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A ~ . 1r, \ 0,84 r. “a nu In...- «.p .~.rk»I§>h University of Missouri - Roll- CLW 2253 .C572 1919 050-001669475 £58174" C3 437/» filo/C ) V! / A MANUAL OF STYLE THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS CHICAGO, ILLINOIS THE BAKER & TAYLOR COMPANY m YORK —_ THE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Lonnon AND EDINBURGH THE MARUZEN-KABUSHIKI-KAISHA mm, OSAKA, KYOTO, FURUOKA, snupu THE MISSION BOOK COMPANY SHANGHAI 2: .3 53 A MANUAL OF STYLE/W; A COMPILATION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL RULES GOVERNING THE PUBLICATIONS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO, WITH SPECIMENS OF TYPES USED AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS SIXTH EDITION THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 23412 655.25 @1152 COPYRIGHT 1906, 1910, 1911, 1914, 1917, AND 1919 BY THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO All Rights Reserved Published November 1906 Second Edition March 1910 Third Edition December 1911 Second Impression August 1912 Fourth Edition February 1914 Fifth Edition November 1917 Sixth Edition October 1919 Composed and Printed By The University of Chicago Press Chicago. Illinois, U.S.A. Em 3 “7’ 0’ OJ INTRODUCTORY NOTE The present work is a codification of the typographical rules employed by the University of Chicago in connection with its official printing and publications issued through its University Press. Having its genesis, over two decades ago, in a single sheet of fundamentals, jotted down by the first proofreader at odd moments for his own guidance; added to from year to year, as oppor- tunity offered or new necessities arose; revised and re-revised as the scope of the work, and, it is hoped, the wisdom of the workers, increased—it emerges in its present form as the embodiment of traditions, the crystallization of usages, the blended product of the reflections of many minds. Regulations like these, in the nature of the case, cannot be endowed with the fixity of unchanging law. They are meant for the average case, and must be applied with a certain degree of elasticity. Exceptions will constantly occur, and ample room is left for individual initiative and discretion. They point the way and survey the road, rather than remove the obstacles. Throughout this book it is assumed that no regulation contained therein is absolutely inviolable. Wherever the peculiar nature of the subject—matter, the desirability of throwing into relief a certain part of the argument, the reasonable preference V Vi INTRODUCTORY NOTE of a writer, or a typographical contingency suggests a deviation, such deviation may legitimately be made. Each case of this character must be decided largely upon its own merits. Generally it may be stated that, where no question of taste or logic is involved, deference should be shown to the expressed wishes of the author. The nature of the work of the Press itself—and this will apply, to a greater or less extent, to any similar in- stitution affected by local conditions—constantly calls for modification, now of this rule, now of that. It would be found impracticable, even were it desirable, to bring all its publications into rigid uniformity of “style” and appearance. Methods have been devised, systems evolved, in certain lines of work, which cannot be carried bodily over into the field of others. Thus, in the matter of literary references, for instance, general practice has established certain usages in some of the sciences which it would not be advisable to ignore. Similar differences in practice may be observed in other directions. These deviations from the general rules will be found mentioned at the appropriate places in the body of the book. On the whole, however, the rules are designed to govern all publications sent forth with the official publishing imprint, “The University of Chicago Press.” Concerning the character and contents of the book little need be added. Its origin, its primary aim, and its limitations, as outlined above, will suggest the bounds of its usefulness. It does not pretend to be exhaustive; a few things must be taken for granted, and the traditional INTRODUCTORY NOTE Vii territory of the dictionary has only exceptionally been invaded. It does not presume to be inflexibly consistent; applicability, in the printing-office, is a better test than iron—clad consistency, and common sense a safer guide than abstract logic. It lays no claim to perfection in any of its parts; bearing throughout the inevitable earmarks of compromise, it will not carry conviction at every point to everybody. Neither is it an advocate of any radical scheme of reform; in the present state of the agitation for changes in spelling, progressive conservatism has been thought to be more appropriate for an academic printing—office than radicalism. As it stands, this Manual is believed to contain a fairly comprehensive, reasonably harmonious, and Wholesomely practical set of work-rules for the aid of those who have to do with questions‘of typographical style. For the benefit of those whose duties bring them into direct contact with the manufacturing department of the Press, specimen pages of the available types, special characters, etc., have been added. The Manual of S lyle is now in its sixth edition. That ‘ it is recognized as possessing merit is evidenced by its adoption and use in many editorial offices, libraries, and proofrooms in the United States and Canada. This edition incorporates several new rules which it is believed will prove helpful, and at the same time seeks to elucidate some of the older rules, in the application of which difficulties may arise. Changes in literary practice, the legislation of learned societies, the recent development of the profession of the librarian, with the viii INTRODUCTORY NOTE attendant uniformity of practice recommended by the national association of librarians, and the added experi- ence resulting from a daily application of these rules to a very varied list of publications, are all factors con- tributing to the need of periodical revision. The work, thus remodeled, is again offered to the public, in the hope that it may continue to be useful to those Whose occupations require some familiarity with the niceties of typographical form. THE UNIVERSITY PRESS CHICAGO, ILL. September 15, 1919 CONTENTS RULES FOR COMPOSITION Capitalization The Use of Italics Quotations Spelling Punctuation . Divisions Footnotes Indexing Tabular Work TECHNICAL TERMS APPENDIX . . . . . Hints tO Authors and Editors . Hints to Proofreaders Hints to Copyholders Proofreader’s Marks SPECIMENS OF TYPES IN USE INDEXES . . Index to Manual . Index to Types, etc. . PAGE 25 33 37 50 81 88 92 95 103 119 121 125 I30 I33 I35 275 277 29I RULES FOR COMPOSITION CAPITALIZATION CAPITALIZE— I. Proper nouns and adjectives: George, America, North America, Englishman; Elizabethan, French. (See 53.) Do not capitalize verbs derived from proper names and having a specialized meaning: to boycott, to fletcherize, to pasteurize; nor such words as the following, When used in their special scientific or trade significance: volt, ampere, angstrom, farad, watt, henry, ohm, coulomb. 2. Epithets used as substitutes for proper names, or aflixed to a name: the Pretender, Bloody Mary, Richard the Lion—hearted, Alexander the Great. 3. The particles in French names, as “1e,” “la,” “de,” “du,” When they are not preceded by a Christian name or title; but do not capitalize them When they are preceded by such name or title: Le Bossu, La Torre, La Rochelle, De Coligny, D’Aubigné, Du Maurier (but: René 1e Bossu, Miguel de la Torre, Gaspard de Coligny, Thomas d’Aubigné, George du Maurier). 4 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS Capitalize “Van” in Dutch names; do not capi- talize “von” in German names unless it begins a sentence: Stephen Van Rensselaer; Hugo von Martius, von Dobschiitz. NOTE—Personal preference is responsible for the following ex- ceptions: Henry van Dyke, J. H. van’t Hoff, A. van Maanen. 4. Generic terms forming a part of geographical names: Atlantic Ocean, Dead Sea, Bafiin’s Bay, Gulf of Mexico, Straits of Gibraltar, Straits Settlements, Mississippi River, Three Rivers, Laughing Brook, Rocky Mountains, Blue Hills, Pike’s Peak, ,Mount of Olives, Great Desert, Death Valley, Prince Edward Island, Sea (Lake) of Galilee. But do not capitalize words of this class when simply added by way of description to the specific name, without forming an organic part of such name:- the river Elbe, the desert of Sahara, the island of Madagascar. Subject to the rule above, the following lists will be found useful (see 104): CAPITALIZE, IN SINGULAR FORM ONLY, WHEN IMMEDIATELY FOLLOWING NAME - Archipelago Fork Park Borough Gap Plateau Branch (stream) Glacier Range Butte Gulch Reservation Canyon Harbor Ridge County Head River Crater Hollow Run Creek Mesa Valley Delta Ocean Forest Parish (La.) MANUAL OF STYLE: CAPITALIZATION 5 CAPITALIZE, IN SINGULAR OR PLURAL FORM, WHEN IMME- DIATELY FOLLOWING THE NAME Hill Mountain Spring Island Narrows CAPITALIZE, IN SINGULAR FORM, EITHER BEFORE OR AFTER THE NAME; AND IN PLURAL FORM BEFORE THE NAME Bay Fort Peak Bayou Isle Point Camp (military) Lake Port Cape Mount Sea Dalles Oasis Strait Desert Pass Volcano Falls 5. Adjectives and nouns used singly or in conjunction, to distinguish definite regions, and when used in connection with a recognized geographical term; and also terms applied to groups of states: Old World, Western Hemisphere, Continental Europe, the Continent (to distinguish it from the British Isles), North Pole, Equator, the North (=Scandinavia), the East (the Orient), the Far East, the Levant; the North, South, East, West, Middle West (United States); Northern Europe (but: southern California); North Atlantic states, Gulf states, Pacific Coast states. But do not, as a rule, capitalize adjectives derived from such names or nouns simply designating direction or point of compass: oriental customs, the southern States, the middle western states, a southerner (but: Northman=ScandinaVian); an invasion of barbarians from the north, extending through the south of Europe. THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS In order that a distinction may be made between a local and a world-wide application, the latter should be capitalized: Eastern peoples (i.e., peoples of the Orient); Western nations. . Generic terms for political divisions: (I) when the term is an organic part of the name, following the proper name directly: Holy Roman Empire, German Empire (=Deutsches Reich), French Republic (=République frangaise), United Kingdom, Northwest Territory, Cook County, Evanston Township, Kansas City (New York City—exception). (2) when, with the preposition “of,” it is used as an integral part of the name to indicate certain minor administrative subdivisions in the United States: Department of the Lakes, Town of Lake, Borough of Man- hattan. (3) when used singly as the accepted designation for a specific division: the Union, the States, the Republic (=United States), [the Confederacy], the Dominion (=Canada), the West Side. (4) when it is part of a fanciful or popular appel- lation used as if a real geographical name: Celestial Empire, Holy (Promised) Land, Badger State, Eternal City, Garden City. MANUAL OF STYLE: CAPITALIZAT ION 7 But do not (with the exceptions noted) capitalize such terms When standing alone, or When, with “of,” preceding the specific name: the empire, the state; empire of Russia, kingdom of Servia, duchy of Anhalt, state of Illinois, county of Cook, city of Chicago; but: the Empire (meaning the Roman Empire). 7. Numbered political divisions (see 100): Eleventh Congressional District, First Ward, Second Precinct. 8. The names of thoroughfares, parks, squares, blocks, buildings, etc. (see 100): Drexel Avenue, Ringstrasse, Via Appia, Chicago Drainage Canal; Lincoln Park; Trafalgar Square; Monadnock Block; Lakeside Building, Capitol, White House, County Hospital, Theatre F rancais, Lexington Hotel, Masonic Temple [Solomon’s temple, but, when standing alone: the Temple]. But do not capitalize such general designations of buildings as “courthouse,” “post-office,” “library,” etc., except in connection With the name of the place in Which they are located, When they thus form a proper name. 9. The names of political parties, religious denomina- tions or sects, and philosophical, literary, and artistic schools, and their adherents: Republican, Conservative, National Liberal, Social Democ- racy (Where, as in Continental Europe, it is organized as a distinct parliamentary faction); Christian, Protestantism, THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS Evangelical Lutheran, Catholic (Papist, Ultramontane), Re- formed, Greek Orthodox, Anabaptist, Seventh-Day Advent— ists, the Establishment, High Church, High Churchman, Separatist, Nonconformist, Dissenter, Theosophist, Jew, Gentile as a noun, Pharisee (but: scribe) (adjective: Pharisaic, but: pharisaic, When used of characteristics, and not of the sect itself); Epicurean, Stoic, Gnosticism (but: neo-Platonism, pseudo-Christianity, un-Christian—see 203, 208), Literalist; the Romantic movement, the Symbolic school of painters. But do not capitalize any of the foregoing or similar words, or their derivatives, when used in their origi- nal or acquired general sense of pervading spirit, point of View, trend of thought, attitude of mind, or mode of action: republican form of government, a true democrat and a con- servative statesman, socialism as an economic panacea, the communistic theory, single-taxer, anarchism; catholicity of mind, puritanical ideas, evangelical spirit, pharisaic super- ciliousness; deist, pantheism, rationalist; epicurean tastes, stoic endurance, dualism and monism in present-day philoso— phy, an altruistic world-view; the classics, a nemesis. ' 10. The names of monastic orders and their members: Black Friars, Dominican, Jesuit. II. The proper (official) titles of social, religious, educa- tional, political, commercial, and industrial organiza- tions and institutions: Union League Club, Knights Templar; Young People’s Society of Christian Endeavor, Associated Charities; Smith- sonian Institution, State University of Iowa, Hyde Park High MANUAL OF STYLE: CAPITALIZATION 9 School; the Commercial Academy (Handelsakademie) of Leipzig, the Paris Lyceum (Lycée de Paris); the Forty [Immortals]; Cook County Democracy, Tammany Hall; Associated Press, Typographical Union No. 16; Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, The Macmillan Company. But do not capitalize such generic terms when used to designate a class; nor when standing alone, even if applied to a specific institution, except to avoid ambiguity or, rarely, where the word is consistently and clearly used in place of the true name: young people’s societies, the high school at Lemont, local typographical unions; the club, the association, the company; but: “He joined the Hall [Tammany],” “a member of the [French] Academy.” (See 49.) 12. The names of legislative, judiciary, and administra- tive bodies and governmental departments, and their branches, when specifically applied: Congress (Senate, House of Representatives [the House], Committee of Ways and Means), Parliament (House of Lords, House of Commons), Reichstag, Chamber of Deputies (the Chamber), General Assembly of Illinois, Chicago City Council, South Park Commissioners; Supreme Court of the United States, Circuit Court of Cook County, [Sanhedrin]; Department of the Interior, Census Office, Springfield Board of Education, Department of Public Works, the United States Army (but: 'he has served in the army; an army man). But do not capitalize such general, paraphrastic, or incomplete designations as— l ’ the national assembly, the legislature of the state, the upper house of Congress, the Dutch diet; the council, the depart- ment, the board. IO THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS 13. I4. Ordinals used to designate Egyptian dynasties, sessions of Congress, names of regiments, and in similar connections (see 100): the Eighteenth Dynasty (but: the Ming dynasty), the Fifty-third Congress, the Second Illinois Regiment Band. Commonly accepted appellations for historical epochs, periods in the history of a language or literature, and geological ages and strata, the word “age” itself being capitalized only where a failure to do so would result in ambiguous meaning: Neolithic age (but: Stone Age, Middle Ages), Crusades, Renaissance, Reformation, Inquisition, Commonwealth (Cromwell’s), Commune (Paris); Old English (OE—-see ‘ 123), Middle High German (MHG), the Age of Elizabeth; Pleistocene, Silurian, Lower Carboniferous, Christian Era. But do not capitalize informal adjectives in such phrases as— early Algonkian, late Permian. 15. Names of important events: Thirty Years’ War, Peasants’ War (German), Revolution (French), Revolutionary War or War of Independence (American), Whiskey Insurrection (American), Civil War (American), War of 1812, Franco-Prussian War, Battle of Gettysburg; Peace of Utrecht, Louisiana Purchase. 16. Political alliances, and such terms from secular or ecclesiastical history as have, through their associa- MANUAL OF STYLE: CAPITALIZATION II tions, acquired special significance as designations for parties, classes, movements, etc. (see 9) : Protestant League, Holy Alliance, Dreibund; the Roses, the Roundheads, Independents, Independency (English history), Nonconformist, Dissenter, Separatist. I7. Conventions, congresses, expositions,etc.: Council of Nicaea, Parliament of Religions, Fifteenth Inter- national Congress of Criminology, Westminster Assembly, Chicago World’s Fair, Louisiana Purchase Exposition. 18. Titles of specific treaties, acts, laws (juridical), 19. 20 '21 bills, etc. : Treaty of Verdun, Art. V of the Peace of Prague, Edict of Nantes, Concordat, the Constitution (of the United States, when standing alone, or when referred to as a literary docu- ment; but not usually that of any other state or country, e.g., the constitution of Illinois), Declaration of Independence, Act of Emancipation, Magna C (h)arta, Corn Laws, Reform Bill (English), Fourteenth Amendment, Sherman Anti- trust Law (but not such bills as have not yet become laws nor such treaties or laws when cited otherwise than under their formal titles: treaty at Versailles, Food bill). Creeds and confessions of faith: Apostles’ Creed, Nicene Creed (but: ante-Nicene—see 203, 208), Augsburg Confession, Thirty-nine Articles. Civic holidays and ecclesiastical fast and feast days: Fourth of July (the Fourth), Labor Day, Thanksgiving Day; Easter, Passover, Feast of Tabernacles, New Year’s Day. Titles of honor and respect, whether religious, civil, or military, preceding the name, and academic 12 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS degrees following the name; all titles of honor or of nobility, when referring to specific persons, either preceding the name‘or used in place of the proper name; familiar names applied to particular persons; orders (decorations) and the titles accom- panying them; titles, without the name, used in direct address; titles withOut the name when used of existing incumbents of office; and such words as “President,” “King,” “Sultan,” and “Pope,” standing alone, when referring to a specific ruler or incumbent: Queen Victoria, ex-President Cleveland, Rear-Admiral Dewey, Brigadier General Brown, Lieutenant Commander Smith; United States Commissioner of Education Harris, Dr. Davis; Father Boniface, Deacon Smith; Timothy Dwight, D.D., LL.D.; James Brown, Doctor of Philosophy; Thomas Graham, Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society; the Prince of Wales, the Marquis of Lorne, His Majesty, His Grace; the Apostle to the Gentiles, “the Father of his ' Country”; Order of the Red Eagle, Knight Commander of the Bath; “Allow me to suggest, Judge . . . .”; the Bishop of London; the Senator; “The President [of the United States] was chosen arbitrator,” “ the Pope’s policy.” But do not capitalize the official title of a person When the title follows the name (see 49); when standing alone, without the name (with the excep- tions noted above, and see 49); or when, followed by the name, it is preceded by the article “the”: Woodrow Wilson, president of the United States; B. L. Gildersleeve, professor of Greek (see 49); Ferdinand W. MANUAL OF STYLE: CAPITALIZATION I 3 Peck, commissioner-general to the Paris Exposition; the archbishop (meaning other than the existing incumbent), the senator (when not speaking of the existing member), the archduke Francis Ferdinand, the apostle Paul. 22. Abbreviations like Ph.D., M.P., and F.R.G.S., and designations of celestial objects (see 48) (such titles to be set without space between the letters) (see 52, 103, 106). 