LC/ff‘ [W2 A SERVICE ' ' LIBRARY OF A I CONGRESS \ 0 L0 N * G E R P1-"It EV wag:-a:rIx::5RA RY ’ -«V r F? Hfiivefsity ‘$3.. ‘ 1:} ‘V: p; 7 _>.-' .. _‘ ié‘ .2-l£'.‘&~' ‘Tr~a-:.:.- 4 R 7,: 5' hl'k‘kfi ’.’'’?D‘'?- V‘ 2 -9" Hgifi‘ Vt“ ' “ V " :“Y". n.‘~.—’u§' J1 ‘ 3.: ‘ 3, ;;_,__,,' " ._r‘:_J_,.—_} v ' V’ V ‘ ‘ " x“2:..x' '- A ~ ~ . K. , ._ h H 1,, ' ~ -. ~. *~« 3, ,. ‘ ‘X .1 i.;....z§ ‘i'..*-..;)'- & NOV 17 1989 I . I ‘ € ‘Lifiis ;..;,L,.;;;:; STO 1 x«mummgaiugqmfiggggmiimxnu RADIATION HEALTH AND SAFETY ISSUE BRIEF NUMBER IB77062 AUTHOR: Dodge , Christoph er H . Science Policy Besea 1: ch D ivis ion \ THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CONGRESSIONAL RESEARCH SERVICE MAJOR ISSUES SYSTEM DATE ORIGINATED Q_§,_'1§g2‘_I DATE UPDATED lg FOR ADDITIONAL INFORHATION CALL 287-5700 1209 CRS- 1 1377062 UPDATE-12/05/80 l§§Q§-2§E§§L$lQ§ The exposure of human beings to the potential hazards of ionizing and non-ionizing radiation has increased substantially in the past decade. Ionizing radiation hazards are from a variety of sources, including diagnostic and therapeutic radiation (now the major source of radiation exposure), radioisotopes, nuclear power plants (and wastes), uranium mines, and, although much less serious currently, radioactive fallout from weapons tests. Non-ionizing radiation hazards emanate from radio, microwave, and laser sources, as well as from ultraviolet and ultrasound sources used in medicine and industry. Many laws enacted by_ the Congress to protect the public from nan-produced radiation are diffused through nearly two dozen Federal agencies.) The proliferation of sources of radiation and regulatory authority have emphasized the need for greater attention to the careful use of radiation and for effective coordination of activities of the many Federal, State, and local regulatory authorities. §&Q§§BQQFD_AEQ-P0Ll§I A!ALY5l§ All life is constantly exposed to various kinds of electromagnetic radiation. These include visible light, infrared, ultraviolet, radiowaves, clasers, ultrasound, x-rays,)ganna rays, and cosmic particulate radiation. The general wave types and sources) of the various major electromagnetic radiation are summarized be1ow:x . E§!§-IIR§ A E9!!9B_§Q§£§§ Radio and microwaves Radar, radio, and TV transmitters Infrared Hot objects Visible Hot objects; excited molecules Ultraviolet Sun; hot objects; excited gasses X-rays i Atoms struck by high energy particles; cosmic sources Gamma rays Nuclei of certain radioactive atoms; cosmic sources Electromagnetic radiation affects living organisms essentially in two ways: (1) Radio and microwaves, infrared, visible, laser, and ultraviolet radiation causes molecular oscillations and excitations within cells, which results mainly in heating. These sources of radiation normally do not dissociate atoms or molecules into charged particles or ions, however. Damage, if it occurs, is usually a result of increased temperature. For this 2 xson, these types of radiation are commonly referred to as "non-ionizing radiation”. (2) X-rays, gamma rays, and cosmic particulate radiation penetrate CBS- 2 IB77062 UPDA'l'E"°12/05/80 biological tissues with greater energies than the non-ionizing radiation. In so doing, they may cause breaks in the genetic material, or other molecular particles of the cell; thus, in the latter case, inducing a positive or negative charge in a formerly neutral atom or molecule. The principal means by which x—rays and gamma rays transfer energy in matter is by absorption this energy by orbital electrons from atoms. The removal of one or more of these orbital electrons is called "ionization." For this reason, these types of radiation are commonly referred to as "ionizing radiation." Not every interaction between ionizing radiation and matter may result in ionization. Excitation, a less drastic process than ionization, may also occur. Here, an electron in an atom is raised to a higher energy state in that it is shifted to a more distant orbit from the nucleus of the atom but not ejected from the atom. Excitation is probably responsible for a significant percentage of the energy absorbed from ionizing radiation. Both ionization and excitation are responsible for the biological damage produced by ionizing radiation. §i9l22isal-§£:e2r§ There are basic dissimilarities between the biological effects of ionizing and non-ionizing radiation. At present, non-ionizing radiation effects are believed to be, for the most part, short-term, acute, and somewhat-reversible in nature- For example, radiowaves and microwaves from radar, TV, microwave ovens, and radio sources can cause tissue heating at sufficiently highw power intensities. Tissue heating may result in temporary or permanent destruction U or injury of the tissue or organ affected. A common type of microwave injury ” is cataract formation in the eye due to thermal injury to the lens. At present, there is considerable controversy about the possibility tr iiradiowave and microwave radiation may have subtle but deleterious effects. ac power levels below that which cause gross heating of biological tissues. The controversy is fueled by experimental and clinical findings in the Soviet U Union, Eastern European countries, and, most recently, the United States, which indicate that various organisms, including man, are possibly sensitive to low-level (presumably non-thermal) radiation. Thus far, it has been difficult to find agreement among investigators on the chronic effects of’ exposure to low-level microwave radiation below which no damage will occur. The effects of laser and infrared radiation are likewise associated with thermal injury to biological tissues. The eye is particularly vulnerable to laser damage because of pigments in the retina which ehance absorption of 7 laser energy. On the other hand, lasers are used to repair various retinal dysfunctions, including diabetic retinopathy and detached retina. Ultraviolet radiation in sufficient dosesi is commonly associated with injury to the skin (sunburn). Increased incidence of skin cancer can result from prolonged overexposure to UV radiation. (at certain frequencies) from sunlamps or sunlight. The eye can also be damaged by overexposure to UV (conjunctivitis). UV radiation also has an _effect on vitamin synthesis (Vitamin D) in humans and will kill bacteria in certain critical wavelengths. There is increasing speculation that certain wavelengths of UV radiation can affect intracellular organelles and genetic material and may be implicated in direct carcinogenesis. Ultrasound is being used increasingly to locate, measure, or otherwise J,define masses, foreign bodies, or accumulations of fluid within