J )9€}{>c>* 1+ /Uo K5" —- Q: ° JK 1010 A 75-96 GGR A COMPENDIUM OF RECORDS AND .2; V . . x‘ _, ~20‘ !. . __ ‘'’'':':*v‘e3fU\: \ 3 Ecgm Lm 2 ~..~S 5»,-3 jty HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES PREFACE A thorough examination of the published legislative history of the United States House of Representatives -- embracing innumerable floor proceedings, hearings, reports, documents, committee prints, and mono- graphs -- would require a lifetime of disciplined application. Conse- quently, this compendium of anecdotes, "firsts, " and records of the House of Representatives is only a first step. R Considering that this Study apparently represents the initial at- tempt to compile such information, it should be acknowledged that each entry had first to be identified and then documented through primary re- search. The necessity of authenticating the validity of each item cul-R minated in the preparation of the Appendix, which had to be compiled from the House Journals because unofficial, popular publications proved un- reliable. Other entries were omitted entirely when congressional docu- ments could not be found and discrepancies became manifest in secondary sources. For their assistance and numerous suggestions, the compilers are grateful to Dr. William R. Tansill, Frederick H. Pauls, Mildred L. Lehmann, April Applegate, and other colleagues in the Government and General Research Division. TABLE OF CONTENTS ActsofCongress...................................... AirconditioningintheHouse............................ Appropriations . . . . Asians intheHouse . . . . Beansoup(House)..................................... Blacksinthe House BrothersintheHouse.................................. Cabinet officers who have served in the House............ CatholicsintheHouse.................................. 9 Caucus................................................ 10 Censureproceedings intheHouse....................... 12 ChaplainsoftheHouse................................. 12 Clerks oftheHouse.................................... 14 Committees........................................... 16 CongressionalCemetery................................16 CongressionalDirectory................................18 Congressional Medal of Honor recipients................. 18 Congressiona1Record.................................. 21 Contested elections in the House (1789-1975).............. 24 Constituents represented byaCongressman.............. 25 Convicted felon electedaCongressman.................. 25 Debate rule........................................... 26 DoorkeepersoftheHouse...............................26 Expu1sionsofHouse1\/[embers...........................28 "FatheroftheHouse".................................. 29 29 HatsforbiddenintheHouse............................. 30 Impeachment.......................................... 30 Indictment of Members of the House for criminal offenses. . . 31 Investigations... . . . . . . Japanese intheHouse.................................. 32 .IewsintheHouse . . . . . .IointsessionsofCongress..............................33 Largest individual to serve in the House..................34 LibraryofCongress....................................35 Longest sessions of the House . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Longevity in Office . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 MaceoftheHouse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O')U'|CJODOl\D[\D[\3""‘ ’\/Iajority Leaders in the House . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Majority Whips in the House . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Maternity Leave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Minority leaders in the House . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 ‘X/Iinority Whips in the House . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Nobel Peace Prize recipients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Number of individuals who have served in the House . . . . . . . 47 Officers of the House- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Oldest Member of the House . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Pages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Parliamentarians of the House . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Party leaders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Political convention delegates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Postmasters of the House . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Presidents as Members of the House . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Prohibitionist elected a Congressman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Puerto Ricans in the House . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Roll call votes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Seating arrangement in the House . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Sergeants at Arms of the House . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Smoking prohibited in the House . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Socialist elected a Congressman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Speakers of the House . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Speakers Pro Tempore of the House . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Supreme Court Justices in the House . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Vice Presidents who had prior service in the House . . . . . . . . 68 Violence in the House . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Whips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Women in the House . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Youngest Member of the House . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 APPENDICES A. Speakers of the House of Representatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 P. Majority Leaders in the House of Representatives (1901-1975) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78. C. Minority Leaders in the House of Representatives C (1901-1975) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 D. Majority Whips in the House of Representatives . . .. 80 E. Minority Whips in the House of Representatives . - - o - - - o - - 81 F. Clerks of the House of Representatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 C‘. Sergeants at Arms of the House of Representatives - - - - - - 85 H. Doorkeepers of the House of Representatives . . . . - - . - - - - 88 I. Parliamentarians of the House of Representatives . . . . . . . 91 J, Chaplains of the House of Representatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 K. Postmasters of the HOJSC of RepI‘eSentatiVeS - - - - - - - - - - - 94 L. Congressman who have served in Presidential Cabinets . . 96 A COMPENDIUM OF RECORDS AND FIRSTS OF THE UNITED STATES HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ACTS OF CONGRESS The first Congressional act, "An Act to regulate the Time and Manner of administering certain Oaths," was approved by President George Washington on June 1, 1789. _l/ The first Congressional act declared unconstitutional by the Su- preme Court of the United States was the act of September 24, 1789 (1 Stat. 81, sec. 13), which in part authorized the Supreme Court to issue writs of mandamus "in cases warranted by the principles and usages of law, to any courts appointed, or persons holding office, under the authority of the United States." In Marbury 2. Madison the Court ruled that it had no power to issue a mandamus to the Secretary of State, since this would have been an exercise of original jurisdiction not warranted by the Constitution. It was ruled that Congress had no power to grant the Supreme Court original jurisdiction in cases other than those described in the Constitution. _2_/ _1_/ 1 Stat. 23. 2/ U. S. Congress. The Constitution of the United States of America Analysis and Interpretation: Annotations of Cases decided by the Supreme Court of the United States to June 29, 1972. [Johnny H. Killian, ed.] Washington, U. S. Govt. Print. Off. , 1973, p. 1597 (92nd Cong. , 2d sess. , Senate. Doc. No. 92-82). CRS-2 AIR CONDITIONING IN THE HOUSE The second session of the Seventy-fifth Congress, which opened on November 15, 1937, was the first to meet in air-conditioned Senate and House chambers- 3/ APPROPRIATIONS The 52nd Congress (March 4, 1891-March 3, 1893), the first Congress to appropriate a billion dollars, appropriated $507,376,397-52 in the first session for the fiscal year 1893 and $519,535,293-31 in the second session for the fiscal year 1894- f1_/ ASIANS IN THE HOUSE Dalip Singh Saund of California, the first Congressman of Asian ancestry, was born in Amritsar, India- He was elected to the 85th Con- gress on November 6, 1956, and reelected in 1958 and 1960- 5/ 3/ Joseph Nathan Kane- Famous First Facts and Records in the United States- New York, The H-W- Wilson Co-, 1964- p- 183- 3/ Ibid. 5/ U- S- Congress- Biographical Directory of the American Con- gress l'7'74-1971- [Lawrence Kennedy, compiler] U-S- GoVt- Print- Off-, 1971- p- 1657 (92nd Congress, lst session- Senate- Doc- No- 92-8)- CRS-3 B EAN SOUP (HOUSE) Bean Soup has been a featured item on the menu of the House of Representatives Restaurant since long before that day in 1904 when the then Speaker of the House, Joseph G. Cannon, of Illinois, came into the House Restaurant and ordered Bean Soup. Then, as now, Bean Soup was a hearty, zesty, and filling dish, but it was typically hot and humid in Washington that day, and, therefore, l Bean Soup had been omitted from the menu. "Thunderation,' roared Speaker Cannon, "I had my mouth set for Bean Soup, ' and, he continued, "from now on, hot or cold, rain, snow, or shine, I want it on the menu every day. " And so it has been -- Bean Soup on the menu every single day since. §_/ BLACKS IN THE HOUSE Joseph Hayne Rainey of South Carolina, the first Black Congressman elected to the House, was sworn in December 12, 1870, to fill the vacancy caused by the action of the House of Representatives in declaring the seat of Benjamin Franklin Whittemore vacant. Rainey's service in the House continued for 8 years and 3 months, until March 3, 1879. 1/ 6/ The Congressional Cook Book. Washington, The Congressional Club, 19-61. p. XXX. j_/ Biographical Directory of the American Congress 1774-1971, p. 1581; Kane. Famous First Facts. p. 188. CRS-4 Oscar Stanton De Priest of Illinois, the first Black Congressman from the North, served in the House of Representatives from March 4, 1929 until January 3, 1935. §_/ Shirley Anita Chisholm, the first Black Congresswoman in the House, was elected the U.S. Representative for the 12th District of New York November 5, 1968. She has since been reelected to the 92nd, 93rd, and 94th Congresses. _9_/ The first Congressional standing committee headed by a Black Con- gressman was the Committee on Expenditures in the Executive Depart- ments to which William L. Dawson of Chicago, Ill., was appointed on January 18, 1949. 1_0/ Since 1869, 42 Blacks have won election to the House, and three have served as Members of the United States Senate. Of the 42 Black Members of the House, four have been women. 1_1_/ 8/ Biographical Directory of the American Congress 1774-1971. p. 851; Kane. Famous First Facts. p. 188. _9_/ U. S. Congress. 1974 Official Congressional Directory. 93rd Congress, 2nd session. Washington, U. S. Govt. Print. Off. , 1974. pp. 126-127. _l_9_/ U.S. Congress. House. Congressional Record. 81st Cong., 1stsess., January 18, 1949, v. 95, pt. 1: 473; and Kane. Famous First Facts. p. 184. 11/ Figures are taken from a report prepared by Donovan L. Gay. Black Cfimgresspersonsz 1869-1975. Congressional Research Service, February 10, 1975. 6 p. CRS-5 Of the 42 Blacks who have won election to the House since 1869, three have chaired committees: _1_?_/ Congressman Congresses in House Committee Chaired William L- Dawson 78th-91st (1943-70) Expenditures in (Illinois) the Executive Departments 81st-82nd Congresses Adam C- Powell, Jr. 79th-90th (1945-1967) Education and Labor (New York) 91st (1969-1971) 87th-89th Congresses Charles C- Diggs, Jr- 84th-94th (1955-1975) District of Columbia (Michigan) 93rd-94th Congresses BROTHERS IN THE HOUSE The first brothers to serve simultaneously were the Washburn bro- thers, each representing a different State: Israel Washburn, Jr-, Maine (Whig, 32nd-33rd Congresses, Republican, 34th-36th Congresses, March 4, 1851 to January 1, 1861); Elihu Benjamin Washburne of Illinois (spelled with an e) (Whig, 33rd and eight succeeding Congresses, March 4, 1853 to March 6, 1869); and Cadwallader Colden Washburn of Wisconsin (Repub- lican, 34th-36th Congresses, March 4, 1855 to March 3, l86l)- The three brothers served simultaneously as Congressmen from March 4, 1855 to January 1, 1861- Another brother, William Drew Washburn of Minnesota (Republican, 46th-48th Congresses) served from March 4, 1879 to March 3, 1885. _1_g_/ _l_@_/ See Donovan L- Gay- Black Congresspersons and their standing committee assignments- Congressional Research Service, February 11, 1975. 10 p- 13_/ Charles S- Cox, Jr- , and Marc Yacker- Brothers in Congress: A report prepared by the Congressional Research Service on May 17, 1962, updated June 11, 1974- 17 p- CRS-6 Of the 9, 510 individuals who have served in the House since 1789, 339 have been brothers- 1j4__/ CABINET OFFICERS WHO HAVE SERVED IN THE HOUSE James Wilson, a member of the Iowa Congressional delegation from March 4, 1873 until March 3, 1877 (43rd-44th Congresses, had the distinction of serving the longest in a presidentialcabinet- On March 5, 1897, Wilson took office as Secretary of Agriculture during President McKin1ey's first administration- He remained in office through lVlcKin1ey's first and second administrations, and through Theodore Roosevelt's two administrations, and through William Howard Taft's administration, serving until March 6, 1913, when Woodrow Wilson replaced him with David Frank- lin Houston- Wilson served as Secretary of Agriculture for sixteen years and one day- _1_§_/ Of the more than four hundred men and women who have served in the Cabinets of American Presidents, ninety-seven had prior service in the House- _l_6_/ _1_g/ Ibid- 15/ Biographical Directory of the American Congress 1774-1971- pp- 193871939. 16/ See Appendix 3; Robert Sobel, ed-, Biographical Directory of the U—n'ited States Executive Branch l774-l971- Westport Connecticut, Greenwood Publishing Company, 1971; and Biographical Directory of the American Congress- CRS-7 Of the more than four hundred men and women who have served in the cabinets of American Presidents, ten subsequently were elected Congressmen . Three men, William Eustis (Massachusetts), Francis Granger (New York), and Philip F. Thomas (Maryland) served in the House both before and after their Cabinet appointments- Cabinet Officer John Branch (N. C.) John J- Crittenden (Ky- ) Benjamin W- Crownin- shield (1\/1ass- ) William Eustis (Mass. ) Nathan Goff (W. Va. ) Francis Granger (N- Y. ) Ebenezer R. Hoar (Mass.) Timothy Pickering (Mass. ) George M. Robeson (N. J- ) Phillip F. Thomas (Mdo ) Congresses in House 22nd (1831-1833) 37th (1861-1863) 18th-21st (1823-1831) 7th-8th (1801-1805) 16th-17th (1820-1823) 48th-50th (1883-1889) 24th (1835-1837) 26th-27th (1839-1841) 27th (1841-1843) 43rd (1873-1875) 13th-14th (1813-1817) 46th-47th (1879-1883) 26th (1839-1841) 44th (1875-1877) Years in the Cabinet Sec. of the Navy 1829-1831 Attorney General 1841 Sec. of the Navy 1815-1818 Sec. of War 1809-1812 Sec. of the Navy 1881 Postmaster General 1841 Attorney General 1869-1870 Postmaster General 1791-1795 Sec. of State 1795-1800 Sec. of the Navy 1869-1877 Sec. of the Treasury 1860-1861 _1_'_7_/ 17/ See Appendix J; Robert Sobel, ed., Biographical Directory of the UniTéd States Executive Branch 1774-1971- Westport Connecticut, Green- wood Publishing Co., 1971; and Biographical Directory of the American Congress- CRS-8 Of the fifteen men who served in the Confederate Cabinet, four had previously served in the U» S» House of Representatives- Years in the Congressman Congresses in the House Confederate Cabinet John C» Breckinridge 32nd-33rd (1851-1855) Secretary of War (Ky-) Jan- -Apr. 1865 Robert M. T. Hunter 25th-27th (1837-1843) Secretary of State (Va-) July 1861-Feb- 1862 James A- Seddon 29th (1845-1847) Secretary of War (Va-) 7 9 31st (1849-1851) Nov- 1862—Jan- 1865 Robert Toombs 29th-32nd (1845-1853) Secretary of State (Ga-) 1861 _l_8_/ Secretary of State Cordell Hull, the first Cabinet officer to address a joint session of Congress, reported on November 18, 1943, that the tripartite conference at Moscow pointed towards the maintenance of peace and security in the post-war world- The two houses, in recess at the time, assembled to hear him, but technically it was not a "joint session. " 19/ 18/ Mark Mayo Boatner 111- The Civil War Dictionary- Washington, David lVl—c_Kay Company, Inc- , 1959- p- 170; and Biographical Directory of the American Congress 1774-1971- pp. 631, 1164-1165, 1674, and 1824- _1_5_3_/ Kane- Famous First Facts» p- 137- CRS-9 CATHOLICS IN THE HOUSE Thomas Fitzsimons of Pennsylvania, the first Catholic Congress- man, was elected as a Federalist to the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Congresses- He served from March 4, 1789, to March 3, 1795- Charles Carroll of Maryland, who was a Catholic, also served in the 1st Congress- 22/ Robert F- Drinan of Massachusetts, the first Roman Catholic priest elected a voting Member of the House, was elected to the 92ndACongress, November 3, 1970, and was subsequently reelected to the 93rd and 94th Congresses- Drinan was ordained a Jesuit priest in 1953- 21/ Gabriel Richard, a Delegate from the Michigan Territory during the 18th Congress, was the first Roman Catholic priest to serve in the House- Richard was ordained a priest in France on October 15, 1790, and served as a missionary in Detroit, Michigan- _2__?_/ gp_/ Ibid-, p- 187- _?:_1_/ 1974 Official Congressional Directory- 93rd Congress, 2nd session- pp- 85-86- _.‘§§_/ Biographical Directory of the American Congress 1774-1971- p- 1605- CRS-10 CAUCUS The first Congressional caucus was held secretly in 1800 by the Federalist party at the instigation of Alexander Hamilton, who desired the reelection of President John Adams- The Democratic-Republicans later held a caucus and nominated Thomas Jefferson. Adams and Jefferson each received 73 electoral votes, whereupon the election was turned over to the House of Representatives, which, after 35 ballots between Feb- ruary 11 and 17, 1801, elected Thomas Jefferson of Virginia as President and Aaron Burr of New York as Vice President- ?