LC M. 1% /2:. :5 $§©0o% F >a—:7e0><* /# W /?EC?Z/E /EX), 3 E3 2‘; N K. E BRA. RY Washingmn University ‘E7 Issue Brief - ,3. .~, 1 S}~HN “*1 E3; $3‘! L. A H ‘L U W, ‘$3., 5 1: a NOV 1 6 1989 Lq§£‘Lr-eJ'l sh ’ L. . ST L;,¢u.;:»» +*“‘*)‘ \ stII1tHflI11fl;iit‘i;iii1‘IiatIII k WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE AND CHANGES IN STATISTICAL DATA ISSUE BRIEF NUMBER IB80008 AUTHOR: Alice L. Ahmuty Economics Division THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CONGRESSIONAL RESEARCH SERVICE MAJOR ISSUES SYSTEM DATE ORIGINATED 01/24/80 DATE UPDATED Ol/21/82 FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION CALL 287-5700 Ol2l CRS- 1 I IB80008 UPDATE-01/21/82 ISSUE DEFINITION The dramatic increase in women's labor force participation during recent years has been one of the strongest indications of the changing social and economic roles of women. The trend toward the increasing labor force‘ 4 participation of women has changed the traditional family profile defined as consisting of a husband who works, a wife who is not in the labor force and two children. Recognizing the need for labor force data to keep up with social change, the Bureau of Labor Statistics has revamped some data, developed and introduced new data, changed outdated terminology: and issued new reports more relevant to the social and economic setting. Further improvement and expansion of the collection, analysis, and publication of data relating to women in the labor force has been proposed by the National Commission on Employment and Unemploymenta Statistics in its report to Congress in Sept. 1979. This issue brief provides data on women in the labor force bearing on many legislative issues and policy questions presently before Congress, and reviews initiatives to improve data collections in this area . BACKGROUND AND POLICY ANALYSIS women's labor force participation In 1980, the total labor force was comprised of 44.7 million women (42% of the total labor force) and 61.5 million men (59% of the total labor force). In 1948, women accounted for 27.9% of the total labor force while men accounted for 72.1%. The proportion of all noninstitutionalized women 16 years and over participating in the total labor force (whether employed or not) has been increasing, from 32.7% in 1948 to 50.1% in 1978, to 51.7% in 1980, while the proportion of all men has been decreasing slightly from 87% in 1948 to 78.4% in 1978, to 78.0% in 1980. Accordingly, the number of women per 100 men in the total labor force (includes military personnel) has risen from 39 in 1948 to 69 in 1978, to 72 in 1980 (see Table 1). Data on the civilian labor force reflect the same trend; the proportion of women per 100 men rose from 40 in 1948 to 71 in 1978, to 74 in 1980, and the projection for 1990 is 86 women per 100 men in the civilian labor force (see Table 2). It is clear from the ratios of females to males in the labor force that there has been a substantial convergence between the sexes over the last 30 years. The trend appears to be towards more equal participation by men and women in the economic work in the U.S. Since 1968, the preponderance of the increase in the labor force participation rate for women has been accounted for by younger women. women's labor force participation rates are not only growing in all the younger age groups, they are growing at accelerated rates. Women under 45 years of age have shown a sharp acceleration in their participation rate over the past decades. The most dramatic of these increases has been among women ages 25 to 34, with their participation rate advancing by 20 percentage points during the past decade, from 42.6% in 1968 to 62.2% in 1978 and in 380 had reached 65.4% (see Table 3). Projections for the 25-34 age group indicate a labor force participation rate 80.7% by 1990. The participation rate for men in this age group has