JCONGRESSIONAL RESEARCH SERVICE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS GASOLINE: PUBLIC oyxuxon on THE saoawasz ISSUE BRIEF MEMBER IB79082 AUTHOR: Olson, Jan Government Division THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS C0fiGBESSIOfiAL RESEARCH SERVICE HAJOB ISSUES SYSTEH DATE OBIGIEATED g§;3§g_g DATE UPDATED gggggggg FOR ADDITIOHAL IEFORMATIO3 CALL 287-5700 0220 cas- 1 IB7 9032 BPDATE-O2/20/80 e§§§§-Q§§lE$$I E Gasoline shortages have become an issue of growing prominence in the debate over U.S. energy policy. Opinion polls on the shortages and on possible actions to meet the shortages can illuminate public views on the §§.£3..F$§B.913.§2-és!Q_29L£§l_.%2£éL1§;§ Two themes emerge from the recent opinion polls reviewed here. First, the public generally does not see the gasoline shortage as authentic, although most polls suggest that concern about energy is increasing. Still, as late as June, only roughly half of the public believed that the United States must import oil to meet its needs. Second, the public primarily blames the oil companies for manipulating supplies to gain higher prices. The public also assigns responsibility for shortages to the oil producing countries, consumer waste, and Congress. a’ To deal with current or future shortages, voluntary measures to cut consumer demand receive more support than compulsory measures, though a small majority thinxs compulsory measures are necessarygto do the job. The public is generally opposed to specific rationing plans, but small majorities favor igiving the President standby rationing authority.. To ensure supplies, a majority seems to favor tough policies with the oil~producing countries, but .e public appears to be divided or negative on decontrol proposals primarily because of suspicion toward the oil companies. The windfall profits tax and air conditioning limitations receive. majority support. majorities also support large government investments in synthetic fuels programs. IS THE GASOLINE SHORTAGB "REAL"? Polls show that the public is suspicious of the gasoline shortage. In a CBS/New York Times poll taken after Carter's July 1979 energy speech, 53% believed we were “just being told there are shortages“ of oil while 35% thought the shortage was real. Sxepticism was higher before the speech: in early July, a 66% majority did not believe the shortage was real; the June vrigure was 62%. A related question in June said: “President Carter has told us that we are running out of oil. Do you thlnK things are as bad as the President said, or do you think things are not as bad as all that?" A 69% to 25% majority believed things were not as bad as the President said, with 6% having no opinion. Polls suggest that the disbelief in shortages is tied to distrust of the oil companies. After Carter's energy speech in July, the NBC News/Associated Press poll found 58% of the public believed the gasoline shortage "is a hoax to get consumers to pay higher prices for gas," while 55% believed "there is really a gasoline shortage.‘ Those figures show some change from earlier lls: b5% in May and 70% in harch 1979 believed that the gasoline shortage hdS a hoax. The April 1979 Gallup poll found 77% believed a gasoline “shortage has been deliberately brought about by the oil companies“ with only 14% believing a "real gasoline shortage exists.” Finally, the late hay ABC News-Harris survey found b4% believed “the oil companies are deliberately c3s— 2 IB7 9082 UPDATE-‘-02/20/80 holding back on supplies in order to increase the price of gasoline”; 19% thought the oil shortage "is real"; 12% of the respondents believed that 0 tcompanies are holding bacx on supplies, but, nevertheless, the shortage is real. PUBLIC KNOWLEDGE AND EXPERIENCE Polls suggest that skepticism about shortages may be partially due to the fact that mEnY"%iméflE§fi§W”h3?§* not expétiéfiééd"Wflifficulties 5 obtaining gasoline. For example, 75% of the, July 1979 respondents in the ABC Jflevs/Harris survey had not "stood in lines .for half’ an hour or more at service stations to buy gasoline." Similarly, the trespondents in the July lCBS/New York Times poll who had bought gasoline for their cars in the last month, 62% had neither waited in long lines nor experienced difficulties finding gas stations that were open. (The June figure was 71%.) Indeed, 60% of the respondents in the July survey (au% in June) expected umore summer problems with the price of gasoline than with its availability. Nevertheless, in July, 63% of the gas buying public had cut back on their driving in the last month with 34% driving about the same amount. The July CBS/New York Times poll also showed that 42% of the gas buying public ‘surveyed expected to change their vacation plans ubecause of problems finding gasoline." The June tigure was 32%. Similarly, the July 