CONGRESS! ”"‘"°'s" 22:sr:;<=~ M miltiiuiimti1iIfl‘IuuIH1i1'Iinn'iifliii»um ELECTIONS: 1980 PRESIDENTIAL NOHINATING PROCESS ISSUE BRIEF NUMBER IBBOOO9 AUTHOR: Gorman, Joseph Government Division THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CONGRESSIONAL RESEARCH SERVICE MAJOR ISSUES SYSTEM DATE ORIGINATED Q14 0 DATE UPDATED ggzlgggo % FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION CALL 287‘57OO 0312 CRS- 2 IB80009 UPDATE-O3/12/80 Presidential preference primary for; Vermont Republicans, will also be non-binding unless one candidate receives at least 40% of the vote, in which case 10 of 19 delegates will be bound to the primary winner. While the two major parties allow the States and other represented jurisdictions great latitude in devising delegate selection procedures, each has established certain standards for delegate selection in 1980. 1 Democrats- The 2elesete-§ele2ti2n Rules for-the-12§Q-2en22re:i2 Eetienelh ggnygggign (Democratic National Committee, June 9, 1978, 16 p.) outlines the delegate selection rules adopted by the Democratic National Committee on June 9, 1978; in addition, a prohibition was later added outlawing single member delegate districts. The major guidelines for Democratic delegate selection include requirements that: 1 - each State Democratic party adopt and implement an affirmative action program which undertakes to assure that voters in the State, regardless of economic status,i race, age, color, national origin or creed, will have an opportunity to participate fully in party-affairs. - there be equal numbers of men and women delegates. -- the delegate selection process begin no earlier than 0 Mar. 11, 1980, and no later than June 10, 1980 (selected exemptions to this rule have been granted). -- 75% of delegates be elected at the congressional district level or lower-- - there be no exfofficio delegates. -- delegates be bound for at least one convention ballot to the candidate whom they were elected to support. -- all Presidential candidates receiving at least 25% of the iPresidential primary vote in any State win a proportionate share of the delegation; in caucus States, the percentage was set at 15%-20%. (State law or party rule may set lower percentages.) ‘ D The Ein2l-§el;-f2r-fhe-12§Q- Qenesrefis- Eesienel- Qenzeufign (Democratic National, Committee, vuay 25, 1979, 31 p.) allocated delegates to the Democratic National Convention according to a formula giving equal weight to: (1) the vote for the Democratic candidates in the three most recent Presidential elections; and (2) population as measured by electoral vote. In addition, the Virgin Islands, Guam, Latin American Regional Democrats, and Democrats Abroad were each allocated three votes each; Puerto Rico received 37 votes; 10% of the delegate votes distributed as noted above will be ladded on for the purpose of representing party and elected official delegates; There will be a total of 3,331 delegates, distributed among the States and other represented jurisdictions and constituencies as follows: CO GOO COO 0000 Nevad-aQIOOO‘OOO IOOOIII D O O IO 0 DO 0 CO C C COD 0 DO Arizona.............. 29 New Jersey...........113 CRS— 3 ArkansaSOO.COCOOOOOOI meXicoOIOOOOOOOOO California...........306 Colorado............. 40 Connecticut.......... su Delaware............. 14 Dist. of Colunbia.... 19 Florida..............1OO Georgia.............. 63 Hawaii............... 19 Idaho................ 17 Illinois...-.........179 Indiana.............. 80 Iowa................. 50 Kansas............... 37 Kentucky............. 50 Louisiana............ 51 Haine................ 22 flary1and............. 59 Hassachusetts........111 Hichigan.............1u1 ninnesota............ 75 nississippi.......... 32 Virgin Islands....... nissouri..-.......... 77 Montana.............. 19 §§§£§§E§;;:;;;z:;::-- 2“ Be222;i2en§- New York.............282 North Carolina....... 69 North Dakota......... 14 0hi0obooo¢ooooooo.o.-161 0klahoua............. Q2 Oregon............... 39 Pennsylvania.........185 Puerto Rico.......... #1 Rhode Island......... 23 South Carolina....... 37 South Dakota......... 19 Tennessee............ 55 Texas................152 Utah................. 20 Vermont.............. 12 Virginia............. ea Washington........... 58 West Virginia........ 35 Wisconsin............ 