organs or body cavities. It is finding an important application in obstetrics because CRS- 3 IB77062 UPDATE-12/O5/80 it is belived to be a safe substitute for the potentially damaging effects of xmrays on fetal development. The action of ultrasound on tissues can produce heat, changes in tissue permeability, biochemical processes, an antibacterial effect, a neurotropic effect, and general nervous system effects. Recently, ere has been speculation that ultrasound may affect the genetic material of cells causing mutations. Few studies of the long-term biological effects of ultrasound have been conducted. In summary, the effects of non-ionizing radiation are, for the most part, acute and short-term. They are mainly associated with tissue heating or molecular vibration. There is considerable controversy about the long-term biological effects of low-level non-ionizing radiation. The biological effects of ionizing radiation are somewhat better understood than those of non-ionizing radiation. In the field of radiological health, four catergories of effects of ionizing radiation on human beings are generally described. Changes caused by this type of radiation are usually discussed in terms of: (1) acute effects caused by a relatively large doses; (2) chronic effects caused by repeated, intermediate level doses; (3) large population effects resulting from exposure to repeated or sustained small doses and examined in terms of population statistics; (Q) genetic effects of small doses on large populations which are manifested in future generations, again discussed in terms of changes as measured by population statistics. Of these four methods of examining effects, the first three involve direct injury to body cells (somatic effects). The vconseguences of such injury may be immediate (nearly instantaneous death of cells) or delayed for months or even years. Delayed effects from small or intermediate doses of radiation are commonly expressed as cancer. Leukemia ais a frequent consequence of a delayed low-level ionizing radiation effect. f ’*netic effects are produced when the reproductive cells are damaged, causing mltations which are passed on to progeny. Despite the fact that many aspects of the biological effects of ionizing radiation remain unclear, experimental observations have resulted in certain widely accepted concepts, including the following: 1. All living cells are subjected to change (usually undesirable) by being exposed to ionizing radiation. 2. The amount of change is related to the amount of radiation exposure and is usually proportional, although it is not known to what degree this relationship extends in very low doses approaching background levels. For genetic materials, there is a general and growing belief that there is no threshold of doses below which genetic damage will not result. 3. Living cells have a relatively higher biological response to highly ionizing particles (neutrons, alpha particles, protons, etc.) having higher rates of linear energy transfer (LET) than the more common X-rays, gamma radiation, and beta particles. u. some biological effects of radiation are subject to recovery, others are not. Recovery is probably attained by the elimination of damaged cells or products CRS- 4 IB77062 UPDATE?12KO5!80 of radiation at a higher rate than the damage is sustained or increased by the reproduction of damaged cells. 222ula:i2n-§z22§2re The calculation of population exposure to various types of radiation is complicated by a number iof factors, inc1uding:' the type of radiation (ionizing or non-ionizing): radiation intensity; radiation diffusion through the environment (air, water, food chain, etc.); determination of the population at risk; and calculation of radiation doses received by the population, taking into account geography, living habits, and a variety of physical factors including natural shielding. Therefore, calculations of population exposures are usually expressed as rough estimates. The only comprehensive statistics on population exposure are for ionizing radiation. The EPA study, "Estimates of Ionizing Radation Doses in the United States, 1960-2000," has averaged the dose for the total population of ionizing radiation from environmental, medical, occupational, and miscellaneous sources. By far the greatest portion of the man-made radiation dose to the United States population is from diagnostic radiological procedures used in medicine. This accounts for at least 35% of the total radiation dose from all sources, including natural radioactivity. It is estimated that the total population dose of ionizing radiation will increase in the future due mainly to population growth. It will approximately double between 1970 and 2000 as the population increases from 205 million to 321 million. There is considerable controversy about the health effects of various sources of ionizing radiation of low inensity.x some authorities he strongly linked the exposure of populations _to such radiation WiLn statistically significant incidences of cancers. other authorities have been reluctant to make such a strong association. There is some comprehensive ‘data vdeweloped by EPA on exposure of xpopulations to nonmionizing radiation. Recent EPA and FDA studies indicate that certain limited occupational and urban populations working or living in the vicinity of microwave sources can receive doses in excess of the recommended exposure limit. However, there are no data to indicate that such exposure has resulted in increased incidences of any disease. There is a rather strong link between overexposure to ultraviolet radiation and the incidence of skin cancer. Skin cancer is the most common‘" neoplastic disease in the United States, accounting for more than 300,000 new cases each year. A National Cancer Institute study conducted during 1970 showed that skin cancer rates were higher in locations with higher levels of ultraviolet radiation. Increased incidences of skin cancer in the white population have also been associated with changing clothing styles which expose more skin to ultraviolet radiation. §§E°5E£§_§E§nd§£§§ For radio waves and microwaves, the American National Standards Institute has recommended a maximum exposure limit of 10 nilliwatts per square centimeter (10 mw/cm2) in the 10-300,000 megahertz (H32) frequency ran; . There is some speculation that this recommended limit could be subject to modification in view of emerging data on the biological effects of low—level microwave radiation. Canada has an exposure limit of 1 milliwatt hour per CBS- 5 IB77062 UPDATE-12/05/80 square centimeter (mph/cm2) or a maximum whole-or partial-body average of 25 mu/cm2 over a