_8_/ The first Congressional caucus (open, not secret) was held Feb- ruary 29, 1804, by the Democratic-Republicans, who nominated Thomas Jefferson of Virginia for President. Jefferson subsequently won the election by receiving 162 of the 176 electoral votes- _§§_—<._l_/ CENSURE PROCEEDINGS IN THE HOUSE During its existence, the House has censured 18 Members and one Delegate- All but one of the instances of censure occurred during the 19th Century, 13 members being censured between 1864 and 1875- Seven cases of censure involved the use of unparliamentary language, two in- volved conspiracy to assault and actual assault upon another Member, two involved utterance of treasonable language, two involved insults to the House 23/ Frederick W- Whitridge- Caucus System- [in] Cyclopaedia of PolitiEal Science, Political Economy, and the Political History of the United States- Vol- 1- New York, Maynard, Merrill and Company, 1899. p. 358. _2_51_/ Ibid. CRS-ll by the introduction of offensive resolutions, and five involved corrupt acts. The last censure case on record arose in 1921 and involved Representative Thomas L. Blanton of Texas. Cong. Sess. 5th 2nd 5th 2nd 22nd 1st 24th lst 25th 2nd 25th 2nd 27th 2nd 27th 2nd 34th 2nd 34th 2nd 35th lst 36th lst 38th lst 38th lst 39th lst 39th lst 40th lst 40th 2nd 40th 3rd 41st 2nd 41st 2nd Year 1798 1798 1832 1836 1838 1839 1842 1842 1856 1856 1858 1860 1864 1864 1866 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1870 Member Matthew Lyon (Vt. ) Roger Griswold (Conn.) William Stanbery (Ohio) Sherrod Williams (Ky. ) Henry A. Wise (Va.) Alexander Duncan (Ohio) John Q. Adams (Mass.) Joshua R. Giddings (Ohio) Henry A. Edmundston (Va. ) Laurence M. Keitt (S. C.) Orsamus B. Matteson (N.Y.) George S. Houston (A1a.) Alexander Long (Ohio) Benjamin G. Harris (Md. ) John W. Chanler (N. Y.) Lovell H. Rousseau (Ky.) John W. Hunter (N.Y.) Fernando Wood (N. Y. ) Edward D. Holbrook (Idaho) Benjamin Whittemore (S. C. ) Roderick R. Butler (Tenn.) Grounds and Disposition Assault on Representative Not censured Assault on Representative Not censured Insult to Speaker Censured Insult to Speaker Not censured Service as second in duel Not censured Offensive publication Not censured Treasonable petition Not censured Offensive paper Censured Complicity in assault on Senator; Not censured Complicity in assault on Senator; Censured Corruption Censured Insult to Representative ‘ Not censured Treasonable utterance Censured Treasonable utterance Censured Insult to House Censured Assault on Representative Censured Insult to Representative Censured Offensive utterance Censured Offensive utterance Censured Corruption Censured Corruption Censured CRS-12 Cong. Sess. Year Member Grounds and Disposition 41st 2nd 1870 John T. Deweese (N. C.) Corruption Censured 42nd 3rd 1873 Oakes Ames (Mass.) Corruption Censured 42nd 3rd 1873 James Brooks (N.Y.) Corruption Censured 43rd 2nd 1875 John Y. Brown (Ky.) Insult to Representative Censured 44th 1st 1876 James G. Blaine (Maine) Corruption Not censured 47th 1st 1882 William D. Kelley (Pa.) Offensive utterance Not censured 47th 1st 1882 John D. White (Ky.) Offensive utterance Not censured 51st 1st 1890 William D. Bynum (lnd.) Offensive utterance Censured 63rd 2nd 1914 James T. McDermott (Ill.) Corruption Not censured 67th 1st 1921 Thomas L. Blanton (Texas) Abuse of leave to print Censured 26/ CHAPLAINS OF THE HOUSE Reverend William Lynn was elected first Chaplain of the House on May 1, 1789. _2_§/ He served in that office until the following year. 25/ Chart is taken from Congressional Quarter1y's Guide to the CongressTf the United States, p. 310; Discussion on the censure of Edward D. Holbrook is found in Asher C. Hinds, Hind's Precedents of the House of Representatives of the United States. Vol. 11, Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1907. pp. 833-836, and U.S. Congress. House. Joint Committee on Congressional Operations. House of Representatives - Exclusion, Censure and Expulsion Cases from 1789 to 1793. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off-. 1974, pp. 137-142 (93rd Congress, 1st session. House Committee Print). 3§_/ U. S. Congress. House. Annals of the Congress of the United States. 1st Congress, lst session, May 1, 1789, v. 1: 233. CRS-13 Reverend James Shera Montgomery, who holds the record for tenure as Chaplain of the House, served for more than fourteen Con- gresses» Montgomery was Chaplain from April 11, 1921 until his retire- ment on January 30, 1950 because of poor health» ;2_7_/ Oliver Cromwell Comstock of New York, the only former Corgress- man to become Chaplain of the House, served in the Thirteenth, Four- teenth, and Fifteenth Congresses (March 4, 1813 - March 3, 1819)» He served as Chaplain of the House from December 20, 1836 until March 3, 1837» g_&_3_/ Of the fifty men who have been Chaplain of the House, five have had interrupted periods of service and two, Thomas H» Stockton and William H» Milburn, performed the duties of Chaplain on three separate occasions: Chaplain Congresses Obadiah B» Brown 10th, 13th (3rd sess-) Jesse Lee 11th, 12th(?nd sess- ), 13th (1st-2nd sess-) Reuben Post 18th (2nd sess» )-21st (lst sess-) 22nd (lst sess-) Thomas H» Stockton 23rd (1st sess- ), 24th (lst sess-) 37th William H» Milburn 29th (lst sess- ), 33rd-36th, 49th-52nd _2_9_/ 27/ SeeAppendixJ;U-S» Congress» House» Congressional Record» 67th C_o_r'1g» , 1st sess- , April 11, 1921, V» 61, pt» 1: 83; and U» S» Congress» House» Congressional Record» 81st Cong», 2nd sess-, January 30, 1950, V» 96, pt» 1: 1095, 1097. 28/ Biographical Directory of the American Congress 1774-1971, pp» 7717772; and U»S- Congress» House» Congressional Globe» 24th Cong», 2nd sess-, December 20, 1836, V» 4: 38» _§9_/ See Appendix J» CRS-14 CLERKS OF THE HOUSE John James Beckley was elected the first Clerk of the House on April 1, 1789- Beckley served as Clerk for the first four Congresses (1789-1797), and again during the Seventh, Eighth and Ninth Congresses- _3__Q/ Former Congressman South Trimble of Kentucky (57th-59th Con- gg-:-sses) served the longest as Clerk of the House- Trimb1e's service as clerk extended from April 4, 1911 to May 18, 1919 and from December 7, 1931 until his death on November 23, 1946- 3_1_/ Twelve of the twenty—seven men who have served as the Clerk of the House have been former Congressmen: Congresses Congresses Former Member as Member as Clerk Patrick Magruder (Md- ) 9th 10th-13th Thomas Jefferson Campbell (Tenn. ) 27th 30th-31st William Cullom (Tenn-) 32nd-33rd 34th James C- Allen (Ill-) 33rd-34th, 38th 35th Emerson Etheridge (Tenn-) 33rd—34th, 36th 37th Edward McPherson (Penn-) 36th—37th 38th-43rd, 47th, 51st George Madison Adams (Ky- ) _ 40th-43rd 44th-46th John Bullock Clark, Jr- (Mo- ) 43rd-47th 48th-50th James Kerr (Penn-) 51st 52nd-53rd Alexander McDowell (Penn. ) 53rd 54th-61st South Trimble (Ky.) 57th-59th 62nd—65th, 72nd—79th William Pat Jennings (Va-) 84th-89th 90th-94th _:§_g/ 30/ U- S- Congress» House- Annals of the Congress of the United States'-_1stCong- , lst sess-, April 1, 1789, v- l:96- For biographical accounts of Beck1ey's life see: Edmund and Dorothy S- Beckley, The Ablest Clerk in the U- S- John James Beckley, the Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, LXX, no- 4 (October 1962): 434-446; Noble E- Cunningham, Jr- , John Beckley; Mystery Man of the Early Jeffersonians, Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, LXXII, no. 1 (January 1948): 54-63. 31/ U- S» Congress- Biographical Directory of the American Congress 1774-13571. ,3. 1831. 32/Ibid-, p[)- 1327, 699-700, 810, 506, 920, 1392, 493, 743, 1228, 1371, 1831, and 1187- See also Appendix F- CRS-15 Richard Montgomery Young of Illinois, the only former Senator to become Clerk of the House, served in the United States Senate from March 4, 1837 to March 3, 1843, and as Clerk of the House from April 17, 1850 until March 4, 1851- _?£/ Of the twenty-seven men who have been Clerks of the House, six have had interrupted service, and Edward McPherson performed the duties of the Clerk on three separate occasions: Clerk Congresses John James Beckley 1st-4th, 7th-9th Matthew St- Clair Clarke 17th-22nd, 27th John W- Forney 32nd-33rd, 36th Edward McPherson 38th-43rd, 47th, 51st South Trimble 62nd-65th, 72nd-79th Ralph R- Roberts 81st-82nd, 84th-89th §_:1_/ James Cameron Allen of Illinois, the only Clerk to subsequently Win election 110 the House, served as a Member during the 33rd and 34th Congresses (1853-1857), and as Clerk during the 35th Congress- Four years later Allen returned to the House once again as an elected Member, of the 38th Congress- _3_5/ 33/ Biographical Directory of the American Congress 1774-1971, pp. 1965-1970. 1_3_§/ See Appendix F- 35] Biographical Directory of the American Congress 1774-1971, p. 506. . CRS-16 COMMITTEE The first committee in the House was appointed April 2, 1789 to "prepare and report such standing rules and orders of proceedings as may be proper to be observed in the House- " §_§_/ CONGRESSIONAL CEM ET ERY In 1793, before the Federal City came into being, the Maryland Legislature authorized the establishment of Washington Parish whereupon the Christ Church Washington Parish was incorporated, vestrymen elected, and a rector appointed- In those early days, the transportation of the re- mains of deceased persons more than a short distance was not feasible and the need for a place of burial in the new Capital for Senators and Representatives who might pass away while attending sessions of the Con- gress was early recognized. Certain influential members of the new church undertook to acquire an appropriate tract of ground subject to an agree- ment that when the graveyard, with its improvements, shall be unen- cumbered of debt, they would assign over all the right and title of said ground not subscribed for to the Vestry of Washington Parish» By March 24, 1812, the cemetery was free of debt and at a meeting held by the Vestry Easter Monday, March 30, l8l2, the Vestry accepted the said burial ground ground, with the deed, plan, list of subscribers, proceedings, accounts, and transfer of grounds- 35/ U-S- Congress- House- Annals of Congress- lst Cong., lst sess.,"7lpri1 2, 1789, v- 1:96-97- CRS-17 Graves reserved for Members of Congress- Shortly thereafter, the Vestry reserved for the interment of Members of Congress 100 sites- In 1820, this reservation was extended to include heads of Departments of the General Government or their families, or the families of Members of the Congress- Thereafter, until the establishment of the Arlington National Ceme- tery, additional sites in Congressional Cemetery were, from time to time, reserved for Government use, and, in return, the Government appropriated moneys, labor, and material toward the upkeep and improve- ment of the cemetery property- It is not surprising that this cemetery has been known almost from its establishment as Congressional Cemetery and is usually so designated in acts of Congress and by the public generally- It is often referred to as our first national cemetery and is perhaps our only true national ceme- tery due to the fact that Arlington and all other so-called national ceme- teries are dedicated primarily for interment of the remains of those who have served in our Armed Forces, whereas Congressional Cemetery is primarily civilian- Among the prominent individuals who have been interred in the Con- gressional Cemetery are Representative Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, whose political activities led to the coining of the term "gerrymandering"; George Clinton, first Governor of New York; Secretary of State Abel Upshur; Attorney General William Wirt; Major Generals McComb, Brown, and Gibson; Commodores Ridgely, Patterson, Tingey, and Rodgers; diplomats from foreign countries who died in Washington; 16 Senators and 68 Members of the House- The remains CRS-18 of a number of Senators and Representatives were later removed to home cemeteries, but as of 1960 there were still 14 Senators and 42 Members of the House buried in the Congressional Cemetery. Since 1960 there has apparently been no official interment of a Member of Congress in the cemetery. _3_7_/ CONGRESSIONAL DIRECTORY The first Congressional Directory published by the United States Government was authorized by act of February 14, 1865 and published in 1865 for the first session of the 39th Congress. Compiled by Ben: "Perley" Poore, it contained, in addition to a roster of congressmen, information about Washington banks, insurance companies, hotels, express offices, churches, railroads, steamboats, mails, etc. It contained 57 pages. 29/ Prior to 1865 the Congressional Directory had been pub- lished privately. CONGRESSIONAL MEDAL OF HONOR RECIPIENTS (CONGRESSMEN) Fourteen Members of the House of Representatives have won the Congressional Medal of Honor. Henry Harrison Bingham, Republican from Pennsylvania. He was elected to the Forty-sixth and the sixteen succeeding Congresses, served 37/ U.S- Congress. House. Congressional Record. 86th Cong., 2nd se‘§‘§., July 2, 1960, v. 106, pt. 12: 15851-15853; and Washington, D.C. A Guide to the Nation's Capital (American Guide Series). New York, Hastings House Publishers [l942, 1968] p. 378. _'_3_§_/ 13 Stat. 568; and U. S. Congress. Congressional Directory for the First Session of the Thirty Ninth Congress of the United States [com- piled by Ben: Perley Poore] Washington, U.S- Govt. Print. Off., 1965. CRS-19 from March 4, 1879 until his death, March 22, 1912- Earned the Medal of Honor in the Battle of the Wilderness, Virginia, May 6, 1864- John Charles Black, Democrat, I1linois- Served in the House from May 4, 1893 to January 12, 1895- Earned the Medal of Honor at the Battle of Prairie Grove, Arkansas, December 7, 1862. Thomas Wilson Bradley, Republican, New York- Elected to the Fifty-eighth and three succeeding Congresses, served from March 4, 1903 to March 3, 1913- Earned the Medal of Honor in the Battle of Chan- cellorsville, May 3, 1863. Willis Winter Bradley, Republican, California. Elected to the Eightieth Congress and served from January 3, 1947 to January 3, 1949- Earned the Medal of Honor while serving aboard the USS Pittsburgh, July 23, 1917. Amos Jay Cummings, Democrat, New York- Elected to the Fif- tieth Congress, served from March 4, 1887 to March 3, 1889. Also elected to the Fifty-fourth Congress and the three succeeding Congresses, served from November 5, 1895 until his death May 2, 1902- Earned the Medal of Honor at the Battle of Salem Heights, Virginia, May 4, 1863- Newton Martin Curtis, Republican, New York- Elected to the Fifty- second Congress and two succeeding Congresses, served from November 3, 1891 to March 3, 1897. Earned the Medal of Honor at the Battle of Fort Fisher, North Carolina, January 15, 1865- Byron M- Cutcheon, Republican, Michigan- Elected to the Forty- eighth and three succeeding Congresses, served from March 4, 1883 to March 3, 1891- Earned the Medal of Honor at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend, Kentucky, May 10, 1863- CRS-20 John McCreath Farquhar, Republican, New York. Elected to the Forty-ninth and two succeeding Congresses, served from March 4, 1885 to March 3, 1891. Earned the Medal of Honor at the Battle of Stone River, Tennessee, December 31, 1862. Richmond Pearson Hobson, Democrat, Alabama. Elected to the Sixtieth and three succeeding Congresses, served from March 4, 1907 to March 3, 1915. Earned the Medal of Honor at Santiago de Cuba, Cuba, June 6, 1898. Edouard Victor Michel Izac, Democrat, California. Elected to the Seventy-fifth and four succeeding Congresses, served from January 3, 1937 to January 3, 1947.. Earned the Medal of Honor for bravery aboard the German submarine U-90 and while prisoner of war in Germany, May 21, 1918, John Henry Moffitt, Republican, New York. Elected to the Fif- tieth and the Fifty-first Congresses, served from March 4, 1887 to March 3, 1891. Earned the Medal of Honor at the Battle of Gaines Mill, Virginia, June 27, 1862. He was succeeded on office by another Medal of Honor winner, Newton M. Curtis. Charles Edward Phelps of Maryland. Elected as a Union War Can- didate to the Thirty-ninth Congress and a Union Conservative to the For- tieth Congress. Served from March 4, 1865 to March 3, 1869. Earned the Medal of Honor at the Battle of Laurel Hill, Virginia, May 8, 1964. Philip Sidney Post, Republican, Illinois. Elected to the Fiftieth and four succeeding Congresses, served from March 4, 1887 until his death on January 6, 1895. He earned the Medal of Honor at the Battle of Nashville, Tennessee, December 15-16, 1864. CRS-21 Daniel Edgar Sickles, Democrat, New York- Elected to the Thirty- fifth and Thirty-sixth Congresses, March 4, 1857 to March 3, 1861- Also elected to the Fifty—third Congress, March 4, 1893 to March 3, 1895- Earned the Medal of Honor at the Battle of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, July 2, 1863- §9_/ CONGRESSIONAL RECORD During the First and Second Continental Congresses, the delegates deliberated behind closed doors and kept only a journal- In accordance with the policy adopted by the Continental Congress, the sessions of the Constitutional Convention were also secret- Therefore it is not surprising that the Constitution of the United States (Article 1, Section 5) provides only that "each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may. in their judgment, require secrecy- " Under this constitutional provision a Journal of both Houses of Congress has been kept- The House and Senate Journals, however, are only minutes of official actions, not records of debate- Prior to December of 1824, the debates in the House of Represen- tatives were not reported except in a haphazard way in some of the better newspapers- Senate debates were seldom reported at all, although general accounts of what took place in that branch were frequently printed, as were occasional speeches- Not until forty-five years after the assembling of the First Congress 39/ Congressional Record, 92nd Cong-, 2nd sess-, April 13, 1972, Vol- 18'? 