75 Wyoming..........»... 11 Guam................. Latin America........ _--_-____- -2en9s£e:§-A2£9ed; TOTAL.....3,331 |GWP$=F nansas City, M0,, Aug. 17, 1976, provided that in 1980: all delegates be elected no later than 35 days before the meeting of the national convention. each State shall endeavor to have equal reprsentation of men and women in its delegation. only legal and qualified voters participate in the delegate selection process. there be no ex-officio delegates. the Republican National Committee assist the States in their efforts to inform all citizens how they may participate in delegate selection procedures. participation in the delegate selection process in no way be abridged for reason of sex, race, religion, color, age, or national origin. delegates be apportioned among each of the States as follows: six delegates at large; three delegates from each congressional district; 1H delegates each from D.C. and Puerto Rico; four each from Guam and the Virgin Islands; a bonus of u.5 delegates plus a number equal to 60% of the electoral vote for each State casting its electoral vote for the Republican nominee for President in the last preceding election; bonus votes for electing, The gglgg adopted by the Republican National Convention IBBOOO9 UPDATE-03/12/80 in CRS- 4 IB80009 UPDATE-03/12/80 in 1976 or 1978, a Republican U.S. Senator, governor, or majority of a State's delegation in the U.S. House of Representatives. However, all States are guaranteed at least the delegate strength of the 1972 convention. There will be a total of 1,99u delegates to the 1980 Republican National Convention, distributed among the States and other represented jurisdictions as follows: Alahama............. 27 Nebraska............. 25 Alaska.............. 19 Nevada............... 17 Arizona............. 28 New Hampshirea....... 22 Arkansas............ 19 luew Jersey........... 66 California..........168 tNew Hexico........... 22 Colorado............ 31 New York.............123 Connecticut......... 35 North Carolina....... 40 Delaware............ 12 North Dakota......... 17 Dist. of Columbia... 14 Ohio................. 77 Florida............. 51 oklahoma............. 34 Georgia............. 36 Oregon............... 29 Hawaii....-......... 1Q Pennsylvania......... 83 Idaho............... 21 Rhode Island......... 13 Illinois............102 y South Carolina....... 25 Indiana............. 54 South Dakota......... 22 Iowa.............--. 37 3 Tennessee............ 32 Kansas.............. 32 Texas................ 80 Kentucky............ 271 Utah................. 21 Louisiana........... 31 Vermont.............. 19 Maine............... 21 Virginia............. 51 Maryland............ 30 Washington........... 37 nassachusetts....... 42 West Virginia........ 18 Hichigan............ 82 1 wisconsin..-......... 3n ninnesota........... 34 Wyoming.............. 19 Hississippi......... 22 R Guam................. H uissouri............ 37 Puerto Rico.......... 14 !92£e2e;;;;;;;------ Z9 Vir9i2-l§lends-;----- Q ToEiL....1,§9n Th;;g_gg;tig§. Third party candidates are nominated in a variety of ways: action of a party committee, by individual declaration of candidacy, or by a national convention similar to those held by the major parties, although much smaller in scale. The procedures followed for the 1980, election will be noted in the "Chronology" section. .I.s.s.1.1..e§-3eised-hz-1c.he.Q2;re.I;.t-?12;-;ine:i:x.9.-13r9.<;e..ss- Three general issues are raised by the contemporary method of nominating major party Presidential candidates and have been addressed by legislation introduced in the 96th Congress: (1) the length of the pre-convention campaign; (2) the problems of simultaneous, but geographically scattered,‘ Presidential primay campaigns; and (3) the possibility of the nomination of; a candidate who is not the choice of the rank-and-file party members. Those who seek to shorten the pre—convention campaign support legislation which would establish specific dates on which, or between which, established Presidential primaries must be held. .Tvo legislative approaches have been proposed: Congress could enact legislation to require conformity with such a timetable; or, financial incentives to States to accept nationally approved CRS- 5 IB80009 upnATm.o3/12/so Presidential primary election dates. The