short period of time (less than 8 hours). For the Canadian public, exposure limits are 1 RH/CH2 for radiation of frequencies in the range of 10 MH2 to 300 GH2 when averaged over a 1-minute period. For ultraviolet radiation, the U.S. National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) proposed criteria for an occupational standard for the 315-000 nanometer (nm) range is a maximum of 1.0 mu/cm2 for a period lsgreater than 1000 seconds. For exposure of 1000 seconds or less, the total radiant energy shall not exceed 1000 mus/cm2 (1.0 joules(J)/cm2). For the 200-315 (shorter wavelength) nanometer range, the permissible 8-hour dose (in millijoules per square centimeter) ranges from 3.0 mJ/cm2 at 270 nn to 1000.0 mJ/cn2 at 315 um. FDA Bureau of Radiological Health safety standards for laser devices were promulgated on July 31, 1975 (Federal Register, v. 00, no. 148: 32252-32266) and became effective on Aug. 2, 1976. The elaborate standards classify four categories of laser devices according to power characteristics and beam wavelength. For each of the four categories, accessible emission limits for human exposure to laser radiation have been assigned as a function of beam wavelength (nanometers) and emission duration (seconds). At present there are no exposure vlimits for infrared and ultrasound 2 radiation. Research on the biological effects of ultrasound is underway in order to provide the basis for future exposure standards. v For ionizing radiation, in 1971 they National Council on Radiation 1 Protection and Measurements (HCRP) reaffirmed that the maximum exposure of gonads, blood-forming organs, and lens of the eye of any individual in the "pulation should be limited to 0.5 roentgen equivalent nan (rem) in any year, in addition to natural and medical radiation. NCRP also adopted the recommendation that the corresponding per capita dose to the~ population be .limited to a yearly average of 0.17 rem. This general standard is recognized both in the United States and internationally. Le2i§;atize-Auth2rit;2§ The legislative authority for radiation health and safety in the United States is diffuse. The following major legislation is related in some manner to radiation health and safety programs in more than a dozen Federal agencies: g;;;_§§;1g§; Atomic Energy Act of 1950 as amended P.L. 93-085 -- health and safety aspects of nuclear weapons and materials production; P.L. 93-038, Energy Reorganization Act of 1970, as amended -- shifted radiation safety and health programs of the Atomic Energy Commission to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission and the Energy Research and Development Agency. g;;;_§g;§11; Federal Metal and Non—Metallic Mine Safety Act of 1966, as amended - —health and safety of uranium mine workers. §;;=_gQ;§Qg; Radiation Control for Health and Safety Act of 1968 -- protection of public health and safety from electronic product radiation. CBS- 6 IB77062 UPDATE-12/05/80 §;;. 913139; National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 -- environmental radiation monitoring for health and safety (Executive Reorganization Plan No. 3 of 1970 shifted authority for environmental radiation monitoring to the Environmental Protection Agency). ’ P:L. 93;§g§, Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 -- general health and safety of occupational workers in all categories, including radiation-related occupations. P.;;__§§;§§§; Transportation Saety Act of 197a (Title I, Hazardous Materials Transportation Act of 197a) -— safety aspects of the transportatio of radioactive materials. P.L. 92-28a. Consumer Product Safety Isprovements Act of 1976, as amended -- safety aspects of the commerce of certain radioactive products. P;;. 9g;_2_9__§_._ Medical Devices Amendments of 7976 ~— regulation of the manufacture of radiological devices used in medicine. Eeieralieanleterx-A2ic.1i_ri1:;i.es.. Regulatory and oversight authority in the field of radiation safety and Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) Department of Energy (DOE) [formerly the Energy Research and Development Agency (ERDA)] Department of Defense Army Navy Air Force Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Federal Radiati on Council asome radiation health in the Federal Government is likewise diffuse. In 1972, legislation iwas introduced to establish a single Federal Radiation Protection Agency g 3588, etc.), which was never enacted. agencies have at least follows: . Meanwhile, some 19‘ major, Federal health and safety authority, as Safety facilities for handling nuclear materials; public and occupational safety; oversight of the use of radioisotopes in nuclear medicines and industry. Ionizing and non-ionizing radiation research related to hazards, biological effects, safety standards. Health effects of nuclear and laser weapons, microwave and emitting devices; radiological safety; civil defense. Control and monitoring of ionizing and non-ionizing radiation in the environment; CRS— 7 Office of Radiation Programs Veterans Administration (VA) Department of Commerce National Bureau of Standards Department of Health and Human Resourcesn National Institutes of Health (HIEHS; NIDR, HIGHS, NCI, etc.) National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Food and Drug Administration (FDA) A Bureau of Radiological Heath and Safety Department of the Interior Mining Enforcement and Admin. qnrsa) ADepartment of Transportation (DOT) Federal Aviation Admin. Federal Railroad Admin. naterials Trans. Bureau Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) National Transportation Safety Board (HTSB) Department of Labor Occupational Safety and Health Admin. (osnn) National Aeronautics and Space psafety aspects IB77062 AUPDATE-12/05/80 establishment of safety and exposure standards.n Diagnostic and therapeutic applications of ionizing and non-ionizing radiation. Establishment of physical standards for radiation measurement. Biological effects and medical applications of ionizing and non-ionizing radiation; occupational safety and health standards. Protection of the public from -radiation-emitting electronic products; establishment of exposure standards. Health and safety aspects of uranium mining. safety aspects the transportation of radioactive materials. Safety aspects of the transportation of.radioactive materials. of the transportation of radioactive materials. General occupational safety and health of personnel, including those working around radiation sources. Ionizing and non-ionizing safety B CRS- 8 Admin. (NASA) United States Postal Service Consumer Product Safety Commission gcpsc) Department of Agriculture (USDA) National Telecommunications Information