1979 NBC News/Associated Presspoll found 54% reported idriving their car less because of problems igetting gasoline while 40% ireported they had not driven less for that reason-; more than half (57%) al reported their "vacation or weekend plans changed “because, of the gasoline situation." In the July ABC News/Harris survey, 34% reported that they Kept the maximum 55 mph speed limit, 7b% said that they stayed home more, 65% reported that they had postponed vacations and long trips, and 50% said that they deliberately refrained from using their cars one day a week. Fewer reported substituting public transportation for their automobiles (28%) or joining a car pool (16%). The ABC News/Harris survey of late hay found that 56% planned less auto travel this summer than last summer with 35% expecting to travel the same amount. Only 6% planned to travel more miles this summer than last- 1 5 other polls show considerable numbers of Americans are not informed about the U.S. reliance on imported oil. In the June CBS/New York Times survey, 51% knew we must import oil; but 36% believed we were self sufficient, and~ 13% had no option. The Gallup figures from late April 1979 showed ubfi of the public knew we imported oil with 38% saying we produced enough, and 16% did not know. Curiously, Gallup found 60% Knowing the United States imported oil in 1978 and 52% giving the correct answer in 1977., ‘ However, other Gallup findings show the public would like to better understand the energy situation. In may 1979, 7u% thought President Carter should speak on national television about whether or not there is man energy crisis and what should be done about it. The questions the public wanted addressed in such a speech are listed in the appendix. . ENERGY: HOW IHPOBTAHT A PBOBLEM? Despite the public's skepticism about the gasoline shortage, some polls, ‘indicate that concern about energy issues is increasing, and recently energy cns- 3 13790 82 UPDATE-D2/20/80 has been seen as second only to inflation as the greatest national problem. On the other hand, polls differ on whether most people currently view the ‘.5. energy situation as “very serious." In the first case, the July 1979 NBC/Associated Press poll conducted after Carter's energy speech asked which of ten items ‘was “the most important problem facing this country today.“ while "the cost of living“ led the list (named by 31% of the respondents), "energy" was named by 28%. (The difference could be due to sampling error.) similar questions in earlier NBC/Associated Press polls showed that by May 1979, "the energy and gasoline problem“ rivaled “the cost of living" as the most mentioned problem: "energy and gasoline" was named by 18% in April and 29% in day while “the cost of living" was named by 33% in April and 32% in day. (Again, sampling error for the hay figures suggests that the two issues nay b tied as the most important problem.) The June 1979 CBS/New York Times poll similarly asked which of seven items was "the most important problem facing this country today." Almost one-third of the public (30%) named "inflation," and 12% named the broad issue of the "economy." However, 20% named “energy” with an additional 11% naming “Oil or gas." The hay ABC News-Harris survey posed a list of ten issues facing Congress and asxed which one was most important. while the plurality 151%) named “keeping inflation under control," 20% thought "passing an energy bill to make the 0.3. more energy self-sufficient" was most important. The third most frequently mentioned item -- "helping the elderly and the poor get a better break" -- was named by 10%. ’ ‘ A The May Gallup Poll asked a similar but open—ended question. There, “the igh cost of living/inflation“ was cited by 57% of" the public and “energy problems" were cited by 33% (up from 15% in march 1979 and from the 1978 high of 23% in February). Indeed, in the Gallup polls on the country's most important problem, energy was named by more people only in the January 1974 survey (during the Arab oil embargo) when 46% saw energy as the most important problem facing this country. For most of the other Gallup polls in the intervening months, fewer than 10% (usually fewer than 5%) named energy issues. p on the other hand, a related Gallup question has asked “how serious would you say the energy situation is in.the U.S.?" Responses in numerous Gallup surveys have been almost identical in 1977, 1978, and 1979. In the late April 1979 poll, 44% described the situation as "very serious," Jon as “fairly serious" and 16% as ‘not at all serious."y however, a similar question posed by ABC News/Harris showed 53% describing "the basic energy problem“ as "very serious“ in June -- up roughly 20% from the early 1979 figures (55% in march and 33% in February). OPINION ON THE REASONS FOR THE EEBBGY PBOBLEfi In a single, open-ended question asking who is “most responsible for the recent shortages and price increases of gasoline and heating oil,“ the July 1979 NBC/Associated Press poll found 37% blamed “the oil companies" and zzi amed "OPEC, the foreign oil producers.