12812-12813; Biographical Directory of the American Congress 1774-1971. PD. 592-593, 597, 626, 811, 815, 817, 929, 1126, 1175, 1423, 1538, 1559, 1696; and U-S- Congress- Senate- Committee on Veteran's Affairs- Medal of Honor Recipients, l863-l973- Washington, U-S- Govt. Print- Off, 1973, pp- 32, 33, 38, 437, 68, 87, 363, 448, 173, 193, 197, 224-225- (93rd Cong-, lst sess-, Senate Committee Print No- 15)- CRS-22 did Joseph Gales, Jr- and William W- Seaton, publishers of the National Intelligencer (the "recognized organ" or "court paper" of the administra- tions from 1800 through 1828) begin the publication of the debates of Con- gress, covering the period from March 3, 1789, to l\/lay 27, 1824- The 42 volume Annals of Congress was published between 1834 and 1856- Prior to that time no attempt had been made to publish the debates except sporadically in newspapers, and in short-lived publications such as Thomas Lloyd's Congressional Register, Thomas Carpenter's American Senator, James T- Ca11ender's Political Register and his American Regi- ster for the Year 1796, and the Congressional Reporter (12th Cong- )- After the appearance of the first two volumes of the Annals in 1834, the work on the publication was delayed because of insufficient funds until 1849, when Congress authorized Gales and Seaton to complete the Series- The Annals were compiled from the Journals, stenographic reports of important debates, newspapers and other contem- porary sources- In addition, Gales and Seaton had in anticipation care- fully filed copies of unpublished debates- Undoubtedly, Gales and Seaton, despite their fragmentary sources, were able to prepare a remarkably coherent compilation because of their earlier experience as editors of the Register of Debates between 1825 and 1837, which covered the period from December 6, 1824 Cinui October 16, 1837- Four years before the publication of the Register of Debates was suspended, Francis Preston Blair and John Cook Rives began the Congres- sional Globe, the first attempt to detail the entire proceedings before both Houses- The 111 volumes of the _G£)_1_3_e_ cover the period from 1833 until 1873- During those forty years the verbatim reporting of the pro- ceedings was begun (on August 11, 1848 in the Senate and on August 17, 1850 in the House), the reporters of the Congressional Globe were CRS-23 enrolled on the congressional payroll (February 19, 1855), a system of annual appropriations for reporting the proceedings in the two Houses was inaugurated (1863), and Congress provided by law that the _G_l_ol)_e_ should be published daily and delivered to the Members of both Houses (1865). As Congress continued to investigate the best possible means of reporting its proceedings, the Membership ultimately became convinced that the debates should be reported officially and could be published more economically and satisfactorily under its own direction at the Government Printing Office. On April 2, 1872, Congress approved a law providing that, until a satisfactory arrangement could be made, the debates should be printed by the Congressional Printer. Upon the expiration of the contract with Rives and Baily on March 3, 1873, the publication of the debates was transferred to the Government Printing Office and two days later the first issue of the Congressional Record, dated March 4, 1873, ap- peared. 4_(_)_/ Applause, loud applause, laughter, and boisterous laughter were omitted from the reports of House debates as printed in the Congressional Record when, on June 10, 1941, Speaker Sam Rayburn stated that the word "applause" or the words "loud applause" were not a part of the pro- ceedings of the House and should not be put in the Record. Since that day the Official Reports of Debates have ceased to record such demon- strations made in the course of debate. j4__1_/ 40/ The best discussion of the Congressional Record and its pre- deces's__ors is found in Elizabeth Gregory McPherson's article entitled Reporting the Debates of Congress, which is found in U.S- Congress. House- Congressional Record. 77th Cong., 2nd sess., June 10, 1942, v. 88, pt. 9: A2182-A2185. See also U-S- Library of Congress. Congres- sional Research Service. The Congressional Record [by] Frederick Pauls, Dec. 21, 1972. Multilith JKlO0OA. 17 p. 4_1_/ U.S. Congress. House. Congressional Record. 77th Cong., 1stsess., August 5, 1941, V. 91, pt. 2: 6798-6799; and Congressional Record, 79th Cong., 1stsess., March 6, 1945, V. 91, pt. 2: 1789. CRS-24 CONTESTED ELECTIONS IN THE HOUSE (1789-1974) The first contested election in the House of Representatives was between David Ramsay and William Loughton Smith of South Carolina. Smith took his seat April 13, 1789. On April 15, 1789, Ramsay presented a petition that Smith be declared ineligible, on the ground that he had not been "seven years a citizen of the United States," as he had studied abroad during that period. The dispute was referred to the Committee on Elections on April 18, 1789, which ruled that Smith was entitled to his seat. 4__2_/ In only five Congresses, the 6th (1799-1801), 20th (1827-29), 83rd (1953-55), 88th (1963-65), and the 93rd (1973-75), has the House of Repre- sentatives had no election contests to settle. At the other extreme, the House in the 54th Congress (1895-97) settled 38 such contests. Charge Number of Cases Fraud, corruption, and/or bribery 167 Serious election irregularities not involving allegations of fraud 133 Illegal election 68 Improper canvass of ballots 46 Lack of qualifications established by the Constitution 26 Lack of qualifications established by State law 4 Civil War and Reconstruction tangles 18 Incompatible office 9 Constitutionality of office of Delegate 3 Existence of a vacancy 13 Improper ballots 6 Defective credentials 5 Unconstitutionality of White Primary 1 Mere Technicality 3 No identifiable grounds appear , 61 Total 561 4_3_/ 4_2_/ Asher C. Hinds. Hinds‘ Precedents of the House of Repre- sentatives. Vol. 1. Washington, U.S- Govt. Print. Off., 1907. p. 390- 393. 43/ Jack T. Dempsey. Control by Congress Over the Seating and Discip'lTning of Members (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Michigan, 1955). pp. 61, 330-356; Congressional Quarterly's Guide to the Congress of the United States, pp. 307-308; and Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, XXX, no. 22 (May 27, 1972): 1240. CRS-25 CONSTITU ENTS REPRESENTED BY A CONGRESSMAN Average Number Year Population House Members of Constituents 1790 3,929,214 85 60,449 ' 1800 5,308,483 108 50,080 1810 7,239,881 142 50,985 1820 9,838,453 188 51,820 1830 12,888,020 213 80,404 1840 17,069,453 242 70,535 1850 23,191,878 232 99,965 1880 31,443,321 237 132,672 1870 39,818,449 243 183,882 1880 50,155,783 293 17L180 1890 82,947,714 332 189,802 1900 75,994,575 357 212,870 1910 91,972,288 391 235,223 1920 105,710,820 435 243,013 1930 122,775,048 435 282,241 1940 131,889,275 435 302,888 1950 150,897,381 435 348,431 1960 178,484,238 435 410,283 1970 203,235,298 435 467,208 43/ CONVICTED FELON ELECTED A CONGRESSMAN Matthew Lyon, a Vermont anti-Federalist, the first individual elected to the House who had served time in jail, was a Member from March 4, 1797, until March 3, 1801, and from March 4, 1803, until March 3, 1811- On October 9, 1798, Lyon was sentenced to four months in jail and fined $1,000 for publishing a letter critical of the government, in Viola- tion of the Sedition Act of 1798- He was reelected while still in prison» In 1840, a bill was enacted which refunded the fine to his heirs- :l_5_/ 44/ Congressional Quarter1y's Guide to the Congress of the United States-__ Washington, Congressional Quarterly Service, 1971- p. 507; and U» S- Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1974 (95th edition) Washington, D-C- 1974. p- 5- 45/ Dumas Malone, ed- Dictionary of American Biography. New York, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1933. pp. 532-533; and U-S- Congress- House- Annals of the Congress of the United States, 16th Cong. , 2nd sess. , December 4, 1820, V- 37: 478-486. CRS-26 DEBAT E RU LE The first rule for the purpose of limiting the time a Member may occupy in debate was adopted on motion of Mr. Lott Warren, of Georgia, on July 6, 1841. This was a temporary rule, but on June 13, 1842, it was made one of the standing rules of the House that no Member should occupy "more than one hour in debate on any question, either in the House or in the Committee of the Whole." This rule was adopted on motion of Mr. Benjamin S. Cowen of Ohio. g§/ DOORKEEPERS OF THE HOUSE The exact date of Gifford Dailey's appointment as first Doorkeeper of the House is not known, but all sources consulted show that he did occupy that position during the 1st Congress. f1_7_/ Thomas Claxton, the Doorkeeper of the House who served the longest, held that office for thirteen consecutive Congresses (4th-16th Congresses). William M. Miller of Mississippi served as Doorkeeper for twelve Con- gresses (84th-93rd Congresses). §_E_3_/ :1_§_/ Hinds. Hinds‘ Precedents of the House of Representatives of the United States. Vol. V, p. 24. 47/ Biographical Directory of the American Congress 1774-1971, p. 49; -135 Alva Stanwood Alexander History and Procedure of the House of Representatives, Boston, Houghton Mifflin Company, 1916. p. 396- 397; U- S. Congress. History of the United States House of Represen- tatives [By George Galloway]. Washington, U. S. Govt. Print. Off., 1965- p. 216. (89th Congress, 1st Session. House. Document no. 250). f_1__8_/ See Appendix H. CRS-27 Charles Henry Turner of New York, the only former Congressman to become Doorkeeper of the House, was elected to the 51st Congress to fill a vacancy caused by an earlier resignation and served from Decem- ber 9, l889 to March 3, 1891- He served as Doorkeeper of the House during the following Congress- fl__9/ Of the thirty-four men who have been Doorkeeper of the House, three have served in that capacity more than once- Doorkeeper Congresses Alvin B- Hurt 50th, 53rd Joseph J- Sinnott 62nd—65th, 72nd-78th William M- Miller 81st-82nd, 84th-93rd §_(_)_/ Walter Preston Brownlow of Tennessee, the only Doorkeeper to subsequently win election to the House, served as an officer of the House during the Forty-seventh Congress (l88l-l883)- He was elected a Member of the Fifty-fifth Congress and the six succeeding Congresses, serving from March 4, 1897, until his death on July 8, 1910- §_l_/ g9/ Biographical Directory of the American Congress 1774-1971, p. 1836. _5_>__Q/ See Appendix H- 5l/ Biographical Directory of the American Congress 1774-1971, p. 654:- CRS-28 EXPULSIONS OF HOUSE MEMBERS Twenty times in the history of the House there have been serious expulsion efforts. Only three Southern Congressmen, all expelled in 1861 for supporting the Confederacy and taking up arms against the Govern- ment of the United States, however, have lost their seats in the House through the process. Cong. Sess. Year Member Grounds and Disposition 5th 2nd 1798 Matthew Lyon (Vt.) Assault on Representative Not expelled 5th 2nd 1798 Roger Griswold (Conn. ) Assault on Representative Not expelled 5th 3rd 1799 Matthew Lyon (Vt.) Sedition Not expelled 25th 2nd 1838 William J. Graves (Ky. ) Killing of Representative in duel -- not expelled 34th lst 1856 Preston S. Brooks (S. C.) Assault on Senator Not expelled 34th 3rd 1857 Orasmus B. Matteson (N.Y-) Corruption Not exp e1led* 37th lst 1861 John B. Clark (Mo.) Support of rebellion Expelled 37th lst 1861 Henry C. Burnett (Ky.) Support of rebellion Expelled 37th 1st 1861 John W- Reid (Mo.) Support of rebellion Expelled 38th 1st 1864 Alexander Long (Ohio) Treasonable utterance Not expel1ed* 38th lst 1864 Benjamin G. Harris (Md.) Treasonable utterance Not expe11ed* 39th lst 1866 Lovell H. Rousseau (Ky.) Assault on Representative Not expe11ed* 41st 2nd 1870 Benjamin F. Whittemore (S.C) Corruption Not expel1ed* 41st 2nd 1870 Roderick R. Butler (Tenn.) Corruption Not expe11ed* 43rd 2nd 1875 John Y. Brown (Ky.) Insult to Representative Not expe11ed* 67th lst 1921 Thomas L. Blanton (Texas) Abuse of leave to print Not expe1led* 52/ *Censured after expulsion move failed or was withdrawn 52/ Chart is taken from Congressional Quarter1y's Guide to the Congressbf the United States, p. 316. See also U.S- Congress. House. Joint Committee on Congressional Operations. House of Representatives -- Exclusion, Censure and Expulsion Cases from 1789 to 1793. Washington, U-S. Govt. Print. Off., 1974, pp. 137-142 (93rd Congress, 1st Session, House Committee Print). CRS-29 "FATHER OF THE HOUSE" Early in its history the House adopted the British House of Commons custom of designating the Member with the longest continuous service as the "father of the House." William Findley of Pennsylvania, the first to bear the title, served in the House from March 4, 1791 until March 3, 1799, and from March 4, 1803 until March 3, 1817. §_3_/ GAG RU LE The first gag rule was adopted May 26, 1836 by the House of Representatives, which voted 117 to 68 that "And, whereas it is extremely important and desirable that the agitation of this subject should be finally arrested, for the purpose of restoring tranquility to the public mind your committee respectfully recommend the adoption of the following resolution Resolved that all petitions, memorials, resolutions, propositions, or papers, relating in any way, or to any extent whatever, to the subject of slavery, or the abolition of slavery, shall without being printed or referred, be laid upon the table, and that no further action whatever shall be had thereon. " The gag rule was subsequently repealed on Decem- ber 3, 1844. _E_3_i/ 53/ De Alva Stanwood Alexander. History and Procedure of the House of_Representatives. Boston, Houghton, Mifflin Company [1916] pp. 35 and 398; and Hinds. Hinds‘ Precedents of the House of Repre- sentatives. Vol. II. p. 751; Biographical Directory of the American Congress 1774-1971, p. 941. §f1_/ James Truslow Adams. Dictionary of American History, Vol. II. New York, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1951. pp. 365-366. See also U.S- Congress. House. Congressional Globe. 24th Cong., 1st sess., May 26, 1836. v. 3: 406. CRS-30 HATS FORBIDDEN IN THE HOUSE In early years, following the custom of Parliament, Members wore their hats during the sessions of the House- The first of several proposals to eliminate the wearing of hats was made in 1822, but Members continued to protest that there was no place for them to put their hats if they did not wear them and that the custom of wearing hats was the sign of independence of the Commons of England, and therefore a good usage to preserve in the American House» On September 14, 1837, the House adopted the rule that no Member should wear his hat during the sessions of the House- _5_§_/ IMPEACHJVIENT Thirteen Federal officers have been impeached by the House since 1789: one President, one cabinet officer, one Senator and ten Fed- eral judges- Of the 13 cases, 12 ultimately reached the Senate, where two were dismissed, six resulted in acquittal and four ended in conviction. All of the convictions involved Federal judges- _5_§_/ §§/ Hinds- Hinds Precedents of the House of Representatives- Vol- 11. p. 750. §_§/ Impeachment and the U-S- Congress- Washington, Congres- sional Quarterly [March 1974] p. 2. CRS-31 The first resolution to impeach, or to investigate the possibility of impeaching, a President of the United States was offered by John M» Botts of Virginia on January 10, 1843- Botts proposed charges of corrup- tion, of misconduct in office, and high crimes against John Tyler, "the acting President of the United States» " The resolution was disagreed to the same day by a vote of 84 yeas to 127 nays» EU Since 1789 six Presidents (John Tyler, Andrew Johnson, Grover Cleveland, Herbert Hoover, Harry S» Truman, and Richard M» Nixon) have at least momentarily faced the prospect of a full impeachment in- quiry» Andrew Johnson and Richard Nixon are, however, the only Presi- dents to face formal impeachment proceedings» 58/ INDICTMENT OF MEMBERS OF THE HOUSE FOR CRIMINAL OFFENSES (1904-1974) Since 1904 twenty-five Congressmen have been indicted for a criminal offense while in office» Sixteen of these men were later convicted on at least one charge» Also during the same period two former Congress- den were indicted and convicted» 59/ 5_7/ U-S» Congress» House» Congressional Globe» 27th Cong». 3rd sess-, January 10, 1843, v» 12: 144-146» 58/ See a report prepared by Stephen W» Stathis» Resolutions to impeach, or to investigate the possibility of impeaching a President of the United States» Congressional Research Service, July 8, 1974- 17 p» 59/ Congress and the Nation» Washington, Congressional Quarter- ly Inc», -T965» p» 1420; Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, XX, no- 42 (October 19, 1962): 1968; XXX, no 26 (June 30, 1973): 1740; XXX, no- 3l (August 4, 1973): 2135-2136; XXXII, no» 30 (July 27, 1974): 1966; XXXI1. no» 37 (September 14, 1974: 2511; Washington Post, October 2, 1974; October 23, 1974: p» A-7; and New York Times, July 9, 1974» CRS-32 INV EST IGAT IONS The first Congressional investigation was authorized March 27, 1792, when the House of Representatives by a vote of 44 to 10 resolved "that a committee [of seven] be appointed to inquire into the causes of the failure of the late expedition under Major General [Arthur] St- Clair; and that the said committee be empowered to call for such persons, papers, and records as may be necessary to assist‘ in their inquiries-" The committee decided that St- C1air's defeat on the Ohio-Indiana border on November 4, 1791 "can in no respect be imputed to his conduct either at any time before or during the action. " _6_Q/ JAPANESE IN THE HOUSE Daniel Ken Inouye of Hawaii, the first Congressman of Japanese ancestry to serve in the House, was sworn in on August 24, 1959 by then Speaker Sam Rayburn. Inouye served in the House from 1959 until 1962, when he successfully campaigned for a seat in the Senate- In 1968 he won his second Senatorial e1ection- §_l_/ Norman Yoshio Mineta of California, the first Congressman of Japanese ancestry to represent a district in the Continental United States, was sworn in on January 14, 1975 by Speaker Carl A1bert- _6_§_/ _5_Q/ U- S- Congress- House- Annals of the Congress of the United States- March 27, 1792, V- 3: 490-494- 6l/ Biographical Directory of the American Congress 1774-1971- p- 1172. "" 52/ Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, XXXIII, no- l(Jan- uary 4, T975): 7; and Congressional Record, January 14, 1975 (daily ed-) pp‘ H'1p H-4' CRS-33 JEWS IN THE HOUSE David Levy Yulee, the first Jewish Congressman, was elected as a Delegate from the Territory of Florida- He served in the 27th and 28th Congresses (March 4, 1841 to March 3, 1845)- The first Jewish Member of the House of Representatives elected as a voting Member was Lewis Charles Levin of Philadelphia, Pa- , who served in the 29th, 30th, and 31st Congresses (March 3, 1845 to March 3, 1851)- _6_3/ The first Jewish rabbi to open the House with prayer was Morris Jacob Raphall, rabbi of Congregation B'nai Jeshurun, New York City, on February 1, 1860 (first session of the 36th Congress)- _6_4_/ JOINT SESSIONS OF CONGRESS The first joint meeting of the Senate and House was on Monday, April 6, 1789 in the Senate Chamber at New York City, when the House of Representatives attended the official counting by the Senate of electoral votes for President and Vice President- _6_§_/ 63/ Ira Rosenswaike- The Jewish Population of the United States as Estim_a'ted form the Census of 1820- American Jewish historical review, v- 53, no- 2, December 1963: 149; and Biographical Directory of the Amer- ican Congress 1774-197l- pp- 1285 and 1971- _64/ U-S- Congress- House- Congressional Globe- 36th Cong-, lst sess-, February 1, 1860- v- 29, pt- 2: 648-649- 65/ U- S» Congress- House- Annals of the Congress of the United States- Ts—t Cong-, 1st sess-, April 6, 1789, v- 1: 97-98- CRS- 34 The first televised Joint, session of Congress was on January 3, 1947, in the House Chamber- _§_6_/ The first reigning Queen to address a Joint Session of Congress was Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands, who made a brief address on August 6, 1942- Over a half century earlier His Majesty David Kalakava, King of the Hawaiian Islands, addressed a Joint Session of the Congress on December 18, 1874- Because of a severe cold his address was delivered by Mr- Chief Justice Allen of the Hawaiian Islands- _6_'Z_/ LARGEST INDIVIDUAL TO SERVE IN THE HOUSE Representative Dixon H» Lewis of Alabama, who served in the House from March 4, 1829 until April 22, 1844, when he resigned upon his appointment as a Senator, is reported to have been the ''largest man who ever sat in Congress- He was so large that special chairs had to be made for his use- Although his exact weight is not recorded, tradition says he weighed more than five hundred pounds- " _6_8_/ John W- Forney, in his Anecdotes of Public Men, described Lewis as a "man of rare talents, a forcible speaker, a sound lawyer, and a close reasoner .. .Amiable, and generous to a fault, he was sensitive in regard to his 66/ U-S- Congress- Senate» Report of the Architect of the Capitol [Tor the fiscal year ending June 30, I947]- Washington, U-S- Govt- Print- Off-, 1948- p- 12 (80th Congress, 2nd sess- Senate- Document no- 183). 