\ N O L O N G E R P R (3 E’ ii Y 0 E Q N 1. E _R_ft. 34?’ Washingmri Llniversity - - .'=“”"¢"""‘.-3“"‘A‘ " ‘\\c~_~; ~. . nun 2‘-‘ ,v‘-“" ' ‘ C '9' (J "'&‘i»‘fl‘\’~\.‘.' NOV 161989 E .9‘. ‘ix :1 *1.. Ti .2‘.-_. -;._J 51', LQU M (.3. CONGRESSIONAL gEg\|5/,|¢sbRECH » IIIl!IiifljflWflIflfi[i]@@[[iyflfmfflriiimllll WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE AND CHANGES IN STATISfi&iPfimEai§‘fl: ISSUE BRIEF NUMBER IBBOOOB Em MEMBER 0! mm: AUTHOR : Ahmuty, Alice L.R Economics Division THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CONGRESSIONAL RESEARCH SERVICE MAJOR ISSUES SYSTEM DATE OBIGINATED Qjgggzgg DATE UPDATED/Qggggggg FOR ADDITIONAL INFORHATION CALL 287-5700 0229 CRS- 1 IBBOOOB UPDATE-02/26/80 l§§Q.‘-3...P.§.1?.lEl.l.129.E. The dramatic increase in women's labor force participation during recent years has been one of the strongest indications of the changing social and economic roles of women. The trend toward the increasing labor force participation of women has changed the traditional family profile defined as consisting of a husband who works, a wife who is not in the labor force and two children. Recognizing the need for labor force data to keep up with social change, the Bureau of Labor Statistics has revamped some data, developed and introduced new data, changed outdated terminolo9Yn and issued new reports more relevant to the social and economic setting. Further improvement and expansion of the collection, analysis, and publication of data relating to women in the labor force has been proposed in H.J.Res. 251 and S.J.Res. 24 as well as by the National Commission on Employment and Unemployment Statistics in its report to Congress in Sept. 1979. This issue brief provides data on women in the labor force bearing on many legislative issues and policy questions presently before Congress, and reviews initiatives to improve data collections in this area. In 1979, the total labor force was comprised of 43.5 million women (41% of he total labor force) and 61.5 million men (59% of the total labor force). In 1948, women accounted for 27.9%, of the total labor force while men accounted for 72.1%. The proportion of all noninstitutionalized women 16 years and over participating in the total labor force (whether employed or not) has been increasing, from 32.7% in 1948 to 50.1% in 1978, to 51.1% in 1979, while the proportion of all men has been decreasing slightly from 87% in 1948 to 78.4% in 1978, to 78.4% in 1979. Accordingly, the number of women per 100 men in the total labor force (includes military personnel) has risen from 39 in 1948 to 69 in 1978, to 71 in 1979 (see Table 1). Data on the civilian labor force reflect the same trend; the proportion of women per 100 men rose from 40 in 1948 to 71 in 1978, to 73 in 1979, and the projection for 1990 is 83 women per 100 men in the civilian labor force (see Table 2). It is clear from the ratios of females to males in the labor force that there has been a substantial convergence between the sexes over the last 30 years. The trend appears to be towards more equal participation by men and women in the economic work in the 0.5. Since 1968, the preponderance of the increase in the labor force participation rate for twomen has been accounted for by younger women- Women's labor force participation rates are not only growing in all the younger age groups, they are growing at accelerated rates. Women under 45 years off age .have. shown a sharp acceleration in reaching a 61.6% participation rate. The most dramatic of these increases has been among women ages 25 to 34, with their participation rate advancing by 12 percentage points during the past 5 years, from 50.1% in 1973 to 62.1% in 1978 and in ‘979 had reached 63.8% (see Table 3). Projections including this age group (for women 25-54 years old) indicate a labor force participation wrate over 70% by 1990. The participation rate for men) in this age group has. been steady around 95% since 1948, but projections for 1990 show a slight decline 'cns- 2 IB8 0008 UPDATE-02/26/80 to 93%. 