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ENERGY CONSERVATION: UTILIZATION OF UNDERGROUND SPACE FOR BUILDINGS

ISSUE BRIEF NUMBER IB76052

AUTH OR :
Powers, Jane
Office of Senior Specialists
Agnew, Allen F.

Office of Senior Specialists

THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
CONGRESSIONAL RESEARCH SERVICE

MAJOR ISSUES SYSTEM

DATE ORIGINATED Q
DATE UPDATED 9

FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION CALL 287-5700

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CRS- 1 IB7 6052 UPDATE-0 5/19/'80

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Conservation of natural resources is of growing concern to 0.3. citizens;
one reason is the expansion of metropolises, which not only consumes valuable
land, but also encourages fuel consumption because of increasing
inaccessibility except by motor vehicles. Even though high-rise factory,
office, and residential buildings have provided a means of land conservation,
this saving has been overcome as cities«continue to grow at a rapid rate.
Thus, alternate methods for expansion of cities which follow conservation
practices are being developed. One plan involving the construction and
utilization of excavated underground space for facilities and the
construction of earth-covered buildings has been implemented in a number of
cities (including Kansas City, Missouri; Montreal, Canada; and Stockholm,
Sweden). This method frees surface lan for other uses, offers a natural
building-insulation system for fuel conservation, and locates masses of
buildings within walking distance of one another, which also saves fuel.
Aside from energy and land conservation, other advantages for underground
construction include increased safety, less disturbance from noise and
vibration, and favorable economic factors. Disadvantages are found in
certain geological, technological, and psychological factors. In view of the
widespread concern for saving energy, it is appropriate that an -objective
study of the pros and cons of the utilization of underground space and the
construction of earth-covered buildings be carried out at this time, to
determine their feasibility and encourage their wider use.

The primary centers of population growth in the U.S. occur in the central
city and suburban areas. In the period from 1970-2000, it is estimated that
the population of the central cities and suburbs will increase from 118
million to 220 million: about one-half of this growth (50 million) is
expected to take place in the 40 largest urban centers in the U.S., adding
approximately 1.25 million persons to each urban center. From 1950 to 1970,
approximately 13.5 million acres of land were taken from rural use and added
to the urban category ("Perspectives on Prime Lands," 0.5. Dept. of
Agriculture, 1975). Between 1967 and 1975, the rate of conversion
dramatically increased, with 23 millions acres converted from cropland to
urban and water uses ("A perspective on prime farmland," Journal of Soil and
Water Conservation, vol. 32, no. 5, Sept.-Oct. 1977, p. 241).

Such rapid city growth has caused metropolises to merge, forming
megalopolises that cover immense tractscof land. In these areas, land has
become a valuable commodity, commanding extremely high prices. Although
high-rise office and residential buildings use valuable land more
efficiently, it is evident from the urban centers‘ growth that additional
methods of land conservation are needed.

In addition to land consumption, city growth encourages fuel consumption.
JiS usually occurs where distances are too great to travel on foot, thus
requiring transportation by vehicles. Fuel conservation should be a major
concern to the inhabitants of growing U.S. cities because of increasing fuel
costs, the vulnerability of the U.s. to manipulation of foreign fuel

CRS- 2 IB76052 UPDATE-O5/19/80

supplies, and the depletion of domestic petroleum and natural gas reserves.

Two methods of city expansion that help conserve land and fuel are the
construction of earth-covered buildings and the conversion of underground
mined space for facilities. These methods free surface land areas for use as
farms, grazing land, and recreational and park areas. Underground buildings
also allow the concentration of more structures and facilities into an area,
by stacking them below and above ground. This permits greater pedestrian
travel and helps encourage fuel conservation.