been steady around 95% since 1948, but projections for 1990 show a slight decline to 94.3%. CRS- 2 IB80008 .UPDATE=01/21/82%) Women currently 25-35 years of age, from the "baby boom" generation, hav‘ demonstrated a different life pattern from that of their mothers. They ax much more likely to have a job, to marry later, to have smaller families or no children, and to continue to work outside the home after _children are born. In addition to the trend toward later marriage, the divorce rate has increased over the past decade; The upward trend in participation rates among young women indicate they are less likely to leave the labor force in their twenties, and if they do leave, they are returning at progressively younger ages. The implication is that women will be spending a higher proportion of their lifetime in the labor force than has previously been the case. According to current data, labor force participation increases with greater amounts of schooling. In 1980, 32.6% of the women who did not finish high school were in the labor force, while over half of the women who finished high school and higher levels of education were in the work force: 57.1% for high school graduates; 59.8% with 1-3 years of college; and 67.1% with 4 or more years of college. (See Table 4.) The labor force participation rates of women who were at least .high school graduates have risen over the past 25 years. For example, the participation rates for women with at least 1 year of college has jumped by )about 20 percentage points between 1959 and 1979 from 40.5% to 59.8%. On the other hand, the rate remained virtually unchanged for women with less than a high school education --- about 33%. Single women have the highest rate of labor force participation. In 1980 61.2% of single women were in the labor force as compared to 50.2% of marrie "women, spouse present, and 44.1% of widowed, divorced and separated wome- (see Table 5). However, the participation rates of married women have risen sharply since 1948 when they were nearly 17 percentage points below the rate for widowed, divorced or separated women, and 29 percentage points below that for single women; in 1948, 51.1% of single women and 38.7% of /widowed, divorced or separated women were in the work force, compared to only 22% of married women. The gap in labor force activity between single women and married women has decreased over the 30 year period (1948-1978) to about 13 percentage points. In 1980, there was only 11 percentage points difference. Thus, while marriage still reduces the labor market activity of women, its° impact has been greatly lessened. Participation rates for married women are expected to continue to rise, as marital status becomes a less significant factor in determining work force activity. As the labor force participation rate for wives has grown from 22% in 1948 to 50.2% in 1980 so to has labor force participation for married mothers with children increased. In 1978, the participation rate for married women without children under 18 years of age was 44.7%, for married women with only school age-children 57.2%, and for married women with preschool-age children 41.6%. In 1948, participation rates were 28.4%, 26% and 10.8%, respectively (see Table 6). In the past, among married women, the presence of pre-school children generally reduced the level of their labor force activity. However, in recent years this pattern has changed significantly. Over the last decade ~(since 1968) the proportion of wives in the labor force with preschool children has risen 17.3 percentage points. In fact, in 1980, married women with preschool age children were almost as likely to be in the work force ' married women who had no children under 18 years; 44.9% and 46.1- respectively. Overall, the labor force participation rate of wives who have children under age 18 has risen more rapidly than