two most frequent criticisms of ‘uch proposals are: (1) State primary elections for other offices would have -o be changed in several States to conform, or be held separately, and (2) the value of a longer pre-convention campaign, allowing greater opportunities to test stamina, momentum, and responses to emerging issues, would, be minimized. Concern over the inefficiencyi of media expenditures »and candidate scheduling in attempting to conduct simultaneous Presidential primary campaigns in geographically scattered States has led to suggestions that, at the least, States cooperate in coordinating primary dates to make possible regional campaigns in State-established primaries. An extension of this concept has also been suggested ——_the institution of a national Presidential primary on a staggered, regional basis. Proponents of regional plans point to several advantages: broadcast media reaching into several States could be more efficiently utilized, candidates could more easily conduct simultaneous multi-State campaigns, and regional issues would no doubt receive more attention. A possible criticism of either voluntary State coordination of already established State Presidential primaries or of a national regional primary is that the order in which the primaries were held might shape in unforeseen ways the public awareness of specific candidates or issues, which wthe present random (at least geographically) scheduling avoids or minimizes. Those who object to the convention system of nominating Presidential * candidates seek to substitute a national Presidential primary, with a runoff »feature, through which the major parties would nominate Presidential xndidates. This change would establish on a national level the nominating procedure used by the overwhelming majority of the States in selecting nominees for statewide and local offices. Supporters of this proposal argue that it provides an easily understood method for selecting the most popular choice of the party. However, critics express reservations about replacing the convention, which they perceive as a mechanism for compromise, with a national primary, which they suspect even with a runoff feature has a potential for polarization. ' ? A Gallup poll released Feb. 26, 1976, showed that 68% of a nationwide sample polled favored a national Presidential primary; 21% were opposed, and 11% had no opinion. A Harris poll (#59) released on July 15, 1976, showed 35% of those polled favored a national primary, 33% favored a series of four regional primaries, 17% supported they existing system, 2% opposed all primaries, and 13% were unsure. other Harris results released at the same time showed support for a national primary (60% in favor, 2H% -opposed, 16% not sure) and four regional primaries (54% in favor, 29% opposed, 17% not sure). On July 12, the Harris organization had released results of another poll (#58) measuring reaction to the present system of nominating candidates. Results were mixed. However, in a Harris poll taken after the last Presidential primary, fl6% of voters expressed a preference for a national convention with primary-elected delegates; 26% favored primaries without conventions; 10% supported conventions without primaries; and 18% were "not sure." The most recent poll, released by Gallup on Jan. 20, 1980, showed 66-2fl% support for a national primary over the present convention system, 7 Eh 10% expressing no opinion. . ‘LEGISLATION H.J.Res. 24 (Bennett) CR3‘ 6 IB8-0009 UPDATE-O3/12/80 In addition to providing for direct popular election of the President and Vice President, this proposal gives Congress the power "to establish, by appropriate. legislation, procedures relating to the nomination o; Presidential and Vice-Presidential candidates by primary elections or otherwise." Introduced Jan. 15, 1979; referred to House Judiciary Committee. H.J.Res. 81 (Smith) Provides for a national Presidential primary, with each voter eligible ‘to vote only in the primary of the party of his registered affiliation. No independent candidates would be allowed, but there are provisions for ynon-major party candidates. If no candidate in a party's national primary receives uo% of the total vote cast in the party's primary, a runoff election would be held between the two candidates receiving the greatest number