“ No other itee was named by 10% or more of the respondents. Gallup polls taken between mid-may and mid—July hshowed that u2% blamed the "oil companies“ for the )gasoline crisis, 23% blamed the "U.S. government," and only 13% blamed "OPEC/Arab countries." In late hay, a question asking only about responsibility for gas shortages CRS- 4 IB79082 UPDATEQO2/20/so showed a 47% plurality named "the oil companies,“ 24%, named "the oil-producing countries,‘ 95 named consumers,~5$ the Congress, and 4% ‘ 2 President. Similar questions seeking public perceptions) of responsibility for gasoline price increases showed somewhat similar results. (Those questions are included in the appendix.) However, oil companies and the oil-producing countries are not seen has solely responsible. According to a series of questions in CBS News/flew York iimes polls, 65% in July and 69% in June,lgave_l2ai_lot of hblamefillforlloil sshortages to American oil companies, but 59% in June similarly blamed Congress, and 58% blamed waste by people lire themselves.( Furthermore, 56% in July and 47% in June gave “a lot of blame“ to the oil producing countries, while 35% in July and 33% in June blamed the President. The ABC News-Harris survey of April 1979 described 11 possible reasons for "the present energy situation“ and asxed the. public how important they thought each item was. The following items were described as ‘very important" by majorities of the public: "too much dependence on foreign oil imports" (70%), "oil companies withholding oil and natural gas from the market" (65%), “a reluctance on the part of the oil companies to drill for more gas and oil unless prices are raised" (01%), “the high prices charged by ‘the OPEC oil-producing countries" (59%), "the uastefulness of most Americans in the use of energy" (54%), and “the failure of dongress to adopt effective energy legislation" (53%). In addition, 50% saw Fa decline in the domestic production of oil and natural gas“ as. responsible for the present energy situation. However, less than half the public thought the following items were “very important“ reasons for the situation: "the fact that there is just so much oil and gas in the world and we are using it up too quickly" (41%., “too many big automobiles being driven by Americans” (38%), “insufficient economic) incentives .to ‘producers of oil and natural gas“ (51%), and "restrictive Environmental Protection Agency regulations" (25%). Perhaps because the public has some confusion about the energy crisis, 7 polls on how best to deal with current or future xgasoline shortages showy _mixed results. However, polls taxen shortly after Carter's July 1979 energy ispeech showed general support for some of his recommendations. For example, the July CBS/New York Times poll showed 77% viewed a possible government» order to set air conditioners at a 78 degree minimum as a worthwhile idea with 19% seeing it as not worthwhile. The NBC/Associated Press poll showed a somewhat smaller majority (06%) in favor of "requiring" temperatures to be set "above 78 degrees in the summer and below 65 degrees in the) winter" in most public places. The NBC/Associated Press poll also showed support for "a major government effort to produce gasoline and heating oil from coal and other minerals located in this country:" 735 in September and 78% in July favored that idea. In June, the ABC Revsrflarris survey found b1% favored government investment in programs aimed at "conversion of oil shale and tar sands to synthetic crude oil,“ 75%) favored such investment for "plants that can convert coal to oil and natural gas;" and 71% favored lgovernment investmé for “plants that can combine alcohol from farm crops with gasoline.“ Various voluntary measures aimed at cutting consuser demand have been supported by large majorities. For example, in the April ABC Hews—Harris survey, 76% favored urging people to drive 15 miles per week less and 91% cas— 5 IB?90u2 099323-02/20/so favored urging people to use car polls. Similarly, 763 favored urging states to cut back their energy use by 5%. ' However, there is also some belief that voluntary measures will not be sufficient in cutting consumer demand. For example, on the issue of cutting back gasoline consumption, the ABC Hevs—Harris survey of late day posed the following question: Because of the recent cutback in oil from Iran, the Carter Administration has asked Americans to reduce the amount of gasoline and fuel oil they use. Do you feel that voluntary measures would worn, or do we need compulsory measures by the federal government? A small majority 52% felt compulsory measures would be necessary with 35% believing that voluntary measures would vork. In February, at 56% to 36% majority felt compulsory measures were necessary. Moreover, the July CBS/New York Times poll showed 76% of the public said they were "willing to put up with shortages of gasoline for the next few years, if it would reduce our dependence on foreign 011.” 