A number of cities now utilize underground buildings for business,
factories, shopping centers, schools,w and hospitals. The Kansas City,
Missouri area provides an excellent example of such underground facilities
for warehouses, factories, and offices that have been constructed in
underground limestone mines where some 2,000 employees work underground.
Recent examples of earth—covered buildings include Williamson Hall, the
University of Minnesota's bookstore/admissions and records building, and
Terraset Elementary school in Reston, Virginia. The downtown area of
Montreal, Canada, has been converted into a showplace (Place de Ville-Marie),
with a combined underground and above-ground 22-acre complex of shopping
centers, restaurants, movie theatres, offices, and mass-transportation
facilities. The Minnesota state Corrections Department is presently
constructing a maximum security prison with three walls set into a hill near
stillwater, Minnesota. The prison will rely on the rock formation for
security purposes, and will utilize the insulating properties of the rocks to
lower heating costs. In addition, the prison will blend in with the terrain
and not detract from the scenic beauty of the wooded area that surrounds the
prison site. In Washington, D.C., Georgetown University wanted to build a
student recreation facility, but had no land. The answer was to excavate the
existing football field, build the structure in the excavation, and put a
syntheticbturf football field on the roof ("Underground Buildings: Energy
Savers?“ Civil Engineering—ASCE, May 1979: an).

These few examples of utilizing underground space for buildings have
provided useful information regarding its advantages and disadvantages.

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One advantage of undergrond buildings is the immense savings in
temperature-control costs because the earth moderates the temperatures to
which the building is subjected. For example, in the Kansas City area,
year-round above-ground temperatures have a range of 120 degrees F (from 100
degrees F to -20 degrees F), while temperatures 10 feet below the surface of

 the ground have a range of only 20 degrees F (from 70 degrees F to 50 degrees

F). The temperature range is even less at greater depths. In the
Minneapolis/St. Paul area, at depths of 16 to 2H feet the temperature varies
only slightly from the average yearly temperature of about 50 degrees F
("Underground Buildings: Energy Savers?" Civil Engineering-ASCE, May 1979:
81). The capacity of undergrond rock to maintain a given temperature that
has been artificially induced, also adds to energy savings, and has beer
advantageously utilized by companies fa cold storage purposes.

A comparison of fuel costs between above-ground and below-ground buildings
of the same size in the Kansas City area is given in the following table:

CRS- 3 IB76052 UPDATE-O 5/19/8,0

COHPARISON OF ABOVE-GROUND AND UNDERGROUND BUILDINGS

Above-Ground Underground

I§em-Q2222£sé -_1e§£ima2eL 1§22n§2u-In§2r2men:L:
Heating units (Btu/hr) 2,000,000 750,000
Refrigeration (tons) for

dehunidification 500,000 57
Operating costs (dollars/year) 50,000-70,000 3,200

* Brunson Instrunent.Company: 100,000 sq. ft.; 125 employees; 77 ft.
below surface; 50 degrees F initially.

[Source: Fairhurst, Charles, "Going Under to Stay on Top": Underground
services, v. 2, no. 3, 1974, 8 p.] '

By building underground, it is estimated that the Brunson Instrument Co.
saves approximately 1,250,000 Btu per hour and $47,000 per year for heating
and cooling. Similarly, the University of Minnesota's underground Williamson
Hall has accounted for energy savings. In the winter, the building produces
excess heat on most days, and the heat generated by people, lights, and sun

(which comes in through.sloped windows in a sunken court) is sufficient to~

keep the building at 68«degrees F, unless the outside temperature falls below
-18 degrees F. Data show that Williamson Hall experiences about one-fifth
the heat loss of a comparable size, well-insulated above-ground building
during the winter time. These figures emphasize not only the great cost
savings but also the conservation of fuel, both of which the underground
buildings provide.

Comparison of a theoretically typical above-ground residence with a
windowless, subsurface~residential structure in the Denver area suggests that
during the winter the subsurface structure would save 67% of the energy
required to heat a surface structure, and in the summer it would save 100% of
the energy needed to cool the surface structure. Even in the mild climate of
southern California, 10% annual energy savings occurs in the utilization of a
subsurface structure. I

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The Brunson Instrument 00., which manufactures precision instruments such
as surveying equipment, determined that the insulating properties of the
rocks provide isolation from disturbing city noise and vibration, thus
allowing its employees to produce a better quality product. other

CRS- 1! IB760 52 UPDATE-05/19/80

underground businesses have noted an increase in workers‘ production and
efficiency, and attribute this to the quiet, nondistracting work conditionsa
Sweden has built hospitals underground because of the therapeutic advantages
of this noise-free environment. ’