of. votes in the party's primary. Between seven and 30 days after the Presidential candidate is selected, a party would select its Vice-Presidential candidate, presumably by convention. Introduced Jan. 15, 1979: referred to House Judiciary Committee. I 'H.R. 125 (Bennett) Provides for the scheduling of Presidential primaries by region, beginning on the last Tuesday in March and continuing approximately every two weeks for the next ten weeks, the order of the primaries to be determined by lot. No State would be required to hold a primary, but any State holding a primary would be required to schedule it on the the date assigned to its region. A State which conducts a Presidential primary would conduct that primary in accordance with laws of the State, except that voters would be able tow vot only in the primary of the party with which they were affiliated through registration. If delegates to national convention were elected in the primary, delegate candidates would be required to indicate the candidate, if ‘any, to whom they were pledged. Presidential and Vice-presidential nominations would continue to be made by national political conventions. In order to receive Federal matching funds during the preconvention campaign, a candidate would be required to enter at least one State primary in each of the six regions established by this legislation. Introduced Jan. 15, 1979; referred to Committee on House Administration. n 3.3. 1159 (Ashbrook) Provides for the regulation of State Presidential primary elections, which would be held on the second Tuesday of March, April,, May, or June. All candidates receiving at least .10% of the primary vote would receive a proportionate share of a State's delegates. Ballot access would be by Federal Election Commission designation or by petition- ,Introduced Jan. 23; 1978; referred to Committee on House Administration. J H.R. 190a (Applegate) ‘Provides~for mandatory Presidential primary elections in every State on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in Bay of President election years. Qualification for placement on the primary ballots would be accomplished on ‘ regional basis: five regions are defined. Joint tickets of Presidential a-. Vice—Presidential candidates would the voted on. A plurality would be «required for nomination." Introduced Feb. 8, 1979; referred to Committee on House Administration. s. 16 (Weicker) CRS- 7 IB80009 UPDATE-03/12/80 Provides for a national Presidential primary, on the first Tuesday in ugust of each year in which a Presidential election is to be held. Each voter shall be eligible to vote only in the party of his registered affiliation. If no candidate in a party's national primary receives 50% of the total vote cast in the party's primary, a runoff election would be held between the two candidates receiving the greatest number of votes in the party's primary. It is unclear how Vice-Presidential candidates would be nominated, but the pnoposal makes provision for vacancies in both nominations. No independent candidates would be allowed, but there are provisions for non-major party candidates. This legislation also would end public financing of Presidential primaries and general elections and limit Federal campaign contributions and expenditures to the year in‘ which a Federal election is held. Introduced Jan. 15, 1979; referred to Senate Committee on Rules and Administration. 5. 964 (Packwood) Provides that five regional primaries will be held, once a month on the second Tuesday for five months. Ballot access by FEC recognition of availability and intention, or by petition. Candidates receiving at least 5% 0 of the vote in a region would receive a share of the delegates from the States therein proportional to his share of the vote in the respective states. Delegates would be bound for two ballots or until a candidate received less than 20% of a vote on a ballot. Introduced Apr. 10, 1979; referred to Committee on Rules and Administration. [Similar legislation; H.R. H212 (0ttinger)] 0 - §B.B.Q1lQLQ§Z.9.£.§!E..1l2§ 03/O9/80 - »Former Gov. John Connally (Tex.) announced his withdrawal as a candidate for the Republican Presidential nomination. 03/08/80 - §gg;h_ga;gl;ng: Republican primary results: Reagan won all 25 delegates. ‘Reagan, 78,850 (50.5%); Connally 03,000 (29.8%); Bush, 21,058 (10.8%); Baker, 753 (0.5%); Fernandez, 182 (0.1%); Stassen, 105 (0.1%); Dole, 120 (0.1%); Belluso, 63 (0.00%). 