeys the hand ; 
 fuch a horfe refules to place his 
 head j he fhoots out his nofe, and 
 never refts right upon the hsnd j he 
 Itays too much or too little upon the 
 hand; fuch a horfe appears in a 
 gcod pciture j he carries his head 
 well. 
 
 To give a hos fe head. See the ar- 
 ticles ECHAPER, and Partir. 
 
 Head in, and liken/jfe tbe hips, is 
 a phrafe iniporting that you muft 
 paffage your hyrfe with his head and 
 croupe in. /'. e. work him fide-ways 
 upon two parallel lines, at flep or 
 trot, fo that when the horfe makes 
 his fhoulders mark a piile or tread, 
 at the fame time that his haunches 
 give the traft of another ; and the 
 horfe plying or bending his neck, 
 turns his head a little within the volt, 
 and fo looks upon the ground he is 
 to go over. Guillst. 
 
 Head-ach. This has had a 
 particular place among the difeafes 
 of the head, both by the phyficians 
 and the farriers in ail ages; the hit 
 have made no diltinclion, but the 
 phyficians havediiiinguifhed between 
 a head ach, which they term idia- 
 pathic, as it proceeds from a caufe 
 with..ut the blood-vtffels ; and thst 
 which they call fympathetic, being 
 the concomitant of fume other uif- 
 eafe : but our bufmefs heie is only 
 with the firft kind, fince the ether 
 is but a fymptom which nuift of 
 courfe v.'ear off with the difeafe to 
 which it belongs. 
 
 As to the Caufe, it Is believed to 
 proceed from a diftraflion of the 
 fibres of fome blood veffels in the 
 brain or niembranes thereof, occa- 
 fioned by fome of the fmalleit panj- 
 cies of the ferum being ft ruck info 
 the pores or iir.eiftices of the (aid 
 Vtffels 
 
HE A 
 
 VefTcls t5y the frequent occurllons of 
 the blood. 
 
 The figns are,accorc!ing to Mark- 
 ham, the hanging down of the 
 horfe's head and esirs, dropping of 
 his urine, dimnefs of i^ght, I'woln 
 waterifh eyes ; but thele are com- 
 mon to divers other difeafes ; and 
 we truly think that fuch a head-ach 
 cannot be eadly diftingulfhed in 
 brute creatures that want the faculty 
 of fpeech j and therefore cannot de- 
 clare their infirnfiities. But however, 
 if a horfe has fuch fymptoms with- 
 out a fever ; and if it be obferved 
 that he often puts his head againft 
 the ftall or manger, it will be very 
 proper to have recouife to fome re- 
 medy ! for which purpofe, we re- 
 commend bleeding, purging, and 
 Towelling ; as alio the ufe of the 
 chewing balls, &;c. Gibfotis Farri- 
 er s Guide. 
 
 HEALTH, fee the article Dis- 
 ease. 
 
 HEART, in an:^tomy, a muf- 
 cu'lous part of the body, contained 
 jn the thorax or cheft, wherein the 
 veins all terminate, and from which 
 all the arteries aiife ; and which, by 
 its alternate contra(^ions and dila- 
 tations, is the chief inftrument of 
 the circulation of the blood and the 
 principle of life. 
 
 This noble part is included in a 
 capfula or paunch, called the peri- 
 cardium , confining of a ftrong 
 membranous fubftance , inclofmg 
 the heart like a purfe ; and of ule 
 only to defend it from the friftions 
 of the lungs, and to contain a moi- 
 fture to keep it cool and render its 
 motion glib and eafy. The figure 
 of the heart is a rone, broad at bot- 
 tom and narrow at toj). In a horfe, 
 it is not fo large as in a bullock, nor 
 propcrtionably lb broad towards its 
 bafis. Its fibres are very compa6l 
 and laid clofe together, having a 
 twifted fpi;al direl\ion eipecfaHy to- 
 
 H E A 
 
 •wards its top, where it fomewhat 
 refembles the contoition of a fnairs 
 (hell. It is fixed to fome of the 
 vertebrae of the thorax, or rack 
 bones of the breaft, by the large 
 vefTeis that go to and from it. Its 
 point inclines a little downwards to- 
 wards the left fide, where it is re- 
 ceived into a depreflion of the left 
 lobe of the lungs, which perhaps 
 may be formed in the foetus by the 
 pofition of the heart, before the lungs 
 have been filled with air. The heart 
 is nourifhed and maintained by its 
 own proper vefTels called the coro- 
 nariae, in regard they furround its 
 whole fubftance like a crown or 
 garland. It has a middle partition 
 which divides it internally into two 
 ventricles or caverns, the left is 
 fmaller than the right, and its fides 
 much thicker; its office being Po 
 drive the blood to the moft diftant 
 parts of the body, whereas the right 
 ventricle detaches it only through the 
 lungs. Its infide has feveral fmail 
 chords or compares of fibres, call- 
 ed columnar carness, which refemble 
 the bundles of columns which we 
 perceive in Gothic buildings, anrd 
 help to comminute and break the 
 grolTer parts of the blood in the fre- 
 quent contraction of the heart. The 
 contraction and dilatation of the 
 heart is called its fyftole and diaftole. 
 The firft, when the vertex or top of 
 the heart is drawn down to its bafis, 
 to fend the blood into all parts ; and 
 the latter, when it opens and dilates 
 itfelf to receive the refluent blood. 
 
 The heart has its auricles, which 
 are fo called becaufe they refemble 
 two ears, and are feated at its bafis ; 
 one on each fide to receive the blood 
 at its entrance ; the right from the 
 afcendirg and defcending trunks of 
 the cava, and the left from the pul- 
 monary veins, by which it enters in 
 due portions ; and fo as it may 
 not rufh in with too much violence 
 
 and 
 
H E A 
 
 and in too great quantity, to inter- 
 rupt the regular a6lion ot the heart : 
 for when the auricles are full, the 
 heart is empty i and when the heart 
 is full, the auricles are empty. The 
 auricles, in their mechanifm and 
 ftru^ure, fomewhat refemble that 
 of the heart, only that they are chief- 
 ly membranous j whereas the heart 
 is altogether flefhy : for if it was ten- 
 dinous in any part, as moft other 
 mufcles are, it would be altogether 
 unfit for its office, When the two 
 trunks of the cava open into the 
 right auricle, there is a little emi- 
 nence or rifing which prevents the 
 blood of the aicending and defcend- 
 ing trunks fiom rufhing together, 
 and caufcs it to flip more gently in- 
 to the ventricle j and the coronary 
 veins likewife opening into its en- 
 trance, with the refluent blood from 
 the heart, may probably render this 
 the more neceflTiry. The large vef- 
 feis which empty the blood irto the 
 heart, and thofe which receive the 
 blood from it, have each of them 
 vaives, whereby the blood is for- 
 warded in its pafl'age, but cannot 
 return back the f^me way it came, 
 viz. the vena cava, which enters in- 
 to the right ventricle, has three, 
 called triculpides, being like fo ma- 
 ny points of a fpear or iaunce. Tbefe 
 point inwards, fo as to open a free 
 pafl'age for the blood into the right 
 ventricle of the heart. The pulmo- 
 nary artery, which receives the blood 
 from the fame ventricle into the 
 lungs, i-.as alfo three valves, called 
 figmoidia;, from thtir refembiance to 
 the Greek letter 2. Thefe look from 
 within outwards, by which they 
 binder the blood returning back a- 
 guin into the heart. The pulmo- 
 nary vein has two vslves called mi- 
 trales ; thefe have the fame cftice 
 as thofe of the cava above defcribcd, 
 being to hinder the blood returning 
 back again into the lungs j and the 
 
 H E A 
 
 valves of the aorta or great artery, 
 called femilunares, have the fame 
 office as thofe of the pulm.onary ar- 
 tery, viz. to prevent the blood, by 
 which it is detached into all the o- 
 ther parts of the body, from return- 
 ing back again into the heart. 
 
 The ufe of the heart is fufficiently 
 deducible from what has been al- 
 ready faid in its defcription ; the 
 heart being the vital fountain which 
 receives the blood from all the ri- 
 vulets of the body, and difpenfes 
 it back again through its proper 
 channels, for the fuppoit and nou- 
 rifliment of every part ; and for that 
 end, its ftru6lure is very different 
 from all other mufcles, eipecially 
 thofe that racve particular parts : 
 for as thefe are partly flefliy and 
 partly tendinous, or have their 
 flefliy fibres end in tendons of a 
 dofer contexture, the heart, on the 
 other hand, is altogether flefliy, and 
 made up of fibres lo exquifitely fine, 
 and fo clofely compacted together, 
 that it is by that means endowed 
 with all the force that is necefTary 
 for its function ; and its bafis is the 
 moft cotnpafl of all its other parts, 
 where probably its fibres have both 
 their origins and infertions in the 
 membranous coats of the large blood 
 vefl"els, to which it adheres ; rifing 
 fpirally upwards and turning agam 
 downwards arch-ways, in the like 
 direction over the ventricles, which 
 feem beft to correfpond with its di- 
 latation and contraction. But if 
 vre enquire by what means the heart 
 comes to be endowed with fuch a ca- 
 pacity of aflion, wherein we our- 
 felves have not he lead ftiare, we 
 mufl confefs our ignorance, and 
 afcribe this wonderful piece of me- 
 chanifm to the great author of na- 
 ture. 
 
 In the hearts of horfes that have 
 been opened, fometimes there hap- 
 pens, as in the human body, collec- 
 tions 
 
H E E 
 
 ftions of matter within the pericar- 
 dium. Sometimes polypufes in tlie 
 great vefTels ; and fbmetimes a mafs 
 of grealy fat efpecialiy in the left 
 ventricle. Gibfotis Difeafes ofHor- 
 fes. 
 
 Heart, in the manage. A 
 horfeot two hearts is faid ot a fciorfe 
 that works in the manage with con- 
 ftraint and irrelolution, and cannot 
 be brought to confent to it. Such 
 horfes are much of a piece with your 
 ramingues, or kickers againlt the 
 fpurs. Guilkt. 
 
 HEAVY, in the manage, A 
 horfe is faid to relt heavy upon the 
 hand, who through the fottnefs of 
 his neck, the weaknefs of his back, 
 the weight of his fore-quarters, or 
 through weaiinel?, throws himfelf 
 Dpun the bridle ; but withal with- 
 out making any lefiftance, or any 
 effort to force the horfeman's hand. 
 This fault is remedied, and the horfe 
 made light upon the hand, by Itop- 
 ping and making b.im go back fre- 
 qnently, if it proceeds only fiom 
 lazineis and iiiiffnels ; butifcaufed 
 by any defect in the bick, there is 
 no remedy for it. Giiillet. 
 
 HEEL cf a horfe is the loweft 
 hind part of the fo.t, comprehended 
 between the qnarters, and oppofite 
 to the toe. Quillet. 
 
 The hoof of a horfe fhould be 
 high and large, and one fide of it 
 Hiould not life higher upon the paf- 
 tern than the other. Solleyfell. 
 
 Greafy H^EL^, See the article 
 Grease. 
 
 Cracked He'E'Ls. See the article 
 Cracks. 
 
 Kibbed Heel. See Kibbed 
 Heel. 
 
 Narronv Heel, See Narrow. 
 
 Scabbed HEY.h^. See Scabbed 
 Heels. 
 
 Fur other difeafes of the heels, fee 
 the aitide Chops, Scratches, 
 
 HID 
 
 Heel of a horfe man, in the man*^ 
 age, the part that is armed with the 
 ipur, though the word heel is often 
 t-^ken tor thefpur itfelf. This horfe 
 underlfands the heels well j he 
 knows the heels ; he anfwers the 
 heels J he is very well upon the heels, 
 the meaning of all which is, that 
 the hore obeys the fpurs which in 
 efFe6t is flving fiom them. 
 
 To ride a hone up^-n the hand 
 and heels is to tnake him take the 
 aids of the hand and heels with a 
 tender fenle. . 
 
 To ride a horfe from the one heel 
 to the other, is to make him go fide- 
 ways ; fometimes to one heel, and- 
 fometimes to another, for inlfance, 
 having gone ten paces in fl} ing 
 from the right heel, yen make him 
 without ftoppmg go ft.ll fideways, 
 in flying the ielt heel, and fo on al- 
 ternately. 
 
 Inner Heel, and Outer Heel. 
 See In and Narrow. Gudlet, 
 
 HERBER isuled by farriers, to 
 denote an apjilication for fome dif- 
 eafes in horfes, particularly of the 
 head and the anticor. It confills 
 only of a piece of heiltbore-root, 
 vx'hich being put into the middle of 
 a hqife's counter, makes it fwell and 
 iuppuiate. Guillet. 
 
 HIDE > BOUND. A horfe is 
 faid to be hide bound, when his 
 fkin ftick> fo clofe to his ribs, that 
 it Teems iinmovp::b!e : but this is not 
 to be accounted an original di eale, 
 but only a fymptoin which may 
 either be cauled lor want of (ufRci- 
 ent food, or from hairafTmg horfts 
 beyond their (Irength, without al- 
 lowing them fufRcient time for reft 
 and necelfary retreflunents. Some- 
 times horfes grow hide-bound very 
 fuddenly, from fevers and convul- 
 fjve difordeis ; and if that fymptoni 
 is not iuddenly removed, the dif- 
 tempers that occafion it generally 
 ptove mortal : but Bothing is more 
 com- 
 
H I P 
 
 common than to fee furfeiterl horfes 
 alfo hide-bounii ; and theiefoie in 
 the cure of all hicie-hound hoilts, 
 regard mult be had to the original 
 dilttirp?r hoin whence it proceeds. 
 The diet or hide-bound horfes 
 fiiould be cool and optnmg, as 
 fcaided bran or bailey; and an 
 Gunce of fenugreek feed's fhould be 
 given in hi- feeds, for a month or 
 Jonger ; and as this dilb der otten 
 proceitds horn worms, give the me- 
 dicines nr-ccflTaiy in theie rnfes. See 
 the article Worms, Gibfon and 
 Barf let. 
 
 HIP, or Haunch. See the ar- 
 ticle Haunch. 
 
 Hip Gout, or Rheumatism. 
 See Rheumatism. 
 
 HiP-Shot, a diforder of a horfe, 
 when he has wrung cr iprained his 
 haunches or hips, ib as to relax the 
 ligaments that keep the bone in its 
 du'' place. See Sprain. 
 
 The'fions are, that the horfe will 
 halt much, and go fuieJong, trail- 
 ing his leg after him ; and the hip 
 whi.h is hurt wil] he lower than t' e 
 oihtr, and the fltfh wi 1 fall away 
 on the nde of his butto k. 
 
 In this diforiler Capt. Burdon 
 fiirc6ts to rub the hip with tl.e f> 1- 
 lowing ointment. * Mx two oun- 
 * ces of the oil of fpike with one 
 ' ounce or oil of fwailow!?.' Then 
 he direct-, to put a round rowel a- 
 bout three or ^our inches below the 
 large cavity which receives the head 
 ^cf the thith 1-one. When it begais 
 to digeit.iurn t!ie rowe! every morn- 
 ing. A'ter a week or fen days, you 
 may take it our, and keep th^ lips 
 of the wound nioiit wifh hog's lard, 
 t!»at it may hr-al jniooth. 
 
 Bit Di. Bracken remarks here, 
 that if the hip be out of jo-.nr, there 
 is little or no h' pes of coie, and a 
 .rowei is not of any Icrvi.e ; if it is 
 only fti'air.cd, he thinks the ciiing 
 wiii help to diiperk iht cca^uiaicd 
 
 H O O 
 
 or crufhed blood ; and that time 
 muft perte6l the cure, unlefs dif- 
 jointed. 
 
 HOCK. See the article Ham. 
 
 The hock is a part liable to hurts 
 and ftrains, but we meet with many 
 of them that are eafily cured when 
 taken in time, though they have been 
 very much (welled, only with fork- 
 ing them well with coolers and re- 
 peileis : but when the lisaments aie 
 hu! t, it caufes great weaknefs, and 
 Ibrnetimes the cure becomes difficult 
 enough : the furelt way in this cafe, 
 where there is great pain and weak- 
 nefs, is to ply the part well with 
 fomentations. If the callofity or 
 h^r<inefs grows only on t e outfide, 
 it may be eflc^iually removed by re- 
 peated bliftering, and without any 
 hazard : but if it is upon the in- 
 fide, it may be got out of the reach 
 of outward applications : the beft 
 remedy in this cafe is firing the part 
 very gently with Imall razes or lines, 
 and pretty dole together, after 
 which apply the following charge. 
 
 * Take the mercurial plaffer of the 
 ' fliops, four ounces ; Emphji. de 
 
 * cicuta cunt Anijnoniaco, two oun- 
 
 * ces ; let iheie b- melied down to- 
 
 * gether, and applied charge-ways 
 
 * over the hock, lenewing it once 
 
 * or tv7'ce as it crumbles off.* 
 Sometimts the difordersof the hocks 
 proiiuce the lallmdtis. See the ar- 
 ticle Sallenders. Gibfons Dif- 
 eafes cf Hcrfes. 
 
 HOLD, as a marc holds. See 
 the article Retain. 
 
 HOOF cfa hcr/Cj the horny part 
 which covers the foot. 
 
 Tlie hoofs are a bundle of hufka 
 which rover the papiilas pyramidales 
 oi theilcin on the extremities of the 
 feet, which diy, harden and fie 
 clofe, one upon another. Tl'ey are 
 without fcnle, that they n ay en- 
 dure travelling ainonii Itcnes an.l in 
 rough ways ; and like the nails of 
 men. 
 
H O O 
 
 rnen, are continually growing, by 
 •which means ihey may be pared or 
 cut as o'ten as they require it. 
 They adhere pretty clofe to 'he foot, 
 and are faftened to the coffin-bone 
 by a ligament that proceeds from 
 their root and furrounds it, below 
 the coronet, like a piece of tape, 
 which alio unites it to the coronet. 
 Underneath the hoofs are many 
 twigs of ntrves, tendons, and muf- 
 c!es, which take their courfe to the 
 bottom of the foot, and make that 
 flefhy fubftance thnt lies between the 
 Ib'.eand the coffin bone. Gib/on. 
 
 The hoof (hould be of a figure 
 very near round, and not longirti, 
 efpeciaily toward the heel : for 
 long feet are worth nothing. The 
 horn of the hoof Hiould be folid, 
 tough, high, fmooth, without any 
 circles, fomewhat fliining, of a dark 
 colour : for the white is commonly 
 brittle, and may be known by hav- 
 ing many pieces broke from the 
 horn round the foot: to be excel- 
 Jent, the horn fhould be of the co- 
 lour of a deer's hoofj and the whole 
 foot lound, but a little larger be- 
 low than above. SoUeyfell. 
 
 Difsafes ,&e. of the Hoo?. The 
 hoofs of a horle are either perfeft or 
 imperfe6i ; the former, but now de- 
 fcnbed, is fodifpofed, that the horfe 
 may tread more on the toe than the 
 heel, being alfo upright, and fume- 
 v?hat hollow on the inlide. 
 
 I. As for the imperfeft hoof, it 
 is that which wants any of the afore- 
 mentioned qualities, particularly, 
 if it he not round, but broad, and 
 fpreading out of the fides and quar- 
 ters ; that hor.'e, for the moft part, 
 ba<; narrow heels, and, in procefs 
 of time, will be flat- hoofed j nei- 
 ther will he carry a (hoe long, or 
 travel far, but foon furbate ; and by 
 treading more upon the heels than 
 on the toes, he will go low on the 
 paft erns, fo that his feet, thro' weak* 
 
 H O O 
 
 nefs, become fub]e6l to falfe qusr* 
 ters, gravelling, fsfr. 
 
 ^. Others are rugged, or brittJe- 
 hoofed: when the hoof is not fmooth, 
 and full of circles like rams horns, 
 it is not only unfeemly to the eye, 
 but even a fign that the foot is in no 
 good tempeir, but too hot and dry. 
 
 3. Some hoofs are long, which 
 caufe the horle to tread all upon the 
 heels, to go low in the pafterns, and 
 by that means to breed wind galls. 
 
 4. There are fome crocked hoofs, 
 broad on the outfide, and narrows 
 on the infide, whereby the hoi fe ia 
 fplay-footed ; this will oblige him 
 to tread more inward than outward, 
 and go fo clofe with his joints toge- 
 ther, that he cannot well travel 
 withoot interfering, or perhaps Itrik- 
 ing one leg fo hard againlt the othef 
 as to become lame ; but if it be 
 bread within, and narrow without, 
 that is not hurtful, yet it will ecca- 
 fion the hoife's gravelling mere on 
 the outfide than the infide. 
 
 5. Others have flat hoofs, and 
 not hollow within, which give riTg 
 to the inconveniencies above fpeci- 
 fied in the firft fort of imperfe6^ 
 hoofs ; but if it be over hollow, it 
 will dry the fafler, and make him 
 hoof-bound, fince the over-hollow 
 hoof is a (trait, narrow one, and 
 grows upright ; for tho' the horfe 
 treads upright, and not on his heels, 
 yet fuch kind of hoofs will dry over 
 faft, if not continually flopped, 
 Rujlic. DiSl, 
 
 The hoofs if too dry may be an- 
 ointed with the ointment made up 
 of bees wax. Sec. and recommended 
 in the cafe of narro-cv Heels ; or 
 they may be anointed with lard on- 
 ly. Some for this purpofe ufe tar, 
 tallow, and honey ; but moft grea- 
 fy and unfluous applications will 
 anfwer this intention. 
 
 If the hoofs be too foft and moiff, 
 which may either be conftitutional, 
 
 or 
 
H O O 
 
 or may proceed from going much 
 in wet and marfiiy grounds, ftand- 
 ing conftantly in wet litter 5 or any 
 infirmity thu may bring too great 
 a moifture into the feet. In this 
 cafe, the hone's hoofs may be bath- 
 ed eve;y day with warm vinegar. 
 Verjuice, copperas-water, and fuch 
 like reflringents ; to which may be 
 added g'Jls, alum, &c. remember- 
 ing to !fct the horieftand dry. Bart- 
 lefs Farriery. 
 
 Hoof-Bony is a round bony 
 fwelling, glowing on the very top 
 of a hoife's hoof j and always is 
 caufed by fome biow or biuife, or 
 by bruifing himfelf in his ftall by 
 endeavouring to ftrike at a hor.'e 
 that ftands next him ; and lb ftrikes 
 againft the bar that parts tiiem. 
 The cure is firft to difperfe the fwel- 
 ling, either with rotten litter, or 
 hay boiled in old urine ; or elfe, 
 with a phfter of wine-lees and 
 wheat flour boiled together, to 
 ripen it, and bring it to a fuppura- 
 tion ; or elfe to diffolve the tumour. 
 But it if comes to a head, lance it 
 in the loweil part of the foftneis v^ith 
 a thin hot iron, to let out the mat 
 ter. Then tent it with turpentine, 
 deer's fuet and wax, of each like 
 quantities melted together, laying 
 a plafter of the fame falve over it, 
 to keep in the tent till it be tho- 
 roughly well, Riijlic. DiSl. 
 
 Hoof-Sound. We fay a horfe 
 Is hoof- bound, when the hoof is fo 
 tight round the inftep, that it turns 
 the foot fomewhat into the fhape of 
 a bell. This is caufed fometimes 
 by fhoeing, to widen the heel j and 
 fometimes, by cutting the toes down 
 too much, which gives th^t fliape 
 to the foot, and caules the horl'e to 
 go lame. 
 
 To remedy this diforder, let the 
 foot be drawn down from the coro- 
 net ahnolt to the toe, with a draw- 
 ing knife, making feven or eight 
 
 H O R 
 
 lines or razes through the hoofal- 
 moft to the quick \ arterwaids, keep 
 it charged with pitch or ic^in, tiil 
 the lines are worn out in fhoeing, 
 which will require frveral months : 
 therefore lujrfcs are generally turned 
 exit to grafs. Gihfons Difeajh cf 
 Uorfcs. 
 
 Hoof-Castin'g. The lofs of 
 the hoof may be occalioned by what- 
 ever accident may bring an iinpoltt?- 
 mation in the feet, whereby the 
 whole hoof becomes loo(ened and 
 falls off from the ben?. If \''^^ cof- 
 fin-bone remains uninjuie", anew 
 hoof may he procured by the fol- 
 lowing method. Apply to the cof- 
 fin tar, turpentine, wax, oil, pirch, 
 and fuch like things melteM toge- 
 ther 5 then make a boot o' leather, 
 with a ftrong fole, to be laced fall 
 about the paftern, bolftering and 
 flopping the foot with foft flax that 
 the tread may be eafy ; renewing 
 the dreuing every dav until the new 
 hoof grow; drefs the fore with the 
 wound-ointment, to which may 1 e 
 added the fine powders of myrrh, 
 maftich, and olibanmn. If thi> 
 medicine fliould not be fulScient to 
 prevent a fungus, burnt alum or 
 precipitate may be added to it, and 
 the luxurient flrfii daily vvaflied witll 
 the fublimate water. 
 
 The oM hcof fliould by no mains 
 be pulled off, unlefs fome accident 
 happens that requires its removal : 
 for it ferves as a defence to the new- 
 one, and makes it g-ow more Imooth 
 snd even ; and indeed nature will 
 in general do this office at her own 
 proper time. Gihfcris Farrier s 
 Guide, and Barflefs Farriery. 
 
 HORN. See the article HoOF. 
 
 To give a flroke with the horn is 
 to bleed a horfe in the root or the 
 mouth, with the horn of a flag or 
 roe buck, the tip or end of which 
 is fo fharp and pointed, as to per- 
 form the oflice of a lancet. We 
 
 L fuike 
 
H O R 
 
 ilhke with the horn in the mithUe of 
 the fourth notch or ridge of the up- 
 per jaw* GulUet. 
 
 Horn Hipped. Seethe article 
 Croup, 
 
 IIORSE, in the Linngean fyf- 
 tem of zoology, is a Ipecies of the 
 EquLis, which makes a di[tin(5t ge- 
 rms of animals of the Jumenta 
 kind J or that order of quadrupeds, 
 the teeth of which are few in num- 
 ber, and dirpofed in an irregular 
 manner, often diiTering from one 
 another exfremely in Gze and figure. 
 The i^eneral characters of this genus 
 of animals are, that the fore teeth 
 are fix, the upper ones incurvated, 
 and the inferior, are prominent ; 
 tlie canine teeth are not exerted j 
 they are on each fide feparated by a 
 fpare from the other ; the hoof is 
 undivided, and the teats are two, 
 and are fituated in the groin. Ac- 
 cording to thefe characters the au- 
 thor includes in the genus of the 
 equus the horfe, the als, the mule, 
 and the zabra ; or, as he calls it, 
 the ftriped horfe. See Linnai Syjl, 
 Nat Hi- a. /. 40. 
 
 The Ipecific characters of the 
 hcrfe are, according to the fame au- 
 thor, that he is the equus with the 
 tail hairy all over. 
 
 The horfe is one of the noblert: 
 animals of the creation ; he is in 
 (Irength and natural fiercenefs equal 
 to any; and is yet eafily tamed, and 
 made fit for our purpofes. Scarce 
 any creature excells him in fwiftnels 
 any more than in ftrength ; and 
 hardly any in beauty. HiWs Hif- 
 tory ofAnbnals. 
 
 The horCe being the fubjeCt of 
 thefe arts which in this Dictionary 
 are explained in all their branches, 
 the reader muft expeCl to meet un- 
 der this article with nothing but 
 what is general and fiich as are not 
 in conveniently reducible to particu- 
 lar heacls. 
 
 H O R 
 
 of a horfe it is obferved,that he Is 
 the moft gentle of all other animals; 
 the moft afTeCtionate to man ; the 
 moft apt to be taught, and reten- 
 tive of any impreffion made upon 
 him. He is the moft watchful of 
 all other beaftj, and will endure his 
 labour with the moft empty ftomach. 
 He is naturally given to much 
 cleanlinefs, has an excellent fcent^ 
 and not in the leaft ofFenfive by any 
 ill favour about him. 
 
 The mafters in horfemandiip lay- 
 it down, that an horfe, to be good 
 and well made, miift have three 
 parts like thofe of a woman, viz, 
 the breaft, which is to be broad, the 
 hips round, and the mane long ; 
 three of a lion, viz. his counteri' 
 ance, intiepidity, and fire j three 
 cfa bullock, viz. the eye, noftril, 
 and joint j three of a flieep, viz. the 
 nofe, genilenefs, and patience j 
 three of a mule, ftrength, conftancy, 
 and foot ; three of a deer, viz. the 
 head, leg, and hair ftiort j three 
 of a wolf, the throat, neck and 
 hearing ; three of a fox, the ear, 
 tail and trot j three of a ferpent, 
 mimory, fight and turning; three 
 of an hare (ir cat, running, walk- 
 ing, and fupplenefs. See the arti- 
 cles Breast, Hips, Mane, Sec, 
 
 Horfes are diitinguiflied into di- 
 vers kinds, and are differently de- 
 nominated with regard to their 
 (train or country, as the Neapolitan, 
 known by the hawk -nofe. The 
 Spanifh Genet, by his finall limbs. 
 The Barb, by his fine head and deep 
 hoof. The Dutch, by the rough- 
 nefs of his legs. The Englifti, by 
 his ftrong knitting together, &c. 
 The Flandrin, &c. 
 
 But to be more particular, 
 
 The SpamjT) Uorfe, or Spanifli 
 Genet, is a creature of great fire, 
 of a mi(!dle ftature, and generally 
 well made in his head, botly and 
 legs } and though his buttocks are 
 fome- 
 
H OR 
 
 fomethln^ long, yet they are flrong 
 and well fliaped. After one of thele 
 horfes has been well taught, there 
 ;s none makes a better (liow upon 
 the parade, but he is not a horle 
 that win hold long in his full 
 ftrength, becaufe he has rather too 
 much fpirit ; for about half a mile, 
 there is not a fwifter creature in a 
 race, but ihen hi; ftrengthfa^ils. A 
 SpaniHi hcrfe is not generally 
 thought fit for action, till he is fix 
 years old, for he is not till that 
 time grown to his full perfection 
 or beauty, and his too great fire 
 or mettle is not till then abated fuf- 
 ficient to render him feiviceable. 
 The laft thing that is compleat in 
 Spanifh horfes, is the creft ; the hor- 
 fes of this breed are naturally inclin- 
 ed to bound and to m^ke fails, rai- 
 ling all four feet at once from the 
 ground ; but their limbs being weak 
 and fmall, they are very fubjecl to 
 be finew-ftrained, or otherwife lam- 
 ed, in a fliort time after tliey are 
 come to be fit for feivice. No kind 
 of horfe has I'uch open nofirils, nor 
 fnorts more in ill his goings, than 
 the Spanifh horfe i his trot is fome- 
 what long, irregulai or waving, for 
 which reafon fonic jockies havechofe 
 to bring him to the pace or amble. 
 
 The Gerynan Horfes. Thele lior- 
 Tes are, for the molt part, very tall, 
 and large of bodv, not very beau- 
 tiful in make, but feem to be of 
 g.reat ftrength ; and being brought 
 into the manage, perform fome of 
 the molt difHcult lefTons with agility 
 enough : thev gailop very flow or 
 heavy, and trot very high ; but 
 they are (Irong, and better for the 
 draught or burden, than the man- 
 age. 
 
 The Hungarian Horfes, Thefe 
 horfes aie generally hook-nofed, 
 and have thick heads, large eyes, 
 broad javv?, but narrow noftrils ; 
 ihcir maces are rough and thick, 
 
 H O R 
 
 commonly reaching neartheground; 
 their tails, in like manner, are bufliy 
 and long ; for the moft part, of lean 
 and thin bodies, but vv^eak psfterns : 
 but although fome parts of fhem are 
 not to be liked, y t the deformities 
 are generally lb well put together, 
 that, taken all together, the liorles 
 are agreeable enough. They are of 
 a tolerable good courage, and will 
 endure labour and fatigue, and fcr 
 that reafon are fe-vicable in war. 
 
 The S^vedlfh Horfes. Thefe are of 
 fmall feature, their (liape indilterent, 
 and they aic of but fmall lervice. 
 The horfes natural to Sweden, are, 
 for the moft part, either white, dun, 
 or pyed, and wall eyed j fo that 
 unlets they are improved by other 
 breeds, they are not to be ranked 
 with them that are of good effeem. 
 
 The Foljfh Horfes. Thefe are 
 much like the Danifh horfes, snd are 
 generally about the fize of the Spa- 
 nifli Genet, are of a middle (iature, 
 but their limbs are much better knit 
 together, and are of a much Wron- 
 ger make, than the Spanifh ones. 
 This horfe is in many refpe61s, like 
 our natural Engli/h hoife, except 
 that their heads are fomewhat fl-n- 
 derer, like the Vr~^\ hobby ; but 
 their necks and crefls are raifcd up- 
 light, and veiy ftrong ; their ears 
 are veiy flioit and fmall, and their 
 backs capable o( beai ing any weight j 
 their chines are broad, and their 
 hoofs are judged to be as good as 
 thofe of any horfe in the world. 
 They are very good fcr a journey, 
 and will endure long ones, with 
 more eafe than any other horfes. 
 
 Tlanders Horfes. Thefe difler in 
 fhape but li'.tle from the German 
 breed, th.eyare tall in feature, have 
 fliort and tf.ick heads, bodies deep 
 anil long, ])uttocks round and flat, 
 their legs thick and rough. Thefe 
 horfes, and the mares of the fame 
 kind, are elleemed chiefly for the 
 
 L a draught. 
 
HO R 
 
 t^raught, in which, for ftafelinefs, 
 they excel moil horfes in Europe j 
 but are to be reje6led for the faddle, 
 being both {luggiHi and urenfy. 
 The Flanders horfe, snd mare both, 
 have a hard trot, but are much uf^d 
 in the h-^r'-efs with us in England. 
 
 Tiie Neapolitan Horfes. Thefe 
 Iiorfes are higlily elteemed for their 
 ftrength and courage, which, to- 
 gether with their gentle dilpofition?, 
 make them more valued. His limbs 
 are ftrong, and well knit together; 
 his pace is loltyj and he is very doci- 
 ble for the performance of any ex- 
 ercife ; but a nice eye may dilcover 
 that his legs are fomething toormall, 
 which feems to be his dnly imper- 
 fe67ion. He maybe known by his 
 head, which is long, lean, and 
 flender, bending "from the eyes to 
 the noftiils, like a hawk's beak; 
 he has alio a very full eye, and a 
 fhnrptar. 
 
 The Sardinian Horfes. Thefe, 
 and thofe of Corllca, very much re'- 
 femble the Neapolitan, but are 
 fomewhat fliorter bodied, and of a 
 more fiery dilpofition ; but by good 
 management they may be brought 
 to very good difcipline. 
 
 Turhf) Horfes. Thefe horfes are 
 originally natives of Greece, and 
 hear an extraordinary price with us, 
 partly becauie of their extraordina- 
 ry beauty, and partly becaufeof the 
 great expence of bringing them o- 
 ver. Thefe Turkiih horfes have 
 fine heads, fomewhat like B^rbary 
 ones, beautiful fore-hands, and ftrart 
 limbs, rather fmall than large, are 
 of a molt delicate fliape, their pace 
 is genttel and graceful, and befides 
 they are horfes of good Ipirit. Their 
 coats are Imooth and fhort, and 
 their hoofs long and narrow, which 
 is a fign of fwiftnefs ; in a word, 
 they are horfes of great beauty, cour- 
 age, and fpeed. Their colour is, 
 for the moft part, grey or fiea-bitten. 
 
 H O R 
 
 the' there are fome of a bright bay* 
 colour ; but mofl of thefe we have 
 now in England, are grey. 
 
 Of the true bredEnglifn Horfe. The 
 true bred Englifh horfe, has been 
 accounted a creature of great if rength 
 and fpirit, and he has been (by Ibme 
 authors) reprefented as of a very 
 large fize ; but at prefent we have 
 hardly any that can be called a true 
 bred Engiilh horfe, or that can be 
 fa id to be the offspring of an horfe 
 and mare, that were both lineally 
 defcended from the original race of 
 this country ; unlefs we may ac- 
 count thofe hories to be fuch, that 
 are bred wild in fome forefts, and 
 among mountain?. Among them, 
 perhaps, the mares and horfes were 
 both of the firft Eng'ifh race, with- 
 out mixture : however it is not cer- 
 tain, but fome horfes of foreign 
 countries, of which many have 
 been, and ftill are, frequently 
 brought over, were turned into thofe 
 wild places, as convenient pafture, 
 and have mixed with the natives of 
 Britain. ' 
 
 However, feeing we cannot 
 feek for Engliili horfes any where 
 elfe than in forefts, and wild places, 
 we will fuppofe tho.'e to be the true 
 Englifh race of hcrfes. Thefe we 
 find to anfwer the chara6\er, fo far 
 as relates to ftrength an.d good fpirit j 
 but they are not large, though very 
 hardy, and will always keep good 
 fiefh on their backs, and th'ive where 
 other horfes can fcarce live. It is 
 not improbable but that the race 
 might have been much larger than 
 they now are, becaufe in the firft 
 times they were at liberty to range 
 any where, and take their pleafure 
 where they liked, becaufe all grounds 
 then lay open, or elfe there were | 
 but very few inclofures, in compa- L 
 fifon to what there are now. And : 
 when they had that plentiful fhare 
 of food, we may naturally imagine i 
 that 
 
H OR 
 
 that their bodies were much larger 
 than they are at prefent ; for it is a 
 certain rule, that the leis fhaie of 
 novniflnnent any creature has dur- 
 ing the time of it's gio\yth, lb much 
 the fmaller will he be in ftature. 
 
 But there are now very few of 
 this wild fort in ufe, in comparifoh 
 to what there were a hundred and 
 fifty or two hundred years ago 5 and 
 tliofe that are now taken up/ are 
 not eafily tamed : but when they are 
 once diiciplined, they v/il endure 
 more labour than any horfes in any 
 known part of the world. 
 
 Ofthelrijh Hobbies. Thefe are 
 alfo of a wiid breed, and are gene- 
 rally well made, much after the 
 manner of the EiVg ifli wild horfes ,5 
 they have fine hea<^'?, ihong necks, 
 and well turned bodes, quick eyes, 
 good limbs, anc oiher good quali- 
 ties fufficient to recommend them ; 
 are briflc and courageous, and very 
 fure footed : but Horh thefe are fub- 
 je(5t to ftart, which, I fuppole, pro- 
 ceeds from their wild way of i'Ving, 
 where they have not had the oppor- 
 tunity o^ knowing or feeing any 
 thing but trees and bufnesj and 
 therefore evtry thing elfe feem 
 ftrange ?ind •ilioclcing to them. But 
 if they happen to Ke young, when 
 taken from the foreft, or other wild 
 paltures, this may probably be o- 
 vercome ; but if they are not ^o, 
 then I judge it impcfhble ever to 
 break them to it ; tor they having 
 never known any thing but wild 
 fcenes, and been a long time hahitu ■ 
 ated to them, fo every thing that dif- 
 fers Irom !hem, will feem ftiange, 
 if not monilroup, and v^ill Itrike 
 them with fear and horror, never to 
 be corre61ed. 
 
 We are informed that thefe Irifh 
 horfes are fo wild , that the only 
 way of taking them, is by aflem- 
 linja great number of people to- 
 gether, and driving the whole liudd, 
 
 H O R 
 
 both horfes and mares, colts arTd 
 fillies, into a bog, where they cait 
 halters over the heads of thofe they 
 think fit for fervice, letting the o- 
 thers run again into the country. 
 
 Our Englifii horfes in forefts are 
 not taken v/ith lets labour, for ma- 
 ny artful devices mult be vStC\i and 
 a great deal of labour too is requir- 
 ed, in the taking them. And a^f^'^' 
 all,greatcare muft be taken that I'^^Y 
 have the moll gentle ufage, 2nd that 
 they be ufed as familiar as pofTib^e ; 
 and at the firil, not kf.ing them 
 •have any thing to eat, but what we 
 feed them with out of the hand, till 
 they are grown very well acquainted 
 with their keepers. It is not to be 
 expelled that they v\.-il) all of a fud- 
 den quit their wilducfs, but thus 
 feeding tliem, and keeping them a- 
 wake for foine time, will tame them 
 by degrees. 
 
 It ought to be obfr-rved, both in 
 the taming or teaching of horfes, 
 that they are to be ufed with tender- 
 nefs, rather than roughnefs, and no 
 pafiionate per'on ought to be con- 
 cerned in their breaking or manage- 
 ment \ but a man that undertakes 
 this bufmefs ought to be patient, 
 and a malier of reaion ; and for 
 wint of thefe qualifications being 
 put in pra61ice in the management 
 of horfes, many a good liorle have 
 been fpoiled, having ti^ her been 
 puflisd on l-y the pafTlonatenefs of 
 the rider to over-lhain themfelves, 
 or elfe to itart and fiv out of the 
 way, at the leaft touch of a whip or 
 f^ur, and thereby endanger the ri- 
 der J or to hate the rider, and take 
 every, opporiwnity of doing him a 
 mifchicf, either in mounting, or 
 when he is mounted, or at dil"- 
 moun:ing. 
 
 There are many Ir.ftances to prove 
 that horffS have a memory, and wdl 
 re'fent injuries that have luon o^ltied 
 them. We have known fame hor- 
 
 I. 3 fcs 
 
H O R 
 
 fcs would not aandftlll tobefhodby 
 a farrier, of whom they have before 
 received fome violent iifaje ; when, 
 thev at the fame time ; would freely 
 iuffer tbemfelves to be fnod by ftran- 
 gers. Others have be-n fo provoked 
 at the fight of a farrier, with a lea- 
 t!ier apron, that they have endea- 
 voured ail they could to do him a 
 jiiifchief, either by biting or kicking. 
 Nor are we without the knowledge 
 of melancholy accidents that have 
 li:ippened to grooms, who have ufed 
 their horfes wiih too greu feverity. 
 On the other hand, a horfe is a ge- 
 rerous creature, and fo tra6>able, 
 that by treating him with difcretion, 
 and managing him with geiitlenefs, 
 he may be brought to be very obe- 
 dient to you. 
 
 We fliall conclude what has been 
 faid of foreign horfcs, the natural 
 bred Engl fh hoife?, and Irifh hob- 
 bies, witii faying, that when we fee 
 a fine iiorfe now a-days which was 
 foaled in England, and bred of a 
 mare and horfe that was likewife 
 bred in the fame place, we cannot 
 be certain tliat llich a hoife is of a 
 true Englifli bre d, unlels we could 
 know farther of his generation j his 
 grandfire or grandam might, per- 
 haps, be both foreigners. 
 
 But we may fay thus much of 
 horfes which are foaled or bred in 
 ^England, though they are the off- 
 J'pring of foreigners, they will be 
 Itronger, and have a better fpirit, 
 th^n if the Time had been bred a- 
 broad j becaufe the food in England 
 for horfes is more hearty and nour- 
 jfliing, than in any other country 
 in Europe, efpecialiy our grais, 
 which is the principal food for hor- 
 fes, is in gieater plenty in Briiain 
 and Ireland, tb.an in any other Eu- 
 ropean nation beiides. For which 
 veafon in the hotter countries, they 
 are forced for vv-nnt of gtafs, to cul- 
 tivate clover, faintfoine, ^Jc. and 
 
 H O R 
 
 feed their horfes with thefe,and chopt 
 Ibaw and corn ; biit chopt (fraw is 
 only proper for them when they are 
 grown fit for ufe, they having no- 
 thing during their firit two or three 
 years, but clover, nintfoine, &c. 
 
 Of the crof strains of Horfes. It 
 is well known, that in Britain have 
 been bred horfes of all the kinds be- 
 forementioned, which have not only 
 been as good as thofe bred in theit 
 refpe6live countries, but have been 
 allowed to exceed them in ftrength 
 and beauty. But this ftiould be re- 
 membered, that of every kind of 
 horfe mentioned before, it has been 
 thought proper in our trading, (port- 
 ing, and warlike country, to com- 
 pofe out of the variety, fuch horfes 
 as may prove ufeful to every fort of 
 bufineis. We have fome for car* 
 rying burdens, fome for the road, 
 fome for hunting, others for am- 
 bling, and others for the coach, 
 and other carriages ; fome likewife 
 for racing, and Ibme for the man- 
 age, to be trained either for the 
 war, or diverfion of great men. 
 
 As to the mi>cmg of breeds, fome 
 are of the opinion, that luch horfes 
 defign^d to be trained for the war, 
 fhould be bred from a Neapolitan 
 ftallion, and an Englifii mare, or 
 of a Turkifli ftallion, and an En- 
 glifh mare. The next breed to be 
 defned, is between a Tu'kifh ita!- 
 lion, and a Neapolitan mare, which 
 produce a fine race, and of great 
 value. 
 
 Some f-iv, that ftallions of Cor- 
 fica and Sardinia, coupled with 
 Turklfh maref, wdl produce a fine 
 breed j and that the Sparifli genet, 
 and Flanders mare, produce an ex- 
 cellent offspring. Kut this we are 
 certain of, thn any of the aforefaid 
 kinds of horfe=, covering true born 
 Englifli mares, will beget a better 
 colt or filly, than if they had cou- 
 pled with their own race, in their 
 
H O R 
 
 own country. And there is good 
 reafon for this, becaufe no race of 
 horfes in the world have fiich hearty 
 feedings as thofe ot Britain, where 
 liberty renders every farmer capable 
 of cultivating his lands, and pro- 
 viding plentifully for himCelf, and 
 all about him. This caufes all of 
 our breed to be ftrong and hearty, 
 and when the mare is (o, the race 
 that proceeds from her rr.ull be fo 
 much better, as Hie is (ironper than 
 the mares that are fed in ether coun- 
 tries, where the provender is more 
 coarfe, and lefs nouiifning. As to 
 the breed-ing of hoiTes for racing, 
 fome gentlemen chufe to put a Bar- 
 bary horfe to an Englifli m.-^.re 5 o- 
 thers will have both the fire and 
 <iam to be Barbs ; others again are 
 for coupling the Barbary h.orl'e with 
 the Turkifli mare, and indeed any 
 of thefe couplings do produce hor- 
 fes of great ipeed. 
 
 The crofs (drains of horfts we 
 now have, are not to be numbered ; 
 but if we were to trace the breeds of 
 the belt running horfes, we fiiould 
 find theiii to proceed from fuch mix- 
 tures. The many hoiTe races, 
 which are (b frequently the diveifioii 
 of our Englifh nobility and gentry, 
 are chicfiy pei formed by fuch mix- 
 tures in breed. For thou[-,h one 
 horle, truly bred of one particvdar 
 country, may be fwitter than ano- 
 ther, yet if he wants Itrength he 
 will be a loofer in the courfe, and 
 will fall from his fpeed if the courfe 
 happens to be wet or heavy 5 but 
 thecoiiplir.gs beforementior,ed,vv'hen 
 brought together by a man of a light 
 judgn.ent that way, niay pro(iuce 
 fomeihmg admirable at Kewmaiket, 
 &c. 
 
 As to hunt'ng lioiTcs, which are 
 chiefly the dtlight of the EngliOi 
 gentry, thefe ought to he nimble, 
 lull of courage and Hrong. The 
 origiiial of the bell we k:^o".v, have 
 
 H O R 
 
 proceeded from a crofs flrain, be- 
 tween a TuikiHi Itallion, and an 
 Englifli mare ; and there is great 
 realon fortius opinion, iince we aie 
 already certain of the ftrength of 
 o'jr Englifli bred mares, and the 
 good courage and lwi!tnefs of the 
 Tuilcifli and Barbaiy hoifes. But 
 every one who breeds fuch horfes, 
 has his particular fancy ; they em- 
 ploy fome favourite ftallion, or fa- 
 vourite mare to laife a breed ficm, 
 and are different in opinion about 
 this: one of any particular breed 
 will not be fo good as another, al- 
 tho' the fame care fliould be taken 
 in the coupling of the fire and the 
 dam. All tliat can be iiiid is, that 
 a ftalHon of vigour and fpeed ought 
 to be chofen, and a mare of a ftrong 
 and healthful body ; and from fuch 
 coupling m?.y be expelled weil bred 
 hoi fes of lirengih znd courage. 
 
 The pad or ambling hcrfe, is 
 chieily dcfired for ladies j to pro- 
 duce iuch, let the fue be a Turk, 
 and the dam a Scotch pony, cr 
 Irifli hobby, and thefe between 
 them will produce a race thst will 
 be natural pacers. And again, a 
 Till kifli lire, and an Englifli mare 
 of a fm.OI fize, will natuially fall 
 into a psce or an amble. 
 
 Then as lor the burthen or pack, 
 tite German horfe wdi be a good 
 fire for a Flanders or Flemifli dam ; 
 thefe will produce a breed ftrong 
 and tall, f.t either for can ying great 
 weights, cr war. If one ot il.is 
 bleed happens to be trained for the 
 army, his rider, with his accoutre- 
 ments, will hardly be lefs than thirty 
 ftone. The Northamp'onfliire breed 
 of horfes are generally coveted for 
 this ufe, the original ofwhich came 
 fVom a mixtuie of the kinds belore- 
 
 mentioned. Thefe are 
 
 for the draught, either in tlie coach 
 
 or cart, ar.d many have bee-.-; of the 
 
 opiniwn, that 'die mare-: oi this bree<l 
 
 L 4 «^« 
 
H O R 
 
 are as ferv'iceabh in ftranoth and 
 af^ion, as the horfcs : and the ftaU 
 J-ons and mares of this crofs ftrain, 
 aie rather prefei-'.ble to the original 
 fires or dam?, ; being more habitu- 
 ated to the food of the coun'ry, or 
 as one may fay, natiira'iz^d to the 
 E iglifli provender, tlian thofe that 
 came from their refpe(flive native 
 coimtriss. 
 
 The crofTingr of ftrains, or cou- 
 pling one horfe with another, has 
 of 1-ite fo muc!i improved our breed 
 in England, that we have them now 
 of all fort«!, and for all ufes, in 
 more perfection than any other coun- 
 try in the world< Some Engimi au- 
 thors have obferved, that the bed 
 horfes are rather from the crofs 
 ftrain, than immediately from the 
 natural breed of any couniry, for 
 or EngliHi mires mend the breed ; 
 they ftrengthen the joints o' the 
 Spanifh genet, the flenderneii of 
 the limbs of the Turk or B irb, and 
 the too long and rough hairs about 
 the pafterns of the Spaniili breed. 
 In the latter cafe, where the h;^irs 
 are long upon the pafterns, it would 
 be difficult for their keepers to pre- 
 ferve them from the malanders or 
 fcratclies, which the Flanders horfe 
 or mnre is frequently attended with, 
 unlefs that hair were fmged or burnt 
 off. Sport/man s D'tclionary. 
 
 Horles are alio diliinguiiiied with 
 regu-d to the ufes or offices they are 
 reierved for; as the co^ch-horfe, 
 draught horfe, war-horii?, hunting- 
 horfe, p-^ck- horfe, race-horfe, &c. 
 See CoACH-HoRSE, Draught- 
 Horse, &:. 
 
 Horfes are ajfo diftinguifhpd w^th 
 regard to their colours, age, &c. for 
 which, ffe the nrficles Colour, 
 Age, Stallion, &c. 
 
 For the names of the feveral parts 
 which con(fi!ute a horfe's body. See 
 the article Parts of a horfe s body, 
 4 
 
 H O R 
 
 For the breeding, backing, diet- 
 ing, feeding, fattening, purging, 
 watering, &c. of horfe?. See the 
 articles BACKING, Breeding, 
 Exercise, Feeding, &c. 
 
 For the rules to be obferved in 
 buying of horfes. Sec Rules, 
 
 For the proper make and fiiape of 
 a horfe. See Shape, 
 
 For the difeafes, defeats, habits, 
 vices, &c. of a horfe. See the ar- 
 ticles Diseases, Defects, &c. 
 
 For the anatomy, &c. of a horfe. 
 See the article Anatomy, &c. 
 
 For the management of horfes on 
 a journey. See Journey and 
 Travelling. 
 
 For the methods of flioelng horfes, 
 gelding horfes, docking horl"es. See. 
 See the articles Shoeing, Ge.ld- 
 ING, &c. 
 
 For the furniture, &c. of a liorfe. 
 See the articles Harness, Saddle, 
 Bridle, Bit, &c. 
 
 Mettled Horse. See Mettled 
 horfe. 
 
 HORSEMANSHIP, the art df 
 breaking, difcip'ining, and manag- 
 ing horfes. 
 
 Horfemanfliip, in its latitude. In- 
 cludes whatever relates to the know- 
 ledge of the make, colour, age, 
 temper, and qualities of horfes, 
 their refpeflive countries and cli- 
 itiates, witn the manner of breed- 
 ing, propagating. Sec. the difcc- 
 very of the ufes or fervices they are 
 fitted for, whether the war?, the 
 race, the faddle, or labour ; and 
 forwarding and accommodating 
 them th.eieto. In this general (cnfe 
 it alio includes tlie knowUclge of the 
 detecls and difeafes of horles j the 
 remedies proper for the fame, with 
 the feveral operations requiGte there- 
 to, as docking, gelding, flioeing, 
 &c. and this takes in ihe farriers 
 province. 
 
 But the v/ord vr, a more peculiar 
 jjunner 
 
H O R 
 
 inner is underftood of the art of 
 dinj, or of dire6ting an horfe to 
 advantage, nor only in the ordinary 
 motions, but more efpecially in the 
 managing or making him work up- 
 on volts, airs, &% See the article 
 Manage. 
 
 HORSE-SHOE is a cover or de- 
 fence for the fole oF an horfe's foot. 
 See Shoe. 
 
 Of thei'e there are feveral forts. 
 I. That called the planch ilioe, or 
 pancelet, which is laid to nijke a 
 fgood foot an»?i a bad leg, cr caufing 
 the foot to glow beyond the mea- 
 fure ol' the leg. It is chofen for a 
 weak heel, and will lall: longer than 
 any other ilioe. being borrowed from 
 the n oil, which has weak heels and 
 fniflies, to keep the feet from liones 
 or gravel. 
 
 2. Shoes with calkins, which, tho' 
 intended to fecure the hor!e rrom 
 Aiding, yet are reputed by many to 
 do him more haim than goc;d, in 
 that he cannot tread evenly upon the 
 ground, whereby many times he 
 wrenches his foot, or llrains fome 
 (Inew, efpecially upon Itony way>, 
 where the Hones will not fuffer the 
 calkins to enter : double calkins are 
 lefs hurtful , as he treads tvcner with 
 them than on the fmgle caikms : but 
 tlien they mult not be over long or 
 fli'irp pointed, but r^^ther fhort and 
 flat. See the article Calkin. 
 
 3. There are Hioes with rings, 
 which were firft invented to make a 
 horfe lift his teet up high, though 
 fuch fhoes are more painful than 
 helpful ; befides the unhand. omenefs 
 of the fight. The fault of not lift- 
 ing the !eet high enough, is moft 
 incident to hcrfes that have not 
 I'ound hoofs ; lor tender feet fear to 
 touch the ground that is hard : hut 
 what is intendt:d for a remedy, 
 proves a prejudice to the horfe, by 
 adding high calkins, or elfe thele 
 lings to his fhoes, for !iy that nuans 
 
 H O R 
 
 he is made to have weaker heels 
 than before. 
 
 4. Shoes with fwelling welts, or 
 borders round about them, are ufed 
 in Germ3ny, (Stc, which being high- 
 er than the heads of the nail.^, lave 
 them from wearing , and thefe are 
 the heft lafting fhoes, ir made of 
 well tempered ilulf, for they wear 
 equally in all parts, and the horfe 
 treads equally upon them. 
 
 5. Others, that u'e to pafs moun- 
 tains where fmiths are not fo eafily 
 to be met with, csjry flioes about 
 them with vices, whereby they fallen 
 them to thehorfe's hoof without the 
 help of the hainmer or nail, not- 
 withflanding 'tis more for fhew than 
 any good fervice j for though this 
 iort of flioe may lave his feet from 
 Itones yet it io pinches his hoof, 
 that he goes with pain, and perhaps 
 injures it more than the ftones do : 
 t'^erefoie upon fuch emergent occa- 
 fions, it is better to mak" ufe of a 
 joint-fhoe, which is made o^ two 
 pieces. With a flat rivet-nai; joining 
 them together in the toe, t© that you 
 may make it both wide and narrow 
 to ferve any foot 6. The patten- 
 fho^, is neceffary for a horle that is 
 burn in the hip, ftifle, or fhculder, 
 which will cauie him ro bear upon 
 that leg the griet is on, an^l confe- 
 quently u(e it the better, 7. A fhoe 
 proper for flat fret. 8. The pan- 
 ton, or pantahle fhoe, wh-ch opens 
 the heels, and helps hoof-bmiiing, 
 Thefe are of adiniiable ule, in re- 
 gard that they never fhift upon the 
 f cer, and continue firm in one place, 
 9. And lalfiy, the half panton- 
 fnoe. For the method of fhoeing 
 horles. See Shoe.NG. 
 
 HORSi,-RACING ; adiverfion 
 more ufed in England than in all the 
 world befide. Horles for this ufe 
 fliouid be as light as pofTible, large, 
 long, but we: I Ih.sped j with a Ihuit 
 back, long fides, and a little f-ng- 
 le^ged 
 
FT O R 
 
 legged, and narrow-breaf^ed, for 
 I'ucn will g;s;lop the lighter and 
 nimbler, and run the fafter. Soliey- 
 iVll fays, he flion'd be fotnewhat 
 long-bodied, nervous, ofgreatjnet- 
 tle, good wind, good apptrtite, ve- 
 ry fwifr, and fenfi de of the (purs 5 
 that he ought to be of an Englifli 
 breed,, or barb, of a little fize, with 
 pretty fmall legs, but the back fi- 
 news a good ciiftance from thebon", 
 ihort- jointed, and have neat, wr.il- 
 fhaped feet. 
 
 'I'hf excellent breed of ho fes we 
 have for racing in cur own coun- 
 try, though ihicugh feveral abufes 
 they h?.ve been ur.icrtun-tely mif 
 chitvous to a great many perfons, 
 3'et if rightly regulated and made 
 life o^, might b" very rAcivantageous, 
 as well as pleaf.uit and diverting to 
 men of quality j and that is, by hav- 
 ing plates run for at ftvcal times, 
 and in feveial countries, by which 
 we may come exa611y to know the 
 fpeed, wind, force, and heart of 
 every horfc that runs, which direfts 
 lis infallibly in cur choice, when 
 we would furnifh ourfelves for hunt- 
 ing, breeding, road, and the like : 
 ^vheleas without fuch tiials, we muft 
 (land to th.e hazard, and rot be at 
 any certainty to meet with good 
 ones. 
 
 For the manner of ord.ring a 
 iiorfe for the: race. See the articles 
 Race , Match , Hun tin g- 
 HORSE, &c. 
 
 Here- we will only fuppofe a horfe 
 to run for a plate, and that the hour 
 > of ftarting is come, and notice given 
 for dripping and weighing. In the 
 firft place, be Aire to have your fto- 
 mnch einpt}'- ; only taking ibmewhat 
 to refrefliyou and give you fpiiits : 
 if you are light, fo that you muft 
 cany weiglit, let it be equally quilt- 
 ed in your walilcoat : but it is bet- 
 ter if yoTi are jurt Vv'eight, having 
 in that cafe no more to do than to 
 
 H O R 
 
 drefs ycurfelf after your own fancy? 
 your clothes ihould be of coloured 
 iilk, or white holland, as being a- 
 greeable to the fpectators : your 
 waiitcoat and drawers fhould be 
 made clofe to your body ; and a lit- 
 tle cap tied on your head. 
 
 Let your boots be gathered up 
 •faft, and your fpurs of good met- 
 tle : then mount, a^d come to the 
 (tai ting place, where going off brifk- 
 ly or gently, as occafion requires, 
 mike your horfe perform the courfe 
 or heat according to your ir^tended 
 defign ; particularly if you would 
 win the lame, and that your horfe 
 excel- in goodnefs more than fpeed, 
 ftart hini off roundly, and run him 
 to the very top of what he can do, 
 during the whole courfe or heat j 
 and by that means, if the horfe you 
 lun ag'inlt be not fo good at the 
 bottom, though he has more fpeed, 
 you fhall bc^t him, became h-^ will 
 be run off of it a great way before 
 he comes to the end. But on the 
 contrary, if your horfc's talent be 
 fpeed, all that you can do is to wait 
 up'in the other horff, and keep be- 
 hind till you come almoft to the 
 ft.-^nd, and then endeavour to give a 
 loofe by him : fbmetimes when you 
 are to run more heats than one, it 
 will be your policy to loieaheat; 
 and in that cafe you muft, for the 
 eafmg and fafe- guard of your h-jrfe, 
 lie behind all the way as much as 
 you can, provided you bring him in 
 within diltance. 
 
 The poflure to be obferved 1?, 
 that you place your feif upon your 
 twift, with your knees firm, and 
 your ftirrups juft at fuch a length, 
 that when your feet, are thruft 
 home in them, you can raife your 
 felf a little in the faddle, for your 
 Itgs, without that allowance, will 
 not be firm when you coine to run ; 
 the counter-poize of your body muft 
 be forward, to facilitate your horfe's 
 running, 
 
H O R 
 
 running, and your elbows mull be 
 clofe to your body 5 but be ibre, 
 above all things, thnt you do not in- 
 coinmode your horfe by fwagging: 
 this or that way, as fome do, for 
 iince weight is a great matter in run- 
 ning, and that a tio 'blefome rider 
 is as bad as fo much more weii^ht, 
 there is no need to (av how neceflary 
 It is to take great care of your feat 
 and hand ; you muft therefore be- 
 ware of holding your felf bv the 
 bridle, or of jobbing ycur horfe^s 
 mouth upon any occafion ; you muft 
 take your right rein in the Tame 
 hand, holding up horfe, Sec, as 
 you find it neceffary, and every now 
 and then remove the bridle in his 
 mouth. But thefe things are belt 
 learned by experience and pra61ire. 
 
 A plate being to be run for by 
 heats, every man that rides muft be 
 juft weight at ftarting, in great fcales 
 for that purpoCe, and at the end of 
 the fame he.it, for if you want of 
 your weigh^ at coming in, you fhall 
 lofe your heat, though you are the 
 firft horfe : you have half an hour 
 between the firft ami ftcond, to rub 
 yourhorfes, and at the warning of 
 the drum and trumpet again, you 
 mount, &c. as before, and fo till 
 all is done, which is thiee, and 
 fometiTses three heats and a ccurfe. 
 
 Nothing need be faid of the cere- 
 monies relating to the judges, and 
 the articles by which plate-races and 
 matches are regulated, fince they are 
 fettled according to the diffe-^ent 
 cuftoms of the places wh.ere you run. 
 
 If you do no" breed racers your 
 felf, be fure you buy no horfe that 
 has not exttaordinary good blood in 
 his veins, for the charge of keeping 
 is great, and a good one eats no 
 more than a '--ad, and requires no 
 more attendance ; feme to fave twen- 
 ty or thirty guineas in the price of a 
 young horfe, have hil hundreds by 
 iiim af.erwards. 
 
 H U M 
 
 A horfe that you have tried once 
 or twice at a twelve-ftone plate, vou 
 may be fure will make an extraor- 
 dinary good hunter ; and you are to 
 obferve, that the pofture, manner of 
 riding, (^c. is the fame in a match 
 as in a plate-race, only that there 
 being but a fmgle courfe to be run, 
 you muft pufh for all at tiiat one 
 time ; whereas when there are feve- 
 ral heats, there is more faving, and 
 variety of play. Spcrtfmans DiSi. 
 
 HOUGH. See the article HANf. 
 
 HOUSING, or House, in the 
 manage, a cover laid over the fid- 
 dle of a horfe, in order to fave it 
 from, the weather, dirt, &c. and is 
 of two kinds, either boot-houfing 
 or fliop-houfmg. 
 
 Boot koufmg is a piece of fluff faft- 
 ened to the hinder part of the faddle 
 that covers a hcrie's croupe, either 
 for the fake of ornament to hide the 
 horfc's leannefs ; or to fave the 
 cloatlrs of the rider from being 
 daubed and foiled by the fweat of 
 the horie. 
 
 Skos-houfing is a piece of cloth 
 bordered with a fringe', oftentimes 
 put roupd the faddle, to cover the 
 croupe, and hang down to the lower 
 part of the bt lly, to lave the ftock- 
 ings of thole that ride without boots. 
 Gmllet. 
 
 HUiMOURS. The word hu^ 
 mours (which has an unbounded 
 latitude both in phyfic and farriery, 
 and is too often a proper fanduary 
 tor the ignor/int to fly to in both pro- 
 feffions) feem to be Ibangely miiap- 
 plied, and in geneial but little un- 
 derftood : otherwife, it v^ould not 
 b= fo undeterminate'y ufed as it i?, 
 when the di (order is not in the fluids 
 but merely in the veffels. 
 
 Thus it is often affirmed, that 
 hvmiouis fall down on the limbs, 
 when with m.ore propriety, it iright 
 be laid, they cannot fo well rife up 
 or circulate fo freely in perpendi- 
 cular 
 
H U M 
 
 colar as in diagona' canalSj for. the 
 force of the heart is the fcwne, whe- 
 ther to raife a column of blood in 
 an upright or horizontal direction, 
 though it is not the lame in refpeft 
 to the fituation of the veiTels : for 
 when any animal is cre6l, the blood 
 ve.flels in the legs are more on a 
 ftretch by far, than when he lies 
 down ; and if the veffels are in a lax 
 Itate naturally, or relaxed by exter- 
 nal injurie?, they are not able to 
 propel the fluids forwards, and 
 hence from a retarded circulation 
 arifes a fwelling in the part auecled. 
 Dr. Bracken has endeavoured to fet 
 this matre.- in the cleareft light-, but 
 it would be to little purpofe to en- 
 force ;r unlefs the reader would be 
 at the pains to form to himielf a 
 clear idea of the blood's circuhtion, 
 with the feci etions from ir, and con- 
 fider the folids as compoied of ela- 
 Itic fibies, or fprinsy threads, which 
 are fometime'? in a 1 iX or loofe ttate^ 
 and at other?, in a tight or firm one. 
 This knowledge would foon con- 
 vince him that the extreme parts 
 may bf Iwelled, wi:h..>nt humours 
 falling down upon them, from a 
 diffi-ulty in [he circulation to pufh 
 on the blood in perpendicular co- 
 lumns, or from a laxity of the vef- 
 fels themlelves. In order to make 
 this do(5lrine as familiar as poflible, 
 let us ("uppole that a man or liorfe in 
 perfeil health, whofe blood and 
 juices are in the bell condition, re- 
 ceives a violent hlow on the leg-, 
 the conTequence of which is a bruife 
 and fwellmg ; if the limb of either 
 is kept in a perpendicular fiiustion, 
 with little or no motion, tlie fwell- 
 ing will continue, and we m^y fay, 
 if we pleafe, the hianours are fallen 
 into it ; but change only the pofition, 
 and continue the limb of either in a 
 fupineor level one, the fwelling will 
 then foon abate, and the humours 
 ddappear. 
 
 HUM 
 
 In this cafe, where were the hu- 
 mours before the accident ? Hovv 
 caiue they fo fuddenly to the injured 
 limb, and lb foon to difap pear ? Is 
 it not more reafonable to fuppofe, 
 that the fwelling arofe from a retard- 
 ed circulation in the part injured, 
 the vellels by the violence of the biovi; 
 having loft their tone, and were fo 
 preternaturally diftended by the ftag- 
 nant blood, that a free circulation 
 through the part, was thereby in- 
 terrupted, and that this fwelling 
 would have continued, had not 
 the ob(lru61;is:n been removed by a 
 different pofture afiifted by proper 
 applications ? And is it not obvious 
 indropficalaiid other fwellings in the 
 extreme parts from lax fibres, that 
 though the legs fliall be enormoufly 
 fwelied, after having been in an e- 
 \tSi pofture all the day, yet that 
 alter laying twelve hours in a fupinfi 
 pne, they fliall recover their natural 
 fhape ? 
 
 This is by no means intended to. 
 pcove that there are no bad humours 
 or juices ir, the blood, or that they do 
 not attend and affe6l lome particu- 
 lar parts, (daily experitrce would 
 contratlicl fuch an affertion, parti- 
 cul^ily in cancerous, fcrophulous, 
 v<?nereal, and fcorbutic cafes in the 
 huiT»an body 5 and the farcy, fur- 
 teits, ftrangles, &c. in horie?) but 
 only to guard againft the promiicu- 
 ous ufe of the term, and to evince, 
 that, in many ca:e--, where the hu- 
 juours are faid to abound and caufe 
 fvvellings, the fault is in the vefielsj 
 which have not force enough to pro- 
 pel the circulating f^uid^', or a per- 
 pendicular column of blood, as of- 
 ten happens to the veffels of the legs 
 and extreme parts. 
 
 It is ob.'erved, that there are more 
 than thiity different juices or hu- 
 mours conltant!y floating in and fe~ 
 parated from the blood, the chief of 
 which are the bile, peripirable mat- 
 
HUN 
 
 ter, fweat, faliva, urine, lymph, 
 feed, &c. which when properly mix- 
 ed and thrown off in due quantity 
 from it are extremely necefTuy to the 
 health and welfare of the animal : 
 bat when once perverted, irreguiaily 
 carried on or iupprefled, they then 
 become noxious, and are productive 
 of many and various diforders. 
 Bart let" s Farriery. 
 
 HUNGRY-EVIL, fee the arti- 
 cle rPETITH. 
 
 HUNTING-HORSE,or Hunt- 
 er, a name given to a horfe quali- 
 fied to carry a perfon in the chace. 
 The fhape of the horfe defigned for 
 this fervice, (hould be llrr ^g and 
 well knit together, as the jockies ex- 
 prefs it. Irregular or unequal fnapes 
 in thefe creatures, are always a to- 
 ken of weaknefs. The inequalities 
 in fhape which fhew a horfe impro- 
 per for the chace, are the having a 
 large head and a fmall neck, a large 
 leg and a fmall foot, and the like. 
 The head of the hunter fhould in- 
 deed always be large, but the neck 
 fhould alfo be thick and ftrong to 
 fupport it. The head fbou!d be lean, 
 the nolhils wide, and the wind-pipe 
 ftrait. 
 
 The hunter, in order to his behav- 
 ing well in the field, ought to have 
 great care and indulgence in the Ha- 
 ble, he ought to have as much reft 
 and quiet as may be, to he kept well 
 fupplied vi'ith good meat, clean lit- 
 ter, and frerti water by him; h'e' 
 fhould be often dreffed, ancffuffered 
 to fleep as much as he'pleafes. He 
 fhould be Xo fed that his dung may 
 Be fatlier Co'.t than hard, and it mult 
 be of 'a bright and clean colour. All 
 this may be eafily managed by the 
 Continual obfervance and change of 
 his food, as occafion requires. Af- 
 ter his ufual fcowrings, he fhould 
 have exeicii'es and maflies of fweet 
 malt, or bread and beans 5 or wheat 
 Snd beans, mixed together, are to 
 
 HUN 
 
 he his bed food, and beans and oats 
 his worlf. 
 
 Some very great fportfrnen are for 
 keeping their hories out at grji(s all 
 the buck-hunting lenfon, never tak- 
 ing them up into the ftable at all, 
 but allowing them in the field as 
 much oats with their grafs as they 
 will eat. The horfe may be tlius 
 rid three days in the week (or the 
 whole feafbn, and never damno-eJ 
 by it, nor ever fliewing any marks 
 of harm afterwards. 
 
 The whole fliape of a horfe in- 
 tended for a hunter, fnoulu be this : 
 the ears fliould be fmall, open, snd 
 pricked ; cr though they be iome- 
 what long, yet if they ftand uperecf, 
 and bold, likethofeof a fox, it i- 3 
 fign of toughnefs or havdinefs. The 
 forehead fliould be long and bi oad, 
 not flat ; or, as it is uiually termed, 
 mare-faced, btjtriiing in the middle 
 like that of an hare ; the feather 
 fhould be placed above the eye, the 
 contrary being thought bv i'or.^c to 
 threaten blindnefs. The eyes fhculd 
 be full, large, and bright 5 the no- 
 ftrils net only large, but looking rtfcl 
 and frefli within, for an open anJ 
 frefli nodril is always elfeemed a 
 fign of a good wind. The mouth 
 fhould be large^ deep in the wicks 
 and hairy. rhe wind-pipe fliould 
 be large, atid appear ftrait when he 
 bridles his head j for if, en (he con- 
 iraVy', it bends like a bow on his. 
 Bridling, it is not formed for a free 
 paffage of the breath. This dtfeft 
 in a horfe is expreffed among the 
 dt-alersby the phrare,cock-thrcj)pltd. 
 The head fliould be fb iVt on to the 
 neck, that a fpace tnav be feit be- 
 tween the neck and the chine; 
 when there is no fuch fpace, the 
 horfe is faid to be b«l!-necketf, and 
 this is not only a biemifh in the 
 beauty of the horfe, but it alfo cc- 
 cafions his wind not to be fo good. 
 The crei^ flicuid be iticng, Hrm, 
 
 and 
 
HUN 
 
 and well rifen ; the neck (hoiild be 
 (Irait and firm, not loofeand pliant; 
 the breaft fliould be ftrongj and 
 broad, the ribs round like a barrel, 
 the fillets large, the buttoclcs rather 
 oval thin broitd, the legs clean, fldt, 
 andltra-t; and, fini'ly, the mane 
 and tail ought to be long and thn, 
 not (hort and buHiy, the lallbeing 
 counted a mailc of duUnels. Wlien 
 a hunter is thus chofen, and has 
 been taught fuch obedience, that he 
 will readily anfwer to the rider's fig- 
 nals both of the bridle and hand, 
 the voice, the calf of the leg, and 
 the fpurs ; thit he knows how to 
 make his way forward, and has 
 gained a true temper of mouth, and 
 a right placing of his head, and has 
 learned to ftop and to turn readily, 
 if his age be fuificiently advanced he 
 is ready for the field. It is a rule 
 with all Itaunch fport.fmen, that no 
 horfe fliould b^ ufed in hunting till 
 he is full live years old ; fbme will 
 huiu them at four, but the hurfe at 
 this time is not come up to his true 
 ilrength and courage, and will not 
 only fail at very tough trials, but 
 will be fuhjeil to drains and acci- 
 dents of that kind, much more than 
 if he were to be kept another year 
 firft, when his Itrength would be 
 more confirmed. 
 
 Wiien the hunter is five years old, 
 he may be put to grafs from the 
 middle of May till Bartholomew- 
 tide ; for the weather between thefe 
 is Co hot, .that it v^-jll be very proper 
 to ipaie him from work. At Bar- 
 tholomew-tide the Iliength of the 
 grafs beginning to be nipped by 
 troits and cold dews, fo that it is apt 
 to engender crudities in the horfe, 
 he Ihould be taken up, while his 
 coat is yet fmooth and fleek, and 
 put into the ftable. When he is firfl 
 brought home, he fhould be put in 
 fome (ecure and Ipaclous place, 
 vJiere he may evacuate his body by 
 
 HUN 
 
 degrees, and be brought not all af 
 once to the warm keeping ; the next 
 night he may be ftabled up. It is 
 a general rule with many not to 
 cioath and liable up their horfes till 
 two or three days after they are taken 
 horn grafs, and others who put them 
 in the liable after the fiill night, yet 
 will not drefs and cioath them till 
 three or four days afterward ; but 
 all this, except the keeping the horfe 
 one day in a large and cool place, is 
 needlefs caution. 
 
 There is a general practice among 
 the grooms, in many places, of giv- 
 ing their hunters wheat fti^w as Iboa 
 as they take them up from grafs. 
 They lay they do this to take up his 
 belly ; but there feems mucii reafjn 
 to difapprove of this. The change 
 is very violent, and the nature ot 
 the Itraw lo heating and drying, 
 that there feems great reafon to fear 
 that the a'lringent nature of it would 
 be prejudicial, more than is at firft 
 perceived. It is always found that 
 the dung is hard after this food^ 
 and is voided with pain and difiicul- 
 ty, which is in general very wrong 
 lor this fort of horfe. It is better 
 therefore to avoid this ftraw-feed- 
 ing ; and to depend upon moderate 
 airing, warm cloathing, and good 
 old hay, and old corn, than to have 
 recourfe to any thing of this kind. 
 
 When the horfe hss evacuated all 
 his grafs, and has been properly 
 fliod, and the flioes have had time 
 to fettle to his feet, he may be rid- 
 den abroad, and treated in the man- 
 ner following. 
 
 The groom ought to vifit him ear- 
 ly in the morning, at five o'clock in 
 the long days, and at fix in the Ihort 
 ones j he rauft then clean out the 
 ftable, and feel the horfe's neck, 
 flank, and belly, to find the ftate 
 of his health. If the flank feels 
 foft and flabby, there is necefTity of 
 good diet to harden it, otherwife 
 
 any 
 
H U N 
 
 any great exercife will occafion 
 fwelllngs and goutinefs in the heels. 
 After this examination, a handtul 
 or two of good old oats well fifted 
 flioiild be given him ; this will make 
 him have more inclination to water, 
 and will alfo make the v^^ater to fit 
 better on his ftomach, than if he 
 drank falling. After this he is to 
 be tied up and drefled. If in the 
 doing of this he opens his mouih, 
 as if he would bite, or attempts to 
 kick at tb.e perfon, it is a proof that 
 the teeth of the currycomb are too 
 fharp, and muft be filed blunter. If 
 after this he continues the fame 
 tricks, it is through wantonnefs, 
 and he fhould be corrected for it 
 with the whip. The intent of cur- 
 rying being only to raife the du't, 
 this is to be brufhed off afterwards 
 with a horle-tail nailed to a handle, 
 cr any other light briifli. Then he 
 is to be rubbed down with the brufh, 
 and dufted a fecond time j he Ihould 
 then be rubbed over with a wet hand, 
 and all the loofe hairs, and what- 
 ever foulnefs there is, fl^.ould be 
 picked off. When this is done, 
 and he is wiped dry as at firft, a 
 large faddle-cloth is to be put en, 
 reaching down to the fpurrmg place ; 
 then the faddle is to be put on, and 
 a cloth thrown over it that he n.ay 
 not take cold : then rub down his 
 legs, and pick his feet with an iron 
 picker, and let the mane and tail be 
 combed with a wet mane comb. 
 Laftly, it is a cuftom to fpurt fome 
 beer in his mouth juft before the 
 leading him cut of the ftable. He 
 fiiould then be mounted, and walk- 
 ed a mile at lealt to fonie running 
 water, and there watered ; but he 
 muif only be fuffered to take about 
 hall his water at one drinking. 
 
 It is the cultom of msny to gallop 
 the horfe at a violent rate as foon as 
 he comes out of the water, but this 
 is extremely wrong for many rea- 
 
 HUN 
 
 Tons. It endangers the breaking a 
 horfe's wind mere th;n any other 
 prafticp, and oftttn has been the oc- 
 caficn of borfting very good hones. 
 It uies them alfo to the difagreeable 
 trick we find in many horfes, ot' 
 running away as foon as ever they 
 come cut of the water ; and witli' 
 fome it makes them averfe to drink- 
 ing, fo that thty will lather, endure 
 thiift, and hurt tbem.fclves greatly 
 by it, than bring on the violent ex- 
 ercife which th.ey lemember always 
 follows it. The better way is to 
 walk him a littie after he is out of the 
 water, then put him to a gentle gal- 
 lop for a little \fhile, and after this 
 bring him to the water again. 
 This fliouid be done three or four 
 times, till he will not drink any 
 mo;e. If there is a hilly place near 
 the watering place, it is always well 
 to ride up to itj if otherwife, any 
 place is to b^ chofen where there is 
 tree air and fun. That the creature 
 may enjoy the benefit of this, he is 
 not to be galloped, but walked a- 
 bout in this plsce an hour, and then 
 taken home to the liable. The 
 pleaiure the horfe himfelf tak;s in 
 thefe airings when well managed, 
 is very evid^^nt, for he will gape, 
 yawn, and fnru'g up his body j and 
 in thefe, whenever he will Itand 
 ftiii to Ifale, dung, or liilen to any 
 noife, he is not to be hindered from 
 it, but encouraged in every thing of 
 this kind. 
 
 The advantages of thefe airings 
 are very evident, they purity the 
 biood, teach the creature how to 
 make his breathing agree with the 
 relt o> the motions ot hiS body, and 
 give h'm an appetite to his food, 
 which hunters and racers, that are 
 kept ftalled up, are otherwife very 
 apt to iofe. On returnirg from air- 
 ing, the litter in the liable fhould be 
 fieih, and by Itiiring this, and 
 whiiiling, he wi'l be brought to dale.- 
 Tl-.en 
 
HUN 
 
 Then he Is to be led to the ftall, 
 and tied up, and again carefully 
 rubbed down ; then he Hiould he 
 covered with a linen-cloth next his 
 body, and a canvas one over that, 
 made to fit him, and reaching dswn 
 to his legs. This, as the duke of 
 Newcaltle obferves, is a cultom 
 which we learnt of the Tuiks, who 
 are of all people the molt nice and 
 careful of their horfes. Over this 
 covering there Hiculd be put a body 
 cloth of fix or eight Ifraps ; this 
 keeps his belly in fhape, and does 
 not hurt him. This cloathing will 
 be fufficient while the weather is not 
 very fliarp, but in fevere fea- 
 fons, when the hair begins to rile 
 and ftait in the uncovered parts, a 
 woollen cloth is to be added, and 
 this will always prove fully fuf- 
 ficient. 
 
 Different horfes, and different fea- 
 fons, make vaiiety of the degree of 
 cloathing necellary ; but there al- 
 ways is an obvious rule to point 
 out the necelfary changes, the 
 roughnefs of the coat being a mark 
 of the want of cloathing, and the 
 finoothnef's of it a proof that the 
 cloathing is fuflicient. Therefore if 
 at any time the hair is found to 
 ihirr, it is a notice that fome farther 
 cloathing is to be added. 
 
 If the horfe fweat much in the 
 night, it is a fign that he is over 
 fed, and wants exeicife, this there- 
 fore is eafily remedied. An hour 
 or more after the horfe is come in 
 trom his airing, the groom fiiould 
 give him a wi:p of clean hay, mak- 
 ing him eat it ou: of his hand ; af- 
 ter this let the manger be well clean- 
 ed our, and a quartein of oats clean 
 lilted be given him. If he eats up 
 this with an appetite, he fliould have 
 more given him ; but if he is flow 
 and indifferent about it. he nuift 
 have no more. The bulineis is to 
 
 HUN 
 
 give him enough, but not to cloy 
 him with food. 
 
 If the horfe gets flefh too faf^ on 
 this home feeding, he is not to be 
 itinted to prevent it, but only his 
 exercife encreafed ; this will take 
 down his flefii, and at the fame time 
 give him ftrenglh and wind. After 
 the feeding in the morning is over, 
 the liable is to be fliut up, only- 
 leaving him a little hay on his litter. 
 He need be no more looked at till 
 one o'clock, and then only rubbed 
 down, and left again to the time of 
 his evening watering, which is four 
 o'clock in the fummer, and three in 
 the winter. When he has been 
 watered, he muft be kept out an 
 hour or two, or more if neceffiry, 
 and then taken home and rubbed 
 as after the morning watering. Theii 
 he IS to have a feed of corn at fi» 
 o'clock, and another at nine at 
 night ; and being then cleaned, and' 
 his litter put in order, and hay 
 enough left for the night; he is to 
 be left till morning. This is the 
 direction for one day, and in this 
 manner he is to be treated every d^y 
 for a fortnight, at the end of which 
 time, his fle/li will be i'o hardened, 
 his wind fo improved, and his mouth 
 lb quickened, and his gallop brought 
 to lo good a Itroke, that he will be 
 fit to be put to moderate hunting. 
 During the time that he is ufed in 
 hunting, he muft be ordered on his 
 days of reft exa6tly as is directed 
 for the fortnight when he is in pre- 
 paration ; but as his exercife is now 
 greatly increafed, he tnuft be allow- 
 ed a more ftrengthningfood, mixing 
 fome old fplit beans at every feed- 
 ing with his oats. 
 
 And if this is not found to be 
 fufficient, the following bread mufi 
 be given : let two pecks of old 
 beans : and one peck of wheat be 
 grouqd togeth*-, and made into an 
 indif- 
 
HUN 
 
 jndifFerently fine meal ; then knead 
 't into dough with feme warm wa- 
 ter, and a good quantity oF yeft ; 
 let it lie a time that it may rife and 
 fwell, which will make the bread 
 the lighter ; then mnke it into loaves 
 of a peck each; and let it be bsked 
 in a How oven that it may be tho- 
 roughly done without being burnt ; 
 when it is taken out of the oven, 
 it mud be fet bottom upwards to 
 cool ; when it is one day old,thecruft 
 is to b' chipped off, and the crumb 
 given him as food. When this is 
 ready, he fliould have fome of it at 
 leaft once in the day ; but it is not 
 to be made the only food, but fome 
 feeds are to be of oats alone, fome 
 of oats and this bread, and fome of 
 oats and beans mixed together. 
 The making a variety in this man- 
 ner, being the bell of all methods of 
 keeping up the appetite, which is 
 often apt to fail. 
 
 HUN 
 
 The day before the horfe Is to 
 hunr, he mull have no beans, he- 
 cauie they are hard of digtftion, 
 but only fome oats with this brend j 
 or if he will be brought to eat the 
 bread alore, that will be btfl of all. 
 His evening feed fliould, on this 
 day, be fomewhat earlier than ufualj 
 and after this he is only to have a 
 wifp of hay out of the groom's hand 
 till he return from hunting. Sport/- 
 ?nans DiSf. apud Chambers's Suppl. 
 