15% were not willing, and 10% were not sure. - If a serious shortage of gasoline were to develop, they public favors “strictly enforcing the 55 mph speed limit on highways“ by large majorities (86% in may, 80% in April, and 75% in February) according to ABC Hews—Harris polls. However, a small majority (54% to 43%) opposed Sunday closings. of isoline stations in the day ABC News-Harris survey, and opinion was divided (48% to 49%) in March. In the February Gallup poll, 61% opposed prohibiting Sunday gasoline sales with 34% favoring the idea. A 56% to 40$ majority also opposed shutting down gasoline stations "on certain evenings during the week” in the darch ABC News-Harris survey. Similarly, a 57% to 46% majority opposed "closing gasoline stations on Sundays and evenings" according to their February survey. ' A The hay ABC News-Harris survey found iopinion divided on whether the ifederal government should make service stations stay open 7 days a seen as part of a standby rationing system- Such a measure was favored by 44% and opposed by 51%. Opinion was also divided on putting a 7+gallon ninimum purchase limit on gasoline with 52% favoring such a standby rationing measure and 45% opposing it in the day poll. Gas rationing is one compulsory measure that has received considerable attention in the polls, but variations in questions of wording have produced somewhat ambiguous results. In September 1979, a 55% to 33% majority favored a law giving the President “standby authority to impose gasoline rationing.“ Just after the Carter energy speech in July, the CBS/New York Times poll found a 65% to 25% majority agreed that Congress should give the President standby authority to ration gasoline if things get worse. Similarly, the July ABC News/Harris survey showed 62% favored "giving the President the power" to order a system of gasoline rationing if there is a nationwide shortage. However, in the July NBC/Associated lPress poll, a 54% to 59% pjority opposed "a gasoline rationing program run by the federal government." In April, hBC Hews—Harris found an 82% to 16% majority favoring ‘a standby rationing plan for gasoline if there is an energency oil shortage." C}:£S- 6 1379032 upnamn-.02/2’o/so Polls suggest that when respondents are faced with a choice, gasoli \ rationing is often favored over other alternatives. For example, in the June CBS/Hew York Times survey a 60% to 29% majority preferred gas rationing instead of letting "gasoline prices rise until ipeople drive less.“ Similarly, the may Los Angeles Times poll found 42% favored gas rationing over higher prices as the "answer to oil and gas shortages." Higher prices were preferred by 28%, some other solution was named by 18%, and 125 had no opinion. “If people have trouble getting enough, gasoline," a 52% to 41% I majority in the July CBS/New York Times survey (62% to 30% in June) preferred a government rationing plan to taxing "your chances in getting gasoline yourself." I ' I - However, reactions to specific rationing proposals are generally less favorable. on the other hand, the hay 1979 ABC News-darris survey found 51% favored but 44% opposed a "compulsory system of odd-even days rationing.“ (In February and harch, 47% favored such a measure and 48% were opposed.) On i the other hand, "a coupon system of gasoline rationing where people would be limited to 10 gallons a weer” was opposed by a 70% to 26% najority in the hay survey and by a 69% to 26% majority in march 1979. Finally, “a, gasoline rationing law that would require people to drive one-fourth less“ was opposed by a 52% to 40% majority according to a Bebruary Gallup survey. (opposition to rationing may be partially basedfon concerns over fairness. Both the June and July 1979 CBS/New YOEK Times porls found the public divided on the question of whether rationing Fwould be done fairly, or unfairly for people like yourself.“ In July, 44% thought rationing would be done fairlv. 