23. Abbreviations consisting of one letter, except in case of units of measurement and minor literary subdivisions (see 54, 55, 110, III): R.V. (Revised Version), F. (Fahrenheit), C. (centigrade), A (angstrom units) (but: p., 1., n., etc.). 24. Nouns and adjectives used to designate the Supreme Being or Power, or any member of the Christian Trinity; and all pronouns referring to the same, when not closely preceded or followed by a dis- tinctive name, or unless such reference is otherwise perfectly clear: the Almighty, Ruler of the universe, the First Cause, the Absolute, Providence (personified), Father, Son, Holy Ghost, the Spirit, Savior, Messiah, Son of Man, the Logos, [and the Virgin Mary]; “Trust Him who rules all things” (but: “When God had worked six days, he rested on the seventh”). But do not capitalize such expressions and deriva- tives as— (God’s) fatherhood, (Jesus’) sonship, messiahship, messianic hope, christological (but: Christology). I4 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS 25. 26. 27. 28. Words which have an acquired, limited, or special meaning: the Doctor’s degree; a report of the Master (in Chancery); a Bachelor’s hood; a Freshman. But do not capitalize such expressions as— the doctorate, a master in Chancery (the last two words being explanatory, the capitalization of “master” is here no longer necessary to indicate a special meaning). “Nature” and similar terms, and abstract ideas, when personified: “Nature wields her scepter mercilessly”; “ Vice in the old English morality plays.” “Father” used for church father, and “reformers” used of Reformation leaders, whenever the meaning otherwise would be ambiguous: the Fathers, the early Fathers, the Greek Fathers, [Pilgrim Fathers], the Reformers (but: the church reformers of the fifteenth century). The word “church” in properly cited titles of nationally organized bodies of believers in which, through historical associations, it has become insepa- rably linked with the name of a specific locality; or when forming part of the name of a particular edifiCe: Church of Rome, Church of England, High Church; Church of the Holy Sepulcher, Fifth Avenue Baptist Church, First Methodist Church. But do not capitalize, except as noted above, when standing alone, in any sense—universal, national, MANUAL OF STYLE: CAPITALIZATION 15 29. 3o. 31. local—or when the name is not correctly or fully quoted: the church (=organized Christianity), the Eastern (Greek. Orthodox) church, the Roman Catholic church, the estab- lished church (but: the Establishment), the state church; the Baptist church in Englewood. NOTE—In exceptional cases, where the opposition of Church and State constitutes a fundamental part of the argument, and it is desired to lend force to this antithesis, emphasis may be added by capitalizing the two words. Names for the Bible and other sacred books: (Holy, Sacred) Scriptures, Holy Writ, Word of God, Book of Books; Koran, Vedas, Mishna, the Upanishads; Apocrypha. But do not capitalize adjectives derived from such nouns: biblical, scriptural, koranic, vedic, talmudic, apocryphal. Versions and editions of the Bible: King James’s Version, Authorized Version (A.V.), Revised Version (R.V.), Polychrome Bible, Septuagint (LXX), Peshitto. Books and divisions of the Bible and of other sacred books (Christian or otherwise) (see 60): Old Testament, Pentateuch, Exodus, II (Second) Kings, Book of Job, Psalms (Psalter), the [Mosaic] Law and the [writings of the] Prophets, Minor Prophets, Wisdom Literature, Gospel of Luke, Synoptic Gospels, Fourth Gospel, Acts of the Apostles (the Acts), Epistle to the Romans, Pastoral Epistles, Apocalypse (Revelation), Sermon on the Mount, Beatitudes, Lord’s Prayer, Ten Commandments (Decalogue), Judith, Bel and the Dragon, the Koran, the Vedas. 16 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS But do not capitalize words like “book,” “gospel,” “epistle,” “psalm” in such connections as— the five books of Moses, the first forty psalms, the gospels and epistles of the New Testament, [the synoptic problem, the synoptists], the biblical apocalypses. 32. Biblical parables: 33- the parable of the Prodigal Son. Such miscellaneous terms as— Last Supper, Eucharist, the Passion, the Twelve (apostles), the Seventy (disciples), the Servant, the Day of Yahweh, the Chronicler, the Psalmist, the Golden Rule, the Kingdom of God, or of Heaven. 34. The first word of a sentence, and in poetry the first word of each line: In summer, on the headlands, The Baltic Sea along, Sits Neckan, with his harp of gold, And sings his plaintive song. But in Greek and Latin poetry capitalize only the first word of a paragraph, not of each verse (line): Total, 3’ 0101.359 (iiELSE 71-6 mkvrds oil 3% 010077" P , 37 or , 3 I . g ’ 9 f‘ I 3! (car axovovres o 3 AxaLwV voorov aet‘o‘ev, Avypov, 3v e’K Tpor’ng EweTeL’M‘ro IIaAN‘Ls ’AOfiw]. To?) 3’ {mapwtégev (ppw'i out/0670 Oe'crmv (10:.31‘71/ K015p77 ’IKopL'OLo, wept’cbpwv anckdweta' Talia praefantes quondam felicia Pelei carmina diuino cecinerunt pectore Parcae praesentes: namque ante domos inuisere castas heroum et sese mortali ostendere coetu caelicolae nondum spreta pietate solebant. MANUAL OF STYLE: CAPITALIZATION I7 35- 36. The first word after a colon only when introducing a complete passage, or sentence which would have independent meaning, as in summarizations and quotations not closely connected with what precedes; or where the colon has the weight of such expres- sion as “as follows,” “namely,” “for instance,” or a similar phrase, and is followed by a logically com- plete sentence: “In conclusion I wish to say: It will be seen from the above that . . . .”; “As the old proverb has it: ‘Haste makes- waste’ ”; “My theory is: The moment the hot current strikes the surface . . . .” But do not capitalize the first word of a quotation if immediately connected with what precedes (unless, as the first word of a sentence, beginning a paragraph in reduced type); or the first word after a colon, if an implied “namely,” or a similar term, is followed by a brief explanatory phrase, logically dependent upon the preceding clause: “The old adage is true that ‘haste makes waste’”; “Two explanations present themselves: either he came too late for the train, or he was detained at the station.” As a rule, the first word in sections of an enumera- tion, if any one link contains two or more distinct clauses, separated by a semicolon, colon, or period, unless all are dependent upon the same termpre- ceding and leading up to them (see 138): His reasons for refusal were three: (1) He did not have the time. (2) He did not have the means; or, at any rate, had no 18 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS 37- 38. 39- 40. funds available at the moment. (3) He doubted the feasi- bility of the plan. But: He objected that (I) he did not have the time; (2) he did not have the means; or, at any rate, had no funds available; (3) he doubted the feasibility of the plan. As a rule, nouns followed by a numeral—particu- larly a capitalized Roman numeral—indicating their order in a sequence; also sums of money in German and French: Room 16, Ps. 20, Grade IV, Act I, Vol. I, No. 2, Book II, Div. III, Part IV, Plate III; M. 6; Fr. 5. But do not capitalize such minor subdivisions of publications as— sec 4, scene 1, art. “Evidence,” vs. II, 1. 5, n. 6. (See no.) The first word of a cited speech (or thought) in direct discourse, whether preceded by a colon or a comma (on this see 131): chap. 2 (ii), p. 7 (vii), On leaving he remarked: “Never shall I forget this day”; With the words, “Never shall I forget this day,” he departed; I thought to myself: This day I shall never forget (without quotation marks). In resolutions, the first words following “ WHEREAS” and “Resolved”: WHEREAS, It has pleased God . . . . ; therefore be it Resolved, That . . . . The exclamations “O” and “Oh” (see 117): “O Lord!” “I know not, Oh, I know not!” “Oh, that I were home again!” MANUAL OF STYLE: CAPITALIZATION 19 41. All the principal words (i.e., nouns, pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, verbs, first and last words) in English titles of publications (books, pamphlets, doc- uments, periodicals, reports, proceedings, etc.), and their divisions (parts, chapters, sections, poems, articles, etc.); in subjects of lectures, papers, toasts, etc.; in cap-and—small—cap and italic center-heads (both of which, however, should be avoided), and bold-face cut-in heads and side—heads; in cap-and- small-cap box—heads in tables (see 279—83) : The Men Who Made the Nation; The American College— Its Past and Present; the Report of the Committee 0} Nine; “In the Proceedings of the National Education Association for 1907 there appeared a paper entitled, ‘The Financial Value of Education.”’ N 0TE.—The Botanical Gazette capitalizes only first words and proper names; and the practice may properly be followed in general bibliographies, such as are to be found under the title “Literature Cited” in the Botanical Gazette (see 60). This style is very generally followed by librarians and others in the com- pilation of lists of books and publications. 42. In foreign titles, in addition to capitalizing the first word, follow these general rules: a) In Latin, capitalize proper nouns, and adjectives derived therefrom: De amicitia, Bellnm Gallicnm. b) In French, Italian, Spanish, Swedish, and Nor- wegian titles, capitalize proper nouns but not ad- jectives derived therefrom: 20 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS 43- H istoire de la lilte’rature francaise, N ovelle e racconti popolari italiani, Antologia de poetas liricos castellanos, Svenska littera- turens historic. c) In German and Danish, capitalize all nouns but not the adjectives, except German adjectives derived from the names of persons: Geschichle des deutschen F endalwesens (but: die H omerische Frage), Videnskabens F remskridl i det niltende Aarhnndrede; and in abbreviations, B.P.W. for Berliner philologische Wochenschrift. d) In Dutch, capitalize all nouns, and all adjectives derived from proper nouns: Geschiedenis der N ederlandsche T aal. In mentioning titles of newspapers, magazines, and similar publications, do not, as a rule, treat the definite article as part of the title: the Chicago Tribune, the School Review, the Annual Register of the U niversily of Chicago. 44. Titles of ancient manuscripts (singular, MS; plural, MSS) (see 60): Codex Bernensis, Cod. Canonicianus. 45. In titles With the main words capitalized, all nouns forming parts of hyphenated compounds: “Twentieth-Century Progress,” “The Economy of High- Speed Trains.” But do not capitalize such components when other than nouns: Fifty—first Street, “Lives of Well—known Authors,” “World- Dominion of English-speaking Peoples.” MANUAL OF STYLE: CAPITALIZATION 2I And in side-heads do not capitalize any but the first word and proper nouns (see 56 and 172). 46. In botanical, geological, zoological, and paleonto- logical matter, the scientific (Latin) names of divi- sions, orders, families, and genera, but not their English derivatives: Cotylosauria, but: cotylosaurs; Felidae, but: felids; Carnivora, but: carnivores. Also in botanical and zoological matter, the names of species, if derived from names of persons, or from generic names; but in geological and medical matter the names of species are never capitalized: F elis leo, Cocos uueifera, Rosa Carolina, Parkinsom'a T orrey- ana, Styrax califoruica, Lythrum hyssopifolia, Phyteuma Hallere', C arex H alleriaua (but [geological]: Pterygomatopus schmidtz', Conodectus favosus). (See 71.) 47. The names and epithets of peoples, races, and tribes: Kafir, Negro (in its ethnic sense), Hottentot, Makassar, Buginese, Celestials. 48. In astronomical work, the names of the bodies of the planets, stars, and groups of stars (but not “sun,” “earth,” “moon,” “s-tars”); designations of celestial objects in well-known catalogues; also the Flamsteed numbers: Saturn, Ursa Major, the Milky Way, the Great Bear; M 13 (for No. 13 of Messier’s Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters), Bond 619, N.G.C. 6165, B.D.—18°4871; 85 Pegasi, Lalande 5761. 22 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS 49. Divisions, departments, officers, and courses of study of the University of Chicago, in all official work dealing with its administration or curricula: (the University), the School of Education (the School), the University Extension Division (but: the division), the Depart- ment of Anthropology (also: the Department); the Board of Trustees (the Trustees, the Board), the Senate, the Council, University College (also: the College), the School of Commerce and Administration (also: the School), the Faculty of the College of Commerce and Administration, Dean of the Faculties (also: the Faculty); the President, the Recorder, Professor of Physics, Assistant in Chemistry, Fellow, Scholar; the Van Husen Scholarship (but: the scholarship); courses in Political Economy, Autumn Quarter (but: a quarter), First Term (but: two terms; major, minor); [Hall (referring to the University dormitories)]. USE CAPITALS AND SMALL CAPITALS FOR- 50. The names of town and state in the date line, and the salutatory phrase at the beginning, of letters, and the signature and residence at the end of letters or articles, etc.: CHICAGO, ILL. , January I, 1911 (Set to the right, with one em’s indention, and preferably in smaller type than the body of the letter.) MY DEAR MR. SMITH: (Set flush, followed by a colon, in the same type as the body of the letter, and in a separate line, unless preceded by another line giving the name and address, in which case it MANUAL OF STYLE: CAPITALIZAT ION 2 3 51. should be run in with the text of the letter, indented as a paragraph [see 64].) CHARLES W. SCOTT (Set to the right, with one em’s indention, and in the same type as the body of the letter or article.) HARVARD UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE, MASS. June 7, 1911 (Set to the left, with two ems’ indention, in smaller type.) (Each line of the address should be in caps and small caps, and should be centered on the one preceding. The date should be in caps and lower case, likewise centered on those above.) In resolutions, theword “WHEREAS” (see 39); in notes (not footnotes), the word “NOTE,” which should be followed by a period and a dash; in con- stitutions, by—laws, etc., the word “SECTION” intro- ducing paragraphs and followed by a number: NOTE—It should be noticed that . . . . SECTION I. This association Shall be styled . . . . The usual practice is to abbreviate the word “section” each time it is used in such a connection, except the first: SECTION I. The name of the association . . . . SEC. 2. The object of the association . . . . SET IN SMALL CAPITALS— 52. A.M. and RM. (ante and post meridiem), and B.C. and A.D. (“before Christ” and (mm Domini); these 24 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS should be set Without a space between (see 22, 103,106,219): 11:30 A.M.; 53 B.C., 1906 AD. USE SMALL (i.e., “lower—case”) INITIAL LETTER FOR— 53- 54. 55- 56. 57. Words of common usage, originally proper names, and their derivatives in Whose present, generalized acceptation the origin has become obscured, and generally all verbs derived from proper names (see I): utopia, bohemian, philistine, titanic, platonic, quixotic, bonanza, china, morocco, guinea-pig, boycott, roman (type), italicize, anglicize, macadamize, paris green. In literary references, such minor subdivisions and their abbreviations as— chapter, section, page, article, verse, line, note; chap., sec., p., art., vs., 1., n. (See 37, 110, and 237.) Units of measurement as— h.=hour, min.=minute, sec.=second; lb.=p0und, oz.= ounce; yd.=yard, ft.=foot; etc. In side-heads, all but the first word and proper names (see 172 and 280). The first word of a quotation Which, through a con- junction or otherwise, is immediately connected with What precedes, even if such word in the original begins a sentence. For illustration and exception see 35 and 131. MANUAL OF STYLE: ITALICS 25 THE USE OF ITALICS ITALICIZE— 58. 59- Words or phrases to which it is desired to lend emphasis, importance, etc.: “This was, however, not the case”; “It is sufficiently plain that the sciences of life, at least, are studies of processes.” But beware of the excessive use of italics, for the appearance of the over—italicized page is not pleasing and the too frequent use of italics for emphasis weakens the text. See note to 41. Words and phrases from foreign languages, inserted into the English text, and not incorporated into the English language; and also (as a rule) single sen- tences or brief passages not of sufficient length to call for reduced type (see 85): “the Darwinian Weltanschauung”; “Napoleon’s coup d’état”; “the debater par excellence of the Senate”; “De gustibus non est disputandum, or, as the French have it, Chacun (‘1 son goc‘tt.” But do not italicize foreign titles preceding names, or names of foreign institutions or places the meaning or position of which in English would have required roman type, and which either are without English equivalents or are by preference used in lieu of these: Pére Lagrange, Freiherr von Schwenau; the German Reichstag, the Champs Elysées, the Museo delle Terme; 26 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS nor words of everyday occurrence which have become sufficiently anglicized, even though still retaining the accents of the original language: addendum (plur. -da) ad interim ad lib[itum] ad valorem aide de camp alias alibi Alma Mater amateur anno Domini ante-bellum a posteriori a priori a propos atelier attaché au revoir barrage bas-relief beau ideal billet douX bona fide bon ton bouillon bravo bric-a—brac cabaret café camouflage cantina carte blanche chaperon chargé d’afi‘aires chauffeur chef d’oeuvre Chiaroscuro clientele confrére connoisseur consensus contra contretemps corrigendum (plur. -da) coup d’état coup de grace creche criterion (plur. -a) cul—de—sac datum (plur. -a) débris début décolleté delicatessen demilune demimonde demirelievo demi-tasse dénouement dépot (=deposi- tory) de rigueur détour dilettante divorcée doctrinaire dramatis per- sonae éclat élite encore ennui en route ensemble entente entrée entrepét entrepreneur erratum (plur. —a) et cetera ex cathedra ex officio exposé facade facsimile faience féte finis fracas gratis Gymnasium (German) habeas corpus habitué hangar hegira hors d’oeuvres innuendo laissez faire lése majesté levée littérateur litterati Magna C[h]arta mandamus massage matador matinée mélange mélée MANUAL OF STYLE: ITALICS 27 menu personnel sauerkraut milieu portmonnaie savant mitrailleuse postmortem (n. sefior motif and adj.) seraglio naive post obit sobriquet née prima facie soirée névé pro and con[tra] spirituel niche procés verbal stein nil pro rata subpoena nol[1e] pros[equi] protégé téte-a-téte nom de plume pro tem[pore] tonneau onus protocol ultimatum papier maché Questionnaire umlaut parvenu queue verbatim paterfamilias quondam verso patois ragout versus (V., vs.)I per annum régime via per capita rendezvous vice versa per cent résumé Vis-a—vis per contra reveille Visé per se role viva voce I But italicize v. or vs. when standing between two opposing terms not themselves Italicized (see 63) when otherwise the meaning would not be clear: Michlgan vs. Minnesota, 3 to 0. But do not hyphenate any of these foreign words when used as adjectives. 