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 " 
THE PRESIDENT PRO TEMPORE OF THE U.S SENATE: Lvi_fi;; 15§g
THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE OFFICE ‘T- 1 "7“*@
AND A SYNOPSIS OF ITS DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES ; S; ;;oS;;uas;3

 

Revised by
Thomas H. Neale
in American National Government

Analyst
' Government Division

CONGRESSIONAL
RESEARCH
SERVICE

THE LIBRARY

OF CONGRESS

 

May 12, 1981

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The Congressional Research Service works exclusively for
the Congress. conducting research. analyzing legislation; and
providing information at the request of committees, Mem-
bers, and their staffs.

The Service makes such research available, without parti-
san bias, in many forms including studies, reports, compila-
tions, digests. and background briefings. Upon request. (IRS
assists committees in analyzing legislative proposals and
issues. and in assessing the possible effects of these proposals
and their alternatives. The Service’s senior specialists and
subject analysts are also available for personal consultations
in their respective fields of expertise.

ABSTRACT

This report surveys the origins, powers and duties of the office of
President pro tempore of the U.S. Senate. It details, first, the constitutional
establishment and subsequent historical evolution of the office, second, those
powers and duties exercised by the President pro tempore when he presides over
the Senate and, third, such additional duties and responsibilities as are
vested in the office by the Standing Rules of the Senate and statute law. The
office of Deputy President pro tempore is also treated. An appendix listing

all Presidents pro tempore and the single Deputy President pro tempore is

provided.

This report was originally prepared by Walter Kravitz and Walter Oleszek
in 1969. This is a revision and update of that work.
The authors wish to credit Larry Nunley for his assistance in preparing

this report.

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CONTENTS
ABSTRACT00000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0000000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00
I0   0 0 0 0 0 0 0000000 0 0 0 0 0 00000000000 0000 00 0
II. POWERS OF THE PRESIDENT PRO TEMPORE AS PRESIDING OFFICER.........
III. OTHER DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES . . . . . . ........ . . . . . . . . . . . ...
IV. APPENDIX: PRESIDENTS PRO TEMPORE OF THE SENATE, lst-95th CONGRESSES

iii

12

20

25

THE PRESIDENT PRO TEMPORE OF THE U.S. SENATE:
THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE OFFICE,
AND A SYNOPSIS OF ITS DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

Article 1, section 3 of the United States Constitution declares
that:
The Senate shall chuse [sic] their other Officers,
and also a President pro tempore in the Absence of the
Vice President, or when he shall exercise the Office of
President of the United States.
Aside from the Vice President's designation as President of the Senate,
the President pro tempore is the only position in that body explicitly
established by the Constitution.

The first act of the first Senate, when a number of Senators
sufficient to constitute a quorum finally appeared on April 6, 1789,
was to read the credentials of those present and order them filed. The
second was to ballot for a President of the Senate "for the sole
purpose of opening and counting the votes for President of the United
States."_l/ John Langdon of New Hampshire received the honor, and‘
proceeded to perform the task set for him. The election of John Adams

as Vice President, and therefore as President of the Senate, was

promptly affirmed, but as Mr. Adams was absent, the Senate immediately

_L/ U.S. Congress. Senate. Journal. lst Cong., lst Sess. p. 7.

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"proceeded by ballot to the choice of a President of their body, pro tempore." 2/

Langdon was chosen to preside and continued to do so until the Vice President

appeared in the Chamber on April 21, 1789. when Adams took the chair, Langdon's

service as President pro tempore came to an end 3] until his re-election to the
office on August 7, 1789, the next time Adams failed to appear.

For a period of some 101 years thereafter, the Senate acted upon the
theory that a President pro tempore could be chosen only in the absence of the
Vice President, and that the tenure of a pro tempore expired when next the Vice
President resumed his duties in the Senate. 5/ Under this interpretation of
the Constitution, the Senate elected a President pro tempore each time the Vice
President failed to appear at the beginning of a daily session. Consequently,
the Senate had elected Presidents pro tempore on no fewer than 163 occasions by
the time the current practice was adopted in 1890. 2/ The record was set in

the 42nd Congress in which ten such elections were held.

.g/ Senate Journal. lst Cong., 1st Sess. p. 8.

3/ Ibid., p. 14; also, Haynes, George H. The Senate of the United States.
New York, Russell & Russell, 1960 (1938). v. I, p. 249.

4/ In its report of Jan. 6, 1876, the Committee on Privileges and
Elections declared: "The office of the President pro tempore of the Senate
must expire whenever the absence of the Vice-President is at an end and he
appears in the Senate to preside." S. Rept. 3, 44th Cong., lst Sess. See
also: Furber, George P., Precedents Relating to the Privileges of the Senate
of the United States. 1893. p. 176 (So Misco Doc. 68, 52d Cong., 2d sess.)

5/ U.S. Congress. Senate. Presidents Pro Tempore of the Senate. Senate
Manual. Senate Document 96-1, 96th Cong., lst Sess., Washington, U.S. Govt.
Print. Off., 1979. p. 683-688. The table lists every pro tempore to date, his
State, the Congresses in which he held the office, and the dates of his election.
See appendix of this report for a complete list of Presidents pro tempore through
the 97th Congress.

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From 1789 to 1890, Presidents pro tempore usually served no more than

a few consecutive days before the Vice President returned to displace them.

A few men, however, did enjoy relatively long uninterrupted tenures because

of the death, extended illness, or chronic absenteeism of some Vice Presidents,
or because of a vacancy following the death of a President.

Between the years 1811 and 1825, for example, John Gaillard of South
Carolina and, to a lesser degree, James Barbour of Virginia served as
Presidents pro tempore for considerable periods due to the deaths in office
of two Vice Presidents and the absenteeism of a third. Two Presidents
pro tempore held the chair for some three and one-half years after Vice
President John Tyler became President in March 1841: Samuel L. Southard
of New Jersey for the remainder of 1841, and Willie P. Mangum of North Carolina
until the inauguration of the next Vice President in 1845. Similarly, William
R. King of Alabama, served extensively in the Chair during the late 1830's
and early 1840's, and held it continuously from mid-1850 through late 1852
after Vice President Millard Fillmore succeeded to the Presidency upon
Zachary Taylor's death. Senator Benjamin F. Wade of Ohio enjoyed a long
term as President pro tempore while Andrew Johnson was President, as did
Senator George F. Edmunds of Vermont under President Chester A. Arthur, and
John J. Ingalls of Kansas after Vice President Thomas A. Hendricks died in
1885.

