ADDRES&

DELIVERED AT

BUNKER HILL, JUNE 17, 1843,

ON THE

COMPLETION OF THE MONUMENT.

BY DANIEL WEBSTER.

B O S T O N :
PRESS OF T. R. MARVIN. 24 CONGRESS STREET. A A
1 8 4 3. E

Bosrors, JUNE 29, 1843.
Hon. DANIEL Wnnsrnn, -

Dn,m'Srn,--—-As the ofiicial organ of the Bunker Hill Monument Association, the agreeable
duty of transmitting to you the enclosed vote of the Committee of Arrangements, devolves
upon me-—a duty which I perform with more than ordinary satisfaction, since it afibrds me
an opportunity of expressing, not only the gratification which that Committee feels, in
common with the mass of their fellow-citizens, for this new testimony of your undying faith-
fulness to the principles of rational and enlightened liberty, but to add the assurances of the
unvarying personal regard of

Yours, ever and truly,
JOS. T. BUCKINGHAM,
P2-es. B. H. M. ./2.

BUNKER HILL l\i'.oNUMIsNr Assocr.A.'rIoN,
In Committee of Arrangements, J UNE 29, I843.

Verso, ‘That this Committee, for themselves, and in the name and on behalf of their
associates, the Directors and Members of‘ the Bunker Hill Monument Association, present
to the Hon. DANIEL Wnnsrnn their unfeigned thanks for this Address, delivered at Bunker
Hill on the 17th inst.,—-«an Address replete with national feeling and patriotic sentiment. And
in order that it may be generally spread throughout the nation, and transmitted to those who
may come after us, in an improved and authentic form, it is further

Vo-rzen, That Mr. Webster be requested to prepare a copy of it for the press.

J osnrn T. Bucnxnormm, Esq. President cf the Bunker Hill Monument flssociatian.

E-lm,—--I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 29th of June,
transmitting a Resolution of the Committee of Arrangements for the late Celebration.

I cheerfully comply with the request of the Committee, and shall send you a copy of the
Address.

Yours, with much true regard, _
DANIEL WEBSTER.
BOSTON, J our 3, 1843.

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1843, by T. R. Mnnvm, in the Clerk’s
Ofiice of the District Court of the District of Massachusetts.

Annnnss

A DUTY has been performed. A Work of gratitude
and patriotism is completed. This structure, having
its foundations in soil which drank. deep of early
revolutionary blood, has at length reached itsdes-
tined height, and now lifts its summit to the skies.

We have assembled to celebrate the accomplish-
ment of this undertaking, and to indulge, afresh, in
the recollection of the great event, which it is design-
ed to commemorate. Eighteen years, more than half
the ordinary duration of a generation of mankind,
have elapsed, since the Corner-stone of this Menu»-
ment Was laid. The hopes of its projectors rested
on voluntary contributions, private munificence, and
the general favor of the public. These hopes have
not been disappointed. Donations have been made
by individuals, in some cases of large amount, and
smaller sums have been contributed by thousands.
All who regard the object itself as important, and
its accomplishment, therefore, as a good attained,
will entertain sincere respect and gratitude for the
unvvearied efforts of the successive Presidents, Boards
of Directors, and Committees of the Association,

4

which has had the general control of the work.
The Architect, equally entitled to our thanks and
commendation, will find other reward, also, for his
labor and skill, in the beauty and elegance of the
obelisk itself, and the distinction which, as a work
of art, it confers on him.

At a period when the prospects of further pro-
gress in the undertaking were gloomy and discourag-
ing, the Mechanic Association, by a most praise-
worthy and Vigorous effort, raised new funds for
carrying it forward, and saw them applied with
fidelity, economy and skill. It is a grateful duty to
make public acknowledgments of such timely and

T efficient aid.

The last effort, and the last contribution, were
from a different source. ‘Garlands of grace and
elegance were destined to crown a work, which had
its commencement in manly patriotism. The win»
ning power of the sex addressed itself to the public,
and all that was needed to carry the monument to
its proposed height, and give to it its finish, was
promptly supplied. The mothers and the daughters
of the land contributed thus, most successfully, to
whatever of beauty is in the Monument itself, or
whatever of utility and public benefit and gratifica-
tion, in its completion. ,

Of those, with whom the plan of erecting, on this
spot, a monument, worthy of the event to be com-
memorated, originated, many are now present; but
   have themsselves become. subjects of
- “  inscription. er‘Willtiam Tudor, an accom-
plished scholar, a distingui.shed writer, a most amia-

    

5

ble man, allied, both by birth and sentiment, to the
patriots of the Eflevolution, died, while on public
service abroad, and now lies buried in a foreign
land. Williram Sullivan, a name fragrant of Revo-
lutionary merit, and of public service and public
virtue, who himself partook, in a high degree, of the
respect and confidence of the community, and yet
was always most loved where best known, has also
been gathered to his fathers. And last, George
Blake, a lawyer of learning and eloquence, a man of
wit and of talent, of social qualities the most agree-
able and fascinating, and of gifts which enabled him
to exercise large sway over public assemblies, has
closed his human career. I know that in the
crowds before me, there are those, from whose eyes
copious tears will flow, at the mention of these
names. But such mention is due to their general
character, their public and private virtues, and es»-
pecially on this occasion, to the spirit and zeal, with
which they entered into the undertaking, which is
now completed.  