Eeemeeise

Economic conditions favoring underground buildings include low initial‘

construction costs under certain conditions. It is estimated that conversion
of existing mined space to a viable underground building facility can save as
much as 75% of the cost of building a comparable surface structure, according
to Kansas City experience. Alternatively, if the area has not been mined and
if the mined rock is marketable, the initial cost of excavation can be partly
or completely offset by its sale, thus offering a further economic incentive.
A generalized estimate for the initial cost of underground construction,
where no previous mining has occurred and there is no marketable product, is
about 11% higher than the cost of surface construction. However, savings of
30% in maintenance and operating costs for an underground construction are
not uncommon, and in just six years can pay back the initial cost difference.
In addition, over a 20-year life span, the underground structure would
actually yield a 20% total costs savings over the surface structure.

other favorable economiczfactors include low insurance costs, because of
safety factors of the underground environment. These safety factors include
freedom from surface hazards such as windstorms, snow, and ice; the natural
fireproof construction of the rock walls; and the almost unlimited floor
bearing-capacity of the rock. Many underground mined sites are utilized for
the safe storage of oil, natural gas, and toxic waste materials.

Maintenance costs are substantially lower for underground buildings,
because they are not subject to surface weather conditons. There is no
upkeep for window breakage, outside paint deterioration, or maintenance of
the grounds——all of which are common surface problems. Electrical utilities,
pipes, sewers, and drains can be hung from ceilings or placed in shallow
ditches underground without.any problems of freezing. The controlled climate
of underground buildings also lowers the maintenance costs by prolonging the
precision and life of instruments and machines. These controlled conditions
of the undergrond environment are favored by many companies, the Federal
government, and universities for use as storage facilities for such items as
records, microfilm, recreational vehicles, and surplus food products.

In addition, the energy savings previously mentioned offer another
economic factor favoring underground buildings.

Along with advantages, there are disadvantages associated with underground
buildings. one of these problems concerns the geology of the area. Where

tunneling or mining techniques are used the rock type must be suitable. It.

must possess a competent roof to prevent caving, and a strong floor tc
prevent settling and heaving--both essential for the successful excavation of
the space and its eventual use as office, factory, or residential space. Not
all areas are geologically suited for underground mining or tunneling --
e.g., those with thick, unconsolidated gravels (loosely arranged) or

CRS- 5 IB76052 UPDATE-O5/19/80

incompetent micaceous rocks that are not capable of supporting a mass or
"eight. In the case of earth-covered buildings that are constructed in an

xcavated area in the ground or rock and are later covered with soil,
unconsolidated gravel.cmuld be an excellent material for excavation and for

  insulation of the building.

Another geological problem often encountered concerns improper drainage,

y where surface water and ground water may flow into the excavated area,

especially if the area has been mined or tunneled. Such drainange problems
commonly occur when aquifers (water-bearing strata) are close to the surface
and the ground—water table is high. ~

In planning for underground facilities in seismically active areas, the
builder must make certain that the structure does not lie on an active
geological fault; however, underground structures have shown much less damage
from earthquakes than surface structures have, where they are not built
across the fault itself.

1'e-h2<.>l99isel-£.r2b.lem§

Many technological difficulties exist with underground tunneling and
building construction. No method of tunneling has been developed that allows
rapid excavation; tunneling progress is.sti1l measured in only tens pf feet
per day. The most notable improvement in tunneling technology was the
development of the tunnel-boring machine in the 1950s; otherwise, the overall
rate and efficiency of excavation methods have not increased significantly in
*his century. Mining can usually be done at a lower cost than tunneling

:cause mining is not confined to as small a work area. Today's technology
is such that tunneling and mining in all rock types is possible, but the time
and associated costs may make the use of underground buildings infeasible,
especially in areas of incompetent, unconsolidated sediments. To make
underground construction economically feasible and competitive in most areas,
it is estimated that the rate of tunneling advance must increase three-fold
and its cost must decline by the same amount. ("Research Program Plan for
Meeting Tomorrow's Needs in Tunneling and Excavation,“ Bechtel Corp., San
Francisco, Calif., February 1974, 30 p.)

Heating and cooling of underground buildings pose another problem because
of the small amount of data that exist. The American Society of Heating,
Refrigeration, and Air~Conditioning Engineers’ (ASHRAE) annual handbooks
contain little information on underground construction. Two monitoring
projects are being developed in Minnesota, both through the University of
Minnesota's Underground Space Center. The goal of one project is a computer
program that designers, architects, and engineers can use to assess the
thermal performance of specific earth-sheltered designs. The second project,
coordinated by the Hinnesota Housing Finance Agency, will develop comparable
data on temperature, relative humidity, and electric consumption for
above-surface and underground housing.