For some eighty years the Senate had no definitive policy concerning
several subsidiary questions concerning the pro tempore's tenure. These were

raised in concrete form in 1876, at which time a careful study of the subject

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by the Comittee on Privileges and Elections was authorized. Q] After extensive
debate on the Committee's report, the Senate adopted several clarifying
resolutions. First, it was determined that the tenure of a President pro
tempore elected at one session would henceforth continue without interruption
through a recess and into the next session until the Vice President appeared.
Second, it was decided that the death of a Vice President did not automatically
vacate the office of the President pro tempore if one had been properly chosen.
Third, the Senate established the power to replace a President pro tempore
whenever it pleased. Z]

All of these questions were of more than merely internal interest, since
throughout this period the Senate's President pro tempore, followed the Vice
President in the order of succession to the President of the United States,
as provided by the Act of March 1, 1792. §j If both the President and Vice
President were to die or otherwise become unable to exercise the powers of the
Presidency at a time when the Senate was officially absent from the capital city,
and if that body had not chosen a pro tempore to hold the office during the recess,
then the Speaker of the House, under the law, would "act as President of the United
States . . . ." Moreover, considering the transportation available in those

days,

it might take weeks before enough Senators could reassemble and choose a pro tempore.

.§/ U.S. Congress. Senate. Senate Report No. 3, 44th Cong., lst Sess.

7/ U.S. Congress. Senate. Journal. 44th Cong., lst Sess. p. 90,99.
See also: Congressional Record, 44th Cong., lst sess. p. 311-316, 360-373.
These resolutions formalized what had been the usual though unwritten practice
of the Senate prior to their adoption.

§/ 1 Stat. 240.

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Prudence therefore dictated that the Senate should elect someone to hold that
office during the recesses between sessions (i.e., "sessions" in the sense of
the 1st, 2nd, or 3rd sessions of a Congress). Because the Senate at the time
acted upon the theory that it could not choose a pro tempore in the presence
of a Vice President, it quickly became the custom after 1792 for the latter
to withdraw from the Chamber shortly before the end of a session so that
Senators might "legally" elect one of their own to the position. Such
withdrawals were matters of courtesy rather than law, and while most Vice
Presidents adhered to the custom, a few, inevitably, did not, usually because
of critical political circumstances. 2/ When both the President pro tempore
and the Speaker of the House were removed from the line of succession by the
Act of January 19, 1886, the necessity for such maneuvers was eliminated.
Four years later the Senate resolved the question of the pro tempore's
tenure when it adopted a resolution originally introduced by Senator William
M. Evarts of New York. As accepted by the Senate on March 12, 1890, the
resolution read:
Resolved, That it is competent for the Senate to elect

a President pro tempore, who shall hold the office during
the pleasure of the Senate and until another is elected,

9/ For example, Vice President Gerry refused to vacate the Chair in
1813 when President Madison was seriously ill and the Administration's
enemies controlled the Senate. Similarly, Vice President Dallas refused
to retire at the end of the special session of 1845. Furber, Precedents,
p. 179. "In March, 1881, the casting vote of the Vice-President was
necessary to secure for the Republicans the organization of the Senate.
Under those circumstances their ability to elect a President pro tempore
was so uncertain that Vice-President Arthur, like Gerry in 1813, ‘sat
the session out,’ and Congress adjourned, May 20, with no one beyond the
Vice President in the line of succession . . . . Four years later, Vice-
President Hendricks continued to occupy the Chair till the end of
the short session, April 2, thus preventing the Republicans, then in
majority, from choosing a President pro tempore." Haynes, Senate of the
U.S., p. 257-258.

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and shall execute the duties thereof during all future absences

of the Vice-President until the Senate otherwise order. 19/

That resolution is still in effect as of this writing. Under its terms a
President pro tempore, once elected, holds the post continuously whether or
not the Vice President is absent (although, of course, he may not preside
over the Senate unless the Vice President steps down from the chair). The
tenure of the pro tempore ends upon the expiration of the term for which he
was elected Senator, a precedent dating back at least to 1841. 11/ He may,
of course, resign, or the Senate may elect another in his stead at its pleasure.

The usual practice of the Senate has been to elect as its pro
tempore a candidate of the majority party~-almost invariably by a straight
party vote. Most often, that pro tempore has continued to serve in the
post so long as his party remains in the majority.

On a few occasions, the majority party has experienced great difficulty
in electing its candidate. Late in 1881, for example, Democrats in the Senate
refused to permit administration of the oath of office to several Republicans
waiting to be sworn in as Senators. As a result of this maneuver, the Democrats
maintained a narrow majority of the votes in the Chamber and proceeded to
elect one of their own, Delaware's Thomas F. Bayard, as President pro tempore.
Even after the missing Pepublicans had been installed the Senate remained

equally divided between the two major parties. An arrangement was thereupon

‘1Q/ U.S. Congress. Senate. Journal. 50th Cong., 2nd Sess. p. 165.
See also: Congressional Record, 50th Cong., 2nd Sess. p. 2144-2150.

11/ See the case of Senator King, Mar. 4, 1841, in Furber, Precedents,
p. 175: For other and more recent precedents, see Riddick, Floyd M. Senate
Procedure; Precedents and Practices, 1974. S. Doc. 21, 93d Cong., lst Sess.
Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1974. p. 622.

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worked out whereby an independent Senator, David Davis of Illinois, was elected
to replace Bayard as pro tempore. 12/
when the 62nd Congress convened in 1911, Republicans held a nominal majority

of seats in the Senate. However, a faction of seven "Progressives" in that
party refused to vote for the regular Republican candidate for President pro
tempore and their defection prevented a valid election. (While neither the
Constitution nor the Rules explicitly exclude election of a pro tempore by

a plurality, the invariable practice of the Senate has been to assume that

a majority vote is required.) "After fifteen ballots, distributed through

five days, compromise became necessary to enable business to go forward. Upon
motion of a Republican leader, a Democrat was unanimously elected President

pro tempore for a single day, and thereafter for the rest of the session,

ending August 26, 1912, Presidents pro tempore were elected for brief, designated

periods, Senator Bacon, a Democrat, alternating with four Republicans,

some of whom served for but a single day. In the short session which

ended that 62nd Congress, this alternating arrangement was continued,

Bacon, Democrat, and Gallinger, Republican, each serving a fortnight at

a time."_l§/

While the parties have for the most part tended to put forward men with

long senatorial service as candidates for President pro tempore, there have

been some notable exceptions. Senator George H. Moses of New Hampshire ranked

only 15th among Senate Republicans when he was elected pro tempore in 1925,

_lg/ U.S. Congress. Senate. Journal. 47th Cong., lst Sess. p. 7,
10, 14.