the rate for wives with no dependent children. CRS- 3 I 1 Issooos UPDATE¥0l/21/82% During the 1970s the dual worker family became a well—established fact. ‘he increase in multieearner families reflects the continuing rise in the labor force participation rate of wives. In Mar; 1970, both the husband and wife worked in 20.3 million (or 45.7% of all) husband-wife families. In Mar. 1978, both husband and wife worked in 23.1 million (or 48.9% of all) husband-wife families. Both the husband and wife worked in 25.1 million (52.2 of all) husband-wife families in March 1980, an increase of 2 million more than in 1978 and about 5 million more than in 1970 (see Table7). Changes in Statistical Data In View of the trends in women's labor force participation, the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), has developed more specific data to reflect the current employment situation of persons in a family context. Like Amost others in the population, most women workers --- 84% --- live in family groups. The BLS has been reporting on aspects of working women in families since 1959 on a once-a—year basis. This information has been published in its annual series of Special Labor Force Reports on the marital and family characteristics of workers. But with the dramatic increase in women's labor force participation and its continuation, new and more timely approaches to statistics on the family became necessary. Thus, the BLS began developing person-family data based on special monthly tabulations from the Current Population Survey (CPS) on a quarterly basis in 1977 and now on a monthly basis. Plans are now underway to obtain monthly person-family data on the rresence and age of children which is expected to be— available sometime in the near future. ’ As BLS proceeded to develop its person-family labor force data, it was recognized that several other changes were required. It became apparent that the definition of the average American family which was so frequently used to illustrate many of our country's policies was no longer valid. The so—callefl typical family was often defined as consisting of a husband who works, a wife who is not in the labor force, and two children. In 1978, only 7% of the married couple families fit this definition, while 58% of these families had two or more earners. Another change was the elimination of the standard CPS procedure that automatically designated the husband as the "head" of every married-couple household. Changing lifestyles and social attitudes during the l970s made a change necessary. The BLS, in 1977, stopped publishing the data on unemployment of household heads in its monthly press releases and in its monthly employment and earnings publications. Instead, separate data were published on married men, married women, and women who head families. Also, the term "head" was dropped from all published tables and analyses concerning married-couple families. The BLS has been restructuring its statistical series on all workers in general and on women specifically, as well as on all persons in families. The new data on the employment situation of persons in the family can provide new and valuable insights into the family as an economic unit and the nteractive labor market status of persons within it. For instance, what are the effects on female family members of cyclical downturns, recoveries, and upswings? cRs— 4 l' IB80008 UPDATE-O1/21/82.7 Section 13 of the Emergency Jobs Program Extension Act of 1976 (Public Law. 94-444), created the National Commission on Employment and Unemployment Statistics for the purpose of evaluating labor force statistics. TL Secretary of Labor within 6 months after issuance of the Commission's final report was required to review and report to the Congress on the actions taken or planned with respect to implementation of the Commission's final report, as well as