2 Women currenlty 25-35 years of age, from the “baby boom" generation, -have demonstrated a different life pattern from that of their mothers. They are much more likely to have a job, to marry later, to have smaller families 0 no children, and to continue to work outside the home after children are born. In addition to the trend toward later marriage, the divorce rate has increased over the past decade. The upward trend in participation rates among young women indicate they are less likely to leave the labor force min their twenties, and if they do leave, they are returning at progressively younger ages. The implication is that women will be spending a higher proportion of their lifetime in the labor force than has previously been the case. According to current data, labor force participation increases with greater amounts of schooling. In 1978, 33.1% of the women who did not finish high school were in the labor .force, while over half of the women who finished high school and higher levels of education were in the work force: 55.9% for high school graduates; 57.7% with 1-3 years of college; and 66.1% with 4 or more years of college. (see Table ‘4.) The labor force participation rates of women who were at least high school graduates have risen over the past 25 years. For example, the participation rates for women with at least 1 year of college has jumped by 20 percentage points between 1952 and 1978, from37.5% to 57.7%. on the other hand, the rate remained virtually unchanged for women with less than a high school education --- about 33%. Single women have the highest rate of labor force participation. In 1978, 60.5% of single women were in the labor force as compared to 47.6% of married women, spouse present, and 42.8% of widowed, divorced and separated women (see Table 5). However, the participation rates of married women have risen sharply since 1948 when they were nearly 17 percentage points below the rate for widowed, divorced or separated women, and 29 percentage points below that for single women; in 1948, 51.1% wof single women and 38.7% of widowed, divorced or separated women were in the work force, compared to only 22% of married women. The gap in labor force activity between single women and married women has decreased over the past 30 years (1948-1978) to about 13 percentage points. Thus, while marriage still reduces the labor market activity of women, its impact has been greatly lessened. Participation rates for married women are expected to continue to rise, as marital status become a less significant factor in determining work force activity. ; As the labor force participation rate for wives has grown from 22% to 47.6% over the past 30 years (1948-1978), so to has labor force participation for married mothers with children increased. In 1978, the participation rate for married wmen without children under 18 years of age was 44.7%, for) married women with only school age-children 57.2%, and for married women with ipreschool-age children 41.6%. In 1948, participation rates were 28.4%, 26% and 10.8%, respectively (see Table 6). In the past,.among married women, the presence of pre-school children generally reduced the level of their labor force activity. However, in recent years this pattern has changed significantly. Over the last decade (since 1968) the proportion of wives in the labor force with preschool children has risen 14 percentage points. In fact, in 1978, married women with preschool age children were almost as likely to be in the work force as married women who Had no children under 16 years; 41.6% and 44.7% respectively. Overall, the labor force participation rate of wives who have children under age 18 has risen more rapidly than the rate for wives with no dependent children. CRS-3 IBBOOOB UPDATE-02/26/80 During the 1970s the dual worker family became a well-established fact. The increase in multi-earner families reflects the continuing rise in the labor force participation rate of wives. In Mar. 1970, both the husband and “ife worked in 20.3 million (or 05.7% of all) husband-wife families. In Mar. 378, both husband and wife worked in 23.1 million .