13/ Haynes, Senate of the U.S., p. 252.

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and Senator Albert B. Cummins of Iowa ranked only 12th when he was first chosen
in 1919. In 1846, Senator David R. Atchison of Missouri was elected pro tempore
before he had completed half his first term as a Senator, and Senator Willard
Saulsbury of Delaware was also still in his first term when the Senate elevated
him to the post on December 14, 1916.

Usually, however, the Presidents pro tempore have been among the longest
serving members of the Senate. In the 19th Century, men like Senators William
P. Frye of Maine, John J. Ingalls of Kansas, Allen G. Thurman of Ohio, and
Henry B. Anthony of Rhode Island had great seniority when elected pro tem.

That tradition has continued and evolved in this century, with the exceptions

noted above, until by midcentury the Senate was habitually electing as its
President pro tempore £hg_most senior Senator of the majority party. The four

men who held the post immediately prior to 1945 ranked either fourth or fifth in
their respective parties when first chosen. Of the 12 Presidents pro tempore who
have served since 1945, only one has been anything less than the most senior man in
his party, Senator Hoyt S. Vandenberg of Michigan, who was the second ranking
Republican in the Senate at the time of his election in 1947.

Presidents pro tempore in the past occasionally enjoyed the privilege of
appointing the membership of the Senate's standing committees at the beginning of
a session. This was made indirectly possible by rule in the period from December
1823 to April 1826. Another rule gave him the power directly from December 1828
to December 1833. 13/ Several times during this latter period the rule was

partially suspended so that the Senate could elect the President pro tempore

.l£/ Furber, Precedents, p. 335-336; Haynes, Senate of the U.S., p. 273-
 C

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to a chairmanship. 12] The pro tempore also evidently appointed the committees
in 1838, 1843 and 1863. 16/ On some occasions he has been specifically authorized
to fill vacancies on committees._lZ/

As a presiding officer, the powers and prerogatives of the President _
pro tempore historically have been very little different from those of the
Vice President. One notable exception involves the privilege of appointing
a substitute to perform the duties of the chair. From 1820 until the early
1880's, the Senate operated under a rule stating, in part, that "the Presiding
Officer shall have the right to name a Senator to perform the duties of the
Chair, but such substitution shall not extend beyond an adjournment."_l8/ That
rule was subsequently amended so as to restrict the privilege solely to the
President pro temporeo 12/ Moreover, the Senate had many times previously
honored the request of a President pro tempore that another Senator take his

place for a day or longer, while denying the same privilege to the Vice

lg] Gilfrey, Henry H. Precedents; Decisions on Points of Order with
Phraseology . . . 1789-1913. 1914. S. Doc. 1123, 62nd Cong., 3rd Sess.
Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1914. p. 268.

_l6/ Furber, Precedents, pp. 337,339.

17/ For an example, see: U.S. Congress. Senate. Journal. 47th

Cong., lst Sess. p. 12.

18/ U.S. Congress. Senate. Journal. 44th Cong., 2nd Sess. p. 117;
see also: Rule 22 of 1820.

19/ Congressional Globe. 48th Cong., lst Sess., p. 160-163 (Dec. 18,
1883), p. 237 (Jan. 7, 1884).

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President. 29] In 1902, the Rules were further amended to empower the President
pro tempore to designate a Senator to perform the duties of the chair for
an unspecified time during a vacancy in the office of Vice President._2l/
Usually the pro tempore has designated members of his own party to replace
him in the chair, but not always. In a notable exception, President pro tempore
Carl Hayden, a Democrat, once appointed Republican Senator George D. Aiken of
Vermont to preside. 22]

Under the Constitution, the Vice President may cast a vote in the Senate
only when that body is equally divided. 22] The question of whether or not a
President pro tempore retained his vote while he was performing the duties of
his office was clarified by a Senate resolution adopted on April 19, 1792,
which declared that he retained "his right to vote upon all questions." 24/

By the Act of March 19, 1816, the President pro tempore was accorded

a larger salary than that allotted to other Senators, but only when the office

29/ For an example of the Senate's refusal to accept a direct substitution
made by the Vice President, see the incident of Jan. 11, 1847, when the Senate

ignored a letter from Vice President Dallas designating Senator Atchison to preside

for that day, defeated a resolution appointing Atchison pro tempore, and then
proceeded to elect Atchison to the post by ballot. See: U.S. Congress. Senate.
Journal. 29th Cong., 2nd Sess. p. 161-164. For examples of action by the pro
tempore to appoint substitutes, see Furber, Precedents, p. 186-188.

21/ Senate Manual, p. 1. Rule 1, clause 3.
‘22/ Congressional Record, v. 112, pt. 5, Aug. 23, 1966. p. 20275.
22/ Senate Manual, p. 618. (Article 1, sec. 3, paragraph 4.)

24/ U.S. Congress. Senate. Journal. 2nd Cong., lst Sess. p. 429.

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of Vice President was vacant. 22/ In 1818 the law was amended to read that
the pro tempore was to receive additional compensation for each day he presided
over the Senate, whether or not the office of the Vice President was vacant. 36/
In 1845 and again in 1854, the office of Vice President was vacant, and in
each case, the Senate adopted resolutions authorizing compensation equal to
that established by law for the Vice President for the Presidents pro tempore
then in office. 27/ The practice of compensating Presidents pro tempore at
the same rate as the Vice President when the Vice Presidency is vacant was
confirmed in law by the Act of August 16, 1856. 2§/ In 1969, the salary of the
President pro tempore was fixed at the level of the majority and minority leaders
of both Houses, except at such time when a vacancy exists in the office of the
Vice President. 22/

On January 10, 1977, the Senate adopted S.Res. 17, a resolution creating
an office of Deputy President pro tempore of the Senate. 39/ The resolution
provided that "any Member of the Senate who has held the Office of President
of the United States or Vice President of the United States shall be a Deputy

President pro tempore." 21/ Although the resolution did not specifically

32/ 3 Stat. 257.
_gg/ 3 Stat. 404.

27/ U.S. Congress. Senate. Journal. 28th Cong., 2nd Sess. p. 243;
also, 33rd Cong., 2nd Sess. p. 31.

g§/ 11 Stat. 48.