make recommendations for any proposed legislation including any proposals to strengthen and improve the measurement of employment and unemployment. The Commission's final report was issued in Sept. 1979. The Secretary of Labor's interim report to Congress was sent to Congress in Mar. l980. The Secretary of Labor's final report is due Sept. 1981. The Commission's report contains several recommendations dealing with the collection of data on women's labor force behavior. In its report "Counting the Labor Force," the Commission stated on women: rover their adult lives, women experience different labor market transition patterns than men. They tend to move into and out of the labor force more frequently, have higher unemployment rates, and are more likely to move into unemployment from outside the labor force and to terminate unemployment by leaving the labor force. Elsewhere in the report the commission has made several recommendations that will shed light on these patterns and their impact on the economic status of women. The development of gross flow data from the CPS (described in chapter 13) will enable analysts to monitor the changes in women's labor force status on a month-to-mohth basis and tapping the longitudinal nature of the CPS will permit a view of "changes over a longer period. More substantively, the development of labor market related hardship measures will allow us to View the outcome of labor force decisions: measures linking employment status with earnings and income will show the incidence of poverty and hardship among women who work and will be useful for analyzing the role of family circumstance in women's labor force behavior. Equally important for assessing the employment situation of women, the collection of data on occupational mobility (recommended in chapter 7) will be useful in measuring the extent to which women are gaining a more equal access to jobs and their progress in moving up the career ladder. In addition, the Commission gave particular emphasis to the need for data on the relationship between female labor force status and personal and family characteristics, as well as the demand for labor, because of the necessity to predict changes in the participation rates for women within given family and age groups. Furthermore, the Commission stated that specific information is needed on the accumpulated work experience of women. Since women gain useful experience for paid employment from volunteer, work and other unpaid activities, the Commission says a special survey on the nature and extent of volunteers’ activities would provide useful information. A major point made by the Commission was that all data collection "must take account of the need for sex-based data" because women's labor market circumstances differ and because their labor market decisions appear to r influenced by different factors than men's decisions. Total Labor Force 16 Years and Over by Sex 1948, 1958, 1968, 1978, 1979, and 1980 CRSE 5 TABLE 1 (in thousands) Number in Labor Force IB80008 UPD$TE=Ol/21/82 1948 1958 1968 1978 1979 1980 Women 17,351 22,149 29,242 42,002 43,531 44,733 Men 44,729 48,126 53,030 60,535 61,466 62,088 Ratio 1 women/men 0.39 0.46 0.55 0.69 0.71 0.72 Percent of Total Noninstutional Population Women 32.7 37.1 41.6 50.1 51.1 51.7 Men 87.0 85 0 81 2 78 4 78 4 78.0 SOURCE: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment and Earnings, January 1979, Table 2, January 1980, Table 2 p 158. 155. cRs- 6 IB80008 UPDATE-01/21/823 TABLE 2a Civilian LEDOI‘ FOFCE fOI‘ PGISODS 16 years and OVGI‘, by SEX and Age 1948, 1958, 1968, 1978 (in thousands) Sex and Age 1948 1958 1968 1978 Total 16 Years and Over Women 17,335 22,118 29,204 41,878 Men 43,286 45,521 49,533 58,542 Ratio Women/Men 0.40 0.49 0.59 0.71 16 - 19 Years women 1,835 1,832 2,936 4,462‘ Men 2,600 2,495 3,681 5,078 Ratio Women/Men 0.71 0.73 10.80 0.88 20 - 24 Years Women 2,791 2,500 4,235 6,860 Men . 