 If the reader would d-fire to be 
 more particularly informed co'-<c€rn- 
 ing the further treatment, breed- 
 ing, &c. of hunting and race hor- 
 fes, he is requefted to confult the 
 Sport/mans Dicilonary^ under the 
 article Hunting-Horse, where 
 that fubje6l is copioufly treated of 5 
 this much being deemed by us all 
 that can be expelled in this place. 
 See alfo the article Match in this 
 Di6iionary, 
 
 %%%%%%%%%^M%%^%%%%%%%%%%%% 
 
 J- 
 
 JAR 
 
 TARDON, a hard, callous fwel- 
 J ling, growing on the outilde of 
 a horfesham. It commonly proceeds 
 from blows and kicks of other hor- 
 fes, but frequently happens to man- 
 aged horfes, by fetting them on their 
 haunches. It is at firft fcarcely dif- 
 cernable, but in time caufes the horfe 
 to halt, and grows fo painful as to 
 make him pine away, and become 
 light bellied. It fliould be firft 
 treated with coolers and repellers. 
 Bathe the tumour well vi'ith hotvine- 
 g»r, th-.ee or four times a day, and 
 
 JAR 
 
 if that does not fucceed alone, an 
 ounce of oil of vitiiol may be j'ut to 
 a quait of vinegar ; or half an ounce 
 of white vitriol dilToived in a little 
 water, and added to the fame quan- 
 tity. If the fwelling continues hard 
 and infenfible, the bell way is to 
 blifler or fire : but mild biii^ets a- 
 lone generally fucceed. Cibfon end 
 Bart let. 
 
 JARRETIER, in the manage, 
 an oblblete French word, fignifying 
 a horfe whofe houghs aie too cio!e 
 togethei , which is now expr^Tcd in 
 
 IVI French 
 
I N 
 
 French by crochu: i. e, crooked or 
 hooked. Guil/et, 
 
 JAUNDICE, or Yellows, in 
 horles. See the article Yellows. 
 JAW-BONES of a hone Hiould 
 be narrow and lean, but the diftance 
 between ihem and the throat large 
 and hollow, ibat he may the better 
 jilace his head. If the j^w-bone 
 be too rqiiarp, that i?, \\ there be 
 too great a diltance between the eye 
 and that part of it which touches his 
 neck, it is not only ug'y and un- 
 feeinly, but even hinders him from 
 placing his head j and if there be 
 but too little dillance betwixt the 
 J4w.Hones, *hen, as loon as you 
 pull the bridle to bring his bead mto 
 its moft becoming pofture, the bone 
 ireeting his neck will hinder him, 
 efpecialiy if he have a fhort an-1 thick 
 neck togettier w:th that imperlec- 
 tion. S oil ej fell. 
 
 Jaw-Knotted, a term for the 
 jaws of a horle that have inflated 
 kernels. In this cafe, don't let the 
 fanier cut them out with a pair of 
 red hot foiifars, (as fome of thtm do) 
 but dilfohe them with two, or thi-ee, 
 of more tuinep poultices. Bur don ^ 
 The horfe's throat ought to be 
 kee) t warm with clothfs, till the 
 fwelling is either dilTohed, or come 
 to a head j if the latter, any com- 
 mon fanier may open the tumour 
 with a fiiarp penknife, and when 
 the matter has a free difcharge, the 
 wound wiii eafily heal by the ufe of 
 the horfe ointment applied warm. 
 Ttrachens Remarks on Burdon's 
 Focket- Farrier. 
 
 Jaw-Set. See the article Con- 
 vulsions. 
 
 IMPERFECTIONS, or De- 
 fects in horfes. See the article 
 Defects. 
 
 IMPOSTHUME. See the ar- 
 ticle Tumour. 
 
 IN, in the manage, fignifies the 
 in fide within, as cut does ihe outiidc. 
 
 I N S 
 
 without : thus we fay, the inner- 
 heel, the outer-heel, the innei-ieg, 
 the outer-leg, &c. This niarnier 
 of fpeak'ng i elates to I'everal things, 
 according as the horfe works to the 
 right or Icit upon vohs j or as he 
 works along by a wall, hedge, or 
 iome fuch thing : thus it ferves to 
 diliin 'un'h on what hand or what 
 fide the horleman is to give the aids 
 to a horfe upon man:ige. For along 
 by a wa.l, the outer-leg is the leg 
 of a fide wiih the wall, and the o- 
 ther leg is the in-lcg. And upon 
 voits, it a hone works to the right, 
 the right heel is the inner-hee! \ the 
 right leg, the inner leg j lb that by 
 conlequence the left heel and lett 
 leg mult be the outlide heel and Itg. 
 Now the down right con'iary will 
 happen, il the horfe works to the 
 leit. Bur the rising malteis now 
 a days, to be the better undei flood, 
 uft^ the term?, r'gh' and Itfi*. thus ihty 
 will fay,9friit tue horfe with the right 
 heel, with the right leg, taking the 
 fituation of the heels and Icg^ with 
 refpe(^ to the voir. See the articles 
 Enlarge, Gallop-False, and 
 Large, 
 
 Tbj head In. The haimches In. 
 See the article Head. 
 
 'To put a horfe In, is anexpiefTIon 
 that lignifi?;s to feed and dreis him, 
 by puttmghim right upon the hands 
 and the heels. Guillet. 
 
 INFLAMMATION of the eyss 
 of a horfe. See the article Eye. 
 
 INS'IEP is ;he part of the hind 
 leg of a hcrfe that correfponds to the 
 ihank in the fore-leg, extending 
 fiom the ham to the paftcrn joint. 
 GuillcL 
 
 It fhould be big, flat, and in a 
 line perpendicular to the ground, 
 when the horfe is in his natural pof- 
 ture of llanding i fo that when the 
 infteps do not Itand perpendicular, 
 it is a fign of weaknefs either in the 
 reins, or hindej quarters. SoUeyfeJL 
 IN- 
 
I N T 
 
 INTERFERE, or Cut, to 
 knock or rub one heel againft ano- 
 ther in going, as horils Ibmetimes 
 do. 
 
 Therearefour accidents that caufe 
 a horfe to inteiTere. 
 
 I. Weaiintli. a. Weaknefs in 
 his reins. 3. Not knowing how to 
 go. 4. His not being accuftjmed 
 to travel. To which may be added, 
 his being badly, or too old Hiod. 
 
 It happens more frequen*ly be- 
 hind than before, and is eafily help- 
 ed by flioeing, efpecially it the horfe 
 be young. It is foon difcovercd, by 
 the Ikin's beicig cut on the infide of 
 the paftern-joir.ts, and many times 
 galled to the very hone, lo that the 
 korfe often iialts with it, and has his 
 partem joints fwelled. To redrefs 
 this grievance, i. If a horfe cut thro' 
 wearinefs, there is no better remedy 
 than giving him reft, and feeding 
 him well. 2. If he cut before, take 
 off his two fore-flioes, take down 
 the out quaiter of each foot very 
 much, and place the inner edge of 
 the fhoe, fo as it may exa61Iy follow 
 the compafs cf his foot,, without it's 
 any ways exceeding towards the 
 heel j then cut the fpunges equal 
 with the heel, and rivet the nails fo 
 ricely into the horn that they may 
 not at all appear above it, or eile 
 burn the horn with the point cf a 
 red hot iron, a little below the hole 
 of each nail, wh'ch dene, beat 
 down and rivet them in thole holes. 
 If after this rnethcd of (hoeing he itill 
 continue to cut h'lidelf, you are to 
 thicken the inner quarters and 
 fpunges ot his (hoes, fo as they may 
 double the thick of thofe on the our- 
 «~de, and always pare down his out- 
 quarters even, almolt to the quick, 
 without in the leaft touching thoie 
 on the infide j but ever be fure to ri- 
 vet the nails very juitiy and clofe, 
 
 3. If the horfe cut behind, un- 
 fh^e him, and pare down his cut- 
 
 jou 
 
 quarters, even alinofl: to the quick, 
 give his flioes calkins only on the 
 infide, and fuch a turn as may m?.ke 
 them ahfolutely follo.v the compafs 
 and fli3pb of his foot, without ex- 
 ceeding it, efpecially in the inner 
 quarters 5 and ab:>ve all, rivet the 
 nails exafliy, for one fi/';gle rivet 
 may caufe a great diforder. 
 
 4. If notwithltandirg all thefe 
 precautions, ycur horfe does not for- 
 bear cuttir g, you muH, befdes what 
 has been aiieady ordered, take ra e 
 that no nails at all be drove upon ihe 
 infide : but only make a beak at the 
 toe, to keep the flioe firm in its 
 place, fo that con' ii.uing this me- 
 thod for fome time, the horfe will 
 learn to walk, and no longer inter- 
 fere, though he were afterwards 
 fhod in the ufual manner, 
 
 5. To prevent this diforder, fome 
 fix little boots of leather or of an old 
 hat ^bout the paftern joints, which 
 are made narrower at top tlian bot- 
 tom, and therefore only taftened at 
 top. 6. Others wrap about the 
 pall em joint a piece of flieep fkin 
 with the woolly fide next to the 
 hone J and when it is worn out, ap- 
 ply a new ore. SoUeyftll. 
 
 JOCKEY, one tn,u trims up 
 horfe=, and rides about with horles 
 for faie. 
 
 Skort JOINTED. See Short 
 Joint Ei:). 
 
 JOURNEY. Here it may not 
 be ainiis to infert certain particular 
 directions for prelervJng a hoife 
 found UjiOn a journey. 
 
 1. See that his flioes be rot too 
 ilraight, or prefs his feet ; bur be 
 exactly Hiaped ; &nd 1-t him be.fhoJ 
 fome days before you begin a jour- 
 n-v, thdt they may ieltle on his 
 feet. 
 
 2, Take care that he is provided 
 with a proper bit, by no means too 
 heavy, which may incline him t'» 
 ca:ry low, or to rcrt uptn the haod, 
 
 hi X when 
 
J o u 
 
 when he grows weary. The mouth 
 of the bit niould reft upon his bars, 
 about half a finger's breadth frorn 
 histuHies; the curb fhould reft in the 
 hollow of his beard, a little above 
 the chin ; and if it gall him, you 
 muft defend the place with a piece 
 of buff or o'dier foft leather. 
 
 3. Take care that the faddle 
 does not reft upon his withers, reins 
 or back-bone; and that one part of 
 it does not prefs his back more than 
 another. 
 
 4. Some riders gall a harfe's fide 
 below the faddle with their ftirrup- 
 leathers, efpecially if he be lean ; 
 to hinder it, you fliould fix a lea- 
 ther ftrap between the points of the 
 fore and hind bows of the faddle, 
 and make the ftirrup-leather pafs o- 
 ver them. 
 
 5. Having obferved thefe precau- 
 tions, begin your journey with fliort 
 inarches, efpecially if your horfe has 
 nf- been exercifed for a long time : 
 futfer him to pifs as often as you 
 find him inclined, and not only lb, 
 but invite him to it ; but do not ex- 
 cite your mares to ftale, becaufe 
 their vigour will be thereby dimi- 
 riifhed, 
 
 6. It is alfo ad vi fable to ride very 
 fo^tly, for a quarter or half an hour 
 he'ore you arrive at the Inn, that, 
 the hone not being too vi^arm, nor 
 o\it of breath, when put into the 
 liable, you may unbridle him ; but 
 it your bufinefs obliges vou to put 
 on fliarply, you nuiltthen (the wea- 
 ther being warm) let him he walked 
 in a man's liand, that he may cool 
 by degrees ; otherwife if it be very 
 cold, let him be covered with cloth^, 
 •Ar\(\ wa'ked up and down in fome 
 place free from wind ; but in cafe 
 vou h^ve not the conveniency of a 
 iflicltcred walk, ftabie him forth- 
 vvith, and let his whole body be 
 rv.hbed and dried with ftraw. 7. 
 Altho' fome people will have their 
 
 jou 
 
 honV<='fgs rubbed down with ftravr, 
 as foon as they are brought into the 
 ftnble, thinking to fupple them by 
 thit means ; yet it is one of the 
 greatefterrorsthat can becommitted, 
 and produces no other effects than 
 to draw down into the legs thofe 
 humours that are always ftirred up 
 by the fatin;ue of the journey : not 
 that the rubbing of horfes legs is to 
 be difillowed; on the contrary, we 
 highly approve of it, only would 
 not have it done at their firft arrival, 
 but when they are perfeftly cooled. 
 
 S. Being come to your inn, as 
 foon as your horfe is partly dried, 
 and ceafes to beat in the flanks, let 
 him be unbridled, his bitt wafhed, 
 cleanfed, and wiped, and let him 
 eat his hay at pleafure. 9. The 
 duft and fand will fometimes fo dry 
 the tongues and mouths of horfes, 
 that they lofe their appetites : in 
 fuch cafe give them bran well moift- 
 ened with water, to cool and refi'efh 
 their mouths ; or wafii their mouths 
 and tongues with a wet fponge, to 
 oblige them to eat. lo. The fore- 
 going direftions are to be obferved 
 after moderate riding, but if you 
 have rid excefilve hard, unfaddle 
 your horfe, and fcrape off the fweat 
 with a fweating- knife, or fcraper, 
 holding it with both hands, and go- 
 ing always with the h^ir ; then rub 
 his head and ears with a large hair- 
 cloth, wipe him alio between the 
 fore legs and hind-legs; in the mean 
 while, "his body fhould be rubbed all 
 over with ftraw, efpecially under 
 his belly and beneath the faddle, till 
 he be thoroughly dry. That done, 
 feton the faddle again, cover him, 
 and if you have a warm place, mt 
 him be gently led up and down m 
 it, for a quarter of an hour, but if 
 not, let him diy wheie he ftands. I 
 
 II. When horfes are arrived in ' 
 an inn, a man fliould, before they : 
 are unbridled, lilt up their feet, to 
 
 fee I 
 
JDU 
 
 fee whether they want any of their 
 fhoes, or if thole they have do not 
 reft upon their foles ; afterwards he 
 Ihould pick and clear them of the 
 earth and gravel, which may begot 
 betwixt their flioes and foles. 
 
 12. If you water them abroad, 
 upon their return from the river, 
 caufe their feet to he ilopped with 
 cow- dung, whidi will eafe the pain 
 therein ; and if it be in the evening, 
 let ti,e dung continue in their feet 
 all night, to keep them foft and in 
 good condition ; but if your horfe 
 have brittle feet, it will he requifite 
 to anoint the fore- feet, at the on- 
 fetting of the hoofs, with butter, 
 oil, or hog's -greafe, before you wa- 
 ter hiin in the morning, and in dty 
 weather, they fliould be alibgreafed 
 at noon. 
 
 13. Many horfes, as foon as un. 
 bridled, inftead of eating lay them- 
 felves down to reft, by reafon of the 
 great pain they have in their feet, fo 
 that a man is apt to think them fick, 
 but if he look to their eyes, he will 
 fee they are lively and good, and if 
 he offer them meat as they are ly- 
 ing, they will eat it very willingly j 
 yet if he handle their het^ he will 
 find them extremely hot, which dif- 
 covers their fuffering in that part* 
 You muft therefore iee if their flioes 
 do not rtft upon their foles, which 
 is fomewhat difficult to be certainly 
 known, without unfhoeing them, 
 but if you take off their flioes, then 
 look to the infide of them, and you 
 may perceive that thofe pirts which 
 reft upon the foles, are more fmooth 
 and fliining than the others : in this 
 cafe you are to pare theii- feet in thofe 
 parts, and fix on their flioes again, 
 anointing the hoofs, an i flo-^ping 
 the foJes, with fcalding hot black 
 pitch or tar. 
 
 In order to preferve horfes after 
 travel, take thtfe few ufeful inftruc- 
 tions. When you are snived from 
 
 J o u 
 
 a journey, immediately draw the 
 two heel nails of the fore-feet, and 
 if it be a large flioe, then four : two 
 or three days after, you may blood 
 him in the neck, and feed him for 
 ten or twelve days only with wet 
 hran, without giving him any oats j 
 but keep hii^i well littered- 
 
 The realon why you are to draw 
 the heel-nails, is becaufe the heels 
 are apt to fwell, and if they are not 
 thus eafcd, the flioes would prefs 
 and ftreighten them too much : it is 
 aifo advifable to flop them with cow- 
 dung for a while, but do not take 
 the fhoes oiT, nor pare the feet, be- 
 caufe the humours are drawn down 
 by that means. 
 
 2* Tlie following bath will be ve- 
 ry ferviceable for prefeiving your 
 horfe's legs. Take tlie dung of a 
 cow or ox, and make it thin with 
 vinegar, fo as to be but of the con- 
 fiflence of thick broth, snd having 
 added a handful of iVnall fait, rub 
 his fore- legs from the knees, and 
 the hind- legs from the gambrels 
 chaffing them well with and againfl 
 the hair, that the remedy may link 
 in and ftick to thofe parts, that they 
 may be all covered over with it. 
 Thus leave the horfe till morning, 
 not wetting his legs, but giving him 
 his water that evening in a pail : 
 next morning lead him to the river, 
 or wafli his legs in well-water, which 
 is very good, and will keep them 
 from fwell ing. 
 
 3. Thofe perfons, who, to reco- 
 ver their horfes feet, make a hole 
 in them, which they fill with moift- 
 ened cow-dung, and keep it in their 
 fore feet during the fpace of a 
 month, do very ill, becaufe, tho"" 
 the continual moifture that iffues 
 from the dung, occafions the grow- 
 ing of the hoof, yet it dries and 
 flirinks it fo exceffively when out of 
 that place, that it fplits and breaks 
 
 M3 like 
 
J o u 
 
 like glafp, and the foot immediately 
 ftraightens. 
 
 For it is certain that cow-dung 
 (contrary to the opii.ion o!" many 
 people) fpoils a horfcs hoof j it does 
 indeed moiften the folt. but dries 
 up the hoof, which is of a different 
 nature from it. 
 
 In order therefore to recover a 
 
 I V E 
 
 horfe-s feet, inftead of cow-dung, 
 fill a hole with blue wet clay, and 
 make him keep his fore feet in it for 
 a month. SoileyfelL 
 
 For farther inforin?.tion on this 
 head, fee the article Travelling- 
 Horse. 
 
 IVES, orVivES. See the arti- 
 tideVivES. 
 
 "^sj^^s^m^'^^^^jimm^sis^^^^ 
 
 K, 
 
 K I B 
 
 K I D 
 
 T/"ERNELS wnder the end of a 
 * horje come by heats and cold?, 
 snd bring the glanders. See 
 the articles Gland, Glanders, 
 and JawKmotted. 
 
 There are alio fometimes certain 
 loole and mov ng kernels between 
 the two jaw-hones, which, if a horfe 
 be young, fhew that he has not yet 
 ca'l his gourme or ftr^ngie ; or, at 
 3 a!^, that he has caft it but imper- 
 ffcffiy. But if he be more aged, 
 though he h?.ve a pretty >«-!Viber of 
 their, (provided they he no bigger 
 than peas) they are of no great con- 
 fisquerce, liecriu^e exercie and fweat- 
 ing will dii' uf-^ them in a fhoi t time. 
 It there be a fixt kernel painful and 
 Jafiened to the jaw bone?, it is al- 
 Ynoft alvvays a fign of she glanders, 
 cfpecial.'y if the iiorfe be pad feven 
 years of pge. SoV.e\feil. 
 
 KIEED HEELb, or Mules, 
 are chinks and fores on the inlide of 
 the hind p«(^erns, and in the heels j 
 and are caufed from travelling in 
 deep Tandy lanes, or from a natuial 
 gourJinefs of the leg: but moftly 
 tor want of care in wafliing and 
 keeping them clean aitcr txejcife. 
 
 This is fo p?.inful a diforder that It 
 will caule a horfe to lofe his appe- 
 tite, and go exceeding lame and Itiff 
 for feme lime atter feuing out. The 
 core is the fame with that for the 
 greafe ; only it the fores be dry it 
 is beft to keep the heels fi^ftened and 
 fupple with currier's dubbing made 
 of oil and tallow ; for this will keep 
 the hide from cracking, and pre- 
 ferve it as well as it does leather; 
 and it is the only thing to hinder 
 the fctatchts, by ufing it often be- 
 fore exercife, and wafliing the heels 
 with waim water, when the horfe 
 comes in. Bracken s Art of Tar- 
 rkry. See the article Grease. 
 
 KiCKER agc'mji the fpiirs in the 
 manage. See the aiticie Ramin- 
 
 CUE. 
 
 KIDNEYS of a horfe are two In 
 number, viz. right and lelt. The 
 right lies under the liver, and the 
 left under the fpleen, fo that It is 
 feated a little higher than the other : 
 they are both placed in the cavity of 
 the Ioin«, upon the two lowermoil 
 libs. Their ufe is to feparate the 
 urine, which is of great impoitance 
 10 tlic health and preiVrvation of 
 horfes \ 
 
K I D 
 
 horfes ; they being liable to many 
 difeafes, which either take their or- 
 igin from faulty kidneys, or have 
 at lealt fuch fyinptoms as plainly 
 fliew the kidneys t* be more or lefs 
 arTected. The right kidney of a 
 horfe is fomewhat triangular, the 
 left, oval ; the upper pait larger 
 th-n f.^e lower. Each kidney has 
 a i'mall cavitv in the middle, callc-d 
 its pelvis or br.fon, into which the 
 urir.e diftiils Ironi the glandules, 
 on all fides. From the pelvis of 
 each defcends a pi^^e or ureter, which 
 convevs the urine fiom the kidneys 
 to the bladder. See Bladder. 
 Gibfcn's Difeafes of Horfes^ 
 
 Difeafes of the KiDSEYS. Hor- 
 fes receive hurts in the kidneys fe- 
 veial ways; fometimes by drawing 
 great loads in heavy grounds ; 
 fometimes, by carrying too great 
 weight upon their back-, efpecially 
 when it preffes upon their loins -, 
 ard above all, when thefe burdens 
 are continued fo long upon them, 
 till they grow faint and weak : for 
 then thty sre mo'd apt to be ij.juredj 
 continued b.ard riding, without giv- 
 ing a liorfe time to dale, often hurts 
 the kidneys; going into ftrcng ex- 
 e cife, when a horfe is fat and full 
 of blood, an 1 otherwile unprepared 
 for it. Sometimes extem^l injuries 
 on the loins will alfo affc6t the kid- 
 neys, by inflaming thcni firft: and 
 this may be followed with impof- 
 thumes and ulcers. And!ai^lv,fo!dr> 
 and other accidents will afFe6> the 
 kidneys, where there is a natural 
 weakpeis m thofe parts. 
 
 The figns of the kidneys being 
 hurt, oi afFefted, are a weaknefs 
 of the back snd loins ; difikulty 
 of ftaling, faintnefs, lofs of appe- 
 tite, and deadnel's in the eyes ; the 
 urine is thick, foul, and fometimes 
 bloody, efpecially after a violent 
 ftrain. A horfe difeaftd in his kid- 
 neys can fcl(jom back, that is, move 
 
 K I D 
 
 flraight backwards, without pain, 
 which is vifible as often as he \<^ put 
 to the tiial; the fame thing is obierv- 
 able indeed in hotfes whcfe backs 
 have been wrung and wrenched, but 
 with this difference, that in the lat- 
 ter caft there is feldom any dc-feft or 
 alteration in the urine, except it is 
 higher coloured. 
 
 Bleedmg is the prime remedy in 
 this cafe, and that plentifully, in 
 order to prevent infl.'mmation ; and 
 the wiore fo, ifa fever atiends a dif- 
 ficulty of Italing : for then we may 
 fufpeft the kidneys already inflamed. 
 A rcwelin the b^ily lias been found 
 u'e'ul, and the following bills may 
 be given twice or thrice a day, with 
 a pint of marflimallow decoftion, 
 in which half an ounce of gum ara- 
 ble is diiTolved, with an ounce of 
 honey, * Take Luca:ellus bal- 
 
 * fam, one ounce; fpermacceii, fix 
 
 * drams ; f.il pruneilsi, half an 
 
 * ounce. Mix into a ball with 
 ' honey ; and if the urine is bloody, 
 
 * add half an ounce of Japan earth.* 
 
 Should the fever continue, bleed 
 largely ; give emollient glyfteis, and 
 the following drink, till it abates. 
 
 * Take of baum, f?.ge, and cha- 
 
 * momile flowers, each sn handful ; 
 ' liquorice rootfliced, half an ounce; 
 
 * fa;t prunel or nitre, three ounces } 
 
 * infufe in two quarts of boiling 
 
 * water; when cold, (fraln off, and 
 
 * fqueeze into it the juice of two or 
 
 * three lemons, and fweeien with 
 
 * honey.'" 
 
 If the urine piHes with d'fBcultjr 
 and pain, notwithltanding thefe 
 means, give this ball, and repeat 
 it twice or thrice a day, till the 
 horfe (tales freer, and without painj 
 his urine becomes of a right confid- 
 ence, and is free frojii any purulent 
 fettlement. ' Take b-»li'am of ca- 
 
 * pivi, or Strafbourgh-turpentine, 
 ' and Venice-foap, of each one 
 
 * ounce ; nitre fix drams ; mvnh 
 
 M 4 < p'cw. 
 
K N E 
 
 * powdered, two drams ; make info 
 
 * a ball with honey, and wafh it 
 
 * down with the mriffli-mallow de- 
 
 * co6lion.' But ifthis method fliould 
 not prove ruccefsful, and the urine 
 continues tu;bid, grows cofFee-co- 
 loured or feiid, the hoiTe lollng his 
 appetite and flefh, it is a fure fign 
 ot ulceration in the kidn-^y, which 
 if the above remedies do not foon 
 remove, you may depend on it the 
 liorfewill go into a confumption, 
 and is incurable. Gibfon and Bartkt, 
 
 Other dil'cnfcs that arife from de- 
 fers in the kidneys are a iuppref- 
 fion of urine, a ftrangury, ilaling 
 of blood, and a diabetes, each of 
 which are treated of under their re- 
 fpe^live names. 
 
 KNEE of a horfe is the joint of 
 the foie-qu?.rters, that joins the fore 
 thigh to the fliank. The knee of a 
 hoi fe fhould be flat, and large, with- 
 out any fwelling or roundnefs upon 
 the top of it. SoUeyfell. 
 
 K N O 
 
 For ftralns in the knee, fee the ar- 
 ticle Strain, 
 
 Knees Zto^^;/. Captain B«r^o« j 
 in his Pocket-Farriery advifes us to 
 mind, a horfe's knees are not broken, 
 when we want to buy, which is 
 a very good caution, and what all 
 yieople are cr ought to be aware of. 
 Broken knees are cured by rubbing 
 them with the following ointment. 
 
 * Take two ounces of Flanders oil 
 
 * of bays, half an ounce of honey, 
 
 * two drams of Venice turpentine, 
 
 * and three drams of quickfilver.' 
 Mix the quickfilver with the Venice 
 turpentine exceeding well, by ftir- 
 rir.g it about a quarter of an hour i 
 then add the oil and honey, which 
 Ihould alio he mixed v/ell before it 
 is ufed 5 and anoint the horfts knees 
 with it morning and evening. Brack' 
 eiis Poiket-Furrier. 
 
 KNOTTED betn>jeen the ja^ws. 
 See the aiticle Jaw-Knotted, 
 
 gfe !^ ^i^;^^ :^;^c^2^ife:^;^c^^cfo jadbitsifecfe-Jb^fedi^g 
 
 L. 
 
 LAM 
 
 LAM 
 
 T AME, in the manage, is ufed 
 -"-'■ in i'everal phrafes cf th.\t art j as 
 lame of an ear is faid of a horfe, 
 when he halts upon a walk or a trot, 
 and keeps time to his halting, with 
 the motions of his head ; for all 
 lame horfes do not keep time after 
 thxt rate. 
 
 Lame of the bridle is like wife uf- 
 ed by way of raillery, to figniiy the 
 fa 111 e th i n :- . Gnillct . 
 
 Lamenesg, See the articles 
 Halting. Strains, &c. 
 
 X^AMi/AS, an exciefcence in 
 
 the roof of a horfe's mouth, which 
 is fometimes fo luxuriant that it 
 grows above the teeth and hinders 
 his (ceding. The cure confirts in 
 lightiy cauterizing the fit fli with a 
 hot iron, taking care that it does 
 not penetrate too deep, fo as to fcale 
 off" the thin bone, that lies und r the 
 upper l-ars ; the part may be an- 
 omtrd with buint alum and honey, 
 which is proper for mod fores in the 
 moush. 
 
 This operation is by fome thought 
 
 to be intireiy unneceffary j it bemg 
 
 age- 
 
LAX 
 
 a general obfervation with them, 
 that all young horfes have their 
 mouths more or lefs full of what are 
 called lampas 5 and that ibmetimes 
 they rife higher than the fore-teeth : 
 but they farther obferve in propor- 
 tion as a horle grows older, the roof 
 flattens of itfelf-, and the teeth then 
 appear to rife. We are obliged to 
 the ingenious M. La FoJJe for this re- 
 mark y and hope it will be the means 
 of abolifliing this cruel and unne- 
 ceflaiy operation. Bartlefs Far- 
 riery. 
 
 LARGE, in the manage. A 
 horfe is faid to go large or wide, 
 when he gains or takes in more 
 ground in going wider from the 
 center of the volt, and defcribing a 
 greater circumference. To make a 
 horfe go large, you muit give him 
 the aid of your inner-heel. Ste En- 
 large. Guillet. 
 
 LASSITUDE, or Weariness, 
 in a horfe, may proceed either from 
 heat or cold, either when he has a 
 retention of urine, has drank after 
 being heattd, or has been put to his 
 utmoft fpeed at once, after long 
 reft: ; the remedy for this laft is reft. 
 But if the lafTitude proceeds from 
 cold, or be in cold weather, nicke 
 ufe of fomentations, and anoint his 
 head and back-bone with ointment, 
 in hot water, or warm wine. If he 
 has retained his urine, ufe the fame 
 medicines ; or rub his head and 
 reins with hot oil mixed with hog's 
 greafe, or hog's blood ; aiul give it 
 him to drink with wine. F.ujiic 
 
 L/^.X, or Scouring, in hor- 
 fes, is a frequent diicharge of thin, 
 v/atery, mucous, phlegmy, frothy, 
 fat, choleric, black matter, by the 
 fundament; and this is moftly v.'ith, 
 though Ibmetimes without, excre- 
 ments j and commonly, but not al- 
 ways, attended with griping pains 
 in the guts. If the caufe of this 
 6 
 
 t. A ^ 
 
 diftemper is any error in the horfe S 
 food, water, or exercife, the re- 
 moval of fuch caufe is the better half 
 of the cure. Bracken s Art of Far- 
 riery. 
 
 It is fometimes a nice matter to 
 form a proper judgment, when to 
 controul or encourage a loofenefs: 
 but thefe general rules may be a di- 
 re6lion. If n healthy, full horfe, 
 on taking cold, or upon hard rid- 
 ing, overfeeding, eating unwhole- 
 fbme food, or with a flight fever, 
 fnould have a moderate purging, 
 by no means think of flopping it, 
 but rather encourage it with an o- 
 pen diet, and plenty of warm gruel : 
 but if it continues long with grip- 
 ings, the mucus of the bowels com- 
 ing away, and tlie horfe loling his 
 appetite and flefh, it is then high 
 time to give him proper medicines : 
 if lie voids great quantities of llime 
 and gieafy matter, give hnu the 
 following drench, and repeat it every 
 other day, for three times. * Take 
 ' lenitive eleiSluary, and cream of 
 
 * tartar, of each five ounces ; yel- 
 ' low rofin finely powdered, one 
 
 * ounce ; and four ounces of fweet 
 
 * oil. Mix with a pint of water 
 
 * gruel.' The following alterative 
 ball alone has been found fuccefslul 
 for this purpofe, when given twice 
 a week, with fcalded bran, and 
 warm gruel. * Take fuccotrine 
 
 * aloes, half an ounce ; diapente, 
 ' one ounce; make into a ball with 
 
 * the juice of fpanifli liquorice dif- 
 ' Iblved in water, and a f[)Oonful 
 
 * of oil of, amber.' To this may be 
 adJed two drams of myrrh, and a 
 dra 11 of faftron, and (where it can 
 be afforded) half an ounce of ihu- 
 barh. 
 
 When the purging is attended 
 with a fever, rhubarb fiiould firR be 
 given to the quantity of lialf an 
 ounce, with an ounce and a half oi 
 lenitive elc(^iiary ; at nigiu, alter 
 
 the 
 
LAX 
 
 the working, give half an ounce or 
 more of drifcor-iiuin, in a pint of 
 red wine mulled with cinn.moni 
 and repeat it every dav ; ani the 
 rhubar;i b^!l once in two or three. 
 
 But if the dift?'nper incieafes, the 
 horfe-s fl inks and belly look full and 
 diftended, and he appears griped 
 ar.d in pain, let this glylbr be given, 
 and the quantity ot dir^icordiuTi in • 
 crealed to an ounce in his night 
 drink, * Take chamomilf flo apis, 
 / * one hand ui j pome^^ran ite and 
 
 < balanftines, of each an ounce ; 
 ' boil in two qiiai ts of water to on?j 
 ^ ftiain off, and diffb've in it two 
 
 * or th ee ounces of diafcordium, 
 
 < and one of niithriflate to which 
 
 * may be a 'd d a pint .>* port w.ne; 
 
 * repeat it once a day.* If the Hux 
 conti'-ues violent, give an ounce of 
 roach alum, with an ounce ^nd a 
 half of hole twice a day j or cliffulve 
 double this quartiiy with two oun- 
 ces of diafcordiutn, and the cord ill 
 ball, in two quarts of liLMt.'horn 
 drink 5 to which may be at'ded a 
 pint of port ; and gve the l:oife 
 th ee «:r four times a day a pint of 
 this flrink. For thi=; purpofe alio 
 a ftrnng decuciion of qak-i^ark may 
 be giv n, with eith r of the above 
 remedies ; and to the famequantitv j 
 even by itfeif it wi'l be found on 
 trial ro incorfiderahie remedy. 
 
 When the difcharge is ar^ended 
 w^th an acrid mucus or flime, the 
 griping and pnins are ve-y fevere ; 
 the co",mon lining of the bowels 
 being wafhed awsyj in this cafe, 
 the followin^j glyileis fiioold fie- 
 quentlv be irjecfted warm, ' Take 
 
 * of tripe liquor, or rhi;i ftarch, two 
 
 * quarts ; <. i) of oiive?, h.ilf a pint ; 
 
 * the yolk o' fix eg^i,s well broke, 
 
 * and two or three ounces of coarfe 
 
 * Aigar."" 
 
 Soine horfcs having naturally 
 weak (lom^chs and bowels throw 
 out their aliment und-.gelied ; their 
 
 t E A 
 
 dung Is habitually foft, and of a 
 pale colour j they f::( d poo ly, and 
 get no fiefh ; to remedy this com- 
 plaint, give the following purge 
 two or three times, and then the 
 infufion, to the quantty of a pint e- 
 very morning, 
 
 ' T:ike I'.icco'rine aloes fix 
 ' d'ains ; rhubarb powdeied, three 
 
 * drams ; myrrh and faflVon, each 
 
 * a dram ; m ike it into a ball wiUi 
 
 * 1) I up of ginger.' 
 
 • Take zedaory, gentian, win- 
 ' ter's bark and orange-peel, of 
 
 * each tw'o ounces ; pomegranate 
 
 * ba k, and bdlauiline, of each an 
 ' ounce ; chamomile flowers and 
 
 * Centaury, each a hand. ul j cinna- 
 •' mon and c'oves, each an ounce; 
 
 * irftifein a gallon or port,or ibcng 
 
 * beer.' Gibjhiy Bartlet, nnd JVood, 
 
 For that kmd of lax and fcouiing 
 dlled bloody flux, fee the ai title 
 Bloody Flux. 
 
 LEAD, in the manage, is a tetm 
 ufed to exprefs the part that begins 
 any motion firft. Ahor:e going in 
 a itraighi line always leads or cuts 
 the way with his rit;bt foot. The 
 Duke of Newcalfle was the fi- If that 
 ever made ufe of the term, and in- 
 deed it is very expreffive. Se?GAL* 
 lopUnited, and Gallop False, 
 Guillct. 
 
 LEAF EARED, a term ufed 
 for a horl'e that hr." hiseaislow, 
 and not right placed, in which cafe 
 they are generally long and lollirg 3 
 I'uch horfts aie commonly very diu- 
 ahle, yet the inipcrle6fioif is very 
 unbecom.Ing. SoUeyfelL 
 
 LEAP, in the manage, an air 
 of a ftep and a leap. See the ai tide 
 Step. 
 
 Leapin-c. Horse, one thnt 
 work; in the high manage, or one 
 that makes his leaps with order and 
 obedit-nre, between two pillars, up- 
 on a Itraight line, in volts, capri- 
 oles, b^loiades, or croupades. U e 
 
 ex- 
 
LEG 
 
 -Uides a gallop, a terra a terra, 
 .•.nd ccrvets, fiom the number of 
 leaps, becsufe the horfe does not 
 rile ib very high in thefe. Each 
 leap of the hcrJe ought not to g^ni 
 or make, not above a foot and a 
 half of ground forwards. ' 
 
 LEEK-HEADS, cr Figs. See 
 the article Fig. 
 
 LEGS of a horfe (hould have a 
 due proportion of their length to 
 that of the body : the fore-legs are 
 fub e : to many infirmities, as be- 
 ing the parts that fufftr moft, and 
 are alfo commonly the fmalleli: and 
 weakeil. Tr.ere are fevtral marks 
 of bad leg"^, that is, v/hich are a- 
 biifed and fpoiled, viz. if they ap- 
 pear altogether llrait, eras if they 
 were all cf one piece. A horfe is 
 faid to be ftrait upon his r^embers, 
 when from the knte to the fore part 
 of the coronet, the knees, fliank, 
 and coionet, defcend in a ftrait or 
 plumb-line, and that the pafiern- 
 joint appears more, or at lealf, as 
 much advanced as the reft of the 
 leg; fuch legs are like thoie of a 
 goat, maklns; a horfe apt to fiumble 
 and fall ; fo that in time the p^ftern 
 is thruft quite forward cut of it's 
 place, fo that the horfe becomes 
 lame. 
 
 2. Horfes which are ftrait upon 
 their members, are quite contiary 
 to thofe that are long-jointed ; that 
 is, whcfe pafterns are {o long and 
 flexible, that the horfe in walking 
 almoft touches the ground with 
 them. This is a greater imperfec- 
 tion than the fonrer, hecaufe fome 
 remedy mav be applie** to them, but 
 there can be none for this \ befides, 
 it is a f)gn of little or no ftrengrh, 
 and fuch horfes are not fit for any 
 iatigue or toil. 
 
 5. Some horfes, the' they be 
 1 'ng-jointed, yet do not bend their 
 paft. rns in walking, bemg fome- 
 W'hat long j jet it they be not too 
 
 LEG 
 
 flexible, fuch a horfe will gallop 
 and run with a great Heal morie eafe 
 to his tider, th-.n \i he w.-re fhort 
 jointed. So that thefe are the only 
 horfes for perfons of quality, who 
 have wherewi(ha} to [eek after their 
 own eafe and plea'ure j and indeed 
 thefe horfes may be compared to 
 coaches wiih (prings, which render 
 them infinitely mora eafy than thofe 
 without thetn. 
 
 Legs n a ftrait line. This is an 
 imperfection '\x\ a horfe, where his 
 legs, from the knee to the coroner, 
 appear in a ftrait line as the horfe 
 ftands with them jn iheir natural po- 
 liiicn. 
 
 Tie remedy is fhoeing; in doing 
 whic'-,'he heeis mull: be taken down 
 aim; ft to the quick- vvjthout . ollow- 
 ing rhe quarters j and jf, when thifS 
 has been done, the leg does net fall 
 back enough, hur that the horfe ftill 
 carries his paftern joint too far for- 
 ward, then the fhoe muft be fo made, 
 as to go beyond or ^^icttci the toe, 
 about lb. e breadth of half a finger; 
 and alfo it njuft be tliicker in that 
 than in any other part : and in the 
 m.ean time, anoint the back finews 
 of his legs with the ointment of 
 Montpe'.iier: And thefe thngs will 
 reduce them to their proper pofition. 
 SolleyfcU. 
 
 Leg, -n the man'^ge, the mem- 
 ber that fi'ppoits a horfe's body, and 
 performs the motion when he goes. 
 Of the fcur lezs, the two before 
 hive ftve^al parts, each o! which 
 has a peculiar name: fo that by the 
 name cf foe-leg, we commonly un- 
 derft^tnl that part of the fore quar- 
 ters that extends from the hough to 
 the paftern-joint, and call it the 
 fhank ; the pait that correfp.=nds to 
 this in the hind-quarters is called the 
 inftep. But in common difcourfe 
 we ccnfound the fore, and the hind- 
 quarfers ; and without any diftinc-. 
 tion lay the fore-leg:^ of a horfe. 
 
 The 
 
L E S 
 
 The horfeman's legs are likevvlfe 
 of fingular concern in the manage, 
 for the action of thefe given feafona- 
 bly, and with judgment, conltitutes 
 one of the principal aids, which con- 
 fifts in approaching more or lefs 
 with the c.^lf of the leg to the horfc's 
 flank, and in bearing it more or lefs 
 off as there is occafion. This aid a 
 horfcman onght to give very nicely, 
 in order to animate a horfe : and it 
 is fo much the finer, that it is hid- 
 den and private : for in ftietching 
 the ham he makes the hone dread 
 the fpur, and this fear has as much 
 effect as the fpur iifelf. See Aid. 
 Guillc!-. 
 
 LENGTH, in the manage. To 
 pafiage a liorieupon his own length, 
 is to make him go round in two 
 treads, at a walk or trot, upon a foot 
 of ground fo nai row, that the hor- 
 fe's haunches being in the center of 
 tae volt, his own length is about 
 the femi- diameter of the volt, the 
 horfe ftill working behind the two 
 heels, without putting out his croup, 
 or going at laft, falter or flower 
 than at firfl. Giiillet. 
 
 LESSONS /crrt )6o;;/>. When 
 your horfe will receive you to and 
 from his back gently, trot forward 
 willingly, and iiand tfill obediently, 
 then for what purpofe foever he is 
 intended, thefe general lefions may 
 fcrve him. 
 
 I. With a large ring, that is at 
 leaft fifty paces in circumference, la- 
 bour him in feme gravelly and fan- 
 dy place, where hisfcotffeps are dif- 
 cernable, and having trod it about 
 three or four times on the right 
 hand, reft and cherifh ; aftcrwaids 
 changing the hand, do as much on 
 the ie't, then reft and cherifli ; 
 change again, and do as much on 
 the right i ever oblerving, upon e- 
 veiv ftop, to make him retire and 
 go b ick a flep or two : continue this 
 till he trots his ring on what hand 
 
 LET 
 
 you pleafe, changing within it m 
 form of the capital Roman S ; and 
 does it readily and willingly : then 
 teach him to gallop them as he trot- 
 ted them, and tliat alfo with true 
 foot, lofty cai riage and brave rein, 
 ever noting, when he gallops to 
 the right hand, to lead with his left 
 foje foot i and when he gallops to 
 the left-hand, to lead with the right 
 fore-foot. 
 
 2. Stopping ; for when you come 
 to a place of ftop, or would ftop, 
 by a fudden drawing in of the bri- 
 dle hand, fomewhat hard and fliarp, 
 make him ftop clofe, firm, and 
 ftrait in an even line ; and if he err 
 in any thing, put him to it again, 
 and leave not tiil you have made 
 him underftand his error, and a- 
 mend it. 
 
 3. Advancing, with which if you 
 accompany the aforementioned ftop 
 a little from the ground, it will be 
 more gallant, and may be done by 
 laying the calves of your legs to his 
 fides, and fkaking the rod over him 
 as he flops ; and if he does not un- 
 derftand it at firft, yet by continu- 
 ance, and labouring him therein, he 
 will foon attain to it, efpecially if 
 you do not forget to cherifli him, 
 when he fliews the ieaft token of ap- 
 prehending you. 
 
 4. Retiring is another lefTon, after 
 flopping, and advancing; and this 
 motion muft be both cheriflied and 
 increafed, making it fo familiar to 
 him, that none may be more per- 
 fe6l j neither is he to retire in a con- 
 fufed manner, but with a brave 
 rein, a conflant head, and a dire6l 
 line; nor fhould he draw or fweep 
 his legs one after another, but take 
 them clean, nimbly, and eafily, as 
 when he trots forward. 
 
 LETHARGY, or Sleeping E- 
 viL. When a horfe falls into a 
 lethargv, or grows lethargic, he ge- 
 nerally re lis his head with his mouth 
 
 in 
 
LET 
 
 in tlie manger, and his pole offen 
 reclined to one fide j he will iliew 
 an inclination to eat, but generally 
 falls afleep, with his food in his 
 mouth ; and he frequently fwallows 
 it whole without chewing. Emol- 
 lient giyfters are extremely ' necef- 
 fary in this cafe ; and the lollowing 
 ball every morning fading may be 
 given for two or three week^. * Tak^ 
 
 * afia fcetida, half an ounce ; Ruf- 
 
 * fia caftor powdered, two drams ; 
 
 * valerian root powdtred,one ounce; 
 
 * make into a ball with honey and 
 
 * oil of amber.' After the ufe of 
 thefe things, mild piirges may he 
 proper ; and the h'eeding muft not 
 be in large quantities, unlefs the 
 horfe be young anri lulfy. In old 
 horfes, rowels and large evacuations 
 are improper, but volatiles of all 
 kinds are of ufe, when they can be 
 afforded. When the horfe is amend- 
 ing, the following alterative purge 
 may be repeated two or three times, 
 as it operates very gently. * Take 
 
 * fiiccotrine aloes, one ounce; myirh, 
 
 * half an ounce ; alfa foetida, and 
 ' gum ammoniacun), of each two 
 
 * drams ; faffron one dram ; make 
 
 * into a ball with any fyrup.' 
 This diftemper is to be cured by 
 
 thefe means, if the horfe is not old, 
 and pad his vigour. It is a good 
 fign if he ha> a tolerable appetite and 
 drinks freely without llobbering ; 
 and if he lies down and riles up care- 
 fully, though it be but feidom. 
 But if a lethargic horfe does not lie 
 down, if he is altogether iiupid and 
 carelefs, and takes no notice of any 
 thing that comes near him, if he 
 dungs and dales feidom, and even 
 while he fleeps, and dofes, it is a 
 bad fign ; if he runs at tiie nof-- a 
 thick white matter, it may relieve 
 him ; but if a vifcid oleet that dicks 
 to his noftrils like glue, .which er- 
 creafing, tu-ns to a proKife running 
 ol ropy, red fii; and greenifh mat- 
 
 L IG 
 
 ter, it is an infallible fign of grent 
 decay of natuie, and that it wdl 
 prove deadly. 
 
 Sometimes horfes are feized with 
 fleepinefs, in very great colds, ei- 
 pecially, thofe colds that have fome 
 degree of malignity in them: but 
 this fymptom generally wears off as 
 the didemper abates. 
 
 It is ufual in lethargic diftempers, 
 and ir.deed all other difcrders of the 
 head, to open the fkin of the fore- 
 head, and to put a piece of fome bul- 
 bous root into the orifice j and to 
 cut fever?.l other iffues in the neck, 
 the bread, the belly, and the thighs: 
 but thefe are often hurtful, in le* 
 thargies, efpecially, where the dif- 
 temper is attended with decny and 
 vveaknef:;. Gibfojiznd Barf let. 
 
 LIBERTY of the tongue, in the 
 manage, is a void fpace left in the 
 mitidle of a bit, to give place to tha 
 tongue of a horfe, made by the bit's 
 arching in the middle, and rifing 
 towards the roof of the mouth The 
 bit, according to the various forms 
 of the liberty, acquires different 
 names : hence we fay, a fcatch 
 mouth, a Pignatelle. i. e, with the 
 liberty after Pignatelle's tadiion, a 
 cannon mouth, with the liberty like 
 a pigeon's re:k. ■ In forging the 
 bit, care mud be taken not to make 
 "the liberty too liigh, led it I urt, or 
 at lead, tickle the palate, and make 
 the horfe cirry low. Giiillet. See 
 the article Bit. 
 
 LIGAMENT, in Anatomy. 
 See the article Anatomy. 
 
 LIGHT, in the manage. A 
 horfe is faid to be light that is a 
 fwift, nimble, runner. We like- 
 wife call a horfe light that is well 
 made, though he is neither fwift 
 nor active : for in this lad expief- 
 fion, we confider only the fiiape and 
 make of a horfe, without regard to 
 hii qualities. 
 
 Light 
 
L I V 
 
 "LiGUT upon the hand. A[horfe is 
 faid to be Tuch thathas a g tni -v^tl- 
 able mouth, and dots not ie(t too 
 heavy upon the bit. A coach horfe 
 is faid to be light when he Itirs nim- 
 bly and dreads the whip, or when 
 he has a light trot. 
 
 LrGHT Hand. See the article 
 Hand. Guillet. 
 
 Light-Bellied /!o;y>, one that 
 has flat, narrow, and contracSled 
 fides, which tnakes the flnnk turn 
 up like that of a gey-hound. Guill. 
 
 Lighten, in the manage. To 
 lighten a horfe, or mak'- h.im light 
 in the fcre-hand, is to make him 
 freer and lighter in the lore-hand 
 than behind. If you would h.^ve 
 your horfe light, you ought to find 
 him always difpofed to a gallop, 
 ■when you put him to a trot 5 and af- 
 ter galloping lom^-time, put him 
 back to a trot again. Giillkt. 
 
 LIGS, or Gigs. See the article 
 Gigs. 
 
 LIMBS 0/ « horfe. Planted on 
 the limbs. See Planted. 
 
 For the dek61s oi the limbs. See 
 the anicleDEFECTS. 
 
 LINE ofa<volty in the manage. 
 Sfe Volt. 
 
 Line of the banquet. See Ban- 
 quet. 
 
 LIPS of a horfe, if they are thin 
 and little, rontiilnite to a gooii 
 mouth, but the contrarv, if thc-y are 
 large and thick. ScVefell. 
 
 A horfe is faid to ann or guard 
 himffif with his lips, whc-n they aie 
 io thick, that they cover their bars, 
 and keep cff the prelfureof the curb. 
 Gtiiliet. 
 
 LISTENING, in the m^nag^, 
 as when we fav a hoiie goes a 
 liftening pace. Sec the article E- 
 
 COUT£^ 
 
 LIVER, in anatomy, is a glan- 
 dular fubltance, and by far the 
 largeft that is to be met with in the 
 animal bcdy. It is of a dufky red 
 5 
 
 L O O 
 
 colour, and in fome places a KttTe 
 variegated or fhaded. It is feared 
 on the right fide of the btlly, im- 
 mediately under the midrif/. In a 
 horfe, it is divided into four lobes, 
 whereby it is preferved from being 
 hurt by any violent motion. The 
 right lobe is by far the largeft. The 
 outfide is convex and its infide con- 
 cave or hollow, to make way tor 
 that portion of the (tomach and guts 
 which lie under it j the upper part 
 is much thicker than the lower j and 
 all. its edges extremely i"mooth,fo that 
 it can be noways hurtful to the other 
 vifcfcra. It is alfo fecured by liga- 
 ments, one from the midriff; a fe- 
 cond, or a portion of the fame, from 
 the brealt-bone, by which means it 
 can neither fall downwards nor fide- 
 ways; and tlie umbilical vein, 
 whereby the foetus is nourifhed, be- 
 comes its fufpenfory or third liga- 
 ment, fo that it can neither pufh 
 forwards in galloping or gomg 
 down hill, nor prefs too hard upon 
 the foft parts that lie under it. One 
 life of the liver is to warm and com- 
 fort the lower part of the ftomach 
 and other vifcera; and may in fome 
 mealure contribute to afiift digeflion, 
 though its chief ufe is for the fe- 
 crctioi> ot the gall. Gibfons Difea- 
 fes ofHorfes. See Gall. 
 
 LOCKS, or Eniravons, in 
 the manage, are pieces of leather two 
 fingers broad, turned round and 
 Huffed on the inlide, to prevent 
 their hurting the piftern of a horlis, 
 round which they are clapped. An 
 entrave is compoled of twoentra- 
 vons, joined by an iron chain that 
 is feven or eight inches long. Guil^ 
 let. 
 
 LONG JOINTED horfe, is one 
 whoft paliern is (lender and pliant. 
 Lon^ jointed horfes are wont to have 
 windfall*. ScUejfell. 
 
 looseness/ See the article 
 Lax. 
 
 LOV/., 
 
L U N 
 
 LOW. To carry lo'vjy in the 
 mariagf. See Carry. 
 
 LOYAL, in the manage. A 
 h-rle is laid to be loyal, th^t fieeiy 
 bends all his fojce in o'^eving and 
 periorming any manage he is put 
 to i and tloes not defenil himlelf, 
 or refdt, notvvithftanding his being 
 ill treated. 
 
 A loyal mouth is an exccllert 
 mouth, of the natu/e of fuch moviLbs 
 as we call mcuths with a full reft 
 vipon the h-nd. Guillet. 
 
 LUNATIC, or IvlooxV Eyes. 
 See thearti-Ie Moon-Eyes. 
 
 LUNETTE, in the manage', a 
 halt hoiie /hce, or Inch a flioe as 
 wants the fpunge, i, e. tliat p .rt of 
 the branch which runs towards the 
 quarter^ of the foot. 
 
 Lunette is alfo the name of 
 two .'mall pieces of felt, made round 
 and hollow, to clap upon the eye> of 
 a vicious hoife that is apt to bite, 
 and Iti ike with hi? fore-*eet j or that 
 will n.t fijffer his rider to mount 
 him. Guillet. 
 
 LUNGS, or Lights, in anato- 
 my, confitt of two lobes that fill up 
 thegrenteft part of thecheft j having 
 the medijitinum between them. In 
 fume quadrupeds, each lobe is fub- 
 div ded into fever;il fmall lobules, 
 in the lame manner as their livers, 
 but not fo much in a hoife as in o 
 ther animals that have a greater va- 
 riety of motions, which peihaps 
 may be the resfon wliy horfes lungs 
 are fb eafiiy inflamed with h.rd ex- 
 ercife 5 and wth every great cold. 
 The afpera aiteria, or windpipe, 
 defcending along the fore part of the 
 throat, is bianched cut into the 
 lungs. This pipe is compoied of 
 ciicular rings cf caitilage or griftle, 
 
 L U N 
 
 which furrcurds it, about two 
 thirds J the back part beirg v. plain 
 fe(5tion, Imooth, and even^ thit it 
 may not incommode the gullet, 
 which takes its ecu le immediately 
 behind it ; and u; on wnich it lies. 
 At irs entrance into the cliifi, it is 
 divided into two principal biar.ches, 
 called t!s bronchi:^ ; and ij jiiter- 
 wards fuhdivided into innumerable 
 other branches, the extremit.es of 
 which compofe an ir finite number 
 of fmall ctlis or airblaridtrs, which 
 with the ramiiicaticns of the veins, 
 aiteries, nerves, and lymphatics, 
 make up the whole mafs, or fub- 
 ftance of the lungs, Th«fe cells or 
 vef:cles are always filled with air, 
 and diltended in infpiration 5 and 
 are empty or funk in ex; iration, 
 and receive from the bloc ■ vtffcfs a 
 quantity of lymrh, or perfpirable 
 matter, which not only keeps the 
 lungs from drying, but m^kes a 
 large and neceffary difcharge from 
 the b'ood. The lungs may juftly 
 be reckoned among the principal or- 
 gans of the body, it not the chief of 
 all, as they are fo well adap.ed in 
 every refpt(5l to receive the air, 
 without which we cannot fupport 
 life one moment ; and are no \tk 
 fitted to purify the blood, by their 
 continual a61ion j and by making 
 fuch ample dii'charges as are nectl- 
 faiy for the prefervation of health, 
 as well as of life. Befides that, the 
 lungs are the chief inftrumtnt of 
 the voice in all creatures j and by 
 drawing tlie effluvia through the 
 noe, contribute gseatly to the fenfe 
 of fmelling. Gibfcu^s Difeafcs of 
 Horfes. 
 
 inflammation cfthe lungs. See 
 the article Peripneumony. 
 
 M. 
 
M. 
 
 M AD 
 
 M A D 
 
 \/fADNESS, or Frenzy, Jn a' 
 ^^^ horle, may be cauied firft of all 
 by the exceflive hurry of the blood 
 in a legitimate fimple ffver : but 
 that fymptom will very readily a- 
 bate, by tho.'e things that are pro- 
 per to affwage the violence of that 
 difeafe. Secondly, blcod or mat- 
 ter colle6led upon the brain, or the 
 membranes that involve it, may oc- 
 cafion a frenzy, whether th^t pro- 
 ceeds from wounds or bruifes, or 
 from a diftrafiion or rupiuie of the 
 vefTtls, when they have been over 
 full and diltended beyond meafure j 
 or when there is any forei£;n fub- 
 ft:^nce grown within the ikuil : but 
 then a frenzy arifing from fuch cau- 
 fes will probably end in a fudden 
 death. 
 
 But that fort of frenzy, which in 
 a more peculiar manner deferves the 
 ^ame of madnefs, is what may hap- 
 pen without the concurrence of any 
 other difeafe, and is moil likely to 
 proceed from excefTive luft. occrifi- 
 oned by full feeding, either in a hon'e 
 or mare, and when they are re- 
 trained from copulation. But this 
 may be cured by bleeding, pinging, 
 with the concurrence of a low diet, 
 Sec. Gibfons Farrier'' s Guiue. 
 
 Laftly, a frenzy may follow upon 
 the bite of any venemous creature. 
 The firlf intention in the cure, after 
 the bite, and before the horfe is mad, 
 is to prevent the poifon mixing with 
 the blood ; this poflibiy might be 
 affeiled, if the part would admit of 
 being inlfantly cut out with with a 
 knife, that cupping glallcs mighi be 
 
 applied, to empty the velTels, and 
 the wound afterwards cauterized 
 with a hot iron. The furrounding 
 parts fliould afterwards be well bath- 
 ed with fallad-oil,and the fore dreiftd 
 once or twice a day with hot aegyp- 
 tiacum. It is neceifary alfo, that 
 it fliould be kept open for forty 
 days at lead, with a piece of fpunge 
 or orrice-root fmeared over with the 
 precipitate ointment, or that pre- 
 pared with fpanifh flies : thefe feem 
 to be tlie chief external remedies to 
 be depended on. Internally, for 
 bites from vipers may be given cor- 
 dial medicines, fuch as Venice trea- 
 cle, and fait of hartfhorn, an ounce 
 of the former with a dram of the 
 latter every night for a week ; or 
 where it can be affcrded, a propor- 
 tionate quantity of the famous 
 Tonquin remedy of mufk and cinna- 
 bar, fb much recommended in bites 
 from infecled animals. 
 
 To prevent the tragical effects of 
 the bite from a mad dog, give the 
 f.bove medicines, or the method re- 
 commended by Dr. Mead may be 
 purfued in the followmg manner. 
 Take away three quarts of blood, 
 and give the horle night and morn- 
 ing half an ounce of afh-coloured 
 ground liver Vv'ort, and a quarter of 
 an ounce of pepper : this remedy 
 may be coatinued a week or ten 
 days, when the horfe fliould be 
 plunged into a river, or pond, every 
 morning for a month or bx weelcs. 
 
 Di. Ja/;.'fs's mercurial method, 
 publilhed in thePhilofophicalTranf- 
 a^'iioDs, havirig been found fucceff- 
 
 ful 
 
M A L 
 
 Soth in dogs and men, Is here 
 >.inmended for horfes j and in- 
 deed is thoi^ght more to be depended 
 on than molt others. The method 
 has lieen praf^ifcd thus, give twelve 
 grains of turpeth mineral to a dog, 
 which having vomited and purged 
 him gently. let twenty four grains be 
 adminiltred twenty four hours after 
 this; and after the hke interval, 
 let forty eight grains be adminiftred j 
 then at the end of other twenty four 
 hours, let twenty four grains more 
 be given, which will bring on all 
 the fymptoms of a falivation, raifed 
 quick. 
 
 To prevent a dog that has been 
 bit from turning mad, let ^feven 
 grains of turpeth be given for the 
 fird dofe ; twelve, for the fecond 
 dote, at twenty four hours diftance, 
 which is repeated every other day 
 for feme little time; and the method 
 is to be repeated at the two or three 
 fucceeding fulls and changes of the 
 moon. The fame method may alfo 
 be obferved in giving this medicine 
 to a horfe, the quantity only being 
 augmented to two fcruples or half a 
 dra.n each dofe ; the dircftions laid 
 down under the article Farcy be« 
 ing attended to. 
 
 The following has long been in 
 great efteem, and i< by fome thought 
 to be an infallible cure for the bite 
 of a mad dog. * Take fix ounces of 
 
 * rue, Venice treacle, garlic, and tin 
 
 * fcraped, of each four ounces ; boil 
 
 * in two quarts of ale over a gentle 
 
 * fiie to the confumption of half ; 
 
 * ftrain off from the ingredients, 
 
 * and give the horfe four or five 
 
 * ounces every morning falling.' 
 The ingredients may be beat in a 
 mo'tar, and applied daily to the 
 wound as a poultice. Barflet. 
 
 MALENDERS, or Mallen- 
 DERS, are cracks or chops in the 
 bending of a horfe's knee, that dif- 
 charge a Iherp indigelted matter. 
 
 M A N 
 
 and are often the occafion of lame- 
 nefs, and ftiffnefs be^ore ; as the 
 falenders are the like diifemper fitu- 
 ate on the bending of the hough, 
 an.! occahon a lamenefs behind. 
 The cure ofbo'h thefe inHrmiiies 
 is performed by wafhing the parts 
 with a lather of foap warmed, or 
 old chambeilye, and then applying 
 a ftrong mercurial ointment fpread 
 on tow, with which they fhould be 
 dreffed night and morning, till all 
 the fcabs fall off: if this fhould not 
 fucceed, anoint "them night and 
 morning with a little of the follow- 
 ing, and apply the above ointment 
 over it. * Take hog's lard, two 
 
 * ounces ; fublin^ate mercury, two 
 
 * drams j' or ' Take hog's lard, 
 
 * two ounces; oil of vitriol, two 
 ' drams;' or the following, which 
 is to be depended on. ' .<:Ethiops 
 ' mineral, half an ounce ; white 
 
 * vitriol, one dram ; foft green foap, 
 
 * fix ounces.' 
 
 Anoint with this often, but firft 
 clip away the hair, and clear the 
 fcabs. On their drying up, it may- 
 be proper to give a gentle purge or 
 two, or the nitre ball may He taken 
 advantageoufly, for a fortnight or 
 three weeks. G'thforiy Bracken and 
 Bartlet. 
 
 MALT-WORM. See the ar- 
 ticle Crepance. 
 
 MANAGE, or Manege, an 
 academy, or place for iejining to 
 ride the great horfe ; as well as for 
 breaking horfes to the proper mo« 
 tions and a61ions. In evciy man- 
 age is a center or place deflined for 
 vaulting round a pillar ; a courfeor 
 career for running the ring ; and ori 
 the fiJes are pillars between which 
 are placed the horfes intended for 
 high airs. 
 
 Manage is alfo ufed for the ex- 
 ercife itfelf, or the art of riding, 
 which teaches at once how to form 
 the horfeman and the horfe. The 
 
 N for- 
 
MAN 
 
 former it teaches a good feat upon 
 the horfe's back, a free, eafy, dilen- 
 gaged poilure, and the means of 
 making his hr.nd accord with his 
 heels. The horfe it inftru6>s as 
 nouch as poiTible, how to carry well, 
 to take his aids gentle and fine, to 
 fear the corre61ions that can fix him 
 to a walk, a trot, and a gallop ; 
 and then to manage, or work upon 
 all forts of airs, that thus broken 
 and managed, he may be of u(e in 
 the dangers of war, in the necefli- 
 ties of life, and fometimes in the 
 pomp and fplendor of fcltivals and 
 public fiiows. See HoRSE, and 
 Horsemanship. 
 
 A horfe is faid to manage, when 
 he works upon volts and aiis, which 
 fuppofes him broke and bjed 5 and 
 a horfe is faid to be^ thoroughly man- 
 aged, that is will broke, bred, and 
 confirmed in a particular air or man- 
 age. 
 
 High Manage is the high or 
 raifed airs, which are proper for 
 leaping hoifcs. See the article 
 Horse. 
 
 Manage ^/br a Soldier s horfe is 
 a gallop of unequal fwiftnefs, but 
 fo that the horfe changes hands rea- 
 dily, Giiillet. 
 
 For the exercife of the manage, 
 you fhould make choice of a mid- 
 dle fized horfe, lively, full of fpi- 
 rits and aftion, that is fliort truffed, 
 well coupled, having good feet and 
 Jegs, and (boulders very eafy and 
 fupple. It ought alfo to be obferved, 
 that horfes which have thick, ffifF, 
 and fhort joints, that are no ways 
 flexible or pliant, are unfit for the 
 manage: for glib and bending 
 joints, if they be not too long, are 
 one of the chief qualities requifite in 
 a fine and delicate horfe of manage. 
 As for the age molf proper to be- 
 f,in to work vour horfe defigned for 
 the manage, he fhould not be too 
 young, becaufe in that cafe the fre- 
 
 M A N 
 
 quent ftops and goinsfs back, will 
 Ipuil him by ftiaining his b^ck, and 
 ftreffinp his ham?. ^Sollfyj£lL 
 
 MANE, the h^ir that hangs 
 down on a horfe's neck, which fhould 
 be long, thin, and fine, and if friz- 
 zled fo much the better. 
 
 Mane-sheet, in the manage, 
 is a fort of covering for the upper 
 part of a horfe's head, and ail round 
 his neck ; which at one end h'j.s two 
 holes for the ears to pafs through, 
 and then joins to the halter upon the 
 fore pait of the head, and Itkewife 
 to the furcingle or long girth upon 
 the horfe's back. Guillet. 
 
 MANGE, in horfes, is a dlf- 
 temper of the fkin, which is gene- 
 rally tawny, thick, and full of 
 wrinkle?, efpecially about the mane, 
 the loins, and tail ; and the little 
 hair that remains in thefe parts ffands 
 almoft always out,orbriftIyi the ears 
 are commonly naked, and without 
 hair; the eye and eye brows, the fame; 
 and when it aifefls the limbs, it gives 
 them the fame afpeft : yet thefkia 
 is not raw, nor peels off, as in the 
 hot inflamed furfeit. 
 
 The mange generally comes by 
 Infe6lion from other horfes, and is 
 fo very catching, that a horfe will 
 fcarce efcape, if he happens to be 
 in a ftable where a mangy hoife 
 has flood, before it has been wtll 
 cleaned and aired : the mange alfo 
 proceeds from flirving and low 
 feeding, and happens often to hor- 
 fes that have run long abroad in , 
 pinching cold weather, without i 
 grafs fufficlent to fupport them. If 
 this diforder be let alone, without j 
 taking fome care to free a horfe 
 from it, it will at laft induce an u- 
 niverfal depravity of the blood and 
 juices, and becomes tedious, if not 
 altogether incurable. 
 
 Where this diftemper is caught 
 by infe6tion, if taken in time, it is 
 very eafilycured j a fulphur oint- 
 ment 
 
MAN 
 
 ^- nt Is recommended, as mod ef- 
 ;. .'.unl 'or that purpole, rubbed in 
 i^TiydHy. To purify and cleanie 
 liie blood, give antimony and ful- 
 ^•i.m- for fome weeks after. There 
 ne 3 great variety of external reme- 
 dies tor this puriioff, fuch as tiain 
 oil and i>un-powder; tobacco Ueep- 
 ed in chamber-lye, &:c. Solleyfell 
 recommends the iollowing. ' Take 
 
 * burnt alum, and borax in fine 
 
 * powder, of each two ounces ; 
 
 * white vitiiol and verdigreafe pow- 
 
 * derfd, or each four ounces; put 
 
 * them into a clean pot, with two 
 
 * pounds ot honev, llirrmg till they 
 
 * are incorporated : when cold, add 
 
 * two ounces of ifrong aquafortis.' 
 But when this djiorder is con- 
 
 tra6\ed by low feeding and poverty 
 of blood, the diet mull be mended, 
 and the horfe properly indulged 
 with hay and corn. The follow- 
 ing ointments are efFe6fu3jly ufed 
 for this diforder ; rubbed into the 
 parts afFe6led every day. 
 
 * Take powdered brimftone, train 
 
 * oil, and tar, of each equal quan- 
 
 * tities ; to which may be added 
 
 * girtger, or white hellebore.' Or, 
 
 * take fulphur vivum, half a poundj 
 
 * crude fal armoniac, one ounce ; 
 
 * hog's lard, or oil, a fufiicient 
 
 * quantity to form into an oint- 
 
 * ment.' Or, * take quickiilver and 
 
 * oil of vitriol, of each one ounce ; 
 
 * hog's Jard, one pound j fulphur 
 
 * vivum, four ounces ; oil of tur- 
 
 * pentine, one ounce and a half.' 
 Theie are very powerful reme- 
 dies for this diforder, and can fcarce 
 fail of fuccefs. To the two firft oc- 
 cafionly may be added a third part 
 of mercurial ointment : but as ful- 
 phur is allowed ip general to be a 
 fpeclfic in the itch, and being found 
 more lafe and efiicacious than mer- 
 cury, fo we apprehend it will fuF- 
 ficiently anfwer the purpofe here : 
 i.Qr ^ this diforder fcems beft ac- 
 
 M A N 
 
 counted for by Leeuwenhcek, frora 
 certain fmall infects he dilcovered \<n 
 the pullies, by the microfcope; fo 
 it feems, as if they were deftroyed 
 by the (learns of brimftone, though 
 only raifed by the beat cf the body : 
 bur, where the mange proves cb- 
 lliuate in horfes, let the parts be 
 vvaQied with fubiimate water (made 
 by diflolving half ?n ounce of cor- 
 rofive fubiimate in a pint of lime wa- 
 ter) before the application of the 
 ointment, and fubjoin the internal 
 ufe of fulphur, in order to diftufe 
 the ileams more certainly through 
 the (kin j there being reafon to be- 
 lieve, as in the itch, that the ani- 
 malcula may (ometimes lie too deep 
 to be thoroughly dellroyed by ex- 
 ternal applications only, Gibfott 
 and Bartkf. 
 
 Whatever Dr. Bracken^ Mr. Gib' 
 fon, and others, that have wrote 
 upon this fub)e6l, have aflerted ta 
 the contrary, I will venture to af- 
 firm, that the mange does not pro- 
 ceed from a vitiated blood, but is 
 intirely owing to fmall infe6ls, 
 which depofite their eggs in the fur- 
 rows of the cuticle, as in proper 
 nefts, where, by the warmth of 
 the place, they are hatched in a 
 fhort time; when the young ones, 
 arrived at full growth, penetrate in- 
 to the very cutis with their fharp 
 heads, and gnaw and tear the fi- 
 bres fubj^6led to the pirt. Hence 
 comes on an intolerable itching, 
 which fets the horfe a rubbing, 
 whereby the part is tern, and emits 
 a thin humour, which concretes in- 
 to hard fcabs. From thefe little 
 animalcules, conftantly burrowing 
 under the cuticle and laying their 
 eggs in different places, the difeafe 
 is propagated. Whatever the ig- 
 norance or mercenarinei^ of fome 
 people may fugged, purgatives here 
 and fweetners of the blood are alto*. 
 gether ou£ ot the queftion r t^® 
 N ^ whole 
 
MAR 
 
 whole management in regard of the 
 cure confifting in external applica- 
 tions, in order to deftroy thele cor- 
 roding infe6ls. IVood's Trcatife oj 
 Farriery. 
 
 MANGER, a little raifed bench 
 under the rack in the ftable, made 
 hollow for receiving the grain or 
 corn that a horle eats. Guillet. 
 
 MARE, the female of the horfe 
 kind. See the article Horse. 
 
 No mares in the world are better 
 for breeding from than the Englilh, 
 provided they are properly chofen 
 for the fort of horfe intended to be 
 bred. The mare, whatever fort of 
 horfe is intended to be raifed from 
 her, fhould be perfectly found, and 
 as free from all defeats as the ftal- 
 lion. They fliould have no fplaint, 
 fpavin or curb about them ; for the 
 colt will certainly take after them if 
 they have. The higheft fpirited 
 mares are beft, and, in general, if 
 there be any natural defeat in the 
 mare, it fhould be remedied in the 
 ftallion i and if any in the ftallion, 
 it fliould remedied in the mare, 
 as much as poflible, in order to the 
 having good colts. See Defects 
 of horfe s. 
 
 The particular direilions regard- 
 ing the kinds of horfes to be bred 
 are thefe : If for the manage, or 
 pads, the mares fliould have their 
 heads well fet on, and their breafts 
 broad ; their legs not too long, their 
 eyes bright and fparkling, and the 
 bodies large enough, that the foal 
 may have room to lie in their belly. 
 They fliould be of a good and gen- 
 tle difpofition, and their mo^ns 
 eafy and graceful : The more good 
 qualities the mares have, the better, 
 in general, the colts will prove. 
 See the article Colt. 
 
 ' If the owner would breed for 
 racing, or for hunting, the mares 
 muft be chofen lighter, with fliort 
 backs and long fides \ their legs 
 
 MAR 
 
 mud be longer, and the breaft not 
 fo broad 5 and fuch fhould always 
 be chofen as have good blood in their 
 veins. If the fpeed and wind of 
 any particular mare have been tried, 
 and found good, there is the more 
 certainty of a good colt from her : 
 But fire fhould be in full health and 
 vigour at the time, and not above 
 feven years old, or eight at the ut- 
 moft. The younger the breeders 
 are, the better, in general, the colts 
 will be. See Breeding c/'/jor/^j. 
 
 A mare may be covered any tin^e 
 after flie is two years old j but th- 
 beft time is after flie is four ; at tl 
 age, or between this and feven, fl.- 
 will nourifh a colt beft of all; and 
 though file will breed till fhe is tl ir- 
 teen, yet it is generally obferve ', 
 that when flie is paft ten, the co!ts 
 bred from her are dull and heavy. 
 People who regard the moon, in 
 thefe cafes, will have their mares j 
 covered only between tlie end of the ) 
 firfl quarter and the full ; they pre- 
 tend that thefe colts will be the moft 
 ftrong and vigorous, but that thofe 
 begot in the waning of the moon 
 will always be weakly and tender. 
 A much more eflential caution, 
 however, is, that before the mare is 
 to be covered, flie fliould be taken 
 into the hcufe for fix weeks, at ; 
 leaft, and fed well with good hay 1 
 and oats, well fifted, to give her ' 
 ffrength to go through the opera- 
 tion. If there is any reafon to fuf' 
 pe6l that the mare will not conceive, 
 the beft method to infure it is to let : 
 her blcod in the neck, about frx I 
 days before flie is covered : Ths 
 quantity of blood taken away fliould 
 be about two quarts, or foniewhat 
 lefs. -^It is a general cuftom to open 
 the veins on both fides the neck for 
 this, taking half the quantity from 
 each: but this is trifling. 
 
 The method of covering, fo as 
 
 to make it moft fure to fucceed, is 
 
 1 this : 
 
MAR 
 
 lh;=: : The- mare is to be brought in- 
 to i'oive open place, and titd to a 
 poll ; and the llallion is to leap her 
 m the morning fafting, and as foon 
 as he dilmounts, a pail of cold wa- 
 ter is to be thrown upon her, to 
 make her fhrink in and retain the 
 feed. She is then ta be taken away 
 out of hearing of the horfe, and is 
 neither to eat or drink for four or 
 five hours after. See the article 
 Stallion. 
 
 It may be known if flie ftands to 
 her covering, by her keeping a good 
 liomach, and not neighing at the 
 fight of a horie. Some, to make it 
 <ju,te lecure, put the mare and horfe 
 togeihtr in an empty houfe every 
 niglit, for four or five nights, tak- 
 ing away the horfe in the morning, 
 and feeding him very liberally, and 
 tire mare very fparingly, and paiti- 
 cularly giving her very iittle water. 
 There muft be proper care taken of 
 her after coveiing. The fame me- 
 thod of feeding her with good hay, 
 and fifted oats, muil b:; continued 
 tluee weeks, or a month, and Ihe 
 murt be kept within doors, and 
 without any exercife ; her ftabie 
 muft he kept very clean, and her 
 feet pared, and with thin fhoeson. 
 After this, (he may be turned out for 
 th.e fummer feafon, and only taken 
 up in September, in order to be kept 
 w^U fed' till fhe foals. If there be 
 great difficulty in her foaling, or the 
 lecrmdine be retained, the m.ethod 
 is to hold her noftrils, fo that flie 
 cannot breathe ; and if this does 
 not do, a decoction of madder-root, 
 or of fennel, in water, with a mix- 
 ture of ale or wine, i^ found very 
 effe61ual. See Foaling. 
 
 When the whole is over, the 
 mare is very apt to eat up her fe- 
 cundine ; but this fhould be pre- 
 vented; for it is an unnatural toed 
 for her, and^will injure her health. 
 When ihe has licked her foal, fome 
 
 M A R 
 
 perfons fhould ftroke and milk her 
 before the foal fucks. This will 
 make the milk come down in greater 
 plenty, at?d will prevent it from 
 clotting into lumps, or from difa- 
 gieeing with the young creature's 
 ftomach. It often happens, that 
 the miik clods in the udder, and 
 the foal, being able to get none 
 out, the mare \s foppofed to be dry j 
 and in confcquence of this fuppofi- 
 tion, fhe aftually becomes fo. But 
 the remedy is eaiy. Let as much 
 milk as can be got from her be boil- 
 ed with fome lavender flowers, and 
 the udder bathed thoroughly with it 
 warm, feveral times a day : If no 
 milk, or not enough can be obtained 
 from her, other milk, or common 
 water will doj for the principal efFe6l 
 is from the heat of the liquor, ,and 
 the virtue of the lavender, which 
 breaks the clods and lumps, and 
 then the foaPs fucking more as it 
 grows (Wronger, will prevent the like 
 accident for the future. 
 
 The water given the mare for the 
 firH month after foaling, mufl be 
 what the dealers in hories call the 
 white mafli, that i?, bran and wa- 
 ter, fiined together till the liquor 
 is white : A month after foaling, a 
 deco6\ion of brimflone and favin will 
 he very proper, and will give 
 flrength to the colt. After this, the 
 mare may be put to any moderate 
 exerciie, as harrowing, or the like; 
 and both fhe and the colt will be the 
 better for it ; only care is to be taken 
 that flie do not let the colt fuck while 
 fhe is hot. 
 
 Many are of opinion, that the 
 winter is a very bad time for a mare 
 to be foaling; but though there is 
 fcarcity of grafs, the mare may be 
 houfed at this time, and well fed 
 with hard meat, and, in this cafe, 
 it will prove better both for her and 
 the colt ; he will be better limbed 
 and ftronger than if bred at grafs, 
 
 N 3 Now 
 
MAR 
 
 Now in cafe fome time after the 
 mare has taken horfe, you are un 
 certain whether ilie be with foal or 
 not, pour a fpoonful of cold water 
 or vinegsr Into her ear, and if (he 
 only fii.'kes her head, it is a fign 
 fhe is with foal ; but il" flie (hakes 
 her head, body and all, it is a fign 
 fhe is not ; or if flie fcours, her 
 coat g-rows fmooth and fhining, and 
 that (he grows fat, it is alfo a fign 
 ilie holds. 
 
 In cafe you are defirous no mare 
 fhould go barren, in the month of 
 July, or the beginning of Augult, get 
 a mare or two th^.t have not been co- 
 vered that year before, and enforc- 
 ing tliem to be horfed, when they 
 ih^W be ready to be covered, you 
 luuft turn them, with fome other 
 which you efteem not as your bed 
 horfe, among your ftud of mares, 
 and Co he covering that niaie or 
 mares you turned in with him into 
 the ftud, fhali caufe the reft of ihem, 
 if any of them have not conceived 
 at their firft coverings, to come to 
 that hcife again ; whereby you fliall 
 be fure to keep no mnre barren 
 all the year, but have a colt of every 
 mare, though notof yourbeft horfe. 
 You may fuffer your horfe to run 
 amonglt your mares three weeks or 
 a month ; but if you turn him into 
 your ftud, putting in no mare with 
 him ready to be covered, he will at 
 his firft entering, beat all the mares, 
 and perhaps hurt thofe that had con- 
 ceived before, and fo do more hurt 
 than good. 
 
 Some reckon the beft recipe to 
 firing a mare in feafon and make 
 her retain, is to give her to eat, for 
 the f|j:^ce of eight days before you 
 bring her to' the horfe, about two 
 quarts of hemp-feed in the morning, 
 and the fame at night ; but if fhe 
 refufes to eat it, mix with it a little 
 bran or oats, or elfe let her faft for 
 j» while 5 and if the ftaliion eats 
 
 MAR 
 
 alfo of it, it will contribute much to 
 generation. 
 
 It is a maxim, that a mare fhou'd 
 never be horfed while fhe is bring- 
 ing up her foal, becaufe tl;e foal to 
 whih ftie is giving fuck, as wt-ll as 
 that in her belly, will receive pre- 
 judice there!>y,i and the mare her- 
 felf will b6 alfo Iconer (pent ; but if 
 you would have your mare covered, 
 let it be feven or eie,ht days alter (lie 
 has foaled, th.'t ftie may hive time 
 to cleanfe ; and if it may be con- 
 veniently done, do not give her the 
 ftallion till ftie defires liim ; and alfo 
 increaie, by al! means pofllble, that 
 paftich by ftrong teeaing, &c. 
 
 Marts, befides the many diftem- 
 pets they are ii.bie to in common 
 with borles, and which will he 
 f( und under ti eir feveral name?;, 
 have fome others, peculiar to their 
 kind only, of vv'hich we fliall here 
 fpeak briefly, and their cure. If 
 your mare be barren, boil good 
 ftore of the herb agnus in the water 
 fhe drinks ; or ftanip a good hand- 
 ful of leeks with four or five fpoon- 
 fuls of wine, to which put fome 
 cantharides, and ftrain them all to- 
 gether, with a lufticient quantity of 
 water to I'erve her two days toge- 
 ther, by pouring the fame into f.ier 
 nature, with a glifter-pipe made for 
 that purpole ; and at three days end 
 ofFer the horfe to her,andif he covers 
 her, wafli her nature twice together 
 with cold water ; or take a little 
 quantity o\ nitrum, fparrow's dung, 
 and turpentine, wrought together, 
 and made like a fuppofitory, and 
 putting that into her nature, it wiil 
 do. 
 
 If vou v/culd have her fruitful) 
 boil good ftore of motherwort in the 
 water fiie drinks. 
 
 If ftie lofes her belly, which ftiews 
 a confumption of the womb, give 
 her a quart of brine to drink, hav- 
 ing mugw.ni boiled therein. 
 
MAR 
 
 ^f through good keeping flie for- 
 
 ; s her food, give her for two or 
 tin ee days together, a ball of butter 
 and agnus callus chopped together. 
 
 If" fhe be Tubjefl to caft her f'cal, 
 keep her at grals very warm, and 
 oiire a week give her a good warm 
 ma{l\ of drink, which fecretly knits 
 beyond expectation. 
 
 You are to obierve, thit mares 
 go vvit!i foal eleven months anvi as 
 n.any days as they are years old j 
 as for inftance, a mare of nine yer^rs 
 old, V. id carry her foal eleven months 
 and nine d-;ys ; Co that you may fb 
 order tiie ccvering of your niare-^, 
 that their fcais may be brought 
 lorth, if you will, at fuch time as 
 there is abundance o* grafs. Ne-zv- 
 cafJe, SoUeyfi II and Riijlic Dia. 
 
 MARK. A horf'::f!iarks,that Is, 
 he fiievvs his age by a black fpot, 
 called the buJ or eye of a bean, 
 which appears, at about five and a 
 half, in ?he cavity of the corner 
 teeth, and is gone when he is eight 
 years old, then he ceafes to msik, 
 and we f-y. ke has rafcd. See the 
 ait'cIesAcE, Teeth, and Rase. 
 
 With legvtidto t!ic marks of hor- 
 fes ariling from their colour, fome 
 have reckoned them to be lucky or 
 unlucky, as they happen to be this 
 or that way maiked. Oiheis 
 have been fo curious as to lay much 
 ftrefs upon them, and to denote all 
 the good or ill qualities of a horfe 
 from his marks: but however this 
 may be, certain it is, that a horfe 
 always looks the more beautiful 
 for his being well marked : and a 
 horfe without maiks always has a 
 deadnefs in hisafped. 
 
 A flar is the melt common of all 
 maiks \ and where that is wanting, 
 it is often fup plied with an arti- 
 ficial one. When the white de- 
 fcends pretty broad towards the nofej 
 it is called a blaze, when it de- 
 scends into a fmaller line, it is 
 
 M A R 
 
 called a fnip ; and when moft of a 
 horfe's face is white, he is then 
 faid to be bald. All thefe maiks 
 are beautiful when they are not to 
 extremes, for a very large Itar is 
 not reckoned fobpau'ifnl as one that 
 is of a moderate fize ; neither Is that 
 baldnefs that Ipreads over a horfe's 
 whole face and cheeks any ways be- 
 coming, as it gives him the looks of an 
 ox J and fuch horfes a e often plain 
 headed. When the white of a horfe's 
 face is divided in the middle or any 
 other part, or when a blaze or fnip 
 !uns awry to one fide, it looks fbme- 
 what di'agieeible, though perhaps 
 it may be no diminution to a horle's 
 goodner. Some black horfes have 
 their ftars or blazes fringed round 
 with amixtu-e of black hairs, which 
 looks veiy well, only fuch horfes are 
 apt foon to grow giey-faced, and 
 look old ; as are fome of the browns. 
 But when the ba\s and forrels have 
 their f^ars or bbzes fringed, it is 
 generally with their own colour or 
 lighter, and feldom has that effe^f. 
 
 Now as to the white mark^ upon 
 the feet and legs of horfe>, they uiu- 
 a!ly conefpond with the marks upon 
 their faces. Raid hon'es h^ve ge- 
 nerally a good deal ofWhite about 
 their legs, and often all four are 
 white, wh!<:h in them is not unbe« 
 corning. Horfes with large blazes 
 have often all their four feet white 
 alfo ; but a horfe that has no marks 
 on his face, or but a fmall one, never 
 looks well with white legs, efpeci- 
 ally when the white rifes above the 
 fetlock } on the other hand, a bafd 
 horfe, or any that has a blaze with- 
 out any of their feet wh.ite, is but 
 ill maiked ; and therefore a horie 
 always looks belt when there is this 
 correfpondt-nceand agreement in the 
 marksj a horfe that has his near- 
 feet both before and behind white, 
 and his off feet wirhi^ut any white, 
 is but Indifftrently marked. The 
 
 N 4. Uxwi 
 
MAR 
 
 fame where the marks are only on 
 the off-feet, without any white on 
 the near feet. 
 