22/ 2 U.S.C. 32 as amended by 83 Stat. 107, Sept. 15, 1969. Effective
October 1, 1979 the salary of the President pro tempore was set at $68,575.
It would be $79,125 if there were no Vice President.

39/ Congressional Record, v. 123, pt. 1, Jan. 10, 1977. p. 457.

33/ Ibid.

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enumerate the duties and responsibilites of the new office, the Deputy President
pro tempore was provided a staff, 3}] given a salary increase to the level of the
Majority Leader, and in the event of the absence of the Vice President and the
President pro tempore, he would preside over the Senate with authority to sign
bills and resolutions without a specific authorization from the President

pro tempore. 33/

Under the terms of the resolution, Senator Hubert H. Humphrey, Vice
President of the United States from 1965-1969, became Deputy President pro
tempore effective January 5, 1977, following his election to the office on
January 11, 1977. ééf Senator Humphrey served in this position until his death
on January 13, 1978. Although the office became vacant at the time of his
death, it would be filled again upon the election of another former President

or Vice President to the Senate.

POWERS OF THE PRESIDENT PRO TEMPORE AS PRESIDING OFFICER

Certain powers accrue to the President pro tempore when he occupies the

chair as the Senate's presiding officer. These include:_3§/

32/ Ibid. Staffing authority was enacted into law by Public Law 95-26,
91 Stat. 79, May 4, 1977. As of October 1, 1979, the salary of the
Majority Leader was set at $68,585.

33/ This statement of the powers of the Deputy President pro tempore
was obtained from Robert B. Dove, Assistant Parliamentarian of the Senate,
on January 18, 1977.

34/ Although the resolution (8. Res. 27) was approved on Jan. 11, 1977,
the effective date was Jan. 5, 1977. Congressional Record, v. 123, pt. 1,
p. 756.

32/ Unless otherwise indicated, the items listed below are digested
from Riddick, Senate Procedure.

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1. Adjournment

The Presiding Officer, under authority of an order of the Senate, may

declare an adjournment or recess at the conclusion of the day's business.

2. Appointments

a. Where a motion is made that a special committee authorized by
a Senate resolution be appointed by the chair, it is suggested that this
particular authority be entrusted to him in his capacity as President of the
Senate and not as Vice President.

b. It is the universal practice in the appointment of conferees
for the Presiding Officer to name the Senators suggested to him by the Member
in charge of the particular bill. The conferees in theory are appointed
by the Presiding Officer but in fact are designated by friends of the
measure "who are in sympathy with the prevailing view of the Senate," and
with consideration for the usual party ratio. The Presiding Officer, unless
authorized by the Senate, has no power to appoint conferees. Under Rule
XXIV, "the Senate may elect its conferees, if it sees fit to do so. The
Senate has a right to elect its own conferees. A motion to elect certain
conferees is amendable by substituting other conferees." In 1935, Vice
President John Garner announced that when he was authorized by the Senate
to appoint conferees on a bill, it would thereafter be his policy to exercise
some discretion in their selection.

c. The President pro tempore may be authorized, by the adoption of
an order of the Senate to the effect, to make appointments, after the final
adjournment of a session, to commissions or committees as may be authorized

by law, by an order adopted by the Senate, or pursuant to concurrent action

taken by the two Houses.

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d. "When a chairman of a committee shall resign or cease to serve on
a committee, and the Presiding Office be authorized by the Senate to fill the
vacancy in such committee, unless specially otherwise ordered, it shall be
only to fill up the number of the committee." §§]

e. The President pro tempore shall have the right to name in open
Senate, or if absent, in writing, a Senator to perform the duties of the chair;

but such substitution shall not extend beyond an adjournment, except by unanimous

consent.

3. Attendance of Senators

A quorum call having been made and the Chair having announced the absence
of a quorum, it is the uniform practice in the Senate for the Presiding Officer
to direct the clerk to call the names of the absent Senators prior to the
adoption of an order directing the Sergeant at Arms to request, and, when

necessary, to compel their attendance.

4. Consistency of Amendments

An inquiry whether a proposed amendment is inconsistent with an amendment
previously adopted is not a parliamentary question; whether or not a proposed
amendment would nullify clauses of a bill without eliminating them is for
the Senate to determine and not the Chair. The Presiding Officer does not

pass upon the question of consistency of amendments.

5. Constitutionality of Amendments
It is not within the province of the Presiding Officer to rule a bill

or an amendment out of order on the ground that it is unconstitutional; the

2g] Senate Manual, p. 25. Rule XXIV, clause 4.

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Presiding Officer has no authority or power to pass on the constitutionality

of a measure or amendment; that is a matter for the Senate itself to decide.

6. Debate

a. The Presiding Officer has no power to engage in conversation
with Senators on the floor; he should not participate in debate. Nevertheless,
the Presiding Officer, on a few occasions, has taken the liberty of making
certain remarks in the nature of debate in the absence of a point of order
being made.

b. Notwithstanding the provision of Rule II or Rule IV or any other
rule of the Senate, any time a motion signed by sixteen Senators is presented
to the Senate for the purpose of bringing to a close the debate upon any measure,
motion, unfinished business or other matter pending, the Presiding Officer
shall at once state the motion to the Senate. One hour after the Senate meets
on the following calendar day but one, he shall lay the motion before the Senate,
direct that the clerk call the roll, and upon the ascertainment that a quorum is
present, the Presiding Officer shall without debate, submit the following question
to the Senate for a yea—or-nay vote:

Is it the sense of the Senate that the debate shall
be brought to a close?

And if that question shall be decided in the affirmative by three—fifths

of the Senators duly chosen and sworn—-except on a measure or motion to amend
the Senate rules, in which case the necessary affirmative vote shall be two-
thirds of the Senators present and voting--then said measure, motion, or other

matter pending before the Senate, or the unfinished business, shall be the

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unfinished business to the exclusion of all other business until disposed

of..§Z/

7. Decisions (Appeals)

"A question of order may be raised at any stage of the proceedings, except
when the Senate is dividing, and, unless submitted to the Senate, shall be
decided by the Presiding Officer without debate, subject to an appeal to the
Senate. when an appeal is taken, any subsequent question of order which may
arise before the decision of such appeal shall be decided by the Presiding
Officer without debate; and every appeal therefrom shall be laid on the table
without prejudice to the pending proposition, and thereupon shall be held

as affirming the decision of the Presiding Officer."_§§/

8. Decorum

a. Under Rule XIX, as amended in 1914, the duty of enforcing order
in the Chamber and the galleries was imposed upon the Presiding Officer, on
his own initiative.

b. "Whenever confusion arises in the Chamber or the galleries, or
demonstrations of approval or disapproval are indulged in by the occupants
of the galleries, it shall be the duty of the Chair to enforce order on his
own initiative and without any point of order being made by a Senator." g2]

c. A Senator in debate, who "in the opinion of the Presiding Officer"
refers offensively to any State of the Union, or who impugns the motives or
integrity of a Senator, or reflects on other Senators, may be called to order

under Rule XIX for transgressing the rules, in which case "he shall sit down."