43% thought it would be unfair, and 13% had no opinion. The June figur were 42%, 46% and 12% respectively. '9. A 1 Moreover, the day NBC/Associated Press survey suggests that rationing was least preferable among 6 possible actions "to take now to help solve the gasoline situation." Instead, almost one third (30%)' said "the government should get tough with the oil producing countries," and 21% said “consumers should cut bacx on their driving." Fewer said ‘the government should order the oil companies to increase production of gas rather than heating oil“ (31%), or “oil companies should be allowed to raise prices to encourage Iproduction" (9%), or that Fthe government should take over the oil companies" (8%). Only 7% said fithe government should ration-gasoline," and 12% were not sure what the best step was. ‘ ‘ when asked "if the oil-producing countries continue to increase prices or cut supplies of oil,“ the hay poll also found 60% agreeing that "the 0.5. should take any step necessary against the oil—producing nations to pinsurey continued energy supplies‘ and 71% agreed that “the 90.3. should Hlthh0ld. shipments of food and other American exports until they agree (to give us sufficient oil at reasonable prices." ~ 6 1 when asked whether protecting the environment (or ibuilding a needed refinery or pipeline was more important, a 47% to, 40% gpluralityi favored building in the September 1979 NBC/Associated Press poll. The July CBS/New York Times poll found the public divided on whether producing energy .or protecting the environment was more important, with 41% seeing ener production as primary and 43% seeing environmental (protection as primary. However, increasing supply by some environmental compromises has received support in earlier polls. In the April ABC News-Harris survel: 64% favored “relax(ing) environmental standards to allow cars to use lead-free gasoline.“ In Harch, 60% favored that proposal. The march survey also showed that 76% supported increasing the production of crude oil on government-owned lands. CRS—-7 IB79082 UPDATE-U2/20/80 Opinion on decontrol proposals has been mixed, though somewhat negative, and has reflected suspicions of the oil companies. For example, the early iy ABC Hews-Harris survey found 42% favoring and 49% opposing decontrol when asked the following: ‘ As you Know, President Carter has announced that in June he will decontrol the price of all oil produced in this country over the next two years, which he said will give energy companies a greater incentive to produce more oil here at home, make us less dependent on oil from abroad, and raise the price of gasoline by up to 10 cents a gallon by 1981. Do you favor or oppose this decontrol or all oil produced here in the United States? In April, a 56% to 38% majority ravored the measure. also in April, 50% opposed ending controls on the price of crude oil in an BBC/Associated Press question which noted that "critics say this will mean higher prices for consumers and little new production." The public appeared to agree with the critics in the April CBS/New Yorx Times poll. A 50% to 32% majority thought oil companies would "continue to do what they are doing now“ rather than increase efforts to discover more} oil if oil prices were increased. A.second question showed 78% of the public believed oil companies would simply make more money from price increases} only 12% believed “the government will be able to see that the burden is shared fairly". However, in Gallup polls taken between mid-may and mid-July, only 1b% thought prices hould be allowed to increase to encourage production. The majority (70%) -hought a big enough supply of_gasoline already existed. A windfall profits tax receives majority support. .For example, opinion on President Carter‘s proposal ‘to let gasoline prices rise and tax. the oil companies at a high rate on their extra profits" was polled in the June CBS/New York Times survey. If gas prices are allowed-to rise, 69% approved high taxes on the extra profits, 22% disapproved and 9% had no opinion. The late May ABC News-Harris survey found 55%i favored passage of a windfall profits tax, 54% opposed, and 11% not sure. Responses in early day showed 57% in favor and 31% opposed. The late April EBC/Associated Press poll found 66% in favor of such a tax, and 815s favored the tax in the April ABC News-Harris survey iwhich specified that proceeds would god for energy development and for the elderly and the poor. INTEBPRETIHG PUBLIC OPINION POLLS: SOME CAVEATS Public opinion poll results show the answers to speciric questions asked at specific points in time. In addition, all the polls reported here were based on sample surveys and are subject to sampling error. For these and other reasons, the results of public opinion polls need yto be carefully. interpreted. First, the results of any single survey are based upon interviews nducted during a short period or time, and events -- such as long gasolinei lines -‘ may cause public attitudes to change quite quicxly and dramatically. While a single survey may record attitudes at a moment in time, it cannot measure change. A review of the results of many surveys conducted over a CRS- 8 1379032 upnarnéuz/20/so period of time tends to provide a clearer picture of the stability per instability of public attitudes. I ‘ ‘ However, attempts at comparing the results of different surveys over a period of time are also problematical. one reason is that slight variations in the wording of questions may have major impacts on the results. Surveys only measure the response of the public to a specific question. Therefore, any variations can make it appear that there has been a "change" or that ulthereisan“inconsistency”intheattitudesexpressedbyrthepublicrwhen none may have occurred. In the surveys discussed here, the questions on gasoline rationing provide good examples of this problem. Any change in wording may mean that the survey is actually measuring something different .from a previous survey on the same subject. I The results of surveys of the public are all subject to sampling error. Sampling error is the error (best thought of as "uncertainty" rather than “nistake°) introduced because the survey only includes a fraction of the population studied. In general, the larger the sample, the smaller the error will be. A rough estimate for the sampling error for most of the surveys reveiwed here is approximately plus or minus 4% at the 951 confidence level. That is, if the surveys were repeated over an infinite number of samples drawn in the same fashion, we would expect the region defined by the‘ sample vresult (plus or minus 4%) to contain the true percentage in 19 out of 20 cases. This rough error estimate is applicable only for results based on the total sample. If the attitudes of subgroups (e.g£, Republicans or Democrats) are being examined, the error will be larger because of the smaller number of individuals in the subgroup relative to the total size of the. saap' population. The exact value of the sampling erroridepends not only on the size of the sample, but also on the sampling procedures used. For an exact isampling error estimate, the original organization conducting the survey should be contacted. . [Note: An appendix containing full information on the survey ‘questions vrevieued in this issue brief may be obtained from the CBS Government Division by calling nine Kolaxowsxi at 287-6539. State or local polls on these topics are also available from Mr. Kolakowski. at this tine, reports of public opinion on the gasoline shortage are available from the following States: Alabama, Arizona, California, Colorado, District of Columbia, Florida, Idaho, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, rLouisiana, Hassachusetts, dichigan, vhinhesota, Nebraska, New Jersey, Rea York, north Carolina, Ohio, Texas, Utah, Virginia, and flisconsin.] §§§9P.!9.L9.§I..Qf.'..§!.13§2§ 09/10/79 -O9/11/79 - NBC News/Associated Press telephone survey of U.S. adults. ~ 07/25/79 — 07/26/73 —-Th [Gallup Organization telephone survey pof U.S. adults. ’ 07/24/79 —— NBC News/hssociated Press telephone survey of 0.5. adults. O7/17/79 e-O7/21/79 - ABC News-Harris telephone survey of U.S. adults. O7/16/79 -O7/17/79 —— NBC News Associated Press telephone survey of U.S. adults. I 07/14/79 07/16/79 07/15/79 07/09/79 06/13/79 06/03/79 05/29/79 05/28/79 05/20/79 05/18/79 05/18/79 05/00/79 04/27/79 04/30/79 O4/Ob/79 04/05/79 04/04/79 03/08/79 02/23/79 *O2/O8/79 L. .. Russo, Thomas E. cns- 9 1379002 UPDATE-O2/20/80 —- ABC News-Harris telephone survey of 0.5. adults. ** CBS News/New York Times telephone survey of 0.5. adults. -— President Carter's address to the nation on energy. —-O7/11/79 -- CBS News/new York Times telephone survey of 0.3. adults. . e-O6/17/79 ——-ABC News/Harris telephone survey of 0.5. adults. -0o/O6/79 4- CBS News/new Iorx Times telephone survey of adults. —— BBC Hews/Associated Press telephone survey of 0.3. adults. «~05/29/79 —~ ABC News/Harris telephone survey of 0.3. adults. «K05/25/79 —- Los Angeles Times telephone survey of 0.5. adults. — 05/27/79 - The Gallup Poll telephone survey of 0.5. adults. - O5/22/79 —- ABC sews/Harris telephone survey of 0.5. adults. —-O5/07/79 —- The Gallup Poll conducts personal interviews with O5/O4/79 - The Gallup Poll telephone survey of 0.5. adults. -O5/01/79 -—-NBC News /Associated Press telephone surve of 0.5. adults.' a -O4/15/79 ——-ABC News/Harris conducts personal interviews with 0.5. adults. I v - O4/07/79 r— CBS News/New Yorx Tihes telephone survey of 0.5. adults. 4-04/O5/79 —— ABC News/Harris telephone survey of 0.5. adults. -05/12/79 - ABC News/Harris telephone survey of 0.5. adults. —-O2/26/79 —- The Gallup Poll telephone survey of 0.5. adults. - 02/12/79 - ABC News/Harris telephone survey of 0.S. adults. e22£ILQ éé EEEEEEEQE 5 U §.§ The polls: the energy crisis in perspective. Public opinion quarterly, v. 42, Spring, 1978:127-136. Sweet, William and Sandra Stencel. Editorial research reports, Public confidence and energy. v. 1, day 25, 1979:383-400. OF WASHINGTON UNIVEFZSWY ST. LOUIS - M0. 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