Agency (Dept. of programs Commerce) Formerly the voffice of Telecommunications Policy National Science Foundation (NSF) Interagency Regulatory Liaison Groups (IBLG) §!er2in9-1§§2e§ Since enactment of P.L. 90-602, the Safety Act of 1968, there have been radiation health and safety. define and delineate those authorities. has yielded new data which might provide exposure standards. (1) Programs of Federal agencies involved in radiation health and Radiation Control for many changes ;Federal and congressional regulatory and oversight authrity in the field of There have been expressions of a need to better At the same time, research over the past decade on the biological effects of ionizing and non-ionizing radiation 7 the Those events have resulted in an identification yneed to review many issues, including the following: 1377052 upmma-12/05/so and health as related to space programs. Safety of radioactive material; in the mails. Safety aspects of luminous dials on watches; consumer products emitting radiation . Radiation contamination of crops; uses of radiation to control pests. ' Broad overview of Federal research and development related to the biological effects of non-ionizing radiation. Research on the biological effects of ionizing and non-ionizing radiation.. Formulates interagency regulatory policy in radiation health and safety. Health and and reorganizations of basis for changes in some of the safety to avoid unnecessary overlap and insure effective Federal/State coordination. (2) safety problems. Requirements for manpower and funds:to and solve radiation health (3) Proposed change in the existing proposed microwave exposure standard ;of less than 10 mw/cm2 in view of new data. CBS- 9 IB77062 UPDATE—12/05/80 (a) status of research on the health effects of low-level, non-ionizing and ionizing radiations. (5) New power transmission technologies and continuing review of iclear-power-generating technologies and their impact on public health and the environment. (See IB79035, Nuclear Power: The Three Nile Island Accident and Its Investigation.) (6) Research on the biological effects of ultrasound as it applies to the diagnostic application of that radiation. (7) Impact of new radiation-emitting electronic ‘devices (CAT (X-ray) scanners; more powerful and numerous microwave and radiowave sources, etc.) on public health and the environment. (8) Need to consolidate Federal regulatory authority in the field of radiation health and safety. / During the 96th Congress, legislation was introduced to begin coordinating Federal radiation health authorities and to minimize public exposure to various sources of ionizing and non-ionizing radiation. L-..E§l.§l=é.'12l9.! H.R. 790 (Weiss et al-) Provides that ionization smoke detectors shall bear a label specifying that they contain radioactive materials. Introduced Jan. 15, 1979; referred ‘* Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. H.R. 2676 (Ambro et al.) Authorizes appropriations for) environmental research, development, and demonstrations for FY80, and for other purposes. Introduced Mar. 7, 1979; referred to several committees. Hearings held by Subcommittee on Natural Resources and Environment prior to introduction on (Feb. 13 and 15, 1979. Hark-up sessions held Mar. 1n and 15. Committee on, Science and Technology reported bill (amended) to House (H.Rept. 96-58) Bar. 20, 1979. Rules Committee reported H.Res. 178 to House uar. 22, and House ,passed rule Ear. 26, 1979. Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works (favorably reported H.R. 2676, with amendments, on may 15, 1979 (S.Rept- 96-158). Senate passed bill, with amendments, by voice vote May 23, 1979. (Conference report filed in House (H.Rept. 96-611) Nov. 9, 1979. Senate agreed to conference report Nov. 14. House receded and concurred in certain Senate amendment with an amendment Nov. 29, 1979. H.R. 3132 (Holtzman) Provides for the establishment of occupational safety and health standards to protect employees from non-ionizing radiation, including the establishment of emergency temporary standards for radiation from radiowfrequency (industrial heating devices until, permanent standards are established. 7 Hroduced Mar. 20, 1979; referred to Committee on Education and Labor. H.R. 5934 (Lent et al.) CRS-10 IE77062 UPDATE-12/05/80 Consumer-Patient Radiation Health and Safety Act of 1979. Provides for the protection of the public health (including consumer patients) from unnecessary exposure to radiation. Introduced Nov. 16, 1979; referred to Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. H.R. 6057 (Luken et al.) Consumer-Patient Radiation Health and Safety Act of 1979. Directs the I Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare to promulgate radiation protection standards for: (1) the accreditation of educational programs conducted by institutions for persons administering radiologic procedures and (2) the certification of persons ‘who administer radiologic procedures. Authorizes the Secretary to provide assistance to States and nonprofit organizations for accreditation and certification activities. Introduced *Dec. 6, 1979; referred to Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. H.R. 6745 (iydler) Gives the Environmental Protection Agency primary responsibility on behalf of the Federal Government for: (1) compiling and assessing all available information on radiation from all sources, and disseminating the results to the public; (2) conducting and administering Federal or federally supported radiation effects and assessment programs; (3) developing, issuing, and modifying regulations dealing with radiation exposure of the public and of ” workers; (4) monitoring, maintaining records of, and establishing allowable totals of radiation exposure; and (5) establishing an identifiable group to »compile and analyze epidemiological information on the effects of radiation. ‘Introduced Mar. 6, 1980; referred to Committees on Government Operations and on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. 2 . 