31/ Senate Manual, p. 21. Rule, XXII, clause 2.

§§/ Ibid., p. 20. Rule XX, clause 1.

22/ Ibid., p. 19. Rule XIX, clause 6.

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9. Communications and Messages

"After the Journal is read, the Presiding Officer shall lay before the
Senate messages from the President, reports and communications from the heads
of Departments, and other communications addressed to the Senate, and such
bills, joint resolutions, and other messages from the House of Representatives

as may remain upon his table from any previous day's session undisposed of." 40/

10. Sggggi

"The Presiding Officer, for the time being, of the senate of the united
States, shall have the power to administer all oaths and affirmations that
are or may be required by the Constitution, or by law, to be taken by any
Senator, officer of the Senate, witness, or other person, in respect to any

matter within the jurisdiction of the Senate." 41/

11. Putting the Question
When a question is pending, and a Senator addressing the Chair concludes
his address on the question, and no one immediately seeks recognition, it

is the duty of the Chair to state the pending question to the senate,

12. Quorums

"If, at any time during the daily sessions of the Senate, a question

shall be raised by any Senator as to the presence of a quorum, the Presiding

_flQ/ Senate Manual, p. 6. Rule VII, clause 1.

_g_1_/ 2 U.S.C. 23, 19 Stat. 34.

CRS-18

Officer shall forthwith direct the Secretary to call the roll and shall announce

the result, and these proceedings shall be without debate." 32/

13. Recognition

"When a Senator desires to speak, he shall rise and address the Presiding
Officer, and shall not proceed until he is recognized, and the Presiding Officer
shall recognize the Senator who shall first address him. No Senator shall
interrupt another Senator in debate without his consent, and to obtain such
consent he shall first address the Presiding Officer, and no Senator shall
speak more than twice upon any one question in debate on the same day without
leave of the Senate which shall be determined without debate." 33/

In 1937, the Vice President announced a policy of giving priority of
recognition to the majority and minority leaders when they were on their feet
seeking recognition. In 1933, and again in 1935, the Presiding Officer announced
a policy that the Senator in charge of legislation pending before the Senate
should be given priority in recognition.

While in practice the Presiding Officer, for convenience, frequently
keeps a list of Senators desiring to speak and recognizes them in the order
in which they are listed, upon a point of order being made, the Senator who
first addresses the Chair should be recognized. The Chair has several times

held that the list at the desk gives way to the rule for recognition.

14. References of Bills, Resolutions and other Documents:

a. "Under the present rule and practices, the Presiding Officer

makes the references of bills and resolutions to committees, both those

.§£/ Senate Manual, p. 5. Rule VI, paragraph 3.

33/ Ibid., p. 18. Rule XIX, paragraph 1.

CRS-19

introduced in the Senate and those messaged to the Senate from the House of
Representatives. Likewise, under the practices and precedents, including
Section 137 of the Legislative Reorganization Act, as amended, the Presiding
Officer makes all references, including not only bills and resolutions, but
messages, reports for Departments, communications, petitions, and memorials,
to standing committees, subject to an appeal from the decision of the Chair
at the appropriate time."

b. "In any case in which a controversy arises as to the jurisdiction
of any standing committee of the Senate with respect to any proposed legislation,
the question of jurisdiction shall be decided by the Presiding Officer of the
Senate, without debate in favor of that committee which has jurisdiction over
the subject matter which predominates in such proposed legislation; but such

decision shall be subject to an appeal."_£fl/

15. Signature of Enrolled Bills

The Speaker of the House signs all bills first and the Vice President,
or the authorized Presiding Officer thereof, secondly. A Senator designated
by the President pro tempore to perform the duties of the Chair during his
temporary absence is empowered, under a resolution of the Senate, to sign,
as acting President pro tempore, duly enrolled bills and joint resolutions

for presentation to the President.

16. Vetoes

Where a veto message is laid before the Senate it is necessary, in order
to comply with the constitutional mandate, that the Presiding Officer state

the question on its passage notwithstanding the objections of the President;

53] Ibid., p. 16. Rule XVII, paragraph 1.

CRS-20

and the form of the question to be submitted to the Senate as to its passage

is, "Shall the bill pass, the objections of the President of the United

States to the contrary notwithstanding?"

OTHER DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES

Other duties of the President of the Senate and the President

pro tempore include the following:

1. The President pro tempore is a member of the Commission

on Arts and Antiquities of the Senate.

2. The President pro tempore is authorized to make appointments,

designations, or selections to the following temporary and permanent

commissions, advisory bodies, academies, and committees:

3.

Air Force Academy Board of Visitors (also nominates
cadets to the academy).

Joint Committee on Congressional Operations.
Japan-United States Friendship Commission.

Board of Visitors to the U.S. Military Academy.

Board of Visitors to the U.S. Naval Academy.
Technology Assessment Board.

Senate delegates to Conferences of the Bureau of
Parliamentary Union for the Promotion of International
Arbitration.

Board of Trustees of the American Folklife Center

National Commission on Social Security

Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians

CRS-21

3. Each time the President adjusts the rates of pay of employees under
section 5305 of Title 5, U.S. Code, the President pro tempore of the Senate
shall, as he considers appropriate--

(1)(A) adjust the rates of personnel whose pay is
disbursed by the Secretary of the Senate, and any minimum
or maximum rate applicable to any such personnel; or

(B)in the case of such personnel whose rates of pay
are fixed by or pursuant to law at specific rates adjust
such rates (including the adjustment of such specific rates
to maximum pay rates) and in the case of all other personnel
whose pay is disbursed by the Secretary of the Senate,
adjust only the minimum or maximum rates applicable to
such other personnel; and

(2) adjust any limitation or allowance applicable to
such personnel; by percentages which are equal or equivalent,
insofar as practicable, to the percentage adjustments made

by the President for employees subject to the General
Schedule. 52/

4. One of the legislative counsels shall be appointed by the President
pro tempore of the Senate, and one by the Speaker of the House of
Representatives, without reference to political affiliations and solely on
the ground of fitness to perform the duties of the office. 32/

5. The legislative counsel shall, subject to the approval of the
President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House, employ

and fix the compensation of assistant legislative counsel._&Z/

_£§/ 2 U.S.C. 60a-1 note, 84 Stat. 1952.