60. Titles of publications—books (including plays, essays, cycles of poems, single poems of considerable length, and symphonies, usually printed separately, and not from the context understood to form parts of a large volume [see 81]), pamphlets, treatises, tracts, documents, operas, oratorios, and periodicals (in- cluding regularly appearing proceedings and trans— actions; and also the name of a journal appearing in the journal itself, and the word “ journal,” 28 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS “review,” etc., standing alone, if a part of the name of the publication) (see 41); and in the case of newspapers, periodicals, etc., the name of the city (where published) when forming an integral part of the name: Spencer, Principles of Sociology; A M idsummer-N ight’s Dream; Idylls of the King; Paradise Lost; The Messiah; Lohengrin; the Modern Language Review, the Chicago Tribune, the Indianapolis Star, Report of the United States Commissioner of Education. NOTE—The Botanical Gazette uses italics for such titles in the text only; in footnotes, roman. Its own name it prints in caps and small caps—BOTANICAL GAZETTE. This rule may be departed from in lengthy biblio- graphical lists, in tables, or in other matter where to follow it would result in an undue preponder- ance of italics (see note to 41). Books of the Bible, both canonical and apocryphal, and titles of ancient manuscripts should be set in roman type, as also symbols used to designate manuscripts (see 31 and 44): Psalms 53:10, D16, Mb, P, J. 61. The following words, phrases, and abbreviations used in literary and legal references: ad loc., circa (ca.), et al., ibid., idem, infra, loc. cit. , op. cit., passim, sic, sc., supra, 3.1)., wide. But do not italicize— cf., e.g., i.e., V. or vs. (versus) (unless ambiguity would result; see note to 59), viz., etc. MANUAL OF STYLE: ITALICS 29 62. The words See and See also, when used in an index 63. 64. 65. or similar compilation, for the purpose of a cross- reference, Where the differentiation of those words from the context is desirable; and the words for and read in lists of errata, to separate them from the incorrect and correct readings: See also Sociology; for levee read levée. The names of plaintiff and defendant in the citation ' of legal causes; also the titles of proceedings con- taining such prefixes as in re, ex parte, and in the matter of, etc.: Conolly v. Union Sewer Pipe Co.; In re Smith; Ex parte Brown; In the matter of the petition of Henry Robinson for a writ of habeas corpus. Address lines in speeches, reports, etc., and primary address lines in letters (set flush, in a separate line, with nouns capitalized [see 50]): Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: Mr. John Smith, 321 Dearborn Street, Chicago, Ill. DEAR SIR: I take pleasure in announcing . . . . In signatures, the position or title added after the name. If this consists of only one word, it is run into the same line with the name; if of more than one, but no longer than the name, center the first letter under the name line, and indent one em on the right; if longer than the name, center the name over 30 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS the second line and set this flush. These rules are, however, subject to the exigencies of special cases: ARTHUR P. MAGUIRE, Secretary Yours very truly, CARTER H. HARRISON Mayor of Chicago CHARLES M. GAYLEY Professor of English Language and Literature 66. a), b), c), etc., used to indicate subdivisions (single parenthesis if beginning a paragraph, double paren- theses if “run in”); and a, b, C, etc., affixed to the number of verse, page, etc., to denote fractional part: Luke 4: 31a. 67. Letters used to designate unknown quantities, lines, etc., in algebraic, geometrical, and similar matter: ac+bc=c(a+b); the lines ad and AD; the nth power. 68. As a rule, letters in legends or in the text referring to corresponding letters in accompanying illustra— tions whether or not they are in italics on the illustration : “At the point A above (see diagram).” 69. References to particular letters: the letter a, a small 72, a capital S. But do not italicize a letter used in the place of a name in hypothetical statements or in cases where MANUAL OF STYLE: ITALICS 3I 7o. 71. only the initial is used with a dash or as a simple abbreviation : “A bought land from B without registration of title”; “The news was brought at once to General M————”; “Mr. G. was not at home when we called.” 3. and d. (=shillings and pence) following numerals: 33. 6d. (See 270.) In zoological, geological, and paleontological mat- ter, scientific (Latin) names of genera and species when used together, the generic name being in the nominative singular: Felis leo, Rosa Carolina, C onodectes favosus, Phyteuma Halleri. (See 46, 48.) In botanical, geological, and paleontological matter, the names of genera and species when used together, and of genera, only, when used alone: Acer saccharum, Basidz'obolus, Alternarz'a, Erythrosuchus. In medical matter, however, the general practice is to print such names in roman, avoiding italics altogether. In astronomical and astrophysical matter: a) The lower—case letters designating certain Fraunhofer lines: a, b, g, h. b) The lower—case letters used by Baeyer to desig- nate certain stars in constellations for which the Greek letters have been é‘xhausted: f Tauri, u Herculis. 32 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS c) When initials are used to express the titles of catalogues, as such, and not to designate a particular celestial object, such initials are to be italicized (see 48, 6o): B.D.,N.G.C. In accordance With the best modern practice, italics should no longer be used for: a) Symbols for the chemical elements: H, Ca, Ti. b) The capital letters given by Fraunhofer to spectral lines: A—H, and K. d c) The letters designating the spectral types of stars: A5, B4, Mb. d) The capital letter H With different Greek letters, used to designate the various lines of hydrogen: Ha, HB, etc. 72. In resolutions, italicize the word “Resolved.” (See 73- 39-) After headlines or titles, as a rule, the word “Con- tinued”; and “ To be continued” at the end of articles (see 179): > THE SCOPE OF SOCIOLOGY—Continued [To be continued] MANUAL OF STYLE: QUOTATIONS 33 QUOTATIONS PUT BETWEEN QUOTATION MARKS (and in roman type— 74. 75- 76. 77- 78. i.e., “ roman—quote ”)— ‘Citations, run into the text, of a passage from an author in his own words (see 85). Quotations from different authors, or from different works by the same author, following each other, uninterrupted by any intervening original matter, or by any reference to their respective sources (other than a reference figure for a footnote), even though such quotations are reduced (see 85—87). A word or phrase accompanied by its definition: “Drop-folio” means a page-number at the foot of the page. An unusual, technical, ironical, etc., word or phrase in the text, whether or not accompanied by a word, like “so-called,” directing attention to it: Her “five o’clocks” were famous in the neighborhood; She was wearing a gown of “lobster-colored” silk; He was elected “master of the rolls”; We then repaired to what he called his “quarter deck”; A “lead” is then inserted between the lines; This so-called “man of affairs.” In translations, the English equivalent of a word, phrase, or passage from a foreign language: Weltanschammg, “world-view” or “fundamental aspect of life”; Mommsen, Ro'mische Geschichte (“History of Rome”). 34 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS 79. The particular word or words to which attention is directed: the term “lynch law”; the phrase “liberty of conscience”; the concepts “good” and “bad”; the name “Chicago.” 80. Titles of book series: “English Men of Letters Series”; “International Critical Commentary”; the series “Handbooks of Ethics and Religion.” 81. Titles of shorter poems (see 60): Shelley’s “To a Skylark.” 82. Cited titles of subdivisions (e.g., parts, books, chap— ters, etc.) of publications; titles of papers, lectures, sermons, articles, toasts, mottoes, etc.: The Beginnings of the Science of Political Economy, Vol. I, “The British School,” chap. ii, “John Stuart Mill”; the articles “Cross,” “Crucifixion,” and “Crusade” in Hast- ings’ Dictionary of the Bible; The subject of the lecture was “Japan—Its Past, Present, and Future”; the next toast on the program was “Our Canadian Visitor”; The king’s motto is “For God and My Country.” NOTE—The Botanical Gazette, in footnotes, does not use quotation marksfor such titles. References to the Preface, Introduction, Table of Contents, Index, etc., of a specific work, should be set with capitals, without quotation marks: Preface, p. iii; “The Introduction contains . . . .”; “The Appendix occupies a hundred pages”; but: “The book has a very complete index.” 83. Names of ships: the US SS. “Oregon.” MANUAL OF STYLE: QUOTATIONS 35 84. Titles of pictures and works of art: Murillo’s “The Holy Family.” SET IN SMALLER TYPE— 85. Ordinarily, all prose extracts which will make five or more lines in the smaller type, and all poetry citations of two lines or more. An isolated prose quotation, even though its length would bring it under this rule, may properly be run into the text, if it bears an organic relation to the argument pre- sented. On the other hand, a quotation of one or two lines which is closely preceded or followed by longer extracts set in smaller type may likewise be reduced as a matter of uniform appearance. 86. As a rule, reduce from II pt. and IO pt. to 9 pt., from 9 pt. to 8 pt., from 8 pt. to 6 pt. (see 252). 87. Reduced citations should not have quotation marks, except in such cases as noted in 75; nor should quotation marks, as a rule, be used in connection with italics. GENERAL RULES—.— 88. Quotation marks should always include ellipses, and the phrase “etc.” when it otherwise would not be clear that it stands for an omitted part of the matter quoted, perfect clearness in each individual case being the best criterion: “Art. II, sec. 2, of the Constitution provides that ‘each state shall appoint . . . . a number of electors equal to the whole number of senators and representatives . . . .”’;. “He also 36 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS 89. go. 91. wrote a series of ‘Helps to Discovery, etc.”’——“etc.” here indicating, not that he wrote other works which are unnamed, but that the title of the one named is not given in full; but, on the other hand: “Preaching from the text, ‘For God so loved the world,’ etc ..... ”~“etc.” here being placed outside of the quotation marks in order to show that it does not stand for other, unnamed, objects of God’s love. Quoted prose matter (i.e., matter set With quotation marks; see above) which is broken up into para- graphs should have the quotation marks repeated at the beginning of each paragraph. Where alignment is desired, the quotation marks should be “cleared”—i.e., should project beyond the line of alignment: “Keep away from dirtiness—keep away from mess. Don’t get into doin’ things rather-more-or-less!” Double quotation marks are used for primary quota— tions; for a quotation within a quotation, single; going back to double for a third, to single for a fourth, and so on: “Let me quote from Rossetti’s Life of Keats,” he said. “Mr. Rossetti writes as follows: “ ‘To one of these phrases a few words of comment may be given. That aXiOm which concludes the “Ode on a Grecian Urn”— “‘ “Beauty is truth, truth beauty—that is all Ye know on earth, and all ye need to know,” is perhaps the most important contribution to thought which the poetry of Keats contains: it pairs with and transcends “‘“A thing of beauty is a joy forever.”’ “And now I shall conclude my first point,” he continued, “by remarking that . . . .” MANUAL OF STYLE: SPELLING 37 SPELLING SPELL OUT— 92. All religious, civil, and military titles of honor and respect, and forms of address, preceding the name, except Mr., Messrs, Mrs. (French: M., MM., Mme, Mlle), Dr., Rev., Hon., St. (do not, except in quotations and in correspondence, set the Rev., the Hon); Esq., following the name, should like- wise always be abbreviated. 93. Christian names, as George, Charles, John (not: Geo., Chas, Jno.), except where the abbreviated form is used in quoted matter or in original signa- tures; and “von” as part of a person’s name (see 240); references in text (not parenthetical or foot- note citations) to chapters, pages, lines, figures, etc. (See 96.) 94. Subject to the exceptions named at the end of this section, in ordinary reading-matter, all numbers of less than three digits, unless of a statistical or technical character, or unless occurring in groups of six or more following each other in close succes— sion: “There are thirty—eight cities in the United States with a population of 100,000 or over”; “a fifty-yard dash”; “two pounds of sugar”; “Four horses, sixteen cows, seventy-six sheep, and a hilly goat constituted the live stock of the farm”; “He spent a total of two years, three months, and seventeen 38 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS 95- days in jail.” But: “He spent 128 days in the hospital”; “a board 20 feet 2 inches long by 1% feet wide and 1} inches thick”; “the ratio of 16 to 1”; “In some quarters of Paris, inhabited by wealthy families, the death—rate is I to every 65 persons; in others, inhabited by the poor, it is 1 to I 5”; “His purchase consisted of 2 pounds of sugar, 20 pounds of flour, I pound of coffee,% pound of tea, 3 pounds of meat, and 1% pounds of fish, besides 2 pecks of potatoes and a pint of Vinegar.” Treat all numbers in connected groups alike, as far as possible; do not use figures for some and spell out others; if the largest contains three or more digits, use figures for all (see 96): “The force employed during the three months was 87, 93, and 106, respectively.” As a general rule, however, decimals, degrees, dimensions, distances, enumerations, money, per- centage, weights, and like matter should be expressed in figures: 10°, 45 miles, 3 cubic feet, 24 pages, 100 bushels, 9 per cent (see 123), 45 pounds, $1,000, etc. Round numbers (i.e., approximate figures in even units, the unit being 100 in numbers of less than 1,000, and 1,000 in numbers of more): “The attendance was estimated at five hundred” (but: “at 550”); “a thesis of about three thousand words” (but: “of about 2,700”); “The population of Chicago is approximately three millions” (but: “2,900,000”). Cases like 1,500, if for some special reason spelled out, should be written “fifteen hundred,” not “one thousand five hundred.” MANUAL or STYLE: SPELLING 39 96. 97- 98. 99- 100. All numbers, no matter how high, and all terms of measurement or number otherwise abbreviated, commencing a sentence in ordinary reading-matter: “Five hundred and ninety-three men, 417 women, and 126 children under eighteen, besides 63 of the crew, went down with the ship”; “Figure 3 shows the comparative difference in prices.” When this is impracticable, or for any reason unde- sirable, reconstruct the sentence; e.g.: “The total number of those who went down with the ship was 593 men,” etc. Sums of money, when occurring in isolated cases in ordinary reading-matter: “The admission was two dollars.” When several such numbers occur close together, and in all matter of a statistical character, use figures: “Admission: men, $2; women, $1; children, 25 cents.” Time of day, in ordinary reading—matter: at four; at half-past two in the afternoon; at seven o’clock. Statistically, in enumerations, and always in connec- tion with A.M. and P.M., use figures: at 4: 15 RM. (omit “o’clock” in such connections). Ages: . eighty years and four months old; children between six and fourteen. Numbers of centuries, of Egyptian dynasties, of sessions of Congress, of military bodies, of political divisions, of thoroughfares, and in all similar cases, unless brevity is an important consideration (see 7, 8, and I3): 40 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS I01. 102. 103. 104. 105. nineteenth century; Fifth Dynasty; Fifty-fourth Congress, second session; Fifteenth Infantry I.N.G.; Sixth Con- gressional District, Second Ward; Fifth Avenue. References to particular decades: in the nineties (see 165). Names of months, except in statistical matter or in long enumerations: from January I to April 15 (omit, after dates, st, (1, and th). “United States,” except in quotations and such con- nections as: General Schofield, U.S.A.; U.S. SS. “ Oregon”; in footnotes and similar references: U.S. Geological Survey (see 22, 52, 106). “Railroad (-way),” and “Fort,” “Mount,” and “Port” in geographical appellations (see 4): Chicago, Milwaukee 8: St. Paul Railroad (not: R.R. or Ry.); Fort Wayne, Mount Elias, Port Huron. In most cases, all names of publications. This rule, like many another, is open to modification in particu- lar instances, for expediency, nature of context, authoritative usage, and author’s preference. Gen— erally, if in doubt, spell out; good taste will condone offenses in this direction more readily than in the opposite. ABBREVIATE— 106. Names of states, territories, and possessions of the United States following those of towns, as follows, Without space between the letters of abbrevia- tions (see 22, 52. 103), when mentioned in lists, signatures, bibliographical matter, etc., but not ordinarily in text-matter: MANUAL OF STYLE: SPELLING 41 Ala. Iowa Neb. Samoa Alaska Kan. Nev. S.C. Ariz. Ky. N.H. S.D. Ark. La. NJ. Tenn. Cal. Me. N.M. Tex. Colo. Mass. N .Y. T.H. = Territory Conn. Md. Ohio of Hawaii D.C. Mich. Okla. Utah Del. Minn. Ore. Vt. Fla. Miss. Pa. Va. Ga. Mo. P.I. = Philippine Wash. Idaho Mont. Islands Wis. Ill. N.C. RR. = Porto Rico W.Va. Ind. N.D . R.I. Wyo. 107. In technical matter (footnote references, bibliogra- phies, etc.), “Company” and “Brothers,” and the word “and” (81 = “short and” or “ampersand”), in names of commercial firms: The Macmillan Co., Macmillan & Co., Harper: Bros.; Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Raierad. In text-matter, not of a technical character, “Com- pany ” and “ Brothers” may, however, be spelled out: “Harper Brothers have recently published . . . .”; “The Century Company announces . . . .”; “The extraordinary story of the South Sea Company.” And when the name of a commercial concern does not consist of proper names, the “and” should be spelled out: American Steel and Wire Co. 108. “Saint” or “Saints” before a name: St. Louis, St. Peter’s Church, SS. Peter and Paul. 42 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS “St.” should, however, be omitted in connection with names of apostles, evangelists, church fathers: Luke, Paul, Augustine; not: St. Luke, St. Paul, etc. 109. In references to Scripture passages (I34, 173), the books of the Bible and of the Apocrypha, the Apocalyptic, and versions of the Bible: OLD TESTAMENT Gen. I and II Chron. Isa. Jonah Exod. Ezra Jer. Mic. Lev. N eh. Lam. Nah. Num. Esther Ezek. Hab. Deut. Job Dan. Zeph. Josh. Ps. (Pss.) Hos. Hag. Judg. Prov. Joel Zech. Ruth Eccles. Amos Mal. I and II Sam. Song of Sol. (or Obad. I and II, Kings Cant.) NEW TESTAMENT Matt. Gal. Philem. Mark Eph. Heb. Luke Phil. Jas. John Col. I and II Pet. Acts I and II Thess. I, II, and III John Rom. I and II Tim. Jude I and II Cor. Titus Rev. APOCRYPHA (APOC.) I and II Esd. Wisd. of Sol. Sus. Tob.=Tobit Ecclus. Bel and Dragon Jth.