(or’ 48.9% of all) husband-wife families. Both the husband and wife worked in 24.3 million (51% of all) husband-wife families in narch 1979, an increase of 1 million more than in 1978 and about 4 million more than in 1970 (see Table7). T §1.1.e.I.1.ge§...iz1.-§2§J.:.:L§.1t.i2el..2e..=.=I. In view of the trends in women's labor force participation, the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), has developed more specific data to reflect the current employment situation of persons in a family context. Like most others in the population, most women workers --- 84% --- live in family groups. The BLS has been reporting on aspects of working women in families since 1959 on a once-a-year basis. This information has been published in its annual series of §pgg;§;_;apgg;§9rgg_§gpggt§ on the marital and family characteristics of workers. But with the dramatic increase in women's labor force participation and its continuation, new and more timely approaches to statistics on the family became necessary. Thus, the BLS began developing person-family data based on special monthly tabulations from the Current Population Survey (CPS) on a quarterly basis in 1977 and now on a monthly basis. Plans are now underway to obtain monthly person-family data on the presence and age of children which is expected to be available sometime in 980. As BLS proceeded to develop its person-family labor force data, it was recognized that several other changes were required. It became apparent that the definition of the gygg§gg_gmg;igan;§§g;;y which was so frequently used to illustrate many of our country's policies was no longer valid. The so-called typical family was often defined as consisting of a husband who works, a wife who is not in the labor force, and two children. In 1978, only 7% of the married couple families fit this definition, while 58% of these families had two or more earners. Another change was the elimination of the standard CPSI procedure that automatically designated the husband as the “head” of every married-couple household. Changing lifestyles and social attitudes during the 1970s made a change Anecessary. The BLS, in 1977, stopped publishing the data on unemployment of household heads in its monthly pressi releases and in bits monthly employment and earnings publications. Instead,_ separate data were published on married men, married women, and women who head families. Also, the term "head" was dropped from all published tables and analyses concerning married-couple families- ~‘ The BLS has been restructuring its statistical series on all workers in vgeneral and on women specifically, as well as on all persons in families. The new data on the employment situation of persons in the family can provide new and valuable insights intoh the family as man economic unit and the interactive labor market status of persons within it. For instance, what are che effects on female family members of cyclical downturns, recoveries, and upswings? cns- 4 IB8 0008 UPDATE -02/26/80 section 13 of the Emergency Jobs Program Extension Act of 1976 (Public Law 94-nan), created the National Commission on Employment and Unemployment Statistics for the purpose of evaluating labor force statistics. The secretary of Labor within 6 months_after issuance of the Commission's final report must review and report to the Congress on the actions taken or planne with respect to implementation of the Commission's final report, as well as make recommendations for any proposed legislation including any proposals to strengthen and improve the measurement of employment and, unemployment. The Commission's final report was issued in Sept. 1979, so the Secretary of Labor's report to Congress is due to be received by Congress in Mar. 1980. The Commission's report contains several