_{+_§_/ 2 U.S.C. 272.

_l_+_Z_/ 2 U.S.C. 274.

CRS-22

6. The President pro tempore shall act as President of the United States
in the case of vacancies in the offices of President, Vice President and Speaker
of the House, or in the case of a failure of candidates for President or Vice
President, or the Speaker of the House to qualify for the office of President. fig]

7. Following the submission of a report by the President pursuant to the
requirements of the War Powers Act, the Speaker of the House and the President
pro tempore of the Senate, if they deem it advisable (or if petitioned by at
least 30 percent of the membership of their respective Houses) shall jointly
request the President to convene Congress in order that it may consider the
report and take appropriate action. 32/

8. In the case of the inability of the President of the United States
to perform his duties, notification of the inability is transmitted to the
President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House. E9]

9. It shall be the duty of the Committee on Rules and Administration
to make all rules and regulations respecting such parts of the Capitol, its
passages and galleries, including the restaurant and the Senate Office Building,
as are or may be set apart for the use of the Senate and its officers, to

be enforced under the direction of the Presiding Officer. El]

_zi§_/ 3 u.s.c. 19 (b)
A §__9_/ 50 U.S.C. 1544 (a)

29/ Senate Manual, pp. 651-652. U.S. Constitution, Amendment XXV, ss.
3,4.

El] Ibid. p. 60. Senate Rule XXXIII, paragraph 2.

CRS-23

10. "The Speaker of the House of Representatives and the President pro
tempore of the Senate jointly shall designate an officer of the House and
an officer of the Senate, other than a Member of the House or Senate, who
shall jointly exercise supervision and control over the activities of the.
pages resident in the John W. Mccormack Residential Page School.” égj

11. At the beginning of each regular session of Congress, the President
pro tempore, on the recommendation of the Chairman of the Committee on Finance
appoints five senators who are members of the committee to serve as official
advisors to U.S. delegations to international conferences, meetings and
negotiation sessions relating to trade agreements. 2g]

12. The President pro tempore appoints the Director of the Congressional
Budget Office jointly with the Speaker of the House of Representatives after
receiving recommendations from the Budget Committees of both houses. 2g]

13. The President pro tempore, with the Speaker of the House of
Representatives, the majority leaders of the House and Senate, and the chairmen
and ranking minority members of the Committee on Government Operations of the
House and of the Committee on Governmental Affairs of the Senate, serves from
time to time on a commission charged with recommending three nominees to the
offices of Comptroller General and Deputy Comptroller General for appointment
by the President any time either or both of these positions become vacant.

In the event the office of Deputy Comptroller General is vacant, the Comptroller

_5__2_/ 40 U.s.c. 184 (h)
33/ 19 U.s.c. 221l(a)

_§§_/ 2 U.S.C. 601

CRS-24

General also serves on the commission. The President is not bound to choose

only from among those names submitted, and may request the submission of

additional nominees. 22/

§_5_/ 31 U.S.C. 42, P.L. 96-226

CRS-25

APPENDIX: PRESIDENTS PRO TEMPORE AND DEPUTY PRESIDENT PRO TEMPORE OF THE SENATE
FROM THE FIRST CONGRESS TO BEGINNING OF FIRST SESSION OF THE 97th CONGRESS 56/
In earlier years the appointment or election of a President pro tempore
was held by the Senate to be for the occasion only, so that more than one
appears in several sessions and in others none were chosen. Since March 12,

1890, however, they have served until "the Senate otherwise ordered."

TABLE A1. Presidents Pro Tempore of the Senate, lst-97th Congresses--Continued

Name of President

Date

elected

Congress pro tempore State

1st John Langdon New Hampshire Apr. 6, 1789

2nd Richard Henry Lee Virginia Apr. 18, 1792
John Langdon New Hampshire Nov. 5, 1792
John Langdon Marv 1: 1793

3rd Ralph Izard South Carolina May 31, 1794
Henry Tazewell  Virginia Feb. 20, 

4th Henry Tazewell Virginia Dec. 7, 1795
Samuel Livermore New Hampshire May 6, 1796
William Bingham Pennsylvania Feb. 16, 1797

5th William Bradford Rhode Island July 6, 1797
Jacob Read South Carolina Nov. 22, 1797
Theodore Sedgwick Massachusetts June 27, 1798
John Laurance New York Dec. 6, 1798
James Ross Pennsylvania Mar. 1, 1799

6th Samuel Livermore New Hampshire Dec. 2, 1799
Uriah Tracy Connecticut May 14, 1800
John E. Howard Maryland Nov. 21, 1800
James Hillhouse Connecticut Feb. 28, 1801

See footnotes at end of table.

CRS-26

TABLE Al. Presidents Pro Tempore of the Senate, lst-97th Congresses--Continued
Name of President
Congress pro tempore State Date elected
7th Abraham Baldwin Georgia Dec. 7, 1801
Apr. 17, 
Stephen R. Bradley Vermont Dec. 14, 1802
Feb. 25, 1803
Marv 2, 
8th John Brown Kentucky Oct. 17, 1803
Jan. 23, 1804
Jesse Franklin North Carolina Mar. 10, 1804
Joseph Anderson Tennessee Jan. 15, 1805
Feb. 28, 1805
Mar. 2, 1805
9th Samuel Smith Maryland Dec. 2, 1805
Mar. 18, 1806
Mar. 2, 1807
10th Samuel Smith Maryland Apr. 16, 1808
~ Stephen B. Bradley Vermont Dec. 28, 1808
John Milledge Georgia Jan. 30, 1809
11th Andrew Gregg Pennsylvania June 26, 1809
‘ John Gaillard South Carolina Feb. 28, 1810
Reelected Apr. 17,
1810
John Pope Kentucky Feb. 23, 1811
12th William H. Crawford Georgia Mar. 24, 1812
13th Joseph B. Varnum Massachusetts Dec. 6, 1813
John Gaillard South Carolina Nov. 25, 1814,
upon the death
of Vice President
Elbridge Gerry. 28]
14th John Gaillard South Carolina
Mar. 6, 1817
15th John Gaillard 52/ South Carolina Mar. 31, 1818
James Barbour Virginia Feb. 15, 1819
16th James Barbour Virginia

John Gaillard

South Carolina

Jan. 25, 1820

See footnotes at end of table.