 Some diilike horfes for being tra- 
 verfeci, or crofs- marked, viz. the 
 near foot before and the off-foot be- 
 hind white ; or on the contrary, 
 when the off-foot before and the 
 near-foot behind are only white. 
 Tbefe are ufually judged to be the 
 be!l marked that have only the near 
 foot behind white, or bolh feet be- 
 hind white ; or where the near foct 
 before and both the hind- feet are 
 white; efpecially when at the fame 
 time a horfe has a large ra liated (tar, 
 or fmall \>hzt on his face. When 
 the white about the feet are indented 
 with black or any other colour to- 
 wards the coronet, thefe feet are 
 thought to be generally good ; and 
 when the coronet is fpotted like er- 
 mine, the mark is fo much jLhe bet- 
 ter : but where a horfe's pafterns, 
 hoofs, and all his four legs are 
 white, efpecially when the white 
 rifes above the knees or hocks, it 
 looks ugly i and a horfe thus mark- 
 ed has too much of thepye-bald, 
 which are feldom fit for gentle- 
 men's ufe. 
 
 The feather is another fort of di- 
 ftin61ion, which we often obferve, 
 efpecially on ftone-horfes ; and fuch 
 geldings as have (hort hair, and are 
 finely coated. Some are cf a round 
 figure, and feme long and narrow in 
 the truepenniform ihape, or like an 
 car cf barley. The lour.d are often 
 6n the fore-head, fomiCtimes on the 
 brifket and fhoulders, and look like 
 embroidery. Thofe on the neck 
 lie immediately under the mane, 
 and run down towards the withers. 
 Wh n the feather happens on both 
 fides the neck, the mark is reckon- 
 ed exceeding good and beautiful. 
 Sometimes feathers run down the 
 fore-arms, and fomctimes on the 
 thigh, and run towards the deck ; 
 
 MAS 
 
 and they may be obfervted on feveral 
 other parts of a horfe : but wherever 
 they happen to be, they are almod: 
 always figns of goodnefs ; and fome 
 of them are exceeding beautiful. See 
 the article Ff.atHer. Gibfons 
 Difeafes of Horfes, 
 
 False-marked. Seethe art!, 
 cle Counter-marked. 
 
 MARTINGAL, in the manage, 
 a thong of leather, fattened to one 
 end of the girths, under the belly of 
 a horfe ; and at the other end to the 
 muferole to keep him fiom rearing, 
 Guillet. 
 
 MASH a drink given to a horfe, 
 made of half a peck of ground malt, 
 pnt into a pail, into vfhich as much 
 fcalding vv-ater is powred as will wet 
 it very well : when that is done, 
 ftir it about till by tailing you find it 
 as fweet as honey j and when it has 
 ftood till it is luke-warm, it is to be 
 given to the horfe. This liquor is 
 only ufcd after a purge, to make it 
 wuik the better; or after hard la- 
 bour, or inftead of drink, in tiietlme 
 of any great ficknefs. Hotc and Sol- 
 leyfel ^ ^ 
 
 MASTIGADOUR, or Slab- 
 BERING-BIT, is a fnaiHe of iron, 
 all fmooth, and of a piece, guarded 
 with pater- nofters, and cotnpofed of 
 three halfs of great rings made in- 
 to demlovals, of unequal bignefs, 
 the Itffer being inclofed within the 
 greitell, which ought to be about 
 half a foot high. A maftigadour is 
 mounted with a head-flail and two 
 reins. Now the horfe in champing 
 upon the maftigadour, keeps his 
 mouth frefh and moKt, by virtue of 
 the froth and foam that he draws 
 from his brain. To put a horfe to 
 the mafligadour, is to fet his croup 
 to the manger, and his head tvtween 
 two pillars in the flable. HorfeS 
 that ufe to hang out their tongue, 
 cannot do it when the mafligadcur 
 is on, for that keeps thtir tongue fo 
 much 
 
M A T 
 
 ,riuch in fuhjeaion, that they can- 
 : ot -lit it our. 
 
 MATCH. A Hunting- 
 match, or Heats ^oy a plate. In 
 Older to ride to the beft advantage, 
 either a hunting-match, or three 
 heats and a courfe for a plate. 
 
 The fi-ft thing reqnlfite is a lider, 
 who ought to he a taithful one, in 
 whom you can confide ; and he 
 (liould h-ive a good clofe feat, his 
 knees being held firm to liis iad^ue- 
 Ikiit-;, his toes being turned in- 
 wards, and his fpurs outwards from 
 the horfe's fide,^, his left hand go- 
 verning the hories mouth, and his 
 right commanding the whip ; tak- 
 ing care, during the whole time of 
 the triilj to fit firm in the faddle, 
 without waving, or {landing up in 
 the ftirrups, which actions do very 
 much incomrnode a horie, notwith- 
 (tanding the conceittd opinion of 
 f'ome jockies, that it is a becoming 
 feat. 
 
 In fpwrring his horfe, he fliould 
 not rtiike him hard with the calves 
 of his leg«, as if he would beat the 
 wind out of ins bodv, but juft turn- 
 ing his toes outwards, and b inging 
 his fpurs quick to his fides ; and 
 fuch a fliarp Ihoke will be of more 
 fervice towards the quickening of 
 the horf'", and fooner draw blood. 
 Let him be fure never to fpur him 
 but when there is occafion, and a- 
 void fpurring him under the fore- 
 bowels, between his (houlders and 
 girths, near the heart, (which is 
 the tendereft place of a horfe) till 
 the laft extremity. As to the whip- 
 ping the horfe, it ought to be over 
 thefhoulder en the near fide, exceptin 
 hard running, and when you are at 
 all, then ftrike the horfe in the flank 
 with a ftrong jerk, the fkin being 
 tendereft there, and moft fenfibie of 
 the lifh. 
 
 He muft obferve, when he whips 
 And fpurs his horfe, and is certain 
 
 MAT 
 
 that he is at the top of his fpeed, \^ 
 then he clap his ears in his pole, or 
 whiflcs his tail, then he may be fure 
 that he bears him hard ; and then 
 he ought to give him as much com- 
 fort as he c;-.n, by fawing his fnaffle 
 to and fro in his mouth, and bv that 
 means forcing him to open his 
 mouth, which will comfcrt him and 
 give hmi wind. 
 
 If in the time of riding there is 
 any high wind ftiiring, if it be in 
 his face, he fhould let the adveriavy 
 lead, he h',>kiine hard behind h^m 
 till he fees an opporfimity of giving 
 a loofe ; yet he mt'ft take care to 
 keep fo clo'e to him that h'S adver- 
 fary's horfe may break the wind 
 from his, and that h:% by ftooping 
 low in his feat, m^y fte'ter himjelf 
 under him, which will affift the 
 ftrength of his horfe. But on the 
 contrary, if the wind be at his back, 
 he muft ride exa^ly behind him, 
 that his own hoife may alone en- 
 joy the benefit of the wind, by be- 
 mg as it were blown forward, and 
 by breaking it from his adverfary as 
 much as poflibie. 
 
 In the next phce, obferve whit 
 ground your horfe delights moft 
 to run rn, and bear the horfe (as 
 much as ycur adverfary will give 
 ,you leave) on level carpet groim(<, 
 becanfe the horfe will naturally be 
 defirous to fpend him more freely 
 thereon ; but on deep earths give 
 him more liberty, becaufe he will 
 naturally favour himfelf thereupon. 
 
 If you are to run up hill, don't 
 forget by any means to favour your 
 horfe, an! bear him, for fear of run- 
 ning him out of wind ; b':t if it be 
 down hill, (-if your horfe's feet and 
 fhoulders will endure it, and you 
 dare venture your neck) always give 
 him a lo; f-. 
 
 This may be obferved as a ge- 
 neral rule, that if vou find your 
 horfe to have the heels of the other, 
 
 that 
 
MAT 
 
 that then ycvi be careful to preferve 
 his fpeed till the laft train-fcent, if 
 you are not to run a ilrait courfe j 
 but if f>, tiien till the end of the 
 courfe, and lb to hu(ba\id it then 
 alfo, that you may be able to make 
 a jnifli for it at the laft poft. 
 
 [n the next place you are to ac- 
 quaint your felf, as well as you can, 
 of tlie nature and temper of your 
 adverfai y's horfe, and it he be fiery, 
 ti»en to run juft behind, or juit chttk 
 fay joul, and with your wliip make 
 as much noife as you can, that you 
 i)>ay lorce him on lallcr than his ri- 
 der would have him, and by that 
 mean> fpend him the Iboner ; or elfe 
 keej) jult before him, on fuch a (low 
 gallop, that he may eith-r over- 
 Veach, or by treacling on \our horfe's 
 heels, (if he will not take the lead- 
 ing) endanger falling over. 
 
 Take notice alio on what c^round 
 your opponent's horie runs the worit, 
 and be fure to qive a loofe on that 
 earth, that he being forced to follow 
 you, may be in danger of ftum- 
 hliug, or clapping on the back li- 
 news. In the like manner, in your 
 ijd-ing oblcrve the ieverai helps and 
 coiieifions of the hand, the whip, 
 and the ipur, and when, and how 
 otten he m.ikes ufe oi them ; and 
 when you perceive that his horfe be- 
 gins to be blown, by any or the 
 lonner fymptoms, as clapping dovvn 
 fiis ejrs, whilking his tail, holding 
 out his nofe like a pig, &€. you 
 may then take it for granted that 
 he is at the height of what he can 
 do ; and therefore in this cafe, take 
 notice how your own rides, and if 
 he run cheai fully and Ifrongly, with- 
 out fpurring, then be iure lo keep 
 yiur adveriary to the lame fpeed, 
 without giving him eafe, and by fo 
 itowig, you will quickly bring him 
 to g've out, or ell'e distance hijii. 
 Obiejve at the end of every train- 
 fcent what condition the oiher hoiie 
 
 MAT 
 
 is in, and how he holds out in Ms 
 labour, of which vou may be able 
 to m-.ke a judgment by his looks, 
 the working of his flanks, and the 
 flacknefs of his girths. For if he 
 look dull, it is a fign that his fpints 
 fail him ; W his flanks beat much, 
 it is a token that his wind begins to 
 fail him ; and confequently his 
 Itrength wid do fo too. 
 
 If his w;nd fail him, then his 
 body will grow thin, and appear 
 tuckt up, which will m:ike his 
 girths, to the tye, {ctm to be flack j 
 and therefore you mav take this for 
 a rule, that a horle's wanting girt- 
 ing after the fiilt fcent, provided he 
 were g'rtclofe at his firft ft.irting, is 
 a good hgn, and if you find it fo, 
 you need nA much defpair of win- 
 ning the wager. 
 
 After the end of every train fcent, 
 and aifo after every heat for a plate, 
 you muft have dry ftraw and dry 
 cloths, both linnen and woollen^ 
 which have been ffeeped in urine 
 and fait petie a day or two, and 
 then dried in the fun, and alfo o!ie 
 or two of each mull be brought in- 
 to the field wer j and after the train 
 has been ended, two or three per- 
 fons m.uft help you, and after the 
 groom has with a knife of heat, (as 
 it is called by the Duke of Ne-uj- 
 cajlle) which is a piece of an old 
 fword blade, fcrapcd off all the fweat 
 from the horfe's neck, body, &c. 
 then they muit rub him well down 
 dry, all over, firft with the dry 
 ftraw, and then with dry cloths, 
 whilft others are bufy about his legs j 
 and as foon as they have rubbed 
 them dry, then let them charfe them 
 with the wet cloths, and never give 
 over till you are called by the judges 
 to ffart again. This will render his 
 joints pliant and nimble, and pre- 
 vent any inflammation which might 
 arife from any old ftrain. 
 
 The ntyA thing to be regarded, 
 are 
 
M A T 
 
 %re the judges or triers office, who 
 are to fee that a!i things are ordered 
 according to the articles agr^red on, 
 which to that end ought to be read 
 b-dore the horlts Itart. 
 
 Next, th it ench trier, on whofe 
 fule the train is to he led, according 
 to the article*^ give directions tor its 
 leading, according to the advice of 
 the lider, or his knowledge of the 
 n iturt and difpofition of tiiat hurl'e 
 on whole fivle he is choie. 
 
 Next, tliat each trier be fo advan- 
 tigeoully mounted, as to ride up he- 
 hind tl'.e horses (hut not upon thctn, 
 all day, and to obfcrve that the con- 
 trary horl'e ride his true ground, 
 and ohferve the articks in every par- 
 ticular, cr eU'e not to permit him to 
 proceed. 
 
 Next, that after each train -fcent 
 be ended, each trier lock to ihat 
 horfe againit which he is chcen, 
 and oblerve that he be no ways re- 
 lieved but with rubMng, except li- 
 beity on both fides be given to the 
 contrary. 
 
 Next, as foon as the time allow- 
 fcl for rubbing be expired, which is 
 geneially halt ;in hour, they (hall 
 command them to mount, and if 
 either rider lefufe, it may be law- 
 ful for the other to ftart without 
 him J and having beat him the dif- 
 tance agreed on, the wager is to be 
 adju 'ged on his fide. 
 
 Next, the triers (hall keep ofF all 
 other horfes from eroding the riders 5 
 only they themfelvrs may be allow- 
 ed to inftruft the riders by word of 
 mouth how to ride, whether flow or 
 faft, according to the advnnt;4ges he 
 |)erceives may be gained by his di- 
 rections. 
 
 Laftly, if there he any weight 
 agreed on, they fhall fee th-it both 
 horles bring their true weight to the 
 itartmg-place, and carry it to the 
 end of the train, upon the penalty 
 of lofmg the wager. 
 
 MAT 
 
 The fame rules are to be obfef*- 
 ved, efpecially this laft, by thofe 
 gentlemen which are chofen to be 
 judges at a race for a plate, only 
 they ufually (i^y in a iiand, that 
 they may the belter fee which hoife 
 wi'is the heat. 
 
 Now in running for a plate, there 
 are not fo many obfervations to he 
 made, nor more direftions required, 
 than what have been already given, 
 only this, if you know your horfe 
 to be rough at bottom, and that he 
 will Itick St m:iik, to lide him each 
 htat according to the belt of his 
 per'orniance, and avoid as much as 
 pOiTibie either riding at any particu- 
 lar horfe, or ft Hying for any, but to 
 ride earh heat throughout with the 
 beft fpeed you can. 
 
 But if you have a very fiery horfe 
 to manage, or one that is hard 
 momhed and dilficult to be held, 
 then (tart him behind the reft of the 
 horfes, with all the coolnels and gen- 
 tlenefs im3g:inal>ie ; and when you 
 find that he begins to ride at fome 
 command, then put up to the other 
 horfes, and if you find they ride at 
 their eafe, and are hard held, then 
 endeavour to draw them on falter ; 
 hut if you find their wind begin to 
 ir.ke hot, and th.at they want a fob, 
 if your horfe be in wind, and you 
 have a loofe in your hand, keep 
 them up to their fpeed till you come 
 within three quarters of a mile of 
 the end of the heat, and then give 
 a loofe and puOi for it, and leave to 
 foitunc and the goodnefs of your 
 horfe, the event of your fuccefs. 
 
 Lallly, when either your hunting- 
 match or the trial for the plate is 
 ended, as foon as you have rubbed 
 your horfe dry, cloath him up and 
 ride him home, and the firit thing, 
 give l.im the fullowing drink to 
 comfort him. 
 
 Belt the )olks of three egg^, and 
 
 jput them in:o a pint and a half of 
 
 fwect 
 
M A T 
 
 Tweet mllJc, then warm it luke- 
 war.-n, and put to it thiee penny- 
 worth of fanron, and three fpoon- 
 fuls o^ faihd oil, and give it him 
 in a horn. 
 
 Hav ng: done this, c'refs him 
 {lightly over with the cuiry comh, 
 bruHi, and woollen- cloth, and then 
 bathe the place where the faddle 
 flood with warm (ack, to pi event 
 warbles ; and wafli the Ipuriing- 
 places wit!i pits and fait, and after- 
 wards anoint tnem with turpentine 
 and powder of je-t, mixed toge- 
 ther ; then iittc the liable very well, 
 cioathinghim upas quick as pofiible, 
 and let him ll-and fot two hours. 
 
 Then feed him wiih rye-bread, 
 after tr.at with a good tnafli, and 
 give him his beliy full of hay, and 
 what corn and bread he will eat. 
 
 Then bathe his legs well with u- 
 ilne and fait petre, leave him coin 
 in his locker, and fo let him reft till 
 the next morning, at which time 
 order him as before diredled in his 
 <lays of refl. 
 
 Ordering a horfefor <t ?4atch or 
 Plate. When you have either 
 matched your hoiie, or defign to put 
 him in for a plate, you fliou'd 
 confider that you ought to lelerve a 
 month at le^fl, to (Jraw his body 
 perfe6\ly clean, and to refine his 
 wind to that degree of perfe^ion 
 that is capable of being attained by 
 
 art. 
 
 In the frrfl place, take an exa(5t 
 view of ihe Hate of his body, both 
 outwardly and inwaidly, as whe- 
 ther he be /oau or high m flefh, or 
 whether he be dull and heavy when 
 abroad, ami if this has been caufed 
 by too hard riding, or by mei^ns of 
 fome gresfe that has been difTolvtd 
 by hunting, and has no: been re- 
 moved by f-ouring. If he appear 
 fluggifh and melancholv from either 
 of thefe caufes, then give him half 
 an ounce of diapente in a pint of 
 
 M A T 
 
 lEood old Malaga fack, which will 
 both cleanfe his body and revive his 
 fpirit''. Then for the fiift week, 
 feed him continually with bread, 
 oats, and fpUt bean*;, giving him 
 lometiires the one and fometimes the 
 other, according to what he likes 
 bell, always leaving him fome in his 
 locker for lum to eat at leifure when 
 you are a))feni ; and when you re- 
 turn at ycur hours of feeding, taki 
 away whnt is left, and give him frefli, 
 till ymt have mtide him w:'.nton ard 
 playful. To this purpofe, take 
 notice, that tho* you ride him every 
 day mcrninp and evening, on air- 
 ing, and every other dty on hunt- 
 ing, yet you are not to fweat him, 
 or put him to any violent labour, 
 the defign of his week's ordering 
 being to keep him in wind and 
 breath, and to prevent purfivenefs. 
 But take notice of this, that your 
 oats, beans, and bread, arc now to 
 be ordered after another manner 
 than what they were before ; for 
 firif, the oats mull be well dried in 
 the fun, and then put into a clean 
 bag and loundiy beat with a flail or 
 cudgel, till you think they are hull- 
 ed, then take them out of the bag, 
 and winnow them clean, both from 
 hulls and du(l, and give them to 
 your hoifeas there is occafion. Af- 
 ter the fame manner intifl you order 
 your beans, feparating them from 
 the hulls, which are apt to breed 
 the glut, and muft eith^.r be thrown 
 away, or given among chaff to iome 
 more ordinary horfe. 
 
 And as for the bread, which was 
 only chipt bei'ore, now the crufl muft 
 be cut clean off, and be otherwife 
 di!pofed of, it being hard of di- 
 geltion, and will be apt to heat and 
 dry the horfe's body 5 and befides 
 you mull make a finer bread than 
 before, as follow?. T:-ke two pecks 
 of beans, and a peck of wheat, and 
 let them be ground together, but 
 
 not 
 
MAT 
 
 not too fine, to prevent too much 
 bran being in the bread ; and drtfs 
 one peck of the meal thiough a fine 
 range, and knead it up with new 
 ale yeait, and the whites ot a dozen 
 new-bid eggs, and bake this in a 
 loaf by it lelf ; but drefs the lefl of 
 the meal through a boulter, and 
 knead it only with ale and yeaft, 
 and ufe it in all other points as the 
 former : the peck Jo;if is to be given 
 the horle v/hen you fet him, and the 
 other at ordin.^ry time?. 
 
 This bread afilfts nature, and does 
 very mucii increal'e the ftrength, 
 courage, and wind of the l)orfe, 
 (piovioed there be added to it true 
 labour) as any bread whaifoever. 
 
 Having treated of the condition of 
 thofe liorfes which aie melancholy 
 and lowof fljfli, I (hall nowfpaakof 
 thofe which are bri/k and lively : if 
 yourhorfe be fo, that when you lead 
 him out of the ftable he will leap and 
 play about you, then you mud not 
 only omit giving him the fcouring 
 of lack and diapente, but any other 
 whatfoever, for there being no foul 
 humours, norfupeifiuous matter left 
 in his body, for the phync to work 
 upon, it will piey upon the ftrength 
 of his body, and by that means 
 weaken it. 
 
 If your horfe be eng?getl in a 
 hunting match, you mull fweat him 
 twice this wetk, but not by hunt- 
 ing him after the hare, but by train- 
 fcents, fin ce the former en thisoc- 
 cafion may p;ove deceitful ; for tho' 
 the hounds flrould he very fwift, yet 
 the fcent being cold, the dogs will 
 very often be at fault, and by that 
 means the horfe will have many 
 fobs: fo that when he comes to run 
 train ftents in earrieli, he will ex- 
 pec\ eafe for his wind. Therefore 
 lead your train-fcenr> v.-ith a dead 
 cat, over fuch grounds as you are 
 likely to run on, and beft agrees 
 vith the humour of your horfe, and 
 
 MAT 
 
 aifo chufe the fieeteft hounds ycu 
 can get, and they will keep your 
 horfe up to the height of his fpeed. 
 As to the number of train-fcents 
 that you ihcuid ride at a time, that 
 is to be ordeied according to the 
 match you are to run, or rather ac- 
 cording to the ftrength of your horfe, 
 and abiliry for performing his heats ; 
 for if you labour him beyond his 
 ftrength, it will take him off his 
 fpeed, weaken his limbs, and daunt 
 his fpirit. If you give him too lit- 
 tle exerciie, it will render him liable 
 to be puriive, and full of ill hu- 
 mours, as glut, &c. and incline 
 him to a habit of hzinefs, fo that 
 when he comes to be put to labour 
 beyond his ufual rate, he will gjow 
 reitive and fettle, like a jad^. But 
 fo far may be faid by way of di- 
 reftion, that if you are to run eight 
 train-fcents, and the ftrait courfe, 
 more or lels, you are to put him to 
 fuch fevere labour, not above twice 
 in the whole month's keeping. And 
 if it be in the firft fortnight, it will 
 be the better, for then he will have 
 a whole foitnight to recover his 
 ftrength in again j and as for his la- 
 bour in his laft fortnight, let it be 
 proportionate to his ftrength and 
 wind, as fometimes half his talk, 
 and then three quarters cf it. 
 
 Only obferve, that the laft trial 
 you make in the firft fortn'ght, be 
 a traln-fcent more than your match, 
 for by that means you will find what 
 he is able to do. And as to the 
 proportion of his exercife tvv^ice a- 
 week, that is fufficient to keep him 
 in breath, and yet will not diminifli 
 or injure his vigour. But if your 
 hunting- match be to run fewer 
 trains, then you may put him to his 
 whole talk the oftener, according as 
 you find him in condition ; only ob- 
 ferve, that you are not to ftrain him 
 for ten days at leaft, before he ride 
 bis match, that he may be led into 
 
 the 
 
MAT 
 
 the field Jn perfe(5l ftrength and vi- 
 gour. 
 
 If you defign 5'our horfe for a 
 plate, let him take his heats accord- 
 ing to this diieftion, only let hini 
 be on the place, that he may be ac- 
 quainted with the ground ; and as 
 for the hounds, you may omit th^in, 
 as not being tied to their fpeed, but 
 that of your adverfary's hor((-. But 
 as to ihe number of heats, let them 
 be according to what the articles ex- 
 a6t ; only oblerve, that, as to the 
 fliarpnefs of them, they niuft be re- 
 gulated according to the Itrenpth, 
 and the goodnefs of his wind. And 
 when you h.eat him, provide fome 
 horfes upon the courfe to run againft 
 him ; this will quicken his I'pirits 
 and encourage him, when hf finds 
 he can command them at his plea- 
 fure. And here too you mulf ob- 
 ferve the iame rule, not to give the 
 horfe a bjoody heat for ten djys, or 
 a fortnigiit, before the piate be to be 
 run (or ; and let the lait heat you 
 give him before the day of trial be 
 in all his cloth.--, and julf flcelp it 
 over, which will make him run the 
 next time the more vigoroufly, when 
 he fhali be llript naked, and feel the 
 cold air pierce him. 
 
 During this month, and on his 
 refting-days, and after his fv/cats on 
 heating-days, (if there be any oc- 
 cafion lor fweating him) you muft 
 ■obferve the fame lules wl^ch have 
 been given for the firft week of the 
 the tkird fortnight's keeping, only 
 you mull omit all fccurings but rye- 
 bread and maflies, fince your horfe 
 being in fo perfect a ftate cf body, 
 has no need ot ^ny, except vou fhall 
 judge there is occalion, and that the 
 horfe proves thirfty, about t it:;ht or 
 nine o'clock at night, you may give 
 him the 'oi'owino julep, to cool him 
 and quench his third. 
 
 Take two quarts of barley-water, 
 three ounces of fyrup of violets, two 
 
 MAT 
 
 ounces of fyrup of lemons, and hav- 
 ing mixed them togetlier, give them 
 tiie horie to drink, and II he refulc, 
 place it fo that he may not throw it 
 down, and let it ftand by him all 
 night. 
 
 During the laR: fortnight, you 
 mult give him dried oats that have 
 b^en hulled by beating, and having 
 waflied half a ftrike of 03ts in the 
 whit-s ol a d' zen or twentv eggs, 
 ftir them together, and let them lie 
 ail night to (oak, and fpiead them 
 abroad in the fun the next morning, 
 tiil they aje as dry a? they were at 
 firlt, and fo give them to your horfe ; 
 and when th^-fe are fpent, prt'pare 
 another quantity after the fame man- 
 ner, Th'S food is liglit of digettion, 
 and very good for his wind. 
 
 You mult order h\% beans as be- 
 fore, but not give him them lb of- 
 ten, if he will eat his oats without 
 them j and as for his bread this 
 time, make that of three parts wheat, 
 to one of beans, and order it as be- 
 fore diiected. But if you find your 
 horfe inclinable to be collive, then 
 give him oats waflied in two or three 
 whites of eggs and ale beaten toge- 
 ther, to cool his body and keep it 
 molft. Give him not any malli for 
 the lalt week, only the barley-wa- 
 ter befoie directed, but let him have 
 his fill of hay, till a day before he 
 i^to ride the match, when you muft 
 give it him more fparingly, that he 
 may have time to digeft that he has 
 eaten, and then, and not before, 
 you may muzzle him with your ca- 
 veflbn ; and be Aire that day, and 
 not tiil the morning he is ted out, 
 to feed him as much as pofUble, for 
 fuch a day's labour will require 
 fomething to maintain his ftrength. 
 Therefore in the morning before 
 you are to leail out, give him a toaft 
 or two of white bread (teeped in 
 lack, which will invigorate him ; 
 
 and 
 
. M A T 
 
 and when you have done, lead him 
 out into the field. 
 
 But if vou are to run for a plate, 
 which commonly is not till three 
 o'clock, in the afternoon, then by 
 all means have him out eaily in the 
 morriing to a"r. that he may empty 
 his body, and when h? is come in 
 from airing, feed him with toafts 
 in fack ; ccnfidering that as too 
 niuch fu'lnefs will endanger his 
 wind, fo too long falling will caule 
 faintn fs. 
 
 When he has eaten what ycu 
 thou^lit fit to give him, put on his 
 cavefTon, and having afterwards 
 foundjy chaffed his legs with piece- 
 greafc and brandy warmed togethe'-, 
 or train-oil (which likewife ought 
 to be ufed daily at noon, for a wetk 
 before the much, or longer, if ycu 
 fee caufe) flmke up his litter and 
 
 (but the flablt 
 
 up 
 
 jfe, and take 
 
 care that there is ro noife made near 
 him, and let him reft till the hour 
 come that he is tr, go out into the 
 field. SportfmojisDia. SeeHoRSE- 
 RAciNG and Hunting-horses. 
 
 MATTERING of theyard is a 
 iweliing in the flieath of a horfe's 
 yard, fometimes proceeding from 
 theftiarp froHy air, but chiefly from 
 a horfe's taking full libeity with 
 mares before he is able to cover 
 them } or in hurting himfelf by be- 
 ing too eager in covering a mare : 
 forat; the yard isof aloofeandfpungy 
 fubltance, If it therefore happens to 
 be bruifed, it eafily becomes fore 
 and u'cerated j and when the (kin 
 is only fietted off from any psrt 
 «f it, from thence will ilfue a con- 
 fiderable difcharge of fetid, (linking 
 matter, which may be of ill confe- 
 quence, if due care be not taken ; 
 though at fii ft it may be cured by 
 bleeding only, and bathing thepait 
 with warm fpiiits of wine: but the 
 beft way in ufmg the fpirits is to 
 take him out of the ftable ; for when 
 
 MEL 
 
 thefe are applied to fo fenfible a 
 part as the yard, the fmarting pain 
 will be apt to make him lame him- 
 felf, unlefs he has room : but that 
 does not laft above a minute. 
 
 If the ulcer or excoriation he in- 
 wards, which can only be diftin- 
 guifhed by the matter proceeding 
 from the urinary pafTage, and not 
 from the pain in pifting, as the far- 
 riers fuppofe, from the leaft fore up- 
 ward?, as it is more or lefs accom- 
 panied with inflammation, will ex- 
 hibit the fame figns as the urine 
 pafTes through the inflamed part. 
 In that rale the following mixture 
 may be injedled three or four times 
 a day, and it will foon cure him of 
 that lymptom. ' Takeapint of plan- 
 ' tain or rofe water ; Venice turpen- 
 
 * tine, two ounces j the yolk of aa 
 
 * egg ; honey, one ounce ; mix 
 
 * iheCe together in a mortar: then 
 
 * pour the water on them by de- 
 
 * grees, until they are incorporated,' 
 After which, add four ounces of 
 fpirit of wine or brandy, wherein 
 half a di am of camphire has been 
 diflblved : put the whole mixture 
 into a phial, ftiaking it as often as you 
 have occafion to ufe it. Gibfotis 
 D'lfeafes ofHorfes and,Farr. Guide. 
 
 MEDIASTINUM, in anato- 
 my, a membrane which divides the 
 cavity of the breaft like a partition 
 in- two halves. In men it is double, 
 but in a horfe it feems undivided ; 
 or at leaft is fo clofe, thatit cannot be 
 eafily feparated. Its chief ufe is to 
 keep the two lobes of the lungs fe- 
 parate and afunder, efpecially in ly- 
 ing on one fide, a pofture in which 
 horfes often lay themfelves to fieep. 
 Gibfon's Difeafes of Horfes. 
 
 MELA'NCHGLY, among our 
 ancient farriers, one of the four hu- 
 mours of a horfe : the other three 
 they will have to be blood, phlegm, 
 and choler ; and as this or that hu- 
 mour is raoft predominant, it con- 
 ftitutps 
 
MEL 
 
 filtutes the different temperaments 
 of liorfes ; Aich a? hot and dry, 
 cold and moiit. Bracken s Farriery. 
 Solley'eli reccnmenJs diuretics, as 
 moll effeftual for purging nic an- 
 choly. 
 
 MELICERIS, in hoiks, a tu- 
 mour fo crdled from its itrfemblance 
 to a hjney-comb; attacking the 
 joints, and throwing out a g'ewy 
 matter like huney. 
 
 The ufuai way of curing the nie- 
 liceiides is, to burn them with red 
 hot irons, in order to bring away 
 all the matter, and to heal the ul- 
 cers with wax melted with hogs 
 greafe ; and thento waHi them wiih 
 cold water : but rather with fea wa- 
 ter if it can be got. Others recom- 
 mend the burning ihem with brafs 
 plates or inrtruments. Riijlic DiB. 
 
 Mr. Wood, who takes the me- 
 iJcericles to proceed from oblli u61ions 
 in the glands, recommends attenu- 
 ants j-;nd detergents, efpecially the 
 ufe of a fait marfli for a month or 
 two : and th<nks, with Dr RufTcl, 
 that nothing can be of greater eHica- 
 cy in the cuie of all eruptions, that 
 proceed from a want of the free 
 glandular difcharges, in confequence 
 of obitru6\ions, than fea-water. 
 
 MELLIT, a diltemper in a horfe, 
 being a dry fcab growing upon the 
 heels of his fore toot, which may be 
 cured after the following manner. 
 
 Take common honey, half a pintj 
 black foap, a quarter of a pound} 
 mingle them well together, adding 
 four or five (poonfuls of vinegar, 
 and the iame quantity of alum, 
 finely powdered, and foaked in a 
 hen's egg, with two fpoonfuls of 
 fine flour. Let all be well mixt to- 
 gether, clip away the hair from the 
 part afFe6led, and apply it to the 
 Ibrrance, after the marner of a 
 plairter, and fo let it remain five 
 days. Then take it off, and having 
 waflied ail the leg-, foot, and fore, 
 
 MET 
 
 with broth of powJered b^ef, after- 
 wards rope tip his legs witli thum- 
 bancls of foft hay, wetted in the 
 fame liquor, and it will efFeit a 
 cure. Whenever you drefs the foiv 
 innce; do not omit the pulling oft 
 the fcab, or any crafty fubftance 
 that may be upon the ibre, and alfo 
 to wa fli i t clean . Rv.jlic DlSl. 
 
 MEMBRANE, in anatomy. See 
 the article h natomy. 
 * MES-AIR, in the manage, is^ 
 half a terra a terra, and half a cor- 
 vet. See the articles Terra A- 
 Terra and Corvet. 
 
 MESENTERY, in anatomy, 
 rifes from the third rack bone of the 
 loins, ^and is compofed of three 
 membranes ; the middlemoft being 
 very full of kernels or glands, which, 
 when they happen to b^^ overmuch 
 dilated, ohftruit the pafTage of the 
 chyle, which runs acrofs its mem- 
 branes ; and the body being thereby 
 deprived of its nourilhment becomes 
 lean and emaciated 5 and at length 
 falls into irrecoverable dileafes. 
 
 At its riie, it is gathered together 
 into a vad many plaits or folds, 
 which being open on that part of it 
 to which the guts adhere, makes 
 them lie in thofe circumvolutions and 
 turnings in which we always obfei ve 
 theiia J and this feems abfolutely ne- 
 cefTary, becaufe if they were not ti- 
 ed in luch a manner, but let loofe, 
 the excrements would either pafs 
 too quickly through them, or elfe 
 l)e wholly obftrutSfed : by reafon they 
 would be apt to twift and entangle 
 one another. 
 
 Ill a horfe the mefentery is ufually 
 above a quarter of a yard in breadth, 
 and befides in the milky vefTels" 
 which are i'uftained by it, has abun- 
 dance of lymphatics, which ferve to 
 dilute the chyle. Gibfon's Farrier's 
 Guide. 
 
 MSTTLED-HORSE, a terra, 
 
 ufc-d by our dealers in horl'es to. ex- . 
 
 prefij 
 
MET 
 
 prefs a creature of that fpecles, 
 which has a great deal of vrgour 
 and hearf, as they call it otherwife. 
 There is great difference between a 
 mettled horfe, a horfc of vigour, and 
 a fiery horfe ; bot ?s this is not fuffi- 
 ciently attended to by gentlemen in 
 their purchafes of this ani:nal, fome 
 general rules for the d:(t;nguifliing 
 real vigour in a horie, may be ac- 
 ceprable in a work of this general 
 kind, 
 
 _ When a horfe is (landing ftill, the 
 rider who has a mind to try whether 
 he has vigour in him, ft:iould keep 
 him faft with the bridle-h^nd, and 
 apply the fpurs to the hair of his 
 fides ; this is called by horfemen 
 pinching. If the horfe is impatient 
 under this, gathering himielf up, 
 and endeavouring to go forwards, 
 and champs upon the hit, without 
 thrufting out his nofe, it is a fign of 
 vigour and right mettle in Tiim. 
 Sorne caution is to be ufed, however, 
 in judging by this, to diftinguifh 
 between a horfe that has vigour re- 
 ally in himj and one that has only a 
 fine /kin, and is rather ticklifh than 
 mettled. This is the cafe with a 
 great many horfes, and is found by 
 their being vei-y fenlible of the touch 
 of the fpur, and fliewing the appear- 
 ance ot a great deal of mettle and 
 vigour when touched, but immedi- 
 ately lofmg the apprehenfion of it. 
 Thefe are of a dull difpofition, but 
 ©nly have a tender (kin. 
 
 The mettled horfe is to be highly 
 valued, but the fiery one is good for 
 nothing; a horfe that is truly vigo- 
 rous, fhould becalm and cool," he 
 ihould in general move on patiently, 
 and only (hew his mettle when it is 
 required of him. 
 
 The fureft method is to chufe fuch 
 horfes as are extremely apprehenlive 
 of ftrokes, and are afraid at the 
 leaft appearance of their comino-. 
 
 M I D 
 
 Thefe, at the only clofing of the legs 
 and thighs, fecm to be feized with 
 tear, and alarmed, but that wit^^ 
 out freltlng or fiercenefs. A horle 
 that walks deliberately and fecurely, 
 and that without requiring the whip 
 too oiten will go on brifkly and. 
 without fretting ; will go i'rom 
 the walk to the gallop, and as eafily 
 from the gallop to the walk again, 
 and continually champs upon the 
 bit, and trots with glibnefs, upon 
 the flioulders eafily, and ihorting a 
 little through his noftiils. This ia 
 generally a creature of true mettle 
 and vigour, though it does not rile 
 to fuch a fiercenefs as is troublefome 
 or dangerous. If to thefe good qua- 
 lities a horfe be well upon hi> haun- 
 ches, and have a light and eafv (lop, 
 his head well placed and firm, and 
 the feeling of h-s bit equal and jull, 
 the gentleman who Icvtrs riding will 
 feldom need to complain of the price. 
 All the good qualities of a horfe 
 (hould, however, never recommend 
 him, unlefs he has a good mouth, 
 and a fenfible obedience to the fpur. 
 
 MIDDLE TEETH of a horfe, 
 the fame with the gatherer.^, or nip- 
 pers. See the article Gatherers 
 and Teeth. 
 
 MIDRIFF, Draphragm, or Skirt ^ 
 (as (bme call it in a hoi fe or hullcck) 
 is a mufcular fubftance, which di- 
 vides the upper cavity or chelt frona 
 the lower belly. It takes its origin 
 on the right (ide, from a procefs of 
 the rack bones of the loins ; and 
 on the left, from the uppermoft of 
 the loins, and lownmi^ft of the 
 bread ; and is inferted in'othe lower 
 part of the bre;:ft-bone, and the five 
 inferior ribs, by which it makes fe- 
 veral points. The middle is a fiat 
 tendinous fubftance, from whence 
 the flefliy fibres begin, and are di- 
 ftributed like rays from a center to 
 its circumference. When thismufcle 
 
 o aa» 
 
M I D 
 
 afls alone, It contrs6ls the bread, 
 and pulls the ribs downwa'ds, by 
 which it aflifts the mulcles of the 
 lower belly, in the expuifion of the 
 foeces : but its chief office is in re- 
 fpiration, to which all the mufcles 
 of the breaft, the iniercoltals, and 
 thofe of the lower belly, are more 
 or lefs fublervient. 
 
 In all the alliens of lefpiration 
 or breathing, the mufcles of the 
 bread have the greatell force in men : 
 hut in horfes and fome other crea- 
 tures, of a prone pofition, it is evi- 
 dent the midriff has alfo a very great 
 force, which feems to be plain in 
 broken- winded horfes 5 many of 
 which have no other indication of 
 diftemper, only that the midriff is 
 ftretched or relaxed in a very extraor- 
 dinary manner. In lu^h cafes, the 
 membranous fibres are for the mod 
 part extremely thin, and the tendi- 
 nous parts, tovvar<is their infertions 
 into the ribs, very fmail and feeble, 
 by which means it lofes a great 
 deal of that force and fpring that is 
 jieceiTary to its a6\ion. 
 
 When a horfe, or any other ani- 
 mal, receives the air into his lungs, 
 the brealt and ribs are diftended, 
 which is done by the dilatations of 
 the peroral mufcles, by the exten- 
 fj-in of the intercoftal--, viz. the 
 mufcles of the ribs, and by the mid- 
 lifF, which at that time is drawn 
 cut and expanded to its full dimen- 
 fions j or in proportion to the quan- 
 tity of air received into the lungs. 
 The mufcles of the lower belly acf 
 alio by their afiinity and connection 
 •with thole of the bread and ribs, 
 wi'.ich we perceive more plainly in 
 quadrupeds than in men, where the 
 Jungs are upon a level with the 
 parts of the lower belly. On theotlier 
 hand, when the air paffes out of 
 the lungs', the mufcles that draw in 
 or comprefs the bread, and thofe 
 that comprefs the ribs, a6l alter- 
 
 M O L 
 
 nateU' with the extenfors of the 
 brtaft, and ribs. The midriff, which 
 is dretched out in time of inlpira- 
 tion, contrails, and in its center 
 rifes upwards like the bottom 
 of a diih. Gib/on s Difeafes of Hor- 
 fes. 
 
 MOLTEN-GREASE, a difeafe 
 in horfes, wherein the fat of the 
 horfe is melted, and a great quanti- 
 ty of it falls into the intedmes, to- 
 gether with a difcharge of an oily 
 fubdance, with the dung. This 
 diforder is mod commonly fatal, and 
 proceeds fometimes fiom violent ex- 
 erciie in hot weather, and often from 
 a horfe's danding too long in the 
 ftable at high feeding, without pro- 
 per exercife. It is always attend- 
 ed with a fever, heat, and redlefl'- 
 nefs ; dartings, and tremblings, 
 great Inward ficknefs, Ihortnefs of 
 breath, and fometimes with the 
 fymptoms of a pleurify. The horfe's 
 dung is extreamly greafy, with a 
 fcouring ; his blood will have athiclc 
 fkin of fat over it, when cold, of a 
 white or yellow hue : but chiefly the 
 latter ; the congealed part or I'edi- 
 ment is commonly a mixture of fize 
 and greal'e, which makes it fo flip- 
 pery, that it will not adhere to the 
 fingers ; and the fmall portion of fe- 
 rum feels alfo flippery and clammy. 
 The horfe foon lofes his fltfti ; and 
 in cafe he lurvives this fhock, com- 
 monly grows hide-bound for a time; 
 his legs fvvell, which (welling con- 
 tinues till the blood and juices are 
 corrected : and if this be not done 
 eff'triluaily, the farcy, the glanders, 
 or fome obdinate furfeit generally 
 follows, very dlfHcult to remove. 
 
 In order to the relief of this di- 
 demper, in the fird place, blood 
 mud be taken away plentifully ; and 
 the bleeding repeated for two or three 
 days, according to the urgency of 
 the fymptoms. Two or three row- 
 els fhould alfo be put in immediate- 
 
 6 ir^ 
 
M O L 
 
 ly ; anc^ the following emollient 
 gKlter fhould be adininiftered once 
 cr twice a day, in order to abate 
 t;ie fever, and clear away the greafy 
 matter from^ the inteftines. « Take 
 
 * two handf'uls of marfhmaliows, 
 
 * and one of chamomile flowers; 
 
 * fennel i'tec^, an ounce ; boil in 
 
 * three quarts of water t® two j 
 
 * (train off, and add four ounces of 
 
 * Treacle, and a- pint of linl'eed oil, 
 
 * or any common oil.' By the 
 mouth, give plenty ot warm water, 
 or grpel with cream of tartar or 
 nitre, to dilute and attenuate the 
 blood, which in this cafe is greatly 
 diipoled to run into grumes, and 
 endanger a total ftagnation. 
 
 When the fever is quite gone off, 
 and the horfe has recovered his ap- 
 petite, gentle aloetic purges fliould 
 be given once a week, in order to 
 bring down the fwelled legs : but if 
 the purgative ingredient does not ex- 
 ceed half an ounce, or fix drams, 
 of fine aloes, it only opens the belly 
 gently , and, with the other medi- 
 cines joined to it, pafTes into the 
 blood, acls as an alterative} and ope- 
 rates both by urine and perfpiration, 
 as it will appear by the horle's ftal- 
 ing plentifully, and the kindly feel 
 of his fkin. To this end, give the 
 following, which repeated for fome 
 time, will intirely remove this dil- 
 order. 
 
 * Take of fuccotrine aloes, fix 
 
 * drams; of gum guaiacum powder-. 
 
 * ed, half an ounce ; of diapho- 
 
 * retic antimony, and powder of 
 
 * myrrh, of each two drams ; make 
 
 * into a ball with fpirit of buck- 
 
 * thorn.' Or it may be prepared 
 with an ounce of aloes, fix drams 
 of diapente, and a fpoonful of oil 
 of amber, 
 
 Thefe will feldom take a horfe 
 from h'.s bufinefs above two or three 
 days in a week ; neither will he lofe 
 his flcfli or appetite with them j but 
 
 MOO 
 
 on the contrary, mend m both> 
 which cannot be obtained by any o- 
 ther method of purging ; and gives 
 this greatly the preference in many 
 cafes. Two ounces of nitre mixed 
 up into a ball with honey, and a 
 dram of camphor, will alfo be found 
 to be an excellent medicine for this 
 purpofe, as it will powerfully atte- 
 nuate the blood, and promote the 
 due fecretions ; to which end, it 
 fhould be given every day for a fort- 
 night or three weeks. Gibfont Bart-' 
 let, and Wood. 
 
 MONTOIR, or Horse-block, 
 in the manage, a word derived from 
 Italy, where the riding mafters 
 mount their horfes from a ftone as 
 high as the ftirrup, without putting 
 their foot into the ftirrup. Now in 
 France, no fuch thing is ufed : but 
 the word montoir is there retained, 
 and fignifies the poife or relt of the 
 horfeman's left foot upon his left 
 ftiirup. Guillet. 
 
 MOON, or Lunatic, Eyes, 
 or Blindness, a difjrder in the 
 eyes of a horfe, fo denominated from 
 its having been thought to have in- 
 creafed or decreafed, according to 
 the courfe of the moon 5 infomuch 
 that in the wane of the moon, the 
 eyes a:e muddy and troubled, and 
 at new-moon, they clear up. 
 
 Moon-eyes generally make their 
 appearance when a horfe is turned 
 five, coming fix ; at which time one 
 eye becomes clouded; the eye lids 
 being fwelled and very often fhut 
 up ; and a thin water generally runs 
 from the dil'eaftd eye down the 
 cheek, fo fharp as fbmetimes to ex- 
 coriate the fkin ; the veins of the 
 temple under the eye, and along 
 the nofe, are turgid and full, though 
 fometimes it happeni that the eye 
 runs but little. GibfoUy and Bartlet, 
 
 Moon-blindnels is tiie forerunner 
 in reality of a cataract or a gutta fe- 
 rena, which fcarce tver admit of a 
 O % cure 
 
MOO 
 
 cure. Tbe'e generally make their 
 appearance while the horfe is young, 
 and are fometimes owing to the 
 grest pain incident to horfes on 
 cutting their teeth ; and fometitnes 
 to one of their grinders being more 
 prominent than ufual, which cau- 
 ies a great irritation in the flediy ("nb- 
 Hance i'ubjefled to it ; and brings 
 on a feverilh heat, which heat at- 
 tra£ling more fluids to the part than 
 common, relaxes the veireis, from 
 whence arifes a viTcidity in the juices 
 that preflTes upon the optic nerves, 
 and ob(iru6ls the free circulation of 
 the liquids, through the canals bor- 
 dering upon the eye. The mouth 
 ought carefully to be examined on 
 this occafion ; and fiiould the teeth 
 be found in the fituation above men- 
 tioned, their fbarp edges muft be 
 knocked ofFwith achiflel. Whereit 
 is evident the eyes are affefied by the 
 teeth, the takiiig away a little blood 
 and giving a gentle purge or two, 
 with a rowel, are the belt propor- 
 tioned means for efFc^ling a cure of 
 the eye-, provided they be wafhed 
 with the following water twice a 
 day. * Take rofemary and plan- 
 ' tain, of each a handful; and an 
 
 * ounce or two of rofes, or their 
 
 * buds. Boil thefe in a quart of 
 
 * fpring water, till half the water is 
 •' confumed; then ftrain oft the re - 
 
 * mainder, and add half an ounce 
 
 * pf fugar of lead, and an ounce of 
 ' white vitriol.' Wood's Farriery, 
 
 This diforder comes and goes till 
 the catara6l is ripe, then all pain 
 and running difappear, and the 
 horfe becomes totally blind, which 
 IS generally in about two years. 
 During this time, fome horfes have 
 more frequent returns thaniJthers, 
 which continue in fome a week or 
 more; in others, three or four, re- 
 turning once in two or three months; 
 and they are feldom fo long as five 
 without a relapfe. 
 
 M O O 
 
 There is another kind of moon 
 blindnefs, which is alfo rhe foie- 
 runner of catara61s, where no hu- 
 mour or weeping attends. The 
 eye is never fhut up, or clofed here, 
 but will now and then look thick 
 and troubled ; at which time the 
 horfe fees nothing diltinftly : when 
 the eyes appear funic and perifl-.ing', 
 the cataracts are longer coming to 
 maturity ; and it is n6t unufual in 
 this cafe for one eye to efcape. 
 
 Thefe cafes generally end in 
 blindnefs of one If not of both eyes : 
 the molt promiling figns of recovery 
 are, when the attacks come more 
 feidom, and their continuance grows 
 flioi ter ; and that they leave the cor- 
 nea clear and tranfparent, and the 
 globe plump and full. See the arti • 
 cle Cataract. 
 
 If the eyes are hrge, full fwola 
 and inflamed, the horfe fhould be 
 bled at proper intervals ; fometimes 
 in the neck, and fometimes back- 
 ward, to make a revulfion : but 
 where the eyes appear funk and per- 
 ifliing, bleeding is often pernipious, 
 Attcr bleeding, for thofe that arc 
 full and run a thin fharp water, 
 make a llrong tin6ture of rofes; and, 
 in four ounces of which, dilfolve 
 half a dram of fugar of lead ; and 
 wafti the horfe's eyes, and all over 
 his eye- lids, twice a day. If the 
 matter digefts and thickens, add 
 to the whole quantity of this tinc- 
 ture about two drams of honey ; 
 and if the parts near the eye be hot, 
 and the veins over the face and a- 
 long the fide of the nofe be turgid 
 and full, bathe thofe parts frequent- 
 ly with vinegar, verjuice, or vine- 
 gar of rofes, till the heat and run- 
 ning of the eye abate, and the vein* 
 fmk and grow lefs apparent; and 
 alio till the eye begins to look clear : 
 in the mean time, fome few lenient 
 mild purges may be adminiftered, as 
 the following. * Take lenitive e* 
 * leduary 
 
M O O 
 
 « le^l'iary and cream cf t^rt^r, of 
 
 * each four ounces i Glaubfn's i'alts, 
 
 * thee ounces J An up of bu<k- 
 
 * tl-orn, two ounces/ When the 
 v/eepijig is by thefe means removed, 
 ihe fo lowing alte-ative powders 
 fhould l)e given every day, till two 
 ortluce pounds are takenj and after 
 an interval of thiee months, the 
 fame cvujfe fiiould be repeated. 
 •Take crude antimony fine'y pow- 
 
 * iiered/ r, where it can be afforded, 
 
 * cinnabar of antimony, and gum 
 ;' guaiacum,of eich a pound. Mix 
 .* togethe with an oily peftle, fo pre- 
 
 * vent the gum's cakmg; divide tlie 
 
 * whole into thirty two dofts, viz. 
 
 * ore ounce each dcfe. Let one be 
 
 * given every evening in his feed,' 
 Ti i- method hss beer: oftm attend- 
 ed with fuccefs, wlitrc the eyes have 
 been full and no vv--,y periflied ; in 
 that c<i{e, bathe or foment them 
 with the following tv\ ice a day. 
 
 * Take crude lal aimomac, two 
 
 * drams; diffolve in a pintoMime 
 
 * water; and add toitfcur ounces 
 
 * of b.andy, or hungary water.' 
 This Will a61 as a flirriukr^, a ^.d may 
 help to rarity and thin the gummy 
 juices, and bring new fupplies of 
 nourifliment to the perifliing e\es. 
 
 This couife rot iucceeding, in 
 order more powerfully to open the 
 vrfTe's of the chryftalline humour 
 (which in thefe cafes is always o- 
 pake, and when the cataiafl is con- 
 firmed, intiiely lofes its tranfpiir- 
 ency) an<) hinder :\<^ mucli as pcfTi- 
 b!e thci ;ormirg of (ibitruciions, mer- 
 curials aie chiefly to be depended 
 on ; thus give every other dav, for 
 three or four inorning-, two drams 
 cf caloniel mixed tip wuh ronleive 
 of rofes ; and then purge off with 
 ^jie common ball. 
 
 Duii-g this courfe, particular 
 care fhi uld be taken of the hoife: 
 after ref)ep.ting this, the alterative 
 powd-.rs before irier.tioned fliouid be 
 
 M O O 
 
 given for fome weeks or months, if 
 you expe6l any benefit f:cm them • 
 cr they may be be-^t up into a ball 
 with live millepedes, and an ounce 
 and a half given everyday ; if thefe 
 fiiould not fucceed, and the horfe 
 is a valuable one, * Take Tuibith 
 
 * mineral, one dram f camphor, 
 
 * half a dram ; diapente, half an 
 
 * ounce, make into a ball with ho- 
 
 * ney.' Give one of thefe balls every 
 ether morning for a fortnight ; reft 
 a fortnight, and then repeat them 
 in the fame manner. This is the 
 inoft promifing nethod left : but to 
 horfes that are not fo valuable, an 
 ounce of antimony ground into an 
 impalpable powder may be given 
 every day in one of his feeds, for 
 three months or longer; or a firong 
 decoflion of guai.HCum fliavings may 
 be given for fbme (ime : to which 
 crude antimony may be ad^le<l, in 
 the following manner. ' Take 
 ' guaiacum fliavings, one pcund j 
 ' crude antimony tied in a rag, the 
 
 * fame quantity ; boil in two gal- 
 
 * Ions of fcrge water to one, and 
 
 * give a quart a day, either alone 
 
 * or mixid with his water. 
 
 Dr. Bracken advifes as much as 
 will lie on a fix pence of the follow- 
 ing powders to be blown up the 
 hoife's nofliils once a day. ' Take 
 
 * Tu bith mineral, two drams ; 
 
 * affaiabacca powdered, half an 
 
 * ounce; mix, and keep in a bottle 
 
 * well corked.' Nor let any v\'on- 
 der at the tediou'nefs of the courfe 
 here recommended, as the inten- 
 tion in curing is to alter the 
 whole mafs of fluids, to fufe and 
 attenuate them in fuch a manner, 
 that they may circulate freely 
 through the minutclt Vcflels, par- 
 ticulaily thole of the eye, which are 
 exquifitely fine ; and when the blood 
 is in a vlfcid ftate may be fuppofed 
 eafdy retarded, in its ciiculation 
 through ihem ; the confcquence of 
 
 O 3 which, 
 
M O R 
 
 which. If not foon removed, when 
 once fixed, will be an immediate 
 ohlliuftion, and of courfe occafion 
 total bilndnefs. 
 
 Tying up the temporal arteries is 
 by feme much commended, efpe- 
 cialiy in full eyes : for by this means 
 the circulation of the blood to them 
 is greatly impeded, but to flat de- 
 pefTcd eyes, this operation mull be 
 injurious, as it wculd deprive them 
 of their necelTary nourifhment ; and 
 tying up the veins would feem here 
 the moft proper. But the taking up 
 the veins, wherethe eyes are full, mull 
 for the mod: pait prove hurtful, by 
 cutting cffihe channels which fhuuid 
 convey the blood from them into 
 the courfe of circulation ; and con- 
 fequentiy increafe the diftemper, in- 
 ftead of abating it. CibjOn and 
 Bartlet. 
 
 MOOR'S HEAD, or More's 
 Head, in the manage, implies the 
 colour of a roan horle, who, befides 
 the mixture or blending of a grey 
 and a bay, has a black head and 
 black extremities, as the mane and 
 tail. See the at tide Roan. Guill. 
 
 MORFOUNDERING, 'a term 
 from the Frerch morfondre, which 
 fignifie^ cold upon heat ; and whicii 
 our farriers retain; ?.3 Monfieur Sol- 
 leyfell made ufe of it firll, and would 
 have us underftand by it, that it is 
 melted greafe, or a foundering in 
 the body, as De Gr^fyhas it. But it 
 is no more than this ; to wit, when 
 ahorfe has been h.^rd rid and heat?d, 
 and cools too fuddenly, fo that the 
 pores of his hide a.e conftipated, or 
 fhut up in a hafty manner, info- 
 n.uch that the materia perfpir ah His 
 is hindered from going oti' in the 
 ufual courfe. B'-ackens Farriery. 
 See the article CoLD. 
 
 MORTIFICATION is defined, 
 a total extirction of the natural heat 
 of the body, or any part thereof. 
 
 In a perlt6\ mortitication, tlie na- 
 
 M O R 
 
 tural juices quite lofe their prope!^ 
 motion, fo that they fall into a fer- 
 mentative one, and thereby corrupt 
 and deftroy the very texture of the 
 parts, Senle and motion in this 
 cafe are intirely taken away in the 
 part or limb affected j there is a ca- 
 daverous fmell, and a deep morti- 
 ferous corruption, pieying uj^on all 
 the adjacent par;s, even to the ve y 
 bones themfelves. Bracken s Far- 
 riery. 
 
 There are two fpecies, or rather 
 degrees of mortification ; the one 
 called gangrene, which is an mci- 
 pient moitification, or one in its 
 firlt ftate j the other a fphacelii.', 
 which is a peifeft or finiflied mor- 
 tification. A gangrene is ^jrefently 
 to be remedied, but a thorough mor- 
 tification or Iphacelus imniediate'y 
 to be extirpated, or cut away by 'he 
 roots. See the article Gangrenh, 
 
 If a mortification happens to an 
 old horfe, whether ratnrallv or by 
 accident, it is almofl: always deadly. 
 The following Dr. Bracken thinks 
 of great fervice in (topping a mor- 
 tification. * Take oil of turpen- 
 ' tine, four ounces; tirflure of 
 
 * myrrh aloes, one ounce : mix 
 ' and wafli the fores, after fcarifica- 
 
 * tion, with it very hot twice a day.' 
 After fcari'ying the gangrene, the 
 Dr. recommends to warti the fores 
 and all round the part with flrong 
 and warm lime-water, with (bme 
 fulphur of vivum in powder, mixed 
 wjih it ; about a quarter of a pound 
 to two quarts of the lime water wdl 
 be fufficient. Mr. Riijhnvorth re- 
 commends the jefuit's-bark, as of 
 great ufe in flopping mortifications. 
 
 In all large mortifications, Mr, 
 Gibfon direfts, that the farrier cut 
 and extirpate the dead flefh wiil\.a 
 fharp inifruaient, taking care net 
 to hurt ary of the nerves or fmews 
 that are found or recoverable, either 
 with his inihumenls or applications. 
 
 Let 
 
M O U 
 
 Let his application to them confift 
 chiefly of luch things as are fpirit- 
 ous, drefTing with honey of rofes 
 beat up with the yolk ot an egg, 
 with a fourth part of camphorated 
 fpirit of wine, and afterwards ail 
 fuch things as are cleanfing and pro- 
 per to promote a laudable growth of 
 new flefli. But, notwithllanding 
 what Bracken and Gib/on have faid 
 on this head, the practice is now 
 abfolutely, and very juHly con- 
 demned by aU modern pra6titionersj 
 particularly Mr. Sharp, in his trea- 
 tife on Jurgery, fays, * the maxim 
 
 * now is never to extirpate till the 
 
 * mortification is quite Hopped, and 
 
 * even advanced in its feparation ; 
 
 * becaufe all parts thataie inortified 
 
 * had the dilpofition to become fo 
 
 * before the effe*5\was produced, and 
 
 * extirp^iting half an inch above the 
 < dead fkin is generally leaving a 
 
 * part behind, with the feeds of 
 
 * moitification.' 
 
 MOTION, in the man ge. A 
 horfe is liid to have a pretty i^ otion, 
 when he moves and bends liis fore- 
 legs with great eafe and freedom 
 upon the manage. But i< a horfe 
 trots right out and keeps his body 
 ftraight, and his hea • high j and 
 bends his 'ore-legs li^.ndibmeiy, 
 then, to fay he has a p etty motion 
 with him, implies the bt-ie»tv . f the 
 action o* the foie-hand. Guiilet. 
 
 MOURA^ILLE. or Ba K N A 
 C L E S, an inlfiument com.moniv 
 of ir n, cou poftd of two branches 
 joined at one end with a hinge, for 
 the ufc of the farriers, who take 
 hold of a hoiie's nofe with it, and 
 keep it t'ghr, by H-inging to, or 
 almoH clofmt; the other end of the 
 b;anche> } and lb ty rg them with a 
 ftrap. This they do to h-.nder a 
 horfe frum ftrugglirg and toiTmg, 
 when they makr any incilion upon 
 him, or give the fire. Some mour- 
 aiiles are made of wood wiih a 
 
 M O U 
 
 fcrew ; and this fort is indeed very 
 good. Quillet. See the article 
 Barnacles. 
 
 MOURNING of the Chine, a 
 name given by farriers to that dif- 
 charge of matter, which is for the 
 moft part either yellow, or greenifh, 
 or tinged with blood ; and which, 
 when horfes have been long glan- 
 dered, fo that the bones and griftles 
 are grown foul, then turns to a 
 blackifli colour, and becomes foetid 
 and (linking. Herce arofe the mif- 
 taken notion that this was a con- 
 fumption of the brain and fpinal 
 marrow, which runs through the 
 vertebras orbone< of the neck, back, 
 loins, &c. Sollejfcll, Blunde'villey 
 and others wrote about the mourn* 
 ing of the chine : but their do(5lrine 
 in that particular is now defervedly 
 exploded. See the article Glan- 
 ders. 
 
 MOUTH of a horfe. The ex- 
 ternal parts of the mouth are the, 
 lips, the Ijeard, the tip of the nofe, 
 being a continuation of the upper 
 lip, and the chin. The internal 
 parts are the birs, the toii;Jue, the 
 channel, the palup, and the teeth. 
 See Mie articles Lips, &c. 
 
 Tne mou'h of a horfe (hould be 
 n-o'^f-raieiv well cloven, for when it 
 i> t'^o much, there is much difficulty 
 to bi? a hoi it, fo as that he may not 
 IwalJow it, as horfemen term it. 
 And it he has a little mouth, it will 
 be difficult to get the mouth of the 
 bit rightly lodged therein. 
 
 A horfe, to have a good mouth, 
 fliould have a well railed neck, and 
 if it be fomewhat large and thick, 
 it ought to be at leaft well turned, 
 his reins (Irong and well fliaped, 
 and legs and feet likewife. If all 
 thefe prove right,, no doubt but the 
 horle has a very good mouth ; but 
 if his jaw-bones betooclofe, and he 
 have alfo a fliort and thick neck, lb 
 that he cannot place his head right, 
 
 O 4 his 
 
M O U 
 
 his having a good mouth will avail 
 but little, hecanfe no ufe can be 
 made of it. SoUeyfdl. 
 
 Mouth, in ttie manage. The 
 compii.'.nce and obedience ot a hcrfe, 
 is owing, partly, to the tender or 
 quick fenfe of his movJth, which 
 makes hitn afraid of being hurt by 
 the bit, and partly by the natural 
 difpofit'on of his members, and liis 
 own inclination to obey. The 
 mouth is cajifcd fenfible, fine, ten- 
 der, light, and loyal. Your horfe 
 has fo fine a mouth, that he flops if 
 the horleinan does but bend his body 
 behind, and r?.ife his hand, with- 
 out ftiyirg for the pull or check of 
 the bridle. 
 
 A mouth fild to be fixed and cer- 
 tain, when a hor'e does not chack 
 or beat ir-on the hand. 
 • Afrefli, foaming mouth. 
 
 A Itrong, defperate, fpoiled 
 mouth ; a f.^lfe mouth, i*- a mouth 
 that is not at all fenfible, though the 
 parts look well, and are all well 
 formed. 
 
 A giouth of a full appui, or reft 
 upon the hand, is one that has not 
 the tender nice fenfe, of foiwe fine 
 mouths, but neveithelefs has a fixt 
 and ceit-iin reft, and fuffers a hand 
 that's a little hard, without chalk- 
 ing or beating upon the hand, with- 
 out be:?ring down or rcfifting the 
 bit, in omuch that he will bear a 
 jerk of the bridle without being 
 much moved. 
 
 If -lou go to the army, provide 
 yourielf a hcrfe w'th a mouth that 
 bears a full reft upon the hand, for 
 if you tAke one of a fine, nice, ten- 
 der mouth, and another horfe comes 
 to fl\ock or run againft him in a 
 fight, he will be apt to rifiupon his 
 two hiud-'eet, which a hoifecfa 
 harder mouth would not do. 
 
 A m Hith that bears more than a 
 full relt upon the hand, implies, a 
 horfe that does not obey but with 
 great diiii.u'ity. 
 
 M U L 
 
 Vou will readily ftop this horle 
 for his mouth is above a full -'ppv.. 
 upon the hand. See APPUI. Ciui' 
 let. 
 
 MULE, a inongrel kind of qua- 
 druped, u!ual!y generated between 
 an afs and a m^rc, and fometimes 
 between a horfe and a (he afs. The 
 mule is a fort of a monilerof a mid- 
 dle nature between its parents, and 
 theiefore incapable of propagating 
 its fpecies, fb careful is nature to 
 avoid filling the world with mon- 
 iters. 
 
 Mules are chiefly ufrd in coun- 
 tries where there are rocky and fto- 
 ny ways, as about the Alps and Vy- 
 reneei:, &c. Great numbers of them 
 are kept in thefe places 5 they are 
 ufua'ly black, and are ftrorg, well- 
 limbed, and large, being moft'y 
 bred out of the fins Spaniih mares. 
 The mules are fometimes fifteen or 
 fixteen hands high, and the belt of 
 them are worth forty or fifty pounds 
 a- piece. No creatures aie lb pro- 
 per for large burdens, and none (0 
 lure footed. They are much ftron- 
 ger for draught than our horfes, and 
 are often as thick fet as our dray- 
 horfes, and will travel feveral 
 months together, with fix or eight 
 hundred weight upon their backs. 
 It is a wonder that thefe cre:ituies 
 are not more propagated in England, 
 as they are fo much hardier and 
 ftronger than horfes, and are lefs 
 fubjeft to difeafes, and will live and 
 woik to twice the age of a horfe. 
 Thofe that are bred in cold coun- 
 'tries are more hardy and fit for la- 
 bour than thofe bred in hot ; and 
 thofe which are light made are fit-, 
 ter for riding than horfes, as to the 
 walk and trot j but they are apt to 
 gallop rough, thoufrh thefe do it 
 much lefs than the fliort-made ones. 
 They take fb much after the mares 
 they are bred from, that they may 
 be procured of any kind, light or 
 ftrong, 
 
M U L 
 
 rne:, as the owner pleafes. The 
 neial coinplaint we make Pgaird 
 -in. is, that they kick, and areltuh- 
 :oin : But this is only owing to our 
 I eglt(5t in the breeding tliem, for 
 they are as gentle as our horfes in 
 countries where they are bred with 
 mere care. 
 
 Mules nre of two kinds ; the one 
 between the hoife and the fhe-afs, 
 the other between the he-afs and the 
 mare. The firft foit are the lead 
 valuable. They are commonly ve- 
 ry dull, and take after the afs, and 
 are not large ; the other breed is 
 "therefore what is propagated chiefly 
 in all countries where mules areufed. 
 The largeft and fintft he afs muft 
 be procured for this breed ; and in 
 Sp'iin, where mules are greatly ef- 
 t. emed, they will give fitty or fix- 
 ty pounds for a fine he-af^, only to 
 be kept as a flallion. Thty breed 
 •wifh this creature out of the fineft 
 and largeft m.ares they h:LV3, giving 
 the afs an adv^tntage of height of 
 ground, and putting the mare into 
 a narrow pit, railed on each fide. 
 Some authors affirm, that in Syria 
 there are a fort of mules which pro- 
 pagate their fpecies ; hut this is a 
 miitake ; for in all the countries 
 
 M U Z 
 
 where they ate common of brtfi 
 kinds, no fiich thmg ever Kippen?, 
 If the afs dtfjgned to be l:rtd en is 
 fuckled by a mare, or the mare 
 fuckled w ih an afs, it makes them 
 much miore famiiiar than ihcy vvoi;M 
 otherwife be ; and this may alwavs 
 be done by taking away tl;e co't 
 that beiongs to the dam, and put- 
 ting the other in its plnce, keeping 
 them in the dark ten days or a foit- 
 nigiit. Hill s tJiJlorj cfAnmalsj and 
 Mortimer'' s Bujbandry, 
 
 Mules, in the legs of a horfe, 
 SeeKiBED Keels. 
 
 MUSCLES, in anatomy. See 
 the article Anatomy. 
 
 MUSEROLE, in the mannge. 
 See Ncse-Band. 
 
 yi}37.7A.Y., the fnout of a horfe; 
 alfo a hah.er to be about the iiofe of 
 a horfe or mule. 
 
 From that part of a horfe's iiead, 
 where the .nofe-band of the l-tiijle 
 reft<;, to his muzzle, he fhculd have 
 nothing but (kin and bone ; and the 
 fmalltr the better : therefore it is 
 commonly f^id, he fhould he able 
 to drink out of a beer-glais, by rea- 
 fon of the fmaliiiefs of his muzzle. 
 Sollcyjell. 
 
 ^s^g!ig^^^r^'m^gM^^^i;m^Ji^si<&s:/i>-m 
 
 N. 
 
 N A I 
 
 N A I 
 
 manage, A little 
 is a horfe of a low 
 
 manage. The d'fFerent pofitlon or 
 fituation of the nai's of the biidle, 
 or left hand of tlie horfeman, gives 
 the horfe a facility of changing 
 hands, and form his departuie and 
 ftop j by reafon that the motion of 
 WLS of the bridle band, in the the bridle follows fuch a pofkion of 
 
 the 
 
 •VTAG, in the 
 
 •^ nag, or tit, 
 
 fiztf, France produces a great many 
 
 admirable nags, which travel and 
 
 trdure fatigue better than any of 
 
 y- ur lirge horfes. Giiillet. 
 
N A R 
 
 the nails. To give a horfe head, 
 ycu muft turn the nails downwards. 
 To turn the horfe to the right, you 
 muft turn them upwards, moving 
 your hand to the right. To change 
 to the left, you muft turn the nails 
 down, and bear to the left. To 
 ftop the horfe, you muft turn them 
 upwards, and lift up or raife your 
 hand. Guiilet. 
 
 To drinje a Nail, is to fix it in a 
 lTi0rfe*s foot, that it may keep faft 
 the flioes. See the article Shoeing 
 of horfes. 
 
 NARROW, in the manage. A 
 horfe is faid to narrow, when he 
 does not take ground enough,or does 
 not bear far enough out to the one 
 hand, or to the other. If your 
 horfe narrows, you muft afTift him 
 with the infide lein j that i?, you 
 muft carry \our hand to the out- 
 iide, and prefs him forward upon 
 itraight lines with the calves of your 
 legs." GuUlct. 
 
 Narrow Heels are, for the 
 moft part, a natural defe^} in a hor- 
 fe'sfeet; but are often rendered in- 
 curable by bad ftioeing. Some far- 
 riers hollow the quarters fo deep and 
 fo thin, that one may pinch them 
 with one's finger, and think, by 
 th't means, to widen them out, 
 by a Ihong broad webbed fhoe : but 
 this turns them narrow above, and 
 wires their heels, and dries up or rots 
 the frog. The beft way in all fuch 
 cafes is not to hollow the foot in 
 ihoeing, and pare nothing out, but 
 what is rotten or foul ; if the foot 
 be hard or dry, or inclined fo be 
 rotten, bathe it often wiih chamber- 
 lye, or boil linfeed and chani'.er-lye, 
 to the confiftence of a poultice : 
 then add to it fix ounces of green, 
 foft foap ; and anoint the foot with 
 it evei7 day, rubbing a little of it 
 upon the fo!e; or, * Take two 
 
 * ounces cf bees wax ; fix ounces- 
 
 * of frefh butter ; one ounce of tar, 
 
 * and as much linfeed-cil as will 
 
 N A V 
 
 * make It into the confiftence of a 
 
 * fmeoth ointment.' 
 
 This may be carried from place 
 to place, and ufed daily as the o- 
 ther. Gibfoffs Difeafes of Horfes. 
 
 NAVEL-GALL, in horfes, an 
 encyfted tumour, or tumour formed 
 by a fort of gelatinc.us matter re- 
 fembling honey, contained in a cap- 
 fula or Jifle bag. This fwelling, 
 which is feated juft behind the fad- 
 die, and upon the vertebrse or bones 
 of the back, is occaficned from a 
 bruife or contufion of the faddle- 
 tree, that for want of ftuffing, the 
 pannel has rul^bed and fri(ij;ed the 
 horfe's back. When this iwelling 
 is difcov£:ed, the cnufe of it ftiould 
 be removed before the humours are 
 fo far heated as to occafjon an ab- 
 fvcfs J you fhou'd ftrive to difperfe 
 it, by applying warm greafy poul- 
 tices, fuch as fcal'kd bran and hog's 
 lard, foiled turntps, or the like : 
 but if the tumour is already formed 
 into a bag, it fh uld be cut by a 
 proper perfon the method whereof 
 is, by making a long incifion and 
 leifurely diffrdingthe bag; by tak- 
 ing the h, after quite out {kin and 
 all, and by healing the wound with 
 the following ointment. * Take 
 ' rofin and comnu n turpentir>e, of 
 
 * eich four ounces j honey, two 
 ' ounces ; flieep fuet, thiee ounces, 
 f Melt the rolln and turpentine 
 ' firft ; then add the honey and 
 
 * fhiep fuet ; and laftly, ftir in by 
 
 * degrees, and till the whole is al- 
 
 * moft cold, halfan ounce ofpow- 
 ' dered French verdi2:reafej and 
 
 * keep for ufe : But if it is too ftifF 
 
 * for winter, you may add fome 
 
 * hog's lard or frefh butter to it*' 
 The navel gall is a tumour of (o 
 
 cold a nature, that if it is not cut 
 out, it will often remain io long as 
 a horfe lives, v>'jthout fuppurating 
 or coming to a head. BrackeJi's 
 Pocket-Farrier, 
 
 NEAR. 
 
NEC 
 
 NEAR-SIDE of a korfe is Ins left- 
 luie, or that to which we always ap- 
 proach, when we go to mount or 
 handle a horfe \ as the off fide is 
 his right fide : whence we dJffln- 
 guifha horfe's fevcral parts: for in- 
 Ibnre, we fay the rear leg, the off 
 leg j the ne-M eye, the off eye, &c. 
 Gihforis Difeafes ofHorfes. 
 
 NECKofa hcrfe. Should be lean, 
 and but little flcHi upon it ; and to 
 be well fh?.ped, it fliould, at it's 
 going from the withers, rife with a 
 (lope upwards, dimimfhing by de- 
 grees towards the head. In mares, 
 it is a good quality to have their 
 necks fomewhat grols, and charged 
 with flrfli, becaule their necks are 
 generally too fine and flender. 
 
 Deer Necks, or cock-fkroppledy 
 are tho'e, in which the flefh that 
 flioukl be next the mane, is (et qui:e 
 below, and next the throat, which 
 renders the neck ill-fliaped and 
 ugly. A well fliaped neck contri- 
 butes very mu^h to the making him 
 light or heavy of the hand^ accord- 
 ing as it is fine or coarfe. Sollejfell. 
 See the article Carry. 
 
 S-^vclIcd Neck, in horfes that are 
 urlkili'illy managed with refpefl to 
 bleeding, is not occafioned by the 
 groom (licking his fleam twice into 
 the vein, as Captain Burdon will 
 have it, nor from the flenn's cut- 
 ting through the vein, as is vulgaily 
 imagined, but from the motion of 
 the jaws and mufcular parts of the 
 neck, together with hanging down 
 the head, after bleeding : for thel'e, 
 together with the cold air, when a 
 horfe is turned out loon after th^ o- 
 peiation, will very often occafion a 
 flux of humours to the part,and con- 
 fequently an inflammation, from 
 whence what fubfequent evils may 
 we not expe6t, as the gangrene, 
 &c. Seethe article Bleeding, 
 
 Hence it is advifeable, to let the 
 horfe be kept warm ; and not to give 
 
 NEC 
 
 him any food for fome "hours after 
 he has beeii bltd. But when a 
 horfe's neck happens to fwel! after 
 bleeding, the be.<t app'icatron is a 
 foftening poultice, with a grt at deal 
 o? n.ucijagir.cus and greafy things 
 in the compofition, and Inch is the 
 following. ' Tdke mallow and 
 
 * marfhmallow Leaves, picked clean 
 
 * from the ft:alks, of each- ten hand- 
 ' fu'is ; white liKy roots, half a 
 
 * j!cund ; linfeed and fenugretk 
 
 * i'eed, of each two runces ; oint- 
 
 * ment of marfh mallows, fix cun- 
 
 * ces ; and of hog's lard, half a 
 
 * pound. Mix according to art.* 
 The leaves and roots fliould be 
 
 boiled well, and the water pr-fTed 
 ftrongly from them : then beat them 
 up to a pulp in a mortar, and let 
 it ftand till you have mads a mu- 
 cilage or jelly of the feeds, by brui- 
 fing them well and boiling them in 
 a quart of water to a pint, which 
 you mufl: beat up with the former j 
 and laftly, add the ointment and 
 hog's lard ; and when all are mixed 
 thoroughly, let it be applied very 
 thick over the tumour, and warmed 
 vvell before the fire, after it is fpread 
 upon a piece of flannel or the like; 
 and afterwards rolled on according 
 to the fituation of the part aftc6led, 
 and renewed as it becomes dry. 
 
 If the fwelling of a horfe's neck 
 after bleeding will not difperfe, but 
 tends to fuppuration, it fliouId be 
 opened when it is flifficiently Coft, 
 the wovind dreffed with the green 
 ointment for healing wounds; and 
 the poultice continued till all the 
 hardnefsis diffolver'. 
 
 As to the food, which a horfe 
 fliould eat during the cure of fuch 
 fwelling in his netk, it is bcft to 
 give him mafhes of malt, warm 
 grains and warm water, * with a 
 good deal of oatmeal in it ; and if 
 he v^ould eat a little hay, it fliould 
 be fweet, foft meadov/ hay/prinkled 
 wiili 
 
N I C 
 
 Tv'th clear water, or cut ofrafs in 
 Aimmer. Bracke7{'s Pocket Farrier. 
 NEEDLE-WORM 5, or Asca- 
 RIDES. See the a. tide Ascari- 
 
 DES. 
 
 NEESING, or Sneesing. In 
 order to purge a horle's head, when 
 it is ftuffed with phlegfD, cold, or 
 other grols humours,, by neehng, 
 there is nothing better, than to take 
 a branch cf peliitory cf Spain ; and 
 tying the faine to a (lick, put ii up 
 Iiis noftrils, and it will operate upon 
 him without hurt or violence. P<.uji. 
 Did. 
 
 NEIGHING, theory ofahorfe. 
 To prevent neighing. See the ar- 
 ticle Nostrils. 
 
 NERVES in anatomy. See the 
 article Anatomy. 
 
 NICKING of a horfes tail, nn 
 operation pertormed to make a horfe 
 carry his tail well. See DoCKiNG 
 of horfes. 
 
 Btiore we defcribe the cp^rsticn 
 of nicking, it may be neceffary to 
 enquire how the effect of it, that is 
 the elevation of the tail, is brought 
 abc'Ut J nnd in order to know this, 
 and judge w'.ih propriety of the oper- 
 ation, we mult confi^ler the tail as 
 elevated, or lifted up hy one fet of 
 mn cles ; and deprtffed, or pulled 
 down, by another. The mufclcs 
 \vh ch elevate the tail a e more nu- 
 merous, large, and ftrong, th-in 
 thofe tliU deprefs it; they are clofe- 
 ly conne6\ed to the bones of the tail 
 by fiefhy fibres, and terminate in 
 ftiong tendons at the extremity : 
 but the mufcles of the latter foan 
 form into tendinous exptndons, and 
 three large tendons which are in- 
 ferted info the latter bones of the 
 tail j there are feveral other fmail 
 tendons which lun laterally ; the ar- 
 teries are four, and run fometimes 
 above the bones of the tail : confe- 
 qu^ntly are eafiiy avoided by a dex- 
 tioui hand, as they cannot read:ly 
 
 N I C 
 
 he wounded by a knife, in dividing 
 the tendons necefiary to be cnt in 
 th:s operation. The art of nicking 
 horles then chiefly confills in a tranl- 
 verte divifion ©f thefe deprefTmg ten- 
 don', of the tail, and !uch a poiition 
 afterwards as wdl ke^p their extre- 
 mities from coming ag^in into con- 
 rafl, fo that an intervening callus 
 fills up the vacuity ; by thel'e nveans 
 an additional power is given t > the 
 antagonift muscles, viz the eleva- 
 tors ; the cuunter-ai^'.Mi of the de- 
 preffors being manleltly abated liy 
 the divifion of the tendons, and the 
 intervention of the calius. 
 
 T!ae ufu il n.ethod of fupporting 
 the tail by a pully and weight is li- 
 able to many exceptions 3 the ext'C- 
 niities of the divided tendons not 
 being by that iiietiiod kepi fuflici-. nt- 
 ly a'under 5 the fituation of the tail 
 being rathei inclined to a perpendi- 
 cular than a curved dire61ion : tliis 
 pofuii^n too is liable to many varia- 
 tions from tlie different movements 
 of the horfe, and is the icfon that 
 the tail hequenily incline? to one 
 fide, as the nick tnay heal up fafter 
 on one fide tlian the other ; the dif- 
 agreeable fituation tiie hoife muft 
 ftanti in with a weight ccnfiantly 
 hanging to his tail is another mate- 
 rial objef^tion, btfides the nee fij^y 
 of removing it, when the hor:e is 
 exercifed or taken out to water. 
 
 To remedy thefe inconveniencles, 
 and perfeil this opera; ion, a fni- 
 chine has lately be^n contrived which 
 hasfiequenty been praflifed wih 
 the exuc6ied fuccefs ; and indeed at 
 firft view appears in every lefpr^l 
 calculated to coirc(5\ all the de'« ^ts in 
 the old one; for a defcriptlon cf 
 which, together vsith a plate ea- 
 graved on cooper, the rt i^dtr is de- 
 fired t o c o n I u . t B art let's Gendema 11 s 
 Farriery. 
 
 In regard to the operation, it is 
 worth tiotice, ih:it the exrremities of 
 
N I G 
 
 tendons which ji^cnt intheoper- 
 n nted not here be cut ofr, as is 
 )maii!y done; the number of 
 ir.clfions muft be in proportion to 
 vi-^ lergth ot the tail ; but three in 
 general are fufficient. The mod 
 approved method of dreff.ng at firft 
 is with powdered rofm and fpirit of 
 tvine, applying a foft doliil of lint 
 or tow, dipped in the fame, between 
 each nicici and lapping the tail up 
 v'hh a linen cjotii and broad fillet, 
 whichthe next morning Ihouldbecut 
 open down the back psrt oi the tail j 
 and the morning after be gentiy ta- 
 ken off, when it will be proper to 
 plait the hairs, in order to keep them 
 clean, and to fet the tail as is dirCiSl- 
 ed in the plate and references. 
 
 Every two or three days, the tall 
 fiiould be let down, and the upper 
 part next to the rump bathed with 
 hot vinegar; and if it begins to 
 crack, and the hair comes off, a 
 little tiri6lure of myrrh will foon 
 put a flop to it. To obviate any 
 threatening fymptoms that may arife 
 in regard to the wounds, have re- 
 courfe to the directions on Dock- 
 ing. Bart let. 
 
 NIGHT-MARE, a malady In- 
 cident to horfes as well as human 
 bodies, proceeding from a melan- 
 choly blood opprefimg the heart; 
 it will caufe the horle to Iweat more 
 in the niglit than in the day, and 
 thereby deprive him of his reft. 
 You may difcover it by oblerving 
 him in the morning, whether he 
 fweats on the flank-^, neck, and 
 fhort ribs, which are fure indicati- 
 ons of it. 
 
 For the cure. Take a pint of 
 fallad oil, a qmrter ot a pound of 
 
 N O S 
 
 fugar-cnrdy, put into them a hand- 
 ful of fait, mix them well together, 
 warm them blood warm, and give 
 the horfe two mornings, Rufiic 
 Dia. 
 
 NIPPERS, are four teeth in the 
 fore pyrt of a horfe's mouth, two 
 in the upper and tv/o in the lower 
 jaw : a horfe puts them forth be- 
 tween the fecond and third year. 
 £ee Tep.th. Guillet. 
 
 Nippers, a fmith's or farrier's 
 nippers, are the pincers with which 
 they cut the nails they have drove 
 in before they rivet them, and 
 which they ufe in taking off a flioe. 
 Guillet. 
 
 NOSE BAND, crMusEROLE, 
 is the part of a head-ftall of a bridle 
 that comes over a horlVs nofe. 
 