3.3 .7733 (Carter). Requires the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare to study Awhether (there may be a relationship between exposure of members of the Armed Forces of the United States to nuclear radiation in Hiroshima and Nagasaki (.immediately after World war II and various symptoms currently exhibited by such members. Introduced July 2, 1980; referred to Committee, on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. H.R.805O (Duncan of Tenn.) Provides for demonstration projects whereby medicare patients receiving chemotherapy or radiation therapy may be housed and boarded in settings other than inpatient hospital facilities. Introdced Aug. 28, 1980; referred to Committee on Ways and deans. S. 500 (Randolph et al.) Provides for the protection of the public (including consumer patients) from unnecessary exposure to radiation. Introduced Feb. 26, 1979: referred to Committee on Human Resources. “ S. 1827 (Domenici) Uraniun Hiners Compensation Act of 1979. Provides benefits to uran. J miners and their dependents, and for other purposes. Introduced Sept. 27, _J1979; referred to Committee on Labor and Human Resources. CR5-11 IB77062 UPDATE-12/05/80 S. 1665 {Kennedy et al.) Radiation Exposure Compensation Act of 1979. Amends title 28 of the United States Code to make the United States liable for damages to certain iividuals, to certain uranium miners, and to certain sheep herds, due to certain nuclear tests at the Nevada test site or employment in a uranium mine, and for other purposes. Introduced Oct. 9, 1979; referred to Committee on the Judiciary and Committee on Labor and Human Resources. S. 1938 (Glenn et al.) ‘ Federal Radiation Protection Hanagement Act of 1979. Ensures adequate protection of workers, the general public, and the environment from harmful radiation exposure, to establish mechanisms for effective coordination among the various Federal agencies involved in radiation protection activities, to develop a coordinated radiation research program, and for other. purposes. Introduced Oct. 24, 1979; referred to Committee on Governmental Affairs. Subcommittee on Energy and Federal Services held hearings Mar. 20, 1980. Bill was marked up in March 1980 but never cleared the committee. 9 S. 2539 (Javits) Provides for the protection of the public health and safety from unnecessary exposure to radiation due to medical and dental radiologic procedures; amends the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act; and for other purposes. Introduced Apr. 3, 1980; referred to Committee on Labor and Human Resources. . . 3.3019 (Danforth et al.) cProvides for demonstration projects vherebyv Medicare patients receiving t-emotherapy or radiation therapy may be hosed and boarded in settings other than inpatient hospital facilities. Introduced Aug.. 5, 1980; referred to Committee on Finance. 9 E§ABlfl§§ 0.5. Congress. House. Committee on Government Operations. Lov—1evel radioactive waste disposal. Hearings, 94th Congress, 2d session. Feb. 23, Mar; 12, and Apr. 6, 1976. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1976. #33 p. m----- Radiation protection. Hearings. July 13, 1978. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off. (in press) u.s. Congress. House. Committee on Government Operations. Subcommittee on Environment, Energy and Natural Resources. Radiation protection. Hearings. 95th Congress, 2d session. Apr. 18 and 19, 1978. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1978. (in press) 0.5. Congress. House. Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. Radiation health effects of xrrays. Hearings. July 12-1n, 1978. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off. (in Press) . U.S. Congress. House. icomnittee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. Subcommittee on Health and the Environment. Effect of radiation CBS-12 IB77062 UPDATE-12/05/80 on human health. Health effects of ionizing radiation. Hearings, 95th Congress, 2d session. Vol. 1. Jan. 2a, 25, 26; Feb. 8, 9, 28, 1978. Washington, 0.5. Govt. Print- Off., 1979. "Serial no. 95-179" 1 0.5. Congress. House. Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. Subcommittee on Health and the Environment. Effect of radiation on human health. Radiation health effects of medical and diagnostic x-rays. Hearings,_ 95th Congress, 2d session. Vol. 2. July 11, 12, 13, 1Q, 1978. Washington, 0.5. Govt. Print. Off., 1979. “Serial no. 95-180" --~ ‘Health Effects of Ionizing Radiation. Hearings, 95th Congress, 2d session. Jan. 29, 25, and Feb. 8, 9, 14, 28, 1978. (in press) ---~- Radiation Health and Safety Act of 1975. Hearing, Quth Congress, 1st session. Dec. 18, 1975. Washington, 0.5. Govt. Print. Off., 1976. 73 p. —---~ Review of electronic products radiation hazards. Hearing, 91st Congress, 1st session. May 23, 1969. Washington, 0.5. Govt. Print. Off., 1969. 303 p. 0.5. Congress. Homse and Senate. Committee on Interstate and Foreign Connerce (House); Labor and Human Resources Committee (Senate); Committee on the Judiciary (Senate). Hearings, 96th Congress, 1st session. Health effects of lovélevel radiation. Apr- 19, 1979. Washington, 0.5. Govt. Print. Off., 1979. v. I. 1403 p.v "Serial no. 96-H1“ g-~-- Health effects of low-level radiation. Apr. 19, 1979. Washington, 0.5. Govt. Print. Off., 1979. v. II. 2858 p. "Serial no. 96~u2" 0.5. Congress. House. Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations. Unnecessary exposure to radiation from medical and dental xrrays. Hearings, 96th Congress, 1st session. July 24 and 31, 1979. Washington, 0.5. Govt. Print. Off., 1979. 169 p. "Serial no. 96-46" 0.5. Congress. House. Committee on Interstate and Foreign Conmerce. Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary and Connittee on Labor and Human Resources. Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research. Health effects of low-level radiation. vol. 1. Joint Hearing, 96th Congress, 1st session. Apr. 19, 1979. Washington, 0.5. Govt- Print. Off., 1979. 1uo3 p. "Serial no. 96—fl1" 0.5. Congress. House. Committee on Science and Technology. Research on health effects of nonionizing radiation. Hearing, 96th Congress, 1st session. July 12, 1979. Washington, 0.5. Govt. Print. Off., 1979. #55 p. ‘ "No. 70" CBS-13 ‘ IEU7062 UPDATE-12/05/80 ----- Health effects of low-level radiation. vol. 2. Joint Hearing, 96th Congress, 1st session. Apr. 19, 1979._ Washington, 0.5. Govt. Print. Off., 1979: 1409-2858. "Serial no. 96-42" 0.5. Congress. Joint Committee on Atomic Energy. Subcommittee on Raw materials. Use of uranium nill tailings for construction purposes. Hearings, 92nd Congress, 1st session. Oct. 28-29, 1971. Washington, 0.5. Govt. Print. Off., 1971. 515 p. 0.5. Congress. Joint Committee on Atomic Energy. Subcommittee on Research, Development, and Radiation. Radiation standards for uranium mining. Hearings, 91st Congress, 1st session. Mar. 17-18, 1969. Washington, 0.5. Govt. Print. Off., 1969. 010 p. 0.5. Congress. Senate. Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation. Oversight hearings on radiation health and safety. Hearings, 95th Congress, 1st session. June 16, 17, 27-29, 1977. 1220 p. "Serial no. 95-09" 0.5. Congress. nsenate. Committee on Governmental Affairs.. Subcommittee on Energy and Federal Services. Hearings, on S. 1938, 96th Congress, 2d session. Part 2. Mar. 20, 1980 Washington 0.5. Govt. Print. 