Another technological difficulty concerns the planning of an underground
building. Before any excavation begins, a complete layout plan for the
underground structure should be drawn. This plan should take into account

e relationship of rock strength to both room size and pillar size for room
support. In addition, adequate entrances, exits, loading docks, and room for
expansion should be included, because the high cost and difficulty in
developing the building precludes their being added as an afterthought.

“76052 UPDATE’05/19/80

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Financing the construction of an underground residential building through
conventional mortgages presents difficulties in some cases. For example, an
individual applying for a loan with a lending institution for the
construction of an underground building to be used as a residence will

p probably have little chance of obtaining the loan. It is difficult to

appraise the market value of the building without a history of sales, so the
appraiser must estimate by considering sales in the local market, which may
be unfamiliar with underground housing. This may lead to an appraised value
which is less than the cost of building the residence. Also, the lender has
no guarantee that there is a resale market for this type of housing property,
and if for some reason the borrower defaults on the loan, the lender does not
want to acquire a property for which there are few potential buyers.

If the loan were guaranteed by a third party (such as is the case with
some Federal housing loans), which would allow the lender to dispose of the
property to the third party in case of default, lenders might be more willing
to make loans to individuals for underground residential construction. In
addition, if the secondary mortgage market (the companies, groupsg
associations, etc., which purchase in bulk the mortgages that have been
generated by savings and loan associations and other primary lenders) decided
to buy a specified amount of loans on the underground construction of
residences, the mortgage-lemding institutions would be more likely to make
financing of such residences available. It remains most probable, though,
that the lenders’ perception of the strength (or lack) of demand for
underground residences, at least initially, will control the availability of
financing for underground constructions.

It is possible that a strong borrower (a corporation with large assets, a
wealthy individual, etc») could obtain a loan on an underground building,
because the risk involved with lending money is greatly reduced when the
borrower has other assets to cover the cost of the mortgage. In such a case,
the loan is being made on the strength of the borrower rather than on the
resale value of the construction; as discussed previously, however, this
would probably not be the case for most individuals.

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Another objection towunderground buildings pertains to the psychological
stigma that people attach to working or living in this environment.
Underground living seems unnatural or unsafe to many people, and others
associate it with death and burial. It is also regarded as a primitive,
undesirable form of shelter, being used today only in the less developed
countries of the world. These cultural views and apprehensions remain a
deterrent to the more widespread use of underground construction.

25.11.. 2535

An earth-shelter data bank is being organized by the Earth §hgl§gg_ Qiggst
and_§ng;gy_§gp9gt to provide access to data pertaining to eartheshelteref
buildings, including site orientation, construction data, financing, and
building code legislation. This data bank should prove helpful in
disseminating information on all aspects of underground construction and
solving some of these problems.

CBS’ 7 IB76052 UPDATE-05/19/80

Several U.S. Federal agencies are currently engaged in research and
development concerning underground tunneling and mining technologies. These
excavation methods are a necessary first step in utilizing underground space
for buildings such as offices, factories, homes, etc. The Federal agencies
are given in the following list: ‘

Department of the Interior
Bureau of Mines
Water and Power Resources Service
Geological Survey

Department of Defense
Defense Nuclear Agency
Army (Office of the Chief of Engineers)
Navy

Department of Transportation
Office of the Secretary
Federal Highway Administ ration
Urban Hass Transportation Administration

National Science Foundation
Department of Energy
Environmental Protection Ag ency

A major milestone in the advancement of underground construction occurred
in 1970, when the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
(OECD) held an International Conference on Tunneling in Washington, D.C.
Representatives from 18 nations devoted a week to exploring the potential for
underground excavation, reviewing the associated problems, and making
recommendations as to the potential for the development of underground
construction for the betterment of society and its environment. Included in
the recommendations of the Conference were the formation of a local
organization to coordinate information on underground excavation in each
country, and an international organization for world-wide exchange of data.
This led to the establishment, in 1974, of the International Tunneling
Association (lTA). This association is headquartered in Bron, France, and
holds annual meetings.