 NOSTRILS cf a horfe, fhould 
 be large and extended, fo that the 
 red within them may be perceived^, 
 efpeclally when he fneezes : the widi^- 
 nefs of the ncftriis does not a lirtle 
 contribute to the eaGnefs of breath- 
 
 It Is therefore upon this account, 
 that the Spaniards and many otheis 
 cut up their horfes noftrils, to faci- 
 litate their breathing in violent cour- 
 fes : but this cutting up of the nof- 
 trils, befides the cafe it gives in 
 breathing, brin^eth another advant- 
 age along with it, for it preventeth 
 a horfe's neighing, which is very- 
 convenient for fuch perfons as ga 
 upon party, for then the neighing 
 of their horfes cannot difcoverthem ; 
 and it is thought that this is the 
 reafon why forne horfes nolfrils are 
 cut up, becaufe after it, they neigU 
 very rarely or not at all. SoUej^fdl* 
 
 O. 
 
o. 
 
 O I L 
 
 O I L 
 
 qATS Is the dietof horfes. See 
 ^^ the article Feeding oT^o^y^'x. 
 
 OSEY, in the manage. A horfe 
 is faid to obey the hand and heels, 
 to obey the aids or helps, when he 
 knows and anfwers them according 
 to demand. Guillet. 
 
 OFF-SIDE of a horfe. See the 
 article Near side. 
 
 OILS, in the farrier's difpenfato- 
 ry. All fnnple oils, which are 
 made of any iingle herb or flower, 
 require no other apparatus, but only 
 to infufe any quantity of the herb or 
 flower, gathered in their prime, into a 
 fufficient qu-iutity of oil olive, and 
 boil till they be crifp, or ftand in the 
 fvm till tiie oil be impregnated with 
 the virtue of the flower ; luch are the 
 oil of rofes, oil of rue, oils of ca- 
 momile, dill, fennel, marjoram, or 
 any other herb : thefe have all in 
 them the virtues of their refpe^live 
 Cm pies. 
 
 The following are compounded 
 oils, and fuch as require different 
 management 5 being, at the fame 
 time, thole that are moft ufed in the 
 farrier's pra61ice. 
 
 Oil of B/rys is made as follows. 
 
 * Bruife any quantity of the ripe 
 
 * bayberrie.^ before they are dry ; 
 
 * and boil therii in water for fome 
 
 * time, and the oil will fwim at 
 
 * top, which take off, when cold, 
 
 * and keep for uCe.* There is no 
 oil Co murh prefcribed in the dileafes 
 of horfcs as this, though it is now 
 leldom made : but the apothecaries 
 commonly give them common oil 
 inlfead of it, with a fmall mixture 
 oi fome fweet fcented oil. It is ac- 
 
 counted warm and penetrating, and 
 of fervice to lemove pain ancffwel- 
 ling in the joints, and in all ner- 
 vous parts: but is much the beff, 
 when joined to things of more 
 powerful efficacy. 
 
 Oil of Earth-'worms. < Take 
 
 * earth worms well cleanfed, half a 
 
 * pound ; oil of olives, two pounds ; 
 
 * white wine, half a pint 5 boil to- 
 
 * gether till the wine is evaporated, 
 
 * and the worms are grown crifpy ; 
 
 * then ftrain the oil for u(e.' This 
 is recommended in all griefs in the 
 flioulder?, loins, hips, legs, and n 
 all the nervous parts, whether they 
 come by wounds or bruifes, cr by 
 cold furfeits or any other accidents. 
 It is accounted very penetrating. 
 
 Oil of St. John's n.vort. « Take 
 
 * the tops of St. John's wort when 
 
 * in flower, four ounces*; oil olive, 
 
 * one pound ; let it fland together 
 
 * in the fun fome days ; then prefs 
 
 * out the oil, and put the fame 
 ^ quantity of the flowers in it, two 
 
 * or three times more : let it ftand 
 
 * in the fun open for fome days ; 
 
 * and then ftrain It for ufe.' This 
 is one of the moft ufeful of all the 
 oils. It is warm and penetrating, 
 and therefore of fervice in compofr- 
 tion with other things in cold pitui- 
 tous tumours, and in many of the 
 fame intentions, as the oil ol bays : 
 but its principal ufe is to anoint the 
 edges of large wounds or inflamed 
 ulcers: for it greatly eafes pain, 
 and helps to bring them fpeedily to 
 digeflion. 
 
 Oil of S-ivallo'^vs, * Take fixteen 
 
 * whole fvr'allows j rue, camomile 
 
 * plairtain 
 
O I N 
 
 « plantain, the greater and lefTer 
 
 * bays, pennyroyal, dill, hyfop, 
 « rolemary, fage,' St. John's wort, 
 
 * and coftmary, of each an handful ; 
 
 * oil olive, four pounds ; canary, 
 « one pint ; boil the whole till the 
 
 * watry parts are evaporated 5 then 
 
 * ftrain them for uTe.' This is u- 
 fed by farriers for drains in the joints 
 or finews, and in all diforders where 
 the nerves are affe6^ed : but it will 
 be much more efficacious, when it 
 enters the compofition of ftrengthen- 
 ing charges. Gibfons Farrier's Dif- 
 fenfatory. 
 
 OINTMENTS, in the Farrier's 
 Difpenfatory. The officinal oint- 
 ments that are moft ufed in the far- 
 riers pra6\ice, and moft likely to 
 do feivice in any of the external dif- 
 eafes of horfes, are as follow ; the 
 reft of thofe compofitions, where- 
 with the farriers books fo much 
 abound, being many of them no 
 better than common tallow or hogs 
 lard. 
 
 j^Fyptiaciim Ointment is made 
 thus," ^ Take verdigreafe in fine 
 
 * powder, five ounces ; honey, one 
 
 * pound, or fourteen ounces 5 vi- 
 
 * negar, (cvtri ounces, boil all to- 
 
 * geiher till it is of a deep red, and 
 
 * as thick as honey.* This has 
 been in great reputation both among 
 farriers and furgeons for cleanfing 
 foul ulcers, and eating off rotten 
 ^t^n J and hy the furgeon it '\> ufed 
 with good fuccefs mixed with fpirit 
 of wine, or oil of turpen'.ine, to 
 drefs mortifications in ;he legs, cr 
 any other pirt of the body. 
 
 Apojlles Ointment. « Take tu r- 
 
 * pentine, rofin, yellow wax, gum 
 
 * ammoniac, of each an ounce and 
 
 * fix drams ; roots of long bith- 
 
 * wort, olibanum, bdellium, of each 
 
 * fix drams; myrrh and galbanum, 
 
 * of each half an ounce, oppo- 
 
 * panax, three drams } litharge, 
 
 * nine drams ; verdigreafe, two 
 
 * drains j oil of olives, two pounds j 
 
 O I N 
 
 ' vinegar, what is fufficlent to dif- 
 
 * folve the gums ; make the whole 
 
 * into an ointment.' This is one 
 of the beft ointments that ever was 
 framed to deterge and cleanfe foul 
 fores and ulcers, and is very much 
 ufed to horfes both by the French 
 and Italians ; but feldom by the far- 
 riers of our own nation : perhaps, 
 becaufe it is hard to be got, unlefs 
 it be in London, it being fomewhat 
 troublefome to make : but it is cer- 
 tainly worth every one's while to 
 have it, that pra<5iiies among horfes ; 
 and may be made in the following 
 manner. Firft, boil the litharge in 
 the oil, over a very gentle fire, con- 
 tinually ftirring, that it may not fly 
 over ; and when they are incorpo- 
 rated together, take it off the fire, 
 and pour gently into it a fufficient 
 quantity of water, to keep it from 
 burning. Thegums muft be dilTolv- 
 ed in vinegar, and ftrained from their 
 drofs and fticks, and mixed with 
 the turpentine, rofin, and wax, and 
 put into the pan with the litharge, 
 which muft be boiled all together, 
 untill the watry parts be evaporated ; 
 then take the bithwort and verdi- 
 greafe, both made into fine powder, 
 and ftir them into the whole compo- 
 fition ; and when they are thorough- 
 ly incorporated, take the ointment 
 from the fire, and put it into an 
 open pot, to cool. If this ointment 
 be made according tothefedire^ions, 
 it will be of a deep green colour. 
 
 Bajilicon, or the Royal Oint- 
 ment. ' Take yellow wax, fheep 
 
 * fuet, rofin, and black pitch, of 
 
 * each half a pound ; cut them into 
 ' fmall pieces, then put five pounds 
 
 * of oil olive into a bafon or pot ; 
 
 * fet it over a pretty ftrong fire, and 
 
 * when the oil i? hot, add the other 
 
 * ingredients ; aftei- they are whol- 
 
 * ly melted, ftrain the liquid mafs 
 
 * through a piece of canvas, or 
 
 * coarfe cloth, and add a pound of 
 
 * turpentine, 
 
O I N 
 
 * tnrpen'ine, ftining it conftintlv, 
 
 * till it be coid.^ Thus Solleyfell 
 makes it after the manner ot the 
 French apothec^jries, which is much 
 the bed for hoifes. It is the bed 
 cii'tment for all ordinary ufes, to be 
 fpread on fiax or fine iuirds. It will 
 cure any wound or fore, where 
 there is not an ill ciifpofition of the 
 Ktoo t and juices j or where the pait 
 his not l>een vitiated by improper 
 applications, or other bad manage- 
 Dit-nt. 
 
 OiN'TMENT of Bays, * Take 
 
 * hay leaves, one pound ; bayber- 
 
 * lies, half a- pound ; colewort 
 
 * leaves, four ounces ; neat's fef^ 
 
 * oil, five pounds ; beef ftiet, two 
 
 * pounds ; boil them together until 
 
 * ilie watry parts of the ingredients 
 « are evaporated ; and then Itrain 
 
 * it for ul'e.' This is oftemimes 
 {I>ld to the farriers indead of the oil 
 otbays; and it they could always 
 have this indead of the other, it 
 would be no great impofition upon 
 them ; it being a very warm oint- 
 ment, SI d-engthener of the neives, 
 a difculfer of wind, and very 
 proper in all old griefs in the 
 joints and finew?, in cramps and 
 convulfions, and in all paralytic 
 numbnefies, &c. 
 
 Dia!th^ea,or Ointment ofMarfi ■ 
 malloivs. * Take any quantity of 
 
 * the roots of marfiimallows, fenu- 
 
 * greek and linfeed 5 andbo;! them 
 
 * til you make a thick mucilage ; 
 
 * then take of the mucilage, two 
 
 * pounds j oil olive, tour pounds ; 
 
 * v\'ax, one pound ; rofin half a 
 
 * pound ; turpentine, two ounces ; 
 
 * mix all together over the fire, and 
 
 * make an omfment.' 
 
 This mucilage fiiould be drained 
 from the roots and leeds, and boiled 
 with the oil till "M the watry parts 
 are waded j and that they are both 
 thoroughly incorporated. This is 
 a very uieful medicine both to fur- 
 
 O I N 
 
 geons and furriers, to mix with tlicJr 
 ripening and fuppurativecataplafms. 
 It is of good fervice, as it foon ren- 
 ders tlio!e tuinouis to which it is ap- 
 plied, fit to be opened, though it- 
 has Ibmetimes a contrary effciSt, as 
 it contributes todifcufs them. 
 
 Nsf've Ointment. ' Take 
 
 * cowflip leaves, with the flowers ; 
 
 * fage, chamepytis, rolemary, h- 
 
 * vender, bay leaves v^ith the ber- 
 
 * ries, camomile, rue, fmallage, 
 
 * melilot with its flowers, and 
 
 * wormwood, of each an handful ; 
 
 * mint, betonv, pennyroyal, paif- 
 
 * ley, the lelTer centaury and St. 
 
 * John's wort, of each half an hand- 
 
 * ful J neat's feet oil, five pounds j 
 
 * oil of fpike, half an ounce J mut- 
 
 * ton or beef fuet, two pounds : 
 
 * make the whole into an ointment.' 
 The heibs, as in all other oint- 
 ments that confid pretty much of 
 vegetables, mud be cut fmall and 
 bruifed ; then boiled, till they be- 
 come crifpy ; after which, they muft 
 be draliied and put over the fire 
 again (keeping it very gentle) until 
 all the vvatry parts are exhaled, and 
 that it lofes its yeliownefs : but looks 
 of a clear green colour : then it may 
 be put up tor ufe. This is ufed by 
 farriers for all aches and griefs in 
 the finews and mufcle?, to drength- 
 en and redcie tired or decayed legs, 
 after tiavel, or any violent exercile j 
 and in divers other intentions. 
 
 Poptdneum or the poplar Oint- 
 ment. ' Take fiefh poplar buds, 
 
 * one pound and an haifj violet 
 
 * leaves, navelwort of the wall, of 
 
 * each three ourices ; frefli hog's 
 
 * greafe, one pound j bruife the 
 
 * herbs in a wooden or done mor- 
 
 * ter } and when they have been 
 
 * fome time macerated together, 
 
 * add the tops of bramble leaves} 
 
 * of black poppies, of mandrakes, 
 
 * or the berries and leaves of moun- 
 
 * tain alder, henbane^ nightdiade, 
 
 5 ' lettuce. 
 
O I N 
 
 * lettuce, houfe-Ierk, the greater 
 
 * and leflTer, and the greater bur- 
 
 * dock, of each three ounces ; after 
 
 * thele have been alio bruiled, and 
 
 * Itood ibme time in maceration 
 
 * with the reft, add lofe- water, one 
 ' pound j and boil til! the ingredi- 
 
 * ents are crifp j ftrain and boil 
 
 * ag^in gently over a flow fire, con • 
 
 * tinuslly (lirring until it acquire a 
 
 * beautiful green colour.' This is 
 ufed as a repellent and cooler, efpe- 
 cially to burns and fcalds : but it has 
 been known to do mifchief, when 
 the lore has been fmall, and the in- 
 flammation and fwelling very great, 
 in which cafe good poultices fuc- 
 ceed better. 
 
 Soldiers Ointment, called alfo 
 martiatum. ' Take frefli bay 
 
 * leaves, three pounds ; rue, two 
 
 * pounds. and a half; marjoram, 
 
 * two pounds ; mint, one pound ; 
 
 * fage, woimwood. coftmary, and 
 
 * balil, of each half a pound; oil 
 
 * olive, twenty pounds ; yellow 
 
 * wax, four pounds ; maliga wire, 
 
 * two pounds, or two pints ; bruife 
 
 * all the leaves, and boil to the con- 
 
 * fumption of the wine and nque- 
 
 * ous pans ; then ftrain it for ul'e.' 
 This is a better nerve-ointment than 
 that which is fo intiiled : it is as 
 good as any thing in the form of an 
 ointment can be to remove all old 
 griefs in the fhoulders, hips, legs ; 
 in all cramps, and convulfions of 
 the finews ; and in all paralytic 
 numhntffesj and all weakneffcs in 
 the nerves, and fenfible parts ; and 
 therefore, make a very fit ingredi- 
 ent in all iuch charges as are con- 
 trived for that pu'poie. See Char- 
 ges. 
 
 Ointment of Tutty. « Take 
 
 * tutty, finely levigated on a 
 
 * marble, two ounces ; calamine, 
 
 * or lapis calaminaris alfo levigat- 
 ' ed, one ounce ; ointment ©rro- 
 
 * les, -one pound and an half ; mix 
 
 O I N 
 
 * and make an ointment, hy dlf- 
 ' lolving the rofe ointment over a 
 
 * gentle fire in a pipkin ; and ftir- 
 
 * ring the powders into it, when it 
 
 * is melted.' This is a very good 
 medicine to drefs humid moiit ul- 
 cers, fucii as are apt to rife into fun - 
 gous fo!t excrefcences : but it is 
 chiefly made ufe of to dry up hot 
 rheuiris in the eyes, in which inten- 
 tion it is oftentimes very fervice- 
 able : inftead of th.e rofe ointment, 
 the apothecaries ufe hog's laid : but 
 the rofe ointment is certainly more 
 proper. 
 
 There are alfo other of the cfiici- 
 nal ointments ufed by farriers, as 
 the unguentum nvtritum, deficcati- 
 vum. rubrum, and the ointment of 
 pompholox, to fkin fores and ul- 
 cers : but as thefe fcldom fucceed, 
 but in ordinary cafes, we AkiU not 
 fpend time in inferting any other 
 than the white ointment in this 
 ph^ce ; rhere being f.>me ot'ers cf 
 inferior efiicacy to be tret with un- 
 der their proper heads in the courfe 
 of this difiionary. 
 
 U}7gue?itum album, or the n^Mte 
 Ointment, called by the common 
 \>to^\^ unguenty . * Take oil cfro- 
 
 * fes, or hog's lard, nine ounces; 
 
 * cerus, or white lead wafned in rofe 
 
 * water, three ounces ; white wax, 
 
 * two ounces ; camphire, two 
 
 * drams j make them into an oint- 
 ' ment.' 
 
 The wsx ought to be cut into 
 thin flices, and melted in the oil 
 or lard. The can>phire (hcul ! be 
 powdered with a little oil, by itfelf, 
 and then rubbed well with the cerus, 
 which fliould alio be in fine powder, 
 and both mixed vi-iih the lard and 
 wax together, whfn almoft cold, 
 otherwiie the camphire will be apt 
 to lofe part of its virtue. This is a 
 great cooler, and is made ufe of to 
 heal up (osf^ after iluv have been 
 well drawn and ckanfcd ; and fcme- 
 
 P - times 
 
O P o 
 
 times to take oflt heat and inflammti- 
 tioii in burns and fcalds, and in 
 other circumftances attended with 
 the like accidents : but it is fome- 
 time? liable to inconveniencies as a 
 repellent, where there is not a fuffi- 
 cient vent for the humour?, though 
 by reafon of the camphire, it is more 
 fafe than mod of that kind. Cib- 
 Jons Farrier's Difpenfatory. 
 
 For the ointment accopum, 
 Coachman's ointment, Duke's o-nt- 
 ment, opodeldock, wound-ointment, 
 Sic. Sf=e the articles Accopum, kc. 
 
 The virtues and preparations of 
 other ointments proper in pariiculir 
 diforders, will be given feverally 
 under the name of each diforder. 
 
 OMENTUM, the Caul, in 
 anatomy, a double, thin, tranfparent 
 membrane, interlarded with fat, 
 which both ferves to keep the guts 
 warm, and to moiften them. It 
 adheres to the bottom of the fto- 
 mach, to the fpleen and hollow fide 
 of the liver, to the gut colon, the 
 fweetbread, and to the beginning of 
 the fmall guts 5 and is embroidered 
 with a great number of veins and 
 arteries that communicate with the 
 ftomach, fpleen, gut^, &c. Gib- 
 foris Difeaus ofHorfes. 
 
 OPENING of a horfcs heels is 
 when the fmith, in paring the foot, 
 cuts the heel low, and takes it down 
 within a finger's breadth of the co- 
 ronet, fo that he feparates the cor- 
 ners of the heel, and by that means 
 impairs the fubftance of the foot, 
 caufmg it to dole and become nar- 
 row at the heels : this pra(5tice ought 
 therefore to be avoided, fince, if 
 there be any weaknefs in the foot, 
 it will of neceffity make it flirink and 
 ftreighten in the quarters, fo as ab- 
 foluiely to fpoil the foot. Solley- 
 fell. 
 
 OPODELDOCK, or OPPO- 
 DELDOCH, an ointment or lini- 
 ment much ufed by farriers, in the 
 cure of faouldenpUi^ed and hip^ 
 
 OSS 
 
 (bet horfcs ; and for drain?, wren. 
 che5, and diflocations in all pirt'S '^ 
 it is alfo proper for biuifes, cold- 
 fweliings, benumbed parts, and for 
 difperfing many other fuch fort of 
 tumors ; it may alfo be given inter- 
 nally for the gripes, from wind or 
 talcing cold 5 {or the ibangury alfo j 
 and as a cordial, one o\mce or more 
 may be taken for ^ dofe in a point of 
 ale. As opodeldock is variouily 
 made, and thofe iifually fold in the 
 fliops do notfeem i'o well calculated 
 for horfes, we Hull infertthe follow- 
 ing as better adai)ted for the horfe'?, 
 to which this liniment is ufed \ and 
 recommend it to be kept ready pre- 
 pared for the ufe of the ftable. 
 
 * Take Jamaica pepper,' four 
 ' ounces ; winters bark, carraway- 
 
 * feeds, laurel^ and junlptr berries 
 
 * bruifed, of each two ounces ; 
 ' rofemary, marjoram, and laven- 
 
 * der flowers, of each an ounce ; 
 
 * re6lified fpii it of wine, three pints j 
 
 * let them digeft in a warm place 
 
 * ten days \ then drain off the tinc- 
 
 * ture, and diffolve in it Venice 
 
 * Ibap, a pound and a half; cam- 
 
 * phor, three ounces ; Barbadoes 
 
 * tar, four ounces ; oil of-turpen- 
 
 * tine, fix ouncefi ; oil of an)ber, 
 
 * two ounces -, mix and make a li- 
 
 * niment.' Barilefs Farriery. 
 OSSLETS are little hard Tub- 
 
 ftances that prife amongft-the frnall 
 bones of the knee, on the inHde ; 
 they grow out of the gummy fub- 
 ftance which faftens ihofe bones to- 
 gether, from drains while a horfe is 
 yoimg, before his joints are well 
 knit* they are not common ; and 
 if obferved in the beginning, a little 
 oil of origanum rubbed on the part 
 every other day will dillolve and 
 take them off": but if they are of 
 long continuance, they are difficult 
 to be removed. Firing is the mod 
 certain method to eff'e6l a cure. 
 Gibfoffs Dijeafes ofHorfes. 
 
 Tl>s 
 
O V E 
 
 I The beft cure for thefe bony ex- 
 I crefcence?, Vr.Brach/i think?, is fiill 
 of all to beat them with a bleedinaj 
 (lick, for fome time ; then to prick 
 or weund the part with a fmall bod- 
 kin "made hot, and to rub in fome 
 oil of origanum, after which clap 
 en the following charge. * Take 
 
 * uf^thiops mineial, one ounce j 
 ' common turpentine, fix drams j 
 
 * burgundy pitch, one ounce 5 
 
 * Span'.fli flies in powder, two 
 
 * drams j corrofive fublimate in 
 
 * powder, half a dram 5' /have a- 
 way the hair, and apply this warm 
 and thick fprcad, either upon tow or 
 leather, and bind it on for fome 
 time till it offers to come off eafily, 
 after which heal the wound with the 
 green oir.tment. 
 
 It is worth obferving, that thefe 
 kinds of bor.y excrefcences muft ei- 
 ther be nipt in the hud, or they will 
 foon become of fuch firmnefs and 
 folidity, that they will not yield to 
 one thing cr other j and that by 
 jubbina and beating them with a 
 flick of any fort of wood, though 
 fome advife hazle as the beft, the 
 hard fuhftance is brought to be as 
 foft as; jelly, and will therefore more 
 eafily bediTperfrd ordiffolved by the 
 plailler, &c. Bracken s Farriery, 
 
 OVER -DONE, Over -RID, 
 or Over- WORKED. A horfe is 
 faid to hi thus when his wind ahil 
 ftreng'h are broke and exhaufted 
 wiih fatigue. Guillet. 
 
 Over'Reach. a horfe is faid 
 to have got an over-reach, when he 
 has cut his fore-heel with the point 
 of his hind fnoe. This wound, 
 when only (upeificial or (light, is 
 in general eafily cured by wafhing 
 it clean, and a} plying the wound 
 ointment: but it Hiould be cbferved, 
 from the nature and manner of the 
 injury, wh.eie the blow has been 
 fmajt, that it differs widely from 
 
 O X 
 
 a common cut J the part hers being 
 both torn and biuifed ; and confe- 
 quently it requires to be properly 
 digefted, in order to lay a good 
 foundation for healing. For this 
 purpofe, after wafliing out any dirt 
 or gravel with foap-fuds, &c. let 
 the wound be digefted, by dreffmg 
 it with doffils of lint dipt in an ounce 
 of Venice turpentine, divided with 
 the yolk of an egg, to which halt 
 an ounce of tinclure of mfrrh may 
 be added. Over this drefling, a 
 turnep poultice fliould be applied, 
 or onemade withftrci'g l^eergrounds 
 and oatmeril, three or four times or 
 oftner, till the digeflion is procured; 
 and then both tlufe dreffngs may 
 be changed for precipitate medi- 
 cines, or lime-water mixture ; ob- 
 ftrving always to apply the dcflils 
 carefully to the bot'om ; to fill up 
 the fore with the f^.me even to the 
 fur face, and to bind alt on with a 
 comprefs and rowler, and if any ca- 
 vities appear that cannot conveni- 
 ently be dreffed to the bottom, they 
 fhould always be l.iid open, or no 
 proper foundation for healing can 
 be obtsined. The hoof fhculd alfo 
 be kept fupple, or p5red away, when 
 the growth of it interrupts this end, 
 as f:)metimes is the cafe. Bartlet» 
 
 OUT, or Outside, See In. 
 
 OX- FEET, in a horfe, is when 
 the hoin of the hind foot cleaves 
 jull i:- the very middle of the fore 
 part of the hoof, from the coronet 
 to the flioe j they are not common, 
 but very troubleibme, and often 
 make a horfe halt. Solleyfell, 
 
 Ox-Legs, an imperfeflion In 
 fome horfes, which though they 
 have the back finew of their fore legs 
 fomewhat feparate from the bone, 
 yet their finews are fo final), and fo 
 little fet off, that their legs will be- 
 come round after fmall laiour. Sol- 
 leyfell. 
 
 P« 
 
 P. 
 
p. 
 
 P A C 
 
 "pACE of a horfe, in the manage, 
 ■*■ is a certain manner of motion, 
 or progreiTion, of a horfe. The na- 
 tural paces of a horfe are three, viz. 
 a walk, a trot, and a gslJop: to 
 which may he added an amble, be- 
 caufe feme horfes have it naturally j 
 and fiich horfes are generally the 
 fwiftelt ambles of any. See the ar- 
 ticles Trot, Gallop, &c. 
 
 For the artificial paces, fee the 
 article Airs. 
 
 Hotftfs that mix their paces, that 
 is, fluiffle betwixt a walk and an 
 am!)le, are feUIom of anv value. 
 The dcfefl proceeds from :heir fret- 
 ful fiery temper j and fometimes 
 from a weaknefs either in their reins 
 or legs. 
 
 PACK-HORSE. In chufmg a 
 horfe for the p^ck or hamper*, let 
 him be ftrong limbed, but not tall, 
 wiih a broad back or ribs, full 
 flioulder?, and thick withers : for if 
 he be thin in that part, there will 
 be great difficulty to keep his hack 
 from galling: be fure that he takes 
 a large Ihide, becaufe the hovfc; that 
 does lo, goes at the greatell eafe, 
 ar.d lids his ground the faftelf. In 
 ordering the p?.ck horfe, neither he, 
 any more than the cart horfe, need 
 any walking, wafhing or fading, 
 but tlit-y nuift be dreiled well, and 
 fed well 5 and their flioes and backs 
 mud be attended to. The beft food 
 for them is hay, chaff, or peas, or 
 oU-hul!s and peas, with choptftraw 
 and peas mixed together. To give 
 them warm grains and fair, once a 
 week, will not be aoiifs, becaufe it 
 
 P A I 
 
 will prevent the breeding of worms 
 and the like diforders. Rujiic Dici, 
 
 PAINS m horfes y a kind of ul- 
 cerous fcab, or watery fores, on the 
 legs and parterns, caufed by a ier- 
 ous matter ouzing through the 
 pores ; which is indued with fuch a 
 fharpnefs, that it makes the hair 
 fall off from feveral parts of the 'egs 
 and pafterns. Sonietimes it loofens 
 the coronet from the hoof; and 
 fometimes, the flefh appears as if 
 it was disjointed from the bones 
 and fmews ; where the matter runs, 
 it fo hardens the Ikin, that it is apt 
 to break out into ciacks and refts, 
 which difchaige abundance of ftink- 
 ing matter. 
 
 The cure confifts chiefly in inter- 
 nals, and in thofe things that are 
 proper to r^ftify the blood, as de- 
 coftions of box-wood, guaiacum, 
 and fafl^ifras, &c. or the (aid woods 
 may be rafped and mixed with his 
 oats, and fometimes among dry 
 bran. All the medirires prefcribed 
 in the farcin may be made ufe of in 
 this cafe : but if the hoife be inclin- 
 able to a dropfy, which may be 
 known by the yielding of the fwel- 
 ling, and likewife as the fore-legs 
 wifl alfo be affeifed, and by the o- 
 ther figns peculiar to that diftemper, 
 he mull then be treated accordingly: 
 Meanwhile, the following applica- 
 tions may be made outwardly. 
 ' Take honey, turpentine, and 
 ' hog's greale, of each a like quan- 
 
 * tity ; met them over a gentle fire 
 
 * in a glazed pipkin, andr;dd a fuf- 
 
 * ficient quantity of wheat flour, to 
 
 * make 
 
PAL 
 
 * make it into a poultice." or, 
 
 * Take fenugreek- meal, bean flour, 
 
 * linCeed meal, and muftard-feed 
 
 * powdered, of each a like quantityj 
 
 * boil them over a gentle fiie with 
 
 * a fiifficient quantity of raarflimal- 
 
 * lows J or for want of that, with 
 
 * butter or hog's lard, into the con - 
 
 * filtence of a poultice.' Thefe mull 
 be applied warm to t!ie legs and 
 pafteins, to draw out the matter; 
 and bring down the fweliing. If 
 there be foulnef?, you may take a 
 pound of black foap, half a pound 
 of honey, four ounces of burnt alum, 
 two ounces of verdegreafe in pow- 
 der, a pint of brandy or fpirit of 
 wine, with a fufiicierit quantity of 
 wheat flour. Let this be fpread on 
 c!oths and applied as the former. 
 
 As foon as the fweliing is abated, 
 and the m';i!lure dried up, it will 
 be convenient to keep the legs and 
 paflerns rolled up with a firm band- 
 age, whereby the parts will not on- 
 ly he kept clofe, liut the influx of 
 frefh matter prevented : for the con- 
 tinuance or frequent returns of thefe 
 watery eruptions brings fuch a 
 loofenefs into the legs, that it caufes 
 a rotter.nefs in the frufl), breeds 
 fplents ; and fometimes, by rotting 
 the tendons, becomes the caufe of 
 quitter bones, foundering, and o- 
 ther diftempers in the feet. Gibfons 
 Farrier's Guidi. 
 
 Pain Piss, or Strangury. 
 See the article Strangury. 
 
 PALATE cf a horjc, the upper 
 pTi t or roof of tl'^e mouih. The pa- 
 Iste of a horfe fliould be lean, for if 
 it bef:U, that is full and high, io as 
 to be almoll equal with ihe extremi- 
 ties of his upper teeth, the lead 
 height in the liberty of a Iilt will, he 
 trcublcfome, ?nd mnke him either 
 chack in tlie biidle, and be sKvavs 
 throwing up his head, or otherwile 
 carrv it too low, which befi^les the 
 nrfig:htlinefs will much ann-y the 
 rider's hand. ScHeyfell, 
 
 PAL 
 
 Horfes are commonnly bled in tlis 
 palate with a fharp pointed horn, to 
 refrefli and give them an appetite. 
 
 PALSY, an inability to motion, 
 arifing either ft^om a fault in the 
 blood or animal fpirits, or from 
 both together; feizing fometimes 
 the whole .body; fometimes one fide, 
 and fometimes a particular part on- 
 ly- 
 
 When the caufe happens from the 
 animal fpirit?, then leniation is in 
 a manner loft j and fometimes with 
 an inability to motion alfo ; and be- 
 cause the nervous fluid is rendered 
 thick, and unapt to motion, and 
 the nerves themfelves are relaxed and 
 moifi-, and confequentiy unfit for 
 lively vihrr.tions ; therti will alfj 
 be fometimes a numbnefs and infen- 
 fibility to the touch, but yet a ca- 
 pacity of motion may be prefervefi ; 
 but when a palfy arifes from a 
 fault in the blood, viz. from an over- 
 great humidity, or when it is ren- 
 dered too thick ; in the firft cafe the 
 mufcles are ftretched out in length, 
 and their fibres relaxed ; and by Jo- 
 fmg their tone, they become inca- 
 pable of contra6}ion ; and therefcre 
 though there may be a diflribution 
 of the nervous juice, yet motion is 
 loft, by real'on of that over relaxa- 
 tion ; while at the lame time, fenfe 
 mav remain ; and in the other c^kf 
 though there be a concomfe of fpi- 
 rits, yet the blood is fo thick, that 
 it cannot be fuddeniy enough rare- 
 fied, to produce motion. But laltly 
 when the blood and fpirits aie both 
 afFe£ied in a palfy, the fenfe and 
 motion will both be loft ; and if the 
 nerves or blood be aft'efled within 
 the brain, then the palfy will be ac- 
 companied With an apoplexy or ver- 
 tigo*. 
 
 And tlie'-efore the caufes of a pal- 
 fy are alt thole ihings that may in- 
 duce an over-greu humidity into 
 the blood and fpirits, fo as to occa- 
 
 P 1 flon 
 
f Ah 
 
 iicn a relaxation or loofenefs in the 
 canals or fibres ; or when the blood 
 alone is rendered Co thick, that it 
 cannot be rarefied, by which means 
 the nerves and animal juices become 
 alfo affefted ; and this is ufoally 
 brought about, either by a inoili 
 temperament, climate, or feafon ; 
 or the eating of cold, vifcid herbs ; 
 but efpecially when a horfe goes in 
 a wet marHiy pafture, and lies fre- 
 quently on the cold, wet ground. 
 The fame effe6is are alfo produced 
 from things of an oppofite nature, 
 as the internal ufe of hot things: But 
 cur bufmefs is only with that fort 
 of palfy which proceeds from hu- 
 jiiidity, &c. the other feldom or ne- 
 ver happening to horfes. 
 
 In order to the cure, the horfe 
 ihould be exercifed wiih chewing 
 Jbsills made of favin, rofemary, la- 
 vender flowers made into powder, 
 and beat up with afTa foetida, and a 
 fuflicient quantity of oil of amber; 
 after which, to be tied in a rag and 
 faftened to the bit as ufual ; and at 
 proper intervals, glytters fliould be 
 jnje6led, foch as have been ordered 
 in an apoplexy. But as we fiippofe 
 the caufe fron) an ever gieat humi- 
 dity and relaxation of the vefTels, 
 bleeding is not necelTary, but may 
 rather prove hurtful, unlefs theie 
 iliould alfo be the figns of an apo- 
 plexy; and in that cafe, it will be 
 very needful. 
 
 All hot things, as muftard, gin- 
 ger, pepper, and ether fpices, ef- 
 pecially miiltard infufed in ale, will 
 be proper to recover the tone of the 
 fibres. But as the external parts 
 are fo fenhbly afi^6ted In this dif- 
 temper, therefore embrocations of 
 hot penetrating oils and fpirits are 
 tobe rubbed wi)cre- ever motion is loll 
 or impaired, fuch as the oil of pefre, 
 oil of amber, oil of faffafras, and 
 the like, mixed with foldiers oint- 
 menty or ointment of maiihmal- 
 
 PAN 
 
 low?, wlih a fmall quantity of fpi- 
 rit ot fal armoniac, or other volatile 
 fpiiit. 
 
 Very warm cloaihinsj will like- 
 wife be of very great fervice, ?.s alfo 
 frequent drinks of the deco(?lic)n of 
 guiiacum, faifafras, kc. Laftly, 
 a horfe ought in all paralytic cafes 
 to be rowelled In one or more pla- 
 ces? for by that means, a great deal 
 of the moid or vifcid matter will be 
 difcharged, ar,d the nerves and muf- 
 culnr fibres llrengthened. Gi'fc?i^s 
 Tarricrs Guide. 
 
 PANCREAS, or Sweet- 
 Bread, in anatomy. See th; ar- 
 ticle Sweet-Bread. 
 
 PANNELS of a Saddle are two 
 cufhions, or bolfters, filled with cow, 
 deer, or horfe hair, and placed un- 
 der the fadd'e, one on each fide, 
 touching the horfe's body, to pre- 
 vent the bows or hmds to gall or 
 hurt Ills back. Gmllcfs Gent, D'lcl. 
 P. I. in <voc. 
 
 Flefhy TANNICLE, In anatomy, 
 a fleiliv expr.nfion vvliich, in horles 
 and ftveral large animals, .lies im- 
 mediately under the flcin, and is 
 made up of mufcuiar fibres, where- 
 by the ikin is moved or diawn into 
 wrinkles, to fliake ofFthe dull, flies, 
 or any thing elfe that hang's loofe 
 upon the hair. It is moft thick and 
 diltin^l over the ribs, flanks, fides 
 of the belly ; as alfo on both fides 
 the neck ; bnt adheres foto the fkin, 
 that it is fcarce to be diftinguiflud 
 from it, but where the fkin is loofe 
 and moveable. It is alfo a gi eat de- 
 fence, and ferves to keep a horfe 
 warm in cold v^'eather. Gilfon's 
 Difeafes of horfes. 
 
 PAN rON- SHOE, or Pa NT a - 
 ELE-SiicE, a hoj.k's ^\o(t contrived 
 for receiving narrow and hoo^bcund 
 hetJ^. Its fpunges are much ihick- 
 er on the infide than on the ouifide, 
 fo that the part which refls upon the 
 horn, Qi- hoof, tu.ns flcpewifc, to 
 
 the 
 
PAR 
 
 : er:(l,that the thicknffs ofthein- 
 le of the ihoe may bear up the 
 i.cel, and throw or pufii it to the 
 outfide. Panfon-ihoes are likewife 
 proper for horl'es that have falfe 
 quarters. Guiilet, See NaRROW 
 Keels, Sec. 
 
 PARALYTIC DlforJer^. See 
 the article Palsy. 
 - PARING a borfe'sfoot Is to cut 
 off his naiis, that is, the horn and 
 Ibie oUiis foct, which is done with 
 a bvitteris, in order to flioe him. 
 See EuTT E R I s . Guillct, 
 
 The original defif'n of flioeing 
 hcrfes was undoubtedly intended as 
 a prefervation of the hoof, and a de- 
 ferce of the {o\& : but no one could 
 think it neceilary to pire away what 
 he wanted to preferve by the ufe of 
 the flioes, becsufe that would be to 
 act contraiy to his firfi: principles, 
 and (ielboy his own work. This 
 prec:iution could never be recom- 
 mended, but in cafes where the 
 liorny fole is uneven, infomuch that 
 the fiioe could not bear equally up- 
 on it, s'vhich would take off from 
 its neceflary firmnefs ; in fuch a 
 caCe, it may be reafonable, other- 
 wife it would be very abllnd. La 
 Tojfe^s Obfer'vations on Horfes. 
 
 Jn England, the fmith or farrier 
 holds the horfc's foot between his 
 knees, in which pofture he pares the 
 foot, fets on the (hoe, drives the 
 nails, and rivets them ; and all this 
 alone without any afTitlance from 
 the groom. 
 
 PAPvT, In the manage, in french 
 ^pariir., is ufed to fignify the motion 
 and ?6tion of a horfe when put on 
 at full Ipee;^. From the horfe's 
 parting to his ftop there is common- 
 ly two hundred paces of ground. 
 To make your horfe pait with a 
 good grace, you niult put your bri- 
 dle three fingers lower, and prefs 
 gently with your heels, or only with' 
 the calves of your legs. See Echa- 
 
 fPER. 
 
 PAR 
 
 To Part agaw. See Repast. 
 
 External '^Pi.^TS, of a horfes body. 
 1. The hair. The hair and hide 
 are in general all the hair and fkiii 
 of the body of the horfe. 
 
 2. The mane, which is the long 
 hair on the horfs's neck. 
 
 3. The topping ; or fore-top. 
 
 4. The fetter-iock, or fet-lock ; 
 vv]}ich is the hair that grows behind 
 the ieet. 
 
 5. The coronet, cr cronet ; which 
 is the hair that grows over the top 
 of the hoofs. 
 
 6. The brills; which are the 
 hair on the eye-lids. 
 
 The head, neck, and Breaf. i. 
 Thecreft, orcrilt: this is the ridge 
 on the upper part of the neck, where 
 the mane grows. 
 
 2. The neck: this is accounted 
 al! from the head to the bread and 
 flioulders. 
 
 •i» The breaft, -brifket or cheft j 
 which is the fore-part of tlie neck 
 at the flioiilders, down the fore-legs, 
 
 4. The ftar in the forehead. 
 
 5. The rache down to the face ; 
 when the hair there is of ano:her co- 
 lour, ditferent from the reit oft-he 
 head. 
 
 The body. i. The withers j are 
 -the top of the flioulder-blades, at the 
 fetting on of the neck. 
 
 2. The dock ; which is the place 
 where the faddle is fet. 
 
 3. The navel-gall. 
 
 ^. The reins ; which Is all the 
 middle of the back from the mane 
 to the tail ; the ridge of the back. 
 
 5. The doc-k or ftrunt j is the 
 tail of the horfe. 
 
 6. The fundament,. or tuel j (j.e.) 
 the arfe-hole. 
 
 7. The fway, or fwayed-back, 
 is the hollow, or finking down of 
 the back-bone, 
 
 8. Thethropple. 
 
 9. The girtli-place J which is the 
 fore-pait of tlic bellv. 
 
 P 4 '10. The 
 
PAR 
 
 10. The belly ; the middle of the 
 brliy where the navel is j the navel- 
 place. 
 
 11. The flank; which is the 
 hinder part of the belly, ntxt the 
 fli^arh. 
 
 l^. The groln<:, which are the 
 hinder pait>' near tlie thighs, on each 
 fule theflieath. 
 
 13. The fh-ath, is the loofe fkin 
 within which i^ the yard. 
 
 14. Tlieyard, is his ! y:^r.tal. 
 
 15. The nut i winch is the bob 
 at thf^ enii or his yard. 
 
 '6. The cods; which are the fkin 
 in which the ftones are. 
 
 17. The fillets; which are the 
 fore parts of the flioulders next the 
 breafts. 
 
 iS. The fides; the nearerhJe, 
 farther fiile, 1 iiing-fide. 
 
 19. The biitto'-ks; thefe are the 
 hinder parts of a horfe's body. 
 
 to. The top of the buttock ; which 
 is that part next the lidge of the 
 hack and tail. 
 
 The- thighs and legs . i . T h e fi i file, 
 or (tiffle-j oint ; is the firii joint and 
 bending; next the buttock, and a- 
 '.love the thigh, which bends for- 
 w.irds. 
 
 2. The th-£;h ; which is ih.^tpart 
 between the clianibrel and Itiffle- 
 jonU. 
 
 3. The chambrel, or elbow; 
 wiiich i^' thejoinr, 01 bending of the 
 vipper part of the hinder leg, that 
 bends l.ackwards from the body. 
 
 4. The ham and Hij^ht, or bought; 
 which is the inward her.t and bend- 
 ino; of die chainbrel ; it is alio iifed 
 for the ben'.'ing of th; knees in the 
 foi e:ri<^i^ legs. 
 
 5. The houg'^, leg, or fnank ; 
 which reaches from the chnmSrel to 
 the fct lock, or piiltern joirt of the 
 ioot. 
 
 6. The fmall. of the leg, is the 
 fmall p.^.rt of the legs, bcth in the 
 hinder and fore- legs. 
 
 PAR 
 
 7. The foul of the leg. 
 
 8. The back finew of the leg, 
 is the back of the leg, above the fet- 
 lock. 
 
 9. The paltern, fet-lock-joint, 
 or ancle, is the joint in the fet- 
 lock, which bends in all the feet for- 
 wards. 
 
 10. The coronet , is the foot a- 
 bove th<" hoof of the ancle joint, fo 
 called in all the feet. 
 
 11. The curb. 
 
 12. Tiie fliouider, is that part 
 which extends from the withers to 
 the top joint of the thigh. 
 
 13. The thigh; which reaches 
 from the bent of the thigh to the 
 knee. 
 
 14.. The knee, is the middle 
 j int of the foremolt feet, and which 
 bends onwaids, 
 
 15, The farther leg before, is 
 the right leg before. 
 
 16. The next, or nearer leg be- 
 fore, is the left leg of the rifing fide 
 before, or the rifing fide. 
 
 The feet. j. The hoof, or horn, 
 
 2. The coffin ; is the hollow of 
 the hoof in which the foot is fixed, 
 the foot fallen off. 
 
 3. The frufl), is the tender part 
 of the hoof next the heel. 
 
 4. The fole of the foot. 
 
 5. The frog of tlse foot; which 
 fome call the ball of the foot. 
 
 6. The rift of the hoof, is that 
 psrt that is pated or cut off, it be- 
 ing too long grown ; the fpace be- 
 tween tliefrufii and the heel. 
 
 7. The heel, is the rifing in the 
 middle of the foie ; the narrow heel. 
 
 8. The toes, are the fore-parts 
 o^ the ho' fj; the quarters, the in- 
 fides of the hooff. 
 
 9. The p?ltern, or font, is that 
 p3!tunderihe iet lock, to the hoof. 
 
 Parts of a hoife'' s body proper to 
 
 bleed in. 1. It is uAul to bleed hor- 
 
 fes in the jugular v. ins, which lie 
 
 en each fije of the neck, for the 
 
 farcy. 
 
PAS 
 
 farcy, mange, repletion, and fe- 
 veral other di (tempers j and alfo by 
 way of repletion, twice a- year, to all 
 hones that feed well and labour but 
 little. 
 
 2. Blocd is uTually taken from 
 the temples, with a fmall lancet, 
 for bites or blows on the eyes. 
 
 3. Farriers have a lanctt made on 
 puipoie for opening of vtins bei e«th 
 the tongue, tor head-aches; or for 
 being difguftcd or over- heated by 
 excelTive labour, or fcr cholics, and 
 the vive«. 
 
 4. It is ufual to b'eed horfes in 
 the griftle of the noie, without any 
 regaid whether they hit the vein or 
 not 5 and this is alio for cholics, 
 vives, and being much over-heated. 
 
 5. Horfes are let blocd in the 
 middle of the palate, above the 
 fourth bar, with a lancet or fliarp 
 horn, when they have been difguft- 
 ed, hsrrafTed, or over-heated and 
 dull. 
 
 6. Blood is taken from the bafi- 
 lick, or thigh -veins of horfes, for 
 (trains in the ilioulders, or the mange 
 in thoie parts. 
 
 7. Horfes are blooded in the paf- 
 terns, with a fieam or a lanf-et, for 
 (trairfs or infirmities in the hams or 
 krees. 
 
 8. They are let blood in the toes, 
 with a buttrice, or drawing iron, 
 for beating in the feet, and infirn^i- 
 ties in the legs, fuch as Iwcl'ings 
 and oppieffionsof the nerves. 
 
 9. The flank veins aie fometimes 
 optned, with a fmall lancet made 
 for that purpofe, for the farcy. 
 
 10. Blood is drawn with fleams 
 in the flat of the thighs, for blows 
 and llraiiis in the h:;unLh.es. 
 
 11. They b'eed in the tail or 
 dock, with a long lanctt, lor a fe- 
 ver ?nd purfinefs. 
 
 PASSADE, in the m?nnge, is 
 a tread, or way, that a I'.oi le iriokes 
 cftner than once upon the fime ex- 
 6 
 
 PAS 
 
 tent of ground, pafling and rrpsf- 
 fmg from one end of it's lenrth to 
 the other, w-hich cannot be done 
 without changing the hano', or turn- 
 ing and nKikiUg » demi-tourat each 
 of the extremities of the gicund. 
 Hence it conus that there are fe- 
 veral fo-ts of pafTades, according to 
 the dificrent w^ys of turning, in or- 
 der to part, r r put on again and re- 
 turn upon the fame pifte or tread, 
 which we call clofmg ihe pafTade. 
 See Close and Serrer. 
 
 A Passade ff ft'e times, or a 
 demivolt of nvc times, is a demi- 
 tour made :U the end of the flrinight 
 line, one hip in, in five times of a 
 gallop upon the haunches 5 and at 
 the fifth ti»)e ought to have clofed 
 the demivolt, aiul to prefent upon 
 the pafTade-lir.e ftraiglit and ready 
 to return. 7'he demivults of five 
 times or periods, aie the u;o(t com- 
 mon aiis of changing the hand or 
 turning, that are now pr:iCi:fed, 
 
 Furious Passades, :hofe per- 
 formed upon a full career, being 
 moflly ufed in duels. To make 
 thefe pafTades, you put your horfe 
 flraight forwards, and towards the 
 extremity of the Jiiie make a half 
 iLop, keeping the horfe (fraightwith- 
 cut traverhng ; then you make the 
 demivolt at three rimes, in fuch a 
 manner, -that the third time the 
 horfe prefents flr?iig!u upon the paf- 
 fade \\v,t rea.iy to Itt out again upon 
 a fliort gallop. Ycu continue this 
 fhort gallop ha'fthe length of the 
 paffadf, then yrw (!Ut on furioufly 
 at full fpeed j ard .t(; the end of the 
 pafTtdt' mark a half Hop, and then a 
 denjivolt ot thr^e t;mes. This you 
 cont'nue to do as 'ong as th.e horCc's 
 wirid and iiren^th will hold. This 
 paflade at full fpeed, fuppofes that 
 the hor.'e has ?n exceiient mouth, 
 and requires fltepgih and agility 
 bofh in the hcr'e and horfen-Kin. 
 There are hut fev/ ho;fes thnt are 
 cr<p:ihle oi it. Pas- 
 
PAS 
 
 t^ASSADE of one time, i? a demi- 
 volt or turn, made by the hoi fe, in 
 one time, of his fhoulders and 
 havinches. To make this pafTade, 
 which is the molt perfect of all, the 
 horfe fhowld (trmd Itraight upon the 
 paflade-linej and then putting for- 
 *vards, he forms a half ftop, making 
 faicades two or three tinu.'S in fuch 
 
 2 manner, that he is ftill ftraight 
 %ipon the h'ne ; and at the lafttime, 
 lie prepares to turn nimbly, and re- 
 tain to fix his haunches as a c€nter ; 
 I'o that thedemivolt is performed in 
 only one time of the fhouliers: and 
 tho' the haunches make likewilc a 
 lime, they make it ii^ the center, or 
 upon the fime fpot, and de ferme a 
 
 ferme, as the French call it. 
 
 Ralfcdy or high Passades, are 
 ihofe in which the demi volts are 
 nude in corvet^. 
 
 In all palTades, the horfc^ fliould, 
 in making the demivolts, ouher and 
 bring in his body, mr.king his 
 haunches accompany his frioulders, 
 without fallincr back, or not going 
 forward enough eich time : and he 
 jhould go in a flraight line, with- 
 out traverfing or turning his croup 
 out of the line. Gu'iUd. 
 
 PASSAGE, in the manage. To 
 paffage a hcrfe, is to make him go 
 wpon a walk or trot upon two piftes 
 or treads, between the two heels, 
 and fide-vwiys, fo that his hip<? make 
 
 3 tra6t parallei to that made by his 
 faiujders. It is but of late that 
 palTaging upon a trot has been ufed, 
 for formerly the word paflage figni- 
 rlied walking a horfe upon two- 
 treads b-hind the two heels. 
 
 A horic is pafTaged up.n two 
 ftrait line-;, alone: a wall or hedge : 
 He is likewife pafTaged upon lusowji 
 Icrrgth upon volts, in going fide- 
 ways upon a circle, round a center, 
 • the fe.ni-diameter being a!x)ve his 
 r>\vn length, fo that he looks into 
 file vok, 2:-4d half his ihoulders go 
 
 PAS 
 
 before the croup. In all pafTaginsr, 
 the horfe"s outward fore- leg inu^ 
 croTj or lap a great deal ever the rn- 
 ward fore-leg, at every fecond time 
 he marks. In a paffage of a walk, 
 and tiiat of a trot, the motion of the 
 horfc if^ the fame, only one is fwifter 
 than the other. 
 
 Passage upon a firawht llne^ i« 
 a fort of manage pradifed but little 
 in France, but very much in Italy, 
 and yet more in Germany. For 
 this manage they chufe a horfe th:*t 
 is not fiery, but has a good si^^ive 
 motion with him, and leading upon 
 a fl^rair line, upon a walk or trot, 
 teach him to lift two legs together, 
 one before and one behind, in the 
 form of a Sf. Andrew's crofs, and in 
 fetting ihfcfe two to the ground, to 
 raife the other two alternately, an<.l 
 keep them a long while in the air, 
 and that in fuch a manner, that e- 
 very time he gains a foot of ground 
 forwards. The beauty of pafTaging 
 conhfts in holding the legs long in 
 the air. The motion of the legs in 
 this pafTcige is the fame v^ith that of 
 a walk or trot, for they go in the 
 fanie order, and the only difference 
 is, that in paf^;^ging upon a ftrait 
 line the legs are kept longer in the 
 air. Your proud fiiateiy horfes, and 
 thofe which are accuftomtd to this 
 fort of paflage, are proper for a ca- 
 roufel, or a magnificent fhew. The 
 difference of a proud ftately pranc- 
 ing hcrfe, and a pafTaging one, con- 
 fifts only in this, that your ffately 
 horfes do the former naturally, a-nd 
 do not keep their legs fo long in the 
 air as in pdlTaging right out. 
 
 But for a paflage there is fo much 
 art required, that a horfe is two or. 
 three years in breeding to that man- 
 age, and of fix horfes, 'tis very mucii 
 if two of them fucceed in it. Guil' 
 let. 
 
 PASTERN of a horfe is the dif- 
 tance between the joint of that name 
 
 and 
 
PAT 
 
 :^v,i the coronet of the hoof. This 
 i>ait fl)oiild be ilioit, elpeciaily in 
 micidle-lized liorles, bec;iuie long 
 pslicms are weak, and cannot fo 
 well endure travel. Some h^ve 
 them fo lorg and flexible, thaf ihe 
 hoil'e in walking almoft touches liie 
 ground with them, whicli is a great 
 iinperfeclior, and a figi) of llttie rr 
 roftrengthj fuch horles rot hting 
 fit for any fort of toil or fatigue, 
 ' Pastern- Joint, called alfoihe 
 fetlcck of a horfe's leg, is the joint 
 above the paliern, which fisives for 
 a fecond knee in each fore leg, and 
 a fecond ham or hough to ejich hin- 
 der leg. A horle is long or (liort 
 jointed, according to the fliortnefs 
 or length of the paftern, and the 
 iliort jointed is thebeft. 
 
 The paliern joint is fsid to he 
 <rowned, when without being g?*l- 
 Jcd or h'.iit, there is a A^eilirg rcund 
 it, beneath the ikin in form of a 
 circle, r.nd about half the breadth 
 of one's finger : it proceeds Uoxw 
 fome humour gathered there thiough 
 jnuch travel, and ilicws that the 
 horfe's legs have been too much 
 iiied. When the pafletn joint fwells, 
 after t^-aveliing, chafe it every morn- 
 ing and evening with a m.ixture of 
 two parts of brandy and one of oil 
 of nuts. If the fuelling belasge, 
 apply the red honey charge, with a 
 convenient bath ; and if it be hard. 
 Jay on a poultice of rue boiled in 
 thick wine. SoUejfcU. 
 
 For otb.er difcruvrs of the paftern, 
 fee the article Cratches, Jnteh- 
 TERiNG, Pains, ^.TRAINS, Sec 
 
 PASTURE for hcrfa. See the 
 article Feed; n g cfhorfes. 
 
 PATiN SHOE, a horfe-fhoe fo 
 called, under which Is foldt'rpd. a 
 fo!t of half ball of iron, hallow 
 within : it is ufedfor hip fliot hor- 
 fes, and put upon a found foot, to 
 the end, that the horfe not being 
 abJe to Ihnd upon that foot wiih- 
 
 P E R 
 
 cut pain, may be conftrainedtofup^ 
 pert hiinfclf ui)on the lame foot, and 
 i'o hinder the finews from fhrinking, 
 and the haunch from drying vip. 
 Th.ey bkewife clap patin-fliocs upon 
 horfes ihat are fprained in the fliouU 
 ders. Gulllct. 
 
 A great many ignorant preten- 
 ders, when a h.cifs has been ntwly 
 lamed in the fliculder, pegt!:e othtr 
 foot, or let on a pattin (liae to 
 biing the lame flioulder upon a 
 itretch ;' and fome turn them imme- 
 diately out to grafi 3 hut all th'.s is 
 very prepoHeious, and the direft 
 way to render him incurably lame, 
 a patin fiioe being only necefTary in 
 old lamenefTes, where the rriulcles 
 have been a long while contrs^ttd, 
 Cih/on's Difeqfes rf Horfes. 
 
 PAW the grou7id: a horfe paws 
 the groimd, wb.en his leg being ei- 
 ther tired or painful, he does not 
 reft it upon the ground, and fears to 
 hurt himfetf as he walk>7. 
 
 I ' E A C H C O LC UR cf a horfe . 
 Seethe ar:icle BLOSSOM. 
 
 PEARL 5 called alio PiN, and 
 "Web, or any unnatural fpct or thick 
 fihii over an horl'e's eye 5 proceeds 
 from fon.e (Iroke or blow received, 
 or from the fire or dam. TI.e pearl 
 is known by alitiJe round thick white 
 fpot, like a pe^rl, (f'lom which it 
 tcok it's name) grov^ng on the fight 
 of the eye. 
 
 j\s for the cure, it is the fame a^ 
 for blood-f>/otten eyes. See Eyes 
 and Blood - Skotten Eyes. 
 Rific Dia. 
 
 PEAS, in dieting a hor'e. See 
 the article Feedi7<g ofhorfs. 
 
 PERICARDIUM, in anatomy, 
 the capfuia \^^.ich includes the heait. 
 Ste the article Heart. 
 
 PEllIFNEUMO] 
 
 See the 
 
 article Pleurisy. 
 
 FERi'J'ON.SUM; in anatomy, 
 
 a double menbrane of an oval figure, 
 
 whicfi cove-r? the whole g'Us. Its 
 
 in fide 
 
P H L 
 
 infide is fmooth, and lined with a 
 mucus, which helps to keep the guts 
 moirt 5 from this all the parts of the 
 lower belly are furnidied with their 
 proper membranes. It has Teveral 
 ligament?, by which the guts are 
 tird in their proper fituntion, which 
 preferve tliem from beln^ intangled 
 by violent motion*; ; and it alfo af- 
 fords a Itrong ligament to the liver ; 
 and within its duplicalme area vail 
 number of veflels, which have com- 
 munication with ail (he parts of the 
 lower belly. Gib/on s Difeafes of 
 Horfes. 
 
 PESATE, PESADE, or Po- 
 SADE, m the manage, isthe motion 
 of a horfe that, in lifting or railing 
 Lis fore quarters, keep* his hind legs 
 upon the ground, without llirring j 
 {q that he marks no time with his 
 haunches, till his (ore legs reach 
 the ground. This motion is the 
 true means, to fix his head and his 
 baunche?, to make h.im ply and 
 bend his fore thighs, and to hinder 
 him from damping and clattering 
 with his feet. li you defifn to put 
 vcurho:fe to corvtts, make pcfates 
 lii": full lelTon : for pefates aie the 
 foundation of all airs. See Stop, 
 and Half-Stop. Guillct. 
 
 PHLEGM, one of the four hu- 
 mours whereof the antient phyficians 
 thought the mafs of fluids in the 
 animal oeconorny to confift j being 
 the <ame vviih what i<; othcrwii'e cal - 
 led pltuita. Sclleyfdl gives a long 
 catalogue of medicines pioper iyr 
 puroing phlegm. 
 
 PHLEGMON, a fpecies cf tu- 
 mour proceeding ft oni blood, n rrc)re 
 pn pes ly from a plethora, is known 
 by i's heat, tenfion, ard pulfation 
 of tl'.e principal artery that conveys 
 the hlocd iiito the p.Tt where the tu 
 mour is feated, when the vein:; and 
 other ref\nning vefltls are broke, 
 or cbf^rn(5ttd, fo a?: to C2u:e an ac- 
 cuniif ati.n^ cr, acccicirg to the 
 
 P I L 
 
 vulgar phrafe, a gathering. Gihfon'i 
 Difeafes cf Horfes. See the article 
 Tumour. 
 
 PIAFFEUR, in the manage, 
 is a proud (lately horfe, who, being 
 full of mettle or fire, rellleis and 
 forward, with a great deal of mo- 
 tion, and an excrfiTive eagernefs to 
 go forwards, makes this motion the 
 n.ore that you endeavour to keen 
 him in, and bends his leg up to his 
 belly: He fnoits, traverfes, if ha 
 can, and by his fieiy a6lion Oiews 
 his reftlefrnefs, whence fome, though 
 veiy improperly, fsy, he dances. 
 
 Such horfes as tliefe, or fuch as 
 are bred to pa(rage upon a (trait 
 line, are much admired in carou* 
 (els and magnificent feftivals. See 
 Skort and Passade. Guillet. 
 
 PICKER, Horfe-pickcr, in the 
 manage, is an iion inltrument five 
 or fix inches long, bent or crooked 
 on one fide, and fiat and pointed on 
 the other, ufed by grooms tocleanfe 
 the infide of the manage horfes feet, 
 and pick out tlie earth and fand that 
 has r:nt into them. Guillet. 
 
 PILLAR Mofi: g'eat manages 
 have pdlars fixed in the middle of 
 the nianige-giou'id, to jioint out 
 the center; but all manages in ge- 
 neral have upon the iule oi circtim- 
 ference, other pillars placed two 
 and two, at certain diltances, from 
 whence they are called the tv/o pil- 
 lars, to diltinguifh them from that 
 of the center. 
 
 When we fpe.'^k of the formfr, 
 we call it woiking round th.e pillai, 
 an.l when we r^rfer to the other two, 
 we call it, woiking between the 
 two pillars. The pillar of the cen- 
 ter ferves to regnhte and adjufi the. 
 extent of ground, to the etid that 
 the nian^.ge upon volts may be per- 
 formed wi;h method and juftntfs, 
 and that du v n.ay work in a fquare 
 by luie and meai'sire, upon four 
 iinei c: the volt, which ought to be 
 imasined 
 
P I L 
 
 imagined at an equal diftarce from 
 fhe center. It lerves likcwife to 
 break unruly high mettled horfes, 
 without endangering the rider, the 
 horfe being tied to a long rope, one 
 end of which is made fail to a p'l- 
 lar, and managed by a man pl?xed 
 by the pillar, which keep? the horfe 
 jn fubje6lion, and hinders him from 
 flying out. 
 
 To break fuch an unruly fiery 
 horfe, and make him go forwards, 
 put the caveffon upon him, and 
 make faft the rope to the middle 
 ring and to the pillar, trot him 
 round the pillar without a:«/ perfon 
 on his back, and fright him with 
 the fliambrier or rod, that he may 
 ^now ir, and fly from the leaft ap- 
 pearance of a blow. This done, 
 you may mount him round the pil- 
 lar, and put him on, (o a- that he 
 ftiHll not be able cither to reir up or 
 to ftop, in order to do milchief, for 
 the dread of the fliambrier will pre- 
 vent all di:brders, and hinder htm 
 froin ftoppitig. 
 
 The Duke of NcTVcnJik f3y^., this 
 is the only cafe in which the ufe of 
 the pillar Oiould be fufFered, for in 
 general, he is fo far f:om approving 
 of the pillar, that he affirms, it only 
 fpoils horfes, becaule round it they 
 only work by rota, and having their 
 eyes always fixed upon tlie fame ob- 
 jeRs, know net liow to manage elfe- 
 where, but inftead of obeying the 
 hind and the heils, know nothing 
 but the rope and the ftnmhr:er. In 
 fuch manages as have not thispiilar, 
 you mud imagine a place where it 
 flAouid be, thit is, you mult con- 
 fider the middle of the ground as the 
 center, in order to regulate and fa- 
 cilitate man*-ges upon rounds. See 
 Rope and Ropes. 
 
 The two pillars are placed at the 
 diflance of two or three pices the 
 one from the other. We put a hoi fe 
 between thefe with a cavtfTon of lea- 
 
 P I s 
 
 ther, or cord, mounted with two 
 bio ropes, that anfwer from the one 
 pillar to the other. You mult ply 
 ycur horfe with the cavtfTon ropes, 
 and make him rife between the two 
 pillars : when once he has got a 
 habit of curvetting with eafe, he will 
 give you a good feat on horfeback, 
 and by the liberty of his pofcure 
 make you keep the counterpoife of 
 your hoiiy, and teach you to Uretch 
 out vour hams. Guillet. 
 
 PINCHING, in horfemsnOiip, 
 a term ufed to exprefs a method of 
 trying a horfe's mettle, or vigour, 
 and of fhewing it to a puicaafer 
 vv'hen the creature is on fale. 
 
 The whole m.ethod is, when the 
 rider is on his back, he keeps him 
 ftanding ftill, and keeping him fall 
 with the bridle hand, he applies the 
 fpurs to the hair of the fides. If the 
 horfe is impatient under this, and 
 draws himfelf up, and wants to go 
 forward, it is a fign of vigour and 
 mettlg. But the purchafer ouglit to 
 try the thing himCelf on the horfe's 
 back J for the jockies have the art 
 of making the duUeft horfe feem to 
 have mettle in thefe Jrial?. The 
 put chafer mufl alfo dillinguifh be- 
 tween the reltlefsnefs of the horfe 
 under this treatment that arifes from 
 vigour, and that which aiifts from 
 the horfe's being ticklifli, and which 
 goes off immediately. See the ar- 
 ticle Mettled. 
 
 PISSING of blood. See the arti- 
 cle Staling. 
 
 PISTE, in the manage, is the 
 tread or traft that a horfe makes 
 upon the ground he goes over. This 
 horfeman obferves the pifle, he 
 makes it his Inifinefs to follow the 
 tread, that is, he follows his ground 
 regularly, without enlaiging or nar- 
 rowing, without traverfing or tn- 
 tabling; fuch a horfe works well 
 upon two treads ; he works well 
 with one pille. CuiUet. 
 
 PL#^IS- 
 
P L A 
 
 PLAISTER, or Plaster, Jn 
 the fanier's dirpenfatory, a conipo- 
 ikion made of oils, wax, rolin, 
 gum?, meals, roots, and mmy o 
 iiier things reduced to powder, but 
 io compounded and mixed with re- 
 iMious ingredients, that it keeps a 
 folid form, and adheres clofe to any 
 pait wliereunto it is applied. All 
 outward intentions of ripening, 
 drawing, deterging, and repelling 
 are aimed at by plaiiters ; nod in 
 iome cafes they are very I'erviceab'e, 
 though they are bjt little ufed to 
 hones, becaufe of the hnir which 
 makes them fome.vbat difficult and 
 troubleiome j and likewife as fbme 
 of them are hard to be made ; and 
 therefore charges have chiefly taken 
 place, inilead of them, in the prac- 
 tice of" mod farriers and horlemen, 
 though in fome cafes plai.'leis are 
 more convenient and uftlul than 
 tiiey J and are alio of longer durati- 
 on and continuance. We fhall there- 
 ioit begin with thofe difpenfatory 
 iorms that are chiefly made ufe of 
 in the compofition of charges, or 
 have oiherwife obtained in the far- 
 rier's pr3(5<!ce. 
 
 Diacbykn. * Take mucilage of 
 
 * maiihinallow rootj;, fenugreek, 
 
 * and linleed, of each a pound 5 
 
 * old oil, three pounds j litharge, 
 
 * one pound and an half ; boil to a 
 
 * conliltence.' The litharge mufl 
 be made into fine powder ; and fiit- 
 ed and boiled with the other ingre- 
 dients in a. wide mouthed pan that 
 is not deep ; if it is not of an high 
 enough conHllence, when the wate- 
 ry paits of the mucilage are evapo- 
 rated, ycu mull put in more water, 
 otherwife it will turn black : but the 
 matter muft beboilmg hot when you 
 put in the water, or e'fe taken off to 
 be qu.te cold, otherw^ife it will flow 
 over the pan. This a plaiffer of 
 very great ufe as a cooler and drier ; 
 and ^her«;fore many perfons cure 
 
 P L A 
 
 fmall fores with it fpreadupon cloth 
 or leather. It is alfo the bafis of 
 many extemporaneous forms, and 
 is an admirable ingredient in mod 
 Itrengtb.ening charges, and other 
 ftrcngthening plaifiers, 
 
 Diachjhn -ujitk the gum. ' Take 
 
 * of mucilage made of raifins, figs, 
 ' fenucrreek, marflimallow roots, 
 ' :\\^(\ linfeed, half a pound ; blrd- 
 ' lime and juices of orrice and 
 
 * fquills, and flieep's foot oil, of 
 
 * each an ounce and a half ; oils of 
 
 * orrice, camomile and dill, of each 
 ' eight ounces j litharge in fine 
 
 * powder, one pound ; turpentine, 
 
 * thiee ounces ; rofin and yellow 
 
 * wax, of each two ounces ; firfl 
 
 * boil the miKiiage witli the oils and 
 
 * litharge, till the litharge is tho- 
 ' roughly dinblved ; then mix the 
 ' other ingredients, keeping conti- 
 
 * n-mlly ftirring. Lafl of all, add 
 
 * bdellium, fsgapenum, and am- 
 ' moniacum ftrained ; and make a 
 ' plailier to be formed into rolls.* 
 This is an admirable good plailier 
 to foften and liippurate tu-nours ; 
 being fpread thick upon leather, or 
 poureJ warm upon the part j firll 
 (having away the hair, or to be 
 mixed with charges or cataplafms of 
 that intention. It does alio fervice 
 in bemg'applied to finew-fprains, or 
 to any weak part, unlefs there be a 
 too great defluxion of humours, in 
 which cafe, it would be apt to caufe 
 heat, pain and inflammation : bat 
 when it is mixed with others that 
 are repellent, it feldom has any fuch 
 eftea. 
 
 Mucilage Plaister, * Take 
 
 * mucilage of elm-bark, fenugreek, 
 
 * and linleed, of each four ounces 
 ' and a half; oils ofcamoiTile, lii- 
 
 * iie?, and dill, of each an ounceand 
 ' a half ; boil the murilage with the 
 
 * oi'>, tdl the watery parts are con- 
 
 * fumed j then take ammoniacuin 
 
 * ga'.banum, fagapenum, and opo- 
 
 * ponax. 
 
P L A 
 
 * ponax, clifTolved and ftrained with 
 f vinegar, of each half an ounce; 
 
 * yellow wax cut into fmall flices, 
 
 * twenty ounces ; boil all together, 
 
 * till they be thoroughly incorpo- 
 
 * rated ; and when the piaifter is 
 
 * removed from thefi.e, and almoft 
 
 * cold, take two drarcjs of fafFron in 
 
 * fine powder, and fift into it, ftir- 
 
 * ring till all be thoroughly mixed.* 
 This is accounted the beft fuppura- 
 tive plaifter to ripen any fweliing, 
 and fit it to break ; and becaufe it 
 is of a foft con fi (fence, it is very 
 proper to be mixed with turpentine 
 and meal;-, to be applied after the 
 manner of a charge ; or if it be ap- 
 plied by itfelf, the beft way is to 
 fhive away the hair, and pour it 
 warm upon the part, fpreading it 
 very thick with a wooden (lice, and 
 laying over it flokes of the colour of 
 the horfe j it is very good to lay on 
 wind galls, and all flatulent tumours 
 on any pait of a horfe's body ; it 
 vill foon ripen the jelly, and make 
 it turn to matter. 
 
 De miiiio or RedUad Plaijler. 
 
 * Take redlead, nine ounces ; oil 
 
 * of rofes, one pound and a half ^ 
 
 * vinegar, fix ounces ; boil to a 
 
 * due confiftence.' 
 
 This plaifter requires much the 
 fame care in making as the diachy- 
 lon,, and is good in all the fame in- 
 tentions. The red de minio is made 
 tliu% .viz. < Take red lead, one 
 
 * pound J oil of rofes, a pound and 
 ' a half i yellow wax, half a pcunJ; 
 
 * boi! to a confiitence,' This is 
 intitled to the fame virtues as tlie 
 other, but is apt to dry and turn 
 brittle. 
 
 D,^ minlo 'vjith foap. * Take 
 
 * oiiye oil, two pounds ; red lead, 
 
 * one pound j Cailile foip, half a 
 
 * pound J fijft boil Uie red leid 
 
 * and oil, till they be incorporated 
 
 * together ;.-adding a little vinegar 
 
 * to leparate the paits of the red 
 
 P L A 
 
 * lead ; and when the watery parta 
 
 * are evaporated, which may be 
 
 * known by letting a little of it 
 
 * cool, and fqueezmg it between 
 
 * your fingers, if it l^ick?, and no 
 
 * water fqueezes out, it is theu 
 
 * enough, fo that you may add your 
 
 * foap in thin flices ; and when ail 
 ' is thoroughly incorporated, take 
 
 * it off the fire, and make it up into 
 
 * rolis/ 
 
 This is an admirable good plaif- 
 ter, and a great ftrengthener of the 
 nervous and fmewy parts ; and for 
 that reafon is very proper for horfes 
 that cannot be fpared from ridin;^ 
 or labour ; it may be fpread tliick 
 on leather, and applied tothegiiev- 
 ed part, the hair being firft fiiaved 
 away; and it will remove molt 
 pains in the joints or finews, after 
 old ttrains by hard labour, or any 
 other accident. 
 
 Mtirciirtal Plaijler. * Take 
 
 * frogs. No. 6. eaith worms, halt 
 ' a pound ; hog's !ard, twj jxiunds ; 
 ' and as much white wine j boil to 
 
 * the confumption of the aqnofity, 
 ' that is, till the watery parts aiC 
 
 * evaporated. Th?n llrain the lard^ 
 ' to which add a pound of litharge ; 
 
 * and with frefli wine boiled till 
 < they b2 incorporated. Then put 
 
 * in wax, oil of bays, and fpike, of 
 « each four ounces ; viper's far, 
 
 * three oimces ; {rankincenfc, two 
 
 * ounces ; aad euphorbium in pow- 
 
 * i\&r, half an ounce, with qulck- 
 
 * filver, half a pound, firft well in- 
 
 * corporated with two ounces of 
 ' turpentine; liquid ftorax, an ounce 
 
 * and a half; and the oil of fpike 
 
 * likewile may he kept apart for 
 
 * tiiis ufe, i. e. to incorporate 
 
 * with the mercury, becaufe it 
 ' will work the eafier, and take it 
 
 * up the fooner.' This is one of 
 the beft plaiiters that ever was fram- 
 ed to diflolve all nodes and h:trd 
 fwellings in any part of the body j 
 
 it 
 
P L A 
 
 it maj' be fpread on leather very 
 thick ; and, the hair being fn 1^ Oiav- 
 ed away, maybe applied to f'pn'ins, 
 jardons, caihs, fpients, ofsltts, and 
 if they be not of any iong ftandina;, 
 itwiil either dilloive them quite, or 
 fo far move the humours, that they 
 will ripen and turn to impoft 'uirna- 
 tion. It will cu'C fcabby or tetter- 
 ous ulcers, and no'-hingis compar- 
 able to it for wind galis, except 
 cauft.c medicines; all hard iwei- 
 lings of the kerne s.^buut ths throat, 
 or any other part will foon yield to 
 it. It does the greatell wonders 
 imaginable in the cure of ulcers tliat 
 are h u-d, and dead about the ed- 
 ges ; applying it conilantly fpread 
 over the plcdgit or tent. It will al- 
 fo, by continual ufe, fo'tcn warts, 
 rat-tails, fcratches, and other bird 
 excrefcences about the legs ar,d paf- 
 terns ; and wiil wafle and diff:;lve 
 thofe excrefcences that are loft and 
 fpungy. If it be ufed as a cover over 
 ulcers, it mud be renewed every 
 day, or every other day, like the 
 dre/Tings of a wound : but when it 
 is applied to parts that are dry, it 
 needs only be renewed as often as it 
 begins to loofcn. 
 Sulphur Plaister f/ Rolundus. 
 
 * Take bair:i!n of fulphur, three 
 
 * ounces ; yrllow wax, h^if an 
 
 * ounce ; rofin, ihiee dram? ; melt 
 
 * them together; and add myrrh in 
 ' fine powder, three ounces ?nd a 
 
 * half i and make them into a pia-.f- 
 
 * ter.' This is an admirable ;:iive 
 to drefs wounds and ulcers, and is 
 very proper J'or horfes that aie 
 tbhged to travel ; it being an eafy 
 and no way trcublefome drefilng. 
 
 Hc/;.lock i^LAiSTER Hvith am'nio- 
 nlacum. * Take juice ot hemlock, 
 
 * lour ounces ; vinegar cf fquills 
 
 * and gu;rj ammonia cum, o.^ each 
 
 * eight ounces; dilVolve the gum 
 
 * with the juice over a gentle fire ; 
 
 * and continue llirring, till the 
 
 P L A 
 
 ' juices are evaporated ; and tha{^ 
 
 * the whole is brought to the con-' 
 
 * filh.nce of an empl niter.' This i^l, 
 an excellent difcutient plaider, and. 
 may be applied to diffolve hard, , 
 knoity rwellings in any part of the 
 body o: an horfe : it will ailo be 
 of fervice to an horfethat is dilieafect 
 in his (vtittn or liver, and m.iy be,-. 
 3^-)plied all over the part, fhavirg,' 
 awiy the liair. 
 
 Strengthening Plaister. 'Take 
 
 * common pitch, half a pound,: 
 
 ' de minio pliiller, or diachvlun,, 
 
 * fix ounces ; common turpentine^ 
 ' two ounces; oil olive, h .if an 
 
 ' ounce ; melt all thefe together, \t\ 
 
 * a pipkin, over hot embers ; con- 
 
 ' tinualjy ftiriing ; and when they, 
 ' are ddfolved, add bole in fire 
 ' pow lei , four ounces ; drigon's 
 
 * blood, one ounce : myrrh and 
 
 * aloes in fine powder, of each an 
 
 * ounce and a half.' 
 
 Another. ' Take diachylon, or. 
 
 ' de minio, four ounces, conimoa 
 
 ' pitch, half a pound j yellow wax, 
 
 * iwo ounces ; oil olive, eight 
 
 * ounces j break the pitch into fmall 
 ' pieces ; cut the plaiiters and wax 
 
 * into thin flices ; and difiblve thesn 
 
 * in the oil ; then add frankinceni'e, 
 ' myrrh, mafiich, and aloes in fine 
 
 * powder, of each an ounce ; dra- 
 
 * gon's blood, and bole armoniac, 
 ' of each two ounces; powder of. 
 ' g^Hs, and cypiefs nuts, of each 
 ' an ounce and a half; feeds of 
 
 * plaintjiin, pomegranate-bark, and 
 
 * baiauft^nes made into fine powder, 
 
 * of each fix diams; mix them al- 
 
 * together ; continually ftirring, 
 
 * and if it be too hard, add a lit- 
 
 * tie oil of turpentine ; and make it 
 
 * into a mafs fit to be formed into 
 « rods.' 
 
 Thefe are fit to be applie-d to 
 
 parts that liave been newiy iirain- 
 
 ed or Ivixated ; they may be fpread 
 
 on leather, fliaving away the Inirs 
 
 when 
 
P L A 
 
 r/nen applied to a finew j but if it 
 be to the flioiilder, hip, or fwayed 
 back, the better way is to difl"o!ve 
 and apply it chargewife all over 
 the part, covering it with flokes or 
 hair of the horfe's colour, and re- 
 newing it as often as it begins to 
 crumble, until the part is perfe6\ly 
 itrengtheneJ. Gibfon's Farrier's 
 Difpenfatory. 
 
 PLANCH SHOE. See the ar- 
 ticle Horse Shoe. 
 
 PLANET-STRUCK, or 
 Shrew-running, as it is called 
 by Ibme, is a diftemper in horfes, 
 being a deprivation of feeling or 
 motion, not ttirring any of the 
 members, but that they remain in 
 the fame form as when thebeaftvvas 
 firft feized with it. It proceeds 
 fometimes from choler and phlegm, 
 fuperabundantly mixed together, 
 fometimes from melancholy blood, 
 being a ccl 1 and dry humour which 
 afFe6\s the hinder pert of the brain ; 
 fometimes from extreme heat and 
 coKI, or raw digeftion, ftriking in- 
 to the veins fuddenly ; or laftly, 
 from extreme hunger, occafioned by 
 long falling. 
 
 If the difeafe proceeds from heat, 
 it may be known by the hotnefs of 
 the horfe's breath, and the free 
 fetching of bis wind j but if from 
 cold, by a ftuffing and poze in his 
 head. 
 
 For the cure. Some prefcribe to 
 hang a flint-ftone over his head, or 
 feme cold iion, as an old fcythe, 
 Sfr. others, to give him fifteen 
 feeds offirgle piony ; others pre- 
 fcribe exercife before and after water; 
 to mix hemp-feed in his provender, 
 and to caufe him to fweat, by giv- 
 ing him miflfctoe of the oak, muf- 
 tard-feed, feed of black poplar, cin- 
 quefoil, germander, hyfTop, and St. 
 John's wort. Rujiic Di^. 
 ■ The antient farriers and many of 
 the country people to this day, when 
 
 P L A 
 
 they fee a horfe or bullock have his 
 limbs fuddenly taken from him» 
 and not being able to think what 
 fhouid be the caufe of fuch an un- 
 expefled change, believe him either 
 to be planet-itruck or flirewrun : 
 but thefe accidents are owing to the 
 palfy, and therefore (hould be treat- 
 ed as dire6^ed in that diforder. See 
 Palsy. Gihfcn's Farrier s guide. 
 
 PLANTED, a term ufed of a 
 horfe, who is faid to be right plant- 
 ed on his limbs, when he ftands 
 equally firm on his legs, and not 
 one advanced before the other ; his 
 legs fliouid be wider above than be- 
 low, that is, the diflance between 
 his feet fhouid be lels than between 
 his fore thighs, at that part next to 
 the fhoulders ; the knees ought not 
 to be too clofe, but the whole leg 
 fliould defcend in a ftrait line, to 
 the very paftern-joint, and tl-e feet 
 fhouid be turned niither out nor in, 
 the partem being placed about two 
 fingers breadth more backwards 
 than the coronet. As for the hind- 
 hand, his Jarrets or hams fhouid 
 not be too clofe, and the inftep, 
 which is betwixt the hock and the 
 p^iftern joint, fliould (fand perpen- 
 dicular to the ground. SolleyfeU. 
 
 Planted-Coat. See Star- 
 ing Hair. 
 
 PLATE -LONG, is a woven 
 itrap, four fathom long, as broad 
 as three fingers, and as thick as one, 
 made ufe of in the manage for raif- 
 ing a horfe's leg?, and fometimes 
 for taking him down, in order to 
 facilitate feveral operations of the 
 Farrier. Gu'ilkt. 
 
 PL AT- VEIN in a horfe, is a 
 vein on the infide of each fore- thigh, 
 a little below the elbow, fo called 
 among common Farriers j fome call 
 it the bafilic vein. 
 
 The bleeding of this vein may 
 be flopped when cut, by filling the 
 orifice with the wool of a rabbit. 
 
P L E 
 
 or hire, and afterwards fowing up 
 the Ikin in two parts ; upon which 
 a little matter will gather together, 
 but by greafmg the wound it will 
 be healed in eight or nine days. 
 See the article Bleeding. 
 
 PLETHORA, an overfulnefs of 
 the blood veflels, which may be dil- 
 covered by a horfe's being purfive, 
 when he is put fo any kind of exer- 
 cife; that Is, if he be not actually 
 afthmatic, or broken winded ; in 
 which cafe bleeding wonderfully re- 
 lieves a horfe's breathing, by lellen- 
 ing the quantity of that fluid with 
 which his lungs are inflated, or 
 blown up. Bracken s Art of Farri- 
 ery, See Bleeding. 
 
 PLEURA, in anatomy, is a ve- 
 ry fine membrane that lines the 
 whole infide of the thorax or bread, 
 the back part of it ferving like a du- 
 plicature to cover and inclofe the 
 great vefltls within it that retain to 
 the heart and lungs, as its exqui- 
 fite fmoothnefs preferves the lungs 
 from being hurt in their continual 
 dilatations. This membrane is al- 
 •ways thought to be the feat of the 
 pleurily in man, though I cannot 
 fay, I have feen it often much af- 
 fe6led in a horfe, even where the 
 lungs have been rotten or inflamed. 
 Cibfon's Difeafes ofHorfes. 
 
 PLEURISY, and Peripneu- 
 JIONY. Thefe diforders havefcarce 
 been mentioned by any writer in 
 farriery before Mr. Gibfotiy who, 
 by fr'squently examining the car- 
 cafes of dead horles, has found 
 them fubje6l to the diflferent kinds 
 of in.nmmations here defcribed. 
 He h..s often difcovered matter on 
 the pleura, making its way into the 
 chcll ; he has found in fome horfes 
 the whole fubfl:ance of the lungs 
 black, and full of gangrened water j 
 and in others, abfceifes of various 
 fixes J and in fliort, inflammations 
 in«very bowel. He has frequently 
 
 P L E 
 
 feen the blood vefl'els fo over loaded, 
 that the blood has burft out of thfe 
 fmaller vefTel?, and run over their 
 carcales in many places, while the 
 collar maker was flealng off their 
 hides ; and on cutting open the 
 larger vefl>ls, the blood ha? gufhed 
 out as from a fountain, filling all 
 the cavity of the body, an evident 
 proof that plentiful evacuation had 
 been neglected. In order todiftin> 
 guifli thefe diforders from others, 
 we fliall defcribe the fyraptoms in 
 Mr. Gib/on' s own words. 
 
 * A pleurify then, which is an 
 inflammation of the pleura, and 
 a peripneumony, which is an in- 
 flammation of the lungs, have 
 fymptoms very much alike, with 
 this difference only, that in a 
 pleurify, a horfe (hews great un- 
 eafinefs, and fhifts about from 
 place to place ; the fever, which 
 at firft is moderate, rifes fuddenly 
 very high in the beginning ; he 
 often drives to He down, but 
 ftarts up again immediately j and 
 frequently turns his head towards 
 the affeded fide, which has caufed 
 many to miftake a pleuretic dif* 
 order for the gripes ; this fign be- 
 ing common to both, though with 
 this difference. In the gripes a 
 horfe frequently lies down, and 
 rolls ; and when they are violent, 
 he will alfohave convulfive twitch- 
 es ; his eyes being turned up, and 
 his limbs ftretched out, as if he 
 was dying ; his ears and feet 
 fometimes occafionally hot, and 
 fometimes as cold as ice j he falls 
 into profufe fweats, and then into 
 cold damps j fl:rives often to ftale, 
 and dung, but with great pain 
 and difficulty, which fymptoms 
 generally continuetill he has fome 
 relief: but in a pleurify, a horfe's 
 ears and feet are always burning 
 hot J his mouth parched and dry; 
 his pulfc hard and quick, even 
 * fome- 
 
P L E 
 
 ■^ fometimes when he is nigh dying ; 
 
 * his fever is continued and increaf- 
 ' ing; and though in the begin- 
 
 * ning he makes many motions to 
 
 * lie down j yet afterward?, he 
 
 * reins back as far as his collar will 
 '- permit, and makes not the leaft 
 
 * offer to change his pofture, but 
 
 * ftands panting with fliort flops, 
 < and a difpofition to cough, till he 
 
 * has relief, or drops down.' 
 