67/ U- S- Congress- Senate- Congressional Record- 77th Cong-, 2nd sess—-',' August 6, 1942, v- 88-, pt- 5: 6750-6751; and Congressional Record- 43rd Cong-, 2nd sess-, December 18, 1974, v- 3, pt- 1:144- 68/ George W- Stimpson- Nuggets of Knowledge- New York, George §LTI1y and Company, 1932. p- 228. CRS-35 enormous size, which undoubtedly shortened his life. " One time he was a passenger on a coastal steamer which was wrecked. The small boat was lowered but Lewis refused to enter it, "fearing that his huge weight would jeopardize the safety of others-" Ultimately he was rescued but for a time he was in danger. §9/ LIBRARY OF CONGRESS The Library of Congress was established by Act of April 24. 1800. which appropriated $5,000 "for the purchase of such books as may be necessary for the use of Congress at the said city of Washington and for fitting up a suitable apartment for containing them and for placing them therein." The first library catalog, dated April 1802, listed 964 Volumes and 9 maps. '_7_0_/ John Beckley, Clerk of the House. was appointed as the first Librarian of Congress on January 29, 1802. He served in that capacity until his death, April 8, 1807. His salary was not to exceed $2 per diem for every day of necessary attendance. _'_7__l_/ Q9] John W. Forney. Anecdotes of Public Men. Vol- I» New York, Da Capo Press, 1970, pp. 112-113. _7_9_/ 2 Stat. 56. 71/ U. S. Congress. House. Annals of the Congress of the United States. —Tst Cong., 1st sess-, April 1, 1789, V. 1:96. For biographical accounts of Beckley's life see: Edmund and Dorothy S. Beckley, The Ablest Clerk in the U-S- John James Beckley, the Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, LXX, no. 4 (October 1962): 434-446; Noble E- Cunningham, Jr., John Beckley: An Early American Party Manager, The William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser. X111, no. 1 (January 1956): 40-52; and Philip M. Marsh, John Beckley; Mystery Man of the Early J effersonians, Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, LXXII, no. 1 (January 1948): 54-63. LONGEST SESSIONS OF THE HOUSE (65th to 93rd Congresses) Congress 65th 77th 79th 76th 77th 67th 90th 78th 88th 91st 81st 93rd 89th 72nd 81st 78th 91st 82nd 92nd 89th 74th 93rd‘ 69th 87th 71st 75th 66th 88th 76th 87th Session 2nd 1st 1st 3rd 2nd 2nd 1st 1st 1st 1st 2nd’ 1st 1st lst 1st 2nd 2nd 1st 1st 2nd 1st 2nd 1st 2nd 2nd 1st 2nd 2nd 1st 1st CRS-36 Convened I)ec- Jan- Jan- Jan- Jan- I)ec- Jan- Jan- Jan- Jan- Jan- Jan- Jan- _ Jan- Jan- Jan- Jan- Jan- Jan- Jan- Jan- Jan- I)ec- Jan- April 15, 1929 Jan- I3ec- Jan- Jan- Jan- Govt Print- Off- , Print- (Dff-, 3, 1917 3, 1941 3, 1945 3, 1940 5, 1942 5, 1921 10, 1967 6, 1943 , 1963 , 1969 ,1950 , 1973 ,1965 10. 1931 3, 1949 10, 1944 19, 1970 3, 1951 21, 1971 10, 1966 3, 1935 21, 1974 7, 1925 10, 1962 I-§CJO0OCJOC.D 5, 1937 1, 1919 7, 1964 3, 1949 3, 1961 Adjourned 190V- Jan- I)ec- Jan- I)ec- Sept- I)ec- 1)ec- I)ec- I)ec- Jan- I)ec- (Det- 21, 1918 2, 1942 21, 1945 3, 1941 16, 1942 22,1922 15, 1967 21, 1943 30,1963 23,1969 2, 1951 22,1973 23,1965 July 16, 1932 (Dot- I)ec- Jan- (Dot- 1)eC- (Dot- [h1g- 1)ec- 19, 1949 19, 1944 2, 1971 20, 1951 17, 1971 22,1966 26,1935 20,1974 hflarCh.3,1927 (Dot- 190V- £M1g- 13, 1962 22,1929 21, 1937 June 5, 1920 (Dot- £M1g- Sept- 72/Lfist3‘ Fragmentary Party records have not permitted the compilation of a complete list of the floor leaders of the House during the 19th Century- _Z_6_/ History of the House of Representatives- p- 213- _Z_Z_/ See Appendix B; and Biographical Directory of the American Congress 1774-l97l- pp- 1364-1365, and 498- CRS-39 At the opening of the Sixty-fourth Congress (March 4, 1915-March 3, 1917) Claude Kitchin of North Carolina at the age of 45 became the youngest man in the 20th Century to be elected Majority Leader of the House- Kitchin served for twelve Congresses as aMember (March 4, 1901-May 31, 1923) and as Majority Leader of the Sixty-fourth and Sixty-fifth Congresses- Charles A- Halleck of Indiana was a year older when he was first elected Majority Leader of the Eightieth Congress- _'_7_§_/ Beginning his service as Majority Leader of the House in 1931 at the age of 60, Henry T» Rainey of Illinois is the oldest Member to be elected to that office for the first time- 7__9_/ Only one individual has ever served as Majority Leader of both the House and the Senate- Oscar W- Underwood of Alabama was elected a Member of the House to the Fifty-fourth through Sixty-third Congresses (March 4, 1895-March 3, l915)- During his last two terms (March 4, 1911- March 3, 1915), he served as House Majority Leader. Subsequently Underwood was elected to the Senate and served there from March 4, 1915 to March 3, 1927. While in the Senate Underwood was elected Majority Leader for the Sixty-seventh Congress (March 4, 1921-March 3, 1923)- §_9_/ 78/ Biographical Directory of the American Congress 1774-1971- pp. 124? 7_9_/Ib1d., p. 1580- §__Q_/ Ibid-, p- 1843- CRS-40 MAJORITY WHIPS IN THE HOUSE (Twentieth Century)* The exact date of James A» Tawney's appointment as the first Majority Whip in the 20th Century is not known, but existing documents show that he did occupy the office at the turn of the century» Tawney's service as Majority Whip concluded with his appointment as Chairman of the Appropriations Committee in 1905-‘ First elected to the Fifty-third Congress which opened August 7, 1893, Tawney served in the House until March 3, 1911» _§l/ iAt the openingof the Sixty-sixth Congress (March 4, 1919-March 3, 1921) Harold Knutson of Minnesota at the age of 38 became the youngest Member ever elected Majority Whip» Knutson served in the House from the Sixty-seventh through Eightieth Congresses (March 4, 1917-January 3, 1949). _§_2_/ ‘ On January 3, 1971, at the age of 58, Thomas Phillip O'Neill, Jr- of Massachusetts gained the distinction of being the oldest Member to win election as Majority Whip for the first time» §3/ Fragmentary party records have not permitted the compilation of a complete lstof the floor leaders of the House during the 19th Century» 81/ Randall B» ' Ripley, The Party Whip Organization in the United States House of Representatives» American Political Science Review, V- 58. no. 3, September 1964: 561-567, and U-S» Congress» The History and Operation of the House Majority Whip Organization» Washington, U» S- Govt» Print» Off», 1973, p» 14 (93rd Cong», lst sess» House» Document no» 93-126)» _8_§_/ Appendix D; and Biographical Directory of the American Congress- _8_3_/ New House Democratic Whip: Friends in all Factions» Con- gressional Quarterly Weekly Report, v» 29, no» 5, January 29, 1971; see also Appendix D; and Biographical Directory of the American Congress 1774-1971. CRS-41 Available documents and scholarly research on the subject of Majority Whips leaves in doubt which Member served the longest in this office- §_4_/ Of the seventeen men who have been Majority Whip of the House, only Carl Albert of Oklahoma was subsequently elected Speaker. Albert served as Majority Whip from 1955-1962, Majority Leader 1962-1971, and as Speaker since 1972. _E_3_5_/ Three of the seventeen men who have been Majority Whip of the House have subsequently won election as Majority Leader- Carl Albert of Oklahoma, Majority Whip from 1955 to 1962, served as Majority Leader from l962-197l- Thomas Hale Boggs, Sr. of Louisiana, Majority Whip from 1962-1971, served as Majority Leader from 1971-1972. Thomas P- O'Neill, Jr- of Massachusetts, Majority Whip from 1971-1973, was selected January 2, 1973 as Majority Leader- §_6_/ 84/ Thomas M- Bell of Georgia may well have served as Majority Whip rr5?1 1909 until 1919, which would be the record if it could be sub- stantiated; however, documents thus far discovered leave in doubt Bell's tenure in the office- See Ripley- The Party Whip Organization in the United States House of Representatives, p- 564- _§3__5_/ See Appendices A and D- _6__6_/ See Appendices B and D- CRS-42 Two of the seventeen men who have served as Majority Whip have subsequently become United States Senators- Congresses Congresses Congresses Majority Whip in House as Whip in Senate James E- Watson 54th, 56th-60th 59th-60th 64th (2nd sess- (Indiana) 72nd John J- Sparkman 75th-79th (Alabama) 79th (--nd sess-) 93rd 81/ James E- Watson of Indiana, the only Majority Whip of the House to subsequently win election as Majority Leader in the Senate, was first elected to serve in the 54th Congress (March 4, 1895- March 3, 1897)- Subsequently he won election to the 56th and to the four succeeding Con- gresses (March 4, 1889-March 3, l909)- During the 59th and 60th Con- gresses he served as Majority Whip of the House- In 1916 he was elected to fill a vacancy that existed in the Indiana Senatorial delegation, and was subsequently reelected in 1920 and 1926- He served in the Senate from November 8, 1916 until March 3, 1933, and as Majority Leader for the last four years of his term- 33] MAT ERNITY LEAVE Yvonne Brathwaite Burke of California, on November 1, 1973, became the first Member of Congress to be granted a maternity leave- §_9_/ 87/ Biographical Directory of the American Congress 1774-1971- pp- 188871889, 1732. ’ _i_3__§/ Ibid-- pp- 1888-1889- 89/ Congressional Record- November 1, 1973 (daily ed-) p- H9566- See also Washington Star News» November13, 1973- p- C-1- 79th ( nd sess- CRS-43 MINORITY LEADERS IN THE HOUSE (Twentieth Century)* James D- Richardson of Tennessee, the first Minority Leader in the Twentieth Century, served in that capacity during the Fifty-seventh Con- gress (March 4, 1901-March 3, 1903)- He was a Member of the House from March 4, 1885 until March 3, 1905. 92/ Gerald R- Ford of Michigan, the Minority Leader who served the longest in the Twentieth Century, held that office from the opening of the Eighty-ninth Congress on January 3, 1965, until his confirmation as Vice President on December 6, 1973- 91/ At the opening of the Sixty-eighth Congress (March 4, 1923 - March 3, 1925). Finis J- Garrett of Tennessee at the age of 47 became the youngest man in the Twentieth Century to be elected Minority Leader in the House- He served as Minority Leader for three consecutive terms (68th-70th Con- gresses)- Altogether Garrett was a Member of the House for twenty- four years (59th-70th Congresses)» gy Sam Rayburn of Texas began his only term as Minority Leader in the House in 1947 at the age of almost 65- He is the oldest Member to be elected to that office for the first time- >3‘ Fragmentary party records have not permitted the compilation of a complete list of the floor leaders of the House during the 19th Century- 90/ Biographical Directory of the American Congress 1774-1971- p- 1607-__ 91/ See Appendix C; and Biographical Directory of the American Con- gress—l'774-l97l- p- 958- _s_3_g_/ Ibid-. pp- 988-989. ._9_§/1b1d., p- 1589. CRS-44 Gerald R. Ford of Michigan, who served as Republican Minority Leader from the 89th Congress (January 3, 1965—January 3, 1967) until near the end of the first session of the 93rd Congress, is the only Minority Leader of the House to become either President or Vice President. On December 6, 1973, Mr. Ford was confirmed as Vice President of the United States, and on August 9, 1974 became President upon the resignation of Richard M. Nixon- 94/ John Sharp Williams of Mississippi, the only Minority Leader of the House to win subsequent election to the Senate, was elected a Member of the House for the Fifty-third and seven succeeding Congresses (March 4, l893—March 3, 1909). During his last three terms (58th-60th Congresses) Williams served as House Minority Leader. His service in the Senate extended from March 4, 1911 until March 3, 1923. _9§_/ §£/ Biographical Directory of the American Congress 1774-1971. p. 953;U-S- Congress. House. Congressional Record. 93rd Cong., lst sess-, December 6, 1973 [daily ed.] p. H7984; Address to the American People (The President's address announcing his intention to resign, August 8, 1974), Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, V- 10, no. 32, August 12, 1974: 1014-1017; and Swearing in of the President, Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, V. 10, no. 32, August 12, 1974:1023-1024. 22/ Biographical Directory of the American Congress 1774-1971. p. 1929. CRS-45 MINORITY WHIPS IN THE HOUSE (Twentieth Century)* The exact date of Oscar W- Underwood's appointment as the first Minority Whip in the Twentieth Century is not known, but existing docu- ments show that he did occupy the office in January of 1900- Underwood served as Majority Leader of the House for the 62nd and 63rd Congresses and Majority Leader in the Senate during the 67th Congress- Underwood's term of service in the House extended from March 4, 1897 through March 3, 1915- His years in the Senate began on March 4, 1915 and ended on March 3, 1927. 25/ Oscar W- Underwood, the first Minority Whip in the Twentieth Cen- tury, is also the youngest, at the age of 38, to hold that office- _9_'_7_/ Beginning his service as Minority Whip in 1947 at the age Of 55. John W- McCormack of Massachusetts is the oldest Member to be elected to that office for the first time- Subsequently McCormack again served as Minority Whip during the 83rd.Congress (1953-1955); as Majority Leader for the 81st, and 84th-87th Congresses; and as Speaker for the 87th-91st Congresses- McCormack is the only Member to have served as Whip, party Leader, and Speaker- _9_8_/ * Fragmentary party records have not permitted the compilation of a complete list of the floor leaders of the House during the 19th Century- 9_6_/ Ripley- The Party Whip Organization in the United States House of Representatives- p- 564; and Biographical Directory of the American Congress l774-l971- p- 1843- 97/ See Appendix E; and Biographical Directory of the American Con- gress'T774-1971- p- 1843- 98/ See Appendices A, B, and E; and Biographical Directory of the AmerT5an Congress- pp- 1364-1365- CRS-46 The record for length of service as Minority Whip is held by Leslie C- Arends, who held the position from 1955 until 1975. Arends also served as Majority Whip -- in 1947-48 and 1953-54 -- and also as Minority Whip in 1944-47. 92/ Two of the twelve men who have been Minority Whip of the House have subsequently won election as Majority Leader- Oscar W- Underwood of Alabama, Majority Whip from 1900-1901, served as Majority Leader of the 62nd Congress (19l1-1913)- John W- McCormack, Minority Whip from 1947 until 1949, and from 1953 until 1954- He served as Majority Leader for the 77th-79th, 81st-82nd, and 84th-87th (lst sess-) Congresses- _1_O_(_)_/ Duringhis two decades in the House (March 4, 1895-March 3, 1915), Oscar W- Underwood served as both Minority Whip (1900-1911) and Majority Leader (191l-1915)- In 1914 Underwood became the only Minority Whip ever to win election to the Senate- _l_(_)_1_/ 99/ Rip1ey- The Party Whip Organization in the United States House of ReKr7esentatives- p- 563; Biographical Directory of the American Con- gress, p- 523. }_Q_Q_/ See Appendices B and E- 101/ Biographical Directory of the American Congress 1774-1971- p- 1843.-' CRS-47 NOBEL PEACE PRIZE RECIPIENT Cordell Hull of Tennessee, who served as a Member of the House from March 4, 1907 until March 3, 1921 (60th-66th Congresses) and from March 4, 1923 until March 3, 1931 (68th-72nd Congresses), was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1945- Following his service in the House Hull won election to the Senate in 1930, and served from March 4, 1931 until March 3, 1933, when he resigned to become Secretary of State in the Cabinet of President Franklin D- Roosevelt- 193/ NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS WHO HAVE SERVED IN THE CONGRESS Number of persons who have served only in the House - - - - 8, 954 _1_9_§’>_/ Number of persons who have served only in the Senate - - - - 1,141 _l__Q_§/ Number of persons who have served in both Houses - - - - - - 556 }_(_3_§/ Total number of persons who have served in Congress . . . . 