03/05/80 - Sen. Howard Baker (R-Tenn.) announced his withdrawal as a candidate for the Republican Presidential nomination. 03/04/30 “’§é§§§QhE§§$£§= PFim3IY resultso Qé! E§= Kennedy, 586,214 (65.3%), winning 77 gates; Carter, 260,056 (29%), winning 34 delegates; Brown, 31,427 (3.5%); no preference, 19,633 (2.2%). ggpgbliggnsz Bush, 124,316 (31.1%), winning 14 delegates; Anderson, 123,080 (30.8%), winning 13 delegates; Reagan, 115,125 (28.8%), winning 13 delegates; Baker, 19,037 (0.9%), winning 2 delegates; Ford (write—in), 0,776 (1.2%); Connally, 0,700 (1.2%); Crane, 0,590 (1.1%); Dole, 616 (0.2%); Fernandez, 431 (0.1%); Stassen, 217 (0.1%); no preference, 2,269 (0.6%). 9929 dele - »1g;mQnt: primary results (non—binding, no delegates 02/29/80 02/28/80 02/26/80 02/23/80 02/17/80 02/16/80 02/13/80 02/12/80. candidates. Kennedy; Bennblisana (7): cns- 8 IB80009 UPDATE—03/12/80 affected). Qgmggggtsz Carter, 28,708 (70.3%); Kennedy, 9,913 (25.7%). Republicans: Reagan, 19,506 (31.2%); Anderson, 18,851 (30.1%); Bush, 10,020 (22.4%.; Baker, 7,954 (12.7%); Crane, 1,223 (2%); Connally, 882 (1.0%); Stassen, 101 (0.2%). Louisiana: filing deadline for Presidential candidates. Qggggggtg (7): Brown, Carter, Finch, Kay, Kennedy, Maddox, Don Reaux (Tes.). ggpgbligagg (8): Baker, Belluso, Bush, Connally, Fernandez, C. Leon Pickett (Tex.), Reagan, Stassen. filing deadline for Presidential Qgggg;g;§ (fl): Brown, Carter, Kennedy, LaRouche. ggpggligggg (10): Anderson, Baker, Bush, Connally, Crane, Cole, Fernandez, Ford, Reagan, Stassen. ‘ §h2de-L§;and= Democratic precinct caucuses; results E§E-flAA2§§;B§= Presidential primary- Qenesratar Carter, 52,648 (09%), winning 10 delegates; Kennedy, H1,687 (38%), winning 9 delegates; Brown, 10,706 (almost 10%): kaRouche, 2,307 (2%); Kay, 563 (1%). Lafiouche has formally requested a recount. Republicans: Reagan, 72,816 (50%), winning 15 delegates; Bush, 33,527 (23%), winning 5 delegates; Baker, 18,970 (13%), winning 2 delegates; Anderson, 10,083 (almost 10%); Crane, 2,624 (2%); Connally, 2,255 (2%); Dole, 607 (less than 1%). Anderson has formally asked for a recount. gegrgig: Republican precinct caucuses to select delegates to county conventions. gg§§gQ_§;§g: Republican primary and election of 10 unopposed delegate candidates (selected in Sept. 1979 by convention). The delegates are bound for one ballot to the primary winner. Results: Bush, 123,217 (58.9%); Baker, 80,782 (38.6%); Connally, 1,930 (0.9%); Fernandez, 1,912 (0.9%); Stassen, 613 (0.3%); Dole, 513 (0.2%); others, 182 (0.1%). Arkansas: the 210 members of the Republican State Committee elected seven at-large delegates. Four of those elected were uncommitted, with one each pledged to Reagan, Bush, and Connally. filing deadline for Presidential Qggggggtg (3): Brown, Carter, Baker, Bush, Connally, Fernandez, Alvin J. Jacobson, Reagan, Stassen. Eennazlzeniez candidates. ____ __ filing deadline for Presidential candidates. Qggggggtg (7): Frank Ahern (La.), Brown, Carter, Finch, Kennedy, Bob Maddox (Fla.), Ray Rollinson (N.J.); Republicans (12): Anderson, Donald Kansas: 02/10/80 02/08/80 02/05/80 02/00/80 02/04/80 02/02/80 02/02/80 02/01/30 CRS- 9 IB80009 UPDATE-03/12/80 Badgley (N.Y.), Baker, Bush, William E. Carlson (Fla.), Alvin G. Carris (Kan.), Connally, Crane, Fernandez, Reagan, Stassen, R.W. Yeager (Kan.). Zggpgngz Filing deadline for Presidential candidates. Qsmgsrais (2): Carter. Kennedy: §§RQ2li§§2§ (7): Anderson, Baker, Bush, Connally, Crane, Reagan, Stassen. HAINE: Democratic municipal caucuses; in a turnout of 33,326, Carter has won 1,017 (06.7%) delegates to the State convention, Kennedy 807 (38.9%), Brown 263 (12.1%), and 52 (2.4%) are uncommitted (with about 95% of the towns reporting). Raw vote totals to date are: Carter, 10,528; Kennedy, 13,380; Brown, 0,621 (13.8%); uncommitted, 793 (2.4%). ggnggggigut: filing deadline for Presidential candidates. Qgggggatg (4): Brown, Carter, Kennedy, LaRouche; ggpgbligags (9): Anderson, Baker, Bush, Connally, Crane, Dole, Fernandez, Ford, Reagan. (Former President Ford, placed on the ballot by the Secretary of State, subsequently withdrew.)