 In a peripneumony,or infiamma- 
 tJon of the lung?, feveral of the fyinp- 
 toms are the fame, only iathe be- 
 ginning, he is lefs a£\ive, and 
 never offers to lie down during the 
 whole time of his ficknefs ; his fever 
 is ftrong, breathing difficult, and 
 attended with a fhort cough ; and 
 whereas in a pleurify, a horfe's 
 mouth is generally parched and dry, 
 in an inflammation of the lungs, 
 when a horfe's mouth is open, a 
 roapy flime will run out in abun- 
 dance ; he gleets alfo at the nofe a 
 reddifh or yellowifli water, which 
 fticks like glue to the infide of his 
 Jioftrils. 
 
 In a pleurify, a horfe heaves and 
 works violently at his flanks, with 
 great reltleffnefs ; and for the mod 
 part, his belly is tucked up, but in 
 an inflammation of the lungs, he 
 always fhews fullriefs ; and the 
 working of his flanks is regular, 
 except after drinking and fliifting 
 his pofture ; and his ears and feet 
 are for the moft part cold, and of- 
 ten in damp fweats. 
 
 The cure of both thefe diforders is 
 the fame. In the beginning, a 
 ftrong horfe may lofe three quarts 
 of blood, the next day, two quarts 
 more ; and if fymptomd do not a- 
 bate, the bleedings mufl: be repeated 
 a quart at a time: for it is fpeedy, 
 large, and quick repeated bleedings 
 that are in thefe cafes chiefly to btf 
 depended on. But if a horfe has 
 had any previous weaknefs, or is 
 
 P L E 
 
 old, you mull bleed him in lefg 
 quantities, and oftnei'. Mr. Gib- 
 fon recommends rowels on each fide 
 the breaft, and one on the belly ; 
 and a bliftering ointment to be tub- 
 bed all over his biifket upon the 
 fore moft ribs. 
 
 The diet and medicines fhould be 
 both cooling, attenuating, relaxing 
 and diluting, and the horfe fhould 
 have warm maflies, and plenty of 
 water, or gruel. The folIov^'ing 
 balls may be given thrice a day, 
 
 * Take of fpermaceti and nitre, of 
 
 * each one ounce; oil of annifeed, 
 
 * thirty drops, honey, enough to 
 
 * make a ball.' A pint of barley- 
 water, in which figs and liquo- 
 rice root have been boiled, fliowld 
 be given after each ball, to which 
 the juice of lemons may be added ; 
 and if the lungs are greatly oppref- 
 fed with a dry, fliort cough, two or 
 three hornfuls of the decoflion may 
 be given three or four times a day, 
 with four fpoonfuls of honey and 
 linfeed oil; a ftrong deco6^ion of 
 the rattle fnake root is alfo much 
 recommended in pleuiitic diforders^ 
 and may be given to the quantity 
 of twoqiiarts a day, fweetened with 
 honey. It remarkably attenuates the 
 blood, and difperfes the inflamma- 
 tion ; and in fome parts is deemed 
 a fpecific for this complaint. Ar; 
 emollient glyfter fliou'd be in)e6led 
 once a day, to which may be added 
 two ounces of nitre or cream of tar- 
 tar. 
 
 In tvro or three days he will pro- 
 bably run at the nofe, and begin to 
 feed; but fliould he not, and con- 
 tinue hot and fliort breathed, you 
 muft bleed him again, and give the 
 following glyfter. 
 
 * Take lenna and marnimallo\ts, 
 
 < of each two ounces ; fennel and 
 
 < bay-berri€s, of each one ounce; 
 « boil in five pints of water to two 
 
 * quarts, pour off the clear, and 
 Qji ' add 
 
P L E 
 
 * add four ounces of purging falts ; 
 
 * two or three of fyrup of buck- 
 
 * thorn, and half a pint of linfeed 
 
 * or common oil.' If by thefe 
 means he grows cooler, and his 
 pain moderates, repeat the glyfter 
 the next day, unlel's it has worked 
 too much ; then intermit a day, 
 and when he comes to eat fcalded 
 bran and picked hay, leave off the 
 balls, and continue only the decoc- 
 tion, with now and then a glyfter. 
 
 But let it be obferved, that a 
 horfe feldom gets the better of thofe 
 diforders, unlefs he has relief in a 
 few days ; for if the inflammation 
 is not checked in that time, it ufu- 
 ally terminates in a gangrene, or 
 colIe£lion of matter, which for want 
 of expefloration foon fuffocates him. 
 But as pleuritic diforders are apt 
 to leave a taint on the lungs, 
 great care fliould be taken of the 
 horfe's exercife and feeding, which 
 fhould be light and open for two or 
 three weeks. Thus, a quartern of 
 bran fcalded v.'ith a fpoonful of hon- 
 ey and flower of hrimftone may be 
 be given every day, with two or 
 three fmall feeds of oats fprinkled 
 with chamberiye. Inftead of the 
 bran, for a change, give about a 
 quart of barley fcalded in a double 
 infufion of hot water, that it may 
 be foftened, and the water given to 
 drink. His exercife (hould be gra- 
 dual in an open air and fair wea- 
 ther J and when his ftrength rs re- 
 covered, a gentle purge or two 
 fhould be given ; that of rhubarb, 
 when it can be afforded, is beft ; or 
 the purging drink already recom- 
 mended for this purpofe. 
 
 There is alfo an external pleurify, 
 or inflammation of the mufcles be- 
 tween the ribs, which, when not 
 properly treated, proves the foun- 
 dation of that diforder called the 
 cheft founder : for if the inflam- 
 mation is not difperfed in time, and 
 
 POL 
 
 the vlfcid blood and juices fo atte- 
 nuated by internal medicines, that 
 a free circulation is obtained, fach 
 a ftiffnefs and inactivity will remain 
 on thefe parts, as will not eafily be 
 removed, and which is generally 
 known by the name of Chell-foun- 
 der. See the article Chest-foun- 
 
 DERING. 
 
 The membrane which feparates 
 the lungs, and more particularly 
 the diaphragm or midriff,is often al- 
 fo inflamed, which is fcarce to be 
 diftinguiflied from the pleurify ; on- 
 ly in this, that when the midriff is 
 greatly inflamed, the horfe will 
 fometimes be jaw-fet ; and his 
 mouth fo much clofed, that nothing, 
 can be got in j but the method of 
 cure is the fame. Gibfon apud Bart- 
 let, 
 
 POGE, a cold in a horfe's head. 
 RuJ}ic Di^» See the article 
 Cold. 
 
 POINSON, in the manage, is a. 
 little point, or piece of fliarp point- 
 ed iron, fixed in a wooden handle, 
 which the Cavalier holds in his right 
 hand when he means to prick a 
 leaping-horfe in the croupe, or be- 
 yond the end of the faddle, in or- 
 der to make him yerk cut behind. 
 Guillet. 
 
 POINTS, or, Toes of a bow of 
 a faddle. See Bows. 
 
 Point. A horfe h faid to make a 
 point, when in werking upon volts 
 he does not obferve the round regu- 
 larly, but putting a little out of his- 
 ordinary ground, makes a fort of 
 angle, or point, by his circular 
 tread. Guillet. 
 
 POLL-EVIL, an abfcefs in the 
 nape of the neck, or poll of the 
 horfe, formed in the finews between 
 the noU-bone, and the upper moll 
 vertebra of the neck, juft behind 
 the ears. If it proceeds from blows, 
 bruifes, or any externa] violence j. 
 at firft, bathe the fwelling often with 
 
 hot 
 
POL 
 
 hot vinegar ; and if the hair be fret- 
 ted off with an ouzing through the 
 fkin, make ufe of two parts ot vine- 
 gar, and oneof fpirit of wine: but if 
 there be an itching with heat and 
 inflammation, the fafeft way is to 
 bleed, and apply poultices with 
 bread, milk, and elderflowers : 
 this method, with the affiftance of 
 phyfic, will frequently difperfe the 
 fuelling, and prevent this evil. 
 But when the tumour is critical, 
 and has all the figns of matter, the 
 beft method then is to forward it, 
 by applying poultices made of rye 
 flower, oatmeal, or bailey meal, 
 firft pretty thick, and then into a 
 proper confidence with ointment of 
 marihinallows, or with hog's lard, 
 and oil of turpentine. When the 
 tumour is ripe and full of matter, 
 it may either be opened or fuffded 
 t-o break of itfelf; if opened with a 
 knife, great care fliould be taken to 
 avoid the tendinous ligament that 
 runs along the neck, under the 
 mane ; when the matter is on both 
 fides, the opening mull be made on 
 each fide, and the ligament remain 
 undivided. 
 
 If the matter flows in great quan- 
 tities, refembles melted glue, and 
 is of an oily confidence, it will re- 
 quire a fecond incifion ; efpecially, 
 if any cavities are difcovered by the 
 finger or prcbe, thefc fhould be o- 
 pened by the knife, the orifices 
 made depending, and the wound 
 drefiTed with the common digeftive 
 of turpentine, honey, and tinflure 
 of myrrh j and after digeftion, 
 with the precipitate ointment j or 
 wafh the fore with the following 
 made hot , and fill up the cavity 
 with tow foaked in it. ' Take 
 
 * vinegar, cr fpirit of wine, half 
 
 * a pint j-white vitriol diflblved in 
 ^ fpring water, half an ounce ; tinc- 
 
 * ture of myrrh, four ounces. 
 This may be made fliarper, by 
 
 POL 
 
 adding more vitriol : but if the fiefli 
 is very luxuriant, it fliould firft be 
 pared down wiih a knife, before the 
 application } with this wafti alone 
 Mr. Gibfon has cured this diforder 
 without any other formality of dref- 
 fing ; wafhing with it twice a day, 
 and laying over Llie part a quantity of 
 tow foaked in vinegar and the white 
 of eggs beat together. This laft ap- 
 plication will ferve inftead of a band- 
 age, as it will adhere clofe to the 
 poll, and come off eafy when there 
 is occafion to drefs. Some wafh 
 with the phagaedenic water ; and 
 then fill up the abfcefs with loofe do- 
 filsoftow foaked in gegyptiacum, 
 and oil of turpentine made hot, and 
 continue this method till the cure is 
 effeaed. 
 
 But the moft compendious me- 
 thod of cure is found by obfervation 
 to be by fcalding, as the farriers 
 term it, and is thus profecuted 
 when the fore is foul, of a bad dif- 
 pofition, and attended with a pro- 
 iufion of matter. * Take corrofive 
 
 * fublimate, verdigreafe in fine 
 < powder, and Roman vitriol, of 
 
 * each two drams } green copperas, 
 « half an ounce } honey or segyptia- 
 
 * cum, two ounces J oil of turpen- 
 
 * tine and train oil, of each eight 
 
 * ounces ; re^ified fpirit of wine, 
 
 * four ounces } mix together in a 
 
 * bottle.' Some make their fcald- 
 ing mixture miider, ufing red pre- 
 cipitate inftead of the fublimate, 
 aiKi white vitriol inftead of the blue; 
 the following has been fuccefsfully 
 ufed for this purpofe, viz, half an 
 ounce of verdigreafe, half a pint of 
 train oil, four ounces of oil of tur- 
 pentine, and two of oil of vitriol. 
 
 The manner of fcalding is, firft 
 to clean the abfcefs well with a piece 
 of fponge dipped in vinegar 5 then 
 put a fufficient quantity of the mix- 
 ture into a ladle with a fpout, and 
 when k is made fcalding hot, pour 
 
 0^3 it 
 
P o w 
 
 In into the ahrcefs, and clcfe the 
 lips together with one or more ftich- 
 es. This is to remain in feveral 
 days ; and if good matter appears, 
 and not in an over great quantity, 
 it will do well without any other 
 dreffing but bathing with fplrit of 
 winej if the matter flows in great 
 abundance, and of a thin confid- 
 ence, it muft be fcalded again, and 
 repeated till the matter leffens and 
 thickens. 
 
 Thefe liquid corrofivedreflings a- 
 gree well with horfes whofe fibres 
 are itiff and rigid, and whofe juices 
 are oilv and vifcid; in this cafe they 
 com raft the veflTels of the tendons 
 on the hind part of the head, and 
 upper part of the neck, which are 
 continually fpewing out a matter or 
 ichor that can hardly be digeifed, or 
 the profufion abated without fuch 
 applications as thtf^. G'thjon apiid 
 Bartlet. 
 
 PONTLEVIS, in the manage, 
 is a diforderly refilling action of a 
 horfe, in difobedience to his rider, 
 in which he rears up feveral times 
 running, and riies \^o upon his hind 
 legs, that he is in danger oi coming 
 over. It is cured by clapping fpuis 
 finartly to him, as his forefeet are 
 returning to the ground. Guiilet. 
 
 PORTER, to carry, is ufed, in 
 the french manage, for directing 
 or pufiiing on a horfe at pltafure, 
 whether forwards, upon turns, Scc._ 
 Guiilet. 
 
 PORUS RILIARIUS, or Gall 
 Pipe, in anatomy. See the ai tide 
 Gall. 
 
 POSADE, orPESATE. Seethe 
 article Pes ATE. 
 
 POWDERS, in the Farrier's 
 Difpenfatoiy. There are many 
 things ordered to be preferred in 
 powder, which in themfelves are 
 very unfit for it : forfome, parti- 
 cularly fpices, and all aromatics, 
 as they abound with volatile parts. 
 
 VOW 
 
 are very apt to Icfe their vertiie ; 
 others that have any ingredients of 
 a fat and un6\uous nature, will, 
 when kept any time in powder, 
 turn rancid or mufty ; and of this 
 kind are divers feeds, and fome mu- 
 cilaginous roots ; the one being di- 
 vefted of its outward cafe or fkin, 
 and the other of its bark 5 and like- 
 vvift; having its folidity deftroyed by 
 powdering, fo that they are fpoileJ 
 of their virtue by the leaft impref- 
 (ion of a moift air ; and fome are e- 
 ven difficult enough to be preferved 
 though their natural texture be no 
 way altered. Therefore all thefe 
 powders, excepting fuch as are 
 compounded of vsrry dry ingredi- 
 ents, woods, and fome particular 
 roots or herbs: or the powders of 
 earths, and metals, Sec. ought only 
 to be made in a fmall quantity, that 
 fonie may be conftantly in readi- 
 ngs for balls or drinks j other- 
 wife, if they he long kept, they 
 will be liable to one or other of thie 
 nconvenencies we have already 
 aken notice of. 
 CorJialFowDEKS. * Take rue, 
 marjoram, and pennyroyal dried, 
 of each an ounce ; cinnamon, 
 roots of angelica, gentian, galin- 
 gals, zedoary, cloves, mace, and 
 Indian leaf, or rather betony, of 
 each fix drams; fpikenard, car- 
 damoms, the greater and lefs, of 
 each two drams ; yellow fanders, 
 aloes wood, and long pepper, of 
 each half an ounce ; ginger, faf- 
 fron and flowers of rofemary or 
 lavander, of each three drams ; 
 make all of them into a fine pow- 
 der, which keep in a bottle well 
 corked, or in a wide mouthed 
 glafs covered with a hog's blad- 
 der, carefully tied over with a 
 piece of leather,"" This is an ex- 
 ellent cordial, and may be given 
 o the quantity of an ounce, or an 
 ounce and a half, when an horfe's 
 fpirits 
 
p o w 
 
 /pints have been exhaufted and 
 wafted by any lingering ficknefs. 
 It is alfo very ferviceable in the ftag- 
 gers, and jn all diforders of the 
 head 5 the propereft vehicle is milk, 
 water, with a Imall quantity ot 
 compound briony-water j or it may 
 be given in warm ale. 
 
 Cordial P w D e Rfor the Staggers . 
 
 * Take roots of piony, dittany, mi- 
 
 * fletoe of the oak, of each two oun- 
 
 * cesj rue, myrrh,caftor and fafFron, 
 < of each an ounce j native cinna- 
 « bar, half a pound} make them 
 
 * into a fine powder.' This is not 
 only a good cordial in all cafes 
 where a horfe is fubjea: to reel and 
 ftagger, but an effedual cure, un- 
 lefs fome deadly indilpofiiion be trhe 
 occafion of thefe dil'ordtrs. The 
 beft way of giving it is to make it 
 into a ball the quantity of an ounce, 
 or an ounce and a half mixed with 
 half an ounce of galbanuin, or alTa 
 fcetida, and a fufficient quantity of 
 honey. 
 
 Powder ofDiapente. ' Take 
 
 * gentian, binhwort, round or long 
 
 * bay berries, myrrh, fliavings of 
 
 * ivory, of each a like quantity ; 
 
 * make them into a powder, and 
 
 * keep in a glafs clofe flopped.' 
 This is recommended for all difea- 
 fes, and reckoned a good antidote 
 againft ficknefs and all manner of 
 infe6lion : but the method of giv- 
 ing a fmgle dofe or two can have 
 but little efficacy; it being chiefly 
 appropriated to chronical difeafes, 
 or the yellows and jaundice, the dif- 
 orders of the reins, and kidneys, 
 thediftempersof the breaft, and all 
 fluggifh and heavy indifpofions. 
 
 Dianifum, or compound Powder 
 of anife -feeds. * Take anife-fecds, 
 f two ounces and an half} liquor- 
 
 * ice and maftich, of each one 
 
 * ounce} feeds of fennel, carra- 
 ! ways^ galingals, mace, ginger, 
 
 P o w 
 
 f and cinnamon, of each five drams? 
 
 * of long white and black ptppet , 
 
 * caflia bark, calamintb, and pel- 
 
 * litory of Spain, of each two 
 
 * drams ; cardamoms the greater, 
 
 * cloves, cubebs, fpikenard, and 
 
 * faffron, of each one dram } mix 
 < and make them into powder.' 
 This is from the Lovdon Dtfpenfato- 
 ryy and is accounted both a pecto- 
 ral, a cordial, and expeller of wind j 
 and may be given very profitably to 
 horfes in all cafes arifing from wind 
 and flatulency in the bowels } and 
 as it is endewsd with thefe proper- 
 ties, it cannot but be of extraor-r 
 dinary fervice to broken winded, 
 purfive, or confumptive horfes, who 
 require all the helps that can be pro-» 
 pofed from fuch a medicine } it is 
 likewife profitable in all cold and 
 heavy dilpofitions; and nothing con- 
 duces more to health, and to preferve 
 from chronical difeafes* It may be 
 given from an ounce to two ounces. 
 
 Powder toflrcngthen thefo?nachy 
 and rcjlore the appetite. * Take 
 
 * gentian root, half a pound ; 
 
 * myrrh, bay berries, and birth- 
 
 * wort, round or long, of each 
 
 * four ounces } galingals, zedoary, 
 
 * and the bark of Sevil oranges, of 
 
 * flowers, and tops of centaury 
 < well dried, of each two ounces j 
 
 * faffrcn, cubeb?, and long pepper, 
 
 * of each half an ounce. Make all 
 
 * thefe into a powder, and keep 
 
 * them in a galleypot or glafs well 
 
 * covered.' This can be given no 
 other way than in manner of a 
 drench, or made up into a fllfF 
 pafte, which may be done with fy- 
 rup of lemons, or with common 
 honey. The dofe is from ah ounce 
 to two ounces every morning, keep- 
 ing the horfe tied up to the rack 
 for an hour there-after } a continu- 
 ed ufe of this for fome time will foon 
 
 0^4. r€€P- 
 
P o w 
 
 recover an hcrfe's appetite, and 
 make him thrive. 
 
 Strengthening and oJlrhigentY Q \v - 
 DE'R. * Take comtrey roots, and 
 
 * Solomon's feal, of each half an 
 
 * ounce } feeds of henbane and 
 
 * white poppies, of each one dram ; 
 
 * bo!e armoniac, Japan earth, (or 
 
 * a double quantity of the bole) of 
 ' each three drams; gum traga- 
 
 * canth, gum arable, and dragon's 
 
 * blood, of each a dram and an 
 
 * half \ red rofe leaves dried, half 
 
 * an handful ; beat them, and mix 
 ' them.' This may he given at 
 twice. It it very good in all ha:- 
 inorrhages; and all diforders arifing 
 from rheums and defluxicns ; it is 
 alfo of fervice in loofnefles of the 
 belly, and in all inward wounds 
 and bruifes. It may be given in 
 anhornful of red wine orftale beer, 
 and may be continued every day 
 once or oftner until the fymptoms 
 are gone off. 
 
 Femoral and halfamic Powder. 
 
 * Take dried maiden-hair, and 
 
 * colts foot, of each two ounces ; 
 
 * liquorice, elecampane, and e- 
 < ringo, of each four ounces j flour 
 
 * ofbrimftone, half a pound ; i^r\. 
 
 * nel feeds, coriander-feeds, cum- 
 
 * min feeds, anife-feeds, of each 
 
 * twelve drams j cinnamon and 
 
 * long pepper, of each half an 
 
 * ounce J make them into powder.' 
 
 This, if it be carefully prepared, 
 will keep good three or four months; 
 two ounces of it every day, keeping 
 tlie horfe warn), and giving him 
 moderate exercile, will remove a 
 cold or purfivenefs. It is alfo good 
 in all obft.u6lions of tae lungs and 
 liver, or any part c'' ihe vifcera. 
 
 A d)yingj abforhcni Powder. 
 
 * Take white chaik, and burnt 
 
 * hartHiorn, bole armoniac, half'an 
 ' ounce ; make them into a powder 
 
 * for one dofe.' This may be mix- 
 ed in a horfe's water to drink. 
 
 P o w 
 
 when you perceive him eat clay or 
 mud out of the wall ; and they will 
 dry up thofe juices that are offenfive 
 to his ftomach. It is alfo very good 
 in all rheums and defluxions. 
 
 Powder forinnvard bruifes and 
 ivcunds. * Take fine bole, an 
 
 * ounce ; fpermaceti, half an ounce; 
 
 * dragon's blood and gum traga- 
 
 * canth, of each two drams ; make 
 
 * a powder for one dofe.' If the 
 horfe be weak or low in his fpirits, 
 a little nutmeg or fome other oily 
 fpice may bemixed*with it. 
 
 Powder for the eyes. • Take 
 
 * crabs eyes prepared, and white 
 ' fugar candy, or double refined 
 ' loaf fugar, of each two drams j 
 ' tutty finely levigated, one dram j 
 
 * fugaroflead, half a dram ; make 
 ' them into a powder.' This is 
 veiy good to d.-y up all rheums in 
 the eyes, and to take off the heat and 
 inflammation, being blown into 
 them with a quill. 
 
 Powder to promote urine. 
 ' Take roots of marflimallows, and 
 
 * faxifrage, carefully diied, of 
 
 * each two ounces, roots of paifley, 
 
 * fparrow grafs, and ftrawberries, 
 
 * of each an ounce; fait petre, or 
 
 * fal prunellae, an ounce and a half; 
 
 * beat the roots very well, and 
 
 * then add the fait, pounding and 
 
 * incorporating them together.' 
 This may be given with good 
 fuccefs in cbftrufiions of the kid- 
 neys and uiinary paffages, from 
 an ounce to two ounces. 
 
 It is alfo very proper to be given 
 once a day in drophts, and the vel- 
 lows, in the mange, tarcy, and al- 
 moft in ail chronical diftempers. 
 
 An alexipharmic Powder, or a 
 Po~L.vdtr againjl malignant difempers, 
 
 * Take rue, icordium, and ca- 
 
 * lamint, of each two ounces ; con- 
 
 * trayerva and virginian fnake root, 
 
 * of each an ounce ; faffion half 
 
 * an ounce 5 make them into pow- 
 
 < der»' 
 
PRE 
 
 * der.' The dofe is two fpoonfuls 
 in warm ftale beer, or white wine, 
 or it may be given in penny royal 
 water, hyflbp water, or milk wa- 
 ter, with a dafh of treacle water. 
 This may be given twice a day un- 
 til the fever abates. 
 
 Purging Powder. * Take cream 
 
 * of tartar and fenna, of each two 
 
 * ounces ; cloves, cinnamon, ga- 
 
 * lingals, bifhop's weed, of each 
 
 * two drams ; diagridium, half an 
 
 * ounce; powder them together ac- 
 
 * cording to art.' This is a very 
 fafe and eafy purge, and may be 
 given to the quantity of an ounce, 
 or an ounce and a half, made upin- 
 into a parte, with flour and butter. 
 
 A ixwrm Powder, from Dr, 
 ^incy. * Take tin reduced to pow- 
 
 * der, coralline and worm feeds, 
 
 * of each an ounce ; favin and faf- 
 
 * fron, of each a dram, mix and 
 
 * make a powder, according to 
 
 * art.' This is faid to bean infal- 
 lible remedy againft worms. It 
 may be given almoft in any cir- 
 cumftance without prejudice. Its 
 dofe to a horfe is from half an ounce 
 to an ounce. The beft way of 
 giving it is, by making it into a 
 pade or ball, with a fnfficient quan- 
 tity of honey. Gibfon^s Farrier's 
 Difienfatory. 
 
 PRESS, in the manage. A 
 horfe is laid to reiift, or prefs upon 
 the hand, when either through the 
 ftiffnefs of his neck, or from an ar- 
 dour to run too much a head, he 
 ftretches his head againft the horfe- 
 m^n's hand, refufes the aid of the 
 hand, and withltands the effeils of 
 the bridle. 
 
 If your horfe is too fiery, and 
 preffes upon the Hand, endeavour 
 to pacify him, by making him go 
 morefoftly, and pulling him back- 
 wards ; and if it proceeds from a 
 ftiffnefs of the fhoulders and neck, 
 you muft fupply him with a cavef- 
 
 P U L 
 
 fon made after the Duke of N£'wcaf- 
 tle's way. See Heavy. 
 
 Press is alfo ufed for pufhing a 
 horfe forewards, by affifting" him 
 with the calves of your legs, or e- 
 ven fpurring him, in order to make 
 him goon. Cuillet. 
 
 PRICK, or Pinch, in the ma- 
 nage, is to give a horfe a gentle 
 touch of the fpur, without clapping 
 them hard to him. To prick cr 
 pinch, is an aid j but to appuyer, 
 or bear hard with the fpur, is cor- 
 reftion. 
 
 Pricking of a horfe's foot is 
 the hurt received by a nail drove 
 too far into the foot, fo as to reach 
 the quick, or prefs the vein in the 
 horles foot when he is fliod. Guil- 
 let. 
 
 PRICKT, otherwife called ac~ 
 cloyed^ cloyed, or retrait, &c. in 
 refpeft to horfes, fignifies only the 
 having a prick by negligence of the 
 farrier in driving the nails, by their 
 weaknefs, ill pointing, or breakings 
 them, which if not prefently taken 
 out, will, in time, break out into 
 a loul fore : You may difcern it by 
 the horfe's going lame ; but if you 
 would know it more certainly, 
 pinch him round the hoof with a 
 pair of pincers, and when you 
 come to the place aggrieved he will 
 Ihrink in his foot ; or elfe yoi' may 
 try where he is pricked by throwing 
 water on his hoof, for that place 
 where he is hurt will be fooner dry 
 than the reft. See the a .icles 
 Feet, Shoeing, and Retrait. 
 Rufic Dia. 
 
 PULSE of a hofe. The ftruc- 
 ture of the arteries, being prrrni'ed, 
 it will be eafy to account '^ their 
 pulfation. See the article Arte- 
 ry. 
 
 When 'the left ventricle of the 
 heart contia6ts,<'aBd thfows its blood 
 into the great artery, the biooJ in 
 the artery is not only thruft for- 
 wards 
 
P U L 
 
 wards 'towards the extremities, but 
 the channel of the artery is likewife 
 dilated, becaule fluids, when they 
 are preiTed, prefs again to all fides j 
 and tluii preffure is always perpen- 
 dicular to the fides o( the contain* 
 ing veflels : but the coats of tlio ar- 
 tery, by any fmall impetus may be 
 diftended. Therefore, upon the 
 contraftion of the heart, the blood 
 from the left ventricle will not only 
 prefs the blood in the artery for- 
 wards, but both together will dif- 
 tend the fides of the artery. When 
 the impetus of the blood againft the 
 fides of the artery ceafes } that is, 
 when the leit ventricle ceafes to con- 
 trH(5t, then the Ipiral fibres of the 
 artery, by their natural elafticity, 
 return again to their former ftate, 
 and contrail the channel of the ar- 
 tery, till it is again dilated by the 
 fyliole of the heart. This diallole 
 of the artery is called its pulfe j and 
 the time the fpiral fibres are return- 
 ing to their natural ftate is the dif- 
 tance between two pulfes. This 
 pulfe is in all the arteries of the bo- 
 dy at the fame time : for whilft the 
 biood is thi uft out of the heart into 
 the artery, the artery being full, the 
 biood mult move in all the arteries 
 at the fame time, and becaule the 
 arteries are conical, and the blood 
 moves from the bafis of the cone to 
 the apex, therefore the blood muft 
 ftrike againft the fides of the vtfi'eis ; 
 and conftquently every point of the 
 artery muft be dilated at the fame 
 time that the blood is thrown out 
 of the left ventricle of the heart. 
 And as foon as the elafticity of the 
 fpiral fibres can overcome the impe- 
 tus of the blood, the arteries are a- 
 gain contra6^ed. Wood''s Farriery, 
 See the article Heart. 
 
 The nigheft calculation that has 
 been made of the quicknefs of the 
 fv.Vt, in a healthy horfe, is, that 
 ii teais abcut iorty ftrokes in a mi- 
 
 _ ,P U L 
 
 rute, fo thatin p roportio n to the In » 
 creafe aljo vefliis' number, the fever 
 i s rifing ; and iT ta rther mcrealeS 
 to libovr'hfty, the feveTTs very hig h; 
 See the" article FeVer. 
 
 How often the pulfe beats in<a 
 minute may eafily be difcovered^ by 
 meafuring the time with a ftop 
 watch, or minute fand-glafs, while 
 your hand is laid on the horfe's near 
 fide, or your fingers on any artery ; 
 thofe which run up on each fide of 
 the neck are generally to be feen 
 beating, as well as felt, a little a- 
 bove the cheft ; and one withinfide 
 each leg may be traced with the fin- 
 ger. 
 
 A due attention to the pulfe is fo 
 important an article in order to form 
 a proper judgment in fevers, that it 
 would appear amazing it has fo 
 much been neglefted, if one did 
 not rccolleft that the generality of 
 farriers are fo egregioufly ignorant, 
 that they have no manner of con- 
 ception of the blood's circulation ; 
 nor in general have they ability en- 
 ough to diftinguifli the difference 
 between an artery and a vein. For 
 this reafon we cannot too much en- 
 force the necefllty of this ftudy 
 and praflice, as it is evident to e- 
 very one with what fcrupulous atten- 
 tion the human pulfe is examined in 
 every feverifh ftage j and how often 
 the phyfician's judgment is chiefly 
 directed by it : what difcoveries 
 therefore might not be made by ac- 
 curate obfervatlons on the pulfe of 
 horfes, both in regard to the quick- 
 nefs of the blood's motion, and to 
 the hardnefs of the artery, from its 
 difficult vibrations ! It would be 
 a fure guide to diftinguifti an in- 
 flammatory fever with denfe fizy 
 blood from an irregular depreffed 
 one ; it would direct us more cer- 
 tainly when and how often we 
 fliould repeat bleeding in fevers and 
 other difordersj and when we/hould 
 draw 
 
PUR 
 
 draw oiF blood previous fo piirging", 
 or refrain from the latter, till by 
 Jowering the horfc's diet his conftltu- 
 tion and blood is reduced to a pro- 
 per temper : for in fuch as are re- 
 plete and fanguine, without this cau- 
 tion, an inflammation of the bowels 
 is foon brought on by the irritations 
 fuch ftimulating medicines produce 
 on vefl'cls too turgid j and many a 
 horfe's life has been facrlficed to this 
 negle6l, but more particularly fine 
 high fed ones. It would alio be 
 of ufe to difcover whether a horfe 
 has recovered himfelf in due time, 
 after having been drove hard, ei- 
 ther on the chace, or race. Bart- 
 lefs Farriery. 
 
 PUNCH, in the manage, a well 
 fer, well knit horfe, called in French 
 gcujfaut. He fhould be (hort-back- 
 ed, and thick fhouldeied, with a 
 broad neck, and well lined with 
 flefh. Guillet. 
 
 ^VKGmG oj horfes. Purging 
 is often necefTaiy in grofs, full, 
 horfes in feme diforders of the Ifo- 
 mach, liver, &c. but Hiould be di- 
 re£led with caution. Bcioreapurge 
 15 given to any horfe, it is necefla- 
 ry fonie preparation fhould be made 
 for it, in order to render the opera- 
 tion more fafe and efficacious : thus, 
 a horfe that is full of flrfli, fliould 
 firft be bled, and at the i^me time 
 have his diet lowered for a week, 
 efpecially thofe that have been pam- 
 pered for fale. Several mafhes of 
 fcalded bran fiiould alfo previoufly 
 be given in order to open the bow- 
 els, and unload them of any indu- 
 rated excrements which fometimes 
 proves an obrtacle to the working 
 of the phyfic by creating great fick- 
 refs, and griping. 
 
 Let it be remembered, that a 
 horfe is purged with difficulty ; that 
 the phyfic generally lies twenty four 
 hours in the gurs before it woiks ; 
 and that the tra^ of bowels it has to 
 
 PUR 
 
 pafs through is above thirty y^rd?, 
 and lying horizontally j confe-^ 
 quently refinous and other impro- 
 per drugs may and often .io, by 
 their violent irritations, occafion ex- 
 ceffive gripings, and cold fweats j 
 fliave off the mucus or lining of the 
 guts, and bring on inflammations 
 which often terminate in mortifica- 
 tions and death. It i=; remarkable 
 too, that theftomach and guts of the 
 horfe are but thin, compared to 
 fome otheranimals of thefan^ebulk; 
 and therefore mult be more liable to 
 inflammation and irritation, 
 
 Horfes kept much in the flable, 
 who have not the proper benefit of 
 air and exerii'e, in proportion to 
 their food, fhould in Ipring have a 
 mild purge or two, ^fttr a previous 
 preparation by bleeding, lowtrmg 
 their diet, and IcaUed mafhe,-, 
 Horfes that fail off their llinach; 
 whether it proceeds from to;^ full 
 feeding, or ingendering cm d ties 
 and indigefted mar:er. ffiould have 
 a mild purge or two. Horfcs of a 
 hot temperament will rot t -ar the 
 common aloetic purge ; thei; } hylic 
 therefore fhould be miid and cool- 
 ing. Purging is always found ve- 
 ry beneficial in ftubborn or dry- 
 coughs J but mild mcrturials joined 
 to them make them yet more effica- 
 cious. Horfes that have thole forts 
 of lamenefTes, that are faid to pro- 
 ceed from humours flying about 
 (which are of the rheumatic kind, 
 and in young horfes proceed from 
 fizy blood and occafion lamenefs in 
 every limb) require frequent purg- 
 ing, and fh':uld alfo have between 
 whiles medicines that attenuate and 
 thin the fluids. 
 
 Horfes of" a watry conftitutior!, 
 who are fubjeft to fweiled legs that 
 run a fharp briny ichor, cannot have 
 the caufes removed any wav fo ef- 
 feffually as by purging. The firft 
 purge you give to a horfe fliould be 
 mild. 
 
PUR 
 
 mild, in order to know his confll- 
 tution. It is a miltaken notion, 
 that if a proper prepared purge does 
 not work to expectation, the horfe 
 will be injured by it : for though it 
 does not pafs by ftool, its operati- 
 on may be more efficacious as an 
 alterative, to puriiy the blood ; 
 and it may pafs by urine or other 
 fecietions. 
 
 Purging medicines are very fuc- 
 cefsfully given in fmall quanrkies, 
 mixed with others j and act then as 
 aheiatives. It mercurial phyfic is 
 given, care fhould be taken that it 
 be well prepared, and warmer 
 cloathing and greater circumfpe6\i- 
 on is then required. 
 
 Purges rtiould be gi\'en early in 
 the morning, upon an empty ito- 
 mach ; about three or four hours af- 
 ter the hoit'e has taken it, he fliould 
 have a feed of fca'ded bran, and a 
 lock or two of hay may be put in 
 his rack. The fame day, give him 
 two more mafhes : but fhould he re- 
 jufe warm meat, he may be allovi'- 
 ed raw bran. All his water fnould 
 be milk warm, and have a handful 
 of bran iqutezed in it: but if he 
 refnfes to diink wh:te water, give 
 it him without bran. 
 
 Early the next morning, give him 
 another mafh : but if he refufes to 
 eat it, give him as much warm wa- 
 ter as he will diink : let him be pro- 
 perly cio^thed, and lid about gent- 
 ly. This fliould be done two or 
 three times a day, unleA he purges 
 vi(d*^nt)y ; once or twice will then 
 be fufncicnt ; at ni^ht give him a 
 i«ed of or^f? mixed with bran. 
 
 During the working, a horfe 
 fhould drink plentifully: but if he 
 will not drink warm witer, he mait 
 be inJulged wirh cold, rather thaii 
 not dr'nk at ail. 
 
 We dial) litre infert ferae general 
 forms oi purges. ' Take fucco- 
 * trine aloes, ten drams 3 jalap and 
 
 PUR 
 
 ' fait of tartar, of each two drams 5 
 
 * grated ginger, one dram 5 oil of 
 
 * cloves thirty drops ; make them 
 
 * into a ball with fpirit of buck- 
 
 * thorn.' Or, < Take aloes and 
 
 * cream of tartar, of each an ovmcej 
 
 * jalap, two drams ; cloves pow- 
 ' dered, one dram j fyrup of buck- 
 
 * thorn, a fufficient quantity.' Or 
 fhe following, which has an efta- 
 blifhed chara6\er among fportfmen. 
 ^ Take aloes, fjom ten drams to 
 
 * an ounce and a half, myrrh and 
 
 * ginger powdered, each half an 
 
 * ounce i fiffron and oil of anni- 
 
 * feed, each half a dram.' 
 
 Mr. Gz^/o;/ recommends the fol- 
 lowing. * Take fuccotrine aloes, 
 
 * ten drams ; myrrh finely powder- 
 ' ed, half an ounce ; fafFron and 
 
 * frefh jalsp in powder, of each a 
 
 * dram ; make them into a ftiffball 
 
 * with fyrup of rofes ; then add a 
 
 * fmall fpoonful of re6lified oil of 
 
 * amber.' 
 
 The Succotrine aloes fhould al- 
 ways be preferred to the Barbadoes 
 or Plantation aloes, though the lat- 
 termay he given torobuitftronghor- 
 fes ; but even then, fliould always be 
 prepared viith the fait or cream of 
 tartar, which, by opening its parts, 
 prevents its adhefion to the coats of 
 the flomach and bowels, from 
 whence horrid gripings and even 
 death itfelf has often enlued. This 
 caution is well worth remarking, 
 as many a horfe has fell a facrihce 
 to the negle6l of it. Half an ounce 
 of Caftile Ibap to a horfe of a grofs 
 coiiltitution may be added to any of 
 the above ; and the proportions may 
 be increafed for ftrong horfes. 
 When mercurial phyfic is intend- 
 
 Apd, give two drams of calomel over. 
 
 ^ight, mixed up with half an ounce 
 of diapente, and a little honey ; 
 and the purging ball the next morn- 
 ing. 
 
 The following when it can be af- 
 forded 
 
PUR 
 
 forded is a very gentle and effectu- 
 al purge, particularly for fine deli- 
 cate horfes : and if prepared with 
 the Indian rhubarb vvdl not be ex« 
 penfive. * Take of the fined Sue- 
 
 * cotrine aloes, one ounce; rhu- 
 ' barb powdered, half an ounce, or 
 ' fix drams ; ginger grated one 
 
 * dram ^ make into a ball with fy- 
 ' nip-of-rofcs. 
 
 The followir.g purging drink may 
 be given with the utmoft fafety : it 
 may b^ quickened or madeftronger, 
 by adding an ounce more lenra or 
 two drams of jalap. ' Take fcn- 
 
 * na, two ounces ; infufe it in a pint 
 
 * of boiling water two hours, with 
 
 * three drams of fah of tartar; 
 
 * pour off and diflblve in it four 
 
 * ounces of Glauber's falts ; and 
 
 * two or three of cream of tartar.' 
 This laft phyfic is cooling, eafy, 
 and quick in its operation, and 
 greatly preferable in all inflamma- 
 tory cafes to any other purge, as 
 it pafl'es into the blood, and oper- 
 ates alfo by urine. 
 
 When hoifes lofe their appetites 
 after purging, it is necefT-iry to give 
 them a warm llomach drink made 
 of aninfufiun of camomile flower?, 
 annifeeds and faffron ; or the cordi- 
 al ball may be given for that pur- 
 pofe. Should the purging continue 
 too long, give an ounce of diaf- 
 cordium in a pint of port wine, 
 and repeat it once in twtlve hours, 
 if the purging continues. Plenty of 
 gum arable water ftiould alfo be 
 given ; and in cafe of violent g'ipes, 
 .f-it broth glyfters, or tripe liquor 
 Ihould be often thrcwn up v/ith an 
 hundred drops of laudanum -n each. 
 The arabic foiution may be thus 
 prepared. * Take of gum arable, 
 
 * and tragacanth, of each four ouril^ 
 
 * ces 5 juniper berries and carra- 
 *, \vay feeds, of each an ounce ; 
 
 * cloves bruifed, half an ounce ; 
 ' ummer gently in a gallon of wa- 
 
 P U R 
 
 ' ter, tin the gums are diffolved y 
 
 * give a quart at a time, in half a 
 
 * pail of water; but if he wont 
 
 * take it freely this way, give it 
 
 * often in a horn.' 
 
 When a purge does not work» 
 but makes the horfe iwell and reiuie 
 his food and water, wliich is fome- 
 times the effeft of bad drugs or 
 catching cold, warm diuretics are 
 the only lemedy ; of which the fol- 
 lowing are recommended, * Take 
 
 * a pint of white wine, nitre one 
 
 * ounce, mix with it a dram of 
 ' camphor diffoived in a litt'e re6ti- 
 
 * fied fpirit of wine ; then snid rw» 
 
 * drams of oil of juniper, and the 
 
 * fame quantity of unreciif.ed oil 
 '. of aihber ; and four ounces of 
 ' honey, or fyrup of marHimal- 
 
 * lows : or, * Take Venice turpen- 
 ' tine, one ounce ; incorporate with 
 ' the yolk ot an egg ; nitre, one 
 
 * ounce ; then add juniper beriHes, 
 
 * and frefli anifeeds pounded, each 
 
 * half an cuixe ; unre^ified oil of 
 
 * amber, two drams ; make into a 
 
 * bad with fyrup of nurfiimaU 
 
 * lows.' 
 
 When a horfs f.t'ells much with 
 phyfic, do net fuffer him to be 
 rode about, till he has fome vent, 
 but rather lead him gently in hauJ 
 till fome evacuation is obtained. 
 
 As it is obferved, that hcrfes more 
 willingly take f.v^st and palatable 
 things, than thoie that are bitter 
 and of an ill tal^e, care fhould be 
 tsken that the ht.ter are given in 
 balls ; and that their drinks are al- 
 ways contrived to be as little nanfe- 
 ous as pcfTihle : and fweettncd, ei- 
 ther with honey cr liquorice. Thofe 
 that are prepared with grofs pow- 
 ders are by no means To agreeable 
 * to a horfe, as thofe made by infufi- 
 on, as the former often clam the 
 mouth, irritate the membranes a- 
 bout the palire and throat, and 
 frequently occafian the cough they 
 
 are 
 
P Y E 
 
 are intended to prevent. Balls 
 fhoiild be of an oval fliape, and net 
 exceed the fize of a pullet's egg ; 
 when the dofe is larger, it rtiould be 
 divided into two ; and they fhou'd 
 be dipt in oil, to make them flip 
 down the eaficr. Gib/on npud Bart* 
 let. 
 
 PURSINESS, in horfes. See the 
 article Broken-Wind. 
 
 PUT in the manage is ufed for 
 the breaking or managing of a 
 liorfe ; as Put your horfe to cor'vets, 
 put him upon caprioles. 
 
 To put a horfe upon hli haunches^ 
 is to make him bend them in gal- 
 loping in the manage, or upon a 
 flop. See Haunches. 
 
 To put a horfe to the nxalky trot, 
 or gallop, is to make him walk, 
 trot, or gallop. Guillet. 
 
 PYE-BALD Horfe, is one that 
 has white (pots upon a coat of ano- 
 ther colour. Thus there are pye- 
 
 P Y R 
 
 bald bays, pye-bald forrels, and 
 pye -bald blacks, and fo of the reft:. 
 
 PYROET. Some are of one 
 tread or pifte, fome of two. Thole 
 of one tiead are otherwife called. 
 Pirouettes de la tete a la que've. Py- 
 roets de la tete a la que^ve, are in- 
 tire and very narrow turns made by 
 the horfe upon one tread, and al- 
 moft in one time, in fuch a man- 
 ner, that his head is placed where 
 his tail was, without putting out 
 his haunches. To make horfes take 
 this pyroet with more facility, they 
 ufe in the manage to put them to 
 five or fix of them all running, with- 
 out ftirripg off the fpot. In duels 
 they are of ufe, to gain the enemy's 
 croupe. 
 
 Pyroets of two pifts or treadsj 
 are turns of two treads upon a 
 fmall compafs of ground almoft of 
 the length of the horfe. Guillet, 
 
 ^^@^>®®®@®®@@®®##®@#®S@#®#®':§| 
 
 Qt 
 
 dU A 
 
 QUARTER, in the manage. 
 .^ To work from quarter to 
 quarter, is to ride a horfe three 
 times in end, upon the firft of the 
 four lines of a fquare j then chang- 
 ing your hand, and riding him 
 three times upon a fecond j at the 
 third line changing your hand, and 
 fo pafling to the third and fourth, 
 obferving the fame order. 
 
 Falfe Quarter, is when the 
 hoof has a kind of cleft occafioned 
 
 Q.U A 
 
 by a horfe's cafting his quarter, anci 
 getting a new one, for then the horn 
 beginning to grow, is uneven and 
 ugly, ss alfo bigger and fofter than 
 the reft of the hoof ; and fuch feet 
 fhould be fhod with half panton 
 (hoes ; but if the cleft be confider- 
 able, and take up a quarter part of 
 the hoof, the horfe will not be fer- 
 viceable, and is not v^orth buying. 
 Cui/let, See False quarter, 
 Qji A R T E R behind, is when a 
 borfe 
 
Q^U I 
 
 horfe has the quarters of his hind- 
 feet ftrong ; that is to fay, the horn 
 thick, and fo capable of admitting 
 a good gripe by the nails. 
 
 When a horfe's quarters or feet 
 are wafted and fhrunk, for the cure, 
 rafe the whole foot with a red hot 
 knife, making large razes of the 
 depth of a filver crown piece, from 
 the hair to the fhoe ; and avoiding 
 the coronet ; then apply a proper 
 poultice, and charge the foot with 
 a remolade. See Remol ade Poul- 
 tice for the hoof-bouncL Giiillef, 
 See Feet. 
 
 QiJARTERS cf a Saddle are the 
 pieces of leather, or ftuff, made faft 
 to the lower part of the fides of the 
 faddle, and hanging down below 
 the faddle. 
 
 Quarters. Tore'S^uarters, and 
 Hind' Quarters ; the fore-quarters 
 are the fhoulders and the fore- 
 legs } the hind-quarters, are the 
 hips and the legs behind. 
 
 Quarters (?/^<2 Z'or/^V/oo/, are 
 the fides of the coffin, compre- 
 hended between the toe and the heel 
 on one fide, and the other of the 
 foot: the inner quarters are thole 
 oppofite to one another, facing from 
 one foot to the other ; thefe are 
 always weaker than the outfide 
 quarters, which lie on the external 
 fides of the coffin. Guillet. 
 
 Quarter-cast. Ahorfeisfaid 
 to caft his quarters, when, for any 
 diforder in his coffin, we are obliged 
 to cut one of the quarters off the 
 hoof, and when the hoof is thus ciit, 
 it grows and comes on a new. 
 Guillet. See Hoof. 
 
 QUITTER, or Quittor, or 
 Quitterbone, is an ulcer formed 
 between the .hair and hoof, ufual- 
 ly on the infide of a horfe's foot : it 
 arifes often from treads and bruifes j 
 fometimes from gravel, which, by 
 working its way upwards, lodges 
 about the coronet : if it is only fu- 
 perficial, it may be cured with 
 
 cleanfing dreffings, bathing the co- 
 ronet everyday with fpirit of wine, 
 and dreffing the fore with Uie preci- 
 pitate medicine. But if the matter 
 forms itfelf a lodgment under the 
 hoof, there is no way then to come 
 at the ulcer but by taking off part 
 of the hoof 5 and if this be done 
 artfully and well, the cure may be 
 efFe6led without danger. 
 
 When the matter happens to be 
 lodged near the- quarter, the farrier 
 is fometimes obliged to take off the 
 quarter of the hoof, and the cure is 
 then for the moft part but palliative: 
 for when the quarter grows up, it 
 leaves a pretty latge Team, which 
 weakens the foot ; this is what is 
 called a I'^alfe quarter } and a horfe 
 with this defe6l feldom gets quite 
 found. 
 
 If the matter by its confinement 
 has rotted the coffin bone, which is 
 of fo foft and fpungy a nature that 
 it foon becomes fo, you muft enlarge 
 the opening, cut away the rotten 
 fieffi, and apply the actual cautery, 
 or hot iron pointed pyramidically : 
 and drefs the bone with doffilsof lint 
 dipped in tin6fure of myrrh, and 
 the wound with the green or preci- 
 pitate ointment. When the fore is 
 not enlarged by the knife, which is 
 the bed and lefs painful method, 
 pieces of fuhlimate are generally 
 applied, which bring out with them 
 cores or lumps of flefii : blue vitriol 
 powdered and mixed with a few 
 drops of the oil is ufed alfo for this 
 purpofe, and is faid to aft as effec- 
 tually and with lefs pain and dan- 
 ger ; during the operation of thefe 
 medicines, the foot it is thought 
 fhould be kept in fome foft poultice, 
 and care fhould be taken during the 
 whole drefiing, to pi event pro-.id 
 flefh rifing, which otherwife will 
 not only retard the cure, hut pre- 
 vent a firm and found healing. Gib- 
 fon and Bartkt, 
 
 4 R. 
 
R. 
 
 R A C 
 
 RAG 
 
 R 
 
 ACE ■ HORSE fhould be fome- 
 what long-hodied, nervous, of 
 great mettle, very fwift, and fenfible 
 of the fpurs ; he fliould alfo be trac- 
 table, and no ways reftive or fkittifh j 
 his head (hould be fmall and flender, 
 with wide noftrils, and a large 
 thropple. He ftiould be of an 
 English breed, or a barb of a little 
 fize, with a pretty large reach, his 
 legs fomewhat fmall, but the back 
 finews at a good diltance from the 
 bone J fhort jointed, and neat fliaped 
 feet, for large feet are not at all fit 
 for this exercife. He fliouId be at 
 leaft fix ye^rs old, no horfe under 
 that age having fufficient ftrength 
 for a fix mile courfe, without run- 
 ning the hazard of being over- 
 ftrained. 
 
 The next thing to be confidered, 
 is the limitation of time for prepar- 
 ing a horfe for a match ; and it is 
 generally agreed by judicious horfe- 
 men, that (uniefs the match be for 
 an extraordinary fura) two months 
 is fufficient; but herein due regard 
 is to be had to the Itate of the horfe's 
 body : i. If he be very fat, foul, or 
 taken from grafs. 2. If he be ex- 
 tremely lean and poor. 3. If he be 
 in good cafe, and has had moderate 
 exercife. 
 
 For the firft, you muft take two 
 months, at leaft, to bring him into 
 order, for he will require much air- 
 ing, great carefulnefs in heating, 
 and difcretion in fcouring. 2. For 
 the horfe that is very poor, get as 
 long time as you c»n, and let his 
 
 airings be moderate, and not before 
 or after fun-fetting, feeding him 
 liberally, but not fo as to cloy him. 
 3. As for the horfe that is in good 
 cafe, and which has had moderate 
 exercife, a month or fix weeks may- 
 be fufficient. 
 
 And farther, you are to confider 
 his particular conltitution j as if he 
 be fat, and foul, yet of a free and 
 wafting nature, apt quickly to con- 
 fume and lofe his flefh 5 in this cafe 
 you are not to have fo ftri^l a hand, 
 neither can he endure fo violent ex- 
 ercife as if he were of a hardy difpo- 
 fition, and would feed and be fat 
 upon all meats and exercifes. A- 
 gain, if he be in extreme poverty, 
 and yet by nature rery hardy, and- 
 apt foon to recover his fleffi, and to 
 hold it long ; then, by no means, 
 ftiould you have too tender a hand, 
 nor forbear that exercife you would 
 give a horfe of a nicer conltitution, 
 weak ftomach, and free fplrit. 
 
 As for the ordering a horfe for 
 a race^ fee the articles Horse- 
 Racing, Hunting - HORSE, 
 Match, ^c. 
 
 RACK, a wooden frame made j 
 to hold hay or fodder for cattle. j 
 
 Rack, is alfo a pace in which a Ij 
 horfe neither trots nor gallops, but \ 
 is between both. 
 
 Racking, a certain pace of a 
 horfe, or a motion in going. 
 
 RAGOT, in the manage, is a 
 
 horfe that has ftiort legs, a broad 
 
 croupe, and a ftiong thick body ; 
 
 and differs from a gouflaut in this, 
 
 that 
 
RAM 
 
 ha!- the latter has more fiioulclers, 
 and a thicker neck, Guillet. 
 
 R AISPJ, in the manage. To raife 
 a horfe upon corvets, upon caprioles, 
 upon pel'ades, is to make hmwork 
 at corvets, capiioles, or pefades. 
 Sometimes we fay, Raife the fore- 
 hand of your horle. 
 
 Raise is likewife ufed for placing 
 ?. horfe's head right, and making 
 Iiim cany well ; and hindering him 
 from carrying Jovv, or arming him- 
 Icif. Guillet. 
 
 R. AISING, in the manage, i"? one 
 o\ the three a61ions of a horfe'slegs, 
 fht oihertwo being the /?<?)•, and the 
 trendy which fee in their proper 
 places : tlie raifing, or lifting up his 
 leg, is good, if he perform it hard- 
 ily, and with eafe, not eroding his 
 legs, nor carrying his feet loo much 
 cut or in 5 and that he alfo bend his 
 knees as much as is needful. Sol- 
 hyfelL 
 
 KAISTV, orRESTiVE, a term 
 \\\t^ in lelpect of a hoife, when he 
 will go neither backwards nor for- 
 wards. 
 
 RAKE. A horfe rakes, when 
 being flioulder - jphit, or h>.ving 
 ftrained his fore-quarters, he goes 
 fo fime, th.at he drags one of his 
 fore legs in a femi circle, which is 
 more apparent when he trots than 
 when he paces. Ginllet. 
 
 To Rake a horfe, is to draw his 
 ordure with one hand out of his 
 ftmdamert, when he is coft've, or 
 cannot dwug ; in doing this the hand 
 is to he anointed with fallad oil, 
 butter, or hog's greafe. See the ar- 
 ticle Back-raking. 
 
 RAMINGUE, in the mansge, 
 the French term for a refty fort o\ 
 horfe, thai refiRs the fpurs, or cleaves 
 to the fpurs j that is, defends him- 
 fe'f with malice againlt the fpurs j 
 fomeiim?s doubles the rein-?, and 
 fr?.qiiently yerks, to favour his dif- 
 obcdience. Gu}lkt. 
 
 R E I 
 
 RASE, in the manage. To 
 ra'e, or glance, upon the ground, is 
 to gallop near the ground, as our 
 Englifh horfes do. Guillet. 
 
 RAT-TAILS, excrefcences 
 which creep from the pattern to the 
 middle of the fhanks ; (b called from 
 the refemblance they bear to the tail 
 of a rat. Some are moift ; others, 
 dry : the former may be treated 
 with the drying ointment and 
 waflics, prefcribed in the cure of the 
 greafe j and the latter with the fol- 
 lowing inercurial ointment. * Take 
 
 * of crude mercury, one ounce j 
 
 * Venice turpentine, half an ounce; 
 
 * rub them together in a mortar, till 
 
 * the globules of the quickfilver are 
 ' no longer vifible : then add two 
 ' ounces of hog's laid," If the 
 hardnefs does not fubmit to the la(t 
 medicine, it fliould be pared ofF 
 with a knife, and diefied with tur- 
 pentine, tar, and honey ; to which 
 verdigreafe, or white vitriol, may 
 occafionaily be added : but befo-e 
 the ufe of the knife, ycu may apply 
 this ointment. * Take black foap, 
 
 * four ounces; quick- limcj two 
 
 * ounces ; vinegar, enough t« make 
 
 * an ointment.' Bartlet. 
 
 R A ZE, in the manage. A horfe 
 is laid to have razed, whofe corner 
 teeth cea'b to be hollow ; fo that the 
 cavity, wheie the black maik was, 
 is filled up ; that is, even, fmooth, 
 and razed, or fliaven, as it were; 
 and the mark dilappears. See the 
 article TEerti, and Age of a 
 horfe. Guillet, 
 
 REAR UP, in the manage, Is 
 f:iid of a horfe that riles upon his 
 hmder legs, as if he would come 
 quite over. Guillet. 
 
 REINS, f r Kid N EY s , of a horfe. 
 See the article Kidneys. 
 
 Reins, in the manage, twolorg 
 
 flips ot lea'her on each fide of a 
 
 curb, or fnafHe, which the rider 
 
 holds in his hand, to keep his horfe 
 
 R ia 
 
REM 
 
 in fubje^lion. The duke of Mftv- 
 caftle bellowed the name reins upon 
 two ftraps, or ropes of a cavclTon, 
 which he ordered to be made faft to 
 the girth?, or pommel of the faddle, 
 with intent thnt the rider (hoiild pull 
 them with his hand, in order to bend 
 and lupple the neck of thehorfe. 
 
 False Rein, is a lathe of leather 
 paffed fometimes through the arch 
 of the banquet, to bend the liorfe's 
 neck. The duke of Ne^ivcajile dif- 
 approves the ufe of it 5 and fays it 
 flacks the curb, and makes the bit 
 no more than a trench that has no 
 curb. Guillet. 
 
 REMOLADE, Is a lefs com- 
 pounded honey charge for horfes. 
 To prepare it, take three pints of 
 lees of wine, half a pound of ho^'s 
 greafe, boil them together for half 
 an hour till they be very well incor- 
 porated one with another ; then add 
 black honey, pitch. Burgundy pitch 
 pounded, common turpentine, of 
 each half a pound j ftir theCe in the 
 other over the fire, till they are all 
 melted and well mixt j then add 
 bole armoniac, or bole of Blois, of 
 each a quarter of a pound j take the 
 vefTei off the fire, and tlir it conti- 
 nually for a quarter of an hour 
 longer. If the charge is not thick 
 enough, it may be brought to a duci 
 conhftence wiih a little wheat flour ; 
 and if it be too thick, it may be 
 thinned with wine, or Jees of wine. 
 
 If to tl)is charge an ounce of 
 quickfilver be added, it will be little 
 inferior to the red honey charge, in 
 removing old griefs of the flioulders, 
 legs, fwaying of the back, and 
 other the like infirmities. You may 
 firft kill the quickfilver in a fmall 
 quantity of turpentine, and then 
 incorporate It, by ftirring it well 
 with the other ingredients. 
 
 A Remolade for the hoof -hound. 
 Take a pound of Burgundy pitch, 
 )Eii^ a poBud of common turpentine. 
 
 REP 
 
 a quarter of a pound of olive oil, 
 ami thicken it all with a fufiicient 
 quantity of wheaten flour j charge 
 the whole foot of the horfe with this 
 remolade, lukewarm, after you have 
 applied the following poultice. 
 
 Take two parts of fiieep's dung,, 
 and one part of hen's dung, boil 
 them wi-.h water and fait to the thick 
 nefs of pafte ; in another pot boil as 
 many mallows as is proper to make 
 a maili, then add a convenient quan- 
 tity of linleed, powdered, and boil 
 it a little longer : afterwards pound 
 them in a mortar with an eighth 
 part of raw garlic, to a pa lie ; 
 incorporate this with the next 
 poultice, adding a little oil of lillies, 
 and make a poultice : to be applied 
 very hot to the foot, and cover it 
 with fplents. 
 
 Renew the application five or fix 
 times, once in two days, ever 
 obferving to heat the next poul- 
 tice, and to mix a little trefh with 
 it. Solleyfcll. 
 
 RENET FE, is an inftrument of 
 poliflied fteel, with which tliey found 
 a prick in a horie's foot. Guillet-. 
 
 REPART, in the manage, is to 
 put a horfe on, or make him part a 
 iecond time. Guillet. 
 
 REPOLON, in the manage, is 
 a demi-volt ^ the croupe is doled at 
 five times. 
 
 The Italians are mightily fond of 
 this manage. In making a demi- 
 volt, they ride their horfes fhort, fo 
 as to embrace or take in lefs ground, 
 and do not make way enough every 
 time of the demi-volt. The duke of 
 Newcaflle does not approve of the 
 repolons, alledging, that to make 
 repolons, is to gallop a horfe for half 
 a mile, and then to turn aukwardly 
 and m.ikeafalfe manage. Guillet. 
 
 REPOSTE, in the manage, is 
 the vindictive motion of a horfe, 
 that anfwas the fpurvvith a kick of 
 his foot*. 
 
RET 
 
 REPRISE, is a leiTon repeated, 
 31- a manage recommenced ; as, to 
 give breath to a horfe upon the four 
 corners of the volt, v%'ith only one 
 reprife ; that is, all with one breath. 
 Guillet, 
 
 RESTORATIVES, or 
 Strengtheners, in pharmacy, 
 one of the three clafTes into which 
 the writers on that I"ubje61 have di- 
 vided the whole Materia Medica } 
 the other two, namely, the altera- 
 tives and evacuator-, have been al- 
 ready treated of in this work, under 
 their refpecSfive names. 
 
 Reftoratives are, by their peculiar 
 properties, divided, fome into ag- 
 glutinants, or binders, and fome 
 into ablorbents, or fuch as ierve to 
 drink up fuperfluous moifture or 
 humiciity ; and, tander this title of 
 Relloratives, are ranked all thofe 
 medicaments that tend to lull and 
 compole the fpiiits. As the evacu- 
 ators more or lefs diminifh and abate 
 Ibmewhat from the animal body, 
 thefe which are under this title, add 
 to the bulk of the folids j either by 
 agglutinating, binding, and aftring- 
 ing, or drinking up fuperfluous 
 moiliure, v^hich caul'es a delicacy 
 and lelaxation of the body. Gib- 
 foii's Farnefs Difpenfatory. 
 
 RESTY, in the manage, a reily 
 horfe, is a malicious unruly horfe, 
 that flirugs himfelf fliort, and will 
 only go where he pleafes. Guillet. 
 
 RETAIN, in the m9nage, is 
 what we call hold in, fpeaking of 
 mares that conceive and hold after 
 covering. Gu'ilht. 
 
 RETRAITS, or Pricks. If a 
 prick with a nail be negle6tcd, it 
 may occafion a very din2[erous fore, 
 and fefter fo into the flefti, that the 
 foot cannot be fnved without extreme 
 difficulty ; and therefore great care 
 ought to be taken to avoid fuch fatal 
 coniequences. See Pricking. 
 When a farrier in (hoeing a horfe, 
 
 R H E 
 
 perceives that he complains and 
 fhrinks at every blow upon the naif, 
 it fliould be immediately pulled out, 
 and, if the blood follow, there is no 
 danger, only he mult not drive an- 
 other nail in the fame place ; fuch 
 an accident feldom makes a horfe 
 halt, and he may be ridden imme- 
 diately after it. When a horfe halts 
 immediately after he is fliod, you 
 may reafonably conclude, that fome 
 of the nails prefs the vein, or touch 
 him in the quick. 
 
 To know where the grief lies, 
 take up his lame foot, and knock 
 with your (hoeing hammer on the 
 found foot, (tor fome fkittifh horfes 
 will lilt up their foot when you touch 
 it, though it be not pricked) that you 
 may he the better able to judge whe- 
 ther the horfe be pricked vi-hen you 
 touch the lame foot ; then lift up 
 the found foot, and knock gently 
 upon the top of the clenches on the 
 lame foot; then lift up the others, 
 and if ycu perceive that he (brinks 
 in when you (Irike any of the nails» 
 you may conclude him to be pricked 
 in tfeat place. See the articlesPEET, 
 Shoeing, Gfr. SoUeyfell. 
 
 RHEUM, is a flowing down of 
 humours from the head, upon the 
 lower parts. This diftemper in a 
 horfe proceeds from cold, which, 
 makes his teeth loofe, and feem long, 
 by the flirinking up of his gums, 
 which will fpoil his feeding, fo th^t 
 all the meat will lie in a lump in his 
 
 aws. See the article CoLD. 
 
 R H E U M AT 1 C Eyes in horfes, a » e 
 caul'ed by a flux of humours diflil- 
 ling from the brain, and fometimes 
 by a blow 5 the fi^ns are, the con- 
 tinual watering of the eye, and his 
 dole (hutting the lids j and fome- 
 times it is attended with a little fwel- 
 ling. See the article Eye. 
 
 RHEUMATISM and Scia- 
 tica, or Hip GOUT, a difeafe 
 which frequently happens to horfts 
 R z on 
 
R H E 
 
 on a journey, and is produced, as 
 in human bodies, from an obrtru6\ed 
 perlpiration ; or the talcing cold 
 after exerciie, or hard labour. The 
 fciatica then, is a continual, heavy, 
 dull, growing pain, in and about 
 the hip-joint, and membranous parts 
 adjacent. The caufe is fuppofcd to 
 be the fame with the gout in other 
 parts of the body, though it is ap- 
 prehended that,' in horfes, it pro- 
 ceeds moft commonly from their 
 being too fuddenly expofed to cold 
 air, after their blood is heated by 
 exercife. This diftemper in horfes 
 is not dangerous, although it is 
 painful, and of long continuance ; 
 infomuch, that farriers arefrequently 
 puzzled to know the reaibn a horfe 
 goes fo larre. 
 
 The Englifh climate is very pro- 
 du6>ive of the rheumatifm, fciatica, 
 gout, and other painful membranous 
 tliitempers, becaufe of the quick 
 Tranfitions from heat to cold, and 
 from Itormy to calm weather. 
 
 The cure of this diftemper confifts 
 in prefcribing fuch medicines, as 
 have a power of ftimuliting, and 
 giving a lliock to the nervous i'yftem, 
 whereby they give a new determina- 
 tio:i to the animal fpirits ; for which 
 purpole. Dr. Ward's pill and diop 
 is recommended, where the body is 
 robuft, and can bear it. If this di- 
 ftemper happens to horfes in the 
 fummer time, it is thought fwim- 
 ming them often through a river, 
 will be found of great fervice ; nei- 
 ther will there be much danger of 
 this immerfion in cold water, in 
 winter, if the horfe is cold when he 
 goes in, and is fcraped, rubbed, and 
 cioathed well after he comes out ; 
 and, when he is dry, let the parts 
 about the hip-joint, be well embro- 
 cated with the following fpirituous 
 mixture. * Take of nerve-oint- 
 
 * nient, and foldier's ointment, of 
 
 * each two ounces ; camphire, two 
 
 R I B 
 
 * drams; oil of turpentine, and oil 
 
 * of petr?, orrockoil, of each three 
 
 * drams ; fpirit of fal armoniac, 
 
 * tvi^o dram?. Mix all thefe well, 
 
 * and keep the mixture in a pot tied 
 
 * over with a bladder and leather.'' 
 The hair fliould be fliaved off, and 
 the pait anointed twice a day, and 
 heat it in with a hot fire (hovfl, or 
 the like. But this fhould not be 
 ufed, till he has been five or fix 
 times in the river. < Take of true 
 
 * astherial oil of turpentine, half an 
 
 * ounce ; yolks of eggs, number 
 ' three ; treacle, three ounces. Mix 
 ' thefe well ; and then add half a 
 
 * pint of white winf, and give it 
 
 * cold out of a frrnll hoin ; and re- 
 
 * peat it every thiid day, for three 
 
 * turns'. He fhould be well covered 
 with thick blankets, while he is un- 
 der this courfe, and have modei-ate 
 walking exercife. 
 
 If you would purge him, the fol- 
 lowing is a good draftic purge for a 
 horfe that is lame of the rheumatifm- 
 cr fciatica in the joints. * Take 
 
 * common aloes, one ounce ; gam- 
 
 * boge, half a dram ; fiilt of tar- 
 
 * tar, three drams. Mix and make 
 
 * it up into two balls, with fyrup 
 
 * of buckthorn, or the like, and 
 
 * give it to the horfe by th.e help of 
 
 * a bulPs pizzl?, and waHvit down 
 
 * witii warm ale and nutmeg.' Let 
 the horfe have warm water, till the 
 purge is wholly gone off. 
 
 If this diftemper will not yield to 
 milder methods, lecourfe muft: be 
 had fo the prai5lice of the antients, 
 viz. either the aflual or potential 
 cautery, whereby to eat the fltfh, 
 and make ift'ues. He mult be fired 
 upon the hip pretty deep, and the 
 fcarifications anointed with the green 
 ointment, till they are healed up. 
 Bracken's Art of Farriery , and Pocket 
 Farrier. 
 
 RIBS of a horfe, in all thirty four 
 
 in number, are diftinguifhed by tire 
 
 trufe 
 
RID 
 
 true anc'1 falfe. The true are the 
 uppermofi: nine on each fide, which 
 are alio joined to the rack bones of 
 the back, and to the breaft bone, 
 jncompafTing the whole upper ca- 
 vity. The breaft-bone in a horfe, 
 and many other quadruneds, is 
 fhaped lomewhat like the bottom of 
 a fhip. It is at firft fpungy, but in 
 time grows pretty liaid, and has 
 along its two fides caiti!ai',inous 
 dents, or impreffions, where it re- 
 ceives the ends of the true ribs ; the 
 part which reaches towards the pit 
 of the ftomach, is called the carti- 
 lago enfiformisy or fword-iike carti- 
 lage, having a point refeinbling 
 that of a fword. The falfe rib-; are 
 in number eight on each fide. They 
 are not fo ftrong and rigid as the 
 true ribs ; and they grow fhorter as 
 they advance towards the loins, 
 leaving an opening for the ftomach 
 and belly. The ihape of a horfe's 
 belly much depends upon the length 
 or (hortnefs of thefe ribs; for the 
 larger they are in compafs, a horle 
 looks the more round \ and when 
 thty are (horr, fuch horfes can never 
 c-arry a good belly. All the ribs 
 are thick and (irong, tow.^rds the 
 back : but, towards the brifliet and 
 beliy, they are thin and flat ; 
 whereby they are endowed with a 
 kind ot Tpring, which enables them 
 to dilate and contra-cl in refpiration ; 
 and, wh'n they are well propor- 
 tioned, add confideral-^ly to the gccd- 
 nels of a horle's wind. All the libs 
 on their infide, are exquifitely 
 fniooth, and covered with a mem- 
 brane refcmbling the fineft fattin, 
 that the heait, lungs, and other 
 vifcera, may not b" hurt by their 
 hardneis. Glhfons Difeafes of Horfcs. 
 
 To RIDE IS ufcd for learning 
 the manase. G utile t. 
 
 RIDGES, or Wrinkles, o/'/?« 
 horjes mouth, are the rifmgs ot the 
 fl.lh in ihc roof of a hcrie's mouih, 
 
 R I N 
 
 which run acrofsfrom one fide of the 
 jaw to the other, like fleOiy ridges, 
 with interjacent furrows, or fmking 
 cavities. It is upon the third or 
 fourth ridge, that we give the ftroke 
 with the horn, in order to bleed a 
 horfe, whofe mouth is overheated. 
 Gtiillet. See Horn. 
 
 RIFTS, Clefts, or Cracks, 
 See Chops, Cracks, £fr. 
 
 RIG, a najTie given a horfe that 
 has had one of his ftones cut, and 
 yet has got a colt. Rujlic DIB. 
 
 RING-BONE, a large fwelllng 
 on the lower part of the palfein, 
 which generally reaches half way 
 round the fore pait thereof; and, 
 from its refemblance to a ring, has 
 its denomination. A ring-bone has 
 an affinity to a bone-(pavin; and, for 
 the moft p3rt,proceeds from the fame 
 caufcs, and is nouriflied by the fame 
 kind of matter. The external cau(e 
 of a ring-bone is often from ftrains 
 in the pattern, or hard riding on 
 diy roads ; or when the paflern has 
 been jarred or wrung in deep clay 
 roads, either in travelling, or at 
 grafs in potchy clny grounds. Thefe 
 things ufually produce ling bones. 
 Some hoiks are naturally fuiiJTil to 
 ring-bones, efpecially thofe that are 
 grofs and bony about the pallerns j 
 but when a fine limbed liorfe hap- 
 pens to have a ring-bone, we may 
 conclude it to proceed from fbme ac- 
 cident, rather than from any natural 
 fault, viz. from fome violent (hain, 
 flrakling an unruly horfe'; or, if it 
 be behind, by putting young horfes 
 too early upon their haunches in the 
 riding fchools ; for in that attitude 
 a horle throws his whole weight as 
 much, if not more, upon his palferns 
 than on his b.ocks. When a ring- 
 bone comes by any accident upon a 
 clean-limbed horle, it is feldom \o 
 dangerous as when it happens to 
 horfes that are grofs about their pa- 
 (lerns, that have large bones, and 
 K 3 ^ are 
 
R I N 
 
 areflefhy In thofe parts; for when 
 the {'welling is removed, the ItifFnels 
 often remains. 
 
 A ring-bone is always eafier 
 cured, when it appears di ft iti6l round 
 the partem, than when it fpreads 
 downwards towards the coronet ; 
 for then it is apt to afft£> the coffin - 
 joint, if it does not derive its origin 
 from fome ftrain or defeSl in that 
 joint originally ; in which cafe the 
 cure will be dubious and uncertain, 
 and fometimes impracticable, when 
 a calioHty is found under the round 
 ligament that covers that joint, and 
 even when it happens moie external; 
 it proves alfo dangerous, when it 
 unites with or fpreads the ligamen- 
 tous fubftan-e that joins the hoof to 
 the flefli ; it is apt to turn to a quit- 
 tor, and in the end to form an ulcer 
 under the hoo^. A ring bone that 
 rifes on the partem is eafily cured 
 when it does not run down tov/ards 
 the coronet. 
 
 The ring bones that appear on 
 colts and young horles, will often 
 infenfibly wear off of themfelves, 
 without the help of any application ; 
 but when the fubftance remains, 
 there needs no other remedy befides 
 blillering, unlefs when, by long 
 continuance, it is grown to an ob- 
 ftinate hardnefs, and then it may 
 require both bliftering and firing. 
 If the fwelling proceeds only from 
 the tendons and nervous parts, 
 which fometimes is not eafy to be 
 diftinguiflied from a true ring-bone, 
 except only that a true lingbone 
 IS Icfs painful, unlefs it proceed 
 from the coffin-joint : in this cafe, 
 bliflering alone generally proves fuc- 
 cefsful ; which is to be renewed two 
 or three times, according to the ur- 
 gency of the fymptoms. But in a 
 true ring-bone, where the fubftance 
 is hard, like a piece of flint, and 
 altogether infenfible, and without 
 
 ROD 
 
 pain, firing is the only thing ^^ 
 remove it. 
 
 To fire a ring-bone fiiccefsfully, 
 let the operation be performed with 
 a thinner inftrument than the com- 
 mon one ; and let the lines or razes 
 be made not above a quarter of an 
 inch diftant, crofling them obliquely 
 (bmewhat like a chain ; apply a 
 mild bhrterover all, and when quite 
 dried up, and before the hair is 
 grown, lay on the following charge. 
 
 * Take ad herniam or rupture plai- 
 
 * fler, eight ounces; yellow rofm, and 
 
 * bees W3X, of each three ounces ; 
 
 * melt them together^ and make a 
 
 * charge to be (pread over the pn- 
 
 * ftern joint, covering the whole 
 
 * with fl( kes, or with the rtufHngs 
 
 * of an old faddle, which is as good 
 ' as any thing foi this purpofe.' 
 
 When the ad herniam plailkr is 
 grown hard with age, a little oil 
 may be added in melting, lert the 
 charge fliould be too brittle, and fo 
 crumble off. And as foon as the 
 hori'e has refted two or three days 
 in thehoufc, and the charge fettled 
 on the part, turn him out to grafs 
 in fome dry, fmooth pafture ; and 
 if in the winter, into a covered 
 place. 
 
 The fame method is to be fol- 
 lowed when the ring-bone fall? to- 
 wards the coronet, cr the coffin- 
 joint. Gihfons Difeafes of Horfes, 
 
 RIPOS rE, in the manage, is the 
 vindictive motion of a horfe, that 
 anfwers the fpur with a kick of his 
 foot. Guillet. 
 
 RIVET, in the manage, is the 
 extremity of the nail that refts or 
 leans upon the horn, when you flioe 
 a horfe. See Shoe and Nail, 
 Guillet. 
 
 ROAN COLOUR of a horfe. 
 See the article Colour. 
 
 ROD, in the msnage, is afwitch 
 
 held by the horfeman in his right 
 
 hand. 
 
R O W 
 
 hand, partly to reprefent a fwonl, 
 and partly to conduit the horfe, and 
 fecond the effeas of the hand and 
 heels. Giiillct. 
 
 ROPE, Cord, or Strap, in 
 the manage, is a great ftrap tied 
 round a pillar, to which a horfe is 
 fdftened when we begin to quicken 
 and fupple him, and teach him to 
 fly from the fliambrier, and not to 
 gallop faife : in manages that have 
 no pillar, a m^n ftands in the center 
 of the ground, holding the end of 
 ihe rope. 
 
 Ropes of t-ivo pillars are the 
 ropes or reins of a caveilon, ufed to 
 a horfe that works between two pil- 
 lars. GuiUet. 
 
 ROUND, or Volte, in the ma- 
 nage, is a circular head. See the 
 article Volte. 
 
 To cut the round. See Cut. 
 To round a horfe, or make him 
 round, is a general expreffion for all 
 forts of manage upon rounds ; fo 
 that to round a hoife upon trot, gal- 
 lop, or Dtherv/ife, is to n.ake him 
 carry his ihoulders sr.d haunchts 
 compa^Iy, or roundly, upon a 
 greater or fmaller circle, without 
 traverfing or bearing to a fide. 
 
 To round your horfe the better, 
 make ufe of a cord or (trap held In 
 the center, till he has acquii^ed the 
 habit of rounding, and not making 
 points. In working upon volts you 
 ought never to change your hand, 
 unlefs it be in preiTing your horfe 
 foiward, and rounding him. See 
 the article Points . Guillet. 
 
 ROUSSIN, in the manage, is a 
 ftrongwel! knit, well-tfowed horfe, 
 fuch as aie commonly brought into 
 France from Germany and Hol- 
 land. Guillet. 
 
 ROWEL, an artificial vent, made 
 between the ikin and fleih, in order 
 to unload and empty the veffels in 
 genera', and thereby relieve particu- 
 lar part^', \\hen too much oppreffed 
 
 ROW 
 
 by a fulnefs or redundancy. Thei^ 
 feems to be no remedy fo much made 
 ufe of, and fo little underftood by 
 farriers in general, as rowels ; for 
 which reafon we fhall endeavour to 
 fetihewhole affair In a clearer light 
 than hitherto it has appeared in. 
 
 It is neceffary to obferve, that the 
 matter generally difcharged by a 
 rowel, is nothing more than an 
 ouzing from the extremities of the 
 vefftls divided in the making of it j 
 in faa then it is blood, which lofes 
 its colour by being ihed out of thft 
 vefTelF, the warmth of the part, and 
 its confinement. If this is granted, 
 it will evidently appear, that the 
 good effe6ls cnfuing this operation 
 muft be owing to a gradual dej.le- 
 tion, or emptying of the veffels in 
 general, by which means the fur- 
 charge, or load on a particular part,- 
 is taken off, and remove&l ; and im- 
 purities or bad juices (generally 
 called humours) run off with the 
 good, in proportion to their quan- 
 tity in the blood. To imagine par- 
 ticular humours are thus Separately 
 and alone difcharged from the blood 
 through thofe orifices, is an opinion 
 but tuo generally received, though a 
 very ablurd one, and mivft be very 
 pernicious in its confequences, from 
 the bad effects it may have in prac- 
 tice ; as muft the fame reafoning 
 alfo in regard to purging. Thus 
 to lean hide-bound horles, and thofe 
 of a dry hot conftitution, the dii- 
 charoe by depriving the conftitution 
 of fo'^much blood and fluids, is daily 
 exhauliing the ftrength of the ani- 
 mal, and may be produ^ive ot bad 
 conft^quences, by defrauding the con^ 
 ftitution of a neceffary fluid. 
 
 But in diforders from fulneffe5, 
 attended with acrimony, or fliarp- 
 nefs of the juices, and with de- 
 fluxions on the eyes, lungs, or any 
 part of confequence, the gradual 
 difcharge brought on by theie \r\ri 
 
 ;*ns 
 
 WlJl 
 
ROW 
 
 will contribute to lefien the fuilnefs 
 on the parts afFtfled, and give the 
 vefTels an opportunity of retcveiing 
 their tone, while evacuating and al- 
 terative medicines are doing their 
 office. 
 
 It may be neceffary however to 
 obferve, that there is a wonderful 
 communicaticn between the vefTels 
 oi the cellular membrane under the 
 Ikin, which remarkably appears by 
 inflating thofe of fheep, calves, &c, 
 by the butchers : hence probably it 
 is, that fome dilbrders ot this inte- 
 gument are fo apparently relieved 
 bj ifTues, or rowels, without our 
 having recourfe to that general de- 
 pletion of the vefifels we have juft 
 obferved, to account for it } and 
 hence alfo may be deduced their 
 utility, fometimes in draining off 
 any extravafated fluids, which may 
 lodge between the interftices of the 
 mufcles, after violent (trains of the 
 /houlder } alfo in dilchargirg fuch 
 vicious orfliarp fluids, as are thrown 
 on the membranes, and occafion 
 thofe flying pains and lamenefles 
 which we And aie often removed by 
 this local remedy. Bartht. 
 
 There are two fcrts of rowels, 
 viz. a hair rowel, and French row- 
 el. The one is what the furgeons 
 call a featon J and the other, a fon- 
 ticle, or fontanel : but the fonticle, 
 or French rowel, is by many pre- 
 ferred, as it is not fo apt to caule an 
 abfcefs, and is therefore more eafily 
 di ied up : but in cafes that require a 
 confiderable difcharge of matter, a 
 fmall abfcefs is not to be aitogeiher 
 feared, becaufe luch a one as hap- 
 pens upon roweinng may be ealiiy 
 enough cured, bv the ap^>lication of 
 bolfters and tiglit bandages. We 
 need not lay down any particular 
 dire^^ions concerning this opera- 
 tion, fmce it is fo common that 
 every country fm.ith can perform it. 
 We fliall only take notice, that the 
 
 RUN 
 
 French rowel ought always to he 
 put in the interftices or furrows that 
 go between the mufcles, either to- 
 wards their origin or infertion, or 
 any other part throughout the whole 
 tra6l of any interftice : but to pre- 
 vent a too great abfcefs, the hair 
 rowel may be better placed towards 
 the lower part of the interftice, 
 where the furrow is not fo deep, . 
 and where the matter will eafdy run' 
 off: but care ought to be taken, 
 not to put in the rowel too near the 
 ttndons, but where there is fbme 
 fubllance of fiefli. Gihfcns Far- 
 rier s Guide. 
 
 Rowels of a fpur, in the ma- 
 nage. Stethe article Spur. 
 
 ROWELLING. See Rowel. 
 
 FvUBICAN colour of a horje, v-, 
 a bay, forrel, or black, with a light 
 grey, or white upon the flanks, but 
 fo that this grey or white is not pse- 
 dominant thcie. Cuillet. 
 
 RUDE ;;:o!icfis of a horfe are to 
 be checked, by acting quite contrary 
 to thefe motions : thus if the horfe 
 rifes before, you muft incline your 
 body a little forwaid to him : in 
 like manner, when he fliiikes out 
 behind, or raifes his croup, you 
 are to put your body backvi'ard, 
 which is contrary to his motion ; 
 for did you follow the horfe, you 
 would fet your bcdy forward, and 
 fo be in danger of being thrown. 
 The beft wsy therefore is, to fit 
 ftraight as nruch as pcfTible, and 
 then the horles aftion will keep you 
 upon your twill. Riiflic DiSi, 
 
 RUN, in the manage. To run 
 a horfe is to prit h)m to his utm:(t 
 fpted. Seme ule the word running 
 for any kind of gallop. Guillet. 
 
 RUNNING -THRUSH, or 
 Frush, an impofthume that fome- 
 times gathers m the frog ; or a 
 Icabby and ulcerous difpofition, 
 which fometimes caufes it to fall 
 ofFj when the dikharge is natural, 
 
 the 
 
RUN 
 
 the feet Ihould be kf pt clean, Init no 
 drying Wiflies made uie ol j it being 
 thought as unfafe to repel lome ot 
 thefe dilcl.arge?;, as to cure ibme 
 fweaty Jeet. When ap. impofthume 
 or gathering appeats, the I'afeft v^ay 
 is to pare out the hard part of the 
 IVcg, or whatever appears rotter, 
 and wafh the botfom c: the foot two 
 or three tiir.es a d:iy with old cham- 
 berlye. This is the fafcft and the 
 brft way of treating ti;eni. But 
 when a horfe h?s been neglected, 
 and there is a ftrong flux to the part, 
 it is apt to degenerate into a canker, 
 to prevent wliich ufe the following. 
 