10, 651 l_Q_§_/ _l_(_)_§_/ Biographical Directory of the American Congress l774-l97l- p- 1159- 103/ This figure includes Representative Louis Wyman of New Hamp- shire who may have lost his 1974 bid for a Senate seat- 104/ This figure includes Senator-elect John Durkin of New Hampshire who was declared the winner on the basis of the official recount, which decision was later revised by the New Hampshire Ballot Commission- lO5/ Of the 556, 517 served in the Senate after first serving in the House; and 39 served in the House after first serving in the Senate- 106/ Statistics computed by Frederick H» Pauls- Congressional Re- search Service, December 6, 1974- CRS-48 OFFICERS OF THE HOUSE See Clerk, Sergeant—at-Arms, Doorkeeper, Parliamentarian, Chap- lain, and Postmaster- OLDEST MEMBER OF THE HOUSE Charles Manly Stedman of North Carolina, the oldest individual to serve in the 1 House, died in office on September 23, 1930 at the age of 89 years, 7 months, and 25 days- Stedman was first elected to the Sixty- second Congress and to the nine succeeding Congresses and served from March 4, 1911 until his death- Stedman's longevity record in Congress is only exceeded by that of Senator Theodore F- Green of Rhode Island who retired in 1960 at the age of 93- 107/ PAGES The first pages of the House are mentioned in the annual report of the Clerk of the House for 1827- During the first and second sessions of the 20th Congress (1827-1829), three boys, Charles B- Chalmers, Ed- ward Dunn, and John C-: Burch were employed as runners to wait upon the 227 Members and 4 delegates in the House at that time- 108/ 107/ Washington Star News- May 19, 1966, p- A-1; May 19 1957, p- A-T2? May 27, 1957, p- A-1; and June 17, 1956, p- 1; See also Roll Call, January 14, 1957, and Biographical Directory of the American Con- gress l774-l971. pp. 1029 and 1746. lQ§/ William M- Miller, Comp- United States House of Represen- tatives Capitol Page School Handbook [1971] p. 25- CRS-49 The first female to serve as a page in the House was Gene Cox, 13, daughter of Representative Edward Eugene Cox of Georgia, who served on the first day of the 76th Congress convening January 3, 1939, and re- ceived a check for $4 for her services- lQ9_/ PARLIAMENTARLANS OF THE HOUSE An examination of the existing records leaves in doubt exactly who the first Parliamentarian of the House was» Apparently the office of Parliamentarian of the House as we know it today began with Lehr Fess sometime during the Seventieth Congress (l927-l929)- _l_'._l_Q_/ Lewis Deschler, Parliamentarian of the House who served the longest, became Parliamentarian of the House on January 1, 1928- His service spanned more than twenty-three Congresses, a record among the officers of the House, and ended with his reitrement at the end of the 93rd Congress- _1_1_}_/ Q9] U-S- Library of Congress- Congressional Research Service- Pages of the United States Congress [by] Mildred L- Lehmann [Washington] 6, CRS—4' 110/ There is considerable uncertainty as to when the Parliamentarian of the_H-ouse became a full time position. In a telephone conversation with the Parliamentarian's office on October 11, 1974, it was explained that prior to the 70th Congress such duties were less formalized and were performed by the "Clerk at the Speaker's Table-" However, an entry in the Con- gressional Record of December 21, 1927 suggests that Lehr Fess "had served as parliamentarian of the House under two Speakers, in five Con- gresses —- and over a period of more than eight years" prior to his retire- ment on that date- U-S- Congress- House- Congressional Record- 70th Cong-, lst sess-, December 21, 1927, v- 69, pt- 1: 917- ll_l_/ The date of Mr- Deschler's assumption of the office of Parlia- mentarian was confirmed by him on October 11, 1974- CRS-50 PARTY LEADERS See Speaker of the House, Majority Leader in the House, Majority Whip in the House, Minority Leader in the House, Minority Whip in the House- POLIT ICAL CONVENTION DE LEGAT ES Members of the House who have served as Delegates to the Demo- cratic and Republican National Conventions (the first of which were held in 1832 and 1856, respectively)- Members in Number of Percentage who Year Party the House Delegates were Delegates 1832 Democratic 141 25 18% 1836 Democratic 145 9 112/ 6% 1840 Democratic 124 25 -_. 20% 1844 Democratic 79 4 113/ 5% 1848 Democratic 108 23 114/ 21% 1852 Democratic 140 31 __ 22% 1856 Democratic 83 11 13% Republican 108 12 11% 1860 Democratic 92 6 7% Republican 114 2 2% 1864 Democratic 75 14 19% Republican 102 10 10% 1868 Democratic 49 6 12% Republican 143 9 6% 1872 Democratic 104 17 16% Republican 134 10 7% 1876 Democratic 169 10 6% Republican 109 15 14% 112/ Niles Weekly Register (Baltimore, Md-), V- 48, May 30, 1835: 226-227. 113/ Niles Weekly Register (Baltimore, Md-), V. 66, May 27, 1844: 211-212‘.- _1_1_4/ Niles Weekly Register (Philadelphia), V- 74, May 22, 1848: 72- CRS-51 Members in Number of Percentage who Year Partx the House Delegates were Delegates 1880 Democratic 149 5 3% Republican 130 9 7% 1884 Democratic 197 6 - 3% Republican 118 20 17% 1888 Democratic 169 7 4% Republican 152 15 10% 1892 Democratic 244 10 4% Republican 88 8 9% 1896 Democratic 105 1 2 11% Republican 244 19 8% 1900 Democratic 163 15 9% Republican 185 15 8% 1904 Democratic 172 22 13% Republican 206 24 12% 1908 Democratic 167 12 7% Republican 223 28 13% 1912 Democratic 229 28 12% Republican 162 14 9% 1916 Democratic 228 20 9% Republican 197 21 11% 1920 Democratic 190 26 14% Republican 234 12 5% 1924 Democratic 206 26 13% Republican 225 17 8% 1928 Democratic 195 25 13% Republican 237 20 8% 1932 Democratic 220 29 13% Republican 214 20 9% 1936 Democratic 318 41 13% Republican 104 12 12% 1940 Democratic 261 43 16% Republican 168 12 7% 1944 Democratic 218 30 14% Republican 208 ll 5% 1948 Democratic 185 28 15% Republican 245 14 6% 1952 Democratic 232 42 18% Republican 201 16 3% 1956 Democratic 231 65 28% Republican 203 20 10% 1960 Democratic 281 121 43% Republican 152 29 19% 1964 Democratic 255 121 47% Republican 178 42 24% 1968 Democratic 247 87 35% Republican 187 58 31% 1972 Democratic 255 36 14% Republican 177 46 26% 115/ 115/ Figures and percé71Tages were computed by Joseph Cantor_o_f the Cong-r—é—ssiona1 Research Service» Representatives in Congress serving as Delegates to Democratic and Republican National Conventions: 1832-1972. Congressional Research Service, January 6, 1975- CRS-52 POSTMASTERS OF THE HOUSE Although William J- McCormick, who served as Postmaster of the House from the 19th through 28th Congresses, is listed in most studies as the first individual to hold that office, an examination of the House Journal reveals that Daniel Rapine, the second Mayor of Washington, held the office for some time prior to McCormick's tenure- As early as the first session of the 17th Congress Rapine is mentioned as Postmaster- Rapine apparently served in that capacity until his death on May 11, 1826- l_l_§/ Exhaustive research has failed to identify a Postmaster prior to Rapine- Finis Scott, the Postmaster of the House who served the longest, held the office for ten Congresses- His service began with the Seventy- second Congress and continued through the Eighty—second (1931-1947, 1949- 1953) with only one interruption. (Frank W- Collier served as Postmaster during the Eightieth Congress)- l_ll/ _1_l_6_/ U~ S- Congress- House- Journal of the House of Representatives- 17th Cong-, lst sess-, May 7, 1822: 587; 18th Cong. , lst sess- , May 25, 1824: 5'78, 697; and Congressional Directory for the First Session of the Nineteenth Congress of the United States- Washington, S-A-E- Elliott printer, 1825. p. 24. fl_Z/ See Appendix K- CRS-53 Of the twenty-one men who have been Postmasters of the House, five have served more than once- Postmaster Congresses William S- King 37th-38th, 40th-42nd Henry Sherwood 43rd, 47th Lycurgus Dalton 48th-51st, 53rd Frank W» Collier 66th-71st, 80th Finis E» Scott 72nd-79th, 81st-82nd _l_l_8_/ William Smith King of Minnesota, the only Postmaster to subsequently win election to the House, held that office for the Thirty-seventh and Thirty-eighth Congresses, and for the Fortieth-Forty-third Congresses- Subsequently, he was elected a Member of the House for the Forty-fourth Congress (March 4, 1875-March 3, l877)- l_lg/ PRESIDENTS AS MEMBERS OF THE HOUSE John Quincy Adams, the only former President to ever win election to the House, served as the Nation's Chief Executive from March 4, 1825 until March 3, 1829- Subsequently, he represented the Plymouth, Massa- chusetts district in the House as a Whig from March 4, 1831 until his death at the Capitol on February 23, 1848. 22/ Adams wrote shortly after his election to his first term in the House that his "election as Presi- dent of the United States was not half as grativying- " _1_?_l_/ Of the thirty-nine men who have been President of the United States, seventeen had previously served in the House- (See table on next page-) _1l§/ See Appendix K- ll9/ Biographical Directory of the American Congress 1774-l97l- p- l238. _" 1_gg/ Ibid., p. 494. 121/ Charles Francis Adams, ed- Memoirs of John Quincy Adams, Compf"i'§ing Portions of His Diary from 1795 to 1848- Vol- VIII- Phila- delphia, J-B- Lippincott & Co-, 1876. p- 247- CRS-54 President Years as President Congresses in House James Madison (Va.) 1809-1817 lst-3rd(l789-1797) Andrew Jackson (Tenn.) 1829-1837 4th (1796-1797) William Henry Harrison (Ohio) 1841 14th-15th (1816-1819) John Tyler (Va.) 1841-1845 14th-16th (1817-1821) James K. Polk (Tenn.) 1845-1849 19th-25th (1825-1839) Millard Fillmore (N-Y.) 1850-1853 23rd, 25th-27th (1833-1835, 1837-1843) Franklin Pierce (N. H.) 1853-1857 23rd-24th (1833-1837) James Buchanan (Penn.) 1857-1861 17th-21st (1821-1831) Abraham Lincoln (Il1.) 1861-1865 13th (1847-1849) Andrew Johnson (Tenn.) 1865-1869 28th-32nd (1843-1853) Rutherford B. Hayes (Ohio) 1877-1881 39th-40th (1865-1867) James A. Garfield (Ohio) 1881 . 38th-46th (1863-1880) William McKinley (Ohio) 1897-1901 45th-51st (1877-189l)* John F. Kennedy (Mass.) 1961-1963 80th-82nd (1947-1953) Lyndon B- Johnson (Texas) 1963-1969 67th-71st (1937-1949) Richard M. Nixon (Ca1if.) 1969-1974 80th-81st (1947-1950) Gerald R. Ford (Mich.) 1974 81st-93rd (1949-1974) _1__2_2_/ *William McKinley presented credentials as a Member-elect to the 48th Congress and served from March 4, 1883, until May 27, 1884, when he was succeeded by Jonathan H. Wallace, who successfully contested his election. Subsequently, McKinley was again elected to the 49th-51st Con- gresses. At least four men have been nominated for the Presidency while Mem- bers of the House of Representatives. Henry Clay of Kentucky was nomi- nated by the Whigs in 1824- James A. Garfield, whose service in the House began in 1863, received the nomination of the Republican Convention in 1880. Also nominated in 1880 was James B. Weaver of Iowa, who ran as the candi- date of the National Greenback party. In the Twentieth Century, William Lemke of North Dakota was nominated by the Union Party in 1936- Of the four only Garfield was elected President. Shortly after his election, he resigned from the House, and also declined, of course, to accept a seat in the Senate, to which he had been elected earlier that year- 1_2_3_/ 122/ Ibid., pp. 1325-1326, 1176, 1079, 1840, 1554, 940, 1543, 659, 1290-1291, 1189-1190, 1092, 986, 1384, 1224, 1195, 1474, and 958. 123/ William R. Tansill. Representatives nominated for the Presi- dency while sitting in the House. (A report prepared for the Legislative Reference Service - July 6, 1971). 1 p- CRS-55 PROHIBITIONIST ELECTED A CONGRESSMAN The first Congressman elected by Prohibitionists was Kittel HalVor- son, born in Telemarken, Norway, who was elected as the candidate of the Farmers‘ Alliance and the Prohibitionists- He served as a Repre- sentative from Minnesota from March 4, 1891 until March 3, 1893- 124/ PUERTO RICANS IN THE HOUSE Herman Badillo of New York, the first Congressman of Puerto Rican birth to have a vote in the House, was elected to the 92nd Congress on November 3, 1970- He was subsequently reelected to the 93rd and 94th Congresses- l_i2E3_/ ROLL CALL VOT ES Congressman Charles E- Bennett holds the record for length of service without missing a roll-call Vote (22 years and 346 days, 3.307 Votes)- Bennett missed by five minutes his first recorded Vote in nearly 23 years on February 6, 1974, when an unexpected Vote on adjournment came up late in the day- A House member since 1949, Rep- Bennett had not missed a Vote since June 5, 1951- 126/ 124/ Biographical Directory of the American Congress 1774-1971- p- 1055; I'{3'fie- Famous First Facts- p- 187- 123/ 1974 Official Congressional Directory- 93rd Cong- , 2nd sess- , p- 130- 126/ Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, V- 32, no- 6, Feb. 9, 1974: 327; and Washington Post, February 8, 1974- p- A-3- CRS-56 SEATING ARRANGEMENT IN THE HOUSE During the 19th Century it was customary, following the organization of the House and the adoption of the usual resolutions, for the Members to draw lots for their seats in the Hall- Up to the 29th Congress, when the drawing began, seats were taken on a first-come, first-choice basis- Members living near Washington who arrived early for a session secured the best seats and kept them for the durationiof the session- Before the drawing began, ex-Speakers and one or two Members of long service in the House were allowed to select their seats- On February 13, 1847, while the House was in Committee of the Whole House on the State of the Union, John Quincy Adams entered the Hall for the first time since his attack of para1ysis- At once the Committee rose in a body to receive him and Mr- Andrew Johnson said: In compliance with the understanding with which I selected a seat at the commencement of the present session, I now tender to the venerable Member from Massachusetts the seat which I then selected for him, and will furthermore congratulate him on being spared to return to this House- In 1857, when the House moved into its present Chamber, Repre- sentatives had individual carved oak desks and chairs- These were re- placed in1859 by circular benches with the parties arranged opposite each other, but the desks were restored in 1860- As the membership grew, smaller desks were installed in 1873 and again in 1902- The places at the extreme right and left of the rostrum were the least desirable- Mem- bers usually tried to secure seats near their friends or colleagues from the same State- The Republicans sat, as now, on the left of the Speaker and the Democrats on his right- But when one of these parties was in a small minority, the surplus of the majority party sat to the extreme CRS-57 left or right of the Hall. Commenting on these arrangements in 1888, James Bryce said: It is admitted that the desks are a mistake, as encouraging inattention by enabling men to write their letters; but though nearly everybody agrees that they would be better away, nobody supposes that a proposition to remove them would succeed. But by 1914, when the membership had grown to 435, the House was forced to remove the desks and replace them with chairs arranged in long benches. Today there are 448 medium-tan leather-covered chairs with walnut frames, bronze feet, and leather-padded arm rests. This change put an end to the drawing of seats by lot and Members now occupy any vacant chair on their side of the aisle. l_?_7_/ SERGEANTS-AT-ARMS OF THE HOUSE Joseph Wheaton was elected first Sergeant-at-Arms of the House on May 12, 1789. Wheaton served as Sergeant-at-Arms for the first nine Congresses (1789-1805). l&/ 127/ Text is taken from U-S- Congress- House. Committee On Housefiministration. History of the United States House of Represen- tatives [by George Galloway]. Washington, U-S- Govt. Print. Off-. 1965. pp. 44-45. (89th Congress, 1st session. House. Document no. 250). Quotes appear in Hinds. Hinds’ Precedents of the House of Repre- sentatives. Vol. 1. Washington, U-S- Govt. Print. Off., [1907] p- 63; and James Bryce. The American Commonwealth. Vol. I, New York, The Macmillan Company [1888] p. 140. 128/U. S. Congress. House. Annals of the Congress of the United States. lst Cong., 1st sess., May 12, 1789, v. 1: 330. CRS-58 Joseph Wheaton, the Sergeant-at-Arms who served the longest, held that office from May 12, 1789 until October 27, 1807- Former Sergeant- at-Arms ZeakeW- Johnson, Jr- occupied the office for the second longest period of time (January 5, 1955-September 30, 1972). 129/ Seven of the thirty-one men who have been the Sergeant-at-Arms of the House have been former Congressmen- Congresses as Congresses as Former Member Member Sergeant-at-Arms Henry William Hoffman (Md- ) 34th 36th Edward Ball (Ohio) 33rd-34th 37th John Peter Leedom (Ohio) 47th 48th-50th Adoniram Judson Holmes (Iowa) 48th-50th 50th Samuel S» Yoder (Ohio) 50th-51st 52nd Herman Wilber Snow (Il1- ) 52nd 53rd Robert Bryarly Gordon (Ohio) 56th-57th 63rd-65th 1_3_(_)_/ Adam John Glossbrenner of Pennsylvania, the only Sergeant-at- Arms to subsequently win election as a Member, served as an officer of the House from the 31st through 35th Congresses- He was a Mem- ber during the 39th and 40th Congresses- _l_§_1_/ SMOKING PROHIBITED IN THE HOUSE The prohibition of smoking during a session of the House dates from February 28, 1871- The prohibition of smoking at any time was added on January 10, 1896- E2] _1_.?_9_/ U-S- Congress- House- Congressional Record- 92nd Cong-, lst sess-, March 9, 1971, v- 117, pt- 5: 5639; and Congressional Record- 92nd Cong- , 2nd sess-, September 25, 1972 [daily ed- ]: H8718-87l9- 130/ Biographcial Directory of the American Congress 1774-1971, pp- 1129. 51-6., 1278, 1134, 1966, 1727, and 1017- }§_1_/ Ibid-. p- 1008. }_§_§/ Hinds- Hinds‘ Precedents of the House of Representa- tives- p. 750, ' CRS-59 SOCIALIST ELECTED A CONGRESSMAN The first Socialist Congressman, Victor Luitpold Berger of Wis- consin, served in the 62nd Congress from March 4, 1911 until March 3, 1913- Although Berger subsequently won election to the 66th and 67th Congresses, he was not allowed to take the oath of office as a Represen- tative or to holda seat as such because of articles he had written expressing his opposition to the entrance of the United States in World War 1- He was later seated as a Member of the 68th, 69th, and 70th Congresses (March 4, 1923-March 3, 1929.) _1_3_3_/ SPEAKERS OF THE HOUSE Frederick Augustus Muhlenberg of Pennsylvania was elected t_h_e__ first of the forty-six Speakers of the House on April 1, 1789- He served as Speaker for the First and Third Congresses- 134/ The record for length of service as Speaker of the House is held by Sam Rayburn of Texas- First elected Speaker on September 16, 1940, Rayburn served as Speaker for the 76th-79th, 81st-82nd, and 84th—87th Congresses (17 years, 2 months, 2 days)- John W- McCormack of Massachusetts, who served as Speaker the second longest period finished with 8 years and 11 months- Henry Clay of Kentucky served seven months less than McCormack- 135/ 133/ Biographical Directory of the American Congress 1774-1971- pp- 585-586; and Kane- Famous First Facts- p- 188- 134/ U- S- Congress- House- Annals of the Congress of the United States"-—lst Cong-, lst sess-, April 1, 1789, v- 1: 96; and U-S- Library of Congress- Congressional Research Service- Information Concerning Speakers of the House of Representatives [by] Jill Spier and Frederick H- Pauls [Washington] May 8, 1972. LRs—1. 