=Judith Bar. Pr. of Man. Rest of Esther Song of Three I, II, III, and IV Children Macc. APOCALYPTIC En. Asmp. M. Ps. Sol. Bk. Jub. Sib. Or. Apoc. Bar. XII P. Asc. Isa. MANUAL OF STYLE: SPELLING 43 VERSIONS OF THE BIBLE COMMONLY REFERRED TO A.V. =Authorized Version. R.V. =Revised Version. R.V.m. = Revised Version, margin. A.R.V. =American Standard Revised Version. A.R.V.m.=American Standard Revised Version, margin. E.R.V. =English Revised Version. E.R.V.m.=English Revised Version, margin. E.V. =English Version(s) of the Bible. Vulg. = Vulgate. LXX = Septuagint. 110. In parenthetical literary references, in footnotes, and in matter of a bibliographical character, “vol- ume,” “number,” “psalm,” “division,” “chapter,” “article,” “section,” “page,” “column,” “verse,” “line,” “note,” “figure,” followed by their number (see 37, 96, and. 237); and the word “following” after the number to denote continuance: Vol. I (plural, Vols), No. I (Nos), Ps. 20 (Pss.), Div. III, chap. ii (chaps.), art. iii (arts), sec. 4 (secs), p. 5 (pp.), col. 6 (cols.), vs. 7 (vss.), 1.8 (11.), n. 9 (nn.), Fig. 7 (Figs); pp. 5—7 (=pages 5 to 7 inclusive), pp. 5f. (=page 5 and the following page), pp. 5 ff. (=page 5 and the following pages) ; ed (d) . ( = edition[s]) . III. The common designations of weights and measures in the metric system, as well as the symbols of meas— urement in common use, when following a numeral: I m., 2 dm., 3 cm., 4 mm.; c.m. (=cubic meter), c.d., c.c., c.mm.; sq. mi. (=square mile); gm. (=gram); gr. (=grain); h. (=hour), min. (=minute), sec. (=second); lb. (=pound), oz. (=ounce); yd., ft., in.; kg. (=kilogram), kw. (=kilowatt); mg. (=milligram); mag. (=magnitude), A (=angstrom units), h.p. (=horse—power), C. (=Centi- grade), F. (=Fahrenheit), etc. (See 123.) 44 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS The following is a list of the standard abbreviations for technical values, recommended by the American Insti- tute of Electrical Engineers: alternating current . brake horse-power a—c. (when used as a compound adjective; otherwise spell out) b.h.p. boiler horse-power boiler h.p. British thermal units B.t.u. candle—power c-p. centimeters cm. circular mils . cir. mils counter electromotive force cubic . direct current counter e.m.f. cu. d—c. (when used as a compound adjective; otherwise spell out) electric horse-power e.h.p. electromotive force . e.m.f. feet . ft. ' foot-pounds . ft—lb. gallons gal. grains gr. grams g. or gm. gram—calories g-cal. hours . hr. inches . . . in. indicated horse-power i.h.p kilograms kg. kilogram-meters kg-m kilogram-calories kg—cal kilometers km. kilowatts . kw. kilowatt-hours kw-hr magnetomotive force . m.m.f. miles per hour (second) . m.p.hr. (sec.) millimeters mm. milligrams mg. minutes min. meters . m. meter-kilograms m-kg. MANUAL OF STYLE: SPELLING 45 pounds . . . lb. revolutions per minute . rev. per min., or r.p.m. seconds . . . . . sec. square . . . sq. square- -ro-ot of- -mean- square . . . . . effective, or r.m.s. kilovolts . . . . . kv. kilovolt- a—mperes' . . kv-a. watt- hours . . watt-hr. watts per candle- -power watts per c—p. yards . . . . yd. NOTE. —-In the case of hyphenated abbreviations, the first ele- ment of the compound does not take a period. GENERAL RULES- 112. In extracts from modern authors whose spelling and punctuation differ but slightly from ours, and where such variations do not affect the meaning, use office style. In citations from Old English works, and in cases where it appears to be essential to the writer’s plan or the requirements of the context to give a faithful rendering, follow the original copy. Titles should always be accurately quoted. 113. Form the possessive of proper names ending in s or another sibilant, if monosyllabic, by adding an apostrophe and 3; if of more than one syllable, by adding an apostrophe only, except names ending in —ce (see 165): King James’s Version, Bums’s poems, Marx’s theories; Moses’ law, Jesus’ birth, Demosthenes’ orations, Berlioz’ compositions; Horace’s odes. But in the case of proper names ending in a silent sibilant the possessive is formed by the addition 46 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS 114. 115. 116. 117. of the apostrophe and 3, whether the word is monosyllabic or not: Charlevoix’s discoveries, Des Moines’s population. Before sounded h, long u (or eu), and the words “one,” “once,” use “a” as the form of the indefinite article: a hotel, a harmonic rendition, a historical work, a union, a euphonious word, such a one. The ligatures a: and aa are not used at the present day, either in Latin and Greek words, or in words adopted into English from these languages. In English these words are written either with ae, oe, separately, or with 6 alone. The ligature is re- tained, however, in Old English and in French: aetas; Oedipus Tyrannus; aesthetic; (but: oeuvre, French); but: maneuver; Elfred (Alfred in English). Differentiate “farther” and “further” by using the former in the sense of “more remote,” “at a greater distance”; the latter in the sense of “moreover,” “in addition”: the farther end; he went still farther; further, he suggested; a further reason. In forms of address (vocative) use the “O” Without a comma following; for an exclamation use “Oh,” followed by a comma or an exclamation point (see 40): - “O thou most mighty ruler!” “Oh, why did not Cerberus drag me back to hell?” MANUAL OF STYLE: SPELLING 47 118. 119. The following participles retain the final 6 in the primary word: agreeing hieing singeing dyeing hoeing tingeing eyeing shoeing Vieing The following participles illustrate those that omit the 6 before the terminal: abridging encouraging judging acknowledging filing mistaking aging firing moving arguing glazing organizing awing gluing owing biting grudging trudging bluing icing truing changing issuing Spell: abridgment aye clamor dulness accouter backward clinch dwelt acknowledgment bark (vessel) clue embitter adz barreled coeval emir aegis bazaar color employee Aeolian Beduin controller encyclopedic aeroplane behavior cotillion endeavor aesthetic biased councilor enfold afterward blessed counselor engulf almanac bowlder cozy enrol ambassador burned cue ensnare amid caesura defense envelope (n.) among caliber demarcation enwrapped anemia canceled demeanor equaled appareled candor descendant (n.) Eskimo appendixes cannoneer diarrhea esophagus (of book) canyon dieresis exhibitor arbor carcass disheveled fantasy archaeology caroled disk favor ardor castor (roller) dispatch - fetish armor caviler distil fetus ascendancy center downward fiber ascendent check draft flavor Athenaeum chiseled drought fluorid ax chock-full dueler focused 48 THE UNIVERSITY ‘OF CHICAGO PRESS forward fulfil (fulfilled) fulness gaiety Galilean gild (to cover with gold) glPSY glamor glycerin goodbye graveled gray Graeco-Roman gruesome guarantee (v.) guaranty (n.) guild (an organi- zation) hamartiology harbor hematoxylin hemorrhage Hindu honor imbed impaneled imperiled incase inclose incrust incumbrance indexes (of book) indices (mathe- matical only) indorse ingraft instal (installed) instil (instilled) insure intrench intrust inward jeweled Judea judgment katabolism kidnaper (but (kidnapped) Koran labeled labor lacquer leukocyte leveled libeled liter loath lodgment Lukan maneuver Markan marshaled marvelous meager medieval meter miter modeled Mohammedan mold molt moneyed moneys movable mustache nearby (adj .) neighbor niter odor offense one’s self outward oxid paean paleography paleontology Paleozoic paneled paraffin parceled parole parquet partisan peddler penciled Phoenix [)1ng plow practice (11. and v.) pretense primeval program quarreled quartet raveled reconnoiter refill reinforce rencounter reverie rhyme rigor rivaled riveted ruble rumor saber salable Savior savor scepter sepulcher skepticism skilful smolder specter staunch steadfast subtle succor sumac syrup taboo talc techniqueI theater thraldom thrash timbre (of music) today tormentor toward trammeled tranquilize tranquillity traveler trouse rs truncated upward vapor vendor vigor whiskey wilful woeful woolen worshiper NOTE—Make one word of “anyone,” “everyone,” “today,” “ tomorrow, “tonight,” “cannot” (see 204). Distinguish between “sometimes” and “some time(s),” “someone” and “some one (or more) of the number.” “someone else’s.” *7 In medical work more generally spelled “technic.” Use the form MANUAL OF STYLE: SPELLING 49 as follows: advertise advise affranchise apprise (to inform) arise chastise circumcise comprise aggrandize agonize analyze anatomize anglicize apologize apostrophize apprize (to appraise) authorize autolyze baptize brutalize canonize catechize catholicize cauterize centralize characterize Christianize civilize classicize colonize criticize crystallize demoralize deputize dogmatize SPELL WITH -z'se compromise demise despise devise disfranchise disguise emprise enfranchise enterprise excise exercise eXorcise franchise improvise incise manuprise merchandise SPELL WITH -ize (-yze) dramatize economize emphasize energize epitomize equalize eulogize evangelize extemporize familiarize f e rti lize fossilize f raternize galvanize generalize gormandize harmonize hellenize humanize immor talize italicize jeopardize legalize liberalize localize magnetize manumize memorialize mercerize mesmerize metamorphize methodize minimize modernize monopolize moralize nationalize naturalize neutralize organize ost racize oxidize paralyze particularize pasteurize patronize philosophize plagiarize polarize professionalize protestantize pulverize realize recognize reorganize I20. Differentiate between the terminations -ise and -ize premise reprise revise rise supervise surmise surprise revolutionize satirize scandalize scrutinize signalize solemnize soliloquize specialize spiritualize standardize stigmatize subsidize summarize syllogize symbolize sympathize tantalize temporize tranquilize tyrannize utilize vaporize visualize vitalize vocalize vulcanize vulgarize 50 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS PUNCTUATION 121. All punctuation marks should be printed in the same style or font of type as the word, letter, or character immediately preceding them: “With the cry of Banzai! the regiment stormed the hill”; Luke 4: 16a; paragraph 2 (a); Botanical Gazette 20: I44. PERIOD— ‘ 122. A period is used to indicate the end of a declarative sentence (see 125) . 123. a) Put a period after abbreviations: Macmillan 8: Co., Mr. Smith, St. Paul, No. I, Chas. (see 93), ibid., 3.7)., IO mm., 1201 E. Main St., T. 3 N., R. 69 W., Sec. 11, middle of S. line. 1)) Do not use a period after contractions—cases Where a mechanical necessity compels the omission of a letter or letters in the middle of a word for which there is no recognized abbreviated form; such omis- sion is indicated by an apostrophe: m’f’g pl’t (=manufacturing plant); ’t isn’t. 6) Treat the metric symbols as abbreviations, but not the chemical symbols, nor the phrase “per cent,” nor the format of books: 0, Fe; 2 per cent (see 94) ; 4to, 8vo. NOTE—With respect to symbols for measures the following exceptions should be noted: Astrophysical J carnal, 12 mm (with thin space and no period) (but: 21133145); Botanical Gazette, 12 mm., 125 ft., 9 cc. (on line, with period). MANUAL OF STYLE: PUNCTUATION 51 But do not use a period, in technical matter, after the recognized abbreviations for linguistic epochs, or for titles of well-known publications of which the initials only are given, nor after MS (=manuscript), nor after Mme and Mlle in French (see 92): IE (=Indo—European), OE (=Old English),MHG (=Middle High German); AJSL (=Ameriam Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures), ZAW (=Zeitschrz'ft [fir alttesta- mentliche Wissenschait), CI L (=Corpus I nscrz'ptiomtm Lati- nomm). 124. Use no period after Roman numerals, even if having the value of ordinals: Vol. IV; Louis XVI was on the throne. 125. Omit the period after running-heads (for explanation of this and the following terms see 279—83); after centered headlines; after side-heads set in separate lines; after cut—in heads; after box—heads in tables; and after superscriptions and legends which do not form a complete sentence (with subject and predi- cate), or which do not make more than a single line of type; after date lines at top of communications, and after signatures (see 50). 126. The period is always placed inside the quotation marks; and inside the parentheses when the matter inclosed is an independent sentence and forms no part of the preceding sentence; otherwise outside: Tennyson’s “In Memoriam.” Put the period inside the quotation marks. (This is a rule without exception.) When the parentheses form part of the preceding sentence, put the period outside (as, for instance, here). 52 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS ‘EXCLAMATION POINT— 127. The exclamation point is used to mark an outcry, or an emphatic or ironical utterance: “Long live the king!” “Heaven forbid!” “Good!” he cried; “How funny this seems!” “This must not be!” The subject of his lecture was “The Thisness of the That”! The speaker went on: “Nobody should leave his home tomorrow without a marked ballot in their (1) pocket.” 128. The exclamation point is placed inside the quotation marks or parentheses when part of the quotation or parenthetical matter; otherwise outside. See illustrations in 127. INTERROGATION POINT-— 129. The interrogation point is used to mark a query, or to express a doubt: “Who is this?” The prisoner gave his name as Roger Crown- inshield, the son of an English baronet (P). Can the Bible be applied to children? is a question involved. Indirect questions, however, should not be followed by an interrogation point: She asked whether he was ill. A technically interrogative sentence—disguised as a question out of courtesy but actually embody- ing a request—does not need the interrogation point: Will you kindly sign and return the inclosed card. MANUAL OF STYLE: PUNCTUATION 53 130. The interrogation point should be placed inside the quotation marks or parentheses only when it is a part of the quotation or parenthetical matter: “Take hold, my son, of the toughest knots in life and try to untie them; try to be worthy of man’s highest estate; have high, noble, manly honor. There is but one test of everything, and that is, Is it right?” (Henry A. Wise). The question: “Who is who, and what is what?” Were you ever in “Tsintsinnati” P COLON— 131. The colon is used to “mark a discontinuity of grammatical construction greater than that indicated by the semicolon and less than that indicated by the period. It is commonly used (I) to emphasize a close connection in thought between two clauses each of which forms a complete sentence, and which might with grammatical propriety be separated by a period; (2) to separate a clause which is gram- matically complete from a second which contains an illustration or amplification of its meaning; (3) to introduce a formal statement, an extract, a speech in a dialogue, etc.” (Century Dictionary) (unless this is preceded by a conjunction, like “that,” immediately connecting it with What goes before). Before the quotation of a clause in the middle of a sentence use a comma: (I) “This argument undeniably contains some force: Thus it is well known that . . . .” “The secretion of the gland 54 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS goes on uninterruptedly: this may account for the condition of the organ.” “The fear of death is universal: even the lowest animals instinctively shrink from annihilation.” (2) “Most countries have a national flower: France the lily, England the rose, etc.” “Lambert pine: the gigantic sugar pine of California.” (3) “The rule may be stated thus: .” “We quote from the address: . . . .” “Charles: ‘Where are you going?’ George: ‘To the mill-pond.”’ But: “He stoutly maintained that ‘the letter is a monstrous forgery’”; and: “Declaring, ‘The letter is a monstrous forgery,’ he tried to wash his hands of the whole affair.” 132. The colon thus often takes the place of an implied “namely,” “as follows,” “for instance,” or a similar phrase. Where such word or phrase is used, 1t should be followed by a colon if what follows consists of one or more grammatically complete clauses (see 36); otherwise by a comma (see 145): “This is true of only two nations—the wealthiest, though not the largest, in Europe: Great Britain and France”; but: “This is true of only two nations—the wealthiest, though not the largest, in Europe—viz., Great Britain and France.” “He made several absurd statements. For exam 1e: . . . .”' , but: “There are several states in the Union—for instance, Kansas and Wyoming—which . . . .” I33. Put a colon after the salutatory phrase at the begin- ning of a letter and after the introductory remark of a speaker addressing the chairman or the audi- ence: MY DEAR MR. BROWN: (See 50.) M r. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: (See 64.) MANUAL OF STYLE: PUNCTUATION 55 I34. Put a centered (9—unit) colon between chapter and verse in Scripture passages, between hours and minutes in time indications, and between volume and page reference when such style is used: Matt. 2:5—13; 4:30 P.M.; Botanical Gazette 20:144. 135. Put a colon between the place of publication and the publisher’s name in literary and bibliographical references: Clement of Alexandria (London: Macmillan), II, 97. 136. The colon should be placed outside the quotation marks, unless a part of the quotation: He writes under the head of “Notes and Comments”: “Many a man can testify to the truth of the old adage :” etc. . SEMICOLON— 137. A semicolon is used to mark the division of a sentence somewhat more independent than that marked by a comma, or to separate complete statements the argument of which is dependent upon their remaining in the same sentence: “Are we giving our lives to perpetuate the things that the past has created for its needs, forgetting to ask whether these things still serve today’s needs; or are we thinking of living men?” “This is as important for science as it is for practice; indeed, it may be said to be the only important consideration.” “It is so in war; it is so in the economic life; it cannot be otherwise in religion.” “In Persia the final decision rests with the Shah, advised by his ministers; in most constitutional countries, indirectly with the people as represented in parlia- ment; in Switzerland alone, through the referendum, directly with the electorate at large.” “This, let it be remembered, 56 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS 138. was the ground taken by Mill; for to him ‘utilitarianism,’ in spite of all his critics may say, did not mean the pursuit of bodily pleasure.” (“For” in such cases should commonly be preceded by a semicolon.) In enumerations use a semicolon between the differ— ent links, if these conSist of more than a few words closely connected, and especially if individual clauses contain any punctuation mark of less value than a period, or an exclamation or interrogation point (unless inclosed in parentheses), yet are intimately joined one with the other, and all with the sentence or clause leading up to them, for instance through dependence upon a conjunction, like “that,” pre— ceding them (see 36): “The membership of the international commission was made up as follows: France, 4; Germany, 5; Great Britain, I (owing to a misunderstanding, the announcement did not reach the English societies in time to secure a full quota from that country. Sir Henry Campbell, who had the matter in charge, being absent at the time, great difficulty was experi- enced in arousing sufficient interest to insure the sending of even a solitary delegate); Italy, 3; the United States, 7.” “T he defendant, in justification of his act, pleaded that (I) he was despondent over the loss of his wife; (2) he was out of work; (3) he had had nothing to eat for two days; (4) he was under the influence of liquor.” “Presidents Hadley, of Yale; Eliot, of Harvard; Butler, of Columbia; and Angel], of Michigan.” 