 * Take f^jirit of wine and vinegar, 
 
 * of each two ounces ; tinflure of 
 
 * myrrh and aloe«, one ounce ; zc- 
 
 * gyptiacum, hall an ounce ; mix 
 
 * together.' Bathe the ihrufh with 
 this, wherever there appears a more 
 than ordinary moifture, and lay 
 over the ulcer a little tow dipped in 
 the fame. The purges and diure- 
 tics recommended in the greafe, 
 fhould be given at this time, to pre- 
 vent the incfinveniencies that the 
 drying up thefe dilcharges frequently 
 occafion . Gihfon and Bartlet. 
 
 RUNNING HORSE j if you 
 would chule a h.-M-fe for running, 
 let him have all the fined fiiapcs 
 that may be, nimble, quick and 
 fiery, apt to fly v/ith the le^ft mo- 
 tion : Ijrgfhapes are fufferable, for 
 though they are a (Ign of weakneis, 
 yet they are alfo tokens of a fudden 
 fpeed. As for the ordering of fuch 
 a horfe, let him have no mere meat 
 than will fuflice natute, drink once 
 in twer.ty-four hours, and drening 
 every day, once at noon only. Give 
 him model ale exercife morning and 
 evenmg, airings, cr the fetching in 
 of his water ; and let him know no 
 other violence than in his courfes 
 only. In cafe he be very far, fcour 
 him often, if of reafonable cafe, 
 feldom : if lean, then fcour. with a 
 
 R U P 
 
 fweet mafl) only, and let him (land 
 d.Hik and warm, having many 
 clothes and much litter, and tliat of 
 wheat ftraw only. He ought to be 
 empty beiore you run him, and his 
 food the fined, lightel^, and quickelt 
 of digeftion that may be, l^hofa 
 fA'eats are more wholefome that ate 
 given abroad, and the cooling?, mod 
 natural that are given before becomes 
 to the (table : his limbs muft be kept 
 fupple with cool ointments, and let 
 not any hot fpices come into his 
 body. If he grow inwardly, waflied 
 meats are molt proper} if ioofe, give 
 him wheat-llraw in mo/e abun- 
 dance ; and be fure to do every 
 thing neat and cleanly about him, 
 wl^ich will nou'ifn h.im the better. 
 ^/ortf/nan's Dicimicry . 
 
 RUPTURE, cr BuRSTENNEss, 
 is when any part of the guts or caul 
 makes its way through t!^.e mufcles 
 of the lower belly ; and when any 
 part of the guts fills into the fcro- 
 tum, it is faid then to be a compieat 
 rupture \ and when at the navel, it 
 is called an umbilical lupture. 
 
 In regard to luptures, though 
 they are generally divided into par- 
 ticular claffes, we fliall only obferve, 
 that by violent efforts of the horfe, 
 or other accidents, the guts or caul 
 may be forced between the mufcles 
 of the beliy at the navel, and through 
 th.e rings of the mufcles into the fcrc- 
 tuin or cod. Tfe fwellings are ge- 
 nerally about the fize of a m.an's fiit ; 
 fometimes much hrger, defcending 
 to the very back ; they are frequently 
 foft, and yield to the prtlfuie of the 
 hand, when they vvill return to the 
 cavity of the belly, witlj a rumbling 
 noii'e \ and in moft, the vacuity may 
 be ftlt through which they paffed. 
 On tireir fit ft appearance, endeavours 
 fhould be u!ed to return them by the 
 hand : but if the fwelling fhould be 
 haril and painful, in order to relieve 
 the ftriclure, and relax the parts 
 through 
 
R U P 
 
 through which the guts or can! has 
 pafTed, let a hige quantity of blood 
 be immediately taken away, and 
 the part fomented twice or thrice a 
 day ; applying over it a ponltice 
 jTjade vvrth o:it meal, oil, and vine- 
 gar, which O)onld be continued till 
 the iwelh'ng grows foft and eafier, 
 or the gut is returned. In the mean 
 time, it vvouhi be proper to throw 
 tip einollieni oily glyllers twice a 
 day. and let the hork's chief diet be 
 boiled barley, kalded malt, or bran. 
 
 R U P * 
 
 Should the fwelling afterwards 
 return, we apprehend the reitringent 
 applications ufually recommended 
 on thefe occafions, will avail little, 
 without a fufpenfory bandage ; fo 
 that an ingenious mechanic in that 
 art is chiefly to be relied on for any 
 future afliftance ; though it has been 
 obiervcd, that, with moderate feed- 
 ing and gentle exercil'e, fome horfes 
 have continued to be very ufeful 
 under this complaint. BartkU 
 
 '^m^6%s^i^^^i^^^m^%ffM'^&^m^^s}& 
 
 s. 
 
 SAD 
 
 CACCADE, in the manage, a 
 jtrk, more or Icis violent, given 
 by the horfeman to the hcife, in 
 .pulling or twitching the reins of the 
 bridie, all on a fudden, and with 
 one pel! j and that when a horle 
 lies heavy upon the hand, or obfti- 
 cately arms himfeif. This is a cor- 
 Tefticn ui'ed to make the horfe carry 
 ^well : but it ought to be w'ieii dil- 
 ■creetJy, and Hut feldom. Gidllet. 
 
 SADDLE, in the manage, a 
 Iciisd of ftuffed feat, laid on the back 
 of an horfe, for the conveniency of 
 iht rider. GuiUet. 
 
 There are ftveraj forts of faddles 
 in ufe. J. The running faddie, 
 ■which is a fmail one with round 
 ikirts. 2. Burford faddie. that has 
 the feat and fkirts both plain. 3. 
 Pad-faddle, of which there are tvio 
 ions, Ibme made with bars before 
 ;the feat, and others with bolKers 
 Mtictr the thighs. 4. A French pad- 
 jfadiiit, the birs of which ccme 
 
 SAD 
 
 wholly round the feat, 5. A port- 
 mantle faddie, that has a cantle be- 
 hind the fear, to keep the portmantle 
 or other carnage off the rider's hack, 
 6. A w^r faddie, that has a cantle 
 and boJiler behind and before; alfo 
 a fair bolfter. 7. The pack faddie* 
 
 As for the feveral parts of a fad- 
 die, and their feveral defcriptions, 
 they will be found undtr their fe- 
 veral heads, in the courfe of this 
 work. Thefe are the barfi, buckle, 
 or girth buckle, civet, crupper, 
 buckle and Itraps, girth, girth- 
 web, gullet plate, hinder plate, 
 loops, male- girths, n)ale -pillen, 
 maic-fir^ps, male-ftitks, nci ve-pan- 
 rel, pom;nel, hodlie, or body-girth, 
 fl.'aping thefkirr, draining thtweb, 
 ftuffing the pannel, fnrcingle, trap- 
 pings, tree, waunty, &c. See Side- 
 Saddle. RufikDia, 
 
 A Hunting faddie is com}>ofed of 
 two bows, two bands, fore-bolller^, 
 paniitis, and faddie -ftyaps : and the 
 
SAN 
 
 great faddle has befides tbefe parts, 
 corks, hind-bolfttrs, and a tioufle- 
 quin. The pommel is common to 
 both. See Bow, Band, Bols- 
 ter, Sic. 
 
 A horfeman, that would fit a 
 horfe well, ought iilways to (it on 
 his twift, and never on his Inittocks, 
 v;hich ought never to touch the fari- 
 dle ; and whatever diioider the 
 horfe commits, he ought never to 
 move above the faddle. Guill. 
 
 SADDLE-backcd, arpong horfe- 
 men, a name given to a horfe, that 
 is hard to fit witli a fad'Jie, hi> 
 reins being low, and his head and 
 neck raifcd, fo as to require a fad- 
 dle to be made on purpofe for him. 
 Guillet. 
 
 SADDLE-r/T?/^. See the article 
 Housing. 
 
 SADDLE-rc//. See the article 
 Troussequin. 
 
 StA'DD'LE-firaps, are fmall lea 
 them Ibaps, nailed to the bows of 
 the faddle, which are ufcd to hold 
 the girths faft to the faddle. See 
 the article Bows. 
 
 Saddle Galled, is when 
 a horfe's back is hurt or fretted with 
 the faddle. See the articles Cal- 
 ling, and Back-sore, &c. 
 
 SALLENDERS, cr Sellen- 
 DERs. See Mallenders. 
 
 SALTS, in horfemanfhip, the 
 leaping and prancing of horfes, a 
 kind of curveting. Ruftic Did. 
 
 SALT MARSH. See Sea- 
 water. 
 
 SAND CRACK, a fmall cleft, 
 or rift, on the outfide of the hoof, 
 which, if it runs in a ftrait line 
 downwaids, and penetrates through 
 the bony part of the hoof, often 
 proves troiiblefonie to cure : but, 
 if it paflfts through the ligament that 
 unites the hoof with the coronet, 
 it is then apt to breed a quitter or 
 falfe quarter, which are dangerous. 
 V/hcn the crack penetrates only 
 
 S C A 
 
 through the hoof, without touching 
 the ligament, unlefs the hoof be 
 hollow, it may be eafily cured, by 
 rafping only the edges fm.ooth, and 
 applying thick pledgits of bafilicon, 
 and binding them down with a 
 piece of fo ft lid 3 iffome precipitate 
 be added to it, this medicine will 
 be improved thereby j and in ge- 
 neral anfwers the end, without any 
 rther application. But if you per- 
 ceive any hollownefs under the hcof 
 and that the cleft has a tendency to 
 penetrate through the griftle or li- 
 gamrnt, the bell method in that 
 caie is to fire out of hand, wi;h i- 
 rons that are not made too hot, firft 
 rafping very thin and wide, from 
 both fides of the cleft ; the horfe 
 muft not carry any weight for feme 
 time, but be turned out to grafs, 
 or wintered in a good farm yard. 
 G'lhfon and Bartlet. 
 
 When the crack penetrates only 
 through the hoof, and that there 
 is a ntrcefTiry for travelling, Mr, 
 JVood direils the method here pio- 
 pofed in that cafe, to be accompa- 
 nied with a bar-fhoe, which will 
 effectually fecure the fuccefs of ir, 
 even were it a journey of a thou- 
 fand miles, thjough the worll of 
 roads. 
 
 SCAB, or Mange, in horfes. 
 See the article Mange. 
 
 Croivn Scab. See Crow n - 
 Scab. 
 
 SCABBARD, thefkln that ferves 
 for a flieath or cafe to a horfe's yard^ 
 Guillet. 
 
 SCABBED-Heels, the dife5fe 
 otherwife called the Running 
 Thrush, or Frush. See Run- 
 ning Thrush. 
 
 SCALD, or Burn. S-.e th- 
 article Burn. 
 
 SCALDING, a method of cure 
 for the poll-evil, for the proce's of 
 which fee the article Poll-Evil. 
 
 SCATCH. MOUTH, in the 
 ma- 
 
SCR 
 
 manage, a bit-mouth dliTering from 
 a cannon mouth in this, that the 
 cannon mouth is round, whereas 
 the fcatch-mouth is more oval. See 
 the articles Bit -Mouth and 
 Cannon-Mouth. 
 
 That part of the fcatrh-mou'.h 
 which joins the hit mouth to the 
 branch is likewife different ; a can- 
 non being ftald unon the branch by 
 a fonceau, and a fcatch by a chape- 
 ron, which furrounds the banquet ; 
 the effe6l of the fcatch-mouth is 
 fomewhat bigger th:in that of the 
 cannon mouths, and keeps the mcuth 
 more in fubje6lion. 
 
 Commonly fnaffles are fcatch- 
 mouths. Guillet. 
 
 SCHOOL, in the manage, is 
 ufed to fignrfy the lefTon and labour 
 both of the horfe and horfeman. 
 
 A fchool pace^ or going, denotes 
 tlie lame with ecoute. See the ar- 
 ticle Ecoute. 
 
 SCIATICA, orRHEUMATisM, 
 in horfes. See the article Rheu- 
 matism. 
 
 SCIRRHt^S, a very haid fwel- 
 ling, fometimes entire, fmooth, and 
 without pain; fometimes divided 
 into little knots and bundles, feated 
 for the mo(t part among the glands 
 and kernels. See the article Tu- 
 MOXJR. 
 
 SCOURING, or Lax, in hor- 
 fes. See the article Lax. ' 
 
 SCRATCHES, a diftemper in 
 horfes of feveral forts and kinds, 
 diftinguifhed by various names, 
 viz. crepances, rat-tails, mules, 
 kibes, pains, &c. being no other 
 than the fcratches., which are cer- 
 tain dry fcabs, chops, or rii^ts, that 
 breed between the heel and paflern 
 joints, and do many times go a- 
 bove the paftern, to the ve-y hoof 
 of the hinder legs, and fometimes 
 are upon all four legs, tho' tliis is 
 not very common. See the articles 
 Crepanc-Ks, Rat-TailS; <5.'c. 
 
 SCR 
 
 They proceed from dry, mekn- 
 choly humours, which fall dovwn 
 upon the horle's legs ; or from fum- 
 ing his own dung lying under his 
 heels, or near them : fometimes 
 by his heels not being rubbtd, ef- 
 pecially after a journey or hard la- 
 bour, they not being rubbed dry 
 from fand and dirt, after he is 
 brought in from waleiing; which 
 burns and frets them, and fo caufes 
 fwtllings, and thole fweilings the 
 fcratches. Sometimes they proceed 
 from a corruption of blood, <\\\tv 
 great heats, taken now and then by 
 being l)red in fenny, maifhy, wa- 
 tery grounds j or laftly, by over 
 hard riding, wheieby his grejfe be- 
 ing meltrd, it falls down and fet- 
 tles in his palUrn and fetlock, ar,d 
 thefepioduce this foirance. 
 
 The figns to know this diftem- 
 per, are the ftarir.g, dividing, and 
 curling oftheha'r. It begins fii It 
 with dry fcabs in ihe paflem joint?, 
 like chops or chinks, in Jtveial 
 (I'lapES and forms j fom.etimes long- 
 ways, fometimes downright, and 
 at other times over- thwart, which 
 will cau'e the legs to I'well and be 
 very gouiy, and run with fretting, 
 watery matter, and offenfive fluff, 
 which will make him go fo lame at 
 firft fctting out, that he will be 
 hardly able to go. Rujlic DUJ. 
 
 Scratches in the heels have fo 
 much affinity v hh the greafe, and 
 are fo often concomitan;s cf that 
 diftcmper, that the method of tieat- 
 ing them may be lelt-fted cliiefly 
 from what has been faid under the 
 article Greas e.. 
 
 This tieatment fliould at firfl be 
 by bnfeed and tujnep-poultice, with 
 a little common tifrpentine, to fof- 
 ten them, and relax the vtfiels. 
 The green ointment may then be 
 applied for a few days, to promote 
 a diicharg-e, when they maybedii- 
 edup v/ith the ointments and w^flies 
 leconi. 
 
SEA 
 
 recommended rn the greafe. It is 
 bell afterwards to keep the heels 
 lupple, and fbftened with currier's 
 dubbing, which is made of oil and 
 tallow. This will keep the hide 
 from cracking, and be as good a 
 prel'ervative as it is to leather ; and 
 byufingit often before exercile will 
 prevent the fcratche?, if care is tak- 
 en to wafli the heels with warm wa- 
 ter when the horfe comes in. When 
 they prove obftinate, and the fores 
 
 are deei>, ufe the followinCT : but if 
 
 - I 'I 
 
 any c3Vities, or iiollow places, are 
 
 formed, they fliould firtt be laid o- 
 
 pen, for no foundation can be laid 
 
 for healing till you can drei's to the 
 
 bottom. 
 
 * Take Venice turpentine, four 
 
 * ounces ; qviickfdver, one ounce ; 
 
 * incorporate well together, by rub- 
 ' hing fometimes ; and then add 
 •^ honey and flieep's fuet, of each 
 ' two ounces.' Anoint with this 
 once or twice a day ; and if the 
 horfe is full and flcfliy, you muft 
 bleed and purge j and if the blood 
 is in a bad liate, alteratives mult be 
 given to rectify it. Bartlet. See 
 
 G R A CKS . 
 
 SEA WATER. The efHcacy 
 of fea -water in removing all ob- 
 ffu6\ions of the glands has been 
 much recommended among us of 
 late. This hint may have been 
 tr/iten from the good efre61s irwas 
 obierved to produce in obftinate 
 ch.ronicsl cafes, on morbid horfes 
 who are lent to fait marilies, which 
 purge the hcrfes more by dung and 
 mine than any other pafiure, and 
 make afterwards a firmer fic/h. 
 The water of theft maifhes is for 
 the molt part braBjjcifli, and of courfe 
 faturated with iaits from the fea wa- 
 
 The admirable efre61« of Tea water 
 on animal hodie* are fully difplayed 
 by ih^ learned Dr. Rvjfelj to whofe 
 
 S E E 
 
 Trcutife on that fuhjea we refer the 
 curious reader. Barflet and ihod^ 
 
 SEAMS, or Seyms, in horfes, 
 are certain clefts in their quarters-, 
 caufed by^ the drinefs of the foot; 
 or by being ridden upon hard 
 ground: they are eafily perceived 
 by the horfes not fetting his feet 
 firm down in walking. You may 
 know them, by looking upon the 
 quarters of the hoofs on the irlide, 
 which will be cloven from the co- 
 ronet to the very fnoe, quite 
 through the horn, and fuch quar- 
 ters are commonly ftraitened. 
 Some of thefe clefts do not rife fa 
 high as the coronet, and therefoie 
 are the lefs dangerous j fo that,, 
 tho' they may be recovered, yet it- 
 is an imperfection in the feet, ef- 
 pecially in fat ones, which have a 
 thin horn, wheie fuch clefts fre- 
 quently caufe fcratches on the co- 
 ronet. Thofe horfes that are trou- 
 bled with feam5, cannot work hue 
 on veiy foft ground, for upon fto- 
 ny hard pavements, the bfood svill 
 often times ilTue out of the c'eff,. 
 
 For the cure of this r^alady, fee 
 /^rr/y:- Quarter, Cr. AC K, c£7V.' Ruf- 
 'tic Dia. 
 
 SEAT, in the manage, is the 
 pofture or fituation of a horfdmaa 
 upon tfie faddle. Gtinlet. 
 
 SEELING.. AJ;orfc is faid to 
 feel, when, upon" his eye blows, 
 there grow white hairs, mixe ! with 
 thofe oT his ufual colcu;-, about the 
 breadth of a farthmg, which is a 
 fare maik of old age. A horfe ne- 
 ver fefls till he is foui teen years old,, 
 and always before he i-; fifteen, or 
 fixteen at farthelf ; the light, forrel, 
 and black, feel fooner than others. 
 Horfe-courfers ufually pull out thoft 
 white hairs with pincers, but if 
 there be fo many it cannot be done, 
 without making the horfe look bald 
 and tigly, then they colour their 
 eye- 
 
S H A 
 
 eye-brows, that they may not ap- 
 pear old. SolleyfelL See Age of a 
 korfe. 
 
 bELLENDERS, or Sallen- 
 DERs. See Sallenders. 
 
 SEPARATERS, fome teeth 
 fo called. See Teeth. 
 
 SERPEGER, in the manage, 
 tiie riding of a horfe in thtr Terpen 
 tine wav, or in a tread with waved 
 turnings, like the pofture ot a Ser- 
 pent's body. Guillet. 
 
 SERPENTINE TONGUE, in 
 the manage, is a frilking tongue, 
 that is always moving, and fome- 
 times paflTes over the bit, inftead of 
 keeping in the void fpare called the 
 liberty of the tongue. Guillet. 
 
 SEVIL of the branches of a bridle 
 i«; a nail turned round l:ke a ring, 
 with a largs head made fait in the 
 lower pan of the branch called gar- 
 goiulle. See Banquet. Guillet. 
 
 SHAMBRIER, in the manage, 
 is a long thong ot leather made fall 
 to the end of a cane or ftick, in or- 
 der to animate a horfe, and jninifli 
 him if he refufes to obey the rider. 
 To make this horfe obedient, take 
 the fhambrier in your hand, fhew 
 it him ; crack it rigainft the ground, 
 and make him feel it. Guillet. 
 
 SHANK of a horfe is that part 
 of the fcre-leg which is between the 
 knee and the fetlock, or paftern 
 joint. The larger and broader the 
 {hank is the better. You will 
 know when it is fo, by the back- 
 iinew being at a diftance from the 
 bone, or pretty well feparate from 
 it, and having no kind of fwelling 
 or humour betwixt it and the bone, 
 which may caufe the leg to appear 
 round. SolleyfelL 
 
 SHAPE of a horfe. In order to 
 have a horfe beautiful and finely 
 made,it has been agreed on all hands, 
 that his head fhould not be l.;ng 
 nortoo large,rather lean thanflefhy; 
 his ears thin and narrow, and of 
 
 S H A 
 
 a becoming length, well fet on, 
 pointing inwards. His brow or 
 forehead not too broad and flat. 
 His nofe fomewhat riling, and of a 
 good turn ; his noftrils" wide and 
 thin ; his muzle fmail : his mouth 
 neither deep nor too fliallow ; with 
 a ffar or fnip down his forehead, or 
 a biaze, wlilch is no way unbecom- 
 ing, unleis it be too large, and dif- 
 proportioned. Hor'es that are thus 
 marke.l have generally one or more 
 of their feet white, which is alfo 
 very beautiful, and looks lively. 
 His jaws fliould be thin and fufHci- 
 ently wide, not approaching too 
 near together, nor too high up- 
 wards, towards the onfet, that he 
 may have fufhcient room to carry 
 his head ealy and in good place. 
 His eyes well formed and fprightly, 
 and of a middle fize. His neck 
 fliould be arched towards the mid- 
 dle, arifmg by a beautiful grada- 
 tion out of his brealt and fhotiiders j 
 the mufcles thereof diltinft, but no 
 where over charged with flefh, 
 gtowing fmaller and thinner, as it 
 approaches towards his head ; his 
 flioulders fhould be thin from the 
 withers, with a gradual enlarge- 
 ment dovvnwtirds, that his bolbm 
 or breaft he not too narrow nor too 
 grofs. His fore-legs llraight, and 
 well placed ; his joints lean an,d 
 long} his knees not bending; and 
 his pafterns not too long. His feet 
 round ftnd fmooth, and his fmews 
 firm and well braced. His carcafs 
 rather round than i^at ; his hack 
 not too low, and for ft;ength and 
 durablenefs pretty even and ftraight. 
 His ribs rather home than open, as 
 they approach towards his haunch- 
 es ; his britch round, and the muf- 
 cles not too flcrfliy, but diftin6t. 
 His hocks fliould be lean, and no 
 ways puffed or fiefhy ; his pafterns 
 fhort, his legs flat and thin, and 
 his tail fet on in a good place, ra- 
 ther 
 
SHE 
 
 tber high than low, riiing upon e- 
 very motion of his body. The more 
 the:e properties concurin any horle, 
 the more beautiful he muft be, el- 
 pecially when they conefpond and 
 agree in due proportion one to ano- 
 ther j and the more a horle is want- 
 ing in thefe, the more plain and 
 ordinary he will appear, Gibfo/is 
 Dtfeafes of horfes. 
 
 SHEDDING of the Hair, In 
 horfes. See Cast. 
 
 Shedding oftkefeed, in horfes, 
 is eafily known by a weaknefs and 
 debility, but that which the farriers 
 bring under this denomination is 
 but Ibme weak.^efs of the reins, cc- 
 cafioned by a ftrain or violeRt extr- 
 cife, or the folution of a cold, which 
 is fometimes followed by a running 
 at the yard. See the aitide Kid- 
 neys. 
 
 But the cure is the fame, whether 
 it be ieed, or only matter from the 
 reins, and may be performed by 
 once or twice purging, and the u.'e 
 of the following bail. * Take Ve- 
 ' nice turpentine incorporated with 
 *• the yolk of an egg, one ouncej 
 
 * fpermaceti, half an ounce : let 
 *^ thel'e be rubbed together, and 
 
 * mixed with fix drams of nitre in 
 
 * powder} half a pint of fweet oil, 
 
 * and a little white wine 5 and con- 
 
 * tinue its ufe for fome tiu.e.' This 
 diforcler may be cured by the ufe 
 of haalirg and balfamic medicines. 
 Gibfojfs Farriers Guide ^ and Difiafes 
 ojborfes. 
 
 SHELL-TOOTKED Horfe is 
 one that from five years, to old 
 age, naturally, and witiiout any 
 artifice, be^rs a maik in all hi- fore 
 teeth, and there Itill keeps that hol- 
 low place with a black mark, which 
 we call the eye of a bean, infomuch 
 that at twelve or fifteen he appears 
 with the mark of a horfe that is not 
 yet fix. For in the nippers of other 
 ho'fes, the hollow jilace is tilled, 
 
 S H O 
 
 and the mark difappears towards 
 the fixth year, by reafon of the wear- 
 ing of the too h. 
 
 About the fame age it is half worn 
 cut in the middling teeth, and to- 
 wards the eighth year,^ it difappears 
 in the corner teeth 5 but after aHiell- 
 tcothed horfe has marked, he marks 
 Hill equally in the nippers, the ir<id- 
 dling, and the corner teeth. \ which 
 proceedsfrom this, that having har- 
 der teeth than the other horics, his 
 teeth do not wear, and 16 he does 
 not lofe the black fpot. 
 
 Among (I the FoUjhy Hungarian^ 
 and Croatian horles, we find a great 
 many hollow toothed horle?, and 
 generally the mares aie more apt to 
 be fucb, than the horfes, Guilkt. 
 
 SHOE of a horfe, is a piece of 
 fiat iron, with two branches as 
 wings, which being commonly: 
 forgedy according to the form ot 
 the hoof for which it is dengned, 
 is made round at the !ce, and open- 
 at th.e heel. A fhoe for all ftet is- 
 one that is cvW at the toe into two e- 
 qual parts, which are joined by a 
 rivetftd nail, upon v/hich they are 
 moveable in fuch a tnanner^ that tiie 
 flioe is inlarged or ccntra6fed iefs ot 
 more at pleafure, in order to niske- 
 it fit all forts and fizts cf fier. See 
 the next article. For the difFereiit 
 kinds of horfe-flioes, fee the article 
 Horse-Shoe. 
 
 SHOEING cf horfes, a woik pro- 
 perly belonging to the finirh, but as 
 Noblemen, Gentlemen, and ethers 
 who are owners ofhoiles, ought to- 
 knew and dill nguiAi, at leatl in 
 fbme degree, when it is wsll or 
 ill dene, it is judged n.ceffary. 
 to be a little particular concern- 
 ing it. 
 
 This art confifts in paring of the 
 hoofs well, in the fhoe's being mad^ 
 of good (tuff, in the well fafhioning 
 the web thereof, and well piercing 
 ths fams, in fitting it to the horfe's 
 hoef. 
 
S H O 
 
 booF, In making nails of good fiufF, 
 3n'l well fafliicnmg them ; and 
 laftly, in the well driving and 
 clenching them. But forafmnch as 
 a horfes hoots ate either perfect or 
 imperfefl, and thef'e laft alfo either 
 rugged, long, crooked, or flat, and 
 that ihe fruflics may be broad, or 
 the holes mrrow, lefj-etFl mult be 
 had unto them in this work. 
 
 Firtl then for the paring of the 
 per'e^ hoof, nml the fore feet, the 
 leat of the fhoe muil be pared as e- 
 ven and plain as may be, that it 
 may fit dole, and not bear more 
 upon one place than another, and 
 more muft he taken ofFthe toes than 
 the heels, far the heels muft be 
 higher than lii* toes hecanfe all the 
 weight cf the hoiil's fore-body lies 
 upon tl.e qur". Iters and tb.em. 
 
 Next, the fnce mull be made of 
 Spanish iron, with a broad web, 
 fitting it to the lioof } and let the 
 i'pungps be thicker and more fiib- 
 ftantial tlnn any other part of the 
 fnoe; and alfo fomething broad, fo 
 that the quarters on both fides may 
 appear wiihout the hoof, about a 
 Itraw's breadth, to guard the cof- 
 fin, which is the fliencth of the 
 hoofj and in piercing, pierce it 
 from the quarter to the hard toe, 
 but not bckwards towards the heel, 
 that the holes may be wider on the 
 outfide th:-n on the infide, and that 
 the ciicle of the piercing may be 
 more diftant from the ei-ige of the 
 toe than from the edge of the quar- 
 ter wheie it begins, becaufe the hoof 
 is thicker forwards than backwards, 
 and therefore more hold to be taken: 
 make the nails of the fame ftuiT.wiih 
 the beads fquare, and not qtiite io 
 broad beneath as above, but an- 
 fwerable to the piercing- holes, fo 
 as the heads of the nails may enter 
 in and fill the fame, appearing 
 fomewhat above the fhoe, and then 
 they will ft^and fure without (hog- 
 ging, and endure longer j and that 
 
 S H O 
 
 which pierces them mufl be of the 
 fame fize with the nails, that is, 
 great above and fniall beneath, 
 v/hich is uiually but little regarded 
 by our fmiths, who make the holes 
 as wide on the infide as on the out- 
 fide, and their naiis of a great 
 fhouldering, by driving them over 
 hard upon the nail-hole, that the 
 heads, or rather necks of them, 
 cannot enter into the holes j where- 
 as a good nail fliould have no flioul- 
 dering at all, but be made with a 
 plain fquare neck, fo as it may 
 juftly fill the piercing holes of the 
 flioe, for otherwife the head of the 
 nail ft.mdmg high, and the neck 
 thereof being weak, it either breaks 
 offer elfe bends upon any light oc- 
 c.^.fion, fo as the flioe Ifands loofe 
 from the hoof, and is quickly ioff . 
 
 Again, the fh-^nks of the nails 
 fhould be fomewhat flit, and the 
 points fliarp, without holiowiiefs or 
 flaw, and ftifFer towards the heati 
 above than beneath ; and when yen 
 drive, drive at the firft with /bit 
 Ifrokes and a light haivimcr, till the 
 n'^il is fomewhat entered ; and in 
 flioelng fine and delicate horfes, 
 their points mull be greafed with 
 fo!t greafe, that they tnay the more 
 eafi'y ente--, and the two talon nails 
 mult be drove firit ; then fee whe- 
 ther the flioe (tands right on or not, 
 which may be ken by holding the 
 frufl), for if the fpunges on both 
 fides be equally diftant from the 
 frufli, then it is right, if not, it 
 muft be fet to rights, and fo another 
 nail driven in; when that is done, 
 let the horfe fet down his foot again,' 
 and look round about it, to fee whe- 
 ther it fits his foot In all places, and 
 whether he treads juft and fven up- 
 on it, or otherwife ; and if It ap- 
 pears, that it does not furrifh every 
 ))art equally, but that It is more 
 on one tide than another, lift v.p the 
 horfe's other foot, that fo he may 
 (land fteadily on that foot, then 
 ftiike 
 
S H O 
 
 ftrike him on the hoof wiih the 
 hammer, on that iuie where the Hioe 
 is Icanty, which fliall make it come 
 that vvny. 
 
 Wiien the fhoe ftands flrait and 
 juft, let all the reft ol the nails be 
 drove in, to the number of eight^four 
 on each fide, fi that their points 
 may feem to ftand in the cutfide of 
 the hoop, even andjuft one by an- 
 other, as it were in a circular line, 
 and not out of order like the teeth 
 of a Taw; then cut them off and 
 clinch them, (o as the clinches may 
 be hidden in the hoof, which, by 
 cutting the hoof with the point of a 
 kiiife, a little beneath the appear- 
 ance ot the nail, you may eafily do. 
 This done, pare off the hoof with 
 a rape, fo as the edge of the flioe 
 may ftein round about it. 
 
 Now for (hoeing imperfeft hoofs ; 
 as to the broad one, in pnrmg, as 
 much muft be taken off the toe with 
 a butteris as pollihly can be, keep- 
 ing it always under 5 but the heels 
 and quarters muft not be touched at 
 all, unlefs it be to make the feat of 
 the fhoe p'».!n, and that muft hi 
 done as fuperficially as can be, 
 whereby the hoofs ftiall always re- 
 main ftrong : then make a good 
 ftrong flioe, with a broad web and 
 broad fpunges, pierced as before, 
 fitting to the pared hoof ; and let it 
 appeir from the talon nail towards 
 the heel, a ftraw's breadth without 
 the hoof J and let it be fet in fuch 
 order, and with fuch nails as apper- 
 tain to the perf 61 hoof, faving that 
 five nails muft be fet on the outfide 
 of the hoof, and four on the infide, 
 becaufe he wears more without than 
 within. 
 
 2. The rcuih and brittle hoof, 
 which is geneially weaker without 
 than within, and for the moft part 
 better than the other hoofs ; the 
 hee's may be more opened than the 
 ether, that fo they may the more 
 
 S H 
 
 eafily be flopped with cow-dung of 
 other ointment, to keep them moifi i 
 the raggednefs alfo on the outude of 
 the coffin, fhould be filed away witli 
 a rape, and m'ide fm.ooth, that it 
 muft alio l"e aiiointed oftner than 
 other hoofs i but as for the reft of 
 the hoof, it muft be p^red as the 
 perfect one, for which the fiioe muft: 
 be made neither too light, but fo 
 that it may bear the horle, nor yet 
 too heavy, for then the hoof being 
 weak, will foon caft it ; and this 
 flioe mult be pierced to be fet on 
 with nails, five without and four 
 within. 
 
 3* The long hoof, reckoned im- 
 perfeft, may be helped by cutting, 
 away the toe, for the ihorter the foot 
 a weak ami tender leghas,the better; 
 and the reft of the hoof may be par- 
 ed like the perfeft one, for which 
 hoof make as round a flioe as you 
 can at the toe, that the breadth may 
 take away the ill fight of the length; 
 if the foot be very narrow, let the 
 fhoe diiTjoard without the hoof, 
 pierce the deeper, and fet it back- 
 w-^rd enough ; becaufe fuch kind o£ 
 feet tread moft on the heels, and 
 let it be fet on with eight nails, like 
 the perfe6l hoof. 
 
 4. The crooked hoof; to pare 
 which, look on that fide of the hoof 
 which is higheft and leaft worn, 
 then pare all that away, and make 
 it equal with the lower fide which is 
 mofi worn, without totiching the 
 worn fide at all, unlefs it be to 
 make the feat of the flioe plain ; and 
 for the reft, it muft be pared like 
 the perfefl hoof : then having an 
 indifferent ftrong fhoe, with a broad 
 web ready, let it be fitted to the 
 foot, and pare it not till you have 
 laid the flioe to the foot, to the in- 
 tent you may pare it to the horfe^s 
 bert advantage, which may be done 
 if the fcant fide be pared j that is, 
 moftlythe infide, more towards the 
 
 S to« 
 
S H O 
 
 toe than the fuller, and ftrongcr 
 fide J and where the hoof is weak- 
 eft, there alfo the fiioe mud be 
 made ftrongeft j and fet<» this on 
 with nine nails, viz. five on the 
 ftrongeft, and four on the vveakeft 
 fide. 
 
 5. In that imperfeft hoof, called 
 the flat hoof, otherwife the promifed 
 hoof, make the feat of the (hoe 
 plain, and take fomewhat off the 
 toe, but the heel and ball of the 
 foot muft not be touched, but both 
 of them left as ftrong as they can 
 be j and the fhoe for it muft be 
 made with a very ftrong web, for 
 the more it covers the weak foie, 
 the better ; and let the mid part of 
 the web that covers the ball of the 
 foot, be much thicker than the out- 
 fides, where the piercings be ; and 
 let it be fo hollow as to touch no 
 part of the ball of the foot, and let it 
 be large and long enough in all pla- 
 ces, fo that the horfe may go at eafe; 
 and it muft be pierced round about 
 the toe, to favour the heels, and make 
 ten holes for ten nails, viz. five on 
 every fide. 
 
 6. For the over-hollow hoof, 
 and confequently in iinpeife6\ ones, 
 pare it round about, efj)ecially the 
 feat of the ftioe, round about by the 
 edges, that lb the hollownefs thereof 
 within may not be fo deep, but ftial- 
 iower than it was before, and let 
 it ?ie always kept moift by ftop- 
 ping it, for fear of hoof-binding, 
 cbferving as even a hand as may be 
 in your paring, in all points like 
 unto the perfect hoof ; and in like 
 manner make for it fuch a flioe in 
 order and form, as was mentioned 
 before, to ferve the pgrfe6f hoof. 
 
 7. As to bro^fJ frufhes, which 
 caufe weak heels, there is little or 
 no need of paring at all ; wherefore 
 the toe muft only be -pared, and alfo 
 the feat of the fho^^ as much as 
 fhall be judged neceftary to the even 
 
 S H O 
 
 ftanding of the fhoe, leaving tfiff 
 heels as ftrong as pofiible j but for 
 this fort of hoof, the fl\oe muft be 
 ftronger towards the heel than to- 
 wards the toe ; and alfo let the web 
 be fomewhat broad towards the 
 heels, to fave them from the ground; 
 and it muft be fet on with nine 
 nails, becaufe it is moft commonly 
 a great foot ; but in all other re- 
 fpefls let it be made like the Ihoe 
 for the perfeft hoof. 
 
 8, The imperfe61: hoof, with nar^ 
 row heels, muft have the toe pared 
 fhort, and the feat of the ftioe muft 
 be made plain and fair, and open 
 only fo much that there may be 
 fome little fpace between the frufh 
 and the heel, for the lefs ycu take 
 off the heel, the better j For this, 
 a light flioe muft be made, with a 
 broul web ; and the fpunges muft 
 be fo broad as almoft to meet toge- 
 ther, to defend the heel from the 
 giound, and pierce it all towards 
 the toe, (paring the heels as much 
 as poffible : you muft fee that the 
 fhoe be long enough towards the 
 holes} let it be fet on- with eight 
 nails, like the fhoe that fits the per- 
 feft hoof, ' 
 
 9. Now as to the paring and 
 fhoeing of the hinder feet, which 
 is clear contrary to the fore feet, for 
 the vveakeft part of the hinder foot 
 is the toe, and therefore in paring 
 them, you muft always pare it more 
 than the heels ; but in all other 
 points obferve the order of paring 
 according to the perfection or im- 
 perfe6f ion of the hoofs, as before di- 
 re6fed. 
 
 Then in fhoeing, it muft be here 
 ftronger at the toe, and pierced 
 nigher the heel than the toe, and 
 the outfide of the fhoe fhould be 
 made with a calkin, not over high, 
 but let the other fpunge be agreea- 
 ble to the calkin, that is, as high 
 in a manner as the calkin, which 
 
S H O 
 
 IS to keep the horfe from Aiding 5 
 but then it muft not be fiiarp point- 
 ed, but rather flat, and handfomt-ly 
 turned upwards, which is the belt 
 fort of calkin. 
 
 But in cafe of a falfe quarter, If 
 the horfe halts, then make him a 
 flioe fitting to his foor, tacking it 
 on the quarter, on that fide the falfe 
 quarter is ; but if he does not halt, 
 then make it v/ith a button or flioul- 
 dering, on the infide of the flioe, 
 and next to the fole of the foot, 
 fomewhat dillant from the falfe 
 quaiter, towards the toe, which 
 will defend the fore place, that the 
 Ihoe touch it not j and yoH may 
 travel your hoife where you pleafe 
 with this fort of flioe. 
 
 10. For the hoofs that interfere ; 
 as they are molt commonly higher 
 on the outfide than on the infide, 
 you fliould therefore take off the 
 outfide with a butteris, to the intent 
 that the infide may be fomewhat 
 hio'ner, if ft will be, than the out- 
 fiJe ; and then making a flioe for 
 his foot, which (hould be thicker on 
 the infide than on the oulfide, it 
 muft never have any calkin, for that 
 will make the horfe tread awry, 
 and the fooner to interfere. See 
 Interfering. 
 
 Laltly j For paring and fhoeing 
 the foot that is hoof-bound ; firft 
 pare the toe as fliort as can be, and 
 the fole fomewhat thin j then open 
 the heels well, and make him a 
 half flioe, like a half moon. See 
 Hoof-Bound. Rujlic DiSf. 
 
 Rcficdicns on the Shoeing ofhor- 
 fes. The affair of (hoeing horfes is fo 
 important in its confequences, both 
 for the prefervation of the foot, the 
 fafety of the legs, and the eafe of 
 their motion, that we cannot be too 
 attentive to any innovations that 
 may be recommended to us in this 
 refpeft, we fliall therefore give Pvl, 
 La Fojfe's fentiments on this fubjeft, 
 
 S H O 
 
 with fuch animadverfions as have 
 occurred .to us. But in order to 
 underftand this new method of ihoe^- 
 ing, it IS neceffary firlt to premife 
 the folft)wing obtervaticns. 
 
 It is melt certain, that all horfes, 
 except fuch as have their feet o- 
 vergrovi-n, or fuch as may have a 
 particular occafion of being fhod, 
 to preferve the fole, may at any 
 rate go without fhoes ; and iheie 
 are many examples, vithout men' 
 tioning the cuftoms of Arabia or 
 Tartary, of hcrfes who are at daily 
 work without the leaft need of ever 
 being fliod, but as we employ all 
 our care and addrefs to hollow the 
 foot, by paring it even to the quick, 
 and to form an exa^l tine-trog, it 
 becomes abfoUuely neccffary to put 
 flioes on them. 
 
 The original defign of {hoeing 
 horfes was undoubtedly intended as 
 a prefervation of the hoof, and a 
 defence of the fole : but no one lure 
 could think it neceffary to pare a- 
 way what he wanted to preferve by 
 the ufe of the fhoes, becaufe that 
 would be to a6t contrary to his firtt 
 principles, and deftroy his own 
 work. This precaution could ne- 
 ver be recommended, but in cafes ' 
 where the horny fole is uneven, in- 
 fomuch that the (lioe could not bear 
 equally upon it, which would take 
 off from its neceffary firmnefs ; in 
 fuch a cafe it may be reaibnable, 
 otherwife it would be very abfurd. 
 
 Let us now obferve the going as 
 well as the external and internal 
 ftruaure of a horfe's foot. The 
 horfe then who draws prelTes firft on 
 the toe, then fucceflively on the 
 fides, to eafe the toe ; then the hoi- 
 fe's heel yiddi^iipon the heel of the 
 flioe, from wliich it immediately 
 riles again. The faddle or pack- 
 horle preffes the tee bur lightly, (o 
 that the ps^t of fupport is fixed 
 neither upbn the heel or tee, but 
 S * be- 
 
S H O 
 
 between both ; which it is eafy to 
 demonftrate anatomically. Thus, 
 the cannon bone piefles en the paf- 
 tern, this on the coronary, the co- 
 ronary on the coffin or foot bone, 
 and upon the nut bone. 
 
 By this defcription of the bones, 
 we may obferve two effeniial things, 
 which lay open the faults in the 
 prelent method of fhoeing, and 
 point out the means cf being able 
 to remedy them for the future : one 
 is, that the effort of the weight of a 
 "horfe does not bear either upon the 
 toe or heel, but on the middle be* 
 . tween both; the other fliews the 
 greater the diftance of the fole from 
 the ground, or from whatfotver 
 point of fupport, the more the 
 pufhing the coronary bone upon 
 the nut bone will fatigue the nerve, 
 or tendon, upon which it refts, by 
 the inordinate diftenfion it under- 
 goes at every fiep the hoife takes. 
 Thus, we fee that by hollowing 
 away the fole in paring, the horfe is 
 fuftained on'y upon the walls of the 
 hoof, which having no afliftance 
 of fupport from the horny fole, is 
 immediately worn and hatiered, 
 by the weight of the horfe's body : 
 and the fooner he treads upon any 
 hard fubllance, the fooner he grows 
 quite lame. 
 
 For by the conne61ion, thicknef?, 
 and flexibility, as well as contex- 
 ture of the horny fole, it feems to 
 be wholly deftined by nature to 
 ferve as a cufliion to the flefny fole 
 and tendon, which refts upon it, 
 in order to break the violent fhocks 
 of a pavement, ftone, or any kind 
 of ftump, or external violence ; but 
 by paring it away in tlie cuftomary 
 manner, the horfe lofes his defence 
 of nature againft flumps, nails, 
 glafs, &c. and thus the fiefhy fole 
 becomes ealily bruifed or wounded. 
 It is obfervable that a horfe feldom 
 goes eafy, or efcapes bsing foon 
 
 S H O 
 
 jaded, if the frog does not bear up- 
 on the ground, as it is the only 
 point of (upport to the tendon, fo 
 that if you keep it at any diftance 
 from the ground, by paring it a- 
 way, an inordinate diftenfion will 
 happen to the tendon, which being 
 repeated at every ftep he goes, fati- 
 gues it, and caules an inflamma- 
 tion, whence alio relaxations, de- 
 fluxions, and tendinous fwelling?, 
 efpecially after long journeys or 
 hard riding, which are occafioned 
 more by the paring of the fole than 
 the length of the journey : experi- 
 ence has ftiewn that the frog neither 
 fuffers or has fhewn the leaft fign of 
 fatigue or fenfibility, by being thus 
 expofed ; and indeed from the 
 ftruc^ure of it, it is fcarce poffihle : 
 for being of a foft fpongy, flexible 
 fubftance, by its natural elafticity ; 
 it yields to the weight of the body 
 the in it ant the horfe prefTes his feet 
 to the ground, and immediately re- 
 covers it again : however there is 
 one cafe whereby the frog mav oc- 
 cafion lamenefs, which is, when it 
 grows hard or dry : but by taking 
 off the little end of the frog, this 
 diforder is fcon remedied. As the 
 bad conftquences of paring away 
 the fole and frog have been pointed 
 out, and evidently proved, let us 
 obferve now the ill efFe(5ls of mo- 
 dern fhoeing : for it is upon the 
 form of the ihoes, and manner of 
 fetting them en, that not only the 
 prefervation of the foot, but alfo 
 the fafety of their legs, and the eafe 
 of their motion depends. 
 
 In effe6l, the more eafy our fhoes 
 fet upon us, the more a61ive we are; 
 fo a large, long, thick fhoe ought 
 to have the fame efreft upon horfes, 
 that wooden fhoes have upon us j 
 that is, rjiake them heavy, unweildy, 
 and hobling. A long fhoe is not 
 only perfectly ufelefs, but is preju- 
 dicial : for the horfe's heels coming 
 j^ to 
 
S H O 
 
 to fink upon thofe of the fhoes, the 
 longer the lever, the greater will be 
 the drag upon the clenches of the 
 nails of the toe ; and thus hories 
 will be more apt to (Irike them off 
 on many occafioRS, efpeciaily when 
 they are apt to overreach. The 
 longer the fiioe is, and the more it 
 covers the foie, the more liable the 
 hoife will be to fall, trip, and hob- 
 ble in his walk, particularly if he 
 goes on a pavement : becaufe the 
 llirface being formed of round parts, 
 and the fhoe having a large, uni- 
 form, hard face, h- can fcaice have 
 above two or three points of fup- 
 port. 
 
 It is thought by fome, that ftrong 
 fnoe heels are an eale to the weak 
 luels and fetlocks of horTe?, as if 
 the body of the fhoe was flexible 
 enough to yield to the hoi fs's heel ; 
 ^and under this notion they rail'e the 
 (hoe heel, and leave a vacant fpace 
 between that and the horfe's heel : 
 but the dire6f contrary happens, for 
 it is ths hoof that, by its flexibility, 
 yields to the fhoe heel, which is 
 quite inflexible j the thicker the 
 ihoc heel is, the more fubje^l that 
 of the horle is to meet it j and in- 
 lisad of being eafed, the hcrie's heel 
 becomes more comprefTed, as if in 
 a conftant vice : becaufe it has al- 
 ways the fame point of fupport. 
 By this m.eans, they deprive them 
 of the liberty of going with eafe 
 upon a pavement, becaufe the flioe 
 does not bear upon a level, and 
 produces an effect like that of a 
 pivot upon the middle of the fhoe 
 heels, and the vault or hollow. 
 
 To ohviate thefe inconveniencies, 
 M. La Fojfe propofes the following 
 method ot fhoeing, that neither the 
 fole or frog fliould be pared at all, 
 for neither will ever become too 
 large by its growth, but in jviopor- 
 tion as it grows, it will dry, Icale, 
 and fall off in flakes 5 that the edge 
 
 S H O 
 
 of the hoof, if thought too long, 
 fhould be taken down as ufual ; 
 and then a flioe in form of a half 
 moon fet on, reaching the middle of 
 the hoof J the heels may be thinned 
 and the fhoes made a little longer 
 for fuch ho'fes as have weak hoofs. 
 
 Eight fniall nails made in the old 
 way, that is having very fmall heads 
 are incrufled in the holes which 
 are made, as the head is, in an ob-, 
 long form. This is the whole my- 
 ftery. By this method, the fole is 
 preferved, and confequently the 
 foot defended againfl hard or fharp 
 bodies, which the horfe may chance 
 to tread on : tlius inflammations 
 and dangerous compreffions ?r- a- 
 voided j and the many inconveni- 
 encies already mentioned, from the 
 lodgment of land, gravel, or Hones. 
 
 Another advantage arifmg from 
 this method of fhoeing, and pre- 
 ferving the fole, thtt natural defence 
 againfl: external injuries, is, that ia 
 not paring away the fole, nor fetting 
 on any mpre flioe than is neceflfary 
 to preferve the ho^ny fole ; the 
 horfe will not be fub]e»St to flip, ei- 
 ther on the winter's icy pavement, 
 or the dry fmooth one of the fum- 
 mer. For by making a horfe walk 
 upon the frog, and partly upon the 
 heel, the former being flrongly rub- 
 bed, and pufhed againft the ground 
 or pavement, impreffes itfelf, as it 
 were, by the weight of the horfe's 
 body, into the inequalities and in- 
 terftices it happens to meet in its 
 way } by this means, the foot.reft- 
 ing on a great many more parts, 
 which mutually eafe jt, by multi- 
 plying the points of fupport, gives 
 the animal a ftronger adherence an4 
 more fecurity upon the place he 
 goes. 
 
 By paring away the fole, the air, 
 when it is in this thin ftate pene- 
 trates, and dries it to fuch a degree, 
 that by its coiurailion, it compref- 
 
 S 3 ft* 
 
S H O 
 
 Tes tVie flefhy fole fo as to lame the 
 horfes. By this means alfo (and and 
 gravel get in, and are groutid be- 
 tween the fole and fhoe, which not 
 readily coming out again, caufe 
 comprefrioni5, inflammation?, &c. 
 which laft accidents are very often 
 the efFe61s of a (tone's being wedged 
 in between the flioe and heels. 
 
 To recapitulate the whole. The 
 weight of the faddle horie does not 
 prefs upon the toe or heel, but on 
 the middle between boih, (b tlut the 
 greater the diftance of the fole from 
 the ground, or from whatever point 
 of fuppo- 1, the more the great ten- 
 don will be fatigued by the inordi- 
 nate diftenticn it undergoes at eve- 
 ry ftep. The more the fole is co- 
 vered by the fhoe, the more the liorfe 
 will flip, Aide, or fail : becaufe the 
 furface being formed of round parts, 
 and the fhoe having a large, uni- 
 form, hard face, he can fcarce have 
 above two or three points of fup- 
 port ; fo that the greater conta(5\ the 
 horfe's foot has with the ground, 
 the more points are multiplied, and 
 the fafer of confequtnce he goes. 
 
 By fhoeing, no other intention 
 could be expe6\ed but preferving 
 the hoof, after paring away its lux - 
 uriancy. That long fhoes and raif- 
 ing ihe fhoe heel is a very pernici- 
 ous cuftom. By paring away the 
 horny fe)ie, it hardens in proportion 
 to its being thinned ; and by com- 
 prefTmg the flefhy fole, makes a 
 horfe lame ; he iofes alfo the defence 
 of nature, againft external bodies ; 
 by whi.h means the flefhy fole be- 
 comes often -.vcunded, bruifed, &c. 
 By paring the frog fo much away 
 ,that it is not in contaft with the 
 ground, the tendon will be inordi- 
 nately dirtended, by which means 
 it becomes fubj^ft to inflamma'ion, 
 : relaxation, defluxlon, and rupture. 
 Laftly, It appears from the anato- 
 JTKy of the foot, that horfes are chief- 
 
 S H O 
 
 ly lame in thofe bones, and its ten- 
 don, that the prefent method of 
 flioeing contributes greatly thereto, 
 by parmgawav the horney fole, and 
 hollowing the foot j by which means 
 the fiefhy fole becomes more exnof- 
 ed to accidents, and the tendon fa- 
 tigued, flrained, and ruptured ; its 
 fupport being taken away, by par- 
 ing the frog. We may learn from 
 hence, that no more of the toe Hioujd 
 be pared away than to keep thef ot 
 unifoini with the flioe, th^it the fhoe 
 fliculd be made flat, in oider to a- 
 dapt itfelf the better to the foot j not 
 made too thick, or hollow, nor 
 proje(51ing beyond the horfe's heel. 
 
 This is the fubftance of M. La 
 Fcjl'^s new method of fhoeing, 
 which, from its fimpbcity, and the 
 great eafe of performing it, feems to 
 demand our regard and attention : 
 but though it appears well calculat- 
 ed for the flat pavements and roads 
 of France, yet we doubt its general 
 fuccefs with \\<, efpeclally in fome 
 of our rough ftony countries, where 
 the heel ami frog being left fo in- 
 tirely defencelefs, might be liable 
 to frequent injuries from fuch irre- 
 gular, foofe, bodies as flints, loofe 
 ftones, &c. We fhould fufpeft alfo 
 its fuccefs on moift, greafy, and 
 flippery foils, or chalks, where the 
 fhoe-heel or cramps feems of great 
 ufe to fupport a horfe, by the im- 
 preflion it makes in the furface, how 
 inconvenient foever it may be in o- 
 ther refpe61g, though it muft be con- 
 feffed from our method of fhoeing 
 race horfes, where the whole foot 
 runs into immediate conta6l with 
 the ground, notwithflanding the 
 courfe they run over is ot'ten very 
 flippery, yet they feldom fall. 
 
 But though this method may not 
 be fo generally adopted by us, in its 
 utmolt extent, for the reaibns above 
 given, as well as from the different 
 texture of horfes feet, which in fome 
 will 
 
S H O 
 
 will always demand a particular 
 method of flioeing, yet it undoubt- 
 edly may fuit many horles, and 
 many different parts of the king- 
 dom J and this particular advantage 
 every one may reap from it, viz. 
 to pare away as little of the fole and 
 frog as pofTible, even in the old me- 
 thod of Ihoeing: the many inconve- 
 niencies of wliich, we apprehend, 
 have been fufficiently pointed out, 
 and amply explained, and wouM by 
 this means be in a great meafure 
 obviated. La tojfey and Bartlef. 
 
 SHORT- JOINTED. A horfe 
 is faid to be lliort-jointed that has a 
 (hort partem. When this joint, or 
 the partem, is too rtiort, the horfe 
 is fubjefl: to have his fore-legs from 
 the knee to the coronet all in a (trait 
 line, commonly your fhort jointed 
 horfes do not manage fo v^'ell as the 
 long-jointed : but out of the ma- 
 nage, the fliort-jointed are the beft 
 for travel, or fatigue. Guillet, 
 
 SHOULDER of a horfe is the 
 joint in the fore quarters that joins 
 the end of the flioulder blade with 
 the extremity, of the fore thigh ; or 
 it is that part of his fore hand that 
 lies between the withers the fore 
 thigh, the counter, and the ribs. 
 
 The Ihoulders of a horfe fhould 
 be fharp and narrow at the withers, 
 of a middle fize, flat, and but lit- 
 tle flefh upon them j for if he be 
 charged with ftioulders, he will not 
 only be heavy on the hand, and 
 foon weary, but trip and ftumble 
 every minute, efpecially if with fuch 
 (houlders his neck be thick and 
 large. 
 
 Some faddle-horfes, on the con- 
 trary, are too fmall in the flioul- 
 dcrs J that is, when their breafts are 
 fo narrow, that their fore-thighs do 
 almoft touch ; fuch horfes are of 
 little value, becaufe they have a 
 weak fore-hand, and are apt to cut 
 by crofTing their legs, and carry 
 
 S H O 
 
 their legs fo confufedly in gallop- 
 ing that they are fubjeit to fall. 
 
 The nioulders of a well (leaped 
 horfe are compared to thofe of a 
 hare, and the diftance between them 
 fliould be little more than half the 
 breadth of his hind quarters. Sol- 
 lejfell. , . ^ 
 
 Shoulder of a Branchy in the 
 manage is that part of it which be- 
 gins at the lower part of the arch of 
 the banquet, over-againrt the mid- 
 dle of the fcnccau, or chapertfZj 
 and forms another arch under the 
 banquet. The fhoulder of the 
 branch carts a greater or lerter cir- 
 cumference, according as it is de- 
 figned to fortify or weaken the 
 branch. See Branch. 
 
 Shoulder-pegged Horfes, are fo 
 called when they are gourdy, ftiff, 
 and almoft without motion. 
 
 A Horfe charged ^vithjhoulders, is 
 a horfe that has thick, fleftiy, and 
 heavy flioulders. Guillet. 
 
 Faults and dfeSs of a horfes 
 Shoulders. With refpe61: to a 
 horfe's fliouUers, it fhould be re- 
 garded, that they are not too much 
 loaded : for a horfe that has heavy 
 flioulders can never move well } on 
 the other hand, one that has very 
 thin (houlders, with a narrow chert 
 or bofom, though he may move 
 brifkly while he keeps found, yet 
 fuch horfes are generally weak j and 
 the moft eafily lamed in their fhoul- 
 ders of all others. A narrow cheft- 
 ed horfe turns his elbows inwards 
 towards his briflcet, and his toes 
 outwards ; croffes his legs in tra- 
 velling, and fometimes cuts him- 
 felf } and thofe fort of horfes by 
 their unfteadinefs are as apt to trip 
 and ftumble, as the horfes that are 
 thick fhouldered, though they do 
 not fo eafily come down : in the 
 main, they are of lefs value, for if 
 they happen to get lame they are fit 
 for nothing j being v/eak and flen- 
 S 4- ^^^' 
 
S H O 
 
 d^r, whereas thick, fhouldered hor- 
 fes are generally ftrong ; and if any 
 accident happens that renders them 
 unfit for other ufes, they will i'erve 
 for a waggon or team: but a heavy 
 fhouldered horfe, at beft, is neither 
 fit for the faddle nor for a coach, 
 Kor indeed for any thing that re- 
 quires expedition. But that the 
 reader may underftand what is here 
 meant by a heavy fliouldered horfe, 
 and a thick fliouldered horfe, it will 
 be neceflary to obfeive, that fome 
 horfes have their flioulders full, and 
 yet no ways loaded ; and vvhen this 
 proceeds only from the largenefs of 
 the bones, and mufcles ; and when 
 thefe are firm and not loofe and 
 flabby, fuch fhoulders will be fuiH- 
 ciently pliable. But when the 
 ihoulders are loaded with flefh, and 
 the brealt or bofom is alfo flefliy, 
 the mufcles in this cafe are general- 
 ly clogged, which being the inltru- 
 inents of motion, fuch horfes can 
 never ftep out with freedom, but as 
 if they went upon (lilts. But the 
 worlT: fort of all others are thofe 
 where the breaft proje61s and hangs 
 over, lb that the fore legs are plac- 
 ed backwards, and appear as if they 
 were ftuck into a horfe's biifket. 
 Some horfes are greatly charged 
 with fiefh, or rather may be faid to 
 be grofs upon the top of their fhioul- 
 ders, and all over their withers, 
 which however is more an inconve- 
 niency than any hindrance to their 
 motion ; befides that this fiefhinefs 
 often abates Vv^irh exercife. It may 
 be obferved, that fome thick, fhoul- 
 -dered horfes have alfo very ihort, 
 thick necks. Thi fe are ufualiy the 
 moft fiefhy of all others, and are 
 woife ihan thofe that are thick fhoul- 
 dered. and at the fame time fmall 
 and flender necked j having this 
 additional ill quality, that they are 
 aimoft always heavy upon the hand, 
 Gibfon^s Difedfii cf horfes. 
 
 S H O 
 
 Of a Shoulder - Wrench, 
 Shoulder-Pight, Shoulder- 
 Splait. To underftand the na- 
 ture of thefe infirmitie'?, it will 
 be recefTary to obfeive that the 
 blade bone of the flioulHc' i> fixed 
 to the body, not by articulation or 
 jointing, but by appofuion ; being 
 laid to the ribs, and faftened by 
 the mufcles, which be under and a- 
 bove it, fo when a horfe happens to 
 receive a blow or ilrain in the fliouir 
 der, the tendons of thefe mufcles are 
 flretched and rehxf^d, and when 
 that is violent, it is called fhoulder 
 fplait, and becomes more or lefs 
 dangerous as the horfe is more or 
 lefs hardy. 
 
 Every one knows fufHclently, that 
 a flip, fa lie liep, or any undue po- 
 fition of a horfe's legs, will Itrain 
 and weaken the fl\ouIder,by flretch- 
 ing thofe ligampnt« ; and fomttimes 
 the flioulder is afFe6ted by a hurt or 
 bri'.ile on the withers ; the rea;on of 
 which may be eafily enough con- 
 ceived, by any one who will exa- 
 mine into the ftru6iure of thofe 
 parts : but when the accident proves 
 not fo violent as to fliew a loofenefs 
 and fweliing, it is not fb eafily dif- 
 cerned, whether the lamcnefs be ia 
 the fhoulder, in the foot, or any o- 
 ther joint. But the infirmities of 
 the flioulders may be dillinguifhed 
 from thofe of the feet, by having a 
 horfe put to exercife : for if the 
 lamenefs be in the feet, he will halt 
 moft when he is ridden j but if it 
 be in the fhoulder, the warmer he 
 grow, the lefs he will halt j and if 
 the wrench be violent, he will be 
 apt to call his legs outwards, form- 
 ing a circle as he goes. But if none 
 of thefe figns are perceivable, the 
 fureft way is to turn him fhort on 
 the lame fide, for that tries the 
 mufcles the moil of any thing, fo 
 that if the grief be in the fhoulder, 
 he will fet his foot on the ground 
 hardily. 
 
S H O 
 
 -hardily, and endeavour to favour 
 his fhoulder. 
 
 - But in order to the cure, a diftinc- 
 tion ought to be made between an 
 old griet'and a hurt that is newly re- 
 ceived : for in a fiefli (train, thefirft 
 intention is to apply I'uch things as 
 aie pi'oper to allay the heat and in- 
 flammation, and prevent a too great 
 flux ofmatter to the part ; whereas 
 in an old grief, thoie things are 
 ch)efiy made ule of that attenuate 
 and lender thefujerfiiious humouis 
 unfit to pafs through the pores ; and 
 therefore as loon as you perceive 
 your hone lamed in the fhoulders by 
 a lail or any other accident, after 
 he has been bled on the oppofite 
 fide, you are immediately to bathe 
 the part well with i'pirits of wine and 
 vmegar, of each equal parts, in 
 which Kas been diffolved a piece of 
 foap : this to be repeated two or 
 three times a day, or a eold re- 
 flringent charge may be applied of 
 vinegar, bole, and the whites of 
 eggs. Verjuice may be ufed in- 
 Head of vinegar upon tl^ie road. 
 The part ought in the beginning to 
 be rcfreftied two or three times a 
 day, with a fpunge dipt in vinegar 
 and bole, and after that the follow- 
 ing plaifter may be applied, * Take 
 
 * common pitch, half a pound ; de 
 
 * minio plaifter, or diachylon, fix 
 
 * ounces j common turpentine, four 
 
 * ounces ; oil olive, two oun- 
 
 * ces ; melt them together in a 
 
 * pipkin over hot embers, conti- 
 
 * nuaily ftirring, and when thefe 
 
 * are diffolved, add bole in fine 
 
 * powder, four ounces ; myrrh and 
 
 * aloes, of each an ounce j fpread 
 
 * this upon the horfe's fhoulder, 
 
 * before it grows cold, and put 
 
 * fome flukes of the colour c£ the 
 
 * horfe all over it.' 
 
 Bwt when. the hmenefs happens 
 to be of an old fi -nding, the fol- 
 lowing gintment will be of great 
 
 S H O 
 
 fcrvice. * Take of the foldlers oint- 
 
 * ment, or nerve ointment, half a 
 
 * pound ; ointment of marfhmal- 
 
 * lows, fix ounces; re6tified oil of 
 
 * am'aer, four ounces ; mix them 
 
 * all together, and with a hot bar 
 ' of iron, held as near as pcfTjble, 
 
 * chaff the part twice a day ^ and 
 
 * at f.jine intervals, with campho- 
 ' ratei) fpirits.' 
 
 SoUeyfell recommends the ointment 
 of IvJoiitpelier, as an excellent re- 
 medy in all ftrains of the fliouider, 
 &c. It is compoled of the oint- 
 ment of rore-;, marfhmallows, po- 
 puleon and honey, of each equal 
 quantities. The oiis cf turpentine, 
 earth worms, oil of petre, St. John s 
 wo)t, nerve-o;l, bears greafe, horfe 
 greafe, mule's greafe, deers fuet, 
 badger's greafe, and mnny fuch 
 things are ufed m the fame intention. 
 But if the lamenefs does not yield to 
 thefe things recourfe muft be had to 
 rowelling, or to the fire : but the 
 laft is preferable, and lefs painful 
 than the ufual method of rowelling, 
 by bruifmg and blowing up the 
 fhoulder. And therefore, with a 
 hot iron, make a circle, the breadth 
 of a trencher, round the joint ; and 
 within the whole circle pierce the 
 fkin, leaving about an inch between 
 the holes, and to each apply yellow 
 wax and rofin, melted until the 
 efcars fall off; and then drefs them 
 every day with turpentine and ho- 
 ney, applying plaiiters, asdireded, 
 until! the fores are dried up. 
 
 Some advife fwimming for a 
 flioulder fplait. This in all old 
 griefs becomes ferviceable, in the 
 fame manner as a cold bath, by- 
 helping perfpiration, and giving a 
 more lively motion to the obftru6l- 
 ed matter ; and therefore, the morn- 
 ing is the properefl time. But in 
 all other refpe6ts, the horfe fliould 
 not be put to any kind of labour, 
 nor ought any perfon to ride him, 
 
 be- 
 
S I N 
 
 fcecaufe a weight upon his back muft 
 needs add to the infirmity, as the 
 greatelt lirefs lies upon the /lioulders : 
 but it wiil be very proper for him 
 to be walked out every day, when 
 the weather is favourable. Gibfcns 
 Farrier's Gu^de. See Strain, &c. 
 
 SICKNESS in horjes. See the 
 article Diseases. 
 
 SIDE, in the manage. To ride 
 a horlis fide way?, is to pafisge him, 
 to make him go upon two treads, 
 one of which is marked by his 
 flioulders, and the other by his 
 haunche?. Guilht. 
 
 SIGUETTE, in the manage, 
 is a cavefion with tee-th or nctchts, 
 that is, a femi-circle of hollow and 
 vaulted iron, with teeth like a faw, 
 confiding of two or three pieces 
 joined with hinges, and mounted 
 with a head-lla!], and two ropes, as 
 if they were the cavefion that in 
 former times were wont to be put 
 upon the nofe of a fisry, ftilF- headed 
 horfe, in order to keep him in fub- 
 je^tion. There is a fort of figuette, 
 that is a round iron, all of one piece, 
 fewed under the ncft-band of the 
 bridle, that it may not be in view. 
 GuiUet. 
 
 SINEW, in anatomy, properly 
 denotes what we call a nerve, 
 though in common fpeech it is ra- 
 ther ufed for a tendon. 
 
 To U7ifinen.v a horfe ^ called in 
 French enert'cr^ is to cut the two 
 tendons on the fide of the head, a- 
 bout two inches under the eyes ; 
 which two join in one at the tip, or 
 end of the nofe, in order to perform 
 its motion. This tendon, at the 
 tip of the nofe, is llkewife cut. We 
 unJinetVt in order to djy the head, 
 and make it fmailer. 
 
 Sis EW 'Jbru/^k, is faid of a horfe 
 that is over-rid, and fo worn down 
 with fatigue, that he becomes gaunt- 
 bellied, through a ftiffnefs and con- 
 traction of the two finews that are 
 
 S I N 
 
 under hi? belly. See the article 
 Gaunt-bellied. 
 
 SiHEW-fprungy is a violent at- 
 taint, or over-reach, in which a 
 horfe ftrikt-s the toe of his hinder 
 feet againlt the finewof thefore-iegs.. 
 See the article Attaint, &c. 
 Guillef. 
 
 Back Si'isEwJlrained, SeeBACK- 
 fmein ji rained. 
 
 Cramps and con<vidJJons in the 
 Sinews. Thefe are violent (trains, 
 contraiSlions, or drawings together 
 of the limbs, either throughout the 
 whole body, or particularly in one 
 limb or member \ and proceed from 
 caufes either natural, oi accidental j 
 if from natural caufes, they proceed 
 either from too great fulnefs or 
 emptinefs. When they proceed from 
 fulnefs, they are caufed by a furfeit, 
 either in eating or drinking, or the 
 want of proper evacuation. When 
 from emptinefs, they proceed from 
 too frequent, and too plentiful 
 bloou-lettings, or too much and vi- 
 olent purgings, or too hard labour ; 
 all which fill the hollownefs of the 
 finews, with cold, windy vapours, 
 which are the only great caufes ©f 
 convulfions. If they proceed from 
 accidental cauiei, then it is either 
 fiom Ibme wound received, where a 
 finew has been but half cut afunder, 
 or only pricked, which prefently 
 caufes a convulfion all over the 
 body. 
 
 The figns of the diftemper are, 
 the horfe will carry his neck ftifF, 
 and will not be able to ftir it j his 
 back will rife up like the back of a 
 camel, or like a bended bow j his 
 crupper wdl fnrink inward, his 
 fore-legs will ft^nd clofe together, 
 and his belly will be clung up to his 
 back-bone ; when he lies down he 
 will not be able to rife, efpecially 
 from the weaknefs of his hinder 
 limbs. 
 
 The Cure. Firft fweat him, ei- 
 ther 
 
SLA 
 
 t^er by burying him in a liorTe- 
 dunghil, or elfe by applying hot 
 b'ankets doubled about each fide of 
 his heart and body j then after his 
 fweat, anoint his body all over with 
 oil of Petroltum, for that is much 
 better than oil of bay, or oil of cy- 
 prefs. Then give him to drink the 
 following h'quor .' Take one dram 
 ofAfiTaFoetida, with annifeeds, feeds 
 of fenugreek, and cummin feeds, of 
 each half an ounce ; put thefe into a 
 ^uart of ftrong white v/ine, and add 
 to them three or four large fpoonf uls 
 of olive oil, taking care to keep 
 him warm after the drink, and to 
 feed him with good bean bread, and 
 warm marties, made of malt ground, 
 and warm water, and this will in a 
 little time, reduce his finews to their 
 former ability. But if the convul- 
 fion came accidentally, as by the 
 prick, or half cut of a fmew, then 
 iearch for tl>e wounded fmew, nnd, 
 with a pair of flieers, clip it afunder, 
 and the convulfion will cea(e. But 
 if it be only a cramp, and fo but in 
 one limb, then rub it or chafe the 
 grieved part with a hard wifp, or a 
 hay-rope, and the pain will ceafc. 
 Sport/man s DiSi. 
 
 SIT-FAST proceeds generally 
 from a warble, and is the horfe's 
 liide turned horny, which, if it can- 
 not be diffolved and foftned by rub- 
 bing with the mercurial ointment, 
 muft be cut out, and treated then 
 as a fiefh wound. Bracken and 
 Barilet. See the articles Warbles 
 and Wound. 
 
 SKITTISH, In the manage. A 
 • horfe is faid to be fkittifh, that leaps 
 inftead of going forward, tliat does 
 n«t fet out or part from the hand 
 freely, nor employ himfelf as he 
 oushttodo. Guillet, 
 
 SLABBERING KIT, in the 
 manage. See the article Masti- 
 
 CADOUR. 
 
 SLACK a kg, in the manage, is 
 
 SOL 
 
 fald of a hoffe when he trips or ftum- 
 ble?. 
 
 Slack the hand, is to flack the bri- 
 dle or give a hoife head. Guillet. 
 
 SNAFFLE, in the manage, a 
 well known -kind of bridle. The 
 fnafa.^, after the Englifli /ailiion, is 
 a very flender bit-mouth without ary 
 branches : they are much ufed in 
 England inftead of true bi idles, 
 which are only employed in the ler- 
 vice of war. 
 
 S'naffle or fmall <vjatering Bit Is 
 commonly a fcatch- mouth, accou- 
 tred with two very little ftiaight 
 branches, and a curb mounted wMth 
 a headftall, and two long leins of 
 Hungary leather. Guillet. 
 
 SNORT, in the manage, is a cer- 
 tain found, that a horfe, Vull of fire, 
 breatlies through his noftiils, and 
 founds as if he ha<i a mind to expel 
 fomething that is in his nofe, and 
 hindred him from taking breath. 
 This noife or found, is performed 
 by the means of a cartilage within 
 the noftiils. Horfesof much mettle, 
 fnort when you offer to hold them in. 
 Guillet. 
 
 ^ SOLDIER'S o;>;?w^/z/. In the Far- 
 rier's Diiptnlatory. See the article 
 Ointment. 
 
 SOLE of a horfe-, Is, as It were 
 a plate of horn, which encompaf- 
 fing the flefli, covers the whole bot- 
 tom of the foot. The fole ought 
 to be thick and ftrong, and the whole 
 lower pait of the foot, where the 
 fhoe is placed, hollow j when a flioe 
 is right fet, it fhould not at all refl 
 upon the fole, and but very feldorn 
 touch it. Solleyfell. 
 
 High SOLLD j a horfe is faid to be 
 fo, whofe iole is round underneath, 
 fo that it is higher than the hocf, 
 which oftentimes makes a hoi fe halt, 
 and hinders the flioeing of him, un- 
 lefs the flioe be vaulted. 
 
 The flioe of a horfe ought to be fo 
 
 fet upon the hoof, as not to bear 
 
 upon 
 
SOL 
 
 upon the fole ; for otherwife the fole 
 vpould be hurt, and not onlv make 
 the horfe lame, but cor.upt the flefli 
 that feparates it from the coffin bone. 
 Guillet. 
 
 To take out the Sole, is to do it 
 without touching the horn of the 
 hoof, for ir you take off the horn, 
 you make a hoof call. See the arti- 
 cle HOOFCASTING. 
 
 The fole js taken out for feveral 
 infirmities, and a hoife that has been 
 wnlbled, will recover in a month's 
 time. Guillet, 
 
 The cultoms the fmith's and far- 
 rier's in general have of drawing 
 horfes foles, in order to relieve the 
 inflammation of the p?.rt, and to 
 promote a free perfpiration, we could 
 never perceive the lca(t benefit accru- 
 ing from ; as this management leaves 
 fuch a weaknefs and tendernels be- 
 hind, that the poor creatures ever- 
 after fcarcefailof" laboui ingundei an 
 incurable lamenefs. Nor has Mon- 
 fieur La FoJJ'e, though he has ri^com- 
 mended the practice, produced a fin- 
 ale inftance of its luccels. In lieu 
 therefore of tearing the fole up by 
 the root?, we would fiibliitute the 
 following method, viz. In tlie firft 
 place, in order to taKe off" from the 
 tenfton of the vefTels, and Icfltn the 
 inSammaiion, we would have I lood 
 drawn away at the toe of the hurfe, 
 and above the hoof. After which, 
 we would advife thefubfequent poul- 
 tice, viz. * Take linleed boded in 
 
 * water to a pulp ; to this add gcofe 
 
 * greafe, tar, and cow dung ; and 
 
 * boil rhem all together to the con- 
 
 * fiflence of a poultice ; and when 
 
 * cool, mix with it a l.tile campbiie.' 
 I>et this be put ur.to the foot, and 
 ail round the*^hoofj and above the 
 coronet apply a cold charge. Where 
 there is no great inflammation, the 
 addition of a little ibap to the poul- 
 tice will very much aflill in removing 
 ai^y coagulation of the blood or jui- 
 
 SPA 
 
 ces in that quarter. Wood's Treattfe 
 of Farriery ^ 
 
 For the method of drawing the 
 fole, and treating the horfe in that 
 ca'e, in order to recover a new fole. 
 See the article Gravellino. 
 
 Croujned Sole is when the {%>t 
 is ftiaped like the back part of an 
 oilier-fliell, and the fole higher than 
 the hoof J fo. that the whole foot is 
 qu te filled up on the lower part. 
 Sollejfcll. 
 
 SORRANCES, among farrier?, 
 fignifies two things, viz. either an 
 ill date or habit of an horfe's body, 
 anfing from fome pa:t diieafed ; or 
 alooienefs of continuity of the parts, 
 which according to the various cir- 
 cumltances thereof, acquire new 
 names, as fra6\ure, wound, ulcer, 
 rupture, convulfion, cramp, &c, 
 Rujlic Dia. 
 
 SORREL COLOUR ofanhorfc. 
 See the article COLOUR. 
 
 SOUND, in the manage. Ahorfe 
 is 'aid to be found that does not halt. 
 When a jockey fells a horfe, he war- 
 rants him found, hot and cold \ that 
 is, that he does not halt, either 
 when you mount him, or when he is 
 heated ; nor yet after alighting, 
 when he ftands and cools. Guillet. 
 
 SPAVIN, a difeafe among horfes 
 which caufes them tohaltjandiseither 
 of three kinds, viz. the blood fpavin, 
 thebogipavin, and the bone fpavm. 
 
 Blood Spavin is a fwe!ling 
 and dilatation of the vein that runs 
 along the infide of the hock, forming 
 a little foft fwelling in the hollow 
 part, and is often attended with a 
 weakncfs and lamenefs of the hock. 
 
 The cure fhould be firfl attempted 
 with reftrmgents and a bandage, 
 which will contribute greatly to 
 ftrengthenallweakneffes of the joints, 
 and frequently will lemove this dif- 
 order, if early applied : but if by 
 thefe means the vein is not leduce^ 
 to its ufuai demenlionF, the ikm 
 Ihvuid 
 
SPA 
 
 I fhoulJ be opened, and the vein tied 
 with a crooked needle, and wax 
 thread palTed underneath it, both 
 above and below the Iwelling 5 and 
 the turgid part fufFered to digeft 
 away with the ligatures : for this 
 purpofe, the wound may be daily 
 dreffrd with turpentine, honey, and 
 fpirit of wine incorporated together. 
 Bartlef. 
 
 Bog Spavin i<; an encyfted tu- 
 mour on the inlide ot the hough, or, 
 according to Dr. Bracken, a col- 
 lecSiion of browniHi gelatinous mat- 
 ter contained in a baj or cyft, which 
 he thinks to be the lubricating mat- 
 ter of the joint altered, the common 
 membiane that inclofes it formirg 
 the cyft : this cafe he lias taken pains 
 to illuftrate in a young colt of his 
 own ; where he fays, When the 
 fpavin was prelTed hard on the infide 
 of the hough, there was a fmall tu- 
 mour on the outlide, whiclji con- 
 vinced him the fluid was within fide 
 of the joint : he accordingly cut into 
 it. dilcharged a large quantity of 
 this gelatinous matter, dreffed the 
 fore with dofTils dipped in oil of tur- 
 pentine, putting into it once in thr«e 
 or four days, a powder made of 
 calcined vitriol, alum, and bole; 
 ' by this method of drefling, the bag 
 ■floughed off and came away, and 
 the cure was Aiccefsfully compleated 
 without any vifible fear. 
 
 This d'forder, f.ccordirg to the 
 above defcription, will fcarcely fub- 
 mit to any other method except 
 firing, when the cyft ought to be 
 penetrated to make it effectual : but 
 in all obftinate cafes that have re- 
 fifted the above methods, both the 
 cure of this and thefwellings called 
 windgall?, fhould be attempted in 
 this manner. If through the pain 
 attending the operation or dreflings, 
 the joint fhould fwe!l and inflame, 
 foment it twice a day, and apply a 
 
 SPA 
 
 poultice over the dreflings till It U 
 reduced. Bart let. 
 
 Bone Spavin, a bony excre- 
 fcence, or hard fwelling, growing 
 on the infide of the hock of a horfe^s 
 leg. Without entering at all into 
 the caufe of this diforder, we fliall 
 content ourfelves with defcribing the 
 different kinds thereof, by their 
 fymptoms, and then enter on their 
 cure. 
 
 A fpavin that begins on the lower 
 part of ths hock, is not fo dangerous 
 as that which puts out higher, be- 
 tween the two round procefles of the 
 leg bone ; and a fpavin near the 
 edge is not fo bad as that which is 
 more inward towards the middle, as 
 it does not (o much afFe6l the bend- 
 ing of the hock. A fpavin that 
 comes by a kick or blow, is at firft 
 no true fpavin, but a bruife on the 
 bone or membrane which covers it ; 
 therefore not of that confequence as 
 when it proceeds from a natural 
 caufe : and thofe that put out on 
 colts and young horfe^, are not fo 
 bad as thofe that happen to horfes in 
 their full (frength and maturity; 
 but in very old horfes they are ge- 
 nerally incurable. The ufual me- 
 thod of treating this diforder, is by 
 blilfering and firing, without any 
 regard to the fituation or caufe 
 whence it proceeds. Thus, if a 
 fuUnefs on the fore-part of the hock 
 comes upon hard riding, or any 
 other violence, which threatens a 
 fpavin ; in that cafe, fuch coolers 
 and repellers are proper as are re- 
 commended in ftrains and bruifes, 
 Thofe happening to colts and young 
 horfes are generally fuperficial, and 
 require only the milder applications ; 
 for It is better to wear them down 
 by degrees, than to remove them at 
 once by fevere means. 
 
 Various are the prefcriptions for 
 the blifteiing ointment, but the fol- 
 lowing. 
 
SPA 
 
 lowing, on proper experience, (lands 
 well re-rommended by Mr. Gibfon. 
 
 * Take nerve and marflimallow 
 
 * ointments, of each two ounces , 
 
 * quickfilver, one ounce, thoroughly 
 
 * broke, with an ounce of Venice 
 
 * turpentine 5 Spanidj flies pow- 
 
 * dered, a dram arid a half j (ubli- 
 
 * mate, one dram ; oil of oiiganum, 
 < two ilrains.' 
 
 The hair is to be cut as clofe as 
 pofiible, and then the ointment ap- 
 plied pretty thick over the part ; 
 this fliould be done in the morning, 
 and the horle kept tied up all day, 
 without any litter till night, when 
 he may be untied, in order to lie 
 down, and a pitch, or any (licking 
 pUiiter, may be laid over it, and 
 bound on with a broad tape or ban- 
 dage, to keep all clofe. After the 
 btjlter has done running, and the 
 Icabs begin to dry and peel off, it 
 may be applied a fccond time, in the 
 fimt manner as before ; this fecond 
 application generally taking greater 
 etFeil than the (iift, and in colts and 
 young horfes mak^s a perfe6l cure. 
 
 When thefpavin has been of any 
 long standing, it will require to be 
 renewed perhaps five or fix times ; 
 but after the fecand application, a 
 greattr diftance of time mull be al- 
 io we !, otherAvile it might leave a 
 fear, or caufe a baidnefs ; to pre- 
 vent which, once a fortnight or three 
 weeks is often enough : and it may 
 in this manner be continued lix or 
 feven times, without the leaft 
 biemifn, and will generally be at- 
 tended with fuccefs. 
 
 But the Ipavins that put out on 
 older hories, or full-aged horfes, 
 are apt to be more cbftinate, as 
 being feated more inward j and 
 when they run among the fmuofities 
 of the joint, they are for the mofi: 
 part incurable, as they then lie out 
 of the reach of applications, and are 
 
 SPA 
 
 arrived to a degree of impenetrable 
 hardnefs. 
 
 The ufual method in thefe cafes 
 is to fire dirc6lly, or to .ufe the 
 ftrongell kind of cauftic blifters j 
 and fometimes to fire, and lay the 
 blifter immediately over the part: 
 but this way feldom fucceeds, far- 
 ther than putting a ftop to the growth 
 of the fpavin, and is apt to Lave 
 both a blemifh and ftiffnefs behind ; 
 beiides the great riik run (by ap- 
 'plications of thefe fiery and cauftic 
 medicines to the nervous and tendi- 
 nous parts about the joints) of ex- 
 citing violent pain and anguifh, and 
 dellroying the limb. The fafeft and 
 beft way, therefore, is to make trial 
 of the bliftering ointment above, and 
 to continue it, according to the di- 
 reofions laid down, for Ibme months, 
 if found neceiTary j the horfes in the 
 intervals working moderately ; the 
 hardnefs will thus be dilfolved by 
 degrees, and wear away infenfibly. 
 
 Where the fpavin lies deep, and 
 runs fo far into the hollow of the 
 joint, that no applications can reach 
 it, neither firing nor medicines can 
 avail, for the reafons above-men- 
 tioned, though bold ignorant fel- 
 lows have fometimes fucceeded in 
 cafes of this ibrt (by men of judg- 
 ment deemed incurable) by the ap- 
 plications of caultic medicines, with 
 fublimate, which a6i very forcibly, 
 enter deep, and make a large dlf- 
 charge, and by that means deftroy 
 a great part of the fubftance, and 
 didblve away the remainder : though 
 whoever is at all acquainted with the 
 nature of thefe medicines, muft 
 know how dangerous in general 
 t'.K-ir operation is on thefe occafions, 
 and that a proper prepared cautery 
 made like a fleam, under the di- 
 rection of a (kilful hand, may be 
 applied with lefs danger of injuring 
 either tendons or ligaments. After 
 
 the 
 
S P L 
 
 the fubftance of the fwelling: '''as 
 been properly penetrated by the in- 
 ftfument, it muft be kept running 
 by the precipitate medicine, or mild 
 blirtering ointment. Where t!ie 
 fpavin lies not deep in the joint, and 
 the bliftering methods will not f'uc- 
 ceed, the {'welling may be fafely 
 fired with a thin iron forced pretty 
 deep into the fubftance, and then 
 fhould be drefled as is above di- 
 refted. Bart let from Gibfons Dif- 
 eafes of Horfes, 
 
 SPEAR, in the manage. The 
 feather of a horfe, called the firohe 
 of the fpear, is a mark in the neck, 
 or near the fhoulder of fome barbs, 
 and fome Turky and Spaniflt horfes, 
 reprelenting the blow or cut of a 
 fpear in thofe places, with fome re- 
 femblance of a fear. This feather 
 is an infallible fign of a good horfe. 
 