4,674 3,771 5,070 8,063 Ratio Women/Men 0.58 0.66 0.84 0.85 25 - 34 Years women 3,932 4,193 5,098 10.546 Men 10,327 10,475 10,610 15,284 Ratio Women/Men 0.38 0.40 0.48 0.69 35 - 44 Years _ Women 3,800 5,185 5,865 7,641 Men 9,596 10,843 10,725 10,986 Ratio Women/Men 0.40 0.48 0.55 0.69 45 - 54 Years Women 2,972 4,859 6,131 6,781 Men 7,942 9,320 10,267 10,122 Ratio Women/Men 0.37 0.52 0.60 0.67 55 - 65 Years Women 1,565 2,727 3,938 4,468 Men 5,764 6,304 7,025 7,087 Ratio Women/Men 0.27 0.43 0.56 0.63 65 Years and Over women 514 822 999 1,120 Men 2,384 2,379 2,154 1,923 Ratio Women/Men 0.22 0.34 0.46 0.58 CRS~ 7 IB80008 UPDATE=01/21/82 TABLE 2b Civilian Labor Force for Persons 16 years and over, by Sex and Age5 1979, 1980, and Projected 1985 and 1990 (in thousands) Projected Middle Growth(a) Sex and Age 1979 1980 1985 1990 Total 16 Years and Over Women 43,391 44,574 51,385 56,495 Men 59,517 60,145 63,600 65,880 Ratio women/Men 0.73 0.74 0.81 0.86 16 - 19 Years . women 4,481 4,331 4,176 4,194 Men - 5,031 4,912 4,387 4,216 Ratio women/Men 0.89 0.88 0.95 0.99 20 - 24 Years Women 7,029 7,093 7,678 7,131 Men 8,239 8,287 8,205 7,066 Ratio Women/Men 0.85 0.86 0.94 1.01 25 — 34 Years . women 11,167 11,842 14,955 16,568 Men 15,792 16,327 ’17,976 18,453 Ratio Women/Men 0.71 0.72 0.83 0.90 35 — 44 Years women 8,130 8,601 11,617 14,581 Men 11,337 11,626 14,252 16,672 Ratio Women/Men 0.72 0.74 0.86 0.87 45 - 54 Years Women 6,860 6,972 7,078 8,320 Men 10,051 9,952 9,801 11,022 Ratio Women/Men 0.68 0.70 0.72 0.75 55 - 64 Years Women 4,579 4,591 4,703 4,476 Men 7,140 7,164 7,122 6,625 Ratio women/Men 0.64 0.64 0.66 0.68 65 Years and over Women 1,145 1,144 1,178 1,225 Men 1,928 1,877 1,857 1,826 Ratio Women/Men 0.59 0.60 0.63 0.67 (a) Jr., Monthly Labor Review, From Table 5 in article by Howard N. The 1995 Labor Force: December 1980, Fullerton, A First Look. p. 11-21. 'CRS-’8 IB80008 UPDATE-Ol/21/82' SOURCE: Employment and Training Report of the President 1980, Table A-3 p. 221; and U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment and Earnings January 1979, Table 4 p. l57-l59, and January 1980 Table 4 p 160-161. cRs~ 9 2 IB80008 UPDATE-01/21/82 Table 3a Labor Force Participation Rates by Sex and Age, 1948. 1958. 1968. 1978 Labor Force Participation Rates(a) sex and Age « 1948 1958 1968 1978 Total 16 Years and Over . Women 32.7 37.1 41.6 50.0 Men 86.6 84.2 80.1 78.4 16 - 19 Years Women 41.8 39.5 42.1 53.9 Men 64.3 58.1 55.9 62.1 20 - 24 Years women 45.3 46.3 54.5 ' 68.3 Men 84.6 86.9 82.8 86.0 25 - 34 Years women 33.2 35.6 42.6 62.1 Men 95.9 97.1 96.9 95.4 35 - 44 Years ' 3609 . 4304 . Men 97.9 97.9 97.1 95.7 45 - 54 Years _ Women 35.0 47.8 52.3 57.1 Men 95.8 96.3 94.9 91.3 55 - 64 Years Women 24.3 35.2 42.4 41.4 Men 89.5 87.8 84.3 73.5 65 Years and Over women 9.1 10.3 9.6 8.4 Men 46.8 35.6 27.3 20.5 (a) Percent of civilian noninstitutional population in the civilian labor force. CRS~10 1 IB80008 UPDATE=01/21/82. Table 3b Labor Force Participation Rates by Sex and Age, 1979, 1980 and Projected 1985 and 1990 Labor Force Participation Rates Projected Middle Growth(b) Sex and Age 1979 1980 1985 1990 Total 16 Years and Over women 51.0 51.6 56.5 59.6 Men 77.9 77.4 77.7 77.2 16 - 19 Years Women 54.5 53.1 59.8 63.9 Men 61.7 60.7 63.4 64.7 20 - 24 Years women 69.1 69.0 76.5 .81.4 Men 86.6 86.0 86.9 86.4 25 - 34 Years Women 63.8 65.4 75.1 80.7 Men 95.4 95.3 94.7 94.3 35 — 44 Years "women 63.6 65.5 72.9 1 78.6 Men 95.8 95.5 95.4 95.2 45 - 54 Years 0 Women 58.4 59.9 61.7 64.3 Men 91.4 91.2 91.0 90.8 55 - 64 Years women 41.9 41.5 41.6 41.7 Men 73.0 72.3 ‘ 69.7 67.5 65 Years and Over Women 8.3 8.1 7.7 7.3 Men 20.1 19.1 17.5 15.8 (b) Table 4 in article by Howard N. Fullerton Jr., The 1995 Labor Force: A First Look. Labor Review, December 1980 p. 11-21.1 SOURCE: Employment and Training Report