0ff.,_1980.t 228 p. 0-5. Congress. Senate. Committee on Labor and Public Welfare. Subcommittee on Health.i Radiation Health and Safety Act. Hearing, 93d Congress, 2d session. June 19, 1970- Washington, 0.5. Govt. Print. Off., 1970. 689 p. » 0.5. Congress. Senate. Committee on Commerce. Radiation control for health and safety. Hearings, 93d Congress, 1st session. Har. 8, 9, and 12, 1973. Washington, 0.5. Govt. Print. Off., 1973. 072 p. 0.5. Congress. Senate. Committee on Governmental Affairs. Subcommittee on Energy, Nuclear Proliferation, and Federal Services. Federal Radiation Protection management Act of 1979. Hearings, 96th Congress, 1st session. Dec. 4, 1979. ‘Part 1. Washington, 0.G. Govt. Print. Off., 1980, 107 p. ‘ Radiation protection. Hearings, 96th Congress, 1st session. Part 1. Mar. 6 and 7, 1979. Washington, 0.5. Govt. Print. Off.’ PO ’ -r-r— Radiation protection. Hearings, 96th Congress, 1st session. Part 2. Hay 3, 8, and 10, 1979. Washington, 0.5. Govt. Print. Off, 1979. 272 p. 0 ----- Radiation protection. Hearings, 96th Congress, 1st session. iPart 3. May 9, 1979. Washington, 0.5. Govt. Print. Off., 1979. 235 p. CBS-1Q 1 IB77062 UPDATE-12/05/80 0.3. Congress. Senate. Connittee an Labor and Human Resources. Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research. Three Mile Island nuclear accident, 1979 (Examination of the health implications of the Three Mile nuclear accident. Hearings, 96th Congress, 1st session. Apr. H, 1979. Washington, 0.5. Govt. Print. Off., 1979. 140 p. 3.1.5293.’-|.!§-2-.EP._9..Q§_B§§§lQE£l-.-2Q§D.!!§N.I§ 0.5. Congress. House. Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. Subcommittee on Energy and the Environment. Correspondence with the Nuclear Regulatory Commission and the Energy Research and Development Administration. November 1976. Washington, 0.3. Govt. Print. Off., 1976. 346 p. (94th Congress, 2d session) -----Proceedings of a Congressional Seminar on low-level ionizing radiation. November. Washington, 0.3. Govt. Print. Off., 1976. 130 p. (90th Congress, 2d session) 0.3. Congress. House. Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. Biomedical research and research training amendments of 1978; report to accoupany H.R. 12347 (including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office). Hay 15, 1978. Washington, 0.5. Govt. Print- Off., 1978. (95th Congress, 2d session. House. Report no. 95-1192) g ---- "The Forgotten Guinea Pigs" -- a report on health effects of low level radiation sustained as a result of the nuclear weapons testing program conducted by the United States Government. Washington, 0.S..Govt. Print. Off., 1980- #2 p. At head of title: 96th Congress, 2d session. ~Comnittee print. ----- Unnecessary exposure to radiation from medical and dental x-rays; report, together with separate views. Washington, 0.5. Govt. Print. Off., 1980. 15 p. 0.5. Congress. Senate. Committee on Labor and Human Resources. Health Professions Training and Distribution Act of 1980; report to accoxpany S. 2375, which establishes a system to provide for the protection of the public from unnecessary exposure to radiation from medical diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Washington, 0.5. Govt. Print. Off., 1980. 372 p. (96th Congress, 2d session. Senate. Report no. 96-936) 0.5. Congress. Senate. Committee on Governmental Affairs. Federal Radiation Protection management Act of 1980: report to accompany S. 1938. Washington, 0.5. Govt. Print. Off., 1980. 37 p. (96th Congress, 2d session. Senate. Report no. 96-925) 0.5. Congress. House. Committee on Science and Technology. Subcommittee on Natural Resources and Environment. Report to accompany H.R. 2676, authorizing appropriations for environmental research, development, and demonstrations for FY80. Mar. 20, 1979. (96th Congress, 1st session. House. Report no. 96-58) 03/06/79 6 96-925) .procedures. CBS-15 IB77062 UPDATE—12/05/80 [Hot yet published} Senate. Committee on Cbnmerce, Science, and Transportation. Report on radiation health and safety. December 1978. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1978. (95th Congress, 2d session) Congress. Congress. Senate. Committee on Environment and Public Works. Report to accompany H.R. 2676, authorizing appropriations for environmental research, development, and demonstrations for FY80. nay 15, 1979. (96th Congress, 1st session. Senate. Report no. 96-158) Congress. Senate. Committee on Governnental Affairs. Federal Radiation Protection Management Act of 1980; report to accompany S. 1938. Washington, 0.5. Govt. Print. Off., 1980. 37 p. (96th Congress, 2d session. Senate. Report no. Congress. Senate. Committee on Labor and Human Resources. Health Professions Training and Distribution Act of 1980; ireport to accompany S. 2375, which establishes a system to provide for the protection of the public from unnecessary exposure to radiation from medical diagnostic and therapeutic Washington, 0.5. Govt. Print..0ff.,\1980. 372\p.. Senate.” Report no. 96-936) (96th Congress, 2d session. A”"EQ!QLQGY-QE_§!§§2§ S. 2539, Hedical.Radiation Safety Act of 1980 introduced 04/03/80 - with hearings. 8 03/20/80 -- Hearings on and mark-up of S. 1938. 03/06/80 - H.R. 6745, giving EPA primary responsibility for Federal radiation safety and.health programs was introduced. 10/24/79 - S. 1938, Federal.Radiation Protection Hanagement Act of 1979 introduced. 12/04/79 —— Hearings on S. 1938. 06/11/79 -- EPA called for public comment on standards for the Uranium ' Hill railings Radiation Control Act, 1978 (see Federal Register, June 11, 1979: 33433). 05/15/79 -- H.R. 2676 reported favorably to Senate. O3/27/79 —— H.R. 2676 passed House. 03/07/79 -- Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs concluded hearings on federal responsibilities regarding health effects of low-level ionizing radiation, with testimony from NIH, FDA, CDC, DOE, and Director, Defense Nuclear Agency. Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs concluded 01/13/79 .. CBS-16 IB77062 UPDATE-12/05/80 hearings on federal responsibilities relating to health effects of low-level ionizing radiation. NRC transmitted copy of memo of understanding with EPA regarding epidemiological research in health effects of low-level ionizing radiation; Executive Committee 351; Committee on Interior, Houseeconmittee on Commerce. 