_ ‘§9;th_Q§gQ;iga: filing deadline for Presidential candidates. Democrats (5): Brown, Carter, Charles C. Finch (uiss.), Kennedy, LaRouche; Republicans (8): Anderson, Baker, Bush, Connally, Crane, Dole, Fernandez, Reagan. Republican precinct caucuses. -03/05/so —~ gyomigg: filing deadline for Republican Presidential Baker, Bush, Connally, John Kelso -- Eezas: candidates (5): (Tex.), Reagan- ;RKg§§5§: Republicans elected congressional district delegates, 3 from each of the 4 congressional districts: Reagan 6, Baker a, Bush 1, with one uncommitted. These delegates were elected by party meetings in each of the H congressional districts, with a total membership of all 4 meetings of 181 (2 each from each of 75 counties, with 31 additional delegates apportioned to those counties where the Republican candidate for governor in 1978 received more than 2,500 votes). Democratic legislative district §9nth-2a£9:a= caucuses. §Qg§h_§§rQliga: filing deadline for Democratic Presidential candidates (5): Brown, Carter, Kennedy, Scotty Larsen, Sr. (wisc.), and Bob Maddox (Fla.). 02/01/80 - 02/29/80 - gggagaz Republican precinct meetings. 02/01/80 --03/15/80 - - ~§gg;h_g§gQ;ina: Republican precinct meetings. Republican municipal caucuses. 12/24/79 12/09/79 12/08/79 12/0 «/79 11/18/79 (11/13/79 11/08/79 11/07/79 11/01/79 11/00/79 10/31/79 10/19/79 09/30/79 09/09/79 Los Angeles, nominated Ed Clark CRS-11 IB80009 UPDATE-03/12/80 Governor Cliff Finch (Miss.) announced his candidacy for the Democratic Presidential nomination. The American Independent Party, meeting in convention in Pasadena, Calif., nominated Percy Greaves (N.Y.) for President and Frank Varnum (Calif.) for Vice President. Citizens Party steering committee met in Minneapolis to plan convention and platform; convention is scheduled for Apr. 11-13, 1980, in Cleveland. President Jimmy Carter announced his candidacy for the Democratic Presidential nomination. The Communist Party central committee, meeting in New York City, announced its candidate for President (Gus Hall) and Vice President (Angela Davis). ~Former Governor Ronald Reagan (Calif.) announced his candidacy for the Republican Presidential nomination. Governor Jerry Brown (Calif.) announced his candidacy »for the Democratic Presidential nomination. Senator Edward Kennedy announced his candidacy for the Democratic Presidential nomination. Senator Howard Baker (Tenn.) announced his candidacy for the Republic Presidential nomination. The Workers World Party (offshoot of Socialist Workers Party) nominated in November (date uncertain) Deirdre Griswold for President and Larry Holmes for Vice President. Former Governor Heldrim Thompson (N.H.) announced he was forming a new Constitution Party to run for President. Former President Gerald Ford announced that he would not be a candidate for the Republican Presidential nomination. Richard B. Kay (Ohio) mentioned in fia§hingt9g_§§a§ article as first announced candidate for Democratic Presidential nomination (date of announcement undetermined). The National Statesman Party (formerly the Prohibition Party) mentioned in a yew Yorg Times article as having met in convention the previous spring in Birmingham, Ala., and nominated Rev. Benjamin C. Bubar for President and Earl Dodge (Colo.) for Vice President. The Liberatarian Party, meeting in convention in (Calif.) for President 08/01/79 06/08/79 06/07/79 03/16/79 os/1a/79 05/01/79 03/12/79 01/24/79 11/29/78 11/09/78 08/02/78 Brace, Kimball W. CRS-12 IB80009 UPDATE-03/12/80 and David Koch (N.Y.) for Vice President. Barry Commoner announced the formation of a new Citizens Party which will offer a candidate in the 1980 Presidential election. Representative John Anderson (I1l.) announced his candidacy for the Republican Presidential nomination. Sean Horton Downey (Nev.), anti-abortionist and chairman of the National Right to Life Committee's political action group, announced his candidacy for the Democratic Presidential nomination. senator Lowell Weicker (Conn.) announced his withdrawal as a candidate for the Republican Presidential nomination. Senator Robert Dole announced his candidacy for the Republican Presidential nomination. Former Representative and Ambassador George Bush announced his candidacy for the Republican Presidential hnomination. Senator Lowell Weicker (Conn.) announced his candidacy for the Republican Presidential nomination. Former Governor John Connally (Tex.) announced his candidacy for the Republican Presidential nomination. Benjamin Fernandez announced his candidacy for the .Republican Presidential nomination. Former Governor Harold Stassen (Minn.) announced his candidacy for the Republican Presidential nomination. Representative Philip Crane (Ill.) announced his candidacy for the Republican Presidential nomination. 