1v[u1t1111;h JK101OB. 185/ Information concerning Speakers of the House of Representa- tives, LRS-i (introduction)- CRS-60 On March 3, 1933, at the age of 72, Henry T- Rainey of Illinois gained the distinction of being the oldest Member to win election as Speaker for the first time- 136/ At the opening of the Twenty-sixth Congress (March 4, 1839-March 3, 1841), Robert M- T- Hunter of Virginia at the age of 30 became the youngest Member ever to be selected as Speaker of the House- Hunter served in the House as aMember during the Twenty-fifth, Twenty-sixth, Twenty- seventh (March 4, 1837-March 3, 1843), and Twenty-ninth Congresses (March 4, 1845-March 3, I847)- Hunter was subsequently elected to the Senate where he served from March 4, 1847 until March 28, 1861- After leaving the Senate, he became the Confederate Secretary of State on July 25, 1861, and continued in that office until February 18 of the following year-1 He also served in the Confederate Senate during the First and Second Congresses (1862-1865). _1__3_7__/ Speaker Schuyler Colfax of Indiana resigned as Speaker of the House on March 3, 1869 only hours before his inauguration as Vice President in the first Grant Administration. In his place, Theodore Medad Pemeroy of New York was elected Speaker of the House for the remainder of the day, the shortest term in the history of the office- 138/ l§§/ Biographical Directory of the American Congress 1774-1971. p- 1580. 137/ U- S- Congress- Biographical Directory of the American Con- gressT'774-1971 [Lawrence F- Kennedy, compiler] Washington, U-S- Govt- Print- Offl, 1971- pp. 1164-1165. (92nd Cong-, 1st sess- Senate» Docu- ment no. 92-8). E>_§_/ U-S- Congress- House- Congressional Globe- 40th Cong-, 3rd sess-, March 3, 1869, v. 40, pt- 3: 1868- CRS-61 Henry Clay of Kentucky, the only Member to be elected Speaker on his first day in the House, began his service on November 4, 1811- Clay served as Speaker for 8 years, and 4 months, the third longest record in the history of the House- Interestingly, William Pennington of New Jersey, like Clay, was also elected to the Speakership during his first term- 139/ The longest battle for the Speakership occurred at the opening of the Thirty-fourth Congress in December 1855- Two months and 133 ballots later Nathaniel Banks of Massachusetts was elected Speaker- The first vote was cast on December 3, 1855, and the l33rd Vote came on February 2, 1856. l3i_p_/ Michael Crawford Kerr was elected Speaker of the House for the Forty-fourth Congress on December 6, 1875- Eight months later on August 19, 1876, Kerr became the first Speaker of the House to die while in office- _l_4_l/ 139/ U- S- Congress- History of the United States House of Repre- sentat'i'\7é's [by George B- Galloway] Washington, U-S- Govt- Print- Off-, 1965- p- 92; and Biographical Directory of the American Congress 1774- 1971. pp. 748-749 and 1528- 140/ History of the United States House of RepresentatiVes- p- 42; and Info?-'mation concerning Speakers of the House of Representatives, p- LRS-10 (footnote 5)- "The House had agreed before the 133rd ballot to elect by plurality- In an extremely close vote, Banks appeared to have a slim lead and the Congressional Globe [34th Cong. , lst sess- , pp- 337- 343] records that there was confusion in the Chamber- To affirm his election a resolution was offered and adopted 155-40; so an actual 134 ballots were required to elect him as Speaker- l41/ Biographical Directory of the American Congress 1774-1971- p- 1229.‘ CRS-62 Of the forty-six men who have been Speakers of the House since the Fifty-seventh Congress, seven had earlier service as the House Majority Leader . Congresses Congresses as Speaker as Speaker Majority Leader Nicholas Longworth (Ohio) 69th-71st 68th (Republican) Henry T- Rainey(I1l-) 73rd 72nd (Democrat) Joseph W- Byrns (Tenn-) 74th 73rd (Democrat) William B- Bankhead (Ala-) 74th-76th ~ 74th, lst sess- (Democrat) Sam Rayburn(Texas) 76th-79th, 75th-76th (Democrat) 81st-82nd, 84th-87th John W- McCormack (Mass-) 87th-91st 77th-79th, 81st-82nd, 84th-87th (Democrat) Carl B- Albert (Okla-) 92nd-93rd 87th-91st (Democrat) 1313/ Of the forty-six men who have been Speakers of the House since the Fifty-seventh Congress, four had earlier service as House Minority Leader- Congresses Congresses as Speaker as Speaker Minority Leader James Beauchamp Clark (Mo-) 62nd-65th 66th (Democrat) John N- Garner (Texas) 72nd 71st (Democrat) Joseph W- Martin, Jr. (Mass-) 80th, 83rd 76th-79th, 81st-82nd, 84th-85th (Republican) Sam Rayburn (Texas) 76th-79th, 80th, 83rd (Democrat) l4_l_I_3_/ 81st-82nd, 84th-87th 142/ See Appendices A and B; and Biographical Directory of the American congress l774-197l- pp- 1306, 1580, 686, 548, 1589, 1364- 1365, and 498- _1_§_3_/ See Appendices A and B; and Biographical Directory of the American Congress 1774-l971- pp- 742-743, 987, 1344, and 1589- CRS-63 James K- Polk of Tennessee, the only Speaker of the House to subsequently become President, served as a Congressman in the Nineteeth and the six succeeding Congresses (March 4, 1825-March 3, 1839)- Polk was Speaker of the House during the Twenty-fourth and Twenty-fifth Con- gresses, and President of the United States from March 4, 1844 until March 3, 1849- 14_4_/ Two Speakers of the House have subsequently become Vice Presi- dent of the United States» Schuyler Colfax of Indiana served as Speaker of the House for three Congresses (38th, 39th, and 40th) prior to his election as Vice President in 1868- On November 8, 1932, John Nance Garner of Texas, Speaker of the House during the Seventy-second Con- gress (March 4, 1931-March 3, 1933), became Vice President of the United States and served in that capacity until January 20, 1941. 145/ Of the forty-six men who have been Speakers of the House, five subsequently served in a presidential cabinet, and one, Robert M-T- Hunter of Virginia, served in the Cabinet of the Confederacy- Congresses Position in Speaker as Speaker the Cabinet Henry Clay (Ky-) 12th-16th, 18th Secretary of State (1825-1829, John Quincy Adams, President) John Bell (Tenn-) 23rd Secretary of War (1841, William Henry Harrison and John Tyler, Presidents) y_i_4_/ Ibid-, p- 1554. _ig_§/ Ibid-, pp- 767, 987- CRS-64 Congresses Position in Speaker as Speaker the Cabinet Howell Cobb (Ga-) 31st Secretary of the Treasury (1857-1860, James Buchanan, President) James G- Blaine (Me-) 41st-43rd Secretary of State (1881, 1889-1892, James Garfield and Benjamin Harrison, Presidents) John G- Carlisle (Ky-) 48th-50th Secretary of the Treasury (1893-1897, Grover Cleveland, President) Robert M- T- Hunter (Va-) 26th Secretary of State (Confederacy, 1862 -1865) l_4_fi/ Of the forty-six men who have been Speakers of the House three were subsequently elected President pro tempore of the Senate- Congresses Congresses as Speaker as Speaker President pro tempore Theodore Sedgwick (Mass-) 6th 5th (2nd sess-) Nathaniel Macon (N- C-) 7th-9th 13th (2nd sess-) Joseph B. Varnum (Mass-) 10th-llth 19th 14_7__/ Henry Clay, the only Member to become Speaker of the House after having first sat in the Senate, served as Speaker for the Twelfth through Sixteenth Congresses, and during the Eighteenth Congress- Later, as a Member of the Senate, he served in the Twenty-second through the Twenty- seventh, Thirty-first and Thirty-second Congresses- l_4_8_/ 146/ See Appendix A; Robert Sobel, ed- Biographical Directory of the UnTt—e'd States Executive Branch l774-l97l- Westport, Connecticut, Greenwood Publishing Company [1971] pp- 389-402 and 406-409; Biographical Directory of the American Congress 1774-1971. pp. 748-749, 576-577, 757, 599, 706, and 1164-1165. 147/ See Appendix A; U-S- Congress- 1974 Official Congressional Directo-1"-y, 93rd Cong., 2nd sess-, Washington, U-S- Govt- Print» Off», 1974- pp- 392-397; and Biographical Directory of the American Congress 1774-1971. pp- 1674, 1342, and 1855. 148/ Biographical Directory of the American Congress 1774-1971- pp' CRS-65 Twelve Speakers of the House have subsequently been elected to the Senate- Congresses Congresses Congresses Speaker in House as Speaker in Senate Jonathan Trumbull lst-3rd 2nd 4th (lst sess-) (Conn- ) Jonathan Dayton 2nd-5th 4th-5th 6th-8th (N. J») Theodore Sedgwick lst—4th, 6th 6th 4th (2nd sess- )- (Mass- ) 5th Nathaniel Macon 2nd-14th 7th-9th l4th-20th (N-C-) (lst sess-) (lst sess-) Joseph B- Varnum 4th-12th 10th-llth 12th-14th (Mass- ) Henry Clay 12th-16th, 12th-16th, llth (2nd, 3rd sess-) (Ky-) 18th, 19th 18th 22nd-27th, 31st-32nd (lst sess-) John Bell 20th-26th 23rd 30th-35th (Tenn. ) Robert M-T- Hunter 25th-27th, 26th 30th-36th, (Va- ) 29th 1st and 2nd Confederate Robert C- Winthrop 26th-31st 30th 31st (2nd sess-) (Mass- ) James G- Blaine 38th-44th 41st-43rd 44th (2nd sess- )- (Maine) 46th T John G- Carlisle 45th-51st 48th—50th 51st (2nd sess- )- (Ky- ) 52nd Frederick H- Gillett 53rd—68th 66th-68th 69th-71st _1_§_52_/ Only John W- McCormack of Massachusetts and Carl Albert of Okla- homa of the forty six men who have held the office of Speaker of the House since the Fifty-seventh Congress have also served as Party Leader and Party Whip . 15 0/ 149/ Information concerning Speakers of the House of Representatives- pp- 1-TUE‘ Biographical Directory of the American Congress 1774-1971- pp. 1832, 839, 1674, 1342, 1855, 748-749, 576-577, 1164-1165, 1945-1946, and 1003- _l_§_Q_/ See Appendices A, B, C, and D- CRS-66 SPEAKERS PRO TEMPORE OF THE HOUSE Five Congressmen have served as Speaker pro tempore of the House- Speaker pro tempore Congress and Dates George Dent (Md-) 5th (April 20, 1798, and May 28, 1798) Samuel Cox (N- Y-) 44th (February 17, 1877; May 12, 1877; and June 19, 1877) Milton Sayler (Penn-) 44th (June 4, 1877) John W- McCormack (Mass-) 87th (August 31, 1961-September 27, 1961) John J- McFall 94th (March 26, 1975) 15_l_/ SUPREME COURT JUSTICES IN THE HOUSE Of the fifteen men who have been Chief Justice of the United States, two had prior service in the House- John Marshall was elected to the 6th Congress and served from March 4, 1799, until his resignation on June 7, 1800 for the purpose of assuming the duties of Secretary of War- The following January 31, Marshall took the oath of office as the fourth Chief Justice in the Republic's history, and continued in that capacity until his death on July 6, 1835- Frederick Moore Vinson of Kentucky began his service in the House on January 31, 1924- Subsequently, he was elected to the 69th, 70th, 72nd-75th Congresses (1925-1929, 1931-1938), concluding his Congressional career in May 1938, upon receiving an appoint- ment as an Associate Justice of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia- As the War ensued, Vinson received a number of Executive Branch appointments, and served as Secretary of the Treasury from July 23, 1945, until June 23, 1946- On June 24, 1946, he took the oath of office as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and served in that capacity until his death on September 8, 1953- 1§_:2_/ 151/On August 31, 1961, the House adopted H- Res- 445, electing Hon- John W- McCormack as Speaker pro tempore as a result of the terminal illness of Speaker Sam Rayburn- U-S- Congress- HOUSE- Congressional Record- 87th Con-, lst sess-, August 31, 1961, V- 107- pt- 13: l7765-17766- See also Congressional Record, 94th Cong» . 1513 S€SS- . March 26, 1975, v- 121: H2408 [daily ed-]- l52/ Biographical Directory of the American Congress 1774-1971- pp- 13§‘9'-'-1340, and 1859-1860- CRS-67 Fifteen of the ninety men who have been Associate Justices of the Supreme Court had prior service in the House- Years on the Supreme Court Congresses Associate Justice in the House Gabriel Duvall 1811-1835 3rd-4th (1794-1796) (Md.) Joseph Story 1811-1845 10th (1808-1809) (Mass-) John McLean 1829-1861 13th-14th (1813-1816) (Ohio) Henry Baldwin 1830-1844 15th-17th (1817-1822) (Penn- ) James Moore Wayne 1835-1867 21st-23rd (1829-1835) (Ga- ) Philip Pendleton Barbour 1836-1841 13th-18th (1814-1825) (Va-) John McKinley 1837-1852 23rd (1833-1835) (Ala. ) Nathan Clifford 1858-1881 26th-27th (1839-1843) (Maine) William Strong 1870-1880 30th-31st (1811-1815) (Penn. ) Lucius Q- C- Lamar 1888-1893 35th-36th (1857-1860) (Miss. ) 43rd-44th (1873-1877) Joseph McKenna 1898-1925 49th-52nd (1885-1892) (Calif. ) William Henry Moody 1906-1910 54th-57th (1895-1902) (Mass-) Mahlon Pitney 1912-1922 54th-55th (1895-1899) (N-J-) George Sutherland 1922-1938 57th (1901-1903) (Utah) James Francis Byrnes 1941-1942 62nd-68th (1911-1925) _1_5_3_/ (S-C-) 153/ Biographical Directory of the American Congress 1774-1971- Wash1'rTg_tOr1. U-S- Govt- Print- Off- , pp. 891, 1765, 1388, 545, 1890, 551. 1384, 753, 1770, 1257, 1381, 1428, 1548, 1777, and 686. CRS-68 VICE PRESIDENTS WHO HAD PRIOR SERVICE IN THE HOUSE Of the forty men vho have been Vice President of the United States, twenty had previously served in the House- Years as Vice President Vice President Congresses in House Elbridge Gerry (Mass-) 1813-1814 1st-2nd (1789-1793) Daniel D- Tompkins (N- Y-) 1817-1825 9th (1804) * John C- Calhoun (S- C-) 1825-1832 12th-14th (1811-1817) Richard M- Johnson (Ky-) 1837-1841 10th-15th (1807-1819) 21st-24th (1829-1837) John Tyler (Va.) 1841 14th-16th (1817-1821) Millard Fillmore (N- Y») 1849-1850 23rd (1833-1835) 25th-27th (1837-1843) William R- King (N- C.) 1853 12th-14th (1811-1855) John C- Breckinridge (Ky.) 1857-1861 32nd-33rd (1851-1855) Andrew Johnson (Tenn-) 1865 28th-32nd (1843-1853) Schuyler Colfax (1nd.) 1869-1873 34th-40th (1855-1869) William A. Wheeler (N-Y-) 1877-1881 41st-44th (1869-1877) Thomas A- Hendricks (Ind-) 1885 32nd-33rd (1851-1855) Levi P- Morton (N-Y-) 1889-1893 46th-47th (1879-1881) Adlai E- Stevenson (Il1.) 1893-1897 44th (1875-1877) 46th (1879-1881) James S» Sherman (N-Y.) 1909-1912 50th-51st (1887-1891) 53rd-60th (1893-1909) Charles Curtis (Kan-) 1929-1933 53rd-59th (1893-1907) John Nance Garner (Texas) 1933-1941 58th—72nd (1903-1933) Alben W- Barkley (Ky. ) 1949-1953 63rd-69th (1913-1927) Richard M- Nixon (Ca1if.) 1953-1961 80th-81st (1947-1950) Lyndon B. Johnson (Texas) 1961-1963 76th-80th (1937-1949) Gerald R. Ford (Mich.) 1973-1974 81st-93rd (1949-1974) }§§_/ * Daniel D- Tompkins was elected as a Democrat to the 9th Congress, but resigned before the beginning of the Congressional term to accept an appointmentas Associate Justice of the New York State Supreme Court- 154/ Biographical Directory of the American Congress 1774-1971. 1840, 940, 1237-1238, 631, 1189-1190, 767, pp- 99-5: 1823, 612, 1196-1197, 1906,1105, 1446, 1753-1754, 1689, 814, 1474, 1195, and 958- CRS-69 VIOLENCE IN THE HOUSE The first brawl in the House took place in Philadelphia on January 30, 1798, during the presidential administration of John Adams- Matthew Lyon of Vermont during the course of an argument with Roger Griswold of Connecticut spat in Griswold's face. Almost immediately thereafter, a resolution was introduced to expel Lyon. Lyon acted as his own attorney during the proceedings, which lasted from January 30 to February 12, 1798, and occupied practically all the attention of the House. Although the expulsion resolution carried, 52 to 44, Lyons was not expelled, because the two-thirds majority necessary for adoption of the resolution had not been obtained. _l_5_§_/ The first duel between Congressmen was held on the famous Bladens- burg, Maryland dueling field in 1808, when George Washington Campbell of Tennessee dangerously wounded Barent Gardenier of New York. The duel was precipitated by Gardenier's vicious attack on Congress following its enactment of the Embargo Act in December, l8(l7, which he alleged had been inspired by Napoleon. Following his remarks, Campbell, Chair- man of the House Ways and Means Committee, assailed Gardenier with a torrent of personal abuse. Gardenier, a gentleman whose honor had been attacked, challenged Campbell to a duel. Although Gardenier subsequently recovered from the bullet wound, he never again participated in a duel- _l_§_6_/ 155/ U. S. Congress. House. Annlas of the Congress of the United States. 5th Cong., lst sess., January 30, 1798, V. 7: 955. 