CRS-27

TABLE A1. Presidents Pro Tempore of the Senate, lst-97th Congresses--Continued
Name of President
Congress pro tempore State Date elected
17th John Gaillard South Carolina Feb. 1, 1822
Feb. 19, 1823
18th John Gaillard South Carolina May 21, 1824
19th John Gaillard Q9] South Carolina Mar. 9, 1825
Nathaniel Macon North Carolina May 20, 1826
Jan. 2, 1827
Mar. 2, 1827
20th Samuel Smith élj Maryland May 15, 1828
21st Samuel Smith Maryland Mar. 13, 1829 Q2]
May 29, 1830
Mar. 1, 1831 92/
22nd Littleton W. Tazewell Virginia July 9, 1832
Hugh L. White Tennessee Dec. 3, 1832
23rd Hugh L. White Tennessee
George Poindexter Mississippi June 28, 1834
John Tyler Virginia Mar. 3, 1835
24th William R. King Alabama July 1, 1836
Jan. 28, 1837
25th William R. King Alabama Mar. 7, 1837 Q9]
. Oct. 13, 1837
July 2, 1838
Feb. 25, 1839
26th William R. King 93/ Alabama
July 3, 1840
Mar. 3, 1841
27th William R. King Q9] Alabama Marv 4: 1841
Samuel L. Southard Q4] New Jersey Mar. 11, 1841
Willie P. Mangum North Carolina May 31, 1842
28th Willie P. Mangum North Carolina
29th Ambrose H. Sevier Q2] Arkansas Dec. 27, 1845
David R. Atchison Missouri Aug. 8, 1846
Jan. 11, 1847
Mar. 3, 1847

See footnotes at end of table.

CRS-28

TABLE A1. Presidents Pro Tempore of the Senate, 1st-97th Congresses--Continued
Name of President
Congress pro tempore State Date elected
30th David R. Atchison Missouri Feb. 2, 1848
‘ June 1, 1848
June 26, 1848
July 29, 1848
Dec. 26, 1848
Mar. 2, 1849
31st David R. Atchison Missouri Mar. 5, 1849
Mar. 16, 1849
William R. King Alabama May 6, 1850
July 11, 1850
32nd William R. King 66/ Alabama
David R. Atchison Missouri Dec. 20, 1852
33rd David R. Atchison Missouri Mar. 4, 1853
Lewis Cass 61/ Michigan Dec. 4, 1854
Jesse D. Bright Indiana Dec. 5, 1854
34th Jesse D. Bright 68] Indiana June 11, 1856
Charles E. Stuart 69/ Michigan June 9, 1856
James E. Mason Z9/-_. Virginia Jan. 6, 1857
35th James E. mason 69/ Virginia Mar. 4, 1857
Thomas J. Rusk 69/ Texas Mar. 14, 1857
Benjamin Fitzpatrick Alabama Dec. 7, 1857
Mar. 29, 1858
June 14, 1858
Jan. 25, 1859
36th Benjamin Fitzpatrick Alabama Mar. 9, 1859 60/
Dec. 19, 1859 "’
Feb. 20, 1860
June 26, 1860 60/
Jesse D. Bright Indiana June 12, 1860'—_
Solomon Foot Vermont Feb. 16, 1861
37th Solomon Foot Vermont Mar. 23, 1861 60/
July 18, 1861 ""
Jan. 15, 1862
Mar. 31, 1862
June 19, 1862
Feb. 18, 1863

See footnotes at end of table.

CRS-29

TABLE Al. Presidents Pro Tempore of the Senate, 1st-97th Congresses--Continued

Name of President
Congress pro tempore State Date elected

38th Solomon Foot Vermont Mar. 4, 1863 60/
Dec. 18, 1863"-
Feb. 23, 1864
Apr. 11, 1864
Daniel Clark New Hampshire Apr. 26, 1864
Feb. 9, 1865

39th Lafayette S. Foster 11/ Connecticut Mar. 7, 1865
Benjamin F. Wade Ohio Mar. 2, 1867

40th Benjamin F. Wade Ohio

413: Henry B. Anthony Rhode Island Mar. 23, 1869

Apr. 9, 1869
May 28, 1870
July 1, 1870
July 14, 1870

42nd Henry B. Anthony Rhode Island Mar. 10, 1871
Apr. 17, 1871

May 23, 1871 60/

Dec. 21, 1871 "'
Feb. 23, 1872
June 8, 1872
Henry B. Anthony Rhode Island Dec. 4, 1872
.4 Dec. 13, 1872
Dec. 20, 1872
Jan. 24, 1872

43rd Matthew H. Carpenter Wisconsin Mar. 12, 1873 69/
Mar. 26, 1873 60/

Dec. 11, 1873
Dec. 23, 1874

Henry B. Anthony Rhode Island Jan. 25, 1875
Feb. 15, 1875

44th Thomas W. Ferry MiChi83n Marv 9: 1875 50/
Mar. 19, 1875 60/

Dec. 20, 1875

See footnotes at end of table.

CRS-30

TABLE A1. Presidents Pro Tempore of the Senate, lst-97th Congresses--Continued
Name of President
Congress pro tempore State Date elected
45th 8 Thomas W. Ferry Michigan Mar. 5, 1877 99/
Feb. 26, 1878
Apr. 17, 1878
Mar. 3, 1879
46th Allen G. Thurman Ohio Apr. 15, 1879
Apr. 7, 1880
May 6, 1880
47th Thomas F. Bayard Delaware Oct. 10, 1881 Q9]
David Davis 1}] Illinois Oct. 13, 1881
George F. Edmunds Vermont Mar. 3, 1883
48th George F. Edmunds 13/ Vermont Jan. 14, 1884
49m John Sherman _7_z_i/ Ohio Dec. 7, 1885
John J. Ingalls Kansas Feb. 25, 1887
50th John J. Ingalls Kansas
51st John J. Ingalls Kansas Mar. 7, 1889 Q9]
Apr. 2, 1889 §Q/
Feb. Q8, 1890
Apr. 3, 1890 Zéj
Charles F. Manderson Nebraska Mar. 2, 1891
52nd Charles F. Manderson Nebraska
53rd Charles F. Manderson 19/ Nebraska
Isham G. Harris Tennessee Mar. 22, 1893 Q9]
Matt W. Ransom 11/ North Carolina Jan. 7, 1895
Isham G. Harris Tennessee Jan. 10, 1895
54th William P. Frye Maine Feb. 7, 1896
55th William P. Frye Maine
56th William P. Frye Maine
57th William P. Frye Maine Mar. 7, 1901 fig]
58th William P. Frye Maine

See footnotes at end of table.