139. In Scripture references a semicolon is used to separate passages containing chapters: Gen. 2:3—6, 9, 14; 3:17; chap. 5; 6:15. MANUAL OF STYLE: PUNCTUATION 57 I40. The semicolon should be placed outside the quota- tion marks or parentheses, unless a part of the quotation or parenthetical matter. COMMA— I41. The comma is “used to indicate the smallest inter- ruptions in continuity of thought or grammatical construction, the marking of which contributes to clearness” (Century Dictionary) : “Here, as in many other cases, what is sometimes popularly supposed to be orthodox is really a heresy, an exaggeration, a distortion, a caricature of the true doctrine of the church. The doctrine is, indeed, laid down by an authority here and there; but, speaking generally, it has no place in the stand- ards, creeds, or confessions of the great communions; e.g., the Apostles’ Creed, the Nicene Creed, the canons of the early ecumenical councils, the Westminster Confession, the Thirty- nine Articles.” “Shakspere and other, lesser, poets.” “The books which I have read I herewith return” (i.e., I return those [only] which I have read); but: “The books, which I have read, I herewith return” (i.e., having read them [all], I now return them). “Gossiping, women are happy”; and: “Gossiping women are happy.” “Of these four, two Ameri- cans and one Englishman started”; and: “Of these, four— two Americans and two Englishmen—started.” “The suffer- ing, God will relieve.” “Behind, her ‘stage mother’ stood fluttering with extra wraps.” “Some boys and girls pre- maturely announce themselves, usually in uncomfortable, sometimes in bad, ways.” 142. Use a comma to separate proper nouns belonging to different individuals or places: “To John, Smith was always kind”; “To America, Europe awards the prize of mechanical skill.” 58 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS I43. I44. Put a comma before “and,” “or,” and “nor” connecting the last two links in a sequence of three or more; or all the links in a series of greater length, or where each individual link consists of several words; always put a comma before “etc.”: Tom, Dick, and Harry; either copper, silver, or gold; “He was equally familiar with Homer, and Shakspere, and Moliére, and Cervantes, and Goethe, and Ibsen”; “Neither France for her art, nor Germany for her army, nor England for her democracy, etc.” But do not use a comma where “and,” etc., serves to connect all of the links in a brief and close-knit phrase: “a man good and noble and true”; “I do not remember who wrote the stanza—whether it was Shelley or Keats or Moore.” Ordinarily, put a comma before and after clauses introduced by such conjunctions as “and,” “but,” “if,” “while,” “as” (meaning “since”), “whereas,” “since,” “because,” “when,” “after,” “although,” etc., especially if a change of subject takes place: “When he arrived at the railway station, the train had gone, and his friend, who had come to bid him goodbye, had departed, but left no word. As the next train was not due for two hours, he decided to take a ride about the town, although it offered little of interest to the Sightseer. While he regretted his failure to meet his friend, he did not go to his house.” But do not use a comma before clauses introduced by such conjunctions if the preceding clause is not MANUAL OF STYLE: PUNCTUATION 59 logically complete without them; nor before “it,” “but,” and “though” in brief and close-welded phrases: “This is especially interesting because they represent the two extremes and because they present differences in their rela- tions”; “This is good because true”; “I shall agree to this only if you accept my conditions”; “I would not if I could, and could not if I would”; “honest though poor”; “a cheap but valuable book.” 145. Such conjunctions, adverbs, connective particles, or phrases as “now,” “then,” “however,” “indeed,” “therefore,” “moreover,” “furthermore,” “never— theless,” “though,” “in fact,” “in short,” “for instance,” “that is,” “of course,” “on the contrary,” “on the other hand,” “after all,” “to be sure,” “for example,” etc., may be followed by a comma when standing at the beginning of a sentence or clause to introduce an inference or an explanation, and may be placed between commas when wedged into the middle of a sentence or clause to mark off a distinct break in the continuity of thought or struc- ture, indicating a summarizing of what precedes, the point of a new departure, or a modifying, restrict— ive, or antithetical addition, etc.: “Indeed, this was exactly the point of the argument”; “Moreover, he did not think it feasible”; “Now, the question is this: . . . .” “Nevertheless, he consented to the scheme”; “In fact, rather the reverse is true”; “This, then, is my position: . . . .”; “The statement, therefore, cannot be verified”; “He thought, however, that he would like to 60 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS try”; “That, after all, seemed a trivial matter”; “The gentleman, of course, was wrong”; “A comma may be used between clauses of a compound sentence that are connected by a simple conjunction, though a comma is emphatically not used between clauses connected by a conjunctive adverb.” But do not use a comma with such words when the connection is logically close and structurally smooth enough not to call for any pause in reading; with “therefore,” “nevertheless,” etc., when directly following the verb; with “indeed” when directly preceding or following an ”adjective or another adverb which it qualifies; nor ordinarily with such terms as “perhaps,” “also,” “likewise,” etc.: “Therefore I say unto you . . . .”; “He was therefore unable to be present”; “It is nevertheless true”; “He is recovering very slowly indeed”; “He was perhaps thinking of the future”; “He was a scholar and a sportsman too.” 146. A comma is preferably omitted before “rather” in I47. such an expression as— “The time-value is to be measured in this way rather than by the time-equivalent of the strata.” If among several adjectives preceding a noun the last bears a more direct relation to the noun than the others, it should not be preceded by a comma: “the admirable political institutions of the country ”; “a hand- some, wealthy young man.” . Participial clauses, especially such as contain an explanation of the main clause, should usually be set off by a comma: “Being asleep, he did not hear him”; “Exhausted by a day’s hard work, he slept like a stone.” MANUAL OF STYLE: PUNCTUATION 6I 149. Put. a comma before “not” introducing an anti- thetical clause or phrase: “Men addict themselves to inferior pleasures, not because they deliberately prefer them, but because they are the only ones to which they have access.” But do not use commas before such words when the thought is incomplete without the following words. 150. For parenthetical, adverbial, or appositional clauses or phrases use commas to indicate structurally disconnected, but logically integral, interpolations; dashes to indicate both structurally and logically disconnected insertions; never use the two together (see 175): “Since, from the naturalistic point of view, mental states are the concomitants of physiological processes . . . .”; “The French, generally speaking, are a nation of artists”; “The English, highly democratic as they are, nevertheless deem the nobility fundamental to their political and social systems.” “There was a time—I forget the exact date—when these conditions were changed.” 151. Use a comma to separate two identical or closely similar words, even if the sense or grammatical con— struction does not require such separation (see 142): “Whatever is, is good”; “What he was, is not known”; “The chief aim of academic striving ought not to be, to be most in evidence”; “This is unique only in this, that . . . .” 152. In adjectival phrases a complementary, qualifying, delimiting, or antithetical adjective added to' the main epithet preceding a noun should ordinarily be preceded and followed by a comma: 62 153. 154. 155. THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS “This harsh, though at the same time perfectly logical, conclusion”; “The deceased was a stern and unapproach- able, yet withal sympathetic and kind—hearted, gentleman ”; “Here comes in the most responsible, because it is the final, office of the teacher”; “The most sensitive, if not the most elusive, part of the training of children”; “The better a proverb is, the more trite it usually becomes.” Two or more co-ordinate clauses ending in a word governing or modifying another word in a following clause should be separated by commas: “. . a shallow body of water connected with, but well protected from, the open sea”; “He was as tall as, though much younger than, his brother”; “The cultivation in our- selves of a sensitive feeling on the subject of veracity is one of the most useful, and the enfeeblement of that feeling one of the most hurtful, things”; “This road leads away from, rather than toward, your destination.” Similarly, use a comma to separate two numbers: “In 1905, 347 teachers attended the convention”; November 1, 1905. (See 160.) A comma is employed to indicate the omission, fo brevity or convenience, of a word or words the repetition of which is not essential to the meaning: “In Illinois there are seventeen such institutions; in Ohio, twenty—two; in Indiana, thirteen”; “In Lincoln’s first cabinet Seward was secretary of state; Chase, of the treasury; Cameron, of war; and Bates, attorney general.” Often, however, such constructions are smooth enough not to call for commas (and consequent semicolons): “One puppy may resemble the father, another the mother. and a third some distant ancestor.” MANUAL OF STYLE: PUNCTUATION 63 156. 157. 158. 159. A direct quotation, maxim, or similar expression, when brief, should be separated from the preceding part of the sentence by a comma (see 131): “God said, Let there be light.” Use a comma before “of” in connection with resi- dence or position: Mr. and Mrs. McIntyre, of Detroit, Mich.; President Hadley, of Yale University. Exceptions are those cases, historical and political, in which the place-name practically has become a part of the person’s name, or is so closely connected With this as to render the separation artificial or illogical: Clement of Alexandria, Philip of Anjou, King Edward of England. In literary references insert a comma between con- secutive numbers to represent a break in the con- tinuity, a separate reference to each; an en dash, to represent one continuous reference between the consecutive numbers: pp. 4, 7—8, 10; Ezra 5:7—8; IV, 123—30. Put a comma after digits indicating thousands, except in a date or in a page—reference and not between the constituents of dimensions, weights, and measures: 1,276, 10,419; 2200 B.C.; p. 2461; 3 feet 6 inches; 4 lb. 2 oz.; 2 hr. 4 min. NOTE.——A strophysical Journal and Botanical Gazette do not use a comma with four figures. 64 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS 160. 161. 162. Separate month and year and similar time divisions by a comma: November, 1905; New Year’s Day, 1906. NOTE—Astrophysical Journal and Botanical Gazette do not use a comma between month and year. Omit the comma, in signatures and at the beginning of articles, after author’s name followed by address, title, or position in a separate line, or after address followed by a date line, etc. (see 65). The comma is always placed inside the quotation marks, but following the parenthesis, if the con- text requires it at all. APOSTROPI—IE— 163. 164. 165. An apostrophe is used to mark the omission of a letter or letters in the contraction of a word, or of figures in a number. In the case of contractions containing a verb and the negative, do not use space between the two components of the contraction: it’s, ne’er, ’twas, “takin’ me ’at”; m’f’g; the class of ’96; don’t, haven’t. (See 123.) The possessive case of nouns, common and proper, is formed by the addition of an apostrophe, or apostrophe and s (see 113): a man’s word, horses’ tails; Scott’s Ivanhoe, Jones’s farms, Themistocles’ era; for appearance’ sake. The plural of numerals, and of rare or artificial noun- coinages, is formed by the aid of an apostrophe and s; of proper nouns of more than one syllable ending MANUAL OF STYLE: PUNCTUATION 65 in a sibilant, by adding an apostrophe alone (mono- syllabic proper names ending in a sibilant add es; others, 5) (see 101): in the 1900’s; in two’s and three’s, the three R’s, the Y.M.C.A.’s; “these I-just-do-as—I-please’s”; “all the Tommy Atkins’ of England” (but: the Rosses and the Macdougals); the Pericles’ and Socrates’ of literature. QUOTATION MARKS. (See section on “Quotations,” 74-91) DASHES— 166. An em dash is used to denote “a sudden break, stop, or transition in a sentence, or an abrupt change in its construction, a long or significant pause, or an unexpected or epigrammatic turn of sentiment” (John Wilson): “Do we—ccm we—send out educated boys and girls from the high school at eighteen?” “The Platonic world of the static, and the Hegelian world of process—how great the contrast!” “ ‘Process’—that is the magic word of the modern period”; “To be or not to be—that is the question”; “Christianity found in the Roman Empire a civic life which was implicated by a thousand roots with pagan faith and cultus—a state which ofiered little.” I67. Use dashes (rarely parentheses—see 177) for par- enthetical clauses which are both logically and structurally independent interpolations (see 150): “This may be said to be—but, never mind, we will pass over that”; “There came a time—let us say, for convenience, with Herodotus and Thucydides—when this attention to actions 66 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS I68. I69. I70. 171. was conscious and deliberate”; “If it be asked—and in say- ing this I but epitomize my whole contention—why the Mohammedan religion . . . .” A clause added to lend emphasis to, or to explain or expand, a word or phrase occurring in the main clause, which word or phrase is then repeated, should be introduced by a dash: “To him they are more important as the sources for history-— the history of events and ideas”; “Here we are face to face ,with a new and difficult problem—new and difficult, that is, in the sense that . . . .” Wherever a “namely” is implied before a paren- thetical or complementary clause, a dash should preferably be used (see 132): “These discoveries—gunpowder, printing-press, compass, and telescope—were the weapons before which the old science trembled”; “But here we are trenching upon another division of our field—the interpretation of New Testament books.” In sentences broken up into clauses, the final— summarizing—clause should be preceded by a dash: “Amos, with the idea that Jehovah is an upright judge . ; Hosea, whose Master hated injustice and falsehood . ; Isaiah, whose Lord would have mercy only on those who relieved the widow and the fatherless—these were the spokesmen . . . l” A word or phrase set in a separate line and succeeded by paragraphs, at the beginning of each of which it is implied, should be followed by a dash: “I recommend— “I. That we kill him. “2. That we flay him.” MANUAL OF STYLE: PUNCTUATION 67 172. A dash may be used in connection with side-heads, 173. whether “run in” or paragraphed: 2. The language of the New Testament—The lexicons of Grimm-Thayer, Cremer, and others . . . . NOTE.—The above has been taken from . . Biblical criticism in other denominations— A most interesting article appeared in the Expository Times . . . Use a dash in place of the word “to” connecting two words or numbers (see 158): May—July, 1906 (en dash); May I, 1905—November I, 1906 (cm dash); pp. 3—7 (en dash); Luke 3:6—5:2 (em dash). But if the word “from” precedes the first word or number, do not use the dash instead of “to”: From May I to July 1, 1906. In connecting consecutive numbers omit hundreds from the second number—i.e., use only two figures —————unless the first number ends in two ciphers, in which case repeat; if the next to the last figure in the first number is a cipher, do not repeat this in the second number; but in citing dates B.C. always» repeat the hundreds (because representing a dimi- nution, not an increase) (see 158): 1880—95, pp. 113—16; 1900—1906, pp. 102—7; 387—324 B.C. NOTE—The Astrophysical Journal and Botanical Gazette re- peat the hundreds: 1880-189 5, pp. 113—116. 68 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS 174. Let a dash precede the reference (author, title of work, or both) following a direct quotation, consisting of at least one complete sentence, in footnotes or cited independently in the text (see 85): I “I felt an emotion of the moral sublime at beholding such an instance of civic heroism.”——Thirty Years, I, 379. The green grass is growing, The morning wind is in it, ’Tis a tune worth the knowing Though it change every minute. —Emerson, “To Ellen, at the South.” 175. A dash should not ordinarily be used in connection with any other point, except a period: “DEAR SIR: I have the honor . . . .”; not: “DEAR SIR:— I have . . . .”; “This—I say it with regret—was not done”; not: “This,—I say it with regret,—was . . . .” But in a sentence where a comma would be neces- sary if the parenthetical clause set off by dashes did not exist, the comma may be retained before the first dash: Darwin, the promulgator of the theory,—though by no means its only supporter—is regarded today, etc. And when the parenthetical clause set off by dashes itself requires an interrogation. or exclamation point, such punctuation may be retained in con- nection with the second dash: Senator Blank—shall we call him statesman or politician ?— introduced the bill; If the ship should sink—which God forbidl—he will be a ruined man. MANUAL OF STYLE: PUNCTUATION 69 PARENTHESES— 176. Place between parentheses figures or letters used to mark divisions in enumerations run into the text: “The reasons for his resignation were three: (1) advanced age, ( 2) failing health, (3) a desire to travel.” If such divisions are paragraphed, a single paren- thesis is ordinarily used in connection with a lower- case (italic) letter; a period, with figures and capital (roman) letters. In syllabi, and matter of a similar character, the following scheme of notation and indention should ordinarily be adhered to: A. Under the head of . . . . I. Under . . . . I. Under . . 0) Under . . (1) Under . . . . I (a) Under . . . . i) Under . . . . ii) Under . . (1)) Under . . . . (2) Under . . . . b) Under . . . . 2. Under . II. Under . . . . B. Under the head of . . . . I77. Parentheses should not ordinarily be used for paren- thetical clauses (see 150 and 167) unless confusion might arise from the use of less distinctive marks, or 70 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS unless the content of the clause is wholly irrelevant to the main argument: “He meant—I take this to be the (somewhat obscure) sense of his speech—that . . . .”; “The period thus inaugurated (of which I shall speak at greater length in the next chapter) was characterized by . . . .”; “The contention has been made (op. cit.) that . . . .” BRACKETS-— I78. I79. Brackets are used (I) to inclose an explanation or note, (2) to indicate an interpolation in a quotation, (3) to rectify a mistake, (4) to supply an omission, and (5) for parentheses Within parentheses: (I) I [This was written before the publication of Spencer’s b00k.