I have spoken only of those who are no longer
numbered with the living. But a long life, now
drawing towards its close, always distinguished by
acts of public spirit, humanity, and charity, forming
a character, which has already become historical,
and sanrctified by public regard, and the affectin
of friends, may confer, even on the living, the pro-
per immunity of the dead, and be the fit subject of
honorable mention, and warm commendation. Of
the early projectors of the design of this monument,

one of the most prominent, the most zealous, and

6

the most efficient, is Thomas H. Perkins. It was‘

beneath his ever hospitable roof that those Whom I
have mentioned, and others yet living and now
present, having assembled for the purpose, adopted
the first step towards erecting a Monument on Bun-
ker Hill. Long may he remain, with unimpaired
faculties, in the wide field of his usefulness. His
charities have distilled, like the dews of heaven; he
has fed the hungry, and clothed the naked; he has
given sight to the blind ; and for such virtues there
is a reward on high,'of which all human memorials,
all language of brass and stone, are but humble
types and attempted imitations.

Time and nature have had their course, in dimin-
ishing the number of those Whom We met here on
the 17th of June, 1825. Most of the Revolutionary
characters then present have since deceased; and
Lafayette sleeps in his native land. Yet the name
and blood of Warren are with us; the kindred of
Putman are also here; and near me, universally
beloved for his character and his virtues, and now
venerable for his years,sits the son of the noble-
hearted and daring Prescott. Gideon Foster of
Danvers, Enos Reynolds of Boxford, Phineas J ohn-
son, Robert Andrews, Elijah Dresser, Josiah Cleave-
land, Jesse Smith, Philip Bagley, Needham May-
nard, Roger Plaisted, Joseph Stephens, Nehemiah
Porter, and James Harvey, who bore arms for their
country, either at Concord and Lexington, on the

 

  on Bunker Hill, all now far advan-

ced in age, have come here today, to look once

morelonl the field of the exercise of their valor, and
to receive a hearty outpouring of our respect.

7

They have long outlived the troubles and dangers
of the Revolution ; they have outlived the evils
arising from the want of a united and efficient Gov-
ernment; they have outlived the pendency of immi-
nent dangers to the public liberty ;. they have outlived
nearly all their contemporaries; but they haveynot
outlived-—-——they cannot outlive—-——-the affectionate grat-
itude of their country. Heaven has not allotted to
this generation an opportunity of rendering high
services, and manifesting strong personal devotion,
such as they rendered and manifested, and in such a
cause as that, which roused the patriotic fires of their
youthful breasts, and nerved the strength of their
arms. But We may praise What we cannot equal,
and celebrate actions which We were not born to
perform. Pulchrum est benefacere reipulzlicaz, etiem
bane dicere hamd abs-urdum est. . .

The Bunker Hill Monument is finished. Here it
stands. Fortunate in the high natural eminence on
which it is placed--—--higher, infinitely higher in its
objects and purpose, it rises overthe land, and over
the sea, and visible, at their homes, to three hun-
dred thousand of the People of Massachusetts,--—-
it stands,a memorial of the last, and a monitor to
the present, and to all succeeding generations. I
have spoken of the loftiness of its purpose. If it
had been Without any other design than the creation
of a Work of art, the granite, of which A it is com-
posed, Would have slept in its native bed. It has a
purpose; and that purpose. gives it its character.
That purpose‘ enrobes it with dignity and moral

grandeur. That Well, known purpose it is, which
causes us to look up ~ to it Wita feeling of awe.

8

It is itself the orator of this occasion. It is not
from my lips, it could not be from any human lips,
that that strain of eloquence is this day to flow,
most competent to move and excite the vast multi-
tudes around me. The powerful speaker stands
motionless before us. It is a plain shaft. It
bears no inscriptions, fronting to the rising sun, from
which the future antiquarian shall wipe the dust.
Nor does the rising sun cause tones of music to issue
from its summit. But at the rising of the sun, and
at the setting of the sun, in the blaze of noonday,
and beneath the milder effulgence of lunar light, it
looks, it speaks, it acts, to the full comprehension of
every American mind, and the awakening of glow-
ing enthusiasm in every American heart. Its silent,
but awful utterance ; its deep pathos, as it brings to

-our contemplation the 17th of June, 1775, and the

consequences which have resulted to us, to our coun-
try, and to the world, from the events of that day,
and which we know must continue to rain influence

-on the destinies of mankind, to the end of time; the

elevation with which it raises us high above the
orinary feelings of life, surpass all that the study of
the closet, or even the inspiration of genius can pro»-
duce. iTo--day, it speaks to us. Its future audito-
ries will be the successive enerations of men, as
they rise up before it, and gather around it. Its
speech will be of patriotism and courage; of civil
and religious liberty; of free ‘government; of the

 inipnovement e and elevation of “

of t the immortal memory of those who  hoemic

‘devotion have sacrificed their lives for othteincloounetry.

 the older lwrwld, nurner  st.ill exist,

9

reared byhuman handrs‘, but whose object has‘ been

' lost, in- the darkness of ages. They arenow monu*-

ments of nothing, but the labor and skill, which
constructed them. A l

The mighty pyramid itself, half bu~r°‘iedV  the
sands of Africa, has‘ nothing to bring’downiaI31d* re?-
port to us, but the power of kings andl the servitude
of the people. If it had any purpose beyond? that of
amausoleum, such purpose has perished from history,
and from traditfion. If asked for its moral object, its
adrrrdnition, its sentiment, its instruction to mankind,
or‘ any high end in its erection, it is silent--——-silent as
the millions which lie ‘ in the dust at its base, and’ in
the catacombs which sur“r"oundl it.‘ Without a just
moral object, therefore", mladelknown to man, though
raised against the skies, it excites only conviction of
power, mixed with strange wonder. utl if the
civilizations of the present race of l men, founded“ as it
is, in solid science, the true lénowledge of lnature, and
vas‘t‘disc‘overies4 in art, and which is stimulated‘ and
purified by moral se*ntiItrerrt, and by the truths of
Christianity, be not destined to destrulctiori, before
the final tertninatilon o‘f11uman existenclerolnearth,
the object and purpose ofrthisedificewill be known,
till that hour‘ shall come. And” even’ if civilization
slieuld be subverted, andthe truths of the Christierr
Religion obscured by a new deluge of barbarisifi, tliel
mremory of lB7urnker  audit the“ American Revolution
will still be elements and parts ~ of 4 the knowledge,
whichshalli be possessed by the last man, to whom
the light roof civilization aliidl Christianity shall be
exte~nded.i r r l * i l