recommendations dealing with the collection of data on women's labor force behavior. Giving special attention to groups with distinct labor market problems that are inadequately measured by existing data, in its report "Counting the Labor Force," the Commission stated on women: Over their adult lives, women experience different labor market transition patterns than men. They tend to move into and out of the labor force more frequently, have higher unemployment rates, and are more likely to move into unemployment from outside the labor force and to terminate unemployment by leaving the labor force. Elsewhere in the report the commission has made several recommendations that will shed light on these patterns and their impact on the economic status of women. The development of gross flow data from the CPS (described in chapter 13) will enable analysts to monitor the changes in women's labor force status on a month—to-mohth basis and tapping the longitudinal nature of the CPS will permit a view of changes over a longer period. More substantively, the development of labor market related hardship measures will allow us to view the outcome of labor force decisions: measures linking employment status with earnings and income will show the incidence of poverty and hardship among women who wrk and will be useful for analyzing the role of family circumstance.in women's labor force behavior. Equally important for assessing the employment situation of women, the collection of data on occupational mobility (recommended in chapter 7) will be useful in measuring the extent to which women are gaining a more equal access to job and their progress in moving up the career ladder. In addition, the Commission gave particular emphasis to the need for data on the relationship between female labor force status and personal and family characteristics, as well as the demand for labor, because of the necessity to_ predict changes in the participation rates for women within given family and age groups. Furthermore, the Commission stated that specific information is needed on the accumpulated work experience of women. Since women gain useful experience for paid employment from volunteer work and other unpaid activities, the Commission says a special survey on the nature and extent of volunteers‘ activities would provide useful information. A major point made by the Commission was that all data collection "must take account of the need for sex-based data" because women's labor market circumstances differ and because their labor market decisions appear to be influenced by different factors than men's decisions. CRS- 5 IB80008 UPDATE-02/26/80 TABLE 1 Total Labor Force 16 Years and Over by Sex 1948, 1958, 1968, 1973, 1978, and 1979 A (in thousands) number in Labor Force 1948 1958 1968 1973 1978 1979 women 17,351 22,149 29,242 34,561 42,002 43,531 men 44,729 48,126 53,030 56,479 60,535 61,466 Ratio 1 women/men 0.39 0.46 0.55 0.61 0.69 0.71 Percent of Total Noninstutional Population women 32.7 37.1 3 41.5 1 4a.? 50.1 51.1 Men _ 87.0 85.0 81.2 79.5 78.4. 78.4 j- w: T‘ —— —_'——:‘ j—— —— 1’:- SOURCE: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment and Earnings, January 1979, Table 2, p. 155. January 1980, Table 2 p 158. CRS- 6 IB80008 UPDATE-02/26/80 TABLE 2a Civilian Labor Force for Persons 16 years and over, by Sex and Age 1948, 1958, 1968, 1973 (in thousands) §g§_ggg_ggg_________ 1948 1958 1968 197; $.<21.=a..-1§..l.e.a.t£§-a 6 0ve; 1 Women 17,335 22,118 29,204 34,510 men 43,286 45,521 49,533 54,203 Ratio women/Men 0.40 0.49 0.59 0.64 .1.6;._:...1..9_.!se;§. women 1,835 1,832 2,936 3,997 Men 2,600 2,495 3,681 4,665 Ratio Women/men 0.71 0.73 0.80 0.86 2.Q..:....2.£!.l§.§£§. women 2,791 2,500 4,235 5,592 Hen 4,674 3,771 5,070 7,080 Ratio Women/Men '0.58 0.66 0.84 0.80 2§_.:..§&_..!sa1-:§ women 3,932 4,193 5,098 7,186 Men 10,327 10,475 10,610 12,848 Ratio Honen/Hen 0.38 0.40 0.48 0.56 §§..:-2&_!29.£§ 1 ~ ~ Women 7 3,800 5,185 5,865 6,146 men 9,596 10,843 10,725 10,270 , Ratio women/Men 0.40 0.48 0.55 0.60 &§..:-§.