—EDITOR.] (2) “These [the free-silver Democrats] asserted that the present artificial ratio can be maintained indefinitely.” (3) “As the Italian [Englishman] Dante Gabriel Ros- [s]etti has said, . . . .” (4) John Ruskin. By Henry Carpenter. [“English Men of Letters,” 111.] London: Black, 1900. (5) Grote, the great historian of Greece (see his History, I, 204 [second edition]), . . . . Such phrases as “ To be continued” at the end, and “Continued from . . . .” at the beginning, of articles, chapters, etc., should be placed between brackets, centered, and set in italics (see 73) and in type reduced in size in accordance with the rule governing reductions (see 86): [Continued from p. 320] [To be concluded] MANUAL OF STYLE: PUNCTUATION 7I ELLIPSES— 180. Ellipses are used to indicate the omission, from a quotation, of one or more words not essential to the idea which it is desired to convey, and also to indicate illegible words, mutilations, and other lacunae in a document, manuscript, or other mate- rial which is quoted. For an ellipsis at the begin- ning, in the middle, or at the end of a sentence four periods, separated by a space (en quad), should ordinarily be used, except in very narrow measures (in French three only, with no space between). If the preceding line ends in a point, this should not be included in the four. Where a whole para- graph, or paragraphs, or, in poetry, a complete line, or lines, are omitted, insert a full line of periods, separated by em— or 2—em quads, according to the length of the line. But the periods should not extend beyond the length of the longest type-line: The point . . . . is that the same forces . . . . are still the undercurrents of every human life ..... We may never unravel the methods of the physical forces; ..... but . . . . I think it worth giving you these details, because it is a vague thing, though a perfectly true thing, to say that it was by his genius that Alexander conquered the eastern world. His army, you know, was a small one. To carry a vast number of men . . . . “Aux armes! aux armes! les Prussiens!” “Je n’écris que ce que j’ai vu, entendu, senti ou éprouvé moi-meme j’ai déja publié quelques petits ouvrages ...” 72 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS 181. An ellipsis should be treated as a part of the citation; consequently should be inclosed in the quotation marks (see 178 [3]). HYPHENs— .182. A hyphen is placed at the end of a line terminating with a syllable of a word, the remainder of which is carried to the next line (see section on “ Divisions”) and between many compound words. The modern tendency is against the hyphen, and in favor of writing as one two words which, when united, con— vey but one idea: schoolroom, workshop, headquarters. Thus far, however, this practice can be spoken of only as a tendency, and there are many compound words which are better hyphenated than consoli- dated. The following rules are designed to cover such cases, but it must be remembered that they are not to be applied in all cases, and that a certain degree of judgment must be exercised in their use. 183. Hyphenate two or more words (except proper names forming a unity in themselves) combined into one adjective preceding a noun, or when the noun is understood: so-called Croesus, well-known author, first-class investment, better—trained teachers, high-school course, half-dead horse, never-ceasing strife, much-mooted question, joint—stock com- pany, English-speaking peoples, nineteenth-century progress, white rat serum, up—to-date machinery, four-year—old boy, MANUAL OF STYLE: PUNCTUATION 73 house-to-house canvass, go-as-you-please fashion, deceased- wife’s-sister bill; the feeble-minded (person); but: New Testament times, Old English spelling, an a priori argument. Where one of the components contains more than one word, an en dash should be used in place of a hyphen: New York—Chicago freight traflic, Norwegian—German- Jewish immigrant. But do not connect by a hyphen adjectives or par- ticiples with adverbs ending in “-ly”; nor such combinations as the foregoing when following the noun, or qualifying a predicate: highly developed species; a man well known in the neighbor- hood; the fly—leaf, so called; “Her gown and carriage were strictly up to date.” 184. Hyphenate, as a rule, nouns formed by the combina- tion of two nouns standing in objective relation to each other—that is, one of whose components is derived from a transitive verb: mind-reader, story-teller, fool-killer, office-holder, well-wisher, property-owner; hero-worship, wood-turning, clay-modeling, curriculum-making. Exceptions are common and brief compounds, un- wieldy formations, or compounds with a special meaning: lawgiver, taxpayer, proofreader, bookkeeper, stockholder, freehand, schoolboy, schoolgirl (but: school man, to dis- tinguish from the Schoolmen of the Middle Ages); encyclo- pedia compiler; waterproof, concussionproof. 74 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS 185. A present participle united (I) with a noun ‘to forma 186. new noun with a meaning different from that which would be conveyed by the two words taken separately, ' (2) with a preposition used absolutely (i.e., not gov- erning a following noun), to form a noun, may properly take a hyphen: boarding-house, dining-hall, sleeping-room, dwelling-place, printing-office, walking-stick, starting-point, stepping- stone, stumbling-block (but meeting place); lean—to. As a general rule, compounds of “book,” “house,” “mill,” “room,” “shop,” and “work” should be printed as one compact word, without a hyphen, when the prefixed noun contains only one syllable, should be hyphenated when it contains two, and should be printed as two separate words when it contains three or more: handbook, schoolbook, notebook, textbook; pocket-book, story-book; reference book. » boathouse, clubhouse, schoolhouse, storehouse; engine-house, power-house; business house. commill, handmill, sawmill, windmill; water—mill, paper—mill; chocolate mill. bedroom, classroom, schoolroom, storeroom; lecture-room; recitation room; but: drawing-room (sitting—room); drawing room (for lessons). tinshop, workshop; bucket—shop, tailor—shop; policy shop; handwork, woodwork; metal-work; filigree work. Exceptions are rare combinations, and such as for appearance’ sake would better be separated: wheat-mill, school work, home work, class work, book work, team work, source book. MANUAL OF STYLE: PUNCTUATION 75 187. 188. 189. 190. 191. 192. Compounds of “maker,” “dealer,” and other words denoting occupation should ordinarily be hyphen- ated; likewise nouns combined in an adjectival sense before a proper noun: harness—maker, book-dealer, job-printer (see 184); a soldier- statesman, the-poet-artist Rossetti. (Exceptions are a few short words of everyday occurrence: bookmaker, dress- maker, shopgirl.) Compounds of “store” should be hyphenated when the prefix contains only one syllable; otherwise not: drug-store, feed—store (but: bookstore); grocery store, dry- goods store. Compounds of “fellow” are hyphenated when forming the first element of the compound: fellow—man, fellow-beings; but: playfellow; “Mr. Good- fellow”; politics makes strange bedfellows. Compounds of “father,” “mother,” “brother,” “ sister,” “daughter,” “parent,” and “foster” should be hyphenated when forming the first element of the compound: father—love (but: fatherland), mother-tongue, brother-officer, sister-nation, foster—son, daughter-cells, parent—word. Compounds of “great,” indicating the fourth degree in a direct line of descent, call fora hyphen: great—grandfather, great—grandson. Compounds of “life” and “ world” require a hyphen: life-history, life-principle (but: lifetime), world-power, world- problem. 76 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS 193. 194. I95. 196. 197. 198. 199. Compounds of “skin” with words of one syllable are to be printed as one word; with words'of more than one, as two separate words: calfskin, sheepskin; alligator skin. Compounds of “master” should be hyphenated: master-builder, master-stroke (exception: masterpiece). Compounds of “god, ” when this word forms the second element of the compound, should be hyphenated: sun-god, rain—god (but: godsend, godson). “Half,” “quarter,” etc., combined with a noun should be followed by a hyphen: half-truth, half-tone, half-year, half-title, quarter-mile; but not the adverb “halfway.” “Semi-,” “demi-,” “bi-,” “ tri—,” etc., do not ordina- rily demand a hyphen, unless followed by i, w, or y: semiannual, demigod, bipartisan, bichromate, bimetallist, trimonthly, tricolor, trifoliate, semi-incandescent, bi- weekly, tri-yearly. Exceptions are long or unusual formations: semi-barbarous, semi-translucent. Compounds of “self,” when this word forms the first element of the compound, are hyphenated: self-evident, self-respect. Combinations with “fold” are to be printed as one word if the number contains only one syllable; if it contains more, as two: twofold, tenfold; fifteen fold, a hundred fold. MANUAL or STYLE: PUNCTUATION 77 200. 201. 202. 203. Adjectives formed by the suffixation of “like” to a noun are usually printed as one word if the noun contains only one syllable (except when ending in t); if it contains more (or is a proper noun), they should be hyphenated: childlike, homelike, warlike, godlike; eel-like, bell-like; woman—like, business—like; American-like (but: Christlike). “Vice,” “ex-,” “elect,” and “general,” constituting parts of titles, should be connected with the chief noun by a hyphen: Vice-Consul Taylor, ex-President Cleveland, the governor- elect, the postmaster-general. (But do not hyphenate mili- tary terms 'such as: surgeon general, lieutenant general.) Compounds of “ by-,” when this word forms the first element of the compound, should be hyphenated: by-product, by—laws (but: bygones). The prefixes “ co-,” “ pre-,” and “re-,” when followed by the same vowel as that in which they terminate, or by w or y, or by any letter that forms a diph- thong with the last letter of the prefix, except in very common words, take a hyphen; but, as a rule, they do not when followed by a different vowel or by a consonant, except to avoid mispronunciation: co—operation, pre—empted, re-enter, co-worker, re—yield; but: coequal, coeducation, prearranged, reinstal; cohabita- tion, prehistoric, recast (but: re-use, re—read, co-author). NOTE—The Botanical Gazette prints: cooperate, reenter, etc. Exceptions are combinations with proper names, long or unusual formations, and words in which the 78 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS 204. 205. 206. 207. omission of the hyphen would convey a meaning different from that intended (cf. 9, 19, 208): pre-Raphaelite, re-democratize, re—pulverization; re-cover (=cover again), re-creation, re-formation (as distinguished from reformation). Omit the hyphen from “today,” “tomorrow,” “tonight,” “viewpoint,” “standpoint.” (See 119, note.) The negative particles “un-,” “in-,” “il-,” “im-,” and “a-” do not usually require a hyphen: unmanly, undemocratic, inanimate, indeterminate, illimitable, impersonal, asymmetrical. Exceptions would be rare and artificial combinations. The particle “ non-,” on the contrary, ordinarily calls for a hyphen, except in the commonest words: non-aesthetic, non—subservient, non-contagious, non—ability, non-interference, non-evolutionary, non—membership, non- unionist; but: nonage, nondescript, nonessential, nonplus, nonsense, noncombatant. “ Quasi-” prefixed to a noun or an adjective requires a hyphen: quasi—corporation, quasi-historical. “ Over” and “under” prefixed to a word should not be followed by a hyphen, except in unusual cases: overbold, overemphasize, overweight, underfed, underestimate, undersecretary; but: over—soul, under-man, over-spiritualistic. J) U' 208. The Latin prepositions “ante, 1nfra,” “inter,” “intra,” “post,” “sub,” “super,” and “supra,” and the Greek preposition “anti” prefixed to a MANUAL OF STYLE: PUNCTUATION 79 209. word do not ordinarily require a hyphen, unless fol- lowed by the letter with which they terminate, or, in the case of those prefixes ending in a vowel, by -w, by -y, or by a vowel which would form a diphthong in conjunction with the terminal letter: antedate, antechamber, antediluvian, inframarginal, inter— national, interstate, intercity, intramural, postscript, post- graduate, postprandial, subconscious, submarine, subtitle, subway, superfine, supraliminal, antidote, antiseptic (but: anti-imperialistic—cf. 203), intra—atomic, ante-war, intra— yearly, ante—urban, anti—eclectic. Exceptions are such formations as-—- ante-bellum, ante-Nicene, anti-Semitic, inter-university, post- revolutionary. ” and “ultra” as a rule call for a “Extra,” “pan, hyphen: extra-hazardous, pan—Hellenic, ultra-conservative (but: extraordinary, Ultramontane). 210. In fractional numbers, spelled out, connect by a hyphen the numerator and the denominator, unless either already contains a hyphen: “The year is two-thirds gone”; four and five-sevenths; thirty one-hundredths; but: thirty—one hundredths. But do not hyphenate in such cases as— “One half of his fortune he bequeathed to his widow; the other, to charitable institutions.” 21 I . In the case of two or more compound words occurring together, which have one of their component elements 80 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS in common, this element is frequently omitted from all but the last word, and its implication should be indicated by a hyphen: in English- and Spanish—speaking countries; one-, five—, and ten-cent pieces; “If the student thinks to find this character where many a literary critic is searching—in fifth- and tenth- century Europe—he must not look outside of manuscript tra- dition.” NOTE—Some writers regard this hyphen as an objectionable Teutonism. . 212. A hyphen is used to indicate a prefix or a suffix, as a particle or syllable, not complete in itself: “The prefix a-”; “The Spanish diminutive suffixes -z't0 and -cita. 213. A hyphen is employed to indicate the syllables of a word: di—a-gram, pho-tog-ra-phy. 214. Following is a list of words of everyday occurrence which should be hyphenated, and which do not fall under any of the foregoing classifications: after-years death-rate mid-year subject-matter anti-trust first-fruits nature-study thought—process bas-relief . folk-song obj ect-lesson title—page birth—rate good-will page-proof trade-mark blood-feud (as an entity) pay—roll wave-length blood—relations guinea-pig poor—law well—being coat-of—arms horse-power post-office well—nigh cross-examine ice-cream sea—level well-wisher cross-reference loan—word sense-perception wide-awake cross-section man-of—war son—in-laW will-power Otherwise Webster’s Dictionary is standard for: bedrock live stock standing room grown-ups - sledge hammer word formation MANUAL OF STYLE: DIVISIONS 81 215. 216. 217. 218. 219. 220. DIVISIONS Avoid all unnecessary divisions of words. Wherever consistent with good spacing, carry the whole word over into the next line. Do not, in Wide measures (20 ems or more), divide on a syllable of two letters, if possible to avoid it. Never carry over a syllable of two letters. Good spacing, however, is paramount. Words of four letters—like on—ly—should never be divided; words of five or six—like oc-cur, of—fi-ce, let-ter—rarely. Never let more than two consecutive lines termi- nate in a hyphen, if at all avoidable. The next to the last line in a paragraph ought not to end in a divided word; and the last line (the “breakline”) should, in measures of 15 ems and up, contain at least four letters. Similarly, try to avoid a divided word at the bottom of a right—hand (recto) page. Do not divide proper nouns, especially names of persons, unless absolutely necessary. Do not separate (i.e., put in different lines) the initials of a name, or such combinations as 1496 A.D., 6:00 P.M., £6 43. 6d. Avoid the separation of a divisional mark, e.g., (a) or (1), in the middle of a sentence, from the section 82 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS which it precedes; i.e., do not allow such mark to fall at the end of a line, but carry it over with the matter to which it pertains. 221. Divide according to pronunciation (the American system), not according to derivation (the English system): democ-racy, not: demo—cracy ; knowl—edge, not: know-ledge ; aurif—erous, not: auri-ferous; antip—odes (still better: antipo- des—see 224), not: anti—podes. As far as is compatible with pronunciation and good spacing, however, divide compounds on etymologi- cal lines, or according to derivation and meaning: dis-pleasure is better than displeas—ure; school-master, than schoolmas-ter; never: passo-Ver, une-ven, etc. ' Never divide on a syllable with a silent vowel, such as: possi-ble, vex—ed, enti-tled, princi-ples. 222. When two consonants meet between vowels, and the syllable ends on one consonant, the division may properly be made between the consonants, the pronunciation determining the place of division: advan—tage, exces—sive, finan—cier, foun—da-tion, impor-tant, In-dian, moun-tain, profes-sor, struc—ture. 223. Do not terminate a line in a soft c or g, or in a 7'. Escape the division entirely, if possible; if not pos- sible, divide: pro-cess, not: proc-ess; ne-cessary, not: nec-essary; spa- cing, not: spac-ing (the rule being that in present parti- MANUAL OF STYLE: DIVISIONS 83 224. 225. ciples the -ing should be carried over); pro-geny, not: I prog—eny; pre-judice, not: prej-udice. NOTE—This rule differs from that followed by Webster and other dictionaries. Divide on a vowel wherever practicable. In case a vowel alone forms a syllable in the middle of a word, run it into the first line: sepa-rate, not: sep-arate; particu-lar, -not: partic-ular; criti-cism, not: crit-icism. Exceptions are words in -able and -z'ble, which should carry the vowel over into the next line: read-able, not: reada-ble; convert-ible, not: converti-ble. In hyphenated nouns and adjectives avoid additional hyphens: object—lesson, not: object—les-son; fellow-being, not: fel- low-being; poverty—stricken, not: pov—erty-stricken, much less: pover-ty-stricken. 226. A coalition of two vowel-sounds into one (i.e., a diphthong) should be treated as one letter. There- fore do not divide: peo—ple (either syllable makes a bad division), Cae—sar (cf. 218), bu-ilding. 227. In derivatives from words ending in t, the t, in divisions, should be carried into the next line with the suffix if the accent has been shifted; if the deriva— tive has retained the accent of the parent-word, the t should be left in the first line: objec—tive (from ob’ject); defect—ive (from defect’); but: respec-tively, distinc-tive. 84 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS 228. 229. 230. 