222229uA;-§az23rn2§-§992§a§ The 1976 Presidential primaries: an analysis of how many people participated and how much money was spent. A report compiled for the Commission on Presidential Nomination and Party Structure [of the Democratic Party] May 9, 1977. Cook, Rhodes. V Congressional quarterly, v. 38, Feb. 2, --—--icaucuses: Congressional quarterly, v. 37, Dec. 29, ---- Presidential primaries reach record level. quarterly, v. 37, Aug. a, 1979: 1&0 p. Attention shifts to first Presidential primaries. 1980: 281-289. a little noticed source of power. ~ 1979: 2957-65. Congressional 1609-16. CRS-13 IBBOOO9 UPDATE-03/12/80 Davis, James W. Presidential primaries; road to the White House. New York, Crowell [1967] 324 p. Jewell, Malcolm E. A caveat upon the expanding use of Presidential primaries. Policy studies journal, v. 1, Summer 1974: 279-83. V Keech, William R. Anticipating the consequences of a national Presidential primary. Policy studies journal, v. 1, Summer 197k: 27H-78. Keech, William R., and Donald R. Matthews. The party's choice. Washington, D.C., Brookings Institution [1976] 258 p. Presidential primaries. Guide to U.S. elections. Washington, Congressional quarterly [1975]: 309-H9. Presidential primaries: Proposals for a new system. Congressional quarterly, v. 30, July 8, 1972: 1650-SH. Ranney, Austin. Participation in American Presidential nominations, 1976. .Washington, American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research [1977] 37 p. ‘ The federalization of presidential primaries. Washington, American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research [1978] R0 p. U.S. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. Federal presidential primary proposals, 1911-1976 [by] Joseph B. Gorman. Har. 27, 1976 [Washington, 1976] 47 p. A CRS Report 76-53G ----- Presidential preference and delegate selection primaries: a selected annotated bibliography [by] Carol F. Casey. Oct. 22, 1975. Jan. 10, 1977. (Washington, 1977] 14 p. ‘ CRS Report 77-12G ---- Procedures for selection of delegates to the Democratic _and Republican 1980 national conventions: a preliminary survey of applicable State laws and party rules [by] Carol F. Casey. Oct. 22, 1979 [with periodic updates]. Wildavsky, Aaron B. On the superiority of national conventions. Review of politics, v. 2a, July 1962: 307-19. Zeidenstein, Harvey. Presidential primaries —- reflections of A the people's choice? Journal of politics, v. 32, November 1970: 856-74. Brssiéential-§§a§iéa:e§:-AaLi2nal-§§a§guart.r§= DEMOCRATS Edmund G. (Jerry) Brown Jr. Brown for President 89 State St. CRS-1H Boston, Mass. 02129 617-973-3500 Jimmy Carter Carter-Mondale Committee 1u13 K St., N.W. Washington, D.C. 2005 202-789-7200 Edward M. Kennedy Kennedy for President 1250 22nd St., n.w.7 Washington, D.C. 20037 202-861-6000 REPUBLICANS John B. Anderson Anderson for President 719 8th St., S.E. Washington, D.C. 20003 202-sun-1090 Howard H. Baker Jr. The Baker Connittee 25 K St., N.E. Washington, D-C. 20002 202-789-7900 George Bush Bush for President Committee 732 N. Washingtone Alexandria, Va. 22310 703-836-5705 . John B. Connally- Connally for President Committee 901 Highland St. 9 Arlington, Va. 22204 703-685-3000 ‘ Philip H. Crane Crane for President 5600 Columbia Pike #200 Baileys Crossroads, Va. 22041 703-931-0800 Robert Dole Dole for President Committee 104 N St. Alexandria, Va. 22314 703-836-8681 Benjamin Fernandez Fernandez for President Committee ’211fl5 Devonshire Chatsworth, Calif. 91311 213-882-0050 IB80009 UPDATE-O3/12/80 CR5-15 Ronald Reagan Reagan for President Committee 1828 L St., N.w., Suite 201 Washington, D.C. 20036 ‘ 202-861-5000 Harold E. Stassen The Stassen Program 33 E. Wentworth Ave., Suite 211 West St. Paul, Minn. 55118 612-457-5861 THIRD*PARTI/INDEPENDENT CANDIDATES gneldrin Thompson Constitution Party Box 1788 Concord, N.H. 03301 603-220-8080 IB80009 UPDATE—03/12/80 ‘” LIBRARY OF WASHINGTON UNIVERSFTY ST. LOUIS ‘- MO.