2

10

This celebration is honored by the presence of the
Chief Executive Magistrate of the Union. An oc-
casion so National in its object and character, and
so much connected with that Revolution, from which
the Government sprang, at the head of which he is
placed, may Well receive from him this mark of at-
tention and respect. Well acquainted with York-

town, the scene of the last great military struggle of

the ,Revolution, his eye now surveys the field of
Bunker Hill, the theatre of the first of those impor-
tantconflicts. He sees Where Warren fell, Where
Putnam, and Prescott, and Stark, and Knovvlton,
and Brooks, fought. He beholds the spot, where a
thousand trained soldiers of England were smitten
to thepearth, in the first effort of Revolutionary War,
bythe arm of a bold and determined yeomanry,
contending for liberty and their country. And while
all assembled here entertain towards him sincere
personal good vvishes,and the high respect due to his
elevated office and station, it is not to be doubted,
that he enters, with true American feeling, into the
patriotic enthusiasm, kindled by the occasion, Which
anirnates the multitudes which surround him.

His Excellency, the Governor of the Common-
wealth, the Governor of Rhode Island, and the other
distinguished public men, Whom we have the honor
to receive as visitors and guests, to-day, will cordially
unite in a celebration connected with the great event
of the Revolutionary war. r A
A Noname in thehistory of 1775 and17’76 is more
distinguished than that borne by an ex-president of
the United States, whom we expected to see here,

11

but whose ill health prevents his attendance. When»
ever popular rights were to be asserted, an Adams
was present; and when the time came, for the for-
mal Declaration of Independence, it was the voice
of an Adams, that shook the Halls of Congress.
We wish we could have welcomed to us, this day,
the inheritor of Revolutionary blood, and the just
and worthy Representative of high Revolutionary
names, merit and services.

Banners and badges, processions and‘ flags, an-
nounce to us, that amidst this uncounted throng are
thousands of natives of New England“, now resi-
dents in other States. VVelcome, ye kindred names,
With kindred blood! From the broad savannas of
the South, from the newer regions of the West, from
amidst the hundreds of thousands of men of Eastern
origin, who cultivate the rich valley of the Genesee,
or live along the chain of the Lakes, from the
mountains of Pennsylvania, and the thronged cities
of the coast, welcome, welcomeli Wherever else
you may be strangers, here you are all at home.
You assemble at this shrine of liberty, near the
family altars, at which your earliest devotions were

paid to Heaven; near to the temples of worship, «

first entered by you, and near to the schools and
colleges, in which your education ’ was received.
You come hither with a glorious ancestry of liberty.
You bring names, which are on the rollsof Lexing-
ton, Concord andBunker Hill. rYou come, some
of you, once more to be embraced by an aged Revo-
lutionary Father,’ or to receive another, perhaps,"
a last blessing, bestowed in love and tears, by a

lg

mother, yet surviving to Witness, and toaenjoy, your
prosperity and happiness, ,

But if family associations and the r.ecollections of
the past, bring you hither with greater alacrity, and
mingle with your greeting much of local attachments,
and private affection, greeting also be given, free
and hearty greeting, to every American citizen, who
treads this sacred soil, with patriotic feeling, and
respires With pleasure, in an atmosphere perfumed
with the recollections of 17 7 5. This occasion is
I'€3SP(3ClL@.bl(3-7:-“I1,v'5l.y, it is grand, it is sublime, by the
natiionality of its sentiment. In the seventeen mil-—.
lions of happy people, who form the American come
munity, there is not one who has not an interest in
this Monument, as there is not one, that has not a
deep and abiding interest in that which it com-
memorates.

W0 betide the man, who brings to this day’s

worship feeling less than Wholly American! W0
betide the man, who can stand here with the fires of
looal resentments burning, or the purpose of fornent-..
ing local jealousies, and the strifes of local interests,
festeringond rankling, in his heart, Union, estab-«
lished in justice, in patriotism, and the most plain
and obvious common interest; onion, fourtded on
the same love of liberty, cementedby blood shed
in the some common cause; uniion has been the
source of all our glory and greatness, thus far, and
is the ground of all our highest hopes This column

fittohdt on Union. r I known not that it might not,

keep its, p.o$ition, if tho Amvoricon Union, in the

»

mad conflict of human pa,s§ions,v and  the st.1:ifo.«

13

of parties and factions, should be broken up and
destroyed. I know not that it would totter and fall
to the earth, and mingle its fragments with the «frag—
ments of Liberty and the Constitution, when State

should be separated from State, and faction and dis» a

mernberment obliterate forever all the hopes of the
founders of our Republic, and the great inheritance
of their children. It mightstand. But Who, from
beneath the weight of mortification a.nd shame, that
would oppress him, could look up to behold it? Whose
eye--balls would not be seared, by such a spectacle?
For my part, should I live to such a time, I shall
avert my eyes from it, forever.