CRS-31

TABLE Al. Presidents Pro Tempore of the Senate, lst-97th Congresses~-Continued
Name of President
Congress pro tempore State Date elected
59th William P. Frye Maine
60th William P. Frye Maine Dec. 5, 1907
61st William P. Frye Maine
62nd William P. Frye 78/ Maine
Charles Curtis IE7. Kansas Dec. 4, 1911
Augustus 0. Bacon §Q/ Georgia Jan. 15, 1912
Jacob H. Gallinger §l/ New Hampshire Feb. 12, 1912
Henry Cabot Lodge figf Massachusetts Mar. 25, 1912
Frank B. Brandegee §}/ Connecticut May 25, 1912
63rd James P. Clarke Arkansas Mar. 13, 1913 99/
64th James P. Clarke Bflf Arkansas Dec. 6, 1915
Willard Saulsbury Delaware Dec. 14, 1916
65th Willard Saulsbury Delaware
66th Albert B. Cummins Iowa May 19, 1919
67th Albert B. Cummins Iowa Mar. 7, 1921 Q9]
68th Albert B. Cummins Iowa
69th Albert B. Cummins. Iowa
George H. Moses New Hampshire Mar. 6, 1925 Q9]
70th George H. Moses New Hampshire Dec. 15, 1927
71st George H. Moses New Hampshire
72nd George H. Moses New Hampshire
73rd Key Pittman Nevada Mar. 9, 1933
74th Key Pittman Nevada
75th Key Pittman Nevada

See footnotes at end of table.

CRS-32

TABLE A1. Presidents Pro Tempore of the Senate, lst-97th Congresses--Continued

Name of President

Congress pro tempore State Date elected
76th Key Pittman 85/ Nevada
William H. King Utah Nov. 19, 1940
77th Pat Harrison §§/ Mississippi Jan. 6, 1941
Carter Glass Virginia July 10, 1941
78th q Carter Glass Virginia Jan. 5, 1943
79thi, Kenneth McKellar Tennessee Jan. 6, 1945
30th Arthur H. Vandenberg Michigan Jan. 4, 1947
81st Kenneth McKellar Tennessee Jan. 3, 1949
82nd Kenneth McKellar Tennessee
83rd Styles Bridges New Hampshire Jan. 3, 1953
84th Walter F. George Georgia Jan. 5, 1955
85th Carl Hayden Arizona Jan. 3, 1957
p86th Carl Hayden Arizona
87th Carl Hayden Arizona
88th Carl Hayden Arizona
89th Carl Hayden Arizona
90th '4 Carl Hayden Arizona
91st Richard B. Russell 81/ Georgia Jan» 3, 1969
92nd Richard B. Russell Georgia
  Allen J. Ellender 88/ Louisiana Jan. 22, 1971
James O. Eastland Mississippi July 28, 1972
93rd James O. Eastland Mississippi
94th, James O. Eastland Mississippi

See footnotes at end of table.

CRS-33

TABLE Al. Presidents Pro Tempore of the Senate, 1st-97th Congresses--Continued

Name of President

Congress pro tempore State Date elected
95th James O. Eastland Mississippi
96th Warren G. Magnuson Washington Jan. 15, 1979
Milton R. Young North Dakota Dec. 5, 1980 89/
97th Strom Thurmond South Carolina Jan. 5, 1981

56/ Senate manual, pp. 683-688.
51/ Samuel Livermore was elected Feb 20, 1795, but declined.
58/ Vice President Gerry died in preceding Congress.

59/ Continuing from preceding session; elected Mar. 6, 1817 (special session
of the Senate).

60/ Special session of the Senate.

61/ Nathaniel Macon, of North Carolina, was first elected on the same day,
but declined to serve.

62/ Littleton W. Tazewell, of Virginia, was first elected, but declined to

SerVe v
63/ Continuing from preceding session.

64/ Special session of the Senate. Resigned as President pro tempore May 31,
1842 5'"

65/ Served as President pro tempore 1 day, under designation by the Vice
President.

66/ Resigned as President pro tempore Dec. 20, 1852.
‘61/ For one day only.

68/ Continued from preceding Congress.

69/ Served June 5, 1856; resigned June 11, 1856

19/ Served Jan. 5, 1856.

11/ Special session of the Senate. Elected "to serve in the absence of the
Vice President", and served until Mar. 2, 1867.

CRS-34

13/
13/
14/

12/

lg].

11/
Z§/
_1g/

§Q/

Special session of the Senate. Resigned Mar. 3, 1883.

Reelected.

Resigned, effectiveiFeb. 26, 1887.

Resigned as President pro tempore Mar.
Resigned as President pro tempore Mar.
Resigned as President pro tempore Jan.

Resigned as President pro tempore Apr.

Elected to serve Dec. 4 to 12, 1911.

2, 1891.
22, 1893.
10, 1895.

27, 1911.

Elected to serve Jan. 15 to 17, Mar. 11 and 12, Apr. 8, May 10, May 30

to June 3, June 13 to July 5, Aug. 1 to 10, and Aug. 27 to Dec. 15, 1912; Jan. 5
to 18 and Feb. 2 to 15, 1913.

_§i/ Elected to serve Feb. 12 to 14, Apr. 26 and 27, May 7, July 6 to 31,
Aug. 12 to 26, 1912; Dec. 16, 1912, to Jan. 4, 1913; Jan. 19 to Feb. 1 and Feb. 16
to Mar. 3, 1913.

ggj Elected to serve Mar. 25 and 26, 1912.

§g/
.§&/
§§/
§§/
,§1/
§§/

§g/

Elected to serve May 25, 1912.
Died Oct. 1, 1916.
Died Nov. 10, 1940.
Died June 22, 1941.
Died Jan. 21, 1971.
Died July 27, 1972.

Elected to serve Dec. 5, 1980.

CRS-35

Table A2- Deputy President Pro Tempore of the Senate_2Q/

Name of Deputy President

Congress pro tempore state Date elected

Hubert Ho Humphrey Minnesota

95th

Jan- 11, 1977 ‘__9_;_/

29/ Senate Manual, p. 689»

21] Died Jan. 13, 1978.

THN;DH/1n

 Lias':iAe=iY
OF
VVASHINGTON
UN!VE‘3S3TY

en‘. LOUIS - x_\_qQ._,_w

—-—-..