‘_L.!s§.£§ Women 2,972 4,859 6,131 6,556 men 7,942 9,320 10,267 10,431 Ratio Women/Hen 0.37 0.52 0.60 0.63 §§...:-§§..Y.§E£§ women 1,565 2,727 3,938 4,179 Hen . 5,764 6,304 7,025 7,003 Ratio women/Men 0.27 0.43 0.56 0.60 §..§.1ss_r§-a2<1..Q-21_=. Women 514 822 999 1,054 Hen 2,384 2,379 2,154 1,908 Ratio Women/Hen 0.22 0.34 0.46 0.55 CBS- 7 IB80008 UPDATE-02/26/80 TABLE 2b Civilian Labor Force for Persons 16 years and Over, by Sex and Age 1978, Oct. 1979, and Projected 1985 and 1990 (in thousands) Projected Intermediate Growth(a) §g;_§gg_gg________ 1978 1979__ 198§_ 1990 '£9.£2.1.-1.§_Xsa£§_and Over Women 41,878 43,391 49,945 54,253 Hen 58,542 59,517 63,007 65,115 Ratio women/Men 0.71 0.73 0.79 0.83 J..5..: -12_;Y.§§.£§ Women 4,462 4,481 4,192 4,139 Men 5,078 5,031 4,374 4,199 Ratio Women/Men 0.88 0.89 0.96 0.99 2.9.: -.2.&_lsar§ * Women 6,860 7,029 7,742 7,086 men ' 8,063 8,239 8,091 6,957 Ratio Women/Men 0.85 0.85 0.96 1.02 2§-:-§!.U.f.<-sass Women 10,546 11,167 6 Men 15,284 15,792 Ratio Women/Hen 0.69 0.71 £5 - 44 Years Women 7,641 8,130 32,432(b) 37,713(b) Hen 10,986 11,337 41,824 45,845 Ratio Women/Hen 0.69 0.72 0.76 0.82 &§.:.§£.*.1s9.r§ Women 6,781 6,860 Hen 10,122 10,051 Ratio women/Men 0.67 0.68 §§.:..§.‘!.X§.e£§ Women 4,468 4,579 4,536 4,270 Hen 7,087 7,140 6,953 6,383 Ratio women/Men 0.63 0.64 0.65 0.67 §§...Y.§§£S....§.E9....Q!.§£ - women, 1,120 1,145 1,044 41,043 men 1,923 1,928 1,765 1,731 Ratio Women/Hen 0.58 0.59 0.59 0.60 (a) From Table 4 in article by Paul 0. Plain and Howard N. Fullerton, Jr., Labor Force Projections to 1990: Three Possible Paths, Monthly Labor Review, December 1978, p. 25-35. cns- 3 IB80008 UPDATE-02/2&/80 (b) Predicted growth given for 25-54 age group. souncn: Employment and Training Report of the Presiaent 1978, Table A-3 p. 183; and 0.5. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment and Earnings January 1979, Table 4 p. 157~159, and January 1980 Table 4 p 160-161. cas- 9 1:133 0008 UPDATE-02/26/80 Table 3a Labor Force Participation Rates by Sex and Age, 1948, 1958, 1968, 1973, 1978 Labor Force Participation Bates(a) §gg_§gg_gg§___1g4§ 1958 _1968 .1973 %1978 £9.:e.1.-1.6._19.§.2§-§.9.Q.Q122 Women 32.7 37.1 41.6 44.7 50.0 Hen 86.6 84.2 80.1 78.8 78.4 16 —»19 Ygggg Women 41.8 39.5 42.1 48.0 53.9 Hen 64.3 58.1 55.9 60.4 62.1 2.-.:-_29...Y.§:1.£§ women 45.3 46.3 54.5 61.1 68.3 Men 84.6 86.9 82.8 85.3 86.0 25 - 34 Years Women 33.2 35.6 42.6 50-1 62.1 Hen ' 95.9 97.1 96.9 95-7 95.4 1.3.-'2..:.-..9.£.L.1.’2.a.t;§ women 36.9 43.4 48.9 53.3. 61.6 Men 97.9 97.9 97.1 96.2 95.7 ...--:-.§&.Z222§ women 35.0 47.8 52.3 53.7 57.1 Hen 95.8 96.3 94.9 93.0 91.3 5.5 - 64 Y§§.£§ Women 24.3 35.2 42.41 41.4 41.4 Men 89.5 87.8 84.3 78.3 73.5 §§.Zea..r§_§.p..<1-9z91_= women 9.1 10.3 9.6 8.9 8.4 Men 46.8 35.6 27.3 22.8 20.5 (a) Percent of civilian noninstitutional population in the civilian labor force. CRS-10 IBBOOOB UPDATE-02/25/80 Table 3b Labor Force Participation Rates by Sex and Age, 1979 and Projected 1985 and 1990 Labor Force Participation Rates Projected Intermediate Growthtb) §9;..2n<1.A22. 19:19 1985 1999 291:. a1 1§..;!..e2I.-'-_2nQ..Q!.2£ Women 51.0 54.8 57.1 Hen 77.9 77.0 76.0 16 -19 !§§£§ women 5u.5 59.7 62.8 2.9..:-.2.&.¥.ee.2.s. Women 69.1 76.8 80.4 men 86.6 85.7 85.0 2§.:_§&.12e;§ Women ‘ 63.8 men 95.0 .-'é....:_2'_~!...¥.:e.'s1.r§. Women 63.6 68.5(c) 72.u(c) Men 95.8 93.5(c) 93.1(c)‘ £!...:-§£L..!ee.1;§ women 58.0 Men 91.4 §§..:-.6.9..1.e..a;r;§ Women 01.9 no.2 39.8 Men 73.0 68.1 65.0 9.5.! .