231. The addition of a plural 5, adding a new syllable to words ending in an s—sound, does not create a new excuse for dividing such words: hor-ses and circumstan-ces are impossible divisions. Adjectives in -2'cal should be divided on the 2'. physi-cal, not phys-ical nor physic-al. Do not divide nothing. The following are condensed rules for dividing words in the foreign languages most frequently met with in proofreading. While perhaps not entirely comprehensive, they will be found to cover every ordinary contingency. FRENCH a) The fundamental principle is to divide on a vowel as far as possible, avoiding consonantal end- ing of syllables: in-di-vi-si-bi—li-té, a-che-ter; ta-bleau (not: tab-leau); ba—lancer (not: bal-ancer) . b) Two consonants of which the second is l or 2 (but not the combinations rl, lr), are both carried over to the following syllable: ta-bleau, é-cri-vain, per-dre, qua-tre; par-ler, hur-ler. c) There are as many syllables as there are vowels, even if soundless: par-lent, vic-toi-re, pro-pri-é-tai—re, guer—re, fil-les; MANUAL OF STYLE: DIVISIONS 85 but a mute 6 following a vowel does not form a syllable: é-taient, joue-rai; and i, y, 0, ou, u, when preceding other vowels, are often sounded as consonants, and then do not form a syllable: bien, é-tions, yeux, loin, fouet-ter, é—cuel-le. GERMAN a) The fundamental principle is to divide on a vowel as far as possible: hii—ten, le-ben, Fa—brik. b) If. several consonants stand between vowels, usually only the last is carried over: Rit-ter, klir-ren, Klemp-ner, Ver-wand—te, Karp-fen. c) 32, ch, sch, p12, st, tlz are never separated (but see (f) below): Bu-sze, Be-cher, Ha-scher (but: Haus-chen), Geo-gra-phie, La-sten, Ma-thilde. d) If ck must be divided, it is separated into k—k: Deckel—Dek-kel. e) In foreign words (F remdwb‘rter), combinations of b, d, g, k, p, t, with l or r are carried over: Pu-bli-kum, Me-trum, Hy-drant. f) Compound words are separated first into their component elements, and within each element the foregoing rules apply: Ffirsten-schlosz, Tfir—an-gel, Inter-esse. 86 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS ITALIAN a) The fundamental principle is to divide on a vowel as far as possible: ta—vo-li-no, nar-ra-r'e. b) s before a consonant, r following a consonant, ch, gh, gli (gl), gn, qu, so, cl, fl, gl, pl are never separated: caestf-ghi, a-vro, mi-glié-re, bi-sé-gno, in—chio-stro, .u-scire. c) i=3! and u=w go with the following vowel; ac, au, 65, ea, oi are not separated: miéi, tubi. . SPANISH a) The fundamental principle is to divide on a vowel as far as possible: ca—ra—co-les, re-ba-fio, fle—xi-bi-li-dad. b) br, bl, ch, cl, or, dr, ll, pr, rr, tr, and ii, being regarded as simple consonants, follow the fore- going rule; cc and 1m are divided, as in English: mu-cha-cho, ba—ta-lla, bu-llé, ba—rre-fio, ci-ga-rro; ac-ce-so, en-no-ble-cer, in-ne-ga-ble. c) The liquid consonants l and r, when preceded by any consonant other than 3, must not be separated from that consonant, except in uniting parts of compound words: ha-blar, po-dria, ce-le-bra-ci-on, Si-glo; but sub-lu-nar, sub-ra-yar, es-la-bon. d) Two separable conSonants should be divided; 3 is always disjoined from a following consonant: cuer—da, Chas-co, pron-to; has-ta, as-pi-rar, .cons-pi-rar. MANUAL OF STYLE: DIVISIONS 87 GREEK a) Single consonants, combinations of consonants which can begin a word, and mutes followed by M or u are placed at the beginning of a syllable: e-xw, é-yw, e-mré-pa, vé-Krap, (i-Kmf, 35-01169, pu-Kpdv, «pai- wax-1'09, 71-wu'3-0'Kw. Other combinations of consonants are divided. «paw-ow, (Am-L's, 3v-30v, ap-pa-ra. b) Compound words are divided into their original parts; subject to that the foregoing rule applies: wpoo-d—yw, wap-d—‘yw. LATIN a) A Latin word has as many syllables as it has vowels or diphthongs (ae, au, 0e, e13, cu, m’). b) When a single consonant occurs between two vowels, divide before the consonant: Cae-sar, me-ri—di-es. c) In the case of two or more consonants divide before the last consonant, except in the combina- tions: mute (12, pk, b, t, th, d, 6, ch, g)+liquid (l, r), and qu or gu: om-nis, scrip-tus, cunc-tus (but: pa—tris, e-quus, lin-gua). d) Compound words are separated first into their component elements, and within each element the foregoing rules apply: ad-est, ab—rum-po, red-e-o, trans-i-go. 88 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS FOOTNOTES 232. For reference indexes, as a rule, use superior figures. 233. Only in special cases should asterisks, daggers, etc., be employed (see 234); for instance, in tabular or algebraic matter, Where figures would be likely to cause confusion. Index figures in the text should be placed after the punctuation marks, without space, except in German, where they are placed inside: . . . . the niceties of style which were then invading Attic prose,I and which made . . . . ' In particular the avoidance of hiatus. F =y’+y3;* '* Schenk’s equation. When figures are not used, the sequence of indexes should be: * (“asterisk” or “star”), 1‘ (“dagger”), I (“double dagger”), § (“section mark”), [I (“parallels”), 1T (“paragraph mark”). Where references. to the same work follow each other closely and uninterruptedly, use ibid. instead of repeating the title. Thus ibid. takes the place of as much of the previous reference as is repeated: Spencer, Principles of Sociology, chap. iv., p. 128. I bid., p. 129. Barnes, “Charles Sumner,” J our. of Pol. Econ., XXXV, 42.7. Ibid., p. 435. I bid. should, however, not ordinarily be used for the first footnote on a verso (left-hand) page; it is MANUAL OF STYLE: FOOTNOTES 89 234. 235. 236. better usage either to repeat the title or, if the reference is to the whole citation, to use loc. cit. (the place cited) or op. cit. (the work cited) or a.a.0. (am angezeigten Orie) in German: ISmith, Wealth of Nations, p. 289-. 2L'oc. cit. (on verso page if exactly the same place is cited), or 3. Smith, op. cit., p. 290. However op. cit. is not used to repeat the title of a journal, but it may be used to refer to an author’s work. in a periodical and should not be used with- out the author’s name clearly in text or footnote. Footnotes to tables, whether the tables are ruled or open, should be in 6 pt., and should invariably be placed at the foot of the table and not at the foot of the page. For reference indexes in Such cases use asterisks, etc., and not superior figures (see 232). If the author’s name is given in the text in connec- tion with a reference to, or a quotation from, his work, it. should not be repeated in the footnote: ' . . . . This theory is questioned 'by Herbert, as follows: “I cannot admit . . . .”‘ 1 Laws of the Ancients. I, 1 53. . It is better to place the index ”figure in the text at the end of the quotation (see illustration above). 237. Ordinarily, omit “VOL,” “chap,” and “.p.” in paren- thetical or footnote references to particular pas- sages. Use Roman numerals (capitals) for Volume, 90 THE-UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS Book, Part, Division, except in reference to ancient classical works, when lower-case roman numerals should be used; Roman numerals (lower-case) for chapter and pages of introductory matter (Preface, etc.); and Arabic numerals for number (Heft) and text pages. Only when confusion would be liable to arise, use “ Vol.,” “p.,” etc., in connection with the numerals; but where the reference is to a page, un- accompanied by further details, the abbreviation “p.” or “pp.” must of course be used. In text matter, not parenthetical, spell out chapter, verse, page, line, note, figure, etc. In classical references use no comma between author’s name and the title of his work, and no comma following the title, unless “Vol.,” “p.,” or some kindred symbol is used. In all references to divisions of classical or ancient works use periods in place of commas, reserving the ' comma to indicate a succession (of pages, etc.); I Miller, French. Rev. (2d ed.; London: Abrahams, 1888), II, Part IV, iii. 9 S. I. Curtiss, “The Place of Sacrifice among Primitive Semites,” Biblical World, XXI (1903), 248 ff. 3P. 63; pp. 27—36. 4 Cicero De ofiieiis i. 133, I40. 5De div. per somn. I, p. 4630. 6 Fraser, The Golden Boughs, I, 27 [superior figure within punctuation indicating number of the edition]. The same practice prescribed for classical references is frequently desired by authors with respect to English references, and may with equal propriety be followed: MANUAL OF STYLE: FOOTNOTES 91 1 W. W. Greg Pastoral Poetry and Pastoral Drama (London 1906) 114. 238. The date of publication in a reference to a periodical should be put in parentheses immediately following the volume number: I Barnes, “Lester Frank Ward,” Amer. J our. of Social., XXV (1919), 89- If the citation is to month, year, and page only, the date may appear in its natural order with commas: 3 “Problems of Reconstruction,” Journal of Political Economy, May, 1919, p. 89. 239. In work set on the linotype machine, footnotes should be renumbered conSecutively through each article, in a journal, or through each chapter, in a book, to save resetting in case of change (see “Hints to Authors and Editors,” note under “Footnotes,” p. 122). NOTE—Exceptions to these rules are footnotes in the Botani- cal Gazette and the Astrophysical Journal, which have adopted the following styles: Botanical Gazette— ! LIVINGSTON, B. E., (I) On the nature of the stimulus which causes the change in form of polymorphic green algae. BOT. GAz. 30:289—317. 1900. 3 , (2) The heredity of sex. Bull. Mus. Comp. ZOOI. 40:187—218. 1903. Astrophysical J ournal— 1 “ Revision Of Wolf’s Sun-Spot Relative Numbers,” Monthly Weather Review, 30, 171, 1902. 3 Astrophysical Journal, 10, 333, 1899. Botanical Gazette numbers its footnotes consecutively through- out an article; all the other journals of the University of Chicago Press number their footnotes from I up on each page, except in special cases.- 92 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS INDEXIN G 240. In indexes of proper names and other similar alphabetical lists the following rules should be observed: ' a) Names beginning with M’, Mc, .Mac, or St., Ste., whether the following letter is capitalized or not, should be listed as if the prefix were spelled Mac, Saint, Sainte, thus making it unnecessary for one who consults the index to. look in several places to make sure of finding. the name sought: Machiavelli St. Louis M’Intyre, Henry Sainte Beuve McIntyre, James Salt- Lake City MacIntyre, Thomas Mack, Joseph b) Compound names should be listed under the first part of the name. List the other parts of the names in their respective alphabetical positions and give a cross-reference to the first: Campbell-Bannerman, Sir Henry Stratton-Porter, Gene Watts-Dunton, Theodore Porter, Stratton, Gene. See Stratton—Porter On the other hand, in the case of hyphenated names gratuitously adopted, as in the case of married women adding the maiden name to the married name, the name preceding the hyphen may be disregarded, and listing should be under MANUAL OF STYLE: INDEXING 93 the letter of the true name, with a cross-reference under the name preceding the hyphen. 6) Names with prefixes should be listed under the part following the prefix, except (i) in English (see b' above); (ii) in F rench. when the prefix consists of or contains the article; (iii) in Italian and Spanish when the prefix consists simply of the article; (iv) in Dutch, the “Van,” “Ten,” etc., being always capitalized (see 3, note); (v) when the prefix and the name are written as one word; Naturalized names, with prefixes should be treated according to the rules for the language ad0pted. Hoffman, von; Lima, de; Ponte e Horto, da; Santos Pereira Jardin, dos. English: A Becket; De Quincey; De Morgan; D’Israeli; MacDonald; Van Buren. ‘ .‘French: Du Moncel; La Rochefoucauld; Le Sage; Du Pin; Du Bocage; but: Rosny, de; Bouille, de; Allard, de. Italian and Spanish: La Lumia; La Farina; Lo Gatto; but: Farina, da; ‘Rio, del; Torre, della. Prefix compounded with the name: Vanderkinde, Zurlauben, Dechambre, Vanderhoeck, Delacroix. In the case of the exceptions above noted the first letter of the prefix governs the alphabetical position of the name. (1) Names spelled with the umlaut d, ('1', it should be listed as if the umlaut were spelled out ae, 0e, ue: Muller, A. Mufola, C. Muller, B. 94 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS e) Names having two parts, 0r names of firms, connected by “and,” “8:,” “y” (Spanish), “et” (French), “und” (German), or. “e” (Italian), _ should be listed according to the first letter of the name preceding the connective: Smith &. Evans (under “8”); Gomez y Pineda (under “G”); Loubet et Meunier (under “L”); Duncker und Humblot (under “D 3’); Sandrone e Vallardi (under “8”). f) On the subjeCt- of cross-references see 62. g) In indexing general terms the alphabetical ar- rangement of subdivisions is much more useful than the numerical order of page numbers; but in so arranging such material only the first principal word Should be taken, i.e., adjective, noun, verb, adverb, not the article, conjunction, or preposition: Numbers: beginning a sentence, 73; in connected groups, how treated, 73; consecutive treatment of, 113, 119; round, treat ment 0f, 73; use of dash in consecutive, 119. h) Indexes are usually set in 6 or 8 pt. double column, allowing I pica between columns. Entries are separated by extra leads. Matter is usually set flush and hang I em with solid runovers. MANUAL OF STYLE: TABULAR WORK 95 TABULAR WORK 241. In 11-pt. and Io-pt. matter open (unruled) tables 242. should ordinarily be set in 9 pt. leaded; ruled, in 8' pt. solid. In 9-pt. matter both open and ruled tables should be set in 8 pt. solid. In 8-pt. matter open tables should be set in 6 pt. leaded; ruled, in , 6 pt. solid. In 6-pt. matter both open and ruled tables should be set in 6 pt. sOlid. For columns representing totals, averages, percentages, and generalizations italic and black-face figures may be used if desired to set oil the various classes of results. (See Table III, p. 100.) Captions for the columns of open tables and box- heads for ruled tables should ordinarily be set in 6 pt. Box-heads of open tables should be 6-pt. caps and lower case unless subheads are used, in which case caps and small caps are used for the upper head (see Table III, p. 100). In ruled tables with , box-heads of several stories the upper story—pri- mary heads—should be set in caps and small caps, except Where the second story consists of figures only (see Table I, p. 98); the lower—secondary—in, caps and lower case. Wherever small caps are used in box-heads, the heading for the “ stub ” (i.e., first column) should, as a rule, also be set in caps and small caps. 96 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS 243. 244. 245.. In ruled tables there should be at least two leads’ space between the horizontal rules and the matter inclosed, and, if practicable, at least the equivalent ' of an en quad, of the type in which the body of the table is set, between the perpendicular rules and the matter incloséd. In open tables. either periods, one em apart and aligned, or leaders, may be used between the col.- umns (see 248). In ruled. tables, in the “stu ,” leaders should. usually be employed, if there is room, except in case the stub runs over and a brace is necessary. (A leader is a piece of type, having dots .[“ period leader”] or short lines [a hyphen leader”] upon its face, used in tables, indexes, etc., to lead the eye across a space to the right word or number.) A period leader is used instead of a decimal point in all text as well as in tables. In ruled columns .of figures, to express a blank use leaders across the full width of the column. Cen- ter the figures in the column; if they cannot be put in the exact center, and there is an unequal number of digits in the groups, leave more space on the left than on the right. All decimals and dollar signs or other concrete values should be aligned. 246. When there is reading-matter in the columns of a ruled table, it should be centered, if poSsible; if any line runs over, use hanging indention, and align all on the left. MANUAL OF STYLE: TABULAR. WORK 97 247. Double rules should be used at the top of all tables, 248. 249. but perpendicularly, as a usual thing, only when a table is doubled up on itself and the stub is re- . peated.. (See Table IV, p. 100.) In continued broadside tables, Where the headingis not repeated use a single rule only. Repeat heading on each even page. Tables of two columns only should be set open; of three or more, ruled, except in such a case as the table on page 99. All continuations of tables should be of the same dimensions, even if blank columns are necessary, and tables with identical headings. should stand parallel. “Table 1,” etc., in headlines of tables should ordi- narily be set in caps of the type in which the body of the table is set and should not exceed the Width of the table; the following (descriptive) line, if any, should be set in caps and small caps of the same type. A single descriptive headline, not pre- ceded by the number of the table, should be set in caps of the type in which the table is set. A footnote to the table should be set in 6 pt. with a paragraph indention, and shOuld not exceed the Width of the table. But when 6-pt. and 8-pt. ruled tables are both used in the same Work, use 8—pt. ' headings oVer all tables (see 234). When tables containing footnotes run over - seVeral pages, it is necessary to repeat the footnotes on each even page. 98 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS 250. Specimen tables for illustration: TABLE I DISTRIBUTION or STARS IN EIGHT CLUSTERS T Sectors Plate 03pr Ring ‘ Mean 15° 45° I65” 195° N.GC 5024, MESSIER 53 o" ......... ~ 344 ........... 325 _ I. . . . . . 385 384 362 376 .370 102 (180”). II. . . . -. 200 I82 189 200 196 III. . . . Ice 92 94 106 97 ~ IV ..... 44 28 34 42 38 NGC 5272 MESSIER 3 'o“. . . .- ........ 459 .............. 466 I ...... 48 56 42 6o 54 64 (5") . . < II ..... 20 I4 16 I7 . 18 III. . . . 8 IO 12 , 6 8 kIV ..... 3 IO 6 6 6 r0 ............. 669 .............. 680 I ...... I68 , 153 I37 I74 I77 65 ,(Ism).. . 4 II ..... 7o 68 69 54 75 III. . . . 26 22 29 20 30 IV ..... 6 14 16 10 I 5 * Radius of central area .05. SPACES BETWEEN NINE-UNIT LEADERS (For Eight Point) Nine-unit leaders with one en between . . ...... . . . . With one em between . With one and one-half ems between. With two ems between . MANUAL OF STYLE: TABULAR WORK 99 (For Nine Point) Leaderswithoneenbetween . . . . . . . . . . . . . With one em between With one and one-half ems between With two ems between . Tum“; $012358 No. Feet Inches Feet Inches 8. One layer of gray limestone. . . 4 0 2 9 7. Layer similar to one above. . . . , 2 2 6 9 6. Massive light—gray layer. No fossils noted ............... 3 0 4 7 5..Shaleparting................ I I 7 4. Grayish limestone ............. . . 9 I 6 3. Bluish shales ................ 2 3 0 9 2. Limestone, hard and fossiliferous 5 4 8 6 r. Grayish to bluish shales ....... 3 2 3 2 TABLE II—Continued Method 1r No. Stars I. From variable stars. . .i .............. 0700008 2 II. From Kapteyn’s luminosity-curves: C.I.—0.39 to —-0.20.. ........... .000005 17 “ < -.0. 10 .................... .000007 53 “ “ (Pv.mag.<15.30).... .000009 23 “ —-0. IO to —0. or. ............ .00003 33 All colors ........................ .0000 5 495 III. From Russell’s data for absolute mag- nitude: C.I. <—0.Io .................... .00005 53 All colors ........................ 0. ”00010 49 5 Provisionally adopted mean ......... .- 0500003 23412 100 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS TABLE III M , unfinéifés “mm Drsmcr . TOTAL Number Percentage Number Percentage Stockyards . . . 6,348 73 2,383 27 8,731‘ Jewish ....... 813 79 220 21 1,033 Bohemian . . 1,183 95 ................. ' ........ Polish. . . ... . ... 12,657 96 574 4 13,231 Italian .. . . . .1, , 74,249 73 835 27 3,094 TABLE IV ' ‘ Brine” Sea-Waterf Brine* Sea-Water1L K ......... 1.37 1.11 HCO; ..... 0.20 ........ Na ........ 34.99 30.59 C] ........ 55.95 55.29 Ca.. ......... 2.02 1.20 Br ........ 0.04 0.19 Mg ........ v 0.55 3 . 73 I ......... Nil ........ Fe ......................... Si ........ 0.03 ........ A1 ......... 0 . 01 ........ Percentage S04 ........ 4.88 7 .69 of salin- . C03 ........ Nil 0. 21 ity ..... 7. 29 3 .30 * From Salt Creek, Salt Point Peninsula, Lake Winnipegosis. M. A. Parker, analyst. 1‘ Mean of 77 analyses by W. Dittmar. SECOND YEAR Electives I (Two to be taken) Periods Latin . . . . . . . . . 5 Modern History -. . . . . . 5 German . . . . . . . . 5 French . . . . 5 Cooking 01' Sewing . . . . . 10 Music and Drawing . . . . . . . Public Speaking . . . . . . 3 Stenography . . , . . . . 10 Professor ' MANUALOF STYLE: TABULAR WORK f IOI‘ TABLE V MEAN ANOMALIES MEAN ANOMALIES With Regard to Sign Without Regard to Sign CHARACTER or STATIONS Hayford; ‘ Hayford; Depth, Bouguer . Depth, Bouguer 113.7 km. 113.7 km. Coast stations ........... -0.009 +0.017 0.018 0.021 Stations near coast....... — .001 + .004 .021 .025” Stations in interior, not in mountainous regions. . . - .001 — .028 .019 .033 Stations in mountainous regionsnbelow sea-level. — .003 — . 107 .020 . 108 Stations in mountainous _ regions, above sea-level. + .001 - .110 .017 .111 All stations (eircept the two ' Seattle stations) ....... — .002 —- .036 .019 .049 All'stations ............. -0.003 —0.037 0.020 0.050 SYSTEMATIC VARIATION FROM HOMOGENEITY 6300—6500.....{d-~--.--- ~I95 -212 \b ....... .212 .216 —°'°°4 IN AN Region Group AA AA' A” (32:33 65’ d AA’ Group a,b_ . 