The U.S. National Committee on Tunneling Technology was established in
1972 by the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of
Engineering. This committee serves as a focal point for tunneling research
in the United States, and also represents the United States in the
International Tunneling Association.

The American Society of Civil Engineers and the American Institute of
Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers have sponsored joint
‘nferences on Rapid Excavation and Tunneling since 1972. Their 1981
conference, to be held in San Francisco, will include, in addition to the
technical sessions, a major exhibition of tunneling, excavation, and mining
equipment.

CRS- 3 IB76052 UPDATE-05/19/80

A number of private companies, individuals, and universities are also

I, conducting research and developing technology for tunneling and the use of

underground space for buildings. Universities include: University of Texas
at Arlington, Texas Tech University, Oklahoma State University, University of
Missouri at Kansas City and Rolla, Institute for Space Utilization Studies at
University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee, and University of Minnesota. In
addition, the Underground Space Center was founded at the University of
Minnesota in October 1977. The goals of that Center are to serve as a focal
point for the planning and coordination of underground space use, to carry
out research, to provide an information and referral service, and to serve as
a center for international cooperation on research and information transfer.

The American Underground-Space Association, headquartered at the
Underground Space Center, is an open—membership organization whose major aims
are to provide discourse among the many professional disciplines associated
with underground space use, and to bring the underground option to the
attention of decision-makers in both the public and private sectors. This
association holds annual meetings, usually in conjunction with other
professional associations which may have an interest in the use of
underground space. t_J_1_;dg;g1_:g_qng_ §‘pg_q_e_, the official journal of the
association, is published bi-monthly. The National Center for Appropriate
Technology, located in Butte, Montana, is a private, non-profit research and
development corporation which disseminates information with particular
emphasis on increasing selféreliance of low—income groups. During 1980, the
center plans a state-of~the-art review on underground residential and small
commercial buildings. In addition, the Canadian Institute of Mining and
Metallurgy, the Engineering Institute of Canada, the Engineering Foundation,
the American Mining Congress, the American Public Works Association, the
American society of Mechanical Engineers, and the British Tunneling Society
are carrying out research and development in this subject area.

At the State level, the Minnesota Housing Finance Agency began
coordinating an earth-sheltered.housing'demonstration project in 1977. The
program's goals are that the residences should provide high visibility and
reliable data, and demonstrate appropriate, proven technologies and energy
savings. The Agency will subsidize fully the costs of three earth-sheltered
houses to be built on State park land, and give incentive grants to four
private builder/ developers to build earth-sheltered homes to be sold on the
open market. The Underground Space Center will then monitor these seven
residences and two control houses for two years to obtain comparable data on
annual energy flow.

EZAL.-QA1'I_!§-THE 053-01’ 1lH.121.31l§-QEN.T2-§.BAQ§-E9.B-§IllLQl.1‘1§§

Because each area possesses unique geological conditions both favorable
and unfavorable for the use of underground space for buildings, it is
necessary to evaluate carefully the matter of its suitability in a specific
area. The following questions might be asked before utilizing underground
space for buildings:

(1) Are underground buildings needed in the area?

(2) Is the geology favorable for underground construction?

(3) Does the use of underground space for buildings appear to be
economically competitive with other types of construction?

Barth-covered buildings and the conversion of underground mined space for
facilities appear to offer significant methods for conservation of energy and

CRS- 9 IB76052 UPDATE—05/19/8.0

of land, two increasingly important problems of city growth. However, not
“ll areas are suited tcathese types of use of underground space. Each

pecific area must be looked at objectively to see if underground building
facilities are a viable answer for energy conservation and city growth in
that location. a

§§AElE§§

U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Armed Services. Subcommittee
No. 3. Civil defense —— fallout shelter program. part II
(volume 1.) Hearings, 88th Congress, 1st session on H.R. 3516.
June 3-July 31, 1968. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,
1968. ,p. u2u9—425u.

QEEQEQLQGY OF EV§!$§

01/16/80 -- HUD released to Congress the report entitled
"Earth-Sheltered Housing: Code, Zoning, and
Financing Issues."

11/18/79 - 11/20/79 - Conference entitled "Going Under to Stay
on Top: Non-Residential Applications," sponsored
by the Underground Space Center, featured presentations
by engineers, researchers, legislators, regulatory
agency officials, architects, construction company
owners, and developers of underground space.