<-;§§-en«.i...Qz2.r. Women 8.3 6.8 6.2 Hen 20.1 16.7 15.0 (b) ,Table 3 in article by Flaim, Paul 0. and Howard N. Fullerton Jr., Labor Force Projections to 1990: Three Possible Paths. Monthly Labor Review, December 1978 p. 25-35. (c) Predicted participation given for 25-50 age group. SOURCE: Employment and Training Report of the President, 1978, Table A-4 p. 186-187; Employment and Earnings, January 1979, Table u;p. 158-159. CBS-11 IB80008 UPDATE-02/26/80 Table 4 Labor Force Participation Rates by Sex and Years of School Completed for Persons 18 Years and Over: 1952, 1959, 1970, 1975, and 1978 Sex and Years of Labor Force Participation Bates School Completed 1952(a) 1959(a) 1970 1975 1978 Not High School Graduate women 31.2 31.5 33.0 31.5 33.1 Men 85.3 81.2 72.6 65.2 60.6 High School Graduate - No College women 40.7 02.8 50.3 52.5 55.9 men 93.1 92.7 90.1 87.6 85.6 one to Thnee Years of College women 0 5 37.5 no.5 08.6 53.5 57.7 Hen 85.6 83.0 80.6 81.3 81-8 Four or More Years of College women 5o.2 53.3 59.7 6u.1 66.1 Men 88.0 92.8 90.2 90.4 90.1 TTTT“--fljjjjjjjjj jj-—— (a) Data excludes persons who did not report years of school completed. SOURCE: 0.5. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Census, A Statistical Portrait of Women in the U.S., Current Population Reports, Special Studies, Series P-23, No. 58, Table 7-3 p. 29. CBS-12 IB80008 UPDATE-02/26/80 Table 5 Number in Civilian Labor Force and Labor Force Participation Rates by Sex and narital Status: 1948, 1958, 1968, 1973, 1978 (in thousands) sex and marital Status 1948 1958 1968 1973 1978 Number in Labor Forceqa) Single women 5,943 5,365 6,357 7,739 10,222 men 9,440 8,174 8,695 11,102 13,978 Married, Spouse Present ~ women 7,553 11,826 16,821 19,821 22,789 Men 31,713 35,327 38,225 39,782 38,507 Widowed, Divorced, Separated Women 3,659 4,810 5,600 6,344 7,960 men ‘ 2,689 2,903 2,816 3,515 4,980 Labor Force Participation Rates Single Women 51.1 45.4 51.3 55.8 60.5 men 64.1 57.0 59.6 66.1 69.2 Married, Spouse Present . women 22.0 30.2 38.3 42.2 47.6 men 92.5 90.2 87.0 84.8 81.6 Widowed, Divorced, Separated Women 38.7 40.8_ 39.0 39.6 42.8 62.5 67.1 Men 64.0 58.7 53.4 (a) Data relate to the civilian population (including institutional) 14 years and over until 1967; 16 and over beginning 1967. Beginning in 1972, data relate to civilian non-institutional population. Male members of the Armed Forces living off post or with their families on post are included in male data. Employment and Training Report of the President 1978, 4Tab1e B-1, p. 233-234 and Table B-2 p. 235-236. SOURCE: CRS-13 Table 6 Labor Force and Labor Force Participation Rates(a) of Married Women, Husband Present, by Presence and Age of Children, Selected Dates, 1948 - 1979 Children Under 6 Years IB80008 UPDATE-02/25/80 No No Children Children Children Children Under 18 6 to 17 6 to 17 6 to 17 232a _£929;..-192§§--..199£§-Q9;z._-$9:9;..-X29£§._----1§92§_- __ !2a222-i2.L922£-§2;s§_J2929§999§i_ -- April 1999 7,553 9,999 1,927 1,225 599 532 March 1953 11,325 5,713 3,719 2,399 1,122 1,277 March 1959 15,921 7,559 5,593 3,559 1,591 1,923 March 1973 19,321 9,197 5,559 9,955 2,259 1,739 march 1973 22,739 19,329 7,929 9,599 N/A N/A March 1979 23,332 19,979 3,959 9,795 N/A H/A _ L9l292.£9229.-£9£_i2i29.t.i2 9.-§91.=2.(9.).._..-._..----- April 1999 22.9 23.9 25.9 19.9 9.2 12.7 March 1959 39.2 35.9 37.5 19.2 19.9 19.1 March 1953 39.3 99.1 95.9 27.5 27.3 27.9 March 1973 92.2 92.9 59.1 32.7 _ 39.3 39.9 uarch 1978 47.6 44.7 57.2 41.6 N/A N/A narch 1979 49.4 46.7 59.1 43.2 N/A u/A (a) Precent of civilian noninstitutional population in the labor force; Employment and Training Report of the President 1978, Table B-4 p. 238; 0.5. Dept. of Labor News Release USDL 78-638 July 24, 1978, narital and Family Characteristics of the Labor Force, March 1978. 2 3 SOURCE: cns-14 IB8 0008 UPDATE-O2/36/80 Table 7 Number of Earners in Families and Relationship, by Type of Family (in thousands) Number of Earners, Relationship March March March eI_1,d.Tz22_9f..