156/ Edward L. Merritt. Barent Gardenier [A paper read at the First Annual Meeting of the Ulster County Historical Society, October 16, 1930. . .Kingston, New York]. pp. 10-15. CRS-70 WHIPS See Majority Whips in the House, Minority Whips in the House- WOMEN IN THE HOUSE Jeannette Rankin, the first woman to be elected to the House, repre- sented the State of Montana from March 4, 1917 until March 4, 1919 and from January 3, 1941 until January 3, 1943- She was the first Represen- tative to vote twice against United States entry into war, on April 6, 1917 and December 8, 1941- _l_§_'_7_/ Ella Nolan, the first woman elected to serve in the place of her husband, represented the 5th District of California from January 23, 1923 until March 3, 1925- _l_§§_/ Alice Mary Robertson became the first woman to preside over the House during the special session of the 67th Cogress on June 20, 1921- She announced the vote (209 yeas and 42 nays) on an appropriation of $15, 000 for a commission to represent the United States at the Peruvian Centennial of Independence Exhibition- l§_9_/ 157/ U- S- Library of Congress- Congressional Research Service- Wome'rTTn the United States Congress [by] Morrigene Holcomb- [Wash- ington] April 21, 1971- CRS-i-iii- Multilith HQ 1428 U- S- E- l58/ Biographical Directory of the American Congress 1774-1971- p- l475T—and Kane- Famous First Facts- p- 188- 159/ U-S- Congress- House- Congressional Record- 67th Cong-, 1st sess-, June 20, 1921- v- 61, pt- 3: 2777- CRS-71 Mary Teresa Norton, the first Congresswoman to head a congres- sional committee, served as chairperson of the District of Columbia Affairs Committee from December 15, 1931, until June 22, 1937, when she became the chairperson of the House Committee on Labor» _l_60_/_ Mme» Chiang Kai-shek of China, the first woman (other than a Congresswoman) to address the House of Representatives and the Senate, spoke before both houses on February 18, 1943» (Reigning Queen Wil- helmina of the Netherlands, however, was the first woman to address a joint session of Congress)» _l__€_S_l/ Of the 9,510 individuals who have served in the House since 1789, only 84 have been women» Of the 1,697 individuals who have served in the Senate since the first Congress, 11 have been women» Margaret Chase Smith of Maine is the only woman to have been elected to both the House and the Senate» Mrs» Smith served inthe House from June 3, 1940, until January 3, 1949 (76th—80th Congresses), and the Senate from January 3, 1949 until January 1973 (81st-92nd Congresses)» _1_6_§_/ l_6__Q/ U» S» Congress» House» Congressional Record» 72nd Cong» . lst sess», December 15, 1931, v. 75, pt» 2: 550; and U»S» Congress» House» Congressional Record» 75th Cong», lst sess», June 22, 1937. _1_6_l_/ U»S» Congress» House» Congressional Record» 78th Cong», lst sess», February 18, 1943» v» 89, pt» 1: 1108-1109» 162/ U» S» Library of Congress» Congressional Research Service» WomeHTn the United States Congress [by] Morrigene Holcomb» [Wash- ington] January 3, 1975» Multilith HQ 1428 U»S»E»; and Biographical Directory of the American Congress 1774-1971» p» 1718» CRS-72 Six of the 84 Congresswomen who have won election to the House chaired committees- Congresses Committee Congresswoman in House Chaired Mae Ella Nolan 67th-68th Expenditures in the (Calif-) 1923-1925 V Post Office Department - 7 68th Congress Mary Teresa Norton 69th-81st 9 District of Columbia - (N- J-) p 1929-1951 74th-75th Congresses Labor - 75th-79th Congresses House Administration - 81st Congress Caroline L- O'Day 74th-77th 1 Election of the President, (N- Y») 1935-1943 Vice President, and Representatives in Congress - 75th Congress Edith Nourse Rogers 69th-86th Veterans Affairs - (Mass-) 1925-1960 80th, 83rd Congresses Martha W- Griffiths 84th-93rd Select Committee on the (Mich-) 1955-1973 House Beauty Shop - 90th-93rd Congresses Leonor K» Sullivan 83rd-93rd Merchant Marine and (Mo-) 1953-1973 Fisheries - 93rd-94th Congresses _1_§§_/ 163/ U- S- Library of Congress- Congressional Research Service- Women-iii the United States Congress [by] Morrigene Holcomb [Washington] January 3, 1975- Multilith HQ 1428; U-S- Congress- House- Journal of the House of Representatives- 75th Cong-, 1st sess-, June 24, 1937: 652; and Biographical Directory of the American Congress- pp» 1475, 1478, 1485, 1627, 1035, and 1774. CRS-73 YOUNGEST MEMBER OF THE HOUSE William Charles Cole Claiborne of Tennessee, the yourgest indi- vidual to serve in the House, was sworn in on November 23, 1797 at the age of twenty-two although the Constitution requires that a Representative be at least twenty-five- The previous August he had been elected to finish the term of Andrew Jackson, who had iwon election to the Senate- Sub- sequently, Claiborne was reelected to the 6th Congress (March 4, 1797- March 3, 1801)» In 1801 he was appointed Governor of the Territory of Mississippi. He later served as Governor of the Territory of Orleans 1804-1812; Governor of Louisiana 1812-1816; and was elected and served in the Senate from March 4, 1817 until his death on November 23, 1817- _l_6:4_/ 164/ U- S- Congress- House» Annals of the Congress of the United States”-—_ 5th Cong-, 2nd sess-, November 22, 1797, V- 7: 630; Allen Johnson and Dumas Malone, eds» Dictionary of American Biography, New York, Charles Scribner's Sons [l929, 1930, 1957, 1958] Vol- II- pp- 115-116; and Biographical Directory of the American Congress 1774- 1971. p. 739. APPENDIX Congress 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th* 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th 31st 32nd 33rd 34th 35th 36th Speakers of the House of Representatives Year 1789 1791 1793 1795 1797 1799 1801 1803 1805 1807 1809 1811 1813 1814 1815 1817 1819 1820 1821 1823 1825 1827 1829 1831 1833 1834 1835 1837 1839 1841 1843 1845 1847 1849 1851 1853 1855 1857 1859 CRS-75 APPENDIX A Speaker Frederick A- C- Muhlenberg Jonathan Trumbull , _ Frederick A- C- Muhlenberg Jonathan Dayton Theodore Sedgwick Nathaniel Macon H H H H Joseph B- Varnum H H Henry Clay H Langdon Cheves Henry Clay H H M John W- Taylor Philip P. Barbour Henry Clay ‘ John W- Taylor Andrew Stevenson H H H H John Bell James K» Polk M H Robert M. T- Hunter John White John W- Jones John W- Davis Robert C- Winthrop Howell Cobb Linn Boyd H Nathaniel P- Banks James L- Orr William Pennington State Pennsylvania Connecticut Pennsylvania New"Jers'ey Massachusetts ‘ North Carolina H H H H Massachusetts H H Kentucky H H South Carolina Kentuc ky' H H M New York Virginia Kentucky New York Virginia” Tennessee Tennessee I! H Virginia Kentucky Virginia Indiana Massachusetts Georgia Kentucky‘ Massachusetts South Carolina New Jersey * Although George B» Galloway in his History of the United States House of Representatives lists George Dent of Maryland as Speaker during at least the latter part of the 5th Congress, the records of that Congress indicate that Dent actually served as Speaker pro tempore on two occasions- Congress 37th 38th 39th 40th 41st 42nd 43rd 44th . 45th 46th 47th 48th 49th 50th 51st 52nd 53rd 54th 55th 56th 57th 58th 59th 60th 61st 62nd 63rd 64th 65th 66th 67th 68th 69th 70th 71st 72nd 73rd 74th.- 75th 76th 77th 78th 79th Year 1861 1863 1865 ‘l867 1869 1869 1871 1873 1875 1876 1877 1879 I 1881 1883 1885 1887 ‘1889 '2 1891 1893 1895 "1897 «l899 ‘1901 1903 1905 1907 1909 1911 19l3 1915 1917 1919 :,1921 1923 1925 1927 1929 1931 11933 1935 1936 1937 1939 1940 1941 1943 1945 James- I CRS-76 Speaker Galusha A» Grow Schuyler Colfax II II . II II . Theodore M» Pomeroy G» Blaine II I II II Michael C» Kerr Samuel J -4 Randall II II II ‘ II J» Warren Keifer John G» Carlisle II II II II Thomas B» Reed Charles F» Crisp H II Thomas B» Reed II _‘ +1 David B» Henderson II H Joseph G» Cannon H V H II II II II James Beauchamp Clark H H _. 4» _ II II II II Frederick H» Gillett II II _ II II Nicholas Longworth II II . III II John N» Garner Henry T» Rainey Joseph W» Byrns William B» Ba'r'1khead II II II Sam Rayburn H H State Pennsylvania Indiana H H H H New“York hdaine ‘ H H H H Indiana Pennsylvania H H H H C)hio Kentucky H H H H hflaine Georgia H H hdaine H H knva H H Illinois H H Missouri H H Massachusetts I H I II II ()hio II II II Texas Illinois Tennessee Alabama II II II II Texas II II Congress 80th 81st 82nd 83rd 84th 85th 86th 87th 88th 89th 90th 91st 92nd 93rd 94th ‘Year 1947 1949 1951 1953 1955 1957 1959 1961 1962 1963 1965 1967 1969 1971 1973 1975 CRS-77 Speaker Joseph W- Martin, Jr- Sam Rayburn H 11 Joseph W- Martin, Jr- Sam Rayburn H H H H H H John W- McCorrnack H H Carl Albert H State Massachusetts Texas H H Massachusetts Texas H H Oklahoma 1 I H H Congress 57th 58th 59th 60th 61st 62nd 63rd 64th 65th 66th 67th 68th 69th 70th 71st 72nd 73rd 74th 75th 76th 77th 78th 79th 80th 81st 82nd 83rd 84th 85th 86th 87th 88th 89th 90th 91st 92nd 93rd 94th Year 1901 1903 1905 1907 1909 1911 1913 1915 1917 1919 1921 1923 1925 1927 1929 1931 1933 1935 1937 1939 1941 1943 1945 1947 1949 1951 1953 1955 1957 1959 1961 1963 1965 1967 1969 1971 1973 1975 CRS-78 APPENDIX B (1901 - 1975) Majority Leader Sereno E» Payne H H Oscar W» Underwood H H « Claude Kitchin H H Franklin W» Mondell H H Nicholas Longworth John Q» Tilson H H H H Henry T» Rainey Joseph W» Byrns William B» Bankhead Sam Rayburn John Mc”Cormack Charles A» Halleck John W» McCormack H H Charles A» Halleck John W» McCormack H H Hale Boggs Thomas P» O'Neill H H Majority Leaders in the House of Representatives Party Republican H H Democrat H H Democrat H H Republican H H Republican Republican H H H H Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat H H Republican Democrat H H Republican Democrat H H Democrat H H Democrat Democrat H H Alabama H H North Carolina H H Wyoming H H Ohio Connecticut H H H H Illinois Tennessee Alabama Texas Massachusetts H H Indiana Massachusetts H H Indiana Massachusetts H H Oklahoma H H Louisiana Massachusetts H H Congress 57th 58th 59th 60th 61st 62nd 63rd 64th 65th 66th 67th 68th 69th 70th 71st 72nd 73rd 74th 75th 76th 77th 78th 79th 80th 81st 82nd 83rd 84th 85th 86th 87th 88th 89th 90th 91st 92nd 93rd 94th Year 1901 1903 1905 1907 1909 1911 1913 1915 1917 1919 1921 1923 1925 1927 1929 1931 1933 1935 1937 1939 1941 1943 1945 1947 1949 1951 1953 1955 1957 1959 1961 1963 1965 1967 1969 1971 1973 1975 CRS—79 APPENDIX C (1901-1975) Minority Leader James D- Richardson John Sharp Williams H 5 H James Beauchamp Clark. H H James R- Mann H H James Beauchamp Clark Claude Kitchin Finis J- Garrett H H H H John N- Garner Bertrand H- Snell H I I H H H H Joseph W- Martin, Jr- H H H H H H Sam Rayburn Joseph'W- Martin, Jr- H Sam Rayburn Joseph W- Martin, Jr. H H Charles A. Halleck H H H H Gerald R- Ford H H John J- Rhodes H H Minority Leaders in the House of Representatives Party Democrat , Democrat 8 H H , Democrat ; H H Republican- H H Democrat Democrat Democrat H H H H Democrat Republican . H H Republican H H Democrat Republican H H Democrat Republican H H Republican H V H H Republican H H Republican H H State Tennessee Mississippi H H. Missouri H H Illinois H H Missouri North Carolina Tennessee H H H H Texas 6 New York H H Massachusetts H H Texas Massachusetts H H Texas Massachusetts H H Indiana H H H H Michigan H I H H H H Arizona H H Years 1897-1905 1 1905-09 7 1909-11 1913-15 1919-23 1923-31 7 1931-33 1933-35 1935-42 1942-4.51 1-1946 7 I 1- 1947-48 A ~: 1949-53 1953-54 1955-62 1962-7175‘- 1971-73 ‘A 1973- CRS-80 APPENDIX D Majority" Whips in the‘ House of Representatives (189-7-I-1975) vvhqg It JamesA-"I“awney' ' ‘ James»'E-"Watson “ John W- Dwight Thoma«s-M- Be1l= A 2 Harold Knutson Albert. H. Vestal John tMcDuffie Arthur H- Greenwood Patrick J- Boland Robert C-W- Ra‘mspe~ck John J - Sparkman Leslie C- Arends James Percy Priest Leslie C- Arends Carl Albert Hale Boggs‘ Thomas P- O'Neill, Jr- John J- McFa11 A A 5% Party Republican Republican Republican Democrat Republican ‘Republican Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat 3 Republican Democrat Republican Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat State Minnesota Indiana New York Georgia Minnesota Indiana Alabama Indiana Pennsylvania Georgia Alabama Illinois Tennessee Illinois Oklahoma Louisiana Massachusetts California Years 1900-01 1901-08 1911-13 1913-15 1915-19 1921-28 1929-31 1931-33 1933-43 1944-47 1947-49 1949-53 1953-54 1955-74 1975- CRS-81 APPENDIX E Minority Whips in the House of Representatives (1900-1975) Whip Partx Oscar Underwood Democrat James T- Lloyd Democrat John W- Dwight Republican Charles Burke Republican Charles M- Hamilton Republican William A- Oldfield Democrat John McDuffie Democrat Carl G- Bachmann Republican Harry L- Englebright Republican Leslie C- Arends Republican John McCormack Democrat Leslie C- Arends Republican John McCormack Democrat Leslie C- Arends Republican Robert H» Michel Republican State Alabama Missouri New York South Dakota New York Arkansas Alabama West Virginia California Illinois Massachusetts Illinois Massachusetts Illinois Illinois Congress 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th Clerks of the House of Representatives Year 1789 1791 1793 1795 1797 1799 1800 1801 1803 1805 1807 1809 4 1811 1813 1815 1817 1819 1821 1823 1825 1827 1829 1831 1833 1835 1837 1838 1839 1841 1843 1845 1845 1847 CRS-82 APPENDIX F Clerk John Beckley H H H H H Jonathan W - Condy H I John Holt Oswald* John Beckley H H H H Patrick Magruder H H H H H H Thomas Dougherty H H H H Matthew St- Clair Clarke H Walter S- Franklin H H H H Hugh A- Garland (3d sess- H H Matthew St- Clair Clarke Caleb J- lVlcNulty** Benjamin B- French H H Thomas J- Campbell takenly identified as John Holt- 736. in U- S- Congress- ** Caleb J- House- December 9, State Virginia H H Pennsylvania H H Pennsylvania Virginia H H Kentuck H H Virginia H H Pennsylvania Ohio New Hampshire H H Tennessee * John Holt Oswald has, in all previous compilations, been mis- Documentation of his election as Clerk is found in U- S» Congress- House» Journal of the House of Represen- tatives of the United States- 5th Cong. , 2nd sess- , McNulty has, in all previous compilations, been erroneously omitted- Documentation of his election as Clerk is found Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States- 28th Cong- , lst sess- , December 6, 1843: 29- 1800: Congress 31st 32nd 33rd 34th 35th 36th 37th 38th 39th 40th 41st 42nd 43rd 44th 45th 46th 47th 48th 49th 50th 51st 52nd 53rd 54th 55th 56th 57th 58th 59th 60th 61st 62nd 63rd 64th 65th 66th 67th 68th 69th 70th 71st 72nd 73rd 74th 75th 76th 77th 78th 79th Year 1849 1851 1853 1855 1857 1859 1861 1863 1865 1867 1869 1871 1873 1875 1877 1879 1881 1883 1885 1887 1889 1891 1893 1895 1897 1899 1901 1903 1905 1907 1909 1911 1913 1915 1917 1919 1921 1923 1925 1927 1929 1931 1933 1935 1937 1939 1941 1943 1945 CRS-83 Clerk Richard M- Young John W- Forney H H William Cullom James C- Allen John W» Forney EXnerson.Ekheridge Edwarfi McPherson George M- Adams H H H H Edward McPherson John B» Clark, Jr- H H H H Edward McPherson James Kerr H H Alexander McDowell ! H South Trimble H H H H H H William Tyler Page H N State Illinois Pennsylvania H I Tennessee Illinois Pennsylvania Tennessee Pennsylvania Kentucky H H H H Pennsylvania Missouri H H H H Pennsylvania Pennsylvania H H Pennsylvania 1| H Kentucky H H H H H H Ddaryland H H H H H H H H H H Kentucky Congress 80th 81st 82nd 83rd 84th 85th 86th 87th 88th 89th 90th 91st 92nd 93rd 94th Year 9194791 1949 _195iJ 1953. ;e 1955 61957 J , 1959~ 1961 1963 1965 1967 1969 1971 1973 " 1975 CRS-84 Clerk John.Andrews.¢ Ralph R» Roberts H H Lyle O- Snader . Ralph R- Rober-tesm H I 9 ‘H State Bdassachuseus Indiana H H Dlinois Indiana 11 11 Virginia H H Congress 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11t11 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th 31st 32nd 33rd 34th 35th 36th 37th 38th 39th 40th 41st 42nd 43rd CRS-85 APP ENDIX G Sergeants at Arms of the House of Representatives Year 1789 1791 1793 1795 1797 1799 1801_ 1803 1805 1807 1809 1811 1813 1815 1817 1819 1821 1823 1824 1825 1827 1829 1831 1833 1835 1837 1839 1841 1843 1845 1847 1849 1851 1853 1855 1857 1859 1881 1883 1885 1887 1889 1871 1873 Sergeant at Arms Joseph Wheaton I! John 0- Dunn H Thomas B - Randolph Roderick Dorsey H H H Eleazor M - Townsend Newton Lane M Nathan Sargent Adam J» Glossbrenner I! H Henry w. Hoffman Edward Ball Nathaniel Ordway H I H H State Rhode Island 3 H 9 H District of Columbia H H Virginia « Maryland I H H H Connecticut 1 8‘ Kentuck H N Vermont Pennsylvania 1! H Maryland Virginia New Hampshire H H H H H H » Congress 44th 45th 46th 47th 48th 49th 50th 51st 52nd 53rd 54th 55th 56th 57th 58th 59th 60th 61st 62nd 63rd 64th 65th 66th 67th 68th 69th 70th 71st 72nd 73rd 74th 75th 76th 77th 78th 79th 80th 81st 82nd Year 1875 1877 1879 1881 1883 1885 1887 1889 1891 1893 1895 1897 1899 1901 1903 1905 1907 1909 1911 1911 1912 1913 1915 1917 1919 1921 1923 1925 1927 1929 1931 1933 1935 1937 1939 1941 1943 1945 1947 1949 1951 CRS-86 Sergeant at Arms John G - Thompson H H I! H George W- Hooker John P- Leedom H H H H Adoniram J- Holmes Samuel S- Yoder Herman W- Snow 0 Benjamin F- Russell Henry Casson H Ulysses S- Jackson Charles F- Riddle* Robert B- Gordon H H H H Joseph G- Rodgers H 1 William F- Russell Joseph H- Callahan ll 1 State Ohio H H H H Vermont Ohio H H H H Iowa Ohio Illinois Mis's;ou'ri Wisconsin H H Indiana Indiana Ohio H H Pennsylvania Kentu ck H H * Charles F- Riddle has, in all previous compilations, been erroneously omitted- Documentation of his election as Sergeant-at-Arms is found in U. S. Congress- House- Journal of the House of Represen- tatives of the United States» 62nd Cong. , 2nd sess- , July 18, I912: 873- CRS-87 Congress Year Sergeant at Arms State 83rd 1953 William F» Russell* Pennsylvania 1953 Lyle O» Snader* Illinois 1954 William R- Bonsell* Pennsylvania 84th 1955 Zeake W- Johnson, Jr- Tennessee H H 4 ‘ H H H H H H 87th 1961 " " " " 88th 1963 H H H H I H H » II It H H H H H H H H H H H H 1972 Kenneth R- Harding New York H H H H 94th 1975 " " " " * William R- Bonsell has, in all previous compilations, been the only Sergeant at Arms listed for the 83rd Congress» Documentation of the appointments of William F- Russell and Lyle 0- Snader to the office is found in U- S- Congress- House- Journal of the House of Represen- tatives of the United States. 83rd Cong-, lst sess-, January 3, 1953: 5-6; and July 8, 1953: 554- Bonsel1's appointment during the second session of the 83rd Congress is found in the House Journal for that session on January 6, 1954: 14 and January 11, 1954: 35- Congress 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11t11 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th 31st 32nd 33rd 34th 35th 36th 37th 38th 39th 40th 41st 42nd 43rd CRS-88 APPENDD{H" Doorkeepers of the House of Representatives Yearh 1789 1791 1793 1795 1797 1799 1801 1803 18051 1807 1809 1811 1813 1815 1817 1819 1821 1823 1825 1827 1829 1831 1833 1835 1837 1839 1841 1843 1845 1847 1849 1851 1853 1855 1857 1859 1861 1863 1865 1867‘ 1868 18696 1871 9 1873 IDoorkeeper‘1 Gifford Dalley H n ‘ H Thomas Claxton Overton Carr H H H H H Joseph Follansbee H H Jesse E- Dow Cornelius S- Whitney Robert E- Horner H H Z-W- McKnew H H Nathan Darling Robert B- Hackney George Marston Ira Goodnow H H H H Charles E- Lippincott Otis S- Buxton (3d sess-) _ ~ ._n V . H H H State hdaryland H H Massachusetts H H Connecticut District of Columbia NemrJersey H H hdarylan H H New“York ‘Virginia New Hampshire Vermont H H H H Illinois New“York H H CRS-89 * John H» Patterson, Samuel Donelson, Congress Year Doorkeeper State 44th 1875 Henry Fitzhugh Texas‘ 1876 John H- Patterson* New Jersey 45th 1877 John W- Polk Missouri 46th 1879 Charles W- Fields Georgia 47th 1881 Walter P- Brownlow Tennessee 48th 1883 James G» Wintersmith Texas 49th 1885 Samuel Done1son* Tennessee 50th 1887 Alvin B- Hurt Mississippi 51st 1889 Charles W- Adams Maryland 52nd 1891 Charles H- Turner* New York 53rd 1893 Alvin B- Hurt Mississippi 54th 1895 William J- Glenn New York H H H H H H H H H H H N 58th 1903 Frank B- Lyon New York 59th 1905 " " " " 60th 1907 " " " " 61st H H H H 62nd 1911 Joseph J- Sinnott Virginia 63rd H H H N 64th 1915 " " " " 65th 1917 " " " " 66th 1919 Bert W- Kennedy Michigan 67th 1921 " " " " 68th 1923 " " " " 69th 1925 " " " " 70th 1927 " " " " 71st 1929 " " " " 72nd 1931 Joseph J- Sinnott** Virginia 73rd H H H H H H H H H I! H It 76th 1939 " " " " 77th 1941 " " " " 78th 1943 " " " " and Charles H- Turner have, in all previous compilations, been erroneously omitted- Documen- tation of their appointments is found in U-S- Congress- House- Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States. 