42°143°°4~~ {23151: :33, I 2122} +0.... 5°°W°° ----- {25.1‘.’:::: ' :33 :32} - .°°7 5.00.5200 ----- {23:12: :33 £23} - -°°4 52°15” ----- {Z::::::: :3: 1133} - -°°2 5.3mm ---- {21:33: :37. 113%} - -°°9 } 102 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS TABLE VI THE DISTRIBUTION or EACH GROUP IN ENGLISH IN GRADES 6-2 '10 12-2 INCLUSIVE GRADES 'CLASS INTERVALS 6-2 7-2 8-2 9-2 10-2 11-2 8 Junior High-School Group 9 5—100. ., .......... 42 33 ‘38. 23 19 I 5 90- 94.99 ........ .' 6 17 54 4o 24 23 85— 89.99 ......... 65 72 54 62 53 53 80- 84.99 ......... _ 54 ‘54. 44 52 71 78 75— 795. 99 ......... I 3 5 23 13 18 7o-’74.99........'. ,4 ....... I I 5 9 65—” 69.99 ......... 1 2 .. ........... 9 2 6o-_ 64.99 ......... 2 . I .............. r ...... N9n- unior High-School Group I 95—100 ............ 29 3o 43 ‘ 19 19 19 90— 94.99 ......... 6 10 _ . 9 32 22 13 85— 89.99 ......... 80 77 91 67 44 47 80— 84.99.. .. ..... 58 66 51 59 83 84 75- 79.99... ...... 5 3 I 16 18 19 70-- 74.99 ......... 5 ...... 4 6 5 8 65— 69.99... ....... 2 7 , ...... ..2 5 8 60— 64.99 ......... 3 .................................. EXPLANATION OF TECHNICAL TERMS THE POINT SYSTEM— 251. The point is the underlying unit of all typographical measures. 252. The standard of measurement is the pica. A pica is twelve points (one-sixth of an inch). This line is setin 12 pt. (pica). This line is set in II pt. (small pica). This line‘is set in Io pt. (long primer). ‘ This line is setin 9 pt. (bourgeOis). This line is set in 8 pt. (brevicr). This line is set in 7 pt. (minim). ' Thisiine is set in 6 pt. (mpareil). This line is set ‘in 5 pt. (year!) . The sizes larger or smaller i than these are seldom Used in book composition. STYLES OF TYPE— I 253. Ordinary type is called roman. To ‘.‘roman—quote” is to put in roman. type between quotation marks..- ‘ This line is set in roman. 254. Type with a sloping face is called italic or italics. Italic is indicated in manuscripts .bya straight line under the word or words (see p. I 3 3). This line is set in italics. 105 106 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS 255. Type with a heavy black face is called bold face. Bold face is indicated by a wavy line (see p. 133). This line is set in bold face. 256. The body of a type is called the shank; the upper surface, bearing the character, the face; the part of the face projecting beyond the shank, the kern; the part of the shank projecting beyond the face, the shoulder. 257. A font, or complete assortment of a given size, of type includes large capitals (“caps”), small capitals (“small caps”), and lower-case letters (so called from being placed in the lower half of the printer’s case). Caps are indicated by three straight lines; small caps, by two (seep. 133). THESE ARE' CAPS OF 9-PT. ROMAN. THESE ARE SMALL CAPS 0F 9-PT. ROMAN. These are lower case of 9-pt. roman. SPACING— 258. The technical names for spaces and the methods of spacing depend on whether the “foundry” type (i.e., type set by hand) or machine-Set type is in question. There are several makes of typesetting machines on the market, but of these the monotype (see 293) and the linotype (see 294) are in commonest use. 259. The monotype and linotype machines have come into such universal use that a few words regarding their respective systems of spacing are proper: MANUAL OF STYLE: TECHNICAL TERMS , 107 260. MONOTYPE In monotype composition the unit system instead of the pica syStem of measurement is used. There are 18 units in a quad, which, unlike the em quad of the foundry type for hand composition, is not a perfect square at the end. The standard space (see 261) is a 6-unit space= 3-em space; a 5runit space= 4—em space; a 4-unit space= a little less than a 5-em space, and is the smallest space in use on the monotype machine. These are cast from matrices, and represent “fixed” spaces, i.e., un- varying in width. On the other hand, in the pro- cess of composition on the keyboard, the swelling, or justifying, space is used to fill out a line. When itris evident that another word‘ or syllable cannot be set in a line, the keys indicating the proper space are struck by the operator, and all spaces in the" line are spread equally to fill out the line, resulting in Spaces which do not necessarily contain aispecific number of units (see 293). LINOTYPE On the linotype machine the pica system of mease urement. is used. There are three “fixed ” spaces (see 261): the em quad, the en quad, and the thin space, which is equal to a 4-em space. To spread the spaces, a space band is uSed; this band can spread a space to any size between a 3-em space and a space a trifle larger than an en quad. If a 108 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS 26:. space smaller than a thin space is required, it must be put in by hand (see 294). ”FOUNDRY TYPE (AND GENERAL) An em, em quad, or simply quad (=quadrat) is a block of type the top of which forms a perfect square. A 12-pt. quad is thus a piece of metal one-sixth of an inch square at the ends. The term cm is also used of the size of such a square in any given size of type as a unit of measurement. “‘Indent 8 pt. 2 ems” thus means that the line should be indented 16 points. An em quad is used between complete sentences (see 262). An em dash is a dash the Width of an em. Two— and three-em quads are multiples of the above, 'cast in one block of type metal. Two- and three—em dashes are dashes the Width of 2- and 3-em quads respectively. An eu quad is half the size of an em quad in Width. Thus an 8—pt. en quad is 4 points wide (thick) and 8 points long (deep). An eu dash is a dash the Width of an en quad. ‘ VA three-em space is one-third of an em in thickness. This is also called a thick space, and is the standard space used to separate words. A four-em space is one-fourth of an em; a five-em space is one-fifth of an em. Four- and 5-em spaces , are also called middle and thin spaces. A hair-space is any space thinner than a 5-em. MANUAL OF STYLE: TECHNICAL TERMS 109 262. This line is spaced with em quads. This line is spaced with en quads. This line is spaced with 3-em. spaces. This line is spaced with 44cm spaces. This line is spaced with ‘5-em spaces. The letters inrthis word are hair-spaced: America. This is a 3-em dash: This is a 2-em dash: —— This is an em dash: ~— This is an en dash: - ‘An em dash is often used in indexes and bibliog- raphies before the first word (without space) of subentries to save repeating. A 2-em dash is used to follow a date indicating time still continuing, as: 1876———. A .2-em dash is used without space after a word of which the ending is to be supplied. A 3-em dash is used (with space on each side) to denote a whole word omitted or to be supplied. A 3-em dash is also uSed in bibliographies to indi- . cate the same author as above. 1 Space evenly. A standard line should have a 3-em space between all words not separated by other punctuation points than commas, and after commas; an en quad after semicolons, and colons followed by a lower-case letter; two 3-em spaces after colons followed by a capital; an. em quad after periods, and exclamation and interrogation points, conclud- ing a sentence. 110 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO. PRESS 263. 264. 265. 266 267. >268. 269. If necessary to reduce spacing in a line, begin with commas, and letters of slanting form—i.e., with a large “shoulder” on the side. adjoining the space; if necessary to increase, begin with overlapping let.- ters—i.e., with “kerns” protruding on the side adjoining the space—straight-up-and—doWn letters, ’ and points other than periods and commas (in this order). ' In a well-spaced line, with a 3-em space between a majority of the Words, there should nOt be more than an en quad between the rest; this proportion should be maintained in increasing or reducing. To justify a line is to-adjust it, making it even or true, by proper spacing. Do not follow an exceptionally thin-spaced line with an exceptionally wide-spaced one, or vice versa, if at all avoidable. Never hair-space, or em-quad, a line to avoid a run—over. Do not space out the last line of a paragraph allowing of an indention of an em or more at the end. Short Words, like “a,” “‘ an,” .etc., should. have the same space on each side. Use a thin space after §, 1L and similar signs; before “f.,” “3.,” and the metric symbols: u§ 14' Be it further ordained . . . .”; pp. IO fli; 16cm. MANUAL or "STYLE: TECHNICAL TERMS 1 1 I. 270. 2.71. 272. 273°. In American and English sums of money no ~spaCe is used between the symbols, $ and ,5 (pounds), 5‘. (shillings) and d. (pence), and the numerals (an en leader is used for a decimal point): $2.75; £10 33. 2d.; 10°; C. After Arabic and Roman numerals at the begin ning of lines, denoting subsectiOns, there should, be an en quad. After Arabic and Roman numerals at the beginning of center-heads there should be an em quad. Small-cap headings should have an en quad betWeen the words; cap-and-small—cap and cap headings, two 3-em spaces. Scripture references should be spaced thus (use 9-unit colon): II Cor. 1:16—20; 2: 5—3::2. Between letters forming" products, and before superior figures or letters indicating powers, and inferior figures or letters, ordinarily no space should- be used: ' ”x2 =.- 2m” (11%2 — szyz +62w’y’). INDENTATION (PRINTER’S TERM: INDENTION)- .2740 In linotype composition in measures of less than 10 picas’ width, indent all sizes r em. In measures of from IO to 20, indent II pt., I em; IO pt., I}; 9 pt., 1%; 8 pt., 1.}; 6 pt., 2. In measures of from 20 to 30, indent II pt., 11} ems; 10 pt., 1;; 9 pt., I§; 8 pt., 2; 6 pt., 2%. This is for plain paragraphs. 112 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS In 'monotype composition indentions should be such that all paragraph indentiOns align irrespec- tive of the size of the type. The folloWing inden- tions are a good standard for measures of 19 to 30 picas: II pt. indented 1% ems or I em 9 units; 10 pt. indented 1% ems or I em 12 units; 9 pt. indented Ii- ems or I em 15 units; 8 pt. indented 2 ems; '6 pt. indented 2% ems or 2 ems 9 units. N arrower’measures should be indented prOportion- ately less; wider, proportionately more. In hanging indentions, in measures of less than 10 picas, indent all sizes I em; from IO to 20, II pt., IO pt., 9 pt., and 8 pt., 1%ems; 6 pt., 2 ems; from 20 to 30, II pt., Io-pt., 9 pt., and 8 pt., 2 ems; 6 pt., 3 ems. 275'. In poetry. center the longest line and let the inden- ~tion be governed by that; unless the longest line is of disproportionate length, in which case an average of the long lines should be struck, the idea being to give the whole a centered appearance. Where quotations from different poems, following each other in close succession, vary but slightly in length of verse lines, it is better to indent all alike. Indent according to rhymes and length of lines. In blank verse, where the lines are approximately of the same length, they should be aligned. If con- secutive lines rhyme, they should likewise, as a rule, be aligned. If the rhymes alternate, or follow at MANUAL OF STYLE: TECHNICAL TERMS :13 Certain intervals, indent the rhyming lines alike; that is, if, e.g., lines I and. 3, and 2 and 4, rhyme, set the former flush in the measure previously determined by the. longest line, and indent the latter (usually one em); follow this scheme in any similar arrangement. If any line is disproportionately short—that is, c0n- tains a smaller number of feet—indent it more: I And blessed are the horny hands of toil! , The busy world shoves angrily aside The man who stands with arms ‘akimbo set, Until occasion tells him what to do. I laugh at the lore and the pride of man, At the sophist schools and the learned clan; For what are they all, in their high conceit, When man in the bush with God may meet? 80 nigh is grandeur to our dust, So near is God to man, When Duty whispers low, “Thou must,” The youth replies, “I can.” Not lightly fall Beyond recall ‘ The written scrolls a breath can float; The crowning fact, The kingliest act Of Freedom is the freeman’s vote! 276. In ordinary reading-matter, “plain paragraphs” are always preferable. Where it is desired to bring into relief the opening word or words of a paragraph, or the number introducing suchparagraph, or where a center-head makes more than three lines, “ hanging indention” is often employed (see 284). 114 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS- LEADS— 277. A lead is a strip of‘ metal used to separate lines of type. The ordinary (standard) lead is 2 points thick. 'Matter with leads between the lines is called leaded; without, solid. This book, for the most part, is set leaded. This paragraph, for illustration, and the Index are set solid. Nearly all books are leaded. 278. A slug is a strip Of metal, thicker than a lead, used in the make-up of printed matter into pages, to be inserted after headlines, etc. The two standard sizes are 6 and 12 points (a nonpareil and a pica) thick, respectively. HEADS OR HEAmNos— 279. A- center—head is a headline placed at equal distances from both margins of the page or column. Center- heads are usually set in Caps or in small caps, and are not followed by a period. This is a center- head: ' SEC. VII. THE PRINCIPLES OF SOCIOLOGY When such center-head makes more than one line, either the (inverted) “ pyramid” form (fOr two or three lines) or “hanging indention” (for more than three lines) is employed: ART EDUCATION FOR THE AMERICAN PEOPLE, As SHOWN AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION, IN THE NORMAL SCHOOLS, AND IN ART SCHOOLS ‘ MANUAL OF STYLE: TECHNICAL TERMS I-I-5 ON CERTAIN IMPLICATIONS OF POSSIBLE CHANGES IN THE FORM AND DIMENSIONS OF THE SUN, AND SOME SUGGESTIONS TOWARD EXPLAINING CERTAIN PHE- NOMENA 0F VARIABLE STARS 280. VA side-head is a headline placed at the side of the page or column. It may either be set in a separate line, in ‘which case it is usuallytset flush—that is, in alignment with the margin of the type—page; or. run ' in—that is, run together in a continuous line with the paragraph to which it belongs. The latter is the more common form. Side-heads are most frequently set in italics, only the first word, and proper names being capitalized; sometimes in caps and small caps or in bold face (see 172): Side-head— A side-head is a headline . . . Side-head.—A side-head is . . . . SIDE-HEAD.—A side-head is . . . . Side-head— ‘ A Side—head is . . . . 281. A cut-in head is a head placed in a box cut into the side of the type—page, usually set in different type, and as a rule placed. under the first two lines of the paragraph. In making mquiry, therefore, into the value of fraternity life among the children, it is necessary to test it entirely m accordance with its power to contribute to the welfare of the school as a social whole. The school, being a social organization, has a right to demand that every individual contribute the best that is in him to the good of all. In making this contribution, it Group Influence 1.16 . THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS. 282. A box-head is a head for a column in a ruled table (see 250). 283. A running-head is a headline placed at the top of each page of a b,ook etc., usually giving the main title of the work on the left-hand (verso) page, and the title of the chapter, or other subdivision, on the right—hand (recto) page. It should be cen—. tered on thepage regardless of page number. A good working rule for running-heads is to set them in rOman or italic capitals two sizes (points). smaller than the type of the text. PARAGRAPHS— 284. Two kinds of paragraphs are distinguished—plain and hanging. A plain (or regular) paragraph has the first line indented, and the others set flush. A hanging paragraph (“ hanging indention”) has the first line set flush, and the others indented: Human Nature and. the Social Order. By CHARLES HORTON COOLEY. New York: Scribner, 1902. Pp. viii+4o4. In terms of his own thesis Dr. Cooley has transformed the social materials of his times into a personal product; his mind has reorganized and reproduced the suggested, etc. PROOFS— 285. A galley-proof is a printed impression of the type contained in a long, shallow receptacle of metal, known as a galley, into which the compositor, the operator, or the casting-machine places the material as it is set, line by line. MANUAL OF STYLE: TECHNICAL TERMS II7 286. A page-proof is an impression of the type material made up into page-form. 287. A plate-proof or foundry-proof is a proof taken of the type-page immediately before an electrotype 'cast is made of it. This proof has a black border around . the pages, made by ink from the metal frame used to hold the type in place While the cast is being made. .Most publications nowadays are printed frOm such plates, and not directly from the type. 288. A foul proof is a galley-proof containing author’s corrections. 289. A revise is a new prOof of type corrected from a marked proof. MAKE-UP— ,290. The arranging into page-form of type-lines and illustrations is called the make-up. 291. A folio is a page—number. Even numbers are placed on the verso; odd, on the recto. A drop-folio is a page-number placed at the bottom of a page. 292. A half-title or bastard title is the abbreviated title of a book placed on a separate page preceding the full title-page, or the title of a part, chapter, etc., preced- ing such part or Chapter on a separate page in the body of the book. 118 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS TYPESETTING MACHINES—- 293. The monotype—named Lanston after the patentee— is a composing-machine on which, by touching a key- board, perforations are made in strips of paper, which then are transferred to a second machine, where the matrices to which the perforations correspond are brought in contact with molten type metal, the characters being cast separately and arranged auto- matically on a galley; in justified lines (see 259). 294. The linotype—named M ergenthaler after its in.- ventor—is a I composing-machine on which, ‘ by touching a keyboard, the matrices from which the characters are cast arrange themselves automati- cally in lines in a receptacle, which then is brought in contact, on the same machine, with molten type metal, through a mechanical device which liberates and arranges ' in order on a galley the stereotyped , strips, called “slugs,” each consisting of a line of type (see 260). HINTS TO AUTHORS AND EDITORS PREPARATION OF MANUSCRIPTS— Manuscripts should be either typewritten or in a perfectly clear handwriting- The former is preferable. The sheets should be of uniform size; 9”><+=:t< do“?ff/°’*TI§1I%%§§§§3§§1}3£$ 0 ED 9 9' S N Seven Point + - X '3- = * > EightPoint AAAAIICIO®E§<>= #i/ififi +—X-:-=:l:°’°.”’<°-C/%*TI§1T%% §§§§§§H¢§ £$“OV @KHMMIO” . NinePoint A*A§*A*A*“O®®<<* ]>*:;é:1:/_L=*=*m<*>*° + .. >< _-.=i°'°:~|/% *HMMHHHHM £)<> 2113199131 * 8point ongpoint. TenPoint AAAAIIO®@§E”¢ #/is§a~<>- +—><-:-=:I: <>‘?’ °’l/%*TI§‘HHHH >:<- HH£ Mm” “ r1 SN Eleven Point +->< +=°' 9rc'c>|/*H§'H%%%%%%%H% H; £1519?“ng < > Twelve Point +—><=-+=e /°’ *TIMT %%§%%%%i%i £35 ...... no SPECIMENS OF TYPES IN USE 185 MONOTYPE SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR LETTERS AND FIGURES OLD STYLE SUPERIOR Six Point abodefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890 Seven Point 1234567890 EightPoint abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890 NinePoint _ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890 Ten Point abodefghijklmnopqrstuvw xyz abodefghijklmnopqrs tuvwxyz 123456~890 ElevenPoint abcdefghijklmnopqrstuv INFERIOR 1234567890 234567890 1234567890 (167555—71 1234567890 abodefglzz‘jklmnopqrstuvw xyz I23456789o anfiefn 1234567890 afivfiefn wxyz 1234567890 MODERN SUPERIOR INFERIOR Ten Point Six Point SUPERIOR 1234567890 1234567890 Seven Point 1234567890 Eight Point 1234567890 1234567890 Nine Point 9 12345678 0 1234567890 Eleven Point 1 3456”89 2 ’ 0 1234567890 1234567890 +~