07/11/78 - 01/14/78 -- Hearings on health effects of medical 7/13/78 - O6/O7/78 ._ O5/O9/78 - and dental radiation, held by the House Interstate and Foreign Commerce Committee; Subcommittee on Health and Environment. ‘ Hearings on government organization for radiation protection held by the Committee on Government operations; Subcommittee on Environment, Energy, and Natural Resources. Hearings on radiation research to support regulations held by the Committee on Science and Technology; subcommittee on Environment and Atmosphere. Presidential directive assigned responsibility to the Secretary of HEW to conduct a radiation exposure inquiry. H E on/18/78 - On/19/78 -— Hearings on radiation protection activities OH/07/78 -- 02/10/78 - of the Environmental Protection Agency before the House Committee on Government operations. a - Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Office of Standards Development held public hearings on Dr. I.D.J. Bross* analysis of the biological effects of low-levels of ionizing radiation in children. Joint Committee holds Environmental studies Conference, Special Symposium on “Current Standards for Low-level Radiation." 02/08/78-O2/28/78 -- Hearings held by Committee on Interstate 01/2u/73 - and Foreign Commerce and Subcommittee on Health and Environment on "Health Effects of Ionizing Radiation. Hearings held by Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce; subcommittee on Health and Environment on health effects of ionizing radiation. 06/16/77 — O6/29/77 -- Oversight hearings on radiation health and safety before the Senatercommittee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation. 02/16/77-O2/18/77 -- FDA Bureau of Radiological Health held a 11/00/76 -- symposiun on "Biological Effects and Measurements of RE/Microwaves." House Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs held -a seminar on "Low-Level Ionizing Radiation." 05/11/76 02/03/76 00/00/76 12/18/76 CBS-17 IB77062 UPDATE-12/O5/80 S. 664, the Consumer Product Safety Improvements Act of 1976 was signed into law (P.L. 92-280). Hearings were held before the House Committee on Government Operations on "Lou-Level Radioactive Waste Disposal." Public concern was expressed over the chronic effects of low-level microwave radiation on Moscow embassy personnel and the health effects of fallout from Chinese nuclear bomb tests. Hearing was held before the House Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce on the Radiation Health and Safety Act of 1975. AAtomic Energy Commission was absorbed by the Energy 00/00/75 06/19/74 00/00/70 Research and Development Agency (ERDA) and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). Hearing was held before the Senate Committee on Labor and Public Welfare on the Radiation Health and Safety act of 197M. AThe Energy Reorganization Act of 1974 was signed into law. O3/09/73-03/12/73 -~Hearings were held before the Senate Committee on Commerce on Radiation Control for Health and Safety. 11/00/72 -- HAS/NRC report was published on "The Effects of Populations of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation" (BEIR Report). ’ 10/28/71-1G/29/71 -- Hearings were held before the Joint Committee 00/00/71 12/00/70 12/29/70 06/04/69 05/23/69 atomic Energy on "The Use of Uranium Hill Tailings for Construction Purposes." NCRP recommended 0.5 rem/year for all non-critical human organs. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was established in accordance with.Executive Reorganization Plan No. 3. S. 2193, the Occupational Safety and Health Act was signed into law (P.L. 91-596). Director, Bureau of Radiological Health, FDA, delegated authority for administration of P.L. 90-602. Hearing was held before the House Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce on "Review of Electronic Products Radiation Hazards". O3/17/60-03/18/69 -- Hearings were held before the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy on "Radiation Standards for Uranium 1Q/18/69 05/23/67 00/00/66 00/00/65 00/00/60 00/00/59 00/00/57' 00/00/55 9 00/00/54. 00/00/53 00/00/50 00/00/49 00/00/47 00/00/06 08/00/05 CRS-18 1377062 UPDATE°12/05/80 aiming”. H.R. 10790 was signed into law by President Johnson as P.L. 90-602. Congress called for investigation of radiation hazards from television. The American National Standards Institute (ANSI), C95.1 Committee recommended a standard of 10 mu/cm2 for electromagnetic fields (10,000-100,000 MHz). Congress made first inquiries to DHEW about possible radiation hazards from television. The Soviet Union established.a standard of 0.01 an/cm2 per 6-hour day for electromagnetic fields (greater than 300 MHz). Federal Radiation Council introduced concept of protective action guides for ionizing radiation. International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) significant dose to the population of 5 rems in A 30 years. Science article (vol. 130, pp. 1071-74) published on x-ray emission from television sets. National Council on Radiation Protection and measurement (NCRP) introduced age pro-ration concept for occupational exposure and 0.5 rem per year for individuals in the population. Recommended maximum permissible intensity vfor electromagnetic fields (3000 MHz) was 100 mm/cm2 (whole body), 150 mm/cm2 (eyes), and 5‘ mw/cm2 (testes). United States Scientific Committee on Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) was established. Atomic Energy Act, as amended, was signed into law. NAS/ICRP recommended lower permissible dose for radiation workers. International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) and International Commission on Radiological Units were reorganized. HCRP lowered basic maximum permissible dose (HPD) for radiation workers to 0.3 rem/meek. Risk-benefit philosophy was introduced. Atomic Energy Commission was established. Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission (ABCC) was established. Advisory Committee on X-Ray and Radium Protection was reorganized in the National Committee on Radiation ' Protection (NSRP) [Atomic Energy Act of 1946]. U.S. Army Air Force dropped atomic bombs cns-19 IB77062 UPDATE-12/05/80 on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. 12/02/H2 - First successful atomic chain reaction was conducted in Chicago under the direction of Enrico Fermi. 00/O0/38 —— First operational military radar was developed by the United States. 00/00/36 - First operational radars built in Britain and the United States. 00/oo/3n -— Tolerance dose of 022 R/day was recommended by the International Committee on X-Ray and Radium Protection. 00/00/29 .. Advisory Committee on X-Ray and Radium Protection was established in the United States. 00/00/28 - International Committee on X+Ray and Radium Protection was established. 00/00/23 -- First all-electronic television system was demonstrated at Uestinghousescorporation in Pittsburgh, Pa. 00/00/22 - American Roentgen Ray Society adopted radiation protection rules. 