44th Cong-, lst sess-, May 26, 1876: 1520; 49th Cong-, 1st sess-, Dec- 7, 1885: 13; and 52nd Cong-, lst sess-, Dec- 8, 1891: 6- ** Joseph J- Sinnott has, in all previous compilations, been erron- eously listed as having resumed his service as Doorkeeper with the 73rd Congress- The House Journal for the first session of the 72nd Congress, however, clearly indicates that his service resumed on December 7, 1931- See U- S- Congress- House- Journal of the United States House of Repre- sentatives- 72nd Cong-, lst sess-, Dec- 7, 1931: 4. Congress 79th 80th 81st 82nd 83rd 84th 85th 86th 87th 88th 89th 90th 91st 92nd 93rd 94th ‘Year 1945 1947 1949 1951 1953 1955 1957 1959 1961 1963 1965 1967 1969 1971 1973 1975 CRS-90 jDoorkeeper Ralph R- Roberts hi-I4-Ihieletio William M- Miller H H Tom Kennamer I! H William M- Miller H H James T- Molloy State Indiana Nfissouri hflississippi H H Missouri H H Dflississippi H H Pennsylvania CRS-91 APPENDIX I Parliamentarians of the House of Representatives Congress Year Parliamentarian 7OUrk 1927 ILehr.Fess 1928 Lewis Deschler 71st 1929 " ” 72nd 1931 " ” 73rd 1933 " ” 74th 1935 ” ” 75th 1937 ” ” 76th 1939 ” ” 77th 1941 ” ” 78th 1943 " ” 79th 1945 ” ” 80th 1947 ” ” 81st 1949 ” ” 82nd 1951 " ” 83rd 1953 " ” 84th 1955 ” ” 85th 1957 “ ” 86th 1959 ” ” 87th 1961 “ ” 88th 1963 ” ” 89th 1965 " ” 90th 1967 ” “ 91st 1969 ” ” 92nd 1971 " ” 93rd 1973 ” ” 94th 1975 William H» Brown 1‘ Prior to the 70th Congress duties of the Parliamentarian were performed by the "Clerk at the Speaker's Tab1e- " Date service began* CRS-92 APPENDIX J Chaplains of the House of Representatives May Dec - Nov» Nov» Dec - Nov» Dec » Oct» hflay Nov» Nov» Sept» Dec » Dec » Nov» Dec » Dec- Dec » Dec » Dec » Dec » Dec » Dec » Dec » Dec » Dec » Sept Dec - Feb » Dec » June Dec » 1, 1789 10, 1790 5, 1792 27,1800 10, 1801 30, 1804 4, 1806 30, 1807 27,1809 13, 1811 6, 1812 23, 1814 7, 1815 5, 1816 16, 1820 10, 1821 5, 1822 8, 1823 9, 1824 13, 1830 13, 1831 13, 1832 9,1833 10, 1834 24, 1835 20,1836 12, 1837 11, 1837 4, 1840 15, 1840 9, 1841 13, 1841 Chaplain Rev» William Linn ** Rev» Samuel Blair Rev» Ashbel Green Rev» Thomas Lyell Rev» William Parkinson Rev» James Laurie Rev» P» Elliott Rev» Obadiah B» Brown Rev» Jesse Lee Rev» N» Sneathen Rev» Jesse Lee Rev» Obadiah B» Brown Rev» Spencer H» Cone Rev» Burgess Allison Rev» J» Nicholson Campbell Rev» Jared Sparks Rev» John Breckenridge Rev» Henry B» Bascom Rev» Reuben Post Rev» Ralph R» Gurley Rev» Reuben Post Rev» William Hammett Rev» Thomas H» Stockton Rev» Edward Dunlap Smith Rev» Thomas H» Stockton Rev» Oliver C» Comstock Rev» Septimus Tustan Rev» Levi R» Reese Rev» Joshua Bates Rev» Thomas W» Braxton Rev» John W» French Rev» John N» Maffit takenly identified as William Lynn» * Date of actual appointment» Denomination Presbyterian H H H H Methodist Baptist Presbyterian H H Baptist Methodist H H H H Baptist H H H H Presbyterian Unitarian Presbyterian Methodist Presbyterian H H Methodist Methodist Presbyterian Methodist Protestant Baptist Presbyterian Methodist Presbyterian*** Baptist Episcopalian Methodist ** William Linn has, in all previous compilations, been mis- See U»S» Congress» House» Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States» lst Cong», lst sess», May 1, 1789: 26» *** Joshua Bates has, in all previous compilations, takenly identifiedas aCongregationalist» SeeU»S» Congress» Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States» Cong» , lst sess», February 4, 1840: 275» been mis- House» 26th Date service began Dec - Dec - Dec - Dec - Dec - Dec - Dec - Dec - Dec - 14, 1842 16, 1843 4, 1844 22, 1845 17, 1846 14, 1847 9, 1851 7, 1852 7, 1853 Rev- Rev- Rev- Rev- Rev- Rev- Rev- Rev- Rev- CRS-93 Chaplain Frederick T- Tiffany* Isaac S- Tinsley** William M- Daily William H- Milburn William T- Sprole*** R-R- Gurley Littleton F- Morgan James Gallagher William H- Milburn Denomination Episcopalian Baptist Methodist H Presbyterian H H Methodist Presbyterian Methodist From 1855 until 1861 the House of Representatives did not elect regular Chaplains- Instead, the different members of the District of Columbia clergy took turns in opening each daily session with a prayer and in preaching on Sundays - to the former practice of choosing a Chaplain. July 5, 1861 Dec - Dec - Mar- Dec - Oct- Dec - Dec - Dec - Dec - Aug- Nov- Dec - Apr- Feb- Mar- 14, 1863 6, 1865 17, 1869 6, 1875 15, 1877 9, 1877 5, 1881 4, 1883 8, 1885 7, 1893 1, 1893 2, 1895 11, 1921 1, 1950 14, 1966 Rev- Rev- Rev- Rev- Rev- Rev- Rev- Rev- Rev- Rev- Rev- Rev- Rev- Rev- Rev- Rev- Thomas H- Stockton William H- Channing Charles B- Boynton J- C- Butler I» L- Townsend**** John Poisal W-P- Harrison Frederick D- Power John S» Lindsay William H- Milburn Samuel W- Haddaway Edward B- Bagby Henry N- Couden James Shera Montgomery Bernard Braskamp Edward Gardiner Latch mistakenly identified as J- S- Tiffany- The 37th Congress, meeting in 1861, returned Methodist Protestant Unitarian Congr egationalist Presbyterian Episcopalian Methodist Christian Episcopalian Methodist Christian Universalist Methodist Presbyterian Methodist * Frederick T- Tiffany has, in all previous compilations, been See U-S- Congress- House Journal, 27th Cong-, 3rd sess-, Dec- 14, 1842: 53. 55- ** Isaac S- iistakenly identified as J-S- Tinsley has, Tinsley- Cong-, lst sess-, Dec- 16, 1843: 54-57- *** William T- Sprole has, mistakenly identified as W-S-S- Sprole- Cong-, 2nd sess-, Dec- 17, I846: 66- in all previous compilations, See House Journal, been 28th in all previous compilations, been See House Journal, 29th **** I- L- Townsend has, in all previous compilations, been mis- takenly identified as S- L- Townsend- lst sess-, Dec- 6, 1875:13- See House Journal, 44th Cong- , CRS-94. APPENDIX K Postmasters of the House of Representatives Postmaster Daniel Rapine H I H H William J- McCormick H H Robert Morris Michael W- Cluskey Josiah M- Lucas William S- Josiah Given William S- King H H H H Henry Sherwood James M - Steuart H H H H Henry Sherwood Lycurgus Dalton H H H H James L- Wheat J-W- Hathaway Lycurgus Dalton Joseph‘ C- Mcfilroy Congress "Year 17th 1822* 18th 1823 19th 1825 1826 20th 1827 21st 1829 22nd 1831 23rd 1833 24th 1835 25th 1837 26th 1839 27th 1841 28th 1843 29th 1845 30th 1847 31st 1849 32nd 1851 33rd 1853 34th 1855 35th 1857 36th 1859 37th 1861 38th 1863 39th 1865 40th 1867 41st 1869 42nd 1871 43rd 1873 44th 1875 45th 1877 46th 1879 47th 1881 48th 1883 49th 1885 50th 1887 51st 1889 52nd 1891 53rd 1893 54th 1895 55th 1897 Congress officer of the House- House of Representatives of the United States- 17th Cong- , lst sess- , May 7, 1822: in which a Postmaster was listed as an See U-S- Congress» House. Journal of the CRS-95 Congress Year Postmaster 56th 1899 Joseph C- McE1roy 57th 1901 " " 58th 1903 " " 59th 1905 " " 60th 1907 Samuel A- Langum 61st 1909 " " 62nd 1911 William 1\/1- Dunbar 63rd 1913 " " 1 64th 1915 " " 65th 1917 " " 66th 1919 Frank W- Collier 67th 1921 " " 68th 1923 " " 69th 1925 " " 70th 1927 " " 71st 1929 " " 72nd 1931 Finis E» Scott 73rd 1933 " " 74th 1935 " " 75th 1937 " " 76th 1939 " " H H II N I! H 80th 1947 Frank W- Collier 81st 1949 Finis E» Scott H H 83rd 1953 Beecher Hess 84th 1955 H-H- Morris H H H N 87th 1961 " " 88th 1963 " " 89th 1965 " " 90th 1967 " " 91st 1969 " " 92nd 1971 " " 93rd 1973 Robert V- Rota 94th 1975 " " CRS-96 APPENDIX L Congressmen who have served in a Presidential Cabinet Cabinet Officer Alexander, Joshua W - (Missouri) Anderson, Clinton P- (New Mexico) Bates, Edward (Missouri) Bell, John (Tennessee) Blaine, James G- (Maine) Boutwell, George S- (Massachusetts) Branch, John (North Carolina) Breckinridge, John (Virginia) Brown, Aaron V- (Tennessee) Bryan, William J- (Nebraska) Buchanan, James (Pennsylvania) Burleson, Albert S- (Texas) Byrnes, James F- (South Carolina) Calhoun, John C- (South Carolina) Campbell, George W- (Tennessee) Congresses in House 60th)-66th (1907-1919) 77th-179th (1941-1945) 20th (1827-1829) 20th-26th (1827-1841) 38th-44th (1863-1876) 38th-40th (1863-1869) 22nd (1831-1833) 3rd (1792) 26th-28th (1839-1845) 52nd-53rd (1891-1895) 17th-21st (1821-1831) 56th-62nd (1899-1913) 62nd-68th (1911-1925) 12th-14th (1811-1817) 8th-10th (1803-1809) Years in the Cabinet 1919-1921 (Secretary of Commerce) 1945 -1948 (Secretary of Agriculture) 1861-1864 (Attorney General) 1841 (Secretary of War) 1881 (Secretary of State) 1889-1892 (Secretary of State) 1869-1873 (Secretary of the Treasury) 1829-1831 (Secretary of the Navy) 1805-1806 (Attorney General) 1857 -1859 (Postmaster General) 1913 -1915 (Secretary of State) 1845-1849 (Secretary of State) 1913 -1921 (Postmaster General) 1945 -1947 (Secretary of State) 1817-1825 (Secretary of War) 1844-1845 (Secretary of State) 1814 (Secretary of the Treasury) Cabinet officer Carlisle, John G- (Kentucky) Clay, Henry (Kentucky) Clifford, Nathan (Maine) Cobb, Howell (Georgia) Collamer, Jacob (Vermont) Conrad, Charles M - (Louisiana) Corwin, Thomas (Ohio) Crawford, George W- (George) Creswell, John A- J- (Maryland) Crittenden, John J- (Kentucky) Crowninshield, Benjamin W- (Massachusetts) Cushing, Caleb (Massachusetts) Davis, Jefferson (Mississippi) Dearborn, Henry (Maine) Delano, Columbus (Ohio) CRS-97 Congresses in House 45th-51st (1877-1890) 12th-13th (1811-1814) 14th-16th (1815-1821) 18th-19th (1823-1825) 26th-27th (1839-1843) 28th-31st (1843-1851) 34th (1855-1857) 28th-30th (1843-1849) 31st (1849-1850) 22nd-31st (1831-1840) 27th (1843) 38th (1863-1865) 37th (1861-1863) 18th-21st (1823-1831) 24th-27th (1835 -1843) 29th (1845-1846) 3rd-4th (1793-1797) 29th (1845 -1847) 39th-40th (1865-1869) Y ears in Cabinet 1893-1897 (Secretary of the Treasury) 1825 -1829 (Secretary of State) 184 6 -1848 (Attorney General) 1857-1860 (Secretary of the Treasury) 1849-1850 (Postmaster General) 1850-1853 (Secretary of War) 1852 (Secretary of State) 1850-1853 (Secretary of the Treasury) 1849-1850 (Secretary of War) 1869 -187 0 (Postmaster General) 1841 (Attorney General) 1850-1853 (Attorney General) 1815-1818 (Secretary of the Navy) 1853-1857 (Attorney General) 1853-1857 (Secretary of War) 1801-1809 (Secretary of War) 1870-1875 (Secretary of the Interior) Cabinet Offic er Denby, Edwin (Michigan) Dexter, Samuel (Massachusetts) Elkins, Stephen B- (New Mexico) Eustis, William (Massachusetts) Fessenden,Wi11iam P- (Maine) Fish, Hamilton (New York) Forsyth, John (Georgia) Forward, Walter (Pennsylvania) Foster, Charles (Ohio) Glass, Carter (Virginia) Goff, Nathan, Jr- (West Virginia) Good, .';'ames W- (Iowa) Granger, Francis (New York) Grundy, Felix (Tennessee) Herter, Christian (Massachusetts) Hoar, Ebenezer R- (Massachusetts) CRS-98 Congresses in House 59th-60th (1905-1911) 3rd (1793-1795) 43rd-44th (1873-1877) 7th-8th (1801-1805) 16th-17th (1820-1823) 27th (1841-1843) 28th (1843-1845) 13th-15th (1813-1818) 17th-18th (1822-1825) 42nd-45th (1871-1879) 57th-66th (1902-1918) 48th-50th (1883-1889) 61st-66th (1909-1921) 24th (1835-1837) 26th-27th (1839-1841) 27th (1841-1843) 12th-13th (1811-1814) 78th-82nd (1943-1953) 43rd (1873-1875) Years in Cabinet 1921-1924 (Secretary of the Navy 1800 (Secretary of War) 1891-1895 (Secretary of War) 1809 -1812 (Secretary of War) 1864-1865 (Secretary of the Treasury) 1869-1877 (Secretary of State) 1834-1841 (Secretary of State) 1841-1843 (Secretary of the Treasury) 1891-1893 (Secretary of the Treasury) 1918-1920 (Secretary of the Treasury) 1881 (Secretary of the Navy) 1929 (Secretary of War; 1841 {Postmaster General) 1838-1839 (Attorney General) 1959 -19 61 (Secretary of State) 1869-1870 (Attorney General) Cabinet Offic er Hull, Cordell (Tennessee) Ingram, Samu e1 D- (Pennsylvania) Johnson, Cave (Tennessee) Jones, William Kennedy, John P - (Maryland) Laird, Melvin R- (Wisconsin) Lamar, Lucius Q- C- (Mississippi) Legare, Hugh S. (South Carolina) Lincoln, Levi (Massachusetts) Livingston, Edward (N- Y- ) (Louisiana) Long, John D- (Massachusetts) McC1e11and, Robert (Michigan) Mc Crary, George W - (Iowa) McGranery, James P- (Pennsylvania) McKenna, Joseph (California) McKennan, Thomas M- T - (Pennsylvania) CRS-99 Congresses in House 60th-66th (1907-1921) 68th-71st (1923 -1931) 13th-15th (1813 -1818) 17th-20th (1822-1829) 21st-24th (1829-1837) 26th-28th (1839-1845) 7th (1801-1803) 25th (1838-1839) 27th-28th (1841-1845) 83rd-90th (1952-1969) 35th-36th (1857-1860) 43rd-44th (1873-1877) 25th (1837-1839) 6th (1800-1801) 4th-6th (1795-1801) 18th-20th (1823-1829) 48th-50th (1883-1889) 28th-30th (1843 -1849) 41st-44th (1869-1877) 75th-78th (1937-1943) 49th-52nd (1885-1892) 22nd-25th (1831-1839) 27th (1842-1843) Years in Cabinet 1933 -1944 (Secretary of State) 1829-1831 (Secretary of the Treasury) 1845 -1849 (Postmaster General) 1813-1814 (Secretary of the Navy) 1852-1853 (Secretary of the Navy) 1969-1973 (Secretary of Defense) 1885-1888 (Secretary of the Interior) 1841-1843 (Attorney General) 1801-1804 (Attorney General) 1831-1833 (Secretary of State) 1897-1902 (Secretary of the Navy) 1853-1857 (Secretary of the Interior) 1877 -1879 (Secretary of War) 1952 -1953 (Attorney General) 1897 -1898 (Attorney General) 1850 (Secretary of the Interior) Cabinet Officeir McLane, Louis (Delaware) Mc Lean, John (Ohio) Madison, James (Virginia) Marshall, John (Virginia) Mason, John Y- (Virginia) Maynard, Horace (Tennessee) Metcalf, Victor H- (California) P Moody, William H- (Massachusetts) Morton, Rogers C- B- (Maryland) Nelson, John (Maryland) Palmer, A- Mitchell (Pennsylvania) Pickering, Timothy (Massachusetts) Pinkney, William (Maryland) CRS-100 Congresses in House 15th-19th (1817 -1827) 13th-14th (1813-1816) lst-4th (1789-1797) 1 6th (1799-1800) 22nd-24th (1831-1837) 35th-37th (1857-1863) 39th-43rd (1866-1875) 56th-58th (1899-1904) 54th-57th (1895-1902) 88th-91st (1963-1971) 17th (1821-1823) 61st-63rd (1909-1915) 13th-14th (1813-1817) 2nd (1791) 14th (1815-1816) Years in Cabinet 1831-1833 (Secretary of the Treasury) 1833-1834 (Secretary of State) 1823-1829 (Postmaster General) 1801-1809 (Secretary of State) 1800-1801 (Secretary of State) 1844-1845 (Secretary of the Navy) 1845-1846 (Attorney General) 1846-1849 (Secretary of the Navy) 1880-1881 (Postmaster General) 1904-1906 (Secretary of Commerce and Labor) 1906-1908 (Secretary of the Navy) 1902-1904 (Secretary of the Navy) 1904-1906 (Attorney General) 1971- (Secretary of the Interior) 184 3 -1845 (Attorney General) 1919 -19 21 (Attorney General) 1791-1795 (Postmaster General) 1795-1800 (Secretary of State) 1811-1814 (Attorney General) Cabinet Offic er Poinsett, Joel R- (South Carolina) Porter, Peter B- (New York) Preston, William B - (Virginia) Ramsey, Alexander (Pennsylvania) Redfield, William C- (New York) Ribicoff, Abraham A- (Connecticut) Robeson, George M- (New Jersey) Rodney, Caesar A- (Delaware) Rusk, Jeremiah M - (Wisconsin) Sherman, John (Ohio) Smith, Caleb B- (Indiana) Spencer, John C- (New York) Stuart, Alexander H- (Virginia) Swanson, Claude A- (Virginia) Thomas , Philip F- (Maryland) CRS-101 Congr es ses in House 18th-19th (1821-1825) 11th-12th (1809-1813) 14th (1815-1816) 13th (1847-1849) 28th-29th (1843-1847) 62nd (1911-1913) 81st-82nd (1949-1953) 46th-47th (1879-1883) 8th (1803-1805) 17th (1821-1822) 42nd-44th (1871-1877) 34th-37th (1855 -18 61) 28th-30th (1843 -1849) 15th (1817-1819) 27th (1841-1843) 53rd-59th (1893-1906) 26th (1839-1841) 44th (1875 -1877) Years in Cabinet 1837 -1841 (Secretary of War) 1828-1829 (Secretary of War) 1849-1850 (Secretary of the Navy) 187 9 -1881 (Secretary of War) 1913 -1919 (Secretary of Commerce) 1961-1962 (Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare) 1869-1877 (Secretary of the Navy) 1807-1811 (Attorney General) 1889-1893 (Secretary of Agriculture) 1877-1881 (Secretary of the Treasury) 1897-1900 (Secretary of State) 1861-1863 (Secretary of the Interior) 1841-1843 (Secretary of War) 1843-1844 (Secretary of the Treasury) 1850-1853 (Secretary of the Interior) 1933-1939 (Secretary of the Navy) 1860-1861 (Secretary of the Treasury) Cabinet Officer Thompson, Jacob (Mississippi) Toucey, Isaac (Connecticut) Tyner, James N- (Indiana) Udall, Steward L- (Arizona) ’ Vinson, Frederick M- (Kentucky) Wa shburne, Elihu B- (Illinois) Webster, Daniel (New Hampshire) (Massachusetts) Weeks, John W- (Massachusetts) Wickliffe, Charles A- (Kentucky) Wilkins, Williarn (Pennsylvania) Wilson, James (Iowa) Wilson, William B- (Pennsylvania) Wilson, William L- (West Virginia) Windom, William (Minnesota) CRS-102 Congresses in House 26th-31st (1839-1851) 24th—25th (1835-1839) 41st-43rd (1869-1875) 84th-87th (1955-1961) 68th-70th (1924-1929) 72nd-75th (1931-1938) 33rd-41st (1853-1869) 13th-14th (1813-1817) 18th-20th (1823-1827) 59th-63rd (1905-1913) 18th-22nd (1823-1833) 37th (1861-1863) 28th (1843-1844) 43rd-44th (1873-1877) 48th (1883-1885) 60th-62nd (1907-1913) 48th-53rd (1883-1895) 36th-40th (1859-1969) Years in Cabinet 1857-1861 (Secretary of the Interior) 1848-1849 (Attorney General 1857-1861 (Secretary of the Navy) 1876-187 7 (Postmaster General) 1961-1969 (Secretary of the Interior) 1945-1946 (Secretary of the Treasury) 1869 (Secretary of State) 1841-1843 (Secretary of State 1850-1852 (Secretary of State 1921-1925 (Secretary of War) 1841-1845 (Postmaster General) 1844-1845 (Secretary of War) 1897-1913 (Secretary of Agriculture) 1913-1921 (Secretary of Labor) 1895-1897 (Postmaster General) 1881, 1889-1891 (Secretary of the Treasury) LIBRARY or WASHINGTON umvensrrv 3T. LOUIS — MO. CRS69—325ESpecSheet.txt MU Libraries University of Missouri——Columbia Digitization Information for Congressional Research Service Digitization Project Local identifier CRS Capture information Date captured Scanner manufacturer Zeutschel Scanner model OS l5000 Scanning system software Omniscan v.l2.4 SR4 (1947) 64-bit Optical resolution 600 dpi Color settings 8 bit grayscale File types tiff Source information Format Book Content type Text Notes Stamped with property stamp for Washington University including deaccession stamp Some have labels on front page Some have black out markings on front page SuDoc numbers handwritten on front page Item not added to University of Missouri collection Some items have very light print Some front pages have colored backgrounds Derivatives — Access copy Compression Tiffzcompressionz LZW Editing software Adobe Photoshop Resolution 6OO dpi Color bitonal File types tiff Notes Pages cropped, resized, and brightened Page 1