 SpeaPv ha7id, or f^- or d hand of 
 a horfeman, is his right hand. 
 
 SPEAR-/bo?, of a horfe, is the 
 far-foot behind. See the article 
 Far. Gi'.ilht. 
 
 SPLENTS, in horfes, are hard 
 excrefcenres that grow on the fiiank 
 Hone, and are of various fliapes and 
 fizss. Some horfes are more Ibbjeft 
 to fplents than others ; but young 
 horfes are moft liable to thefe infir- 
 mitie?, which often wear off and dif- 
 appear of themfelves. Few horfes 
 put out fplents after they are {tvQxv 
 or eight years old, unlefs they meet 
 with blows or accidents. 
 
 A fplent that arifes in the middle 
 of the (hank bone is no way dan- 
 gerous i but thofe that arife on the 
 back part of this bone, when they 
 grow large, and prefs againft the 
 back finew, always caufe lamenefs 
 or ftiffnefs, by rubbing againlt it : 
 the others, except they are fituated 
 near the joints, feldom occafion 
 lamenefs. 
 
 As to the cure of fplents, the heft 
 way is not to meddle with them, 
 
 S P L 
 
 unlefs they are {o large as to dis- 
 figure a horfe, or are io lituated as 
 to endanger his going lame. Splents 
 in their infancy, and on their firft 
 appearance, ftiould be well bathed 
 .with vinegar, or old verjuice, which 
 by ftrengthening the fibres, often 
 put a ftop to their growth : tor the 
 membrane covering the bone, and 
 not the bone itfelt, is here thick- 
 ened J and in fome conftitutions, 
 purging and fome diuretic drinks, 
 will be a great means to remove the 
 humidity and moiilure about the 
 limbs, which is what often gives 
 rife to fuch excrefcences. 
 
 Various are the reiiiedies pre- 
 fcribed for this diforder ; the ufual 
 way is to rub the fplent with a round 
 ftick, or the handle of a hammer, 
 till it is almolt raw, and then to 
 touch it with oil of origanum. 
 Others lay on a pitch plai'ler, with 
 a little fublimate or arfenic, to de- 
 ftroy the fubliance. Some ufe oil 
 of vitriol ; fome tin^ure of caniha- 
 rides : all which methods have at 
 times fucceeded, only they are apt 
 to leave a fear with the lofs of hair. 
 Thoft: applications that are of a 
 more cauitic nature, often do more 
 hurt than good, efpec^ally when the 
 fplent is grown very hard, as they 
 produce a rottennelV, which keeps 
 running feveral monihs before the 
 ulcer can be healed, and then leaves 
 an ugly fear. Miid bl.fters often 
 repeated, as recommended in the 
 cafe of a Bone Spavin, (hould firft 
 be tried, as the moll eligible me- 
 thod, and will generally fucceed 
 even beyond expeflation : but if" 
 they fail, and the fplent be near the 
 knee or joints, you muft fire and 
 biiiier, in the fame manner as for 
 the bone fpavin. 
 
 Splents on the back part of the 
 
 fi^ank bone, are difficult to cure, by 
 
 realon of the back frnews covering 
 
 them ; the beft way is to bore the 
 
 fpUnt 
 
S T A 
 
 fplent in feveral places with an iron, 
 not very hot, and then to fi^e in the 
 common way, not making the lines 
 too deep, but very dole together. 
 Cibfcn api.d Bartlet. 
 
 SPRAIN, or Strain. Seethe 
 article Strain. 
 
 SPUNGE, in the manage, is the 
 extremity or point of a horte's fiioe, 
 that ani'wers to the heel of his foot j 
 tipon it the calkins are made : thick 
 fpunge ruins the horfe's heels, and 
 therefore ought never to be ufed. 
 Guillet. 
 
 SPUR, in the manage, a fmali 
 piece of iron, of two branches, 
 bended In the form of a femicircie, 
 for receiving the horfeman's heel in 
 their cavity, with a rowel, that is, 
 a fmall piece of iron with eight or 
 ten points advancing out behind, to 
 prick the horfe's fide withal upon 
 occafion. See Prick and Heel. 
 Guillet. 
 
 SQUARE, In the manage, is ufed 
 for v^orking in a fquare. The pilte 
 or tread of a volt, itiftead of l)eing 
 always circular, and traced upon a 
 circumference round a center, ought 
 to be imagined as if it formed four 
 ftraight cqunl lines laid in a fquare, 
 and equally removed from the cen- 
 ter, or the pijlar, which reprtfents 
 it in the middle of the manage- 
 ground ; (o that to woik in a fquare, 
 is to riile along each of thei'e four 
 lines, turning the hand at every 
 corner, and fopafTing from one line 
 .to a n oth p r . Guillet. 
 
 STABLE. Nothing conduces 
 more to the health of a horfe, than 
 the having a good and wholfome 
 itable. The fituation of a (table 
 fiiould always be in a good air, a«d 
 on a firm, dry, and hard ground, 
 that in winter the horfe may come 
 in and go out clean. It (hould al- 
 ways be built fomewhat on an aTcent, 
 that the urine, and other foulnefles, 
 may be eafily conveyed away by 
 
 S T A 
 
 means of drains or finks cut for that 
 purpofe. 
 
 As there is noanimal that delights 
 more in cleanlinefs than the horfe, 
 or that more abominates bad fmelis, 
 care fliould be taken that there be no 
 hog-ftie, hen-rood, or neceif-iry- 
 houfe near the place vv'here the (ta- 
 ble is to be built j for the fwallow- 
 ing of feathers, which is very apt 
 to happen when hen roods are near, 
 often proves mortal to horfes ; and 
 the deams of a bog-houfe, or hog's 
 dung, will breed many dillempers j 
 and particularly, they will bring on 
 the farcy and blindnefs in many 
 horfes. It is much better to build 
 the walls of a ftable of brick than of 
 ftone, for the former is always drv^ 
 the other often fweats, and is veiy 
 apt to be damp, and to caufe rheums 
 and catarrhs to hor.'es that are (et in 
 the dable in damp weather. 
 
 The walls ought therefore to be 
 of brick, and to be nude of a mo- 
 derate thicknefs, two bricks, or a 
 brick and a half at the lead, b-.>th 
 for the fake of fafety and warmth in 
 winter, and to keep off the beat of 
 the fun in the midd of fummer, 
 which would fpoil the horfe's appe- 
 tite, and fmk his fpirits. The win- 
 dows fhould be made on the ead and 
 north (ides of the building, that the 
 north air may be let in to cool the 
 ftables in fummer, and the rlfing fun 
 all the year round, efpecially in 
 winter. The windows (liould either 
 be fafhed, or have large cafements, 
 for the fake of letting in air enough 5 
 and there (hould always be clofe 
 wooden (butters, that the light may 
 be fnut out at pleauuej by which 
 means the horfe will he brought to 
 deep in the middle of the day, as 
 well as in the night, when it is 
 judged proper that he fhouid do fo. 
 Many pave the whole dable v/ith 
 ftcne, but it is much better to have 
 that part which the hcrf-r is to Ue 
 uuon 
 
S T A 
 
 upon, boarded with oak planks : 
 for it will be not only eafier, but 
 more warm and comfortable to the 
 creature. The hoards muft he laid 
 as even as poflible, for this is the 
 way to make the creature lie raoft at 
 his' eafe, and in the mod healthful 
 pofture. The dealers in horfes ge- 
 nerally indeed make the boards be 
 laid higher toward the top, and 
 flanting down : this fhews a horle 
 to more advantage as he lies, but it 
 is very uncomfortable to the crea- 
 ture, and his hinder parts are always 
 flipping down, and the hind legs are 
 orten made fubjeft to fweilings by 
 it. The planks fliould be laid crofs- 
 wife, not lengthwife, and there are 
 to be feveral holes bored through 
 them to receive the urine, and carry 
 it off underneath the floor into feme 
 drain, or common receptacle. The 
 ground behind ftiould be raifed to a 
 level with the planks, that the horfe 
 may always ftand even, and the floor 
 behind fliould be paved with fmall 
 pebbles, and the place where the 
 rack ftands fliould be well wain- 
 fcotted. There are to be two rings 
 placed on each fide of the ft:all, for 
 the horfe's halter to run through, 
 and a logger is to be fixed to the 
 end of this, fufficient to poife it per- 
 pendicularly, but not fo heavy as 
 to tire the horfe, or to hinder him 
 from eating. The beft place for 
 him to eat his corn in is a drawer, 
 or locker, made in the wainfcot par- 
 tition ; this need not be large, and 
 confequently need not take up much 
 room, fo that it may ba eafily fixed, 
 and taken out to clean at pleafure ; 
 by this means, the common dirtinefs 
 of a fixed manger is to be avoided. 
 
 Many people are againft having a 
 rack in their ftables ; they give the 
 herfe his hay fprink'ed upon his 
 litter ; and if they think he treads 
 it too much, or too foon, they only 
 nail up three or four boards, by 
 
 S T A 
 
 way of a trough, to give It fo him 
 in. The reafon of this is, that the 
 continual lifting up the head to feed 
 out of the rack, is an unnatural 
 pofture for a horfe, which was in- 
 tended to take his food up from the 
 ground, and makes him, as they 
 exprefs it, withy-cragged. In the 
 way of fprinkling the hay on the 
 litter, or laying it in a trough even 
 with the ground, he not only takes 
 it up as if from the earth in a natural 
 way, but can eat as he lies, which 
 is a piece of indulgence that a horfe 
 takes great pleafure in. 
 
 When there is ftable-room e- 
 nough, partitions are to be made for 
 feveral horfes to ftand in ; thefe 
 fhould always allow room enough 
 for the horfe to turn about, and lie 
 down conveniently in ; and they 
 fliould be boarded up fo high toward 
 the head, that the horfes placed in 
 feparate ftalls, may not be able to 
 fmell at one another, nor nioleft: 
 each other any way. One of thefe 
 ftalls ought to be covered in, and 
 made convenient for the groom to 
 lie in, in cafe of a great match, or 
 the ficknefs of a valuable hoife. 
 Behind the horfes there fliould \he a 
 row of pegs, to hang up faddles, 
 bridles, and other neceflary uteniils ; 
 and fome ftielves for the hanging up 
 bruflies, Sec. and the ftanding of 
 pots of ointment and other prepa- 
 rations. 
 
 The ftables of the nobility are 
 often incommoded by bins for oats 
 placed in them, which take up a 
 great deal of room with very little 
 advantage. Dr. Plot has given us, 
 in his hiftory of Oxfordfliire, a very 
 convenient method, ufed by a gen- 
 tleman of that county, to prevent 
 this. It is done by making a con- 
 veniency to let the oats down from 
 above, out of a veffel like the hopper 
 of a mill, whence they fall into a 
 fquare pipe of about four inches dia- 
 T meter. 
 
S T A 
 
 S T A 
 
 meter, let into the wall, which comes out the help of medicine. Tliis 
 down into a cupboard alfo let into diforder may proceed from fharp 
 the wall, but with its mouth fo near rugged ftones in the kidneys, ure- 
 
 the bottom, that there fhall never 
 be more than about a gallon in the 
 cupboard at a time ; which being 
 taken out and given to the horfes, 
 another gallon immediately fucceeds 
 it from above, without any trouble 
 to the groom or any body elfe* By 
 this means there is not an inch of 
 room loft in the lower part of the 
 liable where the horfes ftand j and 
 there is this great conveniency be- 
 fide, that the oats are always kept 
 Iweet by it j for every gallon that is 
 taken away puts the whole quantity 
 above in motion, by the running 
 down of the gallon that fupplies its 
 place ; and no muftlnefs ever comes, 
 where there is this continual airing 
 and motion. There may eafily be 
 contrived two of thefe, the one for 
 the oats, the other for fplit beans ; 
 and both of them may be let into the 
 range of prefles, the oats and beans 
 being feparated above by partitions 
 
 ters, or about the neck of the blad- 
 der, though it is imagined that, for 
 the' moft part, it is the efFe61s of 
 very hard labour, or other ill iifage. 
 
 In this malady the urine is bloody^ 
 and fometimes clear blood comes 
 away juft after ftaling 5 and there- 
 fore, in order to a cure, if the horfe 
 be fat and lufty, it will be proper to 
 bleed plentifully } but if he be low 
 infleih,more fparingly ; after which, 
 give the following bail. * , Take 
 
 * cOnfeiTe of red rofcs and lucatel- 
 ' lus balfam, of each fix drams ; 
 
 * fpermacoeti, half an ounce 5 fal 
 
 * prunella3 and Irifli flate, of each 
 
 * two drams ; fyrup of corn poppies, 
 
 * fufficient to make it into a ball.' 
 This generally cures any horfe 
 
 that 1-tales blood, while the diforder 
 is new ; and, when the blcod does 
 not proceed from fome inward ulcer,, 
 it may be repeated,^ until thefymp- 
 tom goes off, that the horfe itales 
 
 The other requifites for a ftable are freely, and without the appearance 
 a dung yard, a pump, and a con- 
 duit ; and if fome pond or running 
 river be near, it is greatly the better. 
 
 of blood. If the bloodiuefs of the 
 urine proceeds from an ulcer in th 
 
 Spoxtfrnoji's Di^ionary, 
 
 STAG-EVIL, in horfes^ a kind 
 of univerfal cramp or convulfion. 
 See Convulsions. 
 
 STAGGERS, STAYERS, or 
 Apoplexy, in horfes. See the 
 article Apoplexy. 
 
 STALING of Ihoody a diforder 
 to which horfes are feldom fubjefl, 
 unlefs they have received fome (train 
 in their kidneys, or iiave fome blood 
 
 velfels ruptured about the neck of Diabetes. 
 
 kidney?, neck of the bladder, or 
 urethra, which may be known by 
 p^iin and ftops in ftaling, and by a 
 purulent fediment in the urine, it 
 luuft be treated as before dire6fed j 
 and \i obftinate, with mercurials, 
 and fuch other medicines as fweeten 
 and attenuate the blood. See the 
 article Bladder and Kidney's. 
 Gthfons Difeafes of Horfes. 
 
 For the treatment of profufe ftal- 
 ing, or a diabetes, fee the article 
 
 the bladder j or from fome fcorbutic 
 erofion there, or in the urethra, 
 whereby the mouths of fome of the 
 fmall blood velTels are laid open, 
 and fend forth a bloody ichor. When 
 this happen?, it is generally very 
 fm:ill in quam.ity, and goes eft" with- 
 
 fee 
 
 For a fupprefTion of urtne. 
 Strangury. 
 
 For th^ pain-pifs, or ftrangury,* 
 fee the article Strangury. 
 
 For other diforo'ers that relate to 
 the ftaling of horfes, fee the article 
 Kidneys, ^t. 
 
 STA*,- 
 
S T A 
 
 STALLION is an ungelt or 
 ftone hojfe, defigned for the cover- 
 ing of mares, in order to propsgate 
 the fpeciesj and, when his (tones are 
 taken away, and he is geh, is cal- 
 led a gelding. 
 
 Now in tl;e cliufing ftone horfes, 
 or ftallions for mares, you ought to 
 take great care that they neither have 
 moon-eyes, watery eyes, blood- 
 (hotten-eyes, fplents, fpavins, curbs, 
 nor, ifpoffibie, any natural iroper- 
 feflion of any kind whatfoever j for 
 if they have, the colts will taJce 
 them hereditarily from their p:3rents. 
 But let them be the bcft, ableff, 
 higheft fpirited, faireft coloured, 
 and fineft fliaped ; and a perfon 
 fhould inform hiinfdf of all natural 
 delects in them, of which none are 
 free. As for his Age, he ought 
 not to bs younger, to cover a mare, 
 than four years old, from which 
 time forward he will beget colts till 
 twenty. 
 
 Let the ft.alliop be fo high fed, as 
 to be full of lull and vigour, and 
 then brought to the place where the 
 mares are ; take off his hinder flioes, 
 and let him cover a raare in hand 
 twice or thrice, to keep him fober ; 
 then pull off his bridle, and turn 
 him loofe to the reft of the mares, 
 which muft be in a convenient clofe, 
 with llrong fences and good food ; 
 and there leave him till he has co- 
 vered them all, fo that they will take 
 horfenomore; by which time his 
 courage will be pretty well cooled. 
 
 Ten or twelve mares are enough 
 for one horfe in the fame year ; it 
 will alfo be neceffary to have fome 
 little ftied or hovel in the field, to 
 which he may retreat to defend him 
 from the rain, fun, and windjwhicb 
 are very weakening to a hori'e : let 
 there be likewife a rack and manger 
 to feed him in, during his covering- 
 time, and it would not be amifs, if 
 one were to vvatch him during that 
 
 S T A 
 
 time, for fear of any accident, and 
 the better to know how often he co- 
 vers each mare. 
 
 When he has done his duty, take 
 him away from the mares, and re- 
 move them into feme frefh pafture. 
 Take notice, that when you would 
 have mares covered, either in hand 
 or otherwife, that both the ftallion 
 and maie ought to have the fame 
 feeding, <viz. if the horfe be at hay 
 and oats, which are commonly cal- 
 led hard meats, the mare ftiould be 
 alfo at hard meat, otherwife ftie will 
 not be fo fit to hold. In the like 
 manner, if the ftallion be at grafs, 
 you muft alfo put the mare to grafs. 
 Thofe mares which are in middling 
 cafe,conceive the moft eafily ; where- 
 as thofe that are very fat hold vs^ith 
 great difficulty ; thofe of them that 
 are hot and in feafon, retain a great 
 deal better ; their heat exciting the 
 ftallion, who, on his part, performs 
 the a6\ion with greater vigour and 
 ardour. And when you cover a 
 mare in hand, in order that (he may 
 the more certainly hold, let the ftal- 
 lion and mare be fo placed in the fta- 
 ble, that they may fee each other, 
 keeping them fo for fome time, 
 which will animate them both, and 
 then they will hardly fail to gene- 
 rate. See the article Mare. 
 
 For the ordering of a ftallion, 
 fome give the following inftru6tions. 
 Feed the ftallion for three months 
 at ieaft, before he is to cover, with 
 good oats, peafe, or beans, or witU 
 coarfe bread, and a Jitile hay, but 
 a good deal of wheat ftraw: carry- 
 ing him twice a day out to water, 
 walking him I'p and down for aa 
 hour after he has drank, but with- 
 out making him fvveal. If the ftal- 
 lion be not thus brought into wind 
 before he covers, he will be in dan- 
 ger of becoming purfey, and broken, 
 winded ; and if he be not well fed, 
 he will not be able to perform his 
 T i tal);. 
 
S T A 
 
 taik, or at bell the colts would be 
 but pitiful, and weak ones ; and 
 though you ftiould take great care 
 to nouiifti him, j^et you will take 
 him in again very weak. If you 
 put him to many mares, he will 
 rot ferve you fo long, but his mane 
 and tail will fall away by reafon of 
 poverty, and it will be a difficult 
 matter to bring him to a good con- 
 dition of body, againft the year fol- 
 lowing. He ought to have mares 
 according to his ftrength, as twelve 
 or fifteen, or at moft not above 
 twenty. See the articles Horse, 
 and Breeding of horfes, 
 
 STARS, in the manage, are di- 
 ftlnguiftiing marks in the fore- heads 
 of horfe?, and they are ufually made 
 cither white, black or red. See the 
 article Marks of a horfe. 
 
 The method of making a ftar is 
 as follows : if you would have a 
 white one in his fore-head, or in- 
 deed in any other part of his body, 
 firft, with a razor, fhave away the 
 hair, of the width or bignefs that 
 you would have the ftar to be ; then 
 take a little oil of vitriol in an oyfter- 
 fhell, and dip a feather or piece of 
 ftick into it, for it will eat both lin- 
 nen and woollen, and juft wet it all 
 over the place that you have ihaved, 
 and it will eat away the roots of the 
 hairs, and the next that come will 
 be white. It need not be done 
 above once, and may be healed up 
 with copperas-water, and green 
 ointment. Sollejfell. 
 
 STARING COAT, or Hide 
 BOUND. See the article Hide 
 
 BOUND. 
 
 STARLING COLOUR of a 
 
 horfe. See the article Colour. 
 ' STARTING, in the manage. 
 A horfe is laid to be ftarting, Ikit- 
 tifh, or timorous, that takes every 
 objefl he fees to be otherwife than it 
 is ; upon which he flops, flies out, 
 ani ftarti fuddenly to one fide, in- 
 
 S T E 
 
 fomuch that the rider cannot make 
 him come near the place where the 
 obje6t is. This fault is more com- 
 mon to geldings than ftone-horfes. 
 Such horfes alfo as have bad eyes 
 are raoft fubje61 to it, as well as 
 thofe that have been kept a long time 
 in a ftable without airing j but thefe 
 laft are eafily cured of it. When 
 you have a fkittifli horfe, never beat 
 him in his confternation, but make 
 him advance gently, and with Ibft 
 means, to the Icare-crow that alarms 
 him, till he recovers it, and gains 
 afTurance. Guillet. 
 
 STATELY, in the manage. A 
 horfe is faid to be ftately that goes 
 with a proud ftrutting gait. Guillet. 
 
 STAYERS, Staggers, or A- 
 POPLEXY. See the article Apo- 
 plexy. 
 
 STAY. To Jlay the hand, in the 
 manage, to flay or luftain a horfe, 
 is to hold the bridle firm and high. 
 Guillet, 
 
 STEP, in the manage. See the 
 article Walk. 
 
 Step and Leap; is one of the 
 feven airs, or artificial motions of a 
 horfe, being, as it were, three airs ; 
 for the pace or ftep is terra a terra, 
 the raifmg is a cor-vet, and the leap 
 finiflies the whole. The ftep puts 
 the horfe upon the hand, and gives 
 him a rife to leap, like one that runs 
 before he leaps, and fo may leap 
 higher than he that goes every tirae 
 a leap. For leaps ot all kinds give 
 no help with your legs at all, only 
 hold him up with the bridle-hand 
 when he rifes before, that fo he may 
 rife the higher behind j and when 
 he begins to rife behind, then put 
 your bridle-hand a little forwards 
 to hold him up before, and ftay 
 him there upon the hand, as if he 
 hung in the air ; and time the mo- 
 tion of your bridle-hand, fo as that 
 you may take him, as if he were 
 a ball upon the bound, wliich is 
 ^ the 
 
S T I 
 
 *he greateft fecret of all in leaping a 
 
 hoi ft ricrhf. Guillet. 
 
 STIFFLE in a horfe, n large 
 niufcle or part of the hind-leg, w hich 
 advances towards his belly j and is 
 a moft dangerous part to receive a 
 blow upon. Solleyfell. 
 
 Of hurts in ?y^f Sti F F L E . Thefe, 
 or moft other accidents of this kind, 
 come by a ftrain or blov/ on the ftiffle 
 bone, which is the knee-pan of a 
 horfe. Sometime^ the ligaments 
 which cover that bone are i'o much 
 relaxed, that it becomes loofe, mov- 
 ing upwards, and downward?, and 
 fideways, by the touch of your 
 hand; and the horfe going down- 
 right lame is faid to htjlified: but 
 it is a general millake m authors to 
 fancy the bone is mil'placed ; that 
 being merely impoiTible, unlefs the 
 broad ligaments were cut j and then 
 indeed it might burft cut of its place. 
 The cure confifts in the application 
 of thofe things that are proper to 
 ftrengthen the relaxed ligaments. If 
 the ftrain be new, vinegar and bole, 
 &c. ought to be made u!e of 5 and 
 after that, a plafter made of pitch, 
 myrrh, olibanum, dragon's blood, 
 &c. The pitch muft be melted with 
 a little oil, or hog's lard ; and the 
 other ingredients made into powder, 
 and ftirred into it while it is warm j 
 after which it may be poured upon 
 the ftiffling place, covering it with 
 flockes or the ftuffings of an old fad- 
 dle. The horfe ought not to be 
 put to any hard exercife, but may 
 go to grafs, or be led abroad for the 
 fpace of an hcur every Day, until 
 he is able to bear greater fatigue. 
 Gihfon's Farrier's Guide. 
 
 STIRRUP, in the manage, a 
 well known iron frame, fattened to 
 a faddle with a thong of leather, for 
 the rider to reft his foot on. Let 
 your ftirrup-leather be ftron?, as 
 alfo the ftirrup-irons, which (hould 
 be pretty large, that you ir.a^y the 
 
 S T O 
 
 fooner quit them in cafe of a fall. 
 RuJIic. Dia, 
 
 The ftirrup ; is a reft for a rider's 
 foot, compoiied of fome fmall pieces 
 of iron, forged into bars, and level 
 below, but arched in the upper part, 
 by which fide they are hung in ftir- 
 rup- leathers. Bear vigoroufly up- 
 on your ftirrup when you have your 
 foot in it, and hold the point of your 
 foot higher than the heel. When 
 you would ftop your horfe, you 
 muft bear upon yourftirrups. 
 
 You ftiould keep your right ftir- 
 rup half a point ftiorter than the 
 left, for in combat the horfeman 
 bears and refts more upon the right, 
 and to facilitate the mounting of 
 your horfe, the left ftirrup fliould be 
 longer than the other. 
 
 To lofe one's ftirrups, is to fuffer 
 them to flip from the foot. 
 
 Thtjlirrupfaoty or the near fore 
 foot, is the left foot behind. 
 
 Stirrup-leather, is a lathe or thong 
 of leather, defcending from the fad- 
 dle, down by the horfe's ribs, upon 
 which the ftirrups hang. 
 
 Stirrup-bearer t is an end of Iea« 
 ther made faft to the end of the fad- 
 dle, to trui's up the ftirrups when 
 the rider is alighted, and the horfe 
 fent ro the ftable, Guillei, 
 
 STOMACH of a horfe is round 
 and fomewhat long, refembling a 
 bagp'pe, but more capacious on the 
 left fide than on the right ; its mag- 
 nitude is generally fpeaking more 
 or lefs, according to the fize of the 
 horfe j it is alfo compofed of three 
 cafes, the outermoft of which feems 
 to rife from the peritonaeum ; the 
 fecond is mufcular and flelhy; and 
 the laft a continuation of the inner- 
 mof^ coat of the gullet, which 
 paftes from the mouth to the fto- 
 mach, and begins at the root of 
 the tongue, behind the head of the 
 windpipe. Where it is inferted into 
 the ftdmach it is compofed of a pretty 
 
 T 3 thick 
 
S T O 
 
 thick fubflance, made up of circular 
 and flefliy fibres, whereby it con- 
 tra6^5 and dilates itfelf, to give way 
 to the aliment, or flint up the llo- 
 inach at pleafure. This is called 
 the left or upper orifice of the 'to- 
 mach, and that whereby it dif- 
 charges itfelf into the duodenum, its 
 right or lower orifice. 
 
 The ufe of the ftomach is to con- 
 co6l and digeft the aliment, lb as to 
 render it fit for nourifhment ; and 
 this is performed chiefly by its muf- 
 cular motion, which is manifeft 
 from its ftrufture, and the power it 
 has of contrafling itfelf into thole 
 rugae, which we difcover in it, when 
 it is empty. Gibfoiis farrier's 
 Guide. 
 
 For the difeafes of the Stomach, 
 fee the articles Appetite, Bots, 
 &c. 
 
 Stomach Skins. There are 
 fome foals under the age of fix 
 monihs, which, tho' their dams yield 
 abundance of milk, decay «laily, ?ind 
 have a cough, occafioned by certain 
 pellicles or little fkins that breed in 
 their ftomachs, even to that degree 
 as to ohftru6l their breathing, and 
 at lad utterly deliruy them. 
 
 To cure this malady, take the 
 bag wherein the foal came out of 
 the belly of it's dam, and having 
 dried it, give as m\ich thereof in 
 milk as you can take up with three 
 fingers. This remedy is nlfo good 
 for all diftafes that befal them while 
 they are under fix years of age : but 
 if you cannot have the bag, then 
 take the lungs of a young fox j dry 
 and powder them, and ufe it inllead 
 rf the aforei'aid powder. Rufiic 
 Dia, 
 
 STONES of a horfe. See the 
 article Testicles. 
 
 Stones hrufed or f-jjelled. See 
 Cods f^velled. 
 
 STOP, in the manage, is a paufe, 
 or difcontinuation of ooing. In or- 
 
 S T R 
 
 der to flop a horfe, the rider (houl^* 
 in the firfi place, bring lo the calves 
 of his legs, to animate the horfe, 
 then bending his body backward?, 
 vaile the bridle-hand, without mov- 
 ing the elbow ; then vigoroufly ex- 
 tend the hams, and reft upon the 
 ftirrups, to make him fjrm the 
 times or motions cf his Ifop, in fal- 
 cading, with his haunches three or 
 four time?. You fhould not form 
 the ftops of your horfe fhort and pre- 
 cipitate, left ycu ;poil his hams and 
 mouth. After ftopping, a horfe 
 fliould be made to make two or 
 three corvets. 
 
 The oppofite term to ftop is part- 
 ing. In former times, the ftop of 
 a horfe v/as called parade. See the 
 articles Raise and Nails. 
 
 Half a Stop, is a ftop not finifti- 
 ed by a pelate ; fo that the horfe, 
 after falcading three or four times 
 upon the haunches, reliimes and 
 continues his gallop, without mak* 
 ing pefates, or coryet-^. See the ar- 
 ticles Pesate, Corvet, &c. 
 Gudlet. 
 
 STRAIGHT, in the manage. 
 To part or go ftraight, or right out, 
 is to go upon a tread in a ftraiglit 
 line. When ycu would pufh your 
 horie forwards, make him part 
 ftraight, without traverfing or bear- 
 ing fidewlfe. Guillet. 
 
 STRAIN, or Sprain, in what- 
 ever part of a horfe, is a relaxation 
 of the mufcles, and proceeds from 
 either flips, or blows, or from hard 
 riding. Wood. 
 
 It IS neceffary to obferve, that in 
 all ftrains, the mufcbbr or tendi- 
 nous fibres are overftretched ; and 
 fometimes ruptured or broke. To 
 form therefore a true idea of thefe 
 diforders, let us firft confider every 
 mufcle and tendon as compofed of* 
 fpringy, elaftic fibres, which have 
 a proper power of their own, to 
 contraf\ and extend themfelves j 
 
 or 
 
S T R 
 
 or make their action more familiar, 
 let us compare them to a piece of 
 catgut, that we may the better 
 judge, with what propriety oily 
 medicines are dire^ed for their cure. 
 Thu^, then, if by a violent exten- 
 fion of this catgut, you had fo o- 
 verftretched it a?; to deltroy its fprin- 
 glnels, or elafticity, and was in- 
 clined to recover its loft tone, would 
 you for this purpoie think of 
 foakiBg" it in oil ? And is not 
 the method of treating ftrains 
 or overftretched mufcles and ten- 
 dons full as prepofterous, when you 
 bithe or foak them in oily medr- 
 cines, at a time that they want re- 
 Itringents, to brace them up. 
 
 In all violent ftrains of either 
 ten'.lon or mufcles, whatever opi- 
 nion we may entertain of bathing 
 and anointing vv'ith favourite no- 
 ftrums, which often fucceed in 
 fl'ght cafes, where perhaps bandage 
 alone would have done : yet it is 
 the latter, with proper refting the 
 vehixed fibres till they have tho- 
 roughly recovered their tone, that 
 are the chief things to be depended 
 on ; and frequently fome months 
 are neceffary forafFecling the cure. 
 
 All violent ftrains of the liga- 
 ments, which connect the bones to- 
 gether, efpecially thoie of the thigh, 
 require time and turning out to 
 grafs, to perfect a recovery. Ex- 
 ternal applications can avail but lit- 
 tle here i the parts afFc61ed lying 
 too deep, and fo furrounded with 
 mufcles that medicine cannot pene- 
 trate to them . The fooner in thefe 
 cafes a horle is turned out to grafs, 
 the better, as the genrle motion in 
 the field will prevent the ligaments 
 and jo'ntoii from thickening, and 
 of courfe the joint itfelf from grow- 
 ing ftiff; nor do we believe that fir- 
 ing, fo commonly praflifed in this 
 cafe, is of half the confequence as 
 
 S T R 
 
 reft, and turning out for a confider- 
 able time, which by the bye is al- 
 ways advifed at the time the horfe is 
 fired. 
 
 When a horfe's fhoulder is over- 
 ftrained, he does not put out that 
 leg as the 6ther ; but to prevent 
 pain, fets the found foot hardily on 
 the ground, tofave th^ others even 
 though he be turned ftiort oh the 
 lame lide, which motion tries him 
 the moft of any. When trotted in 
 hand, inftead of pulling his leg 
 forwards in a right line, he forms 
 a^ circle with the lame leg, and 
 vvhen he ftands in the ftabie, that 
 leg is advanced before the other. 
 In order to cure this lamenef?, firfl 
 bleed him, and let the whole flioul- 
 derbewell bathed three times a day 
 with hot verjuice or vinegar, in 
 which may be diifolved a piece of 
 foap: but ifthe lametiefs continues, 
 without fwelling or inflammation, 
 after refting two or three days, let 
 the mufcles be well rubbed for a 
 confjderable time, to make them 
 penerrate, with good opodeliock, 
 or either of the following mixtures. 
 
 * Take camphorated fpirit of wine, 
 < two ounces ; oil of turpentine, 
 
 * one ounce} this proportion will 
 
 * prevent the hair coming off.' Or, 
 
 * Take the beft vinegar, half a 
 
 * pint 5 fpirit of vitriol, and cam- 
 ' phorated fpirit of wine, of each 
 
 * two Ounces.' 
 
 When the fhoulder is very much 
 fwelled, it fhould be fomented with 
 woollen cloaths (large enough to 
 cover the whole) wrung out of hot 
 verjuice, and fpirit of wine, or a fo- 
 mentation prepared with a ftrong 
 decoution of wormwood, bay- 
 leaves, and rofemary j lo a quart 
 of which may be added half a pint 
 of ipirit of wine. 
 
 A rowel in the point of the fhoul- 
 der in this cafe does great fervire, 
 
 T 4- Gi'pe- 
 
S T R 
 
 efpeciaily if the ftrain has been very 
 violent, and the fwelling very large : 
 but as to boring up the fhoulder 
 with a hot iron, and afterwards in- 
 flating it, is both a cruel and abfurd 
 treatment ; and the pegging up the 
 found foot, or fetting on a patten 
 ihoe, to bring the lame fhoulder on 
 a ftretch, is a moft prepofterous 
 practice, and direflly calculated to 
 render a horfe incurably lame, for 
 it can only be neceflary in cafes the 
 very oppofite to this, where the muf- 
 cleshave been long contra61ed, and 
 we want to ftretch them out. When 
 poultices can be applied, they are at 
 flrft undoubtedly very effecflual, af- 
 ter bathing v;ith hot vinegar, or 
 verjuice ; and are to be preferred 
 greatly to cold charges, which, by 
 drying fo foon on the part, keep it 
 ftifF and uneafy j let them be pre- 
 pared vi'ith oatmeal, rye flower, or 
 bran boiled up in vinegar, ftrong 
 beer, or red wine lees, with lard 
 enough to prevent their growing 
 ftiff 5 and when by thefe means the 
 inflammation andlwellingis brought 
 down, bathe the part twice a day 
 with either of the above mixtures, 
 opodeldock or camphorated fpirits 
 of wine ; and rowl the part three or 
 four inches both above and below 
 with aftrong linnen rowler, of about 
 two fingers width, which will con- 
 tribute not a little to the recovery, 
 by bringing up the relaxed tendon, 
 and perhaps is more to be depended 
 on thsn the applications themlelves. 
 
 Ill ftrains of the coffin-joint, that 
 have not not beendifcoveredin time,- 
 there will grow fuch a ftiff nefs in 
 the joint, that the horfe will only 
 touch ihe ground with his toej and 
 the joint cannot be played v^ith the 
 hand ; the only method here is 
 repeated bliftering, and then firing 
 fuperficially. 
 
 For ftrains in the back finews. See 
 Back Sinew Strained. 
 
 S T R 
 
 Strains In the knees and pa- 
 fterns arife frequently from kicks or 
 blows } if they are much Iwelltd, 
 apply flrft the poultices j and when 
 the fwelling is abated, bathe with 
 the following mixture. * Take vi- 
 
 * negar, one pint 5 camphorated 
 
 * fpirits of wine,'foLir ounces 5 white 
 ' vitriol dilTulved in a little water, 
 
 * two drams, or, take the whites of 
 
 * three or four eggs, beat them into 
 
 * a froth with a fpoon, to which 
 
 * add an ounce of roch alum finely 
 
 * powdered ; ipirit of turpentine J 
 ' and wine, of each half an ounce: ^ 
 
 * mix them v^ell together/ 
 
 The following is alfo much re- 
 commended by the French writers, 
 and has been found very fuccefsful 
 in fome old ftrains, when other re- 
 medies have failed. < Take one 
 
 * pound of tar, and two of re6^ified 
 
 * fpirits of wine ; ftir them together 
 
 * over a fire, till they incorpoiate, 
 
 * (but take care the flame does not 
 
 * catch the fpirits) then add two 
 
 * ounces of hole finely powdered, 
 
 * and a fufficient quantity of oat- 
 
 * meal, to bring ir to the confidence 
 
 * of a poultice j to which add lard 
 
 * enough to prevent its growing 
 
 * dry ; apply it fpread on cloth 
 
 * twice a day : 
 
 As great weaknefs remains in the 
 patterns after violent ftrains, the beft 
 method is to turn the horfe out to 
 grafs, till he is perfectly recovered : 
 when this cannot be complied with, 
 the gener il way is to blifter and fire. 
 
 Strains i^ the hack are tobe treated, 
 by Ibaking the paits with coolers and 
 repellers : bnt when the ligaments 
 sre hurt, and they are attended with 
 great weaknefs and pain, ufe the fo- 
 mentation. If a hardnefs ftiould 
 remain on the outfide, it may be re- 
 moved by repeated blifterings j if 
 within, it may be out of the power 
 of any external applications to re- 
 move ; however, the joint fhould be 
 fired 
 
S T p. 
 
 fired gently, with fmill razes or 
 lines pretty clofe together, and then 
 covered with a mercurial phifter. 
 To the difcutient pliifter above- 
 meniioned, may be added crude fal 
 armoniac, with a handful of wood 
 a/hes boiled in it. Bartkt. 
 
 Strains in the StsiSe, or whirl- 
 bone, are to he treated with the fol- 
 lowing ointment, by rubbing it in 
 well upon the part affccled with the 
 hand, covered with a bladder, and 
 to make it penetrate the better, it 
 may be aflifted with a hot iron. 
 
 * Take oil of turpentine, linleed oil, 
 
 * and oil of camomile, of each two 
 
 * ounces; five ounces of nerve oint- 
 
 * ment ; ointment of marfhmallows, 
 ' and deer's fuet, of each two oun- 
 
 * ces ; oil of St. John's wort, and 
 
 * oil of thyme, of each an ounce. 
 
 * Melt thefe all well together, and 
 
 * when almoft cold, add- to them 
 
 * an ounce of fublimate in fine pow- 
 
 * der.' 
 
 When the ftrain in the whirlbone 
 js violent, and that you are obliged 
 to fire, thi^ muft he done very deep. 
 We (liall here exhibit the form of a 
 hliifering cir.r.nent, which we have 
 always tound to anfvver cur purpofc 
 better than any other, wkich is as 
 follows, viz. 
 
 * Take an ounce of train oil, 
 
 * three ounces of nerve ointment j 
 
 * frefh butter and tar, of each two 
 
 * ounces ; an ounce and a half of 
 
 * Spanifli flies powdered ; and half 
 
 * an ounce of euphorbium. Make 
 
 * thefe with fome beeswax into an 
 ■* ointment. Wood" s Farriery . 
 
 STRANGLES, a diftemper to 
 which colts and young horles are 
 very fubje6f, and begins with afwel- 
 ];ng between the jaw-bones, which 
 fonietimes extends to the mufcies of 
 the toiigue, and is attended with 
 fuch great heat, pain, and inflam- 
 mation, tPiat fometimes, till matter 
 js formed, the horfe fwallows with 
 the utmoft dilHculty. 
 
 S T R 
 
 Many colts have the ftrangles at 
 grafs, which come to rnaturity, and 
 break, mak ng a very plentiful dii- 
 chargCjVvithout any other help befides 
 whxt nature affords ; and thofe that 
 efcape the ftrangles at grafs, for th.e 
 moft part, are ieized when they are 
 firft taken up and put to bufinefs i 
 and vv^e often obierve tl'.e change of 
 diet, the alteration of air and exer- 
 cife, bring on the ftrangles. Other 
 caules may be, their c tching cold, 
 their fhedding their teeth, or what 
 ever may induce pain, or bring a 
 flux of humours at any critical time 
 upon the throat and jaws. 
 
 The fymptoms are extraordinary 
 heat and feveriftmefs, with a pai,.tul 
 cough, and a great inclnation to 
 drink, without being able : fome 
 horfes lofmg their appetite entirely, 
 others eating but little, by reafonof 
 the pain which chevvmg and fwal- 
 lowmg occafions : when the fwelling 
 begins on the in fide cf the j w bones, 
 it is much longer in coming to mat- 
 ter, than when more to the middle: 
 when it arifes among tiie glands, 
 and divides into feveral tumours, 
 the ctue is generally tedious, as it 
 breaks in different places j and when 
 it forms upwards on the windpipe 
 and gullet, there is fometimes dan- 
 ger of fuffocation, unlefs the fwel- 
 ling breaks. But the moll dange- 
 rous kind is, when befides the above 
 fymptoms, the horie runs at the 
 nofe : this by fome is called the baf- 
 tard ftrangles. 
 
 As this diforder feems to be criti- 
 cal, the moft approved methoil is t» 
 alTift nature in bringing the fwellings 
 to maturity, by keeping them con - 
 ftantly moift , with ointment of 
 marfhmallows, and covering the 
 head and neck with a warm hcor!. 
 But as all fwellings in glandular 
 parts fuppurate ilowly, the following 
 poultice may be applied hot twice a 
 day J it is alfo a very proper one to 
 fipea 
 
S T R 
 
 ripen or bring any other hvelling to 
 inatter. * Take of marflimallows 
 *^ ten handfuls ; white lilly root, 
 'half a poMnJ j linieed and fenu- 
 
 * greek ke<\ hruiitd, of tach four 
 
 * ounces ; boll t'lem in two quarts 
 
 * of water, till the whole is pulpy j 
 
 * and add four ounces of oinrment 
 
 * of marflimallows, and a fufTicient 
 
 * quantity of hogs hard, to prevent 
 
 * its growing ftiff and dry.' i:i five 
 or fix days, by thefe means, the mat- 
 ter i? generally formed, and makes 
 its way through the ilcin, and if the 
 difcharge is made freely, and' with 
 eale, tbe opening need not be in- 
 larged, but (hould be drefied with 
 the following ointment fpread on 
 tow, ftill continuing the poultice 
 over it, to promote the digellion, 
 find prevent any remaining hardnefs. 
 
 * Take rofm and burgundy pitch, of 
 
 * each a pound and a half, honey and 
 
 * common turpentine, each eight oun • 
 
 * ces ; yellow wax, foi:rouiKts; ''.ogs 
 
 * lard, one pound ; vei digrca e fijiely 
 « powdered, one ounce j meit the in- 
 
 * gredients together, but dont put in 
 
 * the verdigreafe till removed jrom 
 
 * the fire; and it fhould be itirred in 
 
 * by degrees, till the whole is grown 
 ' (fiiTand cool-' 
 
 If the fever and inflaminr^tion run 
 high, and the fwelling be Co fituated 
 as to endanger fuffocation, a mode- 
 rate quantity of blood muft be taken 
 a^^i:t antl the remainder diluted 
 wiih plenty of water gruel, or warm 
 wa^er ms flies, Scc. 
 
 The running at the nofe, which 
 often attends the ftrangles, is dan- 
 gerous : efj^eclally if it continues af- 
 ter tiiey have ripened and broke, as 
 the hoilevvili be gieatly wer.kened 
 1 hereby. To prevent this wafte and 
 (decay, give him eveiy day, fo? 
 fometime, an ounce of Jefuits bark, 
 or a Ifrong deco61ion of guaiacum 
 l])aving?, which hath been found 
 extremely bentficial in reftraining 
 
 S T R 
 
 thefe glandular difcharge?, when to<^ 
 liberal ; and in lirying up ulcers of 
 all kinds in horfes. See the fttticle 
 Glanders. 
 
 If a hardnefs remains after the 
 fores are healed up, they may be 
 anointed with the mercurial omt- 
 raent j and when the horfe h'S re- 
 covered his itiength, pursing will 
 be nereffary. Gihjlfi and Bartlet. 
 
 STRANGURY, a ftoppage of 
 urine, or a difficult excretion thereof, 
 vihich comes away by drops, with a 
 feni'atior. of a fpa'modic pain abotit 
 the fphiiifler and neck of the blad- 
 der. When the fti angury in a horfe 
 does not arife from wind or dung 
 prefTiUg on the neck of the bladder, 
 (as was obfcrvcd under the article 
 Cholic) the caufe is from inflam- 
 mation, or too long a retention of 
 the urine. Such horfes make fre- 
 quent motions to ftale, ttand wide 
 and llradling, are full, and have their 
 flanks diftenJed. In this cafe, bleed 
 largely, give the following drink, 
 and repeat it every two hours for two 
 or three times, till the horfe is re- 
 lieved. * Take venice turpentine 
 
 * broke with the yolk of an egg, one 
 *' ounce J nitre, or fal prunellae, fix 
 
 * drams ; half a pint of fweet oil, 
 
 * and a pint of white wine.' If this 
 flipuld not have the delired efFe6l, 
 the following diuretic ball may be 
 given. * Take balfam of capivi, 
 
 * or Strafbourgh turpentine, and ve- 
 
 * nice foap, of each one ounce j nitre 
 
 * fix drams ; make it into a baii 
 
 * with honey, and wafli it down with 
 
 * <he maifhmallow decoction.' Re- 
 peat this ball two or three times a 
 day, tiil the horfe ftales freer and 
 v.'ithout pain, and his urine becomes 
 of a right confiiience, and free from 
 any puioilent fedinient. Give the 
 ho;fe plenty of marflimallow decoc- 
 tion, in a quart of which difTolvean 
 ounce of nitre ard gum arable, and 
 two of honey. Cibfon and Bartlet. 
 
 In 
 
S T R 
 
 , tn this cafe bleeding is felclom he- 
 Ceffaiy, the cure being ccmmoniy 
 perFoVni.fcl after this ni?.nner. In the 
 fir(t place let his {lieath be nibhed 
 wiih an onion ; and then a pint gi- 
 ven of the following deco61ion, viz. 
 Take marfhmallows and mercury, 
 of each an equal quantity ;two ounces 
 of mild carrot feeds, and fome paif- 
 ley roofs. Of thefe make a ftrong 
 clecoflicn 5 to each pint of which 
 add oil of turpentine and nitre, of 
 each an ounce, and four ounces of 
 Jinltcd oil j when the pain is violent, 
 thirty cr forty drops of the anodyne 
 balfam may be added to each dofe. 
 Wcod^f. Farriery. 
 
 STRAPS of a faddl^ are fmall 
 leather (traps, nailed to the bows of 
 a faddie, with which the girths are 
 madefaft to the faddie. Guillet. 
 
 STRSNGTHENERS,inthef^r- 
 lier's Dil'peafatory. See Resto- 
 rative?. 
 
 "STRIKE a nail, in the manage, 
 is (o .iiive it through the horfes fhoe 
 and the horn or hoof of his f oct ; and 
 to rivet it for holding on the fhoe. 
 Gui!let. 
 
 STRIKG-HALT is an invo- 
 luntary and convulfive motion of the 
 mnfcles, which extend or bend the 
 hough ; when it feizes the outfide 
 mufcles, the horfe ltraddle«, and 
 tlu'ovvs his legs outwards ; but when 
 the infide mufcles are aftc(Sied, his 
 legs are twitched up to his belly ; 
 ibmetimes it is only in one leg j 
 fometimes in both. It generally pro- 
 ceeds from fome Ihain or blow, and 
 the cuie is difhcult, and feldom at- 
 temied with fuccefs ; though in 
 the beginning, a flringhalt may 
 be rtmoved wird good rubbing, and 
 the ufe of fomentation!:, wjtli daily 
 but moderate exercife. The lall re- 
 fuge is u'mlly the fire, whi h has 
 been known to anfwer at lead (b far 
 as ro prevent abfoluie lainenefs, 
 Cibfm\ Fiy.rrier's Guide. 
 
 STY 
 
 STUB is ufcd for a fplinte*- o^ 
 frtlh cut undrrwood, that gets into 
 a horfe's foot, as he runs, and 
 piercing the (ble through the quick, 
 becomes more or lefs dangerous, ac- 
 cording 35 it (inksinore or lefs Into 
 the feet. Gut/let. 
 
 STUD, a place wh«re ftallion? 
 and mares are kept to propagate 
 their fpecies, or it fignifies the llai- 
 lions and b; ceding mares themfelve?. 
 See the articles BREEDING of hor~ 
 fes, Colt, Korse, Mare, Stal- 
 lion, &c. 
 
 STUMBLING, in a horfe, comes 
 either naturally or accidentally, and 
 is known by tlie light and feeling, 
 by reafon that the fore-legs are fome- 
 vvhat ftralt, fb that he is not able to 
 ufe his legs with that freedom and 
 nimblenefs he fliould. Such a« 
 couies accidentally, is either by 
 fplint ar v/ind-gail, or by being 
 foundered, pricked, (tubbed, gra- 
 velled, finew-ftiained, hurt in the 
 /li niider, or withers, or by carelefsly 
 fetting him up wiien hot, which, 
 makes him go very ftiff, which ft iff- 
 n e fs cau fes (t u m b 1 i n g. 
 
 To fhoe a horfe which ftumbieth, 
 you muft fho8 him quite contrary to 
 thofe which tread only upon the 
 toes of their hind feet : for you muft 
 take down his toe very much) and 
 alfo fliorten it, to the end that he 
 may not meet fb eafily with the clods 
 and (tones upon the highway?* 
 Scllo'rell. 
 
 STYPTIC, medicines, which, 
 by their allringent qualities, flop 
 hasmorrhages and violent bleedings. 
 There are feveral medicines applied 
 with this intention, but one of the 
 mod celebrated preparations for this 
 purpofe, in the farrier's difpenfatory-, 
 is that fold under the name of Cole- 
 I):Uch^s (lypfic powder, prepared a<; 
 follow*;, « Take any quantity of the 
 
 * filings of iron, and pour upon 
 
 * them fpirit of i'ilt, to the height 
 
 of 
 
S V R 
 
 ' of three or four fingers ; let them 
 
 * ftand in a gentle digeftlon, 'till 
 
 * the fermentation is over, and the 
 
 * fpirit of (lilt is become fwtet i then 
 
 * pour off what is liquid, and eva- 
 
 * porate it in an iron or glafs veflfel, 
 
 * until half is confumed 5 at which 
 
 * time put to it an equal quantity 
 
 * of faccharum faturni, and evapo- 
 
 * rate to a dry powder, which is to 
 
 * be clofe kept from the air/ This 
 is of great efficacy in (topping any 
 hxmorrage of blood, from wounds 
 or ruptured vefTels, by applying it 
 only to the part, and keeping it af- 
 terwards covered. Gibfon" s Farrier s 
 Difpenfatory. 
 
 Other ftyptics in the farrier's di- 
 fpenfatory are the ftyptic water, and 
 the royal ftyptic, for the preparati- 
 ons of which, we muft refer the rea- 
 der to the difpenfatorie?. See alfo 
 the articles Artery, Bleeding, 
 Wounds, &c. 
 
 SUBJECT, in the manage. To 
 keep a horfe fubje6t is an exprtffion 
 relating to volts, fignifving to keep 
 the ciot'ipe of the horfe in the round, 
 ib that it may not llip out ; that he 
 may not traverie ; and that he may 
 work in the manage, croupe in, 
 niaiking his equal times without lo- 
 fmg his ground. GuiUst. 
 
 SUMPTER bo-^fe, a name for a 
 horfe that carries provifions and ne- 
 ceiTaries for a journey. Rujfic Did. 
 
 SUPPLE, in the manage. To 
 fnpple a horfe is to make him bend 
 hi? neck, fhou!ders and fide?, and to 
 render all the parts of his body more 
 pliable. Guillet. 
 
 SUPPRESSION of urine. See 
 Strajjgury. 
 
 SURB.VTING. A horfe is 
 faid to be furbated, when the fole is 
 worn out, brui.'ed or fpoiled by any 
 accident, as by bad fhoeing, efpeci- 
 aJly wlien they lie too flat on the feet; 
 or ivhen the horfe goes too long 
 barefoot 5 as alfo, by travelling in 
 7 
 
 S U R 
 
 hard ways, or among dry, hot fand 
 in hot weather, which dries the 
 hoof, whereby the fole becoming 
 hard, prefTes upon the foft parts be- 
 neath it. If a horfe be furbated by 
 bad fhoeing, you may know the part 
 that is affected, by the thinnefs of 
 the flioe, where it prefTes moft 5 and 
 therefore it ought to be pared deepeft 
 in that part, before another is put 
 on : but if the fhoe is not in the 
 fault, it m,ay be known that he is 
 furbated by his continual hitching 
 and moving : but by feeling his 
 hoofs, you may obferve tlism both 
 very hot and dry. 
 
 The cure is very eafy, before it 
 becomes attended with other acci- 
 dent«, and may be performed only, 
 by iiopping up the i'eet with ox or 
 cow's dung and vinegar. Some 
 break a couple of new-laid eggs, 
 and apply themraw to thefoles, and 
 then Itop them up with ox or cow's 
 dung. Some ufe only hog's greafe, 
 boiling hot, and thickened with 
 bran ; and there are others, who 
 make ufe of vinegar and foot boiled 
 together : but nothing will be msrC' 
 eilicaciotts, in cafe it be troublefome, 
 then firft Ibftening the fole with the 
 application of un^^uous things, and 
 after that pouring a mixture of boil- 
 ing pitch and tar, Sec. upon the fole. 
 Gihfon's Farrier s gttide. 
 
 SURFEIT is principally under- 
 flood to be all fuch maladies, or di- 
 f^em^^ers, as proceed from exceiTive 
 and immoderate feeding 5 butefpeci- 
 ally upon unwholefome foodj from 
 cold and hard riding. Sec. whereby a 
 horfe forfakes his meat, and is infe^ed 
 with hard fwellings, which, if they 
 happen to fall upon the joints, will 
 in proceis of tijne occaficn lamenefs 
 and many other diforders. Bracken. 
 
 Surfeits arife from various caufes, 
 but are commonly the effefls of fome 
 difeafes not afendcd to 5 or that 
 have been ill cured, A horfe is- 
 
 faid 
 
S U R 
 
 fiid to be rmfeited, when his coat 
 ftares, and looks nifty and dirty, 
 though proper means have not been 
 wanting to keep him clean. The 
 Ikin is iull of Tcales and dander, that 
 lye thick and mealy among the 
 hair, and isconftantly fupplied with 
 a frefli AiccefTion of the lame, for 
 want of duetranfpiiatlon. Some hor- 
 ies have hurdles of various fize?, like 
 peas or tares. Some have dry fixed 
 fcabs all over their limbs and bo- 
 dies j others a moifture attended 
 with heat and inflamimation j the 
 humours being fo fharp, and vio- 
 lently itching, that thehorfes rub fo 
 inceflantly, as to make themfelves 
 raw. Some have no eruptions at 
 all, but an unwholefome look, and 
 are dull fluggifh and lazy. Some 
 appear only lean, and hide- bound, 
 others have flying pains and lame- 
 nefs, refembling a rheumatifm, fo 
 that in the furfeits of horfes, we have 
 almoft all the different fpecies of 
 Icurvy, and other chronical diftem- 
 pers. 
 
 The following method is ufualiy 
 attended with fuccefs in the dry 
 fpecies, Firft take away about three 
 or four pounds cf blood ; and then 
 give the following mild purge, which 
 will work as an alterative, and 
 fhould be repeated once a week or 
 ten days, for ibme time. * Take 
 
 * fuccotrine aloes, fix drams, or one 
 
 * ounce ; gum guaiacum, half an 
 
 * ounce ; diaphoretic antimony, and 
 < powder of myrrh, of each two 
 
 * drams, make it into a bail with 
 
 * fyrup of buckthorn.' 
 
 In the intermediate days, an 
 ounce of the following powder fhould 
 -be given morning and evening in 
 feeds. * Take native cinnabar, or 
 
 * cinnabar of antimony finely pow ■ 
 
 * dered, half a pound j crude anti- 
 
 * mony in fine powder, four ounces ; 
 
 * gum guaiacum alfo in powder, 
 
 * lour ounces j ni^ke into fixteen 
 
 S U R 
 
 * dofes, for eight days.' This me- 
 
 * dicine niuft be repeated till the 
 horfe's coat is well, and all the fymp- 
 toms of furfeit difappear. If the 
 horfe is of fmall value, two or three 
 common purges fhould be given ; 
 and half an ounce of antimony, vvith 
 the fame quantity of fulphur, twice 
 a day j or the alterative balls, with 
 camphii-e and nitre, as dire6fed in 
 the article of Molten-Grease, 
 
 If the little fcabs on the fkin do 
 no not peel off, anoint them with 
 the mercurial ointment ; during the 
 time of ufing wliich, it will be pro- 
 per to keep the horfe dry, and to give 
 him warm water. This ointment 
 properly rubbed into the blood, with 
 the afllftance of purging phyfic, has 
 frequently cured thefe,kinds of fur- 
 feits v\'ithout any other afiiftance. 
 
 The wet furfeit, which is no 
 more than a moiil running fcurvy, 
 appears on different parts of the bo- 
 dy of a horfe, attended fometimes 
 with great heat and inflammation ; 
 the neck fometimes fwells fo in one 
 night's time, that great quantities of 
 hot briny humour ifl"ues forth, which 
 if not allayed, will be apt to colle6l 
 on the poll or wither's, and produce 
 the poll- evil or fiftula. This dif* 
 eafe alfo frequently attacks the limbs, 
 where it proves obftinate and hard 
 to cure ; and in fome horfes fliews 
 itfelf fpring and fall. 
 
 In this cafe bleed plentifully ; 
 avoid externally all repellers, and 
 give cooling phyfic twice a week, as 
 four ounces of lenitive eledluary, 
 with the fame quantity of cream of 
 tartar j or the latter with four ounces 
 of Glauber's falts quickened , if 
 thought proper, with two or three 
 drams of powder of jalap dilTolved 
 in water-gruel, and given in a 
 morning fafting. After three or 
 four of thefe j)urges, two ounces 
 of nitre made into a ball with honey 
 nay be given every morning, for a 
 fortnight » 
 
S W A 
 
 ferrtntght ; and If attended with fuc- 
 ceis, repeated tor a loitnight long- 
 er. The powders abovementioned 
 may be given with the horfe's corn, 
 or a ftrong decoction ot guaiacnm 
 Ihavings, or logwood, may be given 
 alone to the quantity of two quarts a 
 day. Thefe, and indeed all altera- 
 tive medicines mult be continued for 
 a long time, where the dilbrder 
 proves ohftinate. 
 
 Tlie diet Aioiild he cool and open • 
 ing, as fcaldetl bran or barley ; and 
 if the horfe is hide-hound, an ounce 
 of fenugreek.lt eds mixed with his 
 feeds fhould be giren for a month 
 or longer j and as this diforder oft- 
 en pioceeds from worms, give the 
 mcrcuiial phytic too, and afterwards 
 the cinnabar powders as already di- 
 refled : but as in general, it is not 
 an original dieafr, but a fymptom 
 only of many, in the cure regard 
 nnill be had to the ini\ caufc : thus, 
 as it is an attendant on fevers, 
 worms, Sec. the removal of this 
 complaint mult bevarioufly efte6led, 
 Gihfcn and Bar tut. 
 
 SWAYING of the back,z pnin and 
 wej-k.iefs in iheieins of a horl'e,cauf. 
 ©d by a fall, the carrying ot feme hea- 
 vy burden, or Ibme other violent ac- 
 cident} era (Iretching and relaxation 
 of the mufcles and ligaments of the 
 back. ; and when the hurt is more 
 inward, the malady muft confifl in 
 the Itfetchin;^ o^ '.I>e blood velfels, 
 &c. The fir It thing to be dane in 
 this cafe, is to take plenty of blood 
 from the neck ^ after which a charge 
 is to be applied, and thofe things 
 rre to be given inwardly that pro- 
 mote fweat ; and as Mr. i>iuipe ad- 
 vifes, the horfe may be fweattd in a 
 dunghil!, if the common remedies 
 fail; his diet muit be opening, and 
 ail imaginable care taken to keep 
 down a fever. He ought to be gii t 
 pretty fiim over his ;eins, yet not i'o 
 as to hinder tiie motions of. his 
 
 S W E 
 
 flanks ; he ought alfo to be hrthg 
 up, or kept in a fleady pollure, but 
 it the wcaknefs continues, you may 
 pioceed to the fare, which muftbe 
 done by piercing the flcin cu the 
 mufcles that lie on each fide of the 
 fpine, avoiding as m.uch as puflible 
 to burn lu'm near the flanks, other- 
 wife it will be apt to create a violent 
 fweiling in the fheath, which would 
 very readily bring on a fever. Gib' 
 fens Farriers Guide, See ihc arti- 
 cle Kidneys. 
 
 SWEAT. In orHer to fweat a 
 horfe give him the following drink. 
 
 * Take venice treacle, or the elec- 
 
 * tuary of mithridate half an ounce } 
 
 * and hpis contrayerva in powder, 
 ' two dj urns ; mix thefe with three 
 
 * drams of philoniuin romanum, 
 
 * and a fcruple of camphire pow- 
 
 * dered, by the help of a few drops 
 
 * of fweet oil ; and laltly mix all 
 
 * thefe with a pint of fmall white 
 
 * wine j or for want of that, in a 
 
 * quart of ftale beer, and give it the 
 
 * horfe milk warm.' Ti e horfe 
 fliould then be covered well with a 
 hood, a blanket, and a thick rug, 
 and well bedded ; and not have any 
 hay or corn for twelve hours ; and 
 then he fhould be cooled by degrees. 
 Brackens Pocket Farrier. 
 
 Sweating iron, in the ma- 
 nage, is a piece of a fcythe, about 
 a toot long, and of the breadth of 
 about three or four fingers, very 
 rhi«, and fuch as cuts only with one 
 fide. When the hcrfe is veiy ho'-, 
 and the grooms have a mind to lef- 
 len the fweat, or make it glide off, 
 thev take this knife or iron in their 
 two hands, and gently run the cut- 
 ting edge along the horfe's flcin, 
 commonly with the grain, or as the 
 iair lies, and but feldom againff it, 
 with intent to fcrape off the fweat, 
 and dry the horfe. Giiillet. 
 
 SWEETBREAD, or Pancre- 
 as, in anato:r.y, a lajge gland or 
 kernel 
 
S W E 
 
 ]cerne!, that lies acrofs the upper and 
 back part of the lower belly, under 
 the ftomach, to which it lerves for 
 a foft pillow to reit upon. It has a 
 paffage into the firli gut, a little 
 way below the ftomach, where the 
 pancreatic juice is emptied by its pro- 
 
 s w o 
 
 per dti6V. Gihfoiis D'lfeafes ofhorjii, 
 SWELLING, or Tumour, lee 
 the article Tumour. 
 
 SWORD-HAND, in the ma- 
 nage, is tlie hoifeman's right hand, 
 as bridle. hand is ufed to denote his 
 left hand. Cuillct, 
 
 ?^a^a^i^*^5&^Mfe?^^MSa£%^^ 
 
 T. 
 
 T A 1 
 
 T E E 
 
 'T'AIL of a borfe fhould he firm, 
 -*■ the dock, or (lump of it fhould 
 be big, (fifF, and placed pretty high ; 
 thofe which have itfet too low have 
 leldom good reins ; on the other 
 hand, Tome of them have it fet too 
 high, which makes their buttocks 
 appear pointed and unfeemly. Sol- 
 lyfell. 
 
 A great many afjirm, that the 
 dock of a horle's tail ferves to point 
 out his fixth or feventh year, plead- 
 ing that at tiiat time the black Ipeck, 
 or eye of a bean, begins to difappear, 
 and the cavity to be filled, the dock 
 of the hair becomes longer, by rea- 
 fon that the vigour ot the young 
 years begins to abate, and nature 
 has not Itiength enough to nourifli 
 and keep up the joints or knots that 
 form the dock, fo that \v!»en the 
 horfe is fix years old, one of thefe 
 joints f]ackens and begins to fall 
 down, and a year after another de- 
 fcends in like manner. But this re- 
 laxation cr down-falling, happens 
 foaner to fome than oti.ers, accord- 
 ing as they have been well or ill kept, 
 with reference to feeding, hoafmg, 
 and working. Accordingly we hnd 
 ' tbe niaiks of a horfe's age, taken 
 
 from the tail, are fo erroneou?, that 
 we fee a great many jockies main- 
 tain that the firft joint defcends when 
 he is nine, and the fecond when he 
 is ten years old. Guillet. 
 
 For an anatomical defcrlption of 
 the tail, fee the article Nicking. 
 
 TEDDER, or Tether, a rope 
 wherewith the leg of a horle is tied 
 that he may graze within a certain 
 ccmpafs. Rufi. Did. 
 
 TEETH ofahorfe are little bones 
 placed in fockets in a horfe's jaw, 
 which ferve rot only to facilitate 
 the nourifhment, but likewile to di- 
 ftinguifh the age of horfes. A horfe 
 has forty teeth, including the tufks, 
 which are diliingulflied as already 
 related under the article Age of a 
 kirfe. 
 
 The teeth are of a fubflance hard- 
 er than any of the other bones, 
 which is abfo'utely necelTary, con- 
 fidering their office is to break and 
 cut all the aliment. That part of 
 then? wlaich ffands above the gums 
 is fmooth, and free fiom any cover- 
 ing, but all within the fockets of the 
 jaws is more rough, and covered 
 with a thin membrane of exquiGtc 
 fenfe. Cil^fcn's Farriers Guide. 
 
 TEIGNSS, 
 
T E R 
 
 TE.IGNES, a diRemper in the 
 foot of a horfe, when the frufli 
 moulders away in pieces, and it 
 goes the length of the quick, foi* 
 then the itching pain is fo great, 
 that it will make the horfe halt. 
 Riific. Dicf. See Running 
 Thrush. 
 
 TEMPERS ofhorp. See De- 
 fects and Faults cfHorfcs, and 
 Vices in horfes. 
 
 TENDON, in anatomy, is the 
 extreme pijt of a mufcle, whereby 
 it is fp.ltened to the bone. 
 
 When a tendon happens to be 
 rut quite afunder, there is an ope- 
 ration perioimeH, which is called 
 the Jlitckhig of the tc:idon, which is 
 done by laying one end over the 
 c her, about half an inch ; and fo 
 puftiiiig the needle and waxed fi'k 
 two or three times through them, 
 and drefnng the bottom of the wound 
 with fpirittious ttreirmgs, and the 
 lips with tire ointments proper in 
 v/oiinds. Bracket, 
 
 The rupture of the tendr n Arhillis 
 is cured by comprefs and a bandage 
 dipt in viYiegar or verjuice, only 
 keeping fhe extremities of the ten 
 <!on in clofe conta6l : this is greatly 
 favoured bv binding the fetlock, and 
 keeping it in that polition by a fplint 
 c::ternally applied, lb that the foot 
 cannot bend outvv;^ids. La Fc/fe* 
 
 TERRA. A TERRA, in the 
 manage, is a fciies of low leap9, 
 which a horfe makes forwards, hear- 
 ivs, hde-ways, and working upon 
 <two treads. In this motion, a hone 
 I'fts both his fore-legs at once j and 
 when thefe are upon the point of de- 
 fcend.ing to the ground, the hinder 
 legs accompany them with a fhort 
 and quick cadence, always bearing 
 arid (laying upon the haunches ; io 
 that the motions of the hinder-quar- 
 ters are (hort and quick 5 and the 
 horfe being always well preffed and 
 coupled, he lifts his fore-legs p;etty 
 
 T E S 
 
 high, snd his h:nde! legs keep al* 
 ways low, and near the ground. 
 
 This manage is called terra a ter- 
 ra, becaufe in this motion the horfe 
 does not lift his legs fo high as 
 in cor vets. Guillet. 
 
 TERR AIGNOL in the manage. 
 A horfe fo called, is one that cTeaves 
 to the ground, that cannot be made 
 li-ht upon the hand, that cannot be M 
 put upon his haunches, that raifes ^ 
 his fore-quarters with difficulty, 
 that is charged with fhoulders, and 
 in reneral, one whofe motions are 
 all fliort, and too near the grounds 
 Guillet: 
 
 TERRAIN, In the manage, is 
 the managed ground upon which the 
 horfe marks his pifte or tread ; 
 this horfe obfeives his ground well j 
 he keeps his ground well j he em- 
 braces his ground well without en- 
 larging or narrowing more to the 
 one hand thin to another. Guillet* 
 
 TERRlTES,or Earthworms, 
 one of thethree forts of worms, which 
 infe6l the bodies of horfes. See the 
 article WoRMS, AsCARlDES, and 
 Bots. 
 
 The earth-worms in horfes refem- 
 ble the common earth-worms, in 
 many rerpe<51s, only that they are 
 fharper at both ends, callous to- 
 wards the middle, and do not fb 
 eafdy contra6l: or dilate themfelves. 
 Some of thefe have been feen to 
 come from horfes, but they Jiinder 
 them fiom thriving till they are dif- 
 lodged. Gibfon's Difeafes of horfes. 
 
 TESTES, Testicles, Stones, 
 or Cods, of a horfe are feated in a 
 fcrotum or purfe, which takes its ori- 
 gin and growth from the external 
 parts. This fubftance is glandular, 
 their ufe being to prepare the feed 
 for procreation, which is carried by 
 proper vefiels into the vefficulae fe- 
 minales, where it remains till the 
 time of coition, when it finds a paf- 
 fage into the urethra. They have 
 lour 
 
T I M 
 
 four coats or covfcrs, and have pro- 
 per veins and arteries which com- 
 municate with thofe of the kidneys, 
 Gibfo-ds Difeafts of horfes. 
 
 For accidents that happen to the 
 tefticies, fee the article Cods. 
 
 THIGH orGASKOiN of a horje 
 begins at the ftiffle and reaches to the 
 ply or bending of the ham. The 
 thighs of a horle fliould be well fur- 
 ni/hed, and fiefhy ; for thcajgh the 
 croupe be well turned, jet if the 
 thigi.s be ilender and lean, he will 
 appear nairow behind, w'lich is 
 termed cat-thighed. SoUe^fdl. 
 
 Fore- TKIGH, or arm of a borfe, js 
 that part of the fore-leg that runs 
 betwixt tlie ftioulder and the knee: 
 though the fore- thigh do net bend 
 or bow, yet we commonly fay, a 
 horfe goes fine that bends well the 
 fore-thigh, importing thereby, that 
 he bends his leg well. 
 
 Thighs of a horfeman, in the 
 manage. The effefl of the rider's 
 thighs is one of the aids that ferves 
 to make a horfe work vigoroufly in 
 the manage. As foon as the cava- 
 lier doles with his thighs, you fee 
 the horfe is enlivened, and alarmed, 
 as preparing himfelf for doing what 
 is demanded of him, and difpofing 
 himfelf for the manage. GuUlet. 
 
 THRUSH, orFRUSH. Seethe 
 article Frush. 
 
 TICK, or Crib-eiting. See 
 the article Crie-eiting. 
 
 TICKLISH, in the manage. A 
 horfe is faid to be ticklifh, that is 
 too tender upon the fpur, and too 
 fenfible ; and that does not freely 
 fly from the fpurs, but in fome mea- 
 fure refilts them, throwing himfelf 
 up when they come near and prick 
 his fkin. GuUlet. 
 
 TIGER-COLOUR of a horfe. 
 See the article Colour. 
 
 TIME, in the manage, Is fome- 
 times taken for the motion of a horfe, 
 tliat obferves meafurc and juftnefs in 
 
 TON 
 
 performing a manage ; and fome- 
 times it fignifies the interval between 
 two of his motions. In the manage 
 of a ftep and a leap, the horfe makes 
 by turns a corvet between two ca- 
 prioles J and in that cafe the corvet 
 is one time that prepares the horfe 
 for the caprioles. The times ob- 
 ferved in making a flop, are nothing 
 but fo many falcades- 
 
 TiME a Ifo fignifies the effefls of 
 one of the aids thus, we fay a good 
 hor'eman difpofes his horfe for the 
 effects of the heel, by beginning 
 With one time of the legs, and ne- 
 ver runs precipitately upon his times. 
 Giilllet. 
 
 TIT, a little horfe or nag. Some 
 call a horfe of a middle fize a dou- 
 ble tit. 
 
 TOE, in tlie manage, is the flay 
 of the hoof upon the fore-part of 
 the fo:f, comprehended i^etween 
 the quarters. We commonly Jay 
 the toe before, and the heel ber.ind ; 
 implying that, in horfes, the toe of 
 the fore feet is ftronger than the 
 toe of the hinder feet. And on the 
 other hand, that the heels behind 
 are ftronger th?.n thofe before \ and 
 accordingly, in flioeing we drive 
 higher in the toes of the forefeet, 
 and in the heels of the hinder feet. 
 See the article Drive. 
 
 A horfe that dc^s not left his hin- 
 der feet all equally upon the ilioe, 
 but raifes his heels, and goes uporj 
 the toes of his hind feet is called in 
 French ra m p i n . Guillet. 
 
 TONGUE of a horfe fl)on!d he 
 fmall, or el fe it will be difHailt to 
 keep the bit from prelfing it. which 
 caunng t'le tcngue to extend ever his 
 bars, and to cover them, will ren- 
 der his feeling of the prtfTure of the 
 bit dull, by hmdering its operation 
 and effect upon the bars. SolUyfU, 
 
 Tongue hurt, is what befala 
 a horfe bv accident, or by a bit, haU 
 ter, or the like. For cure} fome 
 
 U boil 
 
T R A 
 
 boil in water leaves of wood-Bin?, 
 primroCe, black-berry and knot- 
 ^rafs, with fome honey, ad'.^ing a 
 litrle alum ; with this they walh the 
 horfe's fore of his tongvie two or 
 three times a day with a clout tied 
 to a piece of ftick, the liquor beirg 
 luke-warm. 
 
 Or anoint it with mel rofatum; 
 bi!t whenever you drefs either tongue 
 or mouth, don't fajl to tie the hoiTe 
 up to the rack for an hour lifter it. 
 Ri'fic Dicl. 
 
 Tongue, in the manage. The 
 aid of the tongi e or voice, is a fcrt 
 rf ngreeabie decking, or a certain 
 fctind foimed by the cavalier, in 
 Jtriking his tongue Pgainlt the roof 
 of \\\^ mouth, when he means to ant- 
 mate the hcife, and fuftain him, and 
 m ke him work well in the manage. 
 See the article Aid. 
 
 To JhvaIlon.v tkeTovic.vE, i n th e 
 manage. A horfe is faid to draw 
 in or fwailow his tongue, when he 
 turns it down his throat, which 
 makes him wheeze as if he were 
 fliort-winded. This fault is cured 
 by giving him a bitt with a liberty 
 for the tongue. S'et; the article Li- 
 EERVY. Guillet. 
 
 TORCHENESS. in the manage, 
 h a lonor ftick with a hole at the end 
 of it, ihrough which we run a ftrap 
 of leather : the two ends of which 
 being tied together, ferve to ftreighf- 
 en clofclyj and tie up a horfe'sno^e, 
 as long as the ftick is leaved upon 
 the halter or fnaffle. This is done 
 to keep the horfe from being unruly 
 when they go to drefs him, or upon 
 any other occafion. Guillet. 
 
 TRAMEL, in the manage, a 
 ir.achine /for teaching a horle toam- 
 l>;e, which is fcrm'd after the fol- 
 lowing rnanner. See the article 
 
 A?«!ELE. 
 
 1. The fide ropes muft be made 
 "of the heii, fineft, and ftrongeft: 
 p'jckth-ead, fuch as Turkey thread. 
 
 T R A 
 
 and twilled by the rope-maker int:> 
 a delicate ftrong cord, yet muit not 
 h't above the hignefs of a fmall jack 
 line, with a noofe or loop at each 
 end, as ftrong as poflTible can be 
 made ; neither ftiould they be twined 
 too hard, but gentle and with a 
 yielding quality, which will bring the 
 motion more ealily on, and prevent 
 the tramel from breaking. Thefe 
 fide ropes muft be in length 36 
 inches for a horfe of an ordinary fta- 
 ture, and either longer or Ihorter, 
 according to his fize, and fo equal 
 one with another, that you cannot 
 difcern any difference. 2. The hofe 
 which muft be placed in the fmall 
 of the fore leg, and the Imall of the 
 hinder leg above the paftern joint, 
 muft be made of fine giith-web, that 
 is foft and pliant, and joined with 
 double cotton. Over the girth-web 
 muft be faftened ftrong tabhs of white 
 neat's-leather well tallowed, i'uited 
 to an equal length, and ftamped 
 with holes at equal diftances, which 
 may pafs through tlie noofes of the 
 fide ropes, and be made longer or 
 fhor;erat pleafure, with very ftrong 
 buckles. The'e hofe are alfo to be 
 made faft about the horfe's legs, with 
 fmall buckles, and the hofe of ths 
 girth fiiould be 4. inches in length, 
 and the long tabhs with the large 
 buckles 10 inciie?. 3. The back- 
 band which is for no other ufe but 
 to bear up the fide ropes fliould, if 
 you tramel all four legs, be made of 
 fine girth-web, and lined with cot- 
 ton ; I ut if you tramel but one fide, 
 then a common tape will ferve, ta- 
 king care that it carries the fide-ropes 
 in an even Ime, without either rifing 
 or falling : for if it rifes it fhortens 
 the fide-rope, and if it falls there is 
 danger of its entangling. 
 
 As to the I'.fe of the Tramel ; 
 
 bring t'le horle into an even fmoolh 
 
 path, and he being made faft about 
 
 his legs, untie the long tabbs of his 
 
 near 
 
T R A 
 
 rear fore-leg and near hinder-leg- ; 
 then put to them the fide rope, and 
 take cire that the horle ftand at that 
 juli: proportion, which nature herfeif 
 has formed him in, without either 
 firaining or enlarging his limbs, and 
 in that even and juft length. St'y 
 the fide-rope by the fmail tape faft- 
 cned up to the faddle ; then with 
 your hand on the bridle, (Iraighter,- 
 mg his head, put him grntly for- 
 ward, and (if there be occahon) let 
 another perfjn put him forward nifo, 
 and fo force him to amble up and 
 down the road with all the gentle - 
 ne(s that may be, fuffering him to 
 take his own time, that he may 
 thereby ccne to iinderftand lii^ re- 
 Itraint, and what motion you would 
 hav- him perform. And aitho' 
 be Hiould fnapper cr Ihunble, or 
 perhaps fall now and then, yet it 
 nntters not ; do you only ftay 
 his head, give him leave to ri!e, and 
 put him loiwards again wifh all 
 gc:ntlenefs, till the horie finding his 
 own fault, and under(i'n;iipg ih.e 
 motion, he will become perfect, and 
 amble in your hand to your latif- 
 fa6tion. 
 
 For the doing this with the more 
 eafe and lels amazement to the horfe, 
 it wiii not be amifs if you give the 
 fide-rope> the mere !en2th than or- 
 dinary at his firll trammeliing, both 
 that the twitches may be lels iudden, 
 and the motion coming mere gently, 
 the horfe may fooiier apprehend Jt. 
 But as loon as he is arrived at any 
 perfection in the pace, put the 
 lides to their true length, for an inch 
 too long is a foot too flew in the 
 pace, and an inch too fJiort, w;]| 
 cau e rolling, a twitc'^ng up of the 
 leg?, and indeed, a kind ot dowii- 
 jight halting. When the horfe will 
 thus amble in vour hand pen'eiily 
 Vviih the tramel on one fide, you 
 mny then cliange it to the other fide, 
 a^nd make Inra amble in your hand 
 
 T R A 
 
 as before ; and thus ycu muf^ ^o^ 
 changing from one fide to another, 
 till with this half- tramel he will run 
 and arrble in your hand without 
 l"n?pperi'^gor{l:umbling,both readiiV 
 and fwifily. 
 
 Having attained to this, which 
 may be efft6fed in two or three houis 
 labour, if there be any traftablenels, 
 you mav put on the whole tramtl, 
 with the broad,fi?.t back-band, tram- 
 melling both fuies equally, and fo 
 run him in your hand at the utmolt 
 length of the bridle aloi.g the roa I 
 feveral times; then paufe, cheiifli 
 him, and to it again : &nd {.ly him 
 thus, till you have brought him to 
 amble fwifijy, truly, and readily, 
 when, where, and how you pleafe. 
 
 Then put him upcn uneven ami 
 uncertain ways, as up hill and down 
 hill, where there are clots and rough- 
 nepj, and where ther? is holiowncfs 
 and !ail'c treading. When the hoile 
 is become perfect in your hand upon 
 all thefe motions, you may fit a boy 
 or groom upon his back, making 
 him amble, while ycu Itay his head 
 to prevent danger, or to obferve hew 
 he (hiker. Afterwards mount your 
 felf, and with all gentlenefs incre^^fa 
 hi? pace more and more, till he be- 
 come perfeft ; and as you did be- 
 fore with vour hand, fo do no^v en 
 his back, f.rft with the hrdf tramel, 
 then v/ith the whole, changing the 
 tiamel often from the ere fnie to the 
 other, and alio charge the ground, 
 which fliould be done two or three 
 tnnes a day. 
 
 When you have brought the hor'e 
 to perfeCVi'm, you may h'y afide the 
 tramel ard ride him without it j 
 but do this in a hig'wsy and not in 
 a private fmcoth read, which affords 
 but a deceitful pace, and will be 
 left upon every frr.all veaiirei? ; 
 therefoie pace him on thehi^hviay 
 three or four miles in a moinin^:* 
 an-i in caft you find him fojiake his 
 U a gait. 
 
T R E 
 
 galf, either tlno' wearinefs, peeviflh- 
 ncfs, or ignorance, always carrying 
 the half tramel in your pocket, 
 alight and put it on ; and thus con- 
 tinue to exercife him, giving him 
 eafe now and then, and at laft bring 
 him home in his true pace. 
 
 TRAMELLED, in the manage. 
 A horfe is laid to be tramel Ld that 
 has blazes or white marks upon the 
 fore and hind feet on o::e fide, as the 
 iar-fo.n before snd behmd. He is 
 fo called froMi refemb'ance of the 
 -svhite foot to the hofes of a half 
 tramel. 
 
 Crofs-tramelled horfe, is one that 
 has white marks on two of his feet 
 that fland crofswife, like St. An- 
 drew'scrofs; as in tlie far fore-foot, 
 and the near hind-foot ; or in the 
 near-foot before, and the far-foot 
 behind. 
 
 TRANCHEFILE, in the ma- 
 nage, h the crofs- chain of a bridle 
 that runs along the bitt-mouth from 
 one branch to the other. Giiillet. 
 
 TRAVE, orTRAViCE,isafmall 
 inclofure or oblong quadrangle, pla- 
 ced befoie a farrier's fliop, and con- 
 fiding of four pillars or polts kept 
 together by crofs poles ; the inclo- 
 fure being defigned for holding and 
 keeping in a horfe that is apt to be 
 unruly or diforderly in time of (hoe- 
 ing, or of ?ny operation. GiiUlet. 
 
 TRAVERSE, in the manage. A 
 hoiTe is faid to traverfe when he cuts 
 his tread crofswife, throwing his 
 croupe to one fide, and his head to 
 another. Guillet. 
 
 TRAVES, in the manage, a 
 kind of fhackles for a horfe that is in 
 teaching to amble or pace, 
 
 TREAD of a horje is good, if 
 it be firm and without reftiiig upon 
 one fide of the :oot more than upon 
 the other, or fetnng down the toe or 
 heel one before he other ; if he fets 
 his heels firft to the ground, then it 
 is a fign that he is fgusdered In his 
 
 T R 
 
 fecf, but if he fe?s his toes firft to the 
 ground, it (hews that he has been a .^ 
 draught horfe j therefore the whole .-■ 
 foot fliuuld be ftt down equally at ^ 
 the fame inltant of time, and turned 
 neither out nor in. SolleyjeU. 
 
 TREPINGER, in the manage, 
 is the a6^ion of a horfe, who 
 beats the; duit with his fore-feet in 
 managir>?, without embracing the 
 volt; and who makes his motions 
 and times fliort, and near the 
 ground, without being put upon his . 
 haunches. 
 
 This is gener^Iy the fault of fuch 
 horfes as have not their flioulders 
 fapple, and at liberty, and withal 
 have fcarce any motion with them. 
 A horfe may trepinger, in going 
 upon a (halt line. Guillet. 
 
 TRIDE, in the manage, is a 
 word fignifying fliort and fwift. A 
 tride pace, is a going of fliort and 
 fwift motions, tho' united and eafy, 
 A horfe is faid to work tride upon 
 volts, when the times he marks with 
 his haunches, are (liort and ready. 
 Some apply the word only to the 
 motion of the haunches. Guillet. 
 