00/00/21 - British adopted radiation protection recommendations. 6 00/GO/15 -— First British Roentgen Society proposals for radiation protection were introduced. 00/00/06 -— World's first radio broadcast was made in the United States. 00/00/03 -—-Leukemia was first treated with x-rays. 00/1898 -- Photoemissive effect was discovered by Heinrich Hertz. 00/1896 - First x-ray injury was reported by Grubbe; breast cancer was treated with x-rays. 00/1895 - X-rays were discovered by Roentgen. Baranski, S. and P. Czerski. Biological effects of microwaves. Stroudsburg, Penn., Dowden, Hutchinson 8 Ross, Inc., 1976. 23H Cohen, Bernard L. human health and safety. P. Impacts of the nuclear energy industry on American scientist, v. 64, 1976. 550-559. cas—2o IB77062 UPDATE.-12/O 5/so Cohen, 3. I. Society's valuation of life saving in radiation protection and other contexts. Health physics, vol. 38, 1980. 33-51. Glaser, Z.R., P.F. Brown, and n.s. Brown. Bibliography of reported biological phenomena ('Effects') and clinical manifestations attributed to microwave and radio-frequency radiation: compilation and integration of report and seven supplements. Bethesda, Hd., Naval Medical Research Institute, September 1976. 179 p. Glaser Zorach R. and Christopher H. Dodge. Biomedical aspects of radio frequency and microwave radiation. A review of selected Soviet, East European, and Western References. In Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Waves. Selected papers of the USNC/DRSI Annual Meeting, Boulder, Colorado. Oct. 20-23, 1975. vol. I, p. 2-3n. Holden, Constance. Low—level radiation: CA high-level concern. Science. Apr. 13, 1979: 155-158. Marx, Jean L. Low-level radiation: .Just how bad is it? Science. Apr. 13, 1979: 160-16H. International Atomic Energy Agency. vHov concerned should we be about low—level radiation? Vienna, Austria, 1980. 19 p. Linos, A. et al. Low-dose radiation and leukemia- The New England journal of medicine, vol. 302, no. 20, 1980. 1101-1105. National Academy of Sciences. National Research Council. The effects on populations of exposure to low levels of ionizing radiation. vfiashington, November 1972. 217 p. The effects on populations of exposure to low levels of ionizing radiation. (BEIR III) Washington, 1980. 638 p. (typescript edition) National Council on Radiation Protection.and Measurements. Radiation protection for medical and allied health personnel. iashington, Aug. 1, 1976. 71 p. (NCRP Report No. Q8) —----Reviev of current state of radiation protection philosophy. Washington, Jan. 15, 1975. 50 p. (NCRP Report No. 43) Norwood, H. Daggett. Health protection of radiation workers. Springfield, Ill., Charles C. Thomas, Publ., 1975. H42 p. Radiation standards and public health. Proceedings of a second congressional seminar on low-level ionizing radiation. Sponsored by Ccngressional Environmental Study Conference, Environmental Policy Institute, Atomic Industrial Forum. Feb. 10, 1978. Washington. Report of the Nuclear Energy Policy Study Group. Nuclear power: issues and choices. Cambridge, nass., Ballinger Publishing Co., 1977. A17 p. ' CBS-21 IB77062 UPDATE-12/05/80 United Nations. Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. Ionizing radiation: levels and effects. vols. I and II. New York. 1972. 447 and 192 p. U.S. Dept. of Energy. Office of Energy Research. Compilation and assessment of microwave bioeffects. Final report. A selective review of the literature on biological effects of microwaves in relations to the Satellite Power System (SP5). May 1978. 65 p. (PNL—263fl) U.S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare. Bureau of Radiological Health. 1977 annual report. Administration of the Radiation Control for Health and Safety Act of 1968, Public Law 90-602. Apr. 1, 1976. 97 p. U.S. Dept. of Health, Education and Helfare. Food and Drug Administration. Legislative history of radiation control for Health and Safety Act of 1968. Rockville, Md., 1975. 1393 p. Regulations for the administration and enforcement of the radiation control for Health and Safety Act of 1968. Washington, September 1978. 68 p., [HEW Publication (FDA) 79-8035] ---429th Annual National Conference on Radiation Control. June 19-23, 1977. Washington, April 1978. R16 p. [HEW Publication (FDA) 78-8054]" U.S. Dept of Health, Education, and Welfare. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Evaluation and control of radon daughter hazards in uraniu mines. Rockville, Hd., November 197a. 6H p. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare. Food and Drug Administration. National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health. Occupational exposure to ultraviolet radiation. 1972. 93 p. U.S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare. Public Health Service. fneasurements of ultraviolet radiation in the United States and comparisons with skin cancer data. November, 1975. 200 p. \ U.S. Dept. of Health and Hunan Services. P.H.S., F.D.A., Bureau of Radiological Health. Nationwide survey of Cobalt-60 teletherapy. Final Report, 1980. 80 p. ----- Possible genetic damage for diagnostic I-irradiation. A review, 1980. 28 p. ~ ----- The selection of patients for x—ray exaninatios. The pelvimetry examination. 1980. 26 p. Symposium on biological effects, imaging techniques, and dosimetry of ionizing radiations. Rockville, Md. June CBS-22 IB77062 'UPDATE-12/05/30 6-8, 1979. fiHS Publication qrns) 80-8126, July, 1930. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Radiation Prograns., Considerations of health benefit-cost analysis 1for;activities involving ionizing radiation exposure and alternatives. EPA 520/4-774003. 199 p. (BEIB II Report) Estimates of ionizing radiation doses in the United States, 1960-2000. Washington, Aug. 1972. 171 p. ‘ Radiological quality of the environment. Washington. Hay 1976. 2&7 p. U.S. General Accounting Office. Efforts by the Environmental Protection Agency to protect the public from environmental nonionizing radiation exposures. Washington, Ear. 29, 1978. 11 p. (CED-78-79) --~-- Report to the Congress by the Comptroller general of the United States. Hanagenent of licensing of users of radioactive materials should be improved. Washington, Feb. 11, 1976. 35 p. (RED 76-62). -----Stronger federal assistance to States needed for radiation emergency response planning. Washington, Mar. 18, 1976- 33 p- (RED-76-73). b ‘ 1 0.5. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. microwave radiation and environmental health: A brief review and bibliography [by] Warren.H. Donnelly and James H. Hccullough. Aug. 27, 1971. 25 p. . _ _,.,_.g',,,,~.:,- - :.—-vb-— # ‘ ' _ #‘‘‘- LEBF{AF4Y us: H 5 é?3~Ti?v N % ewnvamsfiw’ five‘; 1 run Hl!.‘I‘\ :1 mrx