11/15/79 - H.R. 605, to«establish a Solar Energy Development Bank,
was reported to the House and placed on Union Calendar
No. 342. Under this bill, earth sheltering is included
in the definition of passive solar, so that builders or
owners of earth-sheltered structures may qualify for the
low-interest loans.

11/10/78 - 11/11/78 - Conference entitled "Going Under to Stay on
Top," held in Minneapolis, was sponsored by the
Underground Space Center to discuss practical aspects
of underground housing and construction.

10/31/78 Public Law 95-557, the Housing and Community

Development Amendments of 1978 was passed. This law
authorized the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
to conduct a.study of the feasibility of undergound
construction of residential housing and changes in
housing codes and financing which may be necessary

as a result of the adoption of this construction method.

05/17/78 -05/20/78 - Conference on "Earth Covered Settlement's"
held in Fort Worth, Texas, organized by the University
of Texas at Arlington to assist the Department of
Energy in the development of a national plan for
energy conservation through the use of residential
buildings placed into or beneath the ground.

00/00/78 - The Interagency Committee on Excavation Technology
(FCST) was dissolved.

CBS-10 5 IB76052 UPDATE"'O5/19/80

09/00/77 —-— The first international symposium, "Rockstore 77,"
was held in Stockholm, Sweden, to discuss the
economic and environmental aspects of underground
storage.

06/15/76 -* The first annual conference of the American
Underground Association was held in Las Vegas, Nevada.

07/09/75 - 07/02/75 —- A conference on “Alternatives in Energy
Conservation: The Use of Earth Covered Buildings"
was sponsored by the Univ. of Texas at Arlington, Texas.
and funded by the National Science Foundation.
(Report published by the'National Science Foundation,
Washington, D.C., 1975, 353 p.)

01:/24/M -- The International Tunneling Association was initiated
in Oslo, Norway.

06/05/72 - 06/07/72 - The First Biennial Joint Conference of the
American Society of Civil Engineers and American
Institute of Mining, uemllurgical, and Petroleum
Engineers was held on Rapid Excavation and Tunneling.

05/01/72 - 05/02/72 — A study group was held on the "Feasibility
of a More Coherent Natimal Policy for the Governance
of Underground Space" at the National Academy of
Sciences. (Report published by the National Academy
of Sciences, Washington, D.C., June 1972, 16 p.)

00/00/72 -- The U.S. National Committee on Tunneling Technology
was established.

06/00/70 - The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
(OCED) International Conference on Tunneling was held
in Washington, D.C.

02/00/70 - The Interagency Committee on Excavation Technology
(FCST) was established. I

Alternatives in energy conservation: the use of earth covered
buildings, Forth Worth, Texas, July 9-12, 1975. Proceedings
and notes of a conference. Washington, D.C., National
Science Foundation, 1976, 353 p.

Barker, Michael B. Earth-sheltered construction: thoughts
on public policy issues. Underground Space, vol. ll, no. 5,
March/April 1980: 283-288.

Bartos, Michael J., Jr. Underground buildings: energy savers?
Civil Engineering-ASCE, May 1979: 80-85.

Bligh, Thomas P. Energy conservation by building underground.
Underground Space, vol. 1, no. 1, May/June 1976: 19-33.

cns-11 IB76052 UPDATE-05/19/80

Collins, Belinda L. Windows and people; a literature survey:
psychological reaction to environments with and without
windows. Washington, D.C., U.S. Department of Commerce,
National Bureau of Standards, 1975.

Cost and.code study of underground buildings: a report to the
Minnesota Energy Agency. Underground Space Center,
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 1978. 181 pp.
Condensed article in Underground Space, vol. 4, no. 3,
November/December 1979: 119-136.

Durenberger, Honorable David. Tribute to Dr. Charles Fairhurst.
Congressional Record, vol. 126, no. 27, February 21, 1980:
S1693~S169u.

Earth sheltered architecture. Entire issue of Underground Space,
vol. 1, no. it, August 1977.

Eckert, Dr. Ernst (project director) et al. Energy conservation by
subsurface construction-heat transfer studies in a large
underground building. National Science Foundation, (RANN).
Contract no. SIA-75-03481. First annual report, July 1976,
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;cns~12 +=v IB76052 UPDATEEBS/19/80

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