It is not as a mere military encounter of hostile
armies, that the battle of Bunker Hill presents its
principal claim to attention. Yet, even as a mere
battle, there were circumstances attending it, extra-

I ordinary in character, and entitling it to peculiar

distinction, It was fought on this eminence ; in the
neighborhood Of yonder city; in the presence of
more spectators than there were combatants in the
conflict. Men, Women, and children, from every
commanding position, were gazing at the battle, and
looking for its result with all the eagerness natural
to those who knew that the issue was fraught with
the deepest consequences to themselves, personally,
as well as to, their country. Yet, on the sixteenth
of June, 1775, there, was nothing around this hill
but verdure, and   cu1ture., There was, indeed, the-
note of awful preparation in Boston. There Was
the provincial army at Catnbridge, with its right
flank resting on Dorchester, and its left on Chelsea.

14«

But here, all was peace. Tranquillity reigned
around. t

On the seventeenth, every thing was changed.
On this height had’ arisen, in the night, a redoubt,
built by Prescott, and in which he held command.
Perceived by the enemy at dawn, it was immediately
cannonaded from the floating batteries in the river,
and from the opposite shore. And then ensued the
hurry of preparation in Boston, and soon the troops
of Britain embarked in the attempt to dislodge the
colonists. In an hour, every thing indicated an im-
mediate and bloody conflict. Love of liberty on
one side, proud defiance of rebellion on the other;
hopes and fears, and courage and daring, on both
sides, animated the hearts of the combatants, as they
hung on the edge of battle.

I suppose it would be difficult in a military point
of view, to ascribe to the leaders on either side, any
just motive for the engagement which followed. On
the one hand, it could not have been very important to
the Americans to attempt to hem the British within
the town by advancing one single post a quarter of
a mile; lwhile on the other hand, if the British found
it essential to dislodge the American troops, they had
it in their power, at no expense of life. By moving
up their ships and batteries, they could have com-
pletely cutoff all communication with the main land
over the neck, and the forces in the redoubt would

, have been reduced to a state of famine in forty-«eight

hou1"s..i   l t it i ,
But thatwas not the day for any such considera-
tions, oneither side 1 Both parties were anxious to

15

try the strength of their arms. The pride of Eng-
land would not permit the rebels, as she termed
them, to defy her to the teeth; and without, for a
moment, calculating the cost, the British general
determined to destroy the fort immediately. On
the other side, Prescott and his gallant followers
longed and thirsted for a decisive trial of strength
and of courage. They wished a battle, and wished
it at once. And this is the true secret of the move-
ments on this hill.

I will not attempt to describe that battle. The
cannonading-———the landing of the British—-their ad-
vance--,--the coolness with which the charge was
met---the repulse-——the second attack---«the second
repulse---the burning of Charlestown—-~and finally
the closing assault, and the slow retreat of the
Americans-—-—--the history of all these is familiar.

But the consequences of the battle of Bunker
Hill are greater than those of any ordinary conflict,
although between armies of far greater force, and
terminating with more immediate advantage, on the
one side, or the other. It was the first great battle of
the Revolution; and not only the first blow, but the
blow which determined the contest. It did not, in--
deed, put an end to the war, but in the then exist»-
ing hostile state of feeling, the difficulties could
only be referred to the arbitration of the sword.
And one thing is certain ; that after theNew Eng-
land troops had shown ‘themselves able to face and
repulse theregulars, it was decided that peace never
could be established, but upon the basis of the Inde-
pendence of the colonies. When the sun of that

16

day Went‘ down, the event of” Independence was
no longer doubtful. In a few days, Washington
heard of R the battle, and he inquired if the militia
had stood the fire of the regulars ? And‘ When
told that they had not only stood that fire, but re-
served their own till the enemy Was‘ Within eight
rods, and then poured‘ it in With tremendouseffect,
—-——-“ then,” exclaimed he, “ the liberties of’ the
countryare safe!”

The consequences of this battle were just of R the
same importance as the Revolution itself.

If 1 there was nothing of ii value in the principles of
the American Revolution, then there is nothing valu-
able in the battle of Bunker Hill and‘ its conse-
quences. But if ii theRevolution was an era in the
history of man, favorable to human happiness—-—-if it
was an event which marked the progress of 9 man,
all over the World, from despotism to liberty--then
this Monument is not raised Without cause. Then,
the battle of Bunker Hill is not an event undeserving
celebrations, commemorations and rejoicings, novv,
andiin all coming times.

What then isthe true and peculiar“ principle of

-the American Revolution, and of R the systems of

government which it has confirmed and established?
The truth is, that the American Revolution was
not caused by the instantaneous discovery of prin-
ciples of government before unheard of, or the prac-
tical adoption of political ideas, suchas had never"
before entered into the minds of men. It Was but
the full development of principles of government,
forms=of’ society, and political sentiments,‘ the origin

.17

of all which lay back two centuries in English and
American history. i

The discovery of America, its colonization by the
nations of Europe, the history and progress of the
colonies, from their establishment, to the time when
the principal of them threw off their allegiance to
the respective States which had planted them, and
founded governments of their own, constitute one of
the most interesting trains of events in human
annals. These events occupied three hundred
years ; during which period civilization and knowl-
edge made steady progress in the old world ; so that
Europe, at the commencement of the nineteenth
century, had become greatly changed from that
Europe which began the colonization of America at
the close of the fifteenth, or the commencement of
the sixteenth. And what is most material to my
present purpose is, that in the progress of theifirst
of these centuries, that is to say, from the discovery
of America to the settlements of Virginia and Mas-
sachusetts, political and religious events took place,
Which most materially affected the state of society,
and the sentiments of mankind, especially in "Eng--
land, and in parts of Continental Europe. After a
few feeble and unsuccessful efforts by England, under