of the President, 1980, Table A-4 p. 224-225; Employment and Earnings, January 1979, Table 4 p. 158-159. CRS-ll IB80008 Table 4 Labor Force Participation Rates by Sex and Years of School Completed for Persons 18 Years and Over: Sex and Years Of 1959, l970, 1975, 1978, and 1979 Labor Force Participation Rates School Completed 1959(a) 1970 1975 1978 1979 Not High School Graduate Women 31.6 33.0 31.6 33.1 32.6 Men 81.2 72.6 65.2 60.6 62.1 High School Graduate - No College women 42.8 50.3 52.5 55.9 57.1 Men 92.7 90.1 87.6 85.6 86.1 One to Three Years of College Women 40.5 48.6 53.5 57.7 59.8 Men 83.4 80.6 81.3 81.8 81.7 Four or More Years of College women 53.3 59.7 64.1 66.1 67.1 Men 92.8 90.2 90.4 90.1 90.2 (a) SOURCE: Data excludes persons who did not report years of school completed. Bureau of Census, A Statistical Current Population Reports, U.S. Department of Commerce, Portrait of women in the U.S., Special Studies, Series P-23, No. 58, Table 7-3 p. 29. and No. 100, Table 6-3 p47. Young, Anne McDougal1, Trends in Educational attainment among workers in the 1970s, Monthly Labor Review. July 1980, p44-47 UPDATE-01/21/82.8 CR8-121 IB80008 UPDATE=o1/21/82" Table 5 Number in Civilian Labor Force and Labor Force Participation Rates by Sex and Marital Status: 1948, 1958, 1968, 1978, 1979 and 1980 (in thousands) ' Sex and Marital Status 1948 1958 1968 1978 1979 1980 Number in Labor Force(a) Single Women 5,943 5,365 6,357 10,222 11,006 10,922 Men 9,440 8,174 8,695 13,978 15,006 15,167 Married, Spouse Present Women 7,553 11,826 16,821 22,789 23,832 24,444 Men 31,713 35,227~ 38,225 38,507 39,420 38,933 Widowed, Divorced, Separated Women 3,659 4,810 5,600 7,960 8,133 8,598 Men g 2,689 2,903 2,816 4,980 5,006 5,275 Labor Force Participation Rates Single . Women 51.1 45.4 51.3 60.5 62.7 61.2 Men 64.1 57.0 59.6 69.2 71.1 70.7 Married, Spouse Present Women 6 22.0 30.2 38.3 47.6 49.4 50.2 Men 92.5 90.2 87.0 81.6 81.7 81.0 Widowed, Divorced, Separated Women 38.7 40.8 39.0 42.8 43.1 44.1 Men 64.0 58.7 53.4 67.1 66.4 67.0 (a) Data relate to the civilian population (including institutional) 14 years and over until 1967; 16 and over beginning 1967. Beginning in 1972, data relate to civilian non-institutional population. Male members of the Armed Forces living off post or with their families on post are included in male data. SOURCE: Employment and Training Report of the President 1980, 2 Table B-1, p. 276;277 and Table B-2 p. 278-279 U.S. Dept. of Labor News Release USDL 80-767, Dec. 9, 1980, Marital and Family Characteristics of Workers, March 1980. CRS-l4 Number of Earners in Families and Relationship, by Type of Family Table 7 (in thousands) IBBOOOB UPDATE-01/21/82' Number of Earners, Relationship March March March‘ March and Type of Family 1970 1978 1979 1980 Total families 51,237 57,215 57,804 58,729 No earners 4,337 7,358 7,254 7,671 1 earner 19,256 19,444 19,033 18,651 2 or more earners 27,654 30,413 31,517 32,401 Husband-wife families, total 44,436 47,385 47,692 48,169 No earners 3,022 5,066 5,101 5,419 1 earner 16,268 14,868 14,173 13,594 Husband only 15,133 12,939 12,194 11,666 Wife only 797 1,427 1,477 1,459 Other relative only 339 502 502 469 2 or more earners 25,145 27,451 28,418 29,156 Husband and wife 20,327 23,116 24,253 25,129 Husband and other, not wife 4,517 3,790 3,583 3,442 Husband non-earner 302 544 582 584 Other families, total 6,801 9,830 10,113 10,559 Headed by women(a), total 5,573 8,236 8,458 8,819 No earners 1,194 2,095 iw1,964 2,033 1 earner 2,468 3,869 v4,114 4,284 2 or more earners 1,911 2,272 2,380 2,502 Headed by men(a), total 1,239 1,594 1,655 1,740 No earners 121 197 189 219 1 earner 520 707 746 773 2 or more earners 598 690 719 748 (a) Includes only divorced, separated, widowed or never—married persons. NOTE: Due to rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, News Release USDL 78-638, July 24, 