§2milz.. 1970 1978 _ 1979 Total families 51,237 57,215 57,804 No earners 4,337 7,358 7,254 1 earner 19,256 19,444 19,033 2 or more earners 27,654 30,413 31,517 Husband-wife families, total 144,436 47,385 47,692 No earners 3,022 5,066 5,101 1 earner’ 16,268 14,868 14,173 Husband only 15,133 12,939 12,194 wife only 797 1,427 1,477 other relative only 339 502 502 2 or more earners 25,145 27,451 28,418 Husband and wife 20,327 23,116 24,253 Husband and other, not wife 4,517 3,790 3,583 Husband non—earner 302 544 582 other families, total 6,801 9,830 10,113 Headed by women(a), total 5,573 8,236 8,458 No earners 1,194 2,095 1,964 1 earner 2,468 3,869 4,114 2 or more earners 1,911 - 2,272 2,380" Headed by men(a), total 1,239 1,594 1,655 No earners 121 197 189 1 earner 520 707 746 2 or more earners 598 690 719 (a) Includes only divorced, separated, widowed or never-married persons, NOTE: Due to rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. SOURCE: 0.5. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, News » Release USDL 78-638, July 24, 1978, Marital and Family Characteristics of The Labor Force March 1978; USDL 79-747, Oct. 31, 1979, nulti-earner families increase. CBS-15 IB80008 UPDATE-02/25/30 L§§_§LA2lQ! S.J.Res. 24 (natsunaga)/H.J.Res. 251 (Akaka) S.J.Res. 24. Requires improvement and expansion of the collection, analysis and publication of statistical data relating to working women. The Departments of Commerce, Labor, and Health, Education and Welfare would have to adopt methods for improving and expanding their collection, analysis, and publication of labor force characteristics relating to women in all occupations, especially for women in professional, technical, ands managerial positions, and provide a statistical breakdown of the data on the same basis as that provided for men along with cross tabulations on the basis of raceg and sex. S.J.Res. 24 was introduced Jan. 23, 1979 and referred to Senate’ Committee on Labor and Human Resources. H.J.Res. 251 was introduced Ear. 13, 1979, and referred to House Committees on Education and Labor and Post Office and Civil Service. I 3§2Q§!§_A§2-QQ!§§§§§lQ!AL-2Q§Q!§!-§ 0.5. Congress. Senate. Committee on Labor and Human Resources. The Coming Decade: American Women and Human Resources Policies and Programs, 1979. hearings, 96th Congress, 1st session. Part 1. January 31 and February 1, 1979. Washington, 0.3. Govt. Print. Off., 1979. 1458 p. ~ 0.5. Congress. Joint Economic Committee. Subcommittee on Economic Growth and Stabilization. American Women Workers in a Full Employment Economy: A compendium Papers, 95th Congress, 1st session. September 15, 1977. Washington, 0.5. Govt. Print. Off., 1977. 306 p. I 0.5. Congress.‘ Joint Economic Committee. Subcommittee on Economic Growth and Stabilization. American Women Workers in a Full Employment Economy. Hearings, 95th Congress, 1st session, September 16, 1977. Washington, 0.5. Govt. Print. Off., 1978. 71 p. 0.5. Congress. House. Select Committee on Aging. Subcommittee on Retirement Income and Employment, National Policy Proposals Affecting nidlife Women. Hearings, 96th Congress, 1st session, May 7 and 8, 1979. Washington, 0.5. Govt. Print. off., 1979. 28¢ p. A 0.5. Congress. House. Select Committee on Aging. Subcommittee on Retirement Income and Employment. Women and Retirement Income Programs; Current Issues of Equity and Adequacy. Report prepared by the congressional Research Service. Washington, 0.5. Govt. Print. Off., 1979, 119 p. (96th Congress, 1st session. House. Report no. 96-190). \DD§2lQ!AL-§§E§§§§§§-50U3§§§ National Commission on Employment and Unemployment Statistics, ens-15 naeoooa upour-02/:5/ac Counting the Labor Force, Washington, D.C. GPO, 1979, 312 p. 0.5. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Women in the Labor Forcezf some New Data Series, Report 575. Washington, D.c., BLS, poncgtober 1979, 9 p. Norwood, Janet L. ifiew approaches to Statistics on the Family. Monthly Labor Review. BLS, Department of Labor. July 1977, p. 31-34. 0.3. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. National Commission on Employment and Unemployment Statistics and the implementation of Section 13, of the Emergency Jobs Program Extension Act of 1976 (Public Law 9u—uuu) by Alice L. Ahmuty. ‘December 28,-1978. Washington, 1978. 16 p. _.... - 6‘ '_'.*s:z:n- . M !’*\ ‘LA .5 § U N s‘F‘.;;’_t;*; 3 i é.'~°-r= r‘ - n am; vs 6 . »L.’U€J53%:.'v - '5‘