, Henry the Seventh, to plant colonies in America, no

designs of that kind were prosecuted for a long
period, either by the English government, or any
of its subjects. Without inquiring into the causes

of this delay, its consequences are sufficiently

clear and striking. England in this lapse of a
century, unknown to herself, butunder the , provi-

'18s

dence of God, and the influence of events, was
fitting herself for the work of colonizing North
America, on such principles, and by such men, as
should spread the English name and English blood,
in time, over a great portion of the Western hemis-
phere. The commercial spirit was greatly fostered
by several laws passed in Henry the Seventh’s
reign; and in the same reign encouragement was
given to arts and manufactures in the Eastern
counties, and some not unimportant modifications of

"the feudal system took place, by allowing the

breaking of entails. These, and other measures,
and other occurrences, were making way for a new
class of society to emerge, and show itself, in a
military‘ and feudal age; a middle class,-r—*-between
the barons or great landholders, and the retainers
of the crown, on the one side; and the tenants
of the crown and barons, and agricultural and
“other laborers, on the other side. With the rise
and growth of this new class of society, not only
did commerce and the arts increase, but better
education, a greater degree of knowledge, juster

"notions of i the true ends of government, and senti-

nrents favorable to civil liberty, began to spread
abroad, and become more and more common. But
the plants springing from these seeds, were of slow

‘growth. The character of English society had

indeed begun to undergo a change ; but changes of
national character are ordinarily the work of time.

lp*ei‘rati‘re* causes were, however, evidently in ex‘-

istence, and sure to produce, ultimately, their proper
effetxt. Front t the accession of Henry VlI.,.ro ‘tire

19

breaking out of the civil Wars, England enjoyed
much more exemption from war, foreignand do.
mestic, than for a long period before, and during
the controversy between the houses of York and
Lancaster, These years of peace were favorable
to commerce and the arts. Commerce and the
arts augmented general and individual knowledge ;
and knowledge is the only fountain, both of the
love, and the principles of human liberty. Other
powerful causes soon came into active play. The
reforrnation, of Luther broke out, kindling up the
minds of men afresh, leading to new habits of
thought, and awakening in individuals energies
before unknown, even to themselves. The religious
controversies of this period changed society, as well

as religion; indeed, it would be easy to prove, if

this occasion were proper for it, that they changed
society to a considerable extent, where they did not
change the religion of the state. They changed
man, himself, in his modes of thought, his conscious.
ness of his own powers, and his desire of intellectual

attainment. The spirit of commercial and foreign

adventure, therefore, on the one hand, which had
gained so much strength and influence, since the
time of the discovery of America, and, on the other,
theassertion and maintenance of religi0u_s liberty,
having their source indeed intthe Reforrnation, but
continued, diversified, and continually strengthened
by the subsequent divisions of sentiment. and opinion
among the reformers themselves, and this love of
religious liberty drawing after it, or bringing along
with it, as it always does, an ardent devotion tothe
principle of civil liberty also, were the pewerful.

20

influences, under which character was formed, and
men trained, for the great work of introducing
English civilization, English law, and what is more
than all, Anglo-Saxon blood, into the wilderness of
North America. Raleigh and his companions may
be considered as the creatures, principally, of the
first of these causes. High-spirited, full of the love
of personal adventure, excited too, in some degree,
by the hopes of sudden riches from the discovery of
mines of the precious metals, and not unwilling to
diversify the labors of settling a colony with occa-
sional cruising against the Spaniards in the West
Indian seas, they crossed and recrossed the ocean,
with a frequency which surprises us, when we
consider the state of navigation, and which evinces
a most daring spirit.

The other cause peopled New England. The
May-flower sought our shores under no high
wrought spirit of commercial adventure,ino love of
gold, no mixture of purpose, warlike or hostile, to
any human being. Like the dove from the ark, she
had put forth only to find rest. Solemn supplica-
tions on the shore of the sea in Holland, had invoked
for her, at her departure, the blessings of Providence.
The stars which guided her were the unobscured
constellations of civil and religious liberty. Her
deck was the altar of the living God. Fervent
prayers from bended knees, mingled, morning and
evening, with the voices of ocean, and the sighing
of the wind in her shrouds. r Every prosperous
breeze, which, gently swelling her sails, helped the
Pilgrims onward in their course, awoke ,ne'w anthems
of praise; and when the elementsrwerewroughtp

21

intolfury, neither the tempest, tossing their fragile
bark like a feather, nor the darkness and howling of
the midnight storm, ever disturbed, in man or
woman, the firm‘ and settled purpose of their souls,
to undergo all, and to do all, that the meekest
patience, the boldest resolution, and the highest

trust in God, could enable human beings to suffer or.

to perform.

Some differences may, doubtless, be traced at this
day, between the descendants of the early colonists
of Virginia and those of New England, owing to
the different influences and different circumstances
under which the respective settlements were made ;
but only enough to create a pleasing variety in the
midst of a general family resemblance.

“ facies, non omnibus una,

“ Nee diversa tarnen, qualem decet esse sorores.”

 

But the habits, sentiments, and objects of both, soon
beca.me modified by local causes, growing out of
their condition in the New World ; and as this con-
dition was essentially alike in both, and as both at
once adopted the same general rules and principles
of English jurisprudence, and became accustomed to
the authority of representative bodies, these differ-
ences gradually diminished. They disappeared by
the progress of time, and the influence of intercourse.
The necessity of some degree of union and co-opera-
tion to defend themselves against the savage tribes,
tended to excite in them mutual respect and regard.
They fought together in the wars against France.
The great and common cause of the Revolution



bound them to one another by new links of brothers
hood; and finally, fortunately, happily and gloriously,
the present constitution of government united them
to form the Great Republic of the World, and bound
up their interest and fortunes, till the Whole earth
sees that there is now for them, in present posses-
sion, as well as future hope, only “ One Country,
One Constitution, and One Destiny.”