1978, Marital and Family Characteristics of The Labor Force March 1978; USDL 79-747, Oct. 31, 1979, Multi-earner families increase. USDL 80~767 Dec. 9, 1980, Marital and Family characteristics of workers, March 1980. CRS-15 IB80008 UPDATE-O1/21/82 LEGISLATION S.J.Res. 24 (Matsunaga)/H.J.Res. 251 (Akaka) S.J.Res. 24. Requires improvement and expansion of the collection, analysis and publication of statistical data relating to working women. The Departments of Commerce, Labor, and Health, Education and Welfare would have to adopt methods for improving and expanding their collection, analysis, and publication of labor force characteristics relating to women in all occupations, especially for women in professional, technical, and managerial positions, and provide a statistical breakdown of the data on the same basis as that provided for men along with cross tabulations on the basis of race and sex. S.J.Res. 24 was introduced Jan. 23, 1979 and referred to Senate Committee on Labor and Human Resources. H.J.Res. 251 was introduced Mar. 13, 1979, and referred to House Committees on Education and Labor and Post Office and Civil Service. REPORTS AND CONGRESSIONAL DOCUMENTS U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Labor and Human Resources. The Coming Decade: .American Women and Human Resources Policies and Programs, 1979. hearings, 96th Congress, lst session. Part 1. January 31 and February 1, 1979. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1979. 1458 p. U.S. Congress. Joint Economic Committee. Subcommittee on Economic Growth and Stabilization. American Women Workers in a Full Employment Economy: A compendium Papers, 95th Congress, 1st session. September 15, 1977. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1977. 306 p; U.S. Congress. Joint Economic Committee. Subcommittee on Economic Growth and Stabilization. American Women Workers in a Full Employment Economy. Hearings, 95th Congress, lst session, September 16, 1977. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1978. 71 p. ' U.S. Congress. iHouse. Select Committee on Aging. Subcommittee on Retirement Income and Employment, National Policy Proposals Affecting Midlife Women. Hearings, 96th Congress, lst session, May 7 and 8, 1979. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1979. 284 p. U.S. Congress. House. Select Committee on Aging. Subcommittee on Retirement Income and Employment. Women and Retirement Income Programs; current Issues of Equity and Adequacy. Report prepared by the Congressional Research Service. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1979, 119 p. (96th Congress, lst session. House. Report no. 96-190). EDDITIONAL REFERENCE SOURCES National Commission on Employment and Unemployment Statistics, 3 Q -A 3 L r ;J3a.;A;¢‘J1-T1~‘~ 3 CRS-16 IBBOOOB UPDATE-Ol/2lfE2 Counting the Labor Force, Washington, D.C. GPO, 1979, 312 p., Department of Commerce, Bureau of Census, Census Bureau U I S 0 conference on Issues in Federal Statistical needs Relating to Women. Current Population Reports, Special Studies Series p-23, Mo. 83, G.P.O. l979, 152p. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Women in the Labor Force: Some New Data Series, Report 575. Washington, D.C. BLS, October 1979, 9 p. Norwood, Janet L. New Approaches to Statistics on the Family. Monthly Labor Review. BLS, Department of Labor. July 1977, p. 31-34. Stein, Robert L. National Commission Recommends Changes in Labor Force Statistics, Monthly Labor Review, April 1980, PP- ll-21. U.S. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. National Commission on Employment and Unemployment Statistics and the inplementation of Section l3, of the Emergency Jobs Program Extension Act of l976 (Public Law 94-444) by Alice L. Ahmuty. December 28, 1978. Washington, 1978. 16 p. D; ....m.g~ wmmfl%NGTuN 'v L<:~*U?f‘~'~‘;,5:_;“:.‘.;§.:__.§ '.:~t-:‘5'-"- ’ J. v-Z17