 TRIP, Qt jlmihle, in the manage. 
 A horfe is faid to trip when he 
 makesafalfeftep. SeeStumbling. 
 TROT, in the manage, is a pace, 
 or going of a horfe ; in which the 
 motion is, two-legs in the air, and 
 two legs upon the ground crofswife, 
 or in the form of St. Andrew's crofs, 
 continuing alternately to raife at 
 once the hind-leg of one fide, and 
 fore-leg of tlie other ; leaving the 
 other hind-leg and fore-leg on the 
 ground, till the former come down. 
 A hoife puts himfelf to a trot, 
 when, upon a walk, he makes halte, 
 or quickens his pace ; and if he be 
 afiilled by the fwitch, and the heels, 
 he takes it yet better. Guillet. 
 
 As in the amble, the horfe is to 
 be ftayed upon the hand, and prcf- 
 {^A forward with the calves of th 
 
 legg 
 
T R IT 
 
 legs of the rider, one after the other ; 
 lb, on the contrary, if the horfe be 
 walking, and you would have him 
 trot, you muft flack your brid'e- 
 hand, and prefs him on with both 
 your calve?, at one and the fame 
 time J which v/ill oblige him to at!- 
 vance the hind leg of the frJe, with 
 which he did not lead fjonrr than 
 othervvife he would t\o, and fo move 
 at the very fame inftant witji the fore- 
 leg of that fide with which he begun 
 to lead, which is the true aclion of 
 the trot ; that i?, hind leg of one fide 
 and fore-leg of the other, at one and 
 the fame time. 
 
 Tie Trot of a horfe is good, if it 
 ht iirm,v/ithout relling upon one fide 
 of the foot before the other, or fetting 
 down one toe or heel before the 
 other : fome horlies, notwithftanding 
 they raife, flay, and tread vfeil, have 
 a bad walk, and therefore ycu are 
 to take notice wi^ether he walks 
 quickly, and alfo lightly on thehand, 
 not prefling or reftmg too much on 
 tlie bitt, butalwayschanginga point, 
 keeping his head high, v/ithaquick 
 motion of his fliouldeis. 
 
 He walks eafily when his fore and 
 hind feet make but as it were one 
 motion ; and furely, when he treads 
 firm and fute, and lifts up his legs 
 indifferent high ; but if he does not 
 bend them enough, he will l\e cold 
 in bis walk (as they call it) and apt 
 to flrike upon the flones and clods. 
 
 TROUSSEQUIN, in the manage, 
 is a piece of wood, cut archwife, 
 laifed above the hinder bow of a great 
 faddlcj which ftrves to keep the bol- 
 fters firm. There are fome Diitch 
 faddles, called fdks ra%es, which 
 have a low troufi'equin. Guillet. 
 
 TROUT-COLOURED /;«y>, is 
 a white, fpeckled with fpcts o* black, 
 bay, or forrel, particularly about the 
 head and neck. Guillet. 
 
 TRUSSED. A horfe is f^id to be 
 well trulied, when his thighs are 
 
 T U M 
 
 large, and proportioned to the round* 
 nels of the croup. A horfe is fa'd to 
 be ill truffed when his thighs are 
 thin, and bear no proportion to the 
 breadth of the croup. Guillet. 
 
 TUEL, the fundament of a horfe. 
 
 TUMOR, or Tumour, a pre- 
 ternatural fweiling, or rifmg on 
 any part of the body of a horfe, 
 which ariftrs either from external in- 
 juries, 01- inteina! caufes. 
 
 Swellings caufed by external ac- 
 cidents, as blows and bruifes, fhould 
 at flirt be treated with relbingents : 
 thus, let the part be bathed frequent- 
 ly with hot vinegar, or verjuice} 
 and where it will admit of bandage, 
 let a flannel wetted with the fame be 
 rowled on. If, by this method, the 
 fweiling does not fubfide, apply, ef- 
 pecially on the legs, a poultice with 
 red wine lees, ft: ong beer grounds, 
 and oatmeal j either of thefe may 
 be continued twice a day, after ba- 
 thing, till the fweiling abates; when 
 in order to difperfe it intirely, the 
 vinegar fliould be changed for cam- 
 phorated fpirits of wine, to four 
 ounces of which may be added one 
 of fpirit offal armoniac; or it may 
 be bathed with a mixture of two 
 ounces of crude fal ar'moniac boiled 
 in a quart of chamber-lye, twice a 
 day J and rags dipped in the fame 
 may be rowled on. Fomentation 
 made by boiling wormwood, bay- 
 leaves, and rofemary, and adding a 
 proper quantity of fpirits are often 
 of great fervice to thin th.e juices, 
 and fit them for tranfuiratior, efpe- 
 cially if the injury has affefted the 
 joints. 
 
 But in bruifes, where the extra- 
 vafated blood will not by thefe means 
 be difperfed, the fliortefl way is to 
 open the (kir,Tr.d let out the grumes. 
 See Blovvs and Bruises. 
 
 Critical tumcurs, or fwellings 
 
 which terminate in fevers, fh uld 
 
 by no means be difperfed, except 
 
 U \ whcB 
 
T U M 
 
 xvlien thf-y fall on the paftern orcof- 
 fjii-joinr, Co as to endanger them : 
 in this ca'e, the difcufient fomenta- 
 ,ti'>n preicrioed in a Twelling of liie 
 Ihoolcier, under the aiiicle Strain, 
 Should be applied t!uee oi (our times 
 a day ; and a cio'h or flannel fre- 
 quently wrunguut o( the famefhould 
 he bound on, in order (o keep the 
 joint continudly breadiing. But if 
 the fwelling fixes linder the j^wp, 
 behind the ears, or the poll wither?, 
 or in the groins an;l fiieath, &r. it 
 iliould be encouraged and forvA/ard .d, 
 by rijiening poultices, wherevcrr thev 
 can be apjWied : o^tmeil boiled 
 foft in milk, to which a proper quan- 
 tify of oil and lard is acided, may 
 aniWer this purpofe ; or the poul- 
 tice recommended isi the Stran- 
 gles : Thefe muft be applied twice 
 a day, till the mitter is perceived 
 to fluctuate under the fingers, when 
 it ought to be let our 5 for which 
 purpofe, let the tumour be opened 
 with a knife, or <trong lancet, the 
 whole l.ngth of the Jwelling, if it 
 can be done .'afely > for nothing 
 contributes fo mucii to a kind heal- 
 ing as the matter's having a free dil'- 
 charge, and the openings being big 
 enough tr)drefs »o the bottom. 
 
 Pledgits of tow fpread with black 
 or jeilo^v bafi.icon (or the wound 
 ointment) and dipped in the fame, 
 melted down with a fifth pirtof oil 
 of turpentine, (hculd be applied to 
 the bottom of the fore, and filled up 
 lightly with the fame, without cram- 
 ming ; it may be thus drelTed oiu~e 
 cr twice a day, if the difcharge is 
 great, till a proper digellion is pro- 
 cured, when it fhouid be changed 
 lor ple(<gits fpread with red p'eci- 
 pitite oiatment applied in the fame 
 juanrer. 
 
 SikmIJ th.e fo e not digeft kindly, 
 but run a thin matter, .and look 
 pa'e. f.)ment as often as you drefs 
 wiih llie above fomentation, and np- 
 
 T U M 
 
 ply ov'ir your dreffing the ftrong 
 beer poultice, and continue this me- 
 thod till the matter grows thick, and 
 the fere florid. See the articles Ul- 
 cer and Wound. 
 
 Authors on farriery have, in ge- 
 neral, given very proper receipts to 
 aniwer every intention in the cure of 
 tun)ours and impollhumes, by me- 
 dicines : hvit as they have not laid 
 down fufiicient lules lor their appli- 
 cation ill thofeca'iis, where they are 
 mofc wanted, we hope the follovvring - 
 general directions, will not be un- 
 acceptable in healing fume kinds 
 of fores, ariling frequently from the 
 unfkilful manner of drcfling them. 
 
 It may be r.ecdfary to oblerve •M 
 here, once for al', that the cures of m 
 molt foies are aiTeftcd by the fim- 
 plelt methods ; and that it is often 
 of much mere conftquence to know . M 
 how to drefs a fore, than what to 9 
 drefs it with ; and in this indeed ■ 
 confifts the chief art of this branch of || 
 furgery, for the moft eminent in iliat 
 ptofefiion have long fince difcovered 
 that variety of ointnients and fa'.ves 
 are unnecefiaiy in the cures of moft 
 wounds and (ores, and thfy have ac« 
 cordingly difcarded the greateft part 
 formerly in repute for that purpofe ; 
 repeated obfervations having taught 
 tlieiTi; that after the digcflion, na- 
 ture is generally difpoled to heal up 
 tlie wound tall enough herfelf ; and 
 that the iiirgeons chief care is to 
 prevent a luxuriancy, commonly cal- 
 led proud flefli, which all ointments 
 wherein lard or oil enters are but 
 too prone to encourage, as tb.ey ke p 
 the fibres too lax and fupple ; and 
 which dry lint alone, early applied, 
 as eafily prevent?, by its abforbing 
 quality and light comprcfTion on the 
 fprouting fibres. Tnus, if a hollow 
 wound or fore is crammed with tents, 
 o;- tlie dieflings are applied too hard, 
 the tender flioots of fle'h from the 
 bQtt&iH aie prevented pufliing up, 
 
 and 
 
T U R 
 
 and the fides of the fore in time from 
 this difttnTion may grow horny aid 
 turn fidulous i nor has the niaiter by 
 this method a free difcharge. On 
 the othc-r hand, if fores ot any depth 
 are drelled fuperficially, the exter- 
 nal parts being more diipofed to heal 
 and come together thm the inter- 
 nal, they will fall into contact or 
 Ileal too foon, and ihe fore not fill- 
 ing up properly from the bottom, 
 will break out airefh. 
 
 As foon th.en as a good digefl.'on 
 is procu'-ed (wliich is known by the 
 thicknefs and whifenefs of the mat- 
 ter thus difcharged, and the florid 
 red colour at the bottom of the f^re) 
 Jet the dieflings be changed for the 
 precipitate medicine } or the /ore be 
 filled up with dry lint alone dipped 
 in lime-w.iter, with a litle hcnty 
 and tinflure of myrrh, or br:?ndy, 
 about a fifth part of the Iattf:r to one 
 o( the former ; a ptedgit of lint dip- 
 ped in this mixture fliould alfo be 
 applied to the bottom of the fore, 
 which fhould be filled up with others 
 to the furface or edges, but not 
 crammed in too hard; nor yet applied 
 too loofely. 
 
 By this metlicd, the fore will in- 
 carn, or heal up properly, and fbft 
 fpungv flefh will be prevented or 
 fupprefTed in time j wheieas, when 
 oiniments or (alves are too long 
 continued, a fungus or proud flrfli 
 is thereby fo encouraged in its 
 growth , that it rtquhes (bme 
 time to deilroy and eat it down 
 again ; a proper comprefs of cloth, 
 and a linen rowler, is abfolutely ne- 
 ceffary both for this purpofe, and to 
 fecure on (he dreflings, wherever 
 they can conveniently be applied. 
 Bart let. 
 
 TUE.N, in the manage, is a word 
 commonly ufed by the riding-maf- 
 terp, when they Awedi their fcholars 
 to change hands. Sec Change and 
 Entire. Guilki, 
 
 T U R 
 
 TUR]<ilKG ffraighf, in the ma- 
 nage, an artificial motion of a horfe • 
 of ihcfe there sre feveral forts, bu^ 
 we fliali here only fpeak of two o^ 
 them, from which all turnings are 
 derived. 
 
 I. U^ when a hcrfe keeps his hir- 
 d'-M j):iii.s inward, and clole to tlie 
 f oit or center, and fo coming about 
 makes liis circumference with his 
 loTf -parts, oppofing Ids enemy face to 
 lace I in order to which, you mult, 
 to tlie jing of the hind put of the 
 cavnfTon, fix a long rein of tvio j'^3- 
 tf.oms or more, and to the two otiier 
 ring's two fhorter reins ; then having 
 faddled the horft, and put on his 
 !)itt, bring him to the poll : put the 
 reins of his bi*t over the fore- part of 
 the f'addle, bolfters and all, and fix 
 them ?.t a conllant (trailnefs on the 
 tr p of the poivimel, fb as the horfe 
 niiy have'.he feeling of the bittand 
 curb. If ycu would have him turn 
 to the right hand, take the fhort rein 
 on the left fide of tlie cavefTon, and 
 bringing it, imder the fore-bolfter of 
 the iaddle up to the pommel, fix it, 
 at fuch a liraightncls, that the horfe 
 may rather look from than to the 
 pofl on the right fide : this being 
 done, fom.e Ikillfnl 2 room or atten- 
 dant, fhould hold the right fide rein 
 of the cavtfTon, at the pcfl govern- 
 ing the foie-part of his body, to 
 come about at large. After that 
 taking the long rein in your hand, 
 and keeping his hinder parts inwardte 
 with your lod on his outfide fhoul- 
 der, and fometimes on his outAde 
 thigh, make him move about the 
 poff, keeping the hicder parts as cen- 
 ter, and making his foreparts move 
 in a circumff-rence. 
 
 Thus you may exercife him a 
 pretty fpace on one hand, till he 
 attains to fome perfe6licn, and 
 then changing the reins of the cavef- 
 fon, make him do the like to the o- 
 thgr hand j ply him in this manner 
 U 4 ieveral 
 
run 
 
 feveral mornings, and cberiflilnm in 
 l)is exercife according to his defert, 
 till you have brought him to (uch 
 readinefs, that he will, upon the 
 moving of the rod, couch his hinder 
 parts in towards the poll, and lap- 
 ping the outward fore leg over the 
 inwaid, trot about the port mofl: 
 fwiftly, diftinftly, and in as ftrait 
 a comuafs as you can defire, or is 
 convenient for the motion ol the 
 hcife. 
 
 From trotting !ie may be brought 
 to flying and wheeling about To 
 fwiftly, tliat bcth the fore-legs rilii.g 
 and movirg together, the hinder 
 parts may follow in one and the lame 
 inftant. 
 
 When you have made h^m thus 
 perfc(5l in your hand, mount hig 
 back, appointing f:)me ikillful groom 
 to govern the long rein, and another 
 the fhort : by the motion of your 
 hand upon the birt, and ioft rein of 
 the caveflbn, keep the hoifc's head 
 from the poft -, and by mean'? of the 
 calf of your leg laivl on his fide, and 
 \v.\n' red turned towards his outward 
 thigli, to keep his hinrier jjarts to 
 the poft ; labour and exercife him till 
 lie be bic'Jght to the perlecSlion de- 
 filed. Then tak^ away the long 
 rein, and only exercife wi'h the help 
 of the fliort rein of the caveflon, and 
 no other, afterwards take both reins 
 of the c^\eC[un into your hands, and 
 exercife him from the poft, making 
 him as ready in any place where you 
 would ride him, as at the poft. 
 
 a. The other_/?rrt;>_;?v;//§" furn, is 
 to keep the horfe's face fixed on the 
 poft as on his enemy, and to move 
 jbout only with his hinder parts, 
 
 T \V I 
 
 for vvhiah you are to take the fame 
 help of the long rein, and the fliort 
 rein of the cavefTon, and to govern 
 them as before fliewn ; only you 
 are not to give the fhort rein to the 
 poft ward, as much liberty as be- 
 fore, but to keep his head clofer to 
 the poft, and following his hinder 
 parts with the long rein, by means 
 of your rod, mr.ke him bring his 
 hinder pirts round about the poft ; 
 snd obierve, that as he did be- 
 fore lap one foVe foot over another, 
 fo now he muft lap the hinder-legs 
 one ov!-r another. 
 
 Contmue to exercife him till he be 
 perf(6f, as before, then mount and 
 hbour him in like manner. Laflly, 
 leaving the poft, and all other helps, 
 ply him only in fuch open and free 
 places, as you fliall fee convenient. 
 
 TUSHES; are the fore teeth of 
 a horfe, feated beyond the corner 
 teeth, upon the bans, where they 
 ftioot forth on each fide of the jaws, 
 two above, and two below, about 
 the age of three, and three and a half, 
 and fometimes tour : and no milk or 
 foal teeth ever comes foith in the 
 place where they grow. See Age 
 c/a horfe. 
 
 TWIST, in the manage, the In- 
 fide, or flat part of a man's thigh j 
 upon which a true horfeman refts 
 upon horfe-back. Guillet. 
 
 TWISTED ; is ufed for a horfe 
 reduced to the fame ftate of impo- 
 tency with a gelding, by the violent 
 wiinging or twifting of his tefticles 
 twice about ; which dries them up, 
 and deprives them of nourifliment. 
 Guillet, 
 
 VALET, 
 
V. 
 
 V E I 
 
 V I C 
 
 'y ALET, in the manage, a ftlck 
 ^ armed at one end with a blunt- 
 ed point of iron, to prick and aid a 
 leapinsr hoiTe. Some Valets for- 
 merly had fpur rowels upon ihem, 
 only the points beaten down. And 
 when a hoife was firft begun round 
 a pillar, without a rider, they ufed 
 to prick his flunks with the valet, to 
 make him know the f\A\r and obey 
 it, without refjiiin^, GnUkt. 
 
 VARISSE or Varix, the Time 
 with the blood fpavin.. See the 
 article Spavin. 
 
 VAULT, in the manage. To 
 vault a horltflioe, is to forge it hol- 
 low. Tor horfes that have high and 
 round Ibles 5 to the end that the flioe, 
 thus hollow or vaulted, may hot 
 bear upon the i'ole that is higher 
 tlian the hooFj but after all, this 
 fort of flioe fpoils the feet ; for the 
 fole being tenderer than tht: flioe, af- 
 fumes the form of the fhoe, and be^ 
 comcsevery day rounder and round- 
 er. 'Guillet, fee Skoeing. 
 
 VEIN, in an3tomy- The veins 
 are only a continuation cf the ex- 
 treme capillary arteries, reflected 
 back again towards ilie heart, and 
 iiniting their channels as they ap- 
 proach it, til) at laft they al! form 
 three large veins, viz. the vena cava 
 defctndens, or defcc-nding hollow 
 vein, which brings the blood hack 
 again frorn all the parts above tlie 
 heart; and the cava arcendens,v^hich 
 brings the blood from all parts be- 
 low the heart ; and the vena porta, 
 which cairies the blood to the hver. 
 The coats of the veins are the fame 
 
 with fhofe of the arteries, only the 
 mufcular coat is as thin in all the 
 veins as it is in the capillary arte- 
 ries ; the prtfTure of tlie blood a- 
 gainlt the fides of the veins being 
 lefs than againft the fides of the ar- 
 teries. See the articles Artery 
 and Heart. 
 
 In the veins there is not any pvilfe, 
 becaufe the blood is thrown into 
 them in a continued ftream ; ani 
 likewile, becanle it moves from a 
 narrow channel into a wider. The 
 capillary veins urite with one ano- 
 ther, as do the capillary arterie?- 
 In all the veins which ai,e perpendi- 
 cular to the horizon (we mean iti 
 horfes, for in the human bodies the 
 veins of the uterus and the porta 
 are excepted) there are fniall mem- 
 branes, or valves. Sometimes there 
 is only one, fomeiimes there are 
 two, and fometimes three placed to- 
 gether, like lo many half thiinhie^, 
 fhick to the fides of the veins : but 
 if the blood falls back it muft fill the 
 valves ; and they being diifended, 
 (top up the channel, fo that little or 
 no blood can repais them. Brackeii's 
 Art ofFayriery. 
 
 To tie and iirick a horfe's vein. 
 See the article Bar a 'vein. 
 
 VERTIGO, See the articles 
 Apoplexy, Convulsions, and 
 Epilepsy. 
 
 VESS J G ON, Vession, or 
 Wind -Gall, Seethe article 
 Wind Gall. 
 
 VICE, a term ufed by th^* dealers 
 
 in horfes. to exprtls cer;aKi faulty 
 
 habits or culioins in thatcie^ture, 
 
 which 
 
V I V 
 
 which render thsm troublefofne to the 
 rider ; and are never to be worn off, 
 but by attention to the regular me- 
 thods. See the article Habits. 
 
 The following are the tricks ge- 
 nerally underflocd, ss vices by deal- 
 ers, and their method of preventing, 
 corre6\ing, and curing them. 
 
 VIVES, or Ives, a diftetnpcr in 
 horfes, which differs from the llran- 
 gles only in this •, that thefwellings 
 of the kernels under the ears of the 
 horfe (which are the parts firft chief- 
 ly affeiiied) feldom gather or come 
 to matter, but by degrees perfpire 
 off, and d'fperfe, by warm clothing, 
 anointing with the marfiimallow 
 ointment, and a moderate bleeding 
 or two. But fliould the inflammati- 
 on continue, notwithltanding thefe 
 means, a fiippuration mull he pro- 
 moted by the methods recommended 
 in the Strangles. 
 
 When thefe fwcllingsappe'^r in an 
 old, or full aged horle, they are 
 figns of great malignity, and often 
 of an inward decay, as well as fore- 
 runners of the glanders. Some au- 
 thors recommend the following oint- 
 ment to be ufed at fiift, in order to 
 difpcrfe the fwellings, and prevent 
 their coming to matter } b'eedingand 
 purging at the fame time for that 
 purpofe. * Take of crude mercury 
 
 * or quickfdver, one ounce } Venice 
 
 * turpentine, half an ounce ; rub 
 
 * together in a mortar, till theglo- 
 
 * bules of the quickfilver are no lon- 
 
 * ger vifible, and add two ounces of 
 
 * hog's lard.'' But as in young 
 horfes the vivos feem to be critical, 
 the praflice by fuppuration is cer- 
 tainly more elegible and fafe, for 
 want of properly effecting which, 
 the hum.ours frequently fettle, or 
 are tranflated to the lungs and other 
 bowels ; or falling en the flefliy parts 
 of the hind quarteis, fcnn deep im- 
 pofthumes between the mufcle?, 
 which difcharge fuch large quanti- 
 
 U L C 
 
 ties of mstter as fometlines kill the 
 horfe, and very often endanger his 
 life. Gihfon and Bart let. 
 
 ULCER is generally defined, a 
 folution of continuity in forne flefliy 
 part of the bo ly, with lofs of fub- 
 Itance, proceeding fiom fome inter- 
 nal caufe 5 and in the bony parts, 
 when that is grown fpungy like ilcfh, 
 it is called a caries, which may pro- 
 perly enough be termed an ulcer in 
 the bone. But although an ulcer is 
 that which proceeds from a vitiated 
 blood ; yet all kinds of fores are alfo 
 reckoned ulcers, when they degene- 
 rate and contraft an ill dil'pofition, 
 whether tliey take tlieir oii^in fiom 
 an internal or external malady; fo 
 that they are of various kinds, and are 
 owing to different caufe;, as wounds, 
 bruiles, and oth.er accidents ill treat- 
 ed or neglefied ; and likewife to a 
 depravity of the blood and juices, 
 which fiiit produce tumours, and 
 thofe in the end turn to ulcers. See 
 thearticle Tumour. Gibfon. 
 
 We fiiall not here enter into a de- 
 fcription of each particular fpecies 
 of ulcers, but only lay down fome 
 dire61ions for their general treat- 
 ment, by which means,, we fhall 
 avoid the ufual prolixity of auihois 
 upon that fuhjefl \ and yet fhall en- 
 deavour to give fo general an idea of 
 the nature of ulcers, as we hope 
 will be fufficiently inftiu61ive both of 
 the application, and of the proper 
 remedy to each. 
 
 It may be neceifary to obferve, 
 that we may often in vain perfue the 
 belt methods of cure by external ap- 
 plications, unlefs we have recourfe 
 to proper interna! remedies : for as 
 al! ulcers, diflicult to heal, proceed 
 fiom a particular indifpofition of the 
 blood and juices ; before the former 
 can be brought into any order, the 
 latter muft be correRed by altera- 
 tives and fweetning medicines. The 
 firll intention in the cure of ukers, 
 
 is 
 
U L C 
 
 h bringing them to digeft^ or dlf- 
 clnrge a thick matter, which will in 
 general be afTefled by the green 
 ointment, or that with precipitn.te : 
 but fliouid the lore not d\gti\ kindly 
 by theie means, but dilcharge a 
 g!eety thin matter, and look pile, 
 you muil then have recourfe to 
 warmer drellings, fuch asbalfam, or 
 oil of" turpentine melted down with 
 common digeltive, and a ftrong beer 
 poultice over ihem : it is alfo proper 
 in thefe kinds of fores, where liie 
 circulation is languid, and the natu- 
 ral heat ahated, to warm the part 
 and quicken the inofion of the blood, 
 by fomenting it wel! at the time of 
 diefTmg, which method will thicken 
 llie mafer, and louie the native hc;.it 
 of the part ; and then ihe former 
 drefllngs may be applied. 
 
 If the lips of the ulcer grow hard 
 or callous, they ir.ufl be pared down 
 with a knife, and afterwards rubbed 
 with the cauftic. Where fo<t fun- 
 gous flefli begins to rile, it Ihould 
 carefully be fupprefTed in time, 
 otherwife the cure will go on but 
 (lowly ; if it has already fprouted a- 
 bove the furface, pire it down with 
 a knife, and rub tlie remainder with 
 a bit of caullic ; and to prevent its 
 rifing a-jain, fprinkle the fore with 
 equal parts of burnt alum, and red 
 precipitate ; cr wafli with thefubli- 
 mate water ; and drefs with dry lint 
 even to the furf;ice, and then rowl 
 over a comprefs of linen as tight as 
 can be borne : for a proper degree of 
 preffure with mild applications will 
 always oblige thofe fpungy excre- 
 fcences to fubfide : hut without ban- 
 dage, the Itrongell will not fo well 
 fucceed. 
 
 All fmuffes or cavities Ihould be 
 laid open as loon as difcovered, after 
 bandages have been inefFeftually tri- 
 ed : but where the cavity penetrates 
 deep into the mufcles, and a counter 
 opening is impra^icable or hazard- 
 
 U L C 
 
 ous, where by a continuance the In* 
 teguments of the mufcles are con- 
 ftantly dripping and melting down j 
 in theie cales injections may be ufed, 
 and will fjequently be attended with 
 fuccefs. A decoition of colcolhar 
 boiled in forge water, or folution of 
 lapis medicamentofus in lime-wa- 
 fer, with a filth part cf honey, and 
 tin^lure of myrrh, may be firit tried, 
 in)e£\ing three or four ounces tvj'ice 
 a day ; or feme rofm melted down 
 with oil of turpentine may be ufed 
 for this purpofe : if theie Hiould not 
 fucceed, the following, which is of 
 a flnrp and caulfjc ratuie, as recom- 
 mended on Mr. G}bfc7i^s experience,' 
 ' Take of Roman vitrioi, half an 
 ' ounce ; difTolve in a pinr of wa- 
 
 * ter J then decant, and pour off 
 ' gentl) into a large quart bottle j 
 ' add half a pint of camphorated Ipirit 
 ' of wine 5 the fame quantity of the 
 
 * beft vinegar \ and two ouuces of 
 ' segypi'iacum,'' 
 
 Thefe fmufles or cavities frequently 
 degenerate into filtulae ; that is 
 grow pipey, having the infide 
 thickened and lined, as it were, wi>h 
 a hoiny fubltance, the treatment of 
 this kind of ulcer the reader will 
 meet with under the article Fis- 
 tula. 
 
 When a rotten or foul bone Is an 
 attendant upon a idrer, theficih is ge- 
 nerally loo(e and flabby, the dilchage 
 oily, thin, and ftinking ; and the 
 bone difcovered to be carious, by its 
 feeling rough to the probe paffed 
 through the flelh for that purpofe. 
 In order to a cure, the bone muft be 
 laid bare, that the rotten part of it 
 be removed ; for which purpofe de- 
 ftroy the loofe flefli, and drefs with 
 dry lint ; or the doffils may be pref- 
 fed out with the tindure of myrrh 
 or euphorbium ; the throwing off 
 the fcale is generally a work of na- 
 ture, which is afFefled in more or 
 lefs time, and in proportion to the 
 depth 
 
VOL 
 
 ^epth the bone is affe6led, though 
 burning the foul bone is thought by- 
 feme to haften its feparat on. 
 
 When the cure does not properly 
 ftTCceedy mercurial phyfic fliouid be 
 given, and repeated it proper inter 
 vala ; and to correft and mend the 
 biood and juices, the antimonial 
 and alterative powders w'V.h a de- 
 coflion of guaiacum and lime-wa- 
 ters, are proper for that purpofc. 
 See Alteratives. 
 
 This general method of treating 
 wicers or lores, if pi ope- ly attended 
 to, will be found applicable to par- 
 ticular cafes. Bartlet. 
 
 UNCERTAIN, in the manage. 
 "Wc call a horle uficertain, that is 
 naturally reliefs am! turbulent, and 
 is not confirmed in the manage he is 
 |mt to, fo that he woiks with trou- 
 ble and uncertainty Guillet. 
 
 UNITE, in the manage. A 
 borfe is faid to unite, or w;ilk in 
 union, when, in gallopmg, the hind 
 <fuarters follow, ar.d keep time with 
 the 'ore. GuUlct. 
 
 VOLTE, in the mannge, figni- 
 fies a vonnd or circular motion, con- 
 filting of a gait of two treads, made 
 by a horfe going fideways round a 
 ctnter, in furh a manner, th.it thtfe 
 two treads make par3liel trai5ts ; ore 
 hy the fore-fter, larger ; and the 
 other bv the hmder ket, fmaJler 5 
 the fhouldsr bearing upwards, and 
 the croupe approaching' towards the 
 -center. Sometimes the volte rs oi 
 one tread, as when a horfe mak-s 
 volts in corvets, and in caprioles, 
 fo that the haunches follow the fhoul- 
 deis, and move forwards on the 
 fame tread. In general, the way or 
 tra5i of the volte is fometim.es made 
 round ; Ibmetimes oval, and fome- 
 times a fqtiare of four Ifaight lines, 
 fa that thefe treads, v^ hether round 
 or fquare, inciofe a terrain or ma- 
 iTage grotnid, the midtlie of v.'])ich 
 isfametimts Jifimcuifhedby a pdiar. 
 
 VOL 
 
 or dfe by an imaginary center, 
 which is there fuppofed, m order to 
 regulate the diftances, and the juft- 
 nefs of the volte. 
 
 Dcfn: volte is an half lound of 
 ore tread or two, made by the horfe 
 at one of the corners or angks of 
 the volte 5 or elfe at th- end of the 
 line cf the pafiade ; fo that being 
 near the end of this line, or elfe 
 one of the corners of the volte, he 
 changes hands to return bv a femi- 
 circle, to rega-n the lame line. 
 When he does not return upon this 
 line, we fay he has not clofed his 
 demivolte, 
 
 De;nivoltes xjfthe length of a horfe 
 are femicircles of two treads, which 
 a horfe traces in woiking (ideways ; 
 the haunches low, and the head 
 high, turning very narrow, fo that 
 having foinied a dcmi-round, lie 
 changes the hand to make another, 
 which is again followed by anotlier 
 change of hand, and another demi- 
 round, which crolTes the firft. This 
 demivolte of a horfc's length is a very 
 pretty manage, but very difficult, 
 if we compare it to a figure of eight. 
 
 Demi'vohe of fi've times, ovpnf- 
 faJc cf f-oe times . See Pas sad e. 
 
 Re^-jei-ftd Tjolte is a trs(5\ of two 
 treads made by the horfe with his 
 head to the center, and his croupe 
 out, fo that he goes fideways upon 
 a walk, trot, or gallop 5 and traces 
 out a fmail circumference with his 
 Ihculders, and a lirger ore with his 
 croupe. Rtverfed vcT.es upon a 
 vvalkappfale and quiet ur.ruiy horfes, 
 if thiv Hre made methodicjtily. 
 
 The_/7x '-voltes are made terra a 
 terra J rwo to the right, two to the 
 left, and two to the rigiit ag.'n'n, all 
 with one breath, tbferving the 
 ground wiib tlic fame cadence, work- 
 ing fiiort and quick, and ready, the 
 fore hand in the hair, the breech up- 
 pon.ihe ground, the head and tail 
 firm and iteadv. 
 
VOL 
 
 To make a horfe <iKnrk upon the 
 four corners of the <volte is to ma- 
 nage him wi'h that jullnefsthat from 
 quarter to quarter, or at each of the 
 corners or angles of the volte, he 
 makes a narrow volte, that does not 
 take above the quarter of the great 
 
 U R I 
 
 volte, the head and tail firm ; aii3 
 thus purlues all the quarters with 
 the fame cadence, without lofin^ 
 one time or motion, and with one 
 reprife or with one breath. Guillet, 
 _ URINE of a horfe. Sse the ar- 
 ticle Staling. 
 
 %%%'^ 
 
 *^ *»T t»-» ♦«**»•>«» *i» • ♦»«>>♦♦***»•*<♦♦»* *5t* ><* %<♦ 4** Hf 'Jiif "S^ 
 
 w. 
 
 W A L 
 
 WAR 
 
 TyALK, in the manage, is the 
 *" flovveft and leaft raifed of all a 
 horfe's goings. The duke of New- 
 calHe fays, that this motion is per- 
 formed with two legs, diametrical- 
 ly oppofite in the air, and two upon 
 the ground at the fame time, in form 
 of a faint Andrew's crofs : but this, 
 in reality, is the motion of a trot ; 
 and accordingly 2II the later writers 
 agree, that this author is miftaken, 
 and that the walk is performed, as 
 any one may obferve, by the hoifes's 
 lifting up its two legs on a fide, the 
 one after the other, beginning witli 
 the hind-leg firlf. Thus, if he leads 
 with the legs of the right fide, then 
 the firft foot he lifts is the far hind- 
 foot, and in the time he is fettmg it 
 down (which in a ftep is always 
 fhort of the tread of his fore foot 
 on the fame fide) he lifts his far fore- 
 foot, and fets it down before his 
 near fore-foot. Again, jull as he is 
 fetting down his far foie-fcot, he 
 lifts up his near hind-foot, and fets 
 it down again juft fliort of his near 
 forefoot, and juft as he is fetting it 
 tigwn, he lifts liis near fore fo^?t_. 
 
 and fets it down beyond his far fore- 
 foot. 
 
 This is th? true motion of a horfeV 
 legs in a w^lk ; and this is the pace 
 in which many things are ^ni^ 
 taught. For irflance, when ih^? 
 hoife is to be taught to turn to the 
 right and left, or from one hand to 
 another, he is fird to be taught it oa 
 the walk, tlien on the trot, aVid anal- 
 ly on the gaUop. Guniet. 
 
 WAR 'horfe. The propei- niles 
 for \he chooling a horfe for fervici 
 in war, are thel'e : he ihou!d be taii 
 in nature, vv-ith a comely h.z^d, and 
 out fwelling forel.ead. H;3 eve 
 fliould be bright and fparkling. anil 
 the white part o{ it covered by tJic 
 eye-bfow. Xhe ears fhould be Ima)', 
 thin, fhort, and pricking j or, it* 
 long, they fhould be moveable witU 
 eafe, and well carried. The neck 
 flicr.ld be deep, and the breaft largs 
 and fwelline-. The ribs bendins^, 
 tlie chine broad and ftrair, and the 
 buttocks rcuiiJ and full. The tw\ 
 fhould hi: iiigh aa,d broad, neither 
 to..) tlii.k;, nor t03 thin j the thigli 
 fwelling i 
 
WAR 
 
 fwelling ; the leg broad and flat, 
 and the paftern fliorf-. 
 
 As for the ordering him during 
 the time of his teaching, he muft be 
 kept high, his food good hay and 
 clean oats, or two parts of oats and 
 one part of beans or peas, well dried 
 and hardened ; half a peck in a 
 morning, nocn, and evtning, Is 
 enough. O.) h'S reding days, \.t 
 him he drefied between hve and lix 
 in the morning, and water him at 
 feven and eight in the evening. 
 Drefs h'lB between three and four, 
 and w^tcr him about four or five, 
 and always give him piover.der af- 
 ter watering; litter him at eight, 
 and give him food for all night. Tlie 
 night before h3 is ridden, about nine 
 t^ke away his hay, and at four in 
 the morning give him a handful or 
 two of oats j and when he ln<; eaten 
 thtm turn him upon the fnafH-, and 
 rub him all over with dry cloths : 
 and then faddle him, and make 
 him fit for his exercife ; when he 
 has pcrrormed it, biing him into 
 the ftable all fvveaty as he is, and 
 rub him all over wih dry wifps ; 
 when this has been done, tr-ke off 
 his faddle, and h?.virg rubbed him 
 through with dry cloths, and put on 
 his hcr.fing cloih, then lay the fad- 
 dle on again with the girth, and 
 walk him about gently till he is 
 cool; then fet him up, let him fad 
 for two or three hours, and put 
 him to his meat : in the afternoon 
 "ciirb, rub, and drefs him ; alfo wa- 
 t.?r and order him as before. 
 
 WARBLES, in a horfe, are 
 fmall hard t!imors,or fwedings under 
 the faddling pait of a horfe's bark, 
 cccnfioned from the heat of the fad- 
 die in travelling ; and are cured by 
 bsthing them often in the following 
 fpirituous mixture. * T-^ke fpirit of 
 wine, two ounces joil of turpentine, 
 h^lf an ounce j tin^lure of myrrh, 
 aloe*, two drams, mix".' Bracken, 
 
 WARRANT a hirje, A jockey 
 
 WAT 
 
 that fells a horfe, is by an inviolable 
 cullom obliged to warrant him, that 
 is, to refund the money that was 
 given for him, and r'e-delivtr the 
 horfe in nine days after the firlt de- 
 livery, in cafe he fold hijn when un- 
 der luch infirmities as may efcape 
 the view of the buyer, and as they are 
 obvioiifly liifcovered ; naiuely, pur- 
 finefs, glmdeis, and unfoundneis, 
 hot oTid cold. But he does not 
 warrant him clear of fuch infirmi- 
 ties as may be feen and difcerned. 
 And not only a horfe- merchant or 
 jockey, bi:t perfons of wh.it quality 
 foever, ftand obliged by the law of 
 nature, and will be ccnftrained to 
 take back the horfe, if he is afFc6^ed 
 with the diforders firll mentioiied, 
 and to lepav the money, Giiillct. 
 
 But the rule of the law of Eng- 
 land is, cosjeat e?nftory unlels the 
 fell r exprefsiy warrants. 
 
 WAR.TS are of the fame nature 
 with fcratches, rat-tails, and other 
 e3!:crefcences of the legs and paftcrns ; 
 and are more or lels dangerous, as 
 they aientuated nearer or at a di- 
 ftance from the large finews. See 
 Scratches, Rat-tails, &c. 
 
 Warts may be waited by touch- 
 ing them now and then with aqua- 
 fortis ; or they may be cut off, when 
 they are fupeificiai. Gibfons Tarru 
 ers Guide. 
 
 WATER, in the farrier's dif- 
 penfatory. The fimple diltilled wa- 
 ters that retain the virtues of their 
 proper plants, and aie of any great 3 
 ufe are, as follows: waters of angeli- I 
 ca, of baum, ol black cherries, oi ca- i 
 momile, ot dill, of dam'ifl: rofcs, of J 
 elder flowers, of fennel, of hytfop, of ^ 
 juniper berries, of lavender,o! lovage, 
 of mint, of parfley, of pennyroyal, of 
 rofemary, and of rue. Ail the rett, 
 th' ugh they hive been formerly in 
 vogiie,are aliVioft new quite laid alide, 
 as being litt'e or nothing but phlegm, 
 and even fome of thefe too have fxj 
 Biucb 
 
WAT 
 
 iTiucb phlegm in them ; that they 
 will keep but a little while without 
 turning mothery ; as the parOey, 
 caniomlle, bauin, fennel, and !o- 
 vage. 
 
 As to the compound water?, there 
 are but very few of them given to 
 horfes, though mod of the ingredi- 
 ents we meet with in cordisl wsters 
 and fpirits are often prefcnbed in 
 the fame intention as the difpenfa- 
 tory waters, though under different 
 forms. Briony -zvafer is made as 
 follows. ' Take of the roots of 
 
 * briony, eight pounds 5 leaves of 
 
 * rue and mugwort, of each four 
 
 * pounds 5 favin, three handfuls ; 
 
 * feverfew, catmint, and penny- 
 ' royal, of each two handfuls 5 ba- 
 
 * fil, dittany of Crete, of each a 
 
 * handful and a half ; orange peel-, 
 
 * four ounces ; m.yrrh, two ounces ; 
 
 * caftor, one ounce: let thel'e be 
 
 * infufed in a gallon of fpirit of 
 
 * wine ; and after they have been 
 
 * fo'ne days in infufion, put them 
 
 * into a common Ifill, and dr3w off 
 
 * to the quantify of a gallon or 
 
 * more.' This water may be given 
 to horfes, five or fix ounces at a 
 time ; or a larcre wine glafs full, di- 
 luted in :^ny fimple water in compli- 
 cited fevers ; but efpecially thole 
 that afFe'5^ the nerves ; but it will be 
 fDund of greater ef^cacy in verti- 
 go's, p:^!fie?, appopleftic and epi- 
 leptic difordfirs, r.r.d in all thofe di- 
 (tempers which in any fort affe<5f the 
 head, c^ufmg a horfe to reel and 
 ftagger. 
 
 Plague- 'Zi-ater. ' Take root of maf- 
 
 * terwort, angelica, piony, and but- 
 
 * ttr-'-ur, of each half a pound ; 
 
 * fpis^nel and viptr grafs, of each 
 
 * fourounces ; Virginian fnake root, 
 
 * two ounces ; leaves of rue, rofe- 
 
 * mary, baum, carruus, water ger- 
 
 * mander, marigold?, with their 
 
 * flowers, dragon's, goat's rue, and 
 
 * mint, of each four handfuls J in- 
 
 %V A T 
 
 « fufe thefe about a week in fwd 
 
 * gallons of recflified fpirit of wine, 
 
 * and foyr gallons of common wa- 
 
 * ter ; then draw off four gallons; 
 « put it into a large veffel, and hang 
 
 < into it half an ounce of fafFron 
 
 < tied in a rag.' This is one of ths 
 beft cordial waters in ufe, and is 
 accounted very efficacious in all fe- 
 vers of a malignant kind. It is al- 
 fo very grateful to the ffomach. It 
 is of itfelf drawn fo fmall, that it 
 may be given to the quantity of a 
 pint, or a pint and a half, without 
 anydiluter; and when it is repeated 
 two or three times a day, it cannot 
 but be of fervice in all infeflious ca- 
 fes ; and a draught of it any time 
 when a horfe has-been furfeited with 
 a glut of provender, muft yield him 
 great relief. 
 
 Compound GenUa7i-nA) at sr. * Take 
 
 * gen ian root fliced, one pound; 
 
 * tops of common wormwood and 
 
 * camomile, of each five handful?, 
 
 * rue a handful ; mint, two hand- 
 
 * fuls : gaiingal, zedoary, and ca- 
 
 < lamus or aromaticus, of e^ch three 
 
 * ounces ; cinnamon and cloves, of 
 
 * each an ounce and a half: let the 
 
 * grofTcr ingredients be fhaveddown 
 
 < or bniifed in a mortar; and the 
 
 * whole infufed in a gallon of fpirit 
 
 * of wine, two gallons of milk-wa- 
 ^ ter; afterwards draw cfF two gal- 
 
 * Ions.* This is accounted an ad- 
 m.irable fiomachic and cordial, and 
 may be given not only in ail fever?, 
 but with the gre-.teflfuccefs imagin- 
 able to rc!tore !o(l appetite. Its dofe 
 to a horfe is from half a pint to a 
 pint, or three half pints. It may 
 be continued onre a day for a whole 
 week, to reftore !o(l appetite. 
 
 Aqua-?nirabiUsy or the ^djonderfid 
 n.vater. * Take of cl>Tvep, galin- 
 
 * gals, cubebs, mice, car-femom';, 
 ' nutmegs, and ginger, of each a 
 
 * dram, juice of celandine, half a 
 
 * pound ; fpirit of wipe, one pint; 
 
 * white 
 
\y A T 
 
 * white wine, three pints ; digeft 
 
 * them altogether for the fpace of 
 « twenty-four hours 5 then draw off 
 
 * one quart.' This is certainly a 
 very good cordial ; and by reafon 
 cT the heat and warmth communi- 
 cated by the /pices, it becomes ler- 
 viceabie in all cold diibrders of the 
 ftomach ind bowels, proceeding 
 from cru.'e indigel^ed matter. It 
 greatly rarifit;3 and expels wind, 
 wherefore it is oftentimes of fcrvice 
 in cholic pains aiifing from thence. 
 It may be given to the quantity of a 
 pint, or a pint and a half, without 
 being diluted. 
 
 A compound poppy -nvatsr. ' Take 
 ' flowers of wild corn-poppies, four 
 
 * pounds 5 put upon thriTia quait of 
 
 * ipirit of wine ; and difhl to adry- 
 
 * nefs j repeat the operation three 
 
 * times with fiefli flowers, and the 
 
 * fame water 5 and to each cmt of 
 
 * it put two nutmegs, and keep it 
 
 * in a glafs bottle well corked'. 
 This is a very good furfeit-water, 
 and may be given to the quantify of 
 four or fix ounces, in a decoction of 
 tvhite poppies, mallows, and marfh- 
 mallows, Sec and it will much con- 
 tribute to the removal of flnrp and 
 violent cholics , efpcciaily when 
 proper glyflers are alfo admini- 
 itred. 
 
 'Treacie-tvater. * Take juice of 
 green walnuts, four pounds; rice, 
 
 * three pounds; carduus, marigolds, 
 
 * and baum, of each two pounds ; 
 
 * frefh roots of buttei bur, one pound 
 
 * and a half , bu:dock, c*c^ pound 5 
 
 * angelica and mafterwort, of each 
 
 * half a pound -, water-germander, 
 
 * four handfuls ; old venice treacle 
 
 * and mithridate, of each haif a 
 
 * pound ; canary, fixquatts ; vine- 
 
 * gar, fix pint- ; juice pf lemons 
 ' depurated, two pints ; fteep thefe 
 
 * together for the fpace of two days, 
 
 * and 'then diffil u\\ ?here remains 
 
 * no tafte of the ingredjcnts,' This 
 
 WAT 
 
 is certainly the belt of all the cordial 
 waters ; it is the moft ufed of any 
 in fevers, but efpecially thofe of a 
 malignant kind. Gibfori's Farner''s 
 Dijpe?ifat.O)y. 
 
 Thefe are the principal v\-aters 
 that are prefcribed in moft intentions 
 for horfes. 
 
 Wat LP, farcy. See the article 
 Farcy. 
 
 WATERIKG cfborfes. Thepre- 
 fcivation of horfes uepends conlliiera- 
 bly on the water they drink, while 
 they are travelling ; that v\'bich is 
 leall quick ami penetrating is beit ; a 
 river being preferable to a fpring, or 
 fountain to a drawing-well: how- 
 ever, if a man be obliged to let his 
 horfe drink fuch penetiating wnter, 
 it ought to be let in the fun, or fome 
 of it warmed, to correal the fliarp- 
 nefs of the reft ; or it may be a littl# 
 amended by liirring it about with 
 the hand, or throwing hay amongit 
 it: but if the water be extremely 
 quick and piercing, mingle a little 
 wpirni water, or wheat bran with it, 
 and that wiil fufiiciently correct the 
 fault. 
 
 The due performance of watering 
 horfes requires the obfervance of the 
 following rules. 
 
 All the <vhile you are upon a 
 journey, let your horle drink of the 
 firft good water you come to, after 
 feven o'clock in the morning, if it 
 be fummer time, and after nine or 
 ten in winter. That is accounted 
 good water, that is neither too quick 
 and piercing, nor too muddy and 
 /linking. This is to be done, unlefj 
 you would have him gallop a long 
 time ^f'rer drinking ; for if fo, you 
 muft forbear. Tho' it is the cuftom 
 of England to run and gallop horfes 
 ar'"ter drinking, which we call wa- 
 tering courfes, to bring them (as 
 they fay) into wind, yet fays M. de 
 Solhyfell, if is the mod pernicious 
 practice that can be imagined for 
 horfes> 
 
WAT 
 
 horfes, by which many are rendered 
 purfy. 
 
 a. While a horfc Is drinking, 
 draw up his head five or fix times, 
 making him move a liitle between 
 every draught ; and nofwithftand- 
 ing he be warm, and fweat very 
 much, yet if he is not quite out of 
 breath, and you have ftill four or 
 five miles to ride, he will he better 
 after drinking a little, than if he had 
 drank none at all : it is true, indeed, 
 that if the horfe is very warm, you 
 fliculd, at coming out of the water, 
 redouble your pace, to make him go 
 at a gentle trot, to warm the water 
 in his belly. 
 
 3. You ought to let him drink 
 after this manner during the whole 
 time of your journey , becaufe if 
 when you happen to bait, he be hot, 
 or fweaty, you muft not let him 
 drink for a long time, becaufe it 
 would endanger his life } and when 
 his bridle is taken off, his exceflive 
 thirft will hinder him from eating, 
 fo that he will not offer to touch his 
 meat for an hour or two ; which, 
 perhaps, your occafions will not al- 
 low you for a baiting time, and not 
 to have any food will render him un- 
 fit for travel. 
 
 4. If you meet with any ford be- 
 fore you come to your inn, ride the 
 horfe thro' it two or three times, but 
 not up to his belly ; this will cleanfe 
 his legs 5 but the coldnefs of the 
 water will bind up the humours, 
 and prevent them from defcending. 
 
 5. If your horfe has been very 
 warm, and you have not had the 
 Gonveniency of watering him upon 
 the road, he will, vs^hen unbridled, 
 eat but very little, therefore he fhould 
 have his oats given him waflied in 
 ale or beer, or only fome of them, 
 if you intend to feed him again after 
 he has drank. 
 
 Some are of opinion, that horfes 
 are often fpoiled by giving them oats 
 
 WEN 
 
 before their water j becaufe they hj 
 the water makes the oats pais too 
 foon, and out of the (tomach undi- 
 gefted. But M. de Solleyfell affirms, 
 that iho"" it be the common cuftona 
 not to do it till after, yet it is pro- 
 per to feed with oats both before and 
 after, efpecially if the horfe be warm, 
 and has been hard rid, for they 
 will be a great deal the better for 
 it, and in no danger of becoming 
 fick. 
 
 WATERY-SORES, or Pains, 
 on the legs and pafierns of horfes. 
 See the article Pains. 
 
 WAYED HORSE, in the ma- 
 nage, is one that is already backed, 
 fuppled, and broken, and fliews a 
 difpofifion to the manage. Guillet. 
 
 WEAK, or an eafy branch. See 
 BANquET and Banquet- jLw^. 
 
 WEANING of a Colt. When 
 you have a mind to wean a foal, 
 take it from it's dam the over night, 
 and put it in fome empty place where 
 it may reft, and out of the hearing of 
 the mare. 
 
 The next morning give the foal 
 fafting, a fprig or two of favin, rol- 
 led in butter, and keep him fafting 
 for tvi^o hours after ; then give him ^ 
 little meat,asgrafs, hay, or chafF,with 
 fome clean water ; manage him thus 
 for three days after one another, by 
 which time he will have forgot the 
 dam ; and if you intend to make a 
 gelding of him, geld him j and 
 after the fwelling is affwaged, put 
 him into a pafture, with other colt- 
 foals by themfelves, and the fillies 
 into a pafture by themfelves. 
 
 Let thefe paftures be fpacious pie- 
 ces of ground, wh; re they may run 
 till they are fit for the faddle. Sport/- 
 man's D16I. 
 
 WEBS, or Films, on the eyes. 
 See the articles Eye and Film. 
 
 WEN, a flefiiy fubftance that 
 grows out on any part of a horfe's 
 body, often proceeding from bruifes. 
 
WEN 
 
 or drains, and fometimes from ary 
 flight accidents ; ulually beginning 
 in the fkin, and enlarging gradu- 
 ally by a continual afflux to the dif- 
 eafed part, till in lime it grows to a 
 conilderable llze. 
 
 Wens are feldom painful, and 
 fometimes they are of feveral years 
 Handing before they ever arrive to 
 any great lize, To that they become 
 like the natural flefh, and rarely 
 have any otl;er fenfible effe6l thin to 
 caufe a deformity or v/eight upon 
 the part where they are fituated. 
 Their fubftance is generally fleHiy, 
 and for the mod part fpungy, tho' 
 fome are fpungy in part, with a mix- 
 ture of fchirrous hardnefs, of a fcro- 
 phulous or cancerous difpofition, ef- 
 pecially when they arife among the 
 glandulous parts. 
 
 • All true v/ens are contained in a 
 cyltis or bag, which ai ifes from the 
 ruptured velTels, formed by the flow 
 advances it makes, and inclofes the 
 whole fublfance, increafing both in 
 its thicknefs and fize as the wen in- 
 creafes. When any fuch preterna- 
 tural fwelling appears on snv part of 
 a horfe's body, trial is firlt made to 
 diflblve it ; and if that cannot be 
 done 4 it is to be cut ofF without 
 ceremony, or eife deftroyed with a 
 cauftjc. When wens are pendu- 
 lous and hang by a fmall root, the 
 bell way to extirpate them is, by 
 tying them with a waxed pack- 
 thread, or a hair line, making the 
 ligature or tie tighter by degrees, 
 till the fubftance-fallsoff; afterwards 
 it may be healed with a common dl- 
 geflive made of honey and turpen- 
 tine, by bathing it frequently with 
 fpirir of wine, or tinclure of myrrh. 
 But when a wen is broad towards 
 its iniertion, that is at bottom, and 
 lias feveral origins like cords or 
 firings, it is fometimes the fafeft way 
 not to meddle with it. If the cure 
 is pra(5iicable, it mull ^e done by 
 
 W H I 
 
 incifion or cauftic. The firft dreflin* 
 muft be with dry tcw^ and" aft-i% 
 wards with the common digeftive. 
 For the farther treatment of the 
 fore, fee the article Tumour and 
 Wound. 
 
 For the treatment of thefe kind of 
 wens, called capeliets. Seethe arti- 
 cle Capellet. 
 
 WHEEZING, or Blowing, in 
 horfes, is quite different from pur- 
 fivenefs : for this wheezing does not 
 proceed from any defe6l in the lungs, 
 but from the narrownefs of the paf- 
 fages between the bones and grillles 
 of the nofe. And farther, thefe 
 horfes do not want wind ; for not- 
 withftarding they blow fo exceflive'y 
 when exercifed, yet their flanks will 
 be but little moved, and in thei^r 
 natural condition. See the article 
 Wind. 
 
 2. There are other horfes that 
 are thick winded, that is, have their 
 breathing a little more free than the 
 former ; but neither the one nor the 
 other are agreeable, or for any great 
 fervice. Yet a perfon may be liable 
 to be miftaken in the cafe, for when 
 a horfe has been kept a long time in 
 the flable without exercife, he will, 
 at the firfl riding be out of breath, 
 although he be neither a blower, nor 
 thick winded. 
 
 3. There are fome wheezers or 
 blower?, that rattle and make a noife 
 through the nofe ; but this impedi- 
 ment goes and comes, and is only 
 oecafioned by abundance of phleg- 
 matic ftuffj for their flanks will 
 not redouble, neither will they have 
 a cough with it, and therefore they 
 cannot be purfy. SoUeyfell. 
 
 WHITE Face or Blaze, in the 
 manage, is a white mark upon a 
 horfe, defcending from the fore- 
 head, almoft to the nofe. See 
 Chanfrin and Mark. GuHlet. 
 
 White foot, in the manage, is 
 white a mark that happens in the feet 
 
 of 
 
W I N 
 
 cf a great many horfes, both before 
 and behind, from the fetlock to the 
 coffin. The horfes thus marked, are 
 either trammelled, crofs-trammelled, 
 or white of all four. Some horfe- 
 men place an unlucky fatality in the 
 white of the far foot behind. See the 
 iarticles Mark, Chausse-trop, 
 and Tramelled. Guillet. 
 
 WIND, in the manage. A horfe 
 that carries in the wind, is one 
 that tofles his nofe as high as his 
 ears, and does not carry handfome- 
 ly. The difference between carry- 
 ing in the wind, and beating upon 
 the hand, is that a horfe who beats 
 upon th-^ hand, fhak.es his head, and 
 refifts the bridle -, but he who carries 
 in the wind, puts up his head with- 
 out fliaking, and ibmetimes bears 
 upon the hand. 
 
 The oppofite to carrying In the 
 wind, is arming and carrying low ; 
 and even between thefe two, there is 
 a difference in wind. See Breath. 
 Guillet. 
 
 Broken-Wind, a difeafe in hor- 
 fes, which has its chief and princi- 
 pal feat in the lungs, wheieby they 
 are prevented from performing their 
 office, in the action of refpiration. 
 This diforder hitherto feems to have 
 been little underftood, but Mr, Gih- 
 fon is inclined to think, that the 
 fource of it is frequently owing to 
 injudicious or hally feeding young 
 horfes for fale, by which means the 
 growth of the lungs, and all the 
 contents within the cheft, are fo in- 
 creafed, and, in a few years, fo 
 preternaturally enlarged, that the 
 cavity cf the cheft is not capacious 
 enough for them to expand them- 
 felves in, and perform their functi- 
 ons. A narrow- contracted cheft, 
 with large lungs, may fometimes 
 naturally be the caufe of this dilbr- 
 der j and it has been cbferved, that 
 horfes rifmg eight years old, are as 
 liable to this diftemper as, at a cer- 
 
 W'l N 
 
 tain period of life, men fall in afth* 
 mas, confumptions, and other chro- 
 nic difeafes. 
 
 The reafon why this diforder be- 
 comes more ?pparent at this age, 
 may be, that a horfe comes to his 
 full ftrength and maturity at th's 
 time J at iix he commonly fioiflies 
 his growth in heighth 5 after that 
 time he lets down his belly, and 
 fpreads ; and all his parts are grown 
 to their full extent, fo that the pref- 
 fure on the lungs and midriff is now 
 more increafed. But how little 
 weight foever thefe re3fons may 
 have, repeated diffeflions have given 
 occular proofs of a preternatural 
 largenef?, not only of the lungs of 
 broken winded horfes, but of their 
 heait, and its bag 5 and of the 
 membrane which divides the cheft, as 
 well as a remaik.blethmnefs in the 
 diaphragm or midriff. 
 
 This difproportion has been obfer- 
 ved to be fo great, that the heart and 
 lungs have been almoft of twicetheir 
 natural fize, perfe6tly found, and 
 without any ulceration whatever, or 
 any defe6l in the wind-pipe, or hs 
 glands. Hence it appears, -hat this 
 enormous fize of the kings, and the 
 fpace they occupy, by hindering the 
 free aClion of the midriff, is the 
 chief caufe of this diforder ; and as 
 the fubftance of the lungs was found 
 more flefliy thanulual, they ofcourle 
 muft lofc a great deal of their fpring 
 and tone. The fleffiinefs and fi7e 
 of the lungs may in a great mcafure, 
 be the caul'e why the infpirations in 
 broken winded horfes are difprcpor- 
 tionably flow : for we may oHferve, 
 that they draw in their i-reorh flow- 
 ly , their flanks filling up and rifmg 
 with difficulty : but thut thtir fiar^ks 
 fall fuddenly, and their breath 
 burfts forth with violence, both from 
 the mouth and noftrils, infomuch 
 that a man in the dark, by holding 
 his hands on a hor-e's mouth and 
 X z nofe. 
 
W I N 
 
 kafe, may eafify difcern if he is bro- 
 ken-winded. 
 
 Whoever confiders a broken-wind 
 in this light, muft own, that it may 
 be reckoned among the incurable 
 diltempers of horfes j and that all 
 ;he boafted preteniions to cure are 
 vain and frivolous, fmce the otnioft 
 Ik'll can amount to no more than 
 now and then palliating the fymp- 
 toms, and mitigating their violence. 
 We fhall therefore only lay do«'n 
 fvich methods as may probably pre- 
 vent this diforder, when purl'ued in 
 lime. But if they fhould not fuc- 
 ceed, we ftiall offer fome rem.edies 
 and rules to mitigate its force ; and 
 to make a horfe as ufeful as poflible 
 under this malady. It is ufual be- 
 fore a broken wind appears, for a 
 horfe to have a dry obftinate cough, 
 without any vifible ficknefs, or lofs 
 of appetite : but, on the contrary, a 
 difpofition to foul feeding, eating 
 the litter, and drinking much water. 
 In order to prevent as much as pof- 
 fible this diforder, bleed him in the 
 neck or plate vein ; and after that, 
 mei;:"rial phyfic well prepared will 
 be of gr-eat fervice. Calomel is the 
 fitteft for this purpofe, and may ei- 
 ther be given alone before the pur- 
 ges, or made up with them. When 
 the calomel is given before the purge, 
 it may be done in the following 
 manner. * Take mercurius dulcis, 
 
 * or calomel, two drams ; diapente, 
 
 * one ounce ; make it into a ball, 
 ■ «' with a fufficient quantity of com- 
 
 *' mon treacle, or a folution of Spa- 
 
 * nifh liquorice ; and roll it in li- 
 
 * quorice povi'der.' Let this be gi- 
 ven in the morning, keeping the 
 horfe fading three hours before, and 
 three after it j two days after this 
 bal', let the following, or any other 
 good purge, be adminiftred, viz. 
 
 * Take the beft fuccotrine aloes, ten 
 
 * drami ; jalap in powder, one 
 
 * d:amj and if the hcrfe be ftrong, 
 
 W I N 
 
 * and not eafily moved, two or three 
 
 * drams of jalap may be put into th^ 
 
 * purge j fait of tartar, two drams 5 
 
 * grated ginger, one dram ? make 
 
 * it into a ball, with a fufficient 
 
 * quantity of fpirit of rofes, or fy- 
 
 * rup of buckthorn.' 
 
 The mercurial ball and purgemav 
 be twice or three times repeated af- 
 ter the firft, at proper intervals. The 
 horfe muft be kept cloathed, and not 
 fuffered to go into the water, or to 
 be wet, or drink cold water, bwt 
 warm, with a little bran or oatmeal 
 fqueezed into it ; and muft be fed, 
 as in all other cafes, where purges 
 are given. 
 
 Or the following balls may be ta- 
 ken for fome time, which have been 
 found extremely efficacious, in re- 
 moving obftinate coughs. * Take 
 
 * gum ammoniacum , galbanum, 
 
 * and affa foetida, of each two oun- 
 
 * ces j fquills, four ounces ; cinna- 
 
 * bar of antimony, fix ounces ^ faf- 
 
 * fron, half an ounce ; make it 
 
 * into a pafte with honey j give 
 « the quantity of a pullet's egg 
 
 * every morning.' See the article 
 Cough. 
 
 Broken winded horfes lliould eat 
 fparingly of hay, which, as well 
 as their corn, Ihould be wetted with 
 chamberlye, or fair water, as this 
 will make them lefs craving after 
 water. The volatile falts in the 
 urine may make it preferable to wa- 
 ter, and may be the reafon why gar- 
 lie is found fo efficacious in thefe ca- m 
 fes } two or three cloves given at a . 
 time in a feed, or three ounces of 
 garlic bruifed and boiled in aquait 
 of milk and water, and given every 
 other morning for a fortnight having 
 been found very ferviceable : for by 
 warming and ftimulating the folids, 
 and diffolvlng the tenacious juices, 
 which choak up the veflels of the 
 lungs, thefe complaints are greatly 
 relieved. 
 
 Careful 
 
W I N 
 
 Careful feeding and moderate ex- 
 ercile have greatly relieved broken 
 winded horfes j and though, for the 
 firft fummer, they have not been 
 able to endure much labour, yet 
 many have been found lefs opprefied 
 the lecond, and fome fcarce percep. 
 tibly affeded the third, and even able 
 to bear great fatigue } and could a 
 horfe be kept conltantly in the field, 
 and taken up only when ufed, he 
 might by this management do good 
 fervice for many years. But who- 
 ever experts to cure his horfe, by 
 fending him out to grafs, will find 
 himfeir dilappointed, efpecially if he 
 remains abroad after the fpi ing grafs ; 
 for on his return to the liable and 
 dry meat, he will be the more op- 
 prelTed, and fliort breathed than be- 
 fore, for want of the open air, and 
 moift food he had been accuftomed 
 to. Horfes fent to grafs, in order 
 to be cured of an obftinate cough, 
 have often returned compleatly bro- 
 ken winded, where the pailure has 
 been rich andfucculent, fo that they 
 have had their bellies conltantlv full. 
 As the ill confequence therefoie is 
 obvious, where you have not the 
 convenitncy of turning out your 
 horfe for a conftancy, you mriy foil 
 him for a month or two with young 
 green barley, tares, or any other 
 young herbage. 
 
 To purfive thick winded horfes, 
 barbadoes and common tar have often 
 been given with fuccefs, to the quan- 
 tity of two fpoonfuls mixed with the 
 yolk of an egg, diffolved in warm 
 ale, and given fading two or three 
 times a week, efpecially thofe days 
 you hunt and travel. 
 
 But in order to make all thefe 
 forts of horfes of any real fervice to 
 you, the grand point is to have par- 
 ticular regard to their diet ; obfer- 
 ving a juft osconomy both in that and 
 their exercife J giving but a mode- 
 fate quantity of hay, corn^ or warer. 
 
 W I N 
 
 at a time ; and moiftenlng the for- 
 mer, to prevent their requiring too 
 much of the latter ; and never exer- 
 cifing them but with moderation. 
 The following alterative ball may 
 be given once a fortnight or three 
 weeks j and as it operates very 
 gently, and requires no confine- 
 ment, but thofe days it is giverv 
 (when warm meat and water are ne- 
 cefiary) it may be continued for two 
 or three months. * Take fucco- 
 
 * tine aloes, fix drams ; myrrh, gal- 
 
 * banum, and ammoniacum, of each 
 ' two drams ; bay -berries, half an 
 
 * ounce 5 make into a ball with a 
 
 * fpoonful of oil of amber, and a 
 
 * fufficientquantityoffyrup of buck- 
 thorn. Gibfon and Bartlet, 
 
 WIND-GALL, a foft and flatu- 
 lent tumour, which yields to the 
 preffure of the finger, and recovers 
 »ts fhape upon the removal thereof. 
 This fwelling is vifible to the eye, 
 and often feated on both fides of the 
 back-fmews, above the fetlocks, on 
 the fore- legs : but moft frequently 
 on the hind- leg?, though they arc 
 m.et with in various parts of the bo- 
 dy, wherever membranes can be fo 
 feparated that a quantity of air and 
 ferofities may be included within 
 their duplicatures: When they ap- 
 pear near the joints and tendons, they 
 are generally cauied by drains or 
 bruiles on the finews, or the (heath 
 that covers them, which, by being 
 overftretched, have fome of their fi- 
 bres ruptured, whence probably may 
 ouze out that fluid which is com- 
 monly found with the included air ; 
 though where thefe fweilings fliew 
 themfelves in the interftices of large 
 mufdes, which appear blown up 
 like bladders, air alone is the chief 
 fluid, and thefe may fafely be open- 
 ed and treated as a common 
 wound. 
 
 On the firft appearance of wind 
 galls, their cure fliould be attempted 
 
 by 
 
W I T 
 
 reflringents,aiidband?.ge5 forwhich 
 purpole let the fwelltng be bathed 
 twice a day wiUi vinegar, or verjuice, 
 -alone : or let the p^\t be fomenttd 
 with a deco6lion of oak- bark, pom- 
 granate, and alum boiled in ver- 
 juice ; binding over it, with a row- 
 ler, a w^oolen cloth flaked ''in the 
 fame. Some, for this ptirpofe, ufe 
 red wine lees ; others currier's flia- 
 vings wetted with the P^ine or vine- 
 gar, bracing the part up with a firm 
 bandage. 
 
 If this method, after a proper tri- 
 al, fliould not he fovmd to fucceed, 
 authors have advifed tlie fwellingto 
 be pierced with an awl, or opened 
 with a knife : but mild bliftoring 
 has in general the pieference given 
 it to thefe methods ; the including 
 fluids being thereby drawn off; the 
 impafted air di'perfed ; and the tu- 
 tlior gradually dinriiniflied. A little 
 of the blidering ointment fliould be 
 laid on every other day for a week, 
 which brings on a plentii ul difcharge ; 
 but gent-rally in a few days is dried 
 tip, when the horfe may be put to 
 his ufual work ; and the blistering 
 ointment renewed in that manner 
 once a month, or oftener, as the 
 lioife can be f pared from bufinefs, 
 till the cure is compleattd. This is 
 the only method to prevent fears, 
 which firing of couife leaves be- 
 hind j and, unlefs fkilfully execu- 
 ted, too otten likev^ife a fuinefson 
 the joint, with IbfFnefs : the mild 
 hiiftering ointment, where the fub- 
 limate is left out, is the properefl 
 for this purpofe. Bartkt. 
 
 WINDY-CHOLIC. See the ar- 
 ticle Cholic. 
 
 WIRE-HEELS. See the article 
 Narrow-Heels. 
 . WITHERS of a horfe begin 
 where the mane ends, being joined 
 to, and ending at the tipof the fhoul- 
 dtr blades. Thele parts fliould be 
 v/ell raifedand pretty Itrong; becaufe 
 
 W O R 
 
 it is align of flrength and. good* 
 nefs ; they keep the faddle frotn 
 ccming forward upon the horfe's 
 flioulders and neck, which immedi- 
 ately galls and fpoils him, and a 
 hurt in that place is v.ry difficult- to 
 cure ; they Ih^uld alfo ba lean and 
 not too flelliy, for then they will 
 be more fubieft to be galled, SoU 
 IcyflL ^ ■ ^ 
 
 For the treatment of hurts and 
 bruifes in the withers, which fre- 
 quently impoflhumate, and for want 
 of proper care turn fiftulous, fee 
 the article Fistula. 
 
 WiTHFRSof the bow of a faddle. 
 See the article Eovvs. 
 
 WITHERBAND, in the ma- 
 nage, is a band or piece of h'on, laid 
 underneath a faddle, about four fin- 
 gers above the withers of the horfe, 
 to keep tight the two pieces of wood 
 that form the bow. Guillet. 
 
 WOLVES TEETH. A horfe 
 is faid to have wolves teeth, when 
 the teeth grow in fuch a iiianner that 
 their points prick or wound either 
 the tongue or gums in eating. Old 
 horfes are molt liable to this infir- 
 mity, and whofe upper overflioot 
 the under teeth in a great degree. 
 To remedy this evil, you may ci- 
 tlier chop ofr the I'upeifluous parts of 
 the teeth with a chifTel and maliet j 
 or file them down, which is the bet- 
 ter way, till you have fufficiently 
 wafted them. Gibfon^ Brackeiiy and 
 Bartlet, 
 
 WORK, in the manage. To 
 v.-oik a horfe is to exercife him at 
 pace, tror, or gallop, and ride him 
 at the manage. 
 
 To work a horfe upon volts, or 
 head and haunches in, or between 
 two heels, is to pafTage him, or 
 make him go fideways upon two 
 parallel lines. Gnilkt, 
 
 WORMS. Authors have de- 
 fcribtd three forts of worms that 
 afFe61 horfes j the afcarides, or nee- 
 dle 
 
W O R 
 
 die worms ; the bots, and the ter- 
 rites or earth worms : for the de- 
 fcription, fj^n^ptoms, and cure of 
 esch. See the artic'.es AsCARiDES, 
 Bots, and Territes. 
 
 As the foiiice of worms in gene- 
 ral procetds from a vitiated appetite 
 and a weak digeftion, recourfe inuit 
 firft be had to mercurials, and after- 
 wards to fuch things as are proper 
 to ftrengthen the ftomach and pro- 
 mote digeftion ; and by deftroying 
 the fuppofed cva, prevent the rege- 
 neration of thefe animals. Thus, 
 two di ams of calomel may be given 
 with half an ounce of diapente, and 
 mixed np with conferve of v/orm- 
 wood overnight; and the next mojn- 
 ing the following purge. * Take 
 
 * ciude quickfilver, two dram,Sj ve- 
 « nice turpentme, half an ounce ; 
 
 * rub the quickfilver till no gHften- 
 
 * iiig appears; then add an ounce 
 
 * of aloes, a dram of giated ginger, 
 
 * thirty drops of oil of favin, and a 
 
 * fufficientquantity of fyrupof buck- 
 < thorn to make a hall.' 
 
 One of, thefe balls may be given 
 every fix days, with the ufual pre- 
 cautions in regard to mercurial phy- 
 fic i and thefe powders intermedi- 
 ately. ' Take powdered tin, and 
 
 * aethiops mineral, of each half an 
 
 * Ounce ; give every night in a raafti, 
 ' or his corn/ 
 
 The various preparations of anti- 
 mony and mercury muft be given 
 feveral weeks together, in order to 
 get intire riddance of thefe vermin. 
 The sethiops mineral may be given 
 to the quantity of half an ounce a 
 day ; the mercurius alkalifatus to 
 two draiTis a day, incorporated with 
 a bit of cordial ball. The cinnabar 
 powders as dire61:ed in the Farcy, 
 are no lefs efFe£lual ; and when 
 worms are bred from high feeding, 
 pr unwholefome food, rue, garlic, 
 tanfy, favin, box, and many other 
 6mp-Ies may be given fuccef fully j 
 
 w o u 
 
 being for that purpofe mixed with 
 their foQd ; as al o cut tobacco froui 
 half an ounce to an ounce a day. 
 As the gener;'tion of worms per- 
 haps principally pvoceeds iiom a 
 weak (tomach and had digeftion, if 
 thehorfe he of a tender conftiiutinn, 
 and a bad feeder, the following bit- 
 ter drink (])ould be given to ftrength- 
 en his ftomach and mend his dige- 
 ftion, which will prevent the for- 
 mation of thefe animals ; interpo- 
 fing now and then a gentle ftomach 
 purge, prepared with an ounce and 
 a h.?.H of hiera picra, made up into 
 a hall with fyrup of buckthorn. 
 
 * Take gentian-root, zedoary, and 
 
 * galangals, of each two ounces ; 
 
 * camomile-flowers, Snd tops of cen- 
 ' taury, of each two handfuls ; je- 
 
 * fuitsba:k powdered, two ounces ; 
 
 * filings of iron, half a pound; ju- 
 
 * niper-berries four ounces ; infufe 
 
 * in three gallons of ale for a week ; 
 ' fhakir.g the veflei now and then ; 
 ' and give a pint of this night and 
 
 * morning,'' 
 
 To aniwer this purpofe, alfo an 
 ounce of filings of Iteel finely pow- 
 dered, has been fuccefsfully given 
 every day, for a fortnight, or'lon- 
 ger in the horfes corn. Gilfon and 
 Bart let. 
 
 WOUND is generally defined, a 
 reparation of the parts in any mem- 
 ber of the animal body by feme in- 
 ftrument. 
 
 In all frefli wounds made by cut- 
 ting inftruments, theie is nothing 
 more required then bringing the lips 
 of the wound into conta6f by future 
 or bandage, provided the part will 
 allow of it : for on the wounds of 
 the hips or other prominent parts, 
 and acrofs fome of the large mufcles, 
 the ftiches are apt to burft on the 
 horfe's lyiDg down and arifing up in 
 the ftall : in fuch cafes the lips 
 fliould not be brought clofe together, 
 one ftich is fufficicnt for a wound 
 
 twa 
 
w o u 
 
 two inches long : but Ip large 
 wounds, they fhould be an inch or 
 more diftance j and if the wound is 
 deep in the mufcles, care Ihould be 
 taken to pafs the needles proporti- 
 onably deep, otherwife the wound 
 will not unite properly from the bot- 
 tom. 
 
 Should the wound bleed much 
 from an artery divided, the firft ftep 
 fnould be to fecure it hy pa/Iing a 
 crooked needle urderneath, and ty- 
 ing it up with a waxed thread : if the 
 artery cannot be got at this way, ap- 
 ply a button of lint or tow to the 
 the mouth of the bleeding veffel dip- 
 ped in a ftrong folution of blue vi- 
 triol, ftyptic water, oil of vitriol, or 
 hot oil of turpentine, powdered vi- 
 triol, orcolcothar, &c. and remem- 
 ber always to apply it clofe to the 
 mouth of the bleeding veffels, and 
 take care that it is kept thereby pro- 
 per comprefs and bandage, till an 
 efchai- is formed j otherwife it will 
 elude your expectations, and fre- 
 quently alarm you with freih bleed- 
 ings. 
 
 In a memoir prefented to the royal 
 academy of Sciences by M. LaFoJJe, 
 he gives an account of the luc- 
 cefs he had met with in Hopping the 
 bleedings of very confiderable arte- 
 ries in horfes, by the application of 
 the powder of puff-balls ; the ar- 
 teries cicatrizing by this means 
 only, without any fucceeding he- 
 morrhage. The sgaric of the oak 
 may alfo be ukd for this purpofe, 
 where it can be retained by a proper 
 bandage. 
 
 We purpofdy avoid fetting down 
 any famous receipts for frefh wounds, 
 whether ointments or fryer's bal- 
 fams, being well afTured, that in a 
 healthy found conftitution, nature 
 furniflies the beft balfam, and per- 
 forms herfelf the cure, which is fo 
 often attributed to the medicine : 
 when it is otherwife, and the blood 
 
 w o u 
 
 is deprived of its balfamic fiate, as 
 will appear from the afpe6l of the 
 wound and its manner of healing, 
 it muft be re6lified by proper inter- 
 nal medicines, before a good foun- 
 dation for healing can be laid by 
 any external application whatever. 
 
 The lips of the wound being then 
 brought together by the needle or 
 bandage, it needs only be covered 
 with rags dipped in brandy, or a , 
 pledgit of tow fpread with the M 
 wound ointment ; the dire^ions for ^ 
 treating fores under the articles Tu- 
 mor and Ulcer, being obferved j 
 and the part kept as much as pofli- 
 ble from motion. Remember to 
 drefs all wounds of the joints, ten- 
 dons, and membranous pait«, with 
 terebinthinafe medicines, to which 
 may be added honey and tin£>ure of 
 myrrh j and avoid all greafy appli- 
 cations whatever j fomentations and 
 poultices are alfo generally here 
 of great ufe ; the former thin and 
 attenuate the impafted fluids, great- 
 ly promote a free perfpiration in the 
 bmb, and facilitate the unloading 
 the furcharge on the veffels, by 
 quickening the motion of the flu- 
 ids J while the latter, by relaxing the 
 the veflels, abate their tendon, and 
 relieve the obftiuflion, by promoting 
 digeftion. 
 
 Punflured wounds from thorns or 
 any other accidents fliould be treated 
 in the fame manner, applying a 
 beer or bread and milk poultice over 
 the drefling, till fome figns of di- 
 geftion appear, and fomenting the 
 part well every day. Bartlet. 
 
 Gu»-Jhot WovNDS. See Gun- 
 shot njcoimds. 
 
 JFoutids in the feet» See the arti- 
 cle Feet. 
 
 Wounds in the eyes. See the ar- 
 cleEvE. 
 
 WouND-OiNTMENT is made as 
 
 follows. * Take Venice turpentine 
 
 * and bees wax, of each a pound ; 
 
 < oil 
 
oil of olives, one pound and a half; 
 yellow rofm, twelve ounces ; when 
 melted together, two or three oun- 
 ces of verdigreafe finely powdered 
 may be ftirred in, and kept fo till 
 cold, to prevent its fubfiding. 
 
 Bartlet, 
 WRENCH, or Strain. 
 
 See Shoulder-wrench, 
 
 and Strain. 
 
 WRIST, in the manage. The 
 
 bridle wrift is that of the cavalier's 
 
 left hand. A horfeman's wiift and 
 
 W R I 
 
 his elbovy fiiould be equally ralfed j 
 and the wrift fliould be two or three 
 fingers above the pommel of the 
 faddle. To ride a horfe from hand 
 to hand, i. e. to change hands upon 
 one tread, you need only to turn 
 your wrift to that fide you would 
 have the horfe turn to, with- 
 out advancing your hand. But if 
 your horfe ftops, you muft make ufe 
 of both your legs. See the article 
 Hand. GuiUeU 
 
 Y. 
 
 Y A R Y E L 
 
 YARD- FALLEN ; a malady In 
 ■■• a horfe which proceeds from 
 want of ftrength to draw it up with- 
 in the (heath, fo that it hangs down 
 between his legs. This is caufed 
 either by the weaknefs of that mem- 
 ber, or by means of fome refolution 
 in the mufcles and finews of it, cau- 
 fed by a violent flip, ftrain, or ftroke, 
 on the back, or elfe by fome great 
 wearinefs or tiring. For the cure : 
 firft wafli the yard with white- wine 
 warmed, and then anoint it with oil 
 of rofes, and honey mixed ; then 
 put up his (heath in a little canvas- 
 bolfter, to keep it from falling down, 
 and drefs him thus once in twenty 
 four hours, till he is recovered. 
 Keep his back as warm as you can, 
 both with a cloth and a charge of plai- 
 ner, made of bole-armoniac, eggs, 
 wheat flour, dragon's-blood, tur- 
 pentine, and vinegar ; or elfe lay 
 wet hay, or a wet fack, next his 
 back, and over that a dry cloth, 
 which will do very well. Kuftic. 
 
 Dia. 
 
 Yard foul. If a horfe's yard is 
 fo fouled or furred without, that 
 he pifles in his flieath, melt fiefli 
 butter, with white-wine vinegar, 
 and having pulled out his yard, and 
 
 the liquor, and alfo inje6> fome of it 
 into the yard. RuJIic DiSf. 
 
 Yard-Mattering. See Mat- 
 tering of the yard. 
 
 YELLOWS or JAUNDICE, a 
 diftemper to which hcrfes are fre- 
 quently fubjeft } known by a duflcy 
 yellownefs of the eyes : the infide of 
 the mouth, and lips, the tongue and 
 bars of the roof of the mouth look- 
 ing alfo yellow. The horfe is 
 dull, and refufes all manner of food; 
 the fever is flow, and ytt both that 
 and the yellownefs increafe together. 
 The dung is often hard and dry, of 
 a pale yellow, or light pale green. 
 The urine is commonly of a dark, 
 dirty brown colour j and when it 
 has fettled fome time on the pave- 
 ment, it looks red like blood. He 
 ftales with fome pain and difficulty ; 
 and, if the diftemper is not checked, 
 foon grows delirious and frantic. 
 The off fide of the belly is fometimes 
 hard, and diftended i andinoldhor- 
 fes, when the liver has been long dif- 
 eafed, the cure is fcarce prailicabie, 
 and ends fatally with a wafting di- 
 arrhasa : but when the diftemper is 
 recent, and in young horfes, there 
 is ro fear of recovery, if the f ollcw- 
 
 Y ing 
 
YE L 
 
 shg dfreflions are obferved. FIrft of 
 aV, hlfed plentifully, and give the 
 laxative giyfter preicribed ina^//?/- 
 fle continued FeveR ; as hoffe? are 
 very apt to be coltivc m this diliem- 
 1>er ; - and the next day, give the f ol- 
 iowing parge. * Take of Indian 
 
 * rhubajb. powdered, one oufice and 
 
 * alrair J iaiiron, two drams; fucco- 
 
 * tiine aloes, fix drams ; fyrup of 
 
 * buckthorn, a fufficient quantity. 
 If the rhubarb fliould be found too 
 expenfive, omit it, and add the fame 
 (quantity of cream of tartar, and half 
 Sii ounce of Caltile foap, with four 
 <3rams more of aloes. Thisin:iy be 
 repeated two or three times ; giving 
 intermediately the following balls 
 and drink. 
 
 , ' Take cEthiops mineral, half an 
 
 * ounce ; millepedes, the lame 
 *■ quantity ; Caftilefoap, one ounce \ 
 
 * make into a ball, and give one 
 
 * every day ; and wafli it down with 
 
 * a pint of this decoction.' 
 
 * Take madder- root and turme- 
 
 * ric, of each four ounces j bur- 
 
 * dock- root fliced, half a pound , 
 
 * Monk's ihubarb, four ounces j li- 
 
 * quorice fliced, two ounces 5 boil in 
 
 * a gallon of forge-water, to three 
 
 * quarts 3 ftrain off and fweeten with 
 
 * honey.' Balls of Caftile foap and 
 tBJmeric may be given alfo for this 
 purpofe, to the quantity of three 
 cr four ounces a day \ and will in 
 
 .in&ft recent cafes fucceed,' 
 
 By thefe means the difteraper ge- 
 uerally abates in a week, which may 
 be difcovered by an alteration in the 
 
 YIE 
 
 horfes eyes and mouth : hut the me- 
 dicine muft be continued till the yel- 
 lownej's is intirely remove;). Should 
 the diftemper prove ohliinate, and 
 not lubmit to this treatment, you 
 mud try mere potent remedies, viz. 
 mercurial phyfic repeated tvv^o or 
 •three times at proper intervals \ and 
 then the toilowing bails j ' * Take 
 ' fait of tartar, two ounces 5 cinna- 
 
 * bkr of antimony, four ounces ; 
 
 * live millepedes, and filings of 
 
 * Iteel, of each three ounces ; faf- 
 ' fron, half an ounce j Caftile or 
 < Venice foap, half a pound ,• make 
 
 * into balls the lize of a pullet's t%^i 
 ' with honey, and give one night 
 
 * and morning, with a pint of the 
 
 * above drink.* 
 
 It will be proper on his recovery, 
 to give the horfe tviro or three mild 
 purges, and if a full fat horfe, to 
 put in a rowel. Gtbfon and Barilet, 
 
 After bleeding, Mr. Wood d'ntEis 
 the falt-marfh in the beginning of 
 this diftemper, if it be a proper fea- 
 fon of the year, which muft com- 
 monly, he aflures us, puts an ef- 
 fectual period to the diforder in 
 about a month's time. 
 
 YERK, or Strike, in the ma- 
 nage. A horfe is faid to yerk, or 
 ftrike, with the hind legs, when he 
 flings and kicks with his whole hind 
 quarters, ftriking out the two hinder 
 legs near together, and even to their 
 full extent. Guillet. 
 
 YIELD, ovjlack th hand, in the 
 manage, is to Hack the bridle, and 
 give the horfe head. Guillet. 
 
 z. 
 
 Z A I Z A I 
 
 ZAIN, in the manage, the French without any vvhitefpot or mark up- 
 appeilation lor a horfe of a dark on him. GuiUett 
 colour, neither grey nor white, and 
 
 N I S, 
 
»?i'K's