The colonization of the tropical region, and the
Whole of the southern parts of the continent, by
Spain and Portugal, was conducted on other princi-
ples, under the influence of other motives, and fol-
lowed by far different consequences. From the time
of its discovery, the Spanish Government pushed
forward its settlements in America, not only with
vigor, but with eagerness; so that long before the
first permanent English settlement had been accom-
plished, in what is now the United States, Spain
had conquered Mexico, Peru, and Chili; and stretch-
ed her power over nearly all the territory she ever
acquired in this continent. The rapidity of these
conquests is to be ascribed in a great degree, to the
eagerness, not to say the rapacity of those numerous
bands of adventurers, who were stimulated by indi-
vidual interests, and private hopes, to subdue im—-
mense regions, and take possession of them in the
name of the crown of Spain, The mines of gold
and silver were the excitements to these efforts, and
accordingly settlements were generally made, and
Spais authrity established, on the immediate eve
of the subjugation of territory, that’ the native popu-»
lation might be set to work by their new Spanish

23

masters, in the mines. From these facts, the love
of gold-—-gold, not produced by industry, not accu-
mulated by commerce, but gold, dug from its native
bed in the bowels of the earth, and that earth rav-
ished from its rightful possessors by every possible
degree of enormity, cruelty and crime, was long
the governing passion in Spanish wars, and Spanish
settlements in America. Even Columbus himself
did not wholly escape the influence of this base
motive. In his early voyages we find him passing
from island to island, inquiring everywhere for gold ;
as if God had opened the new world to the knowl-

edge of the old, only to gratify a passion equally

senseless and sordid; and to offer up millions of an
unotfending race of men to the destruction of the
sword, sharpened both by cruelty and rapacity.
And yet Columbus was far above his age and
country. Enthusiastic, indeed, but sober, religious
and rnagnanimous ; born to ' great things and capa-
ble of high sentiments, as his noble discourse before
Ferdinand and Isabella, as well as the whole history
of his life, shows. Probably he sacrificed much to
the known sentiments of others, and addressed to
his followers motives likely to influence them. At
the same time it is evident that he himself looked
upon the world which he discovered as a world of
wealth, all ready to be seized and enjoyed.

' The conquerors and the European settlers of Span-
ish America were mainly military commanders and
common "soldiers. The monarchy of Spain was not
‘transferred to this hemisphere, but it acted in it, as
it acted at home, through its ordinary means, and its

24

true is representative, military force. The robbery
and destruction of the native race was the achieve-—
ment of standing armies, in the right of the king,
and by his authority; fighting in his name, for the
aggrandizement of his power, and the extension of
his prerogatives ; with military ideas under arbitra-
ry maxims, a portion of that dreadful instrumentality
by which a perfect despotism governs a people. As
there was no liberty in Spain, how could liberty be
transmitted to Spanish colonies?

The colonists of English America were of the
people, and a people already free. They were of
the middle, industrious, and already prosperous class,
the inhabitants of commercial and manufacturing
cities, among whom liberty first revived and respir-
ed, after a sleep of a thousand years, in the bosom
of the dark ages. Spain descended on the new
world in the armed and terrible image of her mon-
archy and her soldiery; England approached it in
the winning and popular garb of personal rights,
public protection and civil freedom. England trans-
planted liberty to America; Spain transplanted
power. England, through the agency of private

companies, and the efforts of individuals, colonized

this part of North America, by industrious indi-
viduals, making their own way in the wilderness,
defending themselves against the savages, recogniz-
ing their right to the soil, and with a general ‘honest

purpose of introducing knowledge as well as Chris-

tianity among them. . Spain stooped on South“

America, like a falcon on its prey. Every thing

WaS,f0,1‘C6.- Territories were acquired, byfire and

25

sword. Cities Were destroyed by fire and sword.
Hundreds of thousands of human beings fell by fire
and sword. Even conversion to Christianity was
attempted by fire and sword. A i

Behold, then, felloVv—citizens, the difference result»
ing from the operation of the two principles! Here,
to--day, on the summit, of Bunker—Hill, and at the
foot of this Monument-, behold the difference! I
would, that the fifty thousand voices present could
proclaim it, with a shout which should be heard over
the globe. Our inheritance was of liberty, secured
and regulated by law, and enlightened by religion
and knowledge; that of South America was of
power, stern, unrelenting, tyrannical, military power.
Arid now look to the consequences of the two prin-y
ciples, on the general and aggregate happiness of
the human race. Behold the results, in all the
regions conquered by Cortez and Pizarro, and the
contrasted results here. I suppose the territory of
the United States may amount to one eighth, or
one tenth, of that colonized by Spain on this con»
tinent ; and yet in all that Vast region there are but
between one and two millions of people of Euro»-
pean color and European blood ; while intheUnited
States there are fourteen millions who rejoice in
their descent from the people of the more northern
part of Europe. S

But we may follow the difference, in the original
principle of colonization, and in its Character and
objects, still further; We must look to moral and
intellectual results; we must consider consequences,
not only as they show themselves inlther greater or

4

26

less multiplication of men, or the greater or less
supply of their physical wants—--«but in their civili-
zation, improvement and happiness. We must in-
quire what progress has been made in the true
science of liberty, in the knowledge of the great
principles of self-government, and in the progress of
man, as a social, moral, and religious being.

I would not willingly say any thing on this occa-
sion, discourteous to the new governments, founded
on the demolition of the power of the Spanish mon-
archy. They are yet on their trial, and I hope for a
favorable result. But truth, sacred truth, and fidelity
to the cause of civil liberty, compel me to say, that
hitherto they have discovered quite too much of the
spirit of that monarchy, from which theyseparated
themselves. Quite too frequent resort is made to
military force ; and quite too much of the substance
of the people consumed, in maintaining armies, not
for defence against foreign aggression, but for en-
forcing obedience to domestic authority. Standing
armies are theoppressive instruments for governing
the people, in the hands of hereditary and arbitrary
monarchs. A military republic, a government found-
ed on mock elections, and supported only by the
sword, is a movement indeed, but a retrograde and
disastrous movement, from the regular and old~—fash--
ioned monarchical systems. If men would enjoy the
blessings wof Republican government, they must
govern themselves by reason, by mutual counsel and

 by a sense and feeling of general -in--

terest,.an(lr bythe acquiescence of the minority in
the will ,of>~the majority, properly expressed; and

27

above all, the military must be kept, according to
the language of our bill of rights, instrict subordi-
nation to the civil authority. Wherever this lesson
is not both learned and practised, there can be no
political freedom. Absurd, preposterous is it———-a
scoff and a satire on free forms of constitutional
liberty, for frames of government -to be prescribed
by military leaders, and the right of suffrage to be
exercised at the point of the sword.

Making all allowance for situation and climate, it
cannot be doubted by intelligent minds, that the
difference now existing between North a.nd South
America is justly attributable, in a great degree, to
political institutions in the old world, and inthe
new. And how bread that difference is! Suppose
an assembly, in one of the valleys, or on the side
of one of the mountains of the southern half of the
hemisphere, to be held, this day, in the neighbor-
hood of a large city;—--vvhat would be the scene
presented 5’ Yonder is a volcano, flaming and smok-
ing, but shedding no light, moral or intellectual- At
its foot is the mine, yielding, perhaps, sometimes,
large gains to capital, but in which labor is destined
to eternal and unrequited toil, and followed only by
penury and beggary. The city is filled with armed
men; not a free people, armed and coming forth
voluntarily to rejoice in a public festivity; but hire-
ling troops, supported by forced loans, excessive im-
positions on commerce, or taxes wrung from a half

i fed, and a half clothed population. For the great,

there are palaces covered with gold; for the poor,
there are hovels of the meanest sort. There is an

ecclesiastical hierarchy, enjoying the wealth of

28

princes; but there are no means of education to the
people-. Do public improvements favor intercourse
betvveeniplace and place? So far from this, the
traveller cannot pass from town to town, without
danger, every mile, of robbery and assassination.
I would not overcharge, or exaggerate this picture ;
but its principal sketches are all too true.

And how does it contrast with the scene now
actually before us? Look round upon these fields;

they are verdant and beautiful, Well cultivated, and

at this moment loaded with the riches of the early
harvest. The hands which till them are free
owners of the soil, enjoying equal rights, and pro-
tected by law from oppression and tyranny. Look
to the thousand vessels in our sight, filling the har-
bor, or covering the neighboring sea. They are
the instruments of a profitable commerce, carried on
by men who know that the profits of their hardy
enterprise, when they make them, are their own;
and this commerce is encouraged and regulated by
Wise laws, and defended, when need be, by the
valor and patriotism of the country. Look to that
fair city, the abode of so much diffused Wealth, so
much general happiness and comfort, so much per-
sonal independence, and so much general knovvl-
edge,and not undistinguished, I may be permitted
to add, for hospitality, and social refinement. She
fears no forced contributions, no siege or sacking
from military leaders of rival factions. The hundred

tepies, in which her citizens worship God, are in

no danger of sacrillege. The regular administration
of the laws enclountlers no obstacle. The long pro-
cessions of ehildren and youth, which you “see this

29

day, issuing by thousands from her free schools,
prove the care: and anxiety, with which a popular
government provides for the education and morals
of the people. Every Where there is order; every
where there is security. Every Where the law reaches

to the highest, and reaches to the lowest, to protect

all in their rights, and to restrain all from wrong;
and over all hovers liberty, that liberty which our
fathers fought, and fell for, on this very spot, with
her eye ever Watchful, and her eagle wing ever Wide
out-spread.

The colonies of Spain, from their origin to their
end, were subject to the sovereign authority of the
kingdom. Their government, as Well as their com-
merce, was a strict home monopoly. If We add to
this, the established usage of filling important posts
in the administration of the colonies, exclusively by
natives of old Spain, thus cutting off forever, all
hopes of honorable preferment from every man born
in the Western hemisphere, causes enough rise up
before us at once, to account fully for the subse-
quent history and character of these provinces.
The Viceroys and Provincial Governors of Spain
Were never at home in their governments in Ameri-
ca. They did not feel that they were of the people,

‘Whom they governed. Their official character and

employment have a good deal of resemblance, to
those of the pro-consuls of Rome, in Asia, Sicily
and Gaul ; but obviously no resemblance to those of

"Carver and Winthrop, andvery little to those of the

Governors of Virginia after that colony had estab-
lished a popular house of Burgesses.

30

The English Colonists in America, T generally
speaking, were men who were seeking new homes
in a new world. They brought with them their
families and all that was most dear to them. This
was especially the case with the colonists of
Plymouth and Massachusetts. Many of them were
educated men, and all possessed their full share,
according to their social condition, of the knowledge
and attainments of that age. The distinctive
characteristic of their settlement, is the introduction
of the civilization of Europe into a wilderness,
without bringing with it the political institutions of
Europe. The arts, sciences and literature of
England came over with the settlers. That great
portion of the common law, which regulates the
social and personal relations and conduct of men,
came also. The jury came; the habeas corpus
came ; the testamentary power came; and the law
of inheritance and descent came also, except that
part of it which recognizes the rights of primogeni—
ture, which either did not come at all, or soon gave
way to the rule of equal partition of estates among
children. . Butthe monarchy did not come, nor the

. aristocracy, nor the church, as an estate of the

realm. Political institutions were to be framed
anew, such as should be adapted to the state of
things. But it could not be doubtful, what should
be the nature and character of these institutions. A
general social equality prevailed among the settlers,
ansdequality of political rights seemed the natural,
if not thenecessary consequence. After forty years
of revolution, violence and war, the people of France

31

have placed at the head of the fundamental instru-l
ment of their government, as the great boon obtained
by all their sufferings and sacrifices, the declaration,
that all Frenchmen are equal before the law. What
France has reached only by the expenditure of so
much blood and treasure, and the exhibition of so
much crime, the English colonists obtained, by
simply changing their place, carrying with them the
intellectual and moral culture of Europe, and the
personal and social relations to which they were
accustomed, but leaving behind their political in-
stitutions. It has been said with much vivacity,
that the felicity of the American colonists consisted
in their escape from the past. This is true, so far
as respects political establishments, but no further.
They brought with them a full portion of all the
riches of the past, in science, in art, in morals,
religion and literature. The Bible came With them.
And it is not to be doubted, that to the free and
universal reading of the Bible, in that age, men were
muchindebted for right views of civil liberty. The
Bible is a book of faith, and a book of doctrine, and
a book of morals, and a. book of religion, of especial

revelation from God; but it is also a book, which .

teaches man his own individual responsibility, his
own dignity, and his equality with his fellow man.
Bacon, and Locke, and Milton, and Shakspeare
also came with the colonists. These colonists came to
form new political systems, butall that belonged to
cultivated man, to family, to neighborhood, to social
relations, accompanied them. In the Doric phrase
of one of it our own historians, “ they came to settle

3%

on bare creat1on;” but their settlement in the
vvilderness nevertheless, was not a lodgement of
nomade tribes, a mere resting place of roaming
savages. It was tl1e beginning of a permanent
community, the fixed residence of cultivated men.
Not only was English literature read, but English,
good English, was spoken and written, before the
axe had made way to let in the sun, upon the
habitationsand fields of Plymouth and Massachu-«~
setts. And whatever may be said to the contrary,
a correct use of the English language is, at this day,
more general throughout the United States, than it
is throughout England herself.

But another grand characteristic is, that in the
English colonies, political affairs Were left to be
managed by the colonists themselves. This is
another fact wholly distinguishing them in character,
as it has distinguished them in fortune, from the
colonists of Spain. Here lies the foundation of that
experience in self-government, which has preserved
order, and security, and regularity, amidst the play
of popular institutions. Home government was the
secret of the prosperity of the North American
settlements. The more distinguished of the New
England colonists, with a most remarkable sagacity,
and me long sighted reach into futurity, refused to
come to America, unless they could bring with them
charters providing for the administration of their
affairs in this country. They saw from the first, the
evils of being governed in the new world, by
counsels held in the old. Acknowledging the
general superiority of the crown, they still insisted

33

on the right of passing local laws, and of local
administration. And history teaches us the justice
and the value of this determination, in the example
of Virginia. The early attempts to A settle that
colony failed, sometimes with the most melancholy
and ‘fatal consequences, from want of knowledge,
care and attention on the part of those who had the
charge of their affairs in England ; and it was only
after the issuing of the third charter, that its pros-
perity fairly commenced. The cause was, that
by that third charter, the people of Virginia, (for
by this time they deserve to be socalled,) were
allowed to constitute and establish the first popular,
Representative Assembly, which ever convened on
this continent--the Virginia House of Burgesses.

The great elements, then, of the American sys-
tem of government, originally introduced by the
colonies, and which were early in operation, and
ready to be developed, more and more, as the pro-
gress of events should justify or demand, were ;

Escape from the existing political systems of
Europe, including its religious hierarchies; but the
continued possession and enjoyment of its science
and arts, its literature, and its manners;

Home Government, or the power of making
in the colony the municipal laws, which ,were to
govern it ; ‘

Equality of Rights ;

Representative Assemblies, or forms of govern-

ment founded on popular elections.

Few topics are more inviting, or more fit for
5

34

philosophical discussion, than the effect of institu-
tions, founded upon these principles, on the happi-
ness of mankind ; or, in other words, the influence
of the New World upon the Old.

Her obligations to Europe for science and art,
laws, literature and manners, America acknowledges
as she ought, with respect and gratitude. And the
people of the United States, descendants of the
English stock, grateful for the treasures of knowl-
edge derived from their English ancestors, admit
also, with thanks and filial regard, that among
those ancestors, under the culture of -Hampden and
Sydney, and other assiduous friends, that seed of
popular liberty first germinated, which on our soil
has shot up to its full height, until its branches
overshadow all the land.

But America has not failed to make returns. «If
she has not cancelled the obligation, or equalled it
by others of like weight, she has, at least, made
respectable advances towards equality. And she

admits, that standing in the midst of civilized na-
tionrs, and in a civilized age-ma nation among nations

--—-—there -is a high part which she is expected to act,
for the general advancement of human interests and
inhuman welfare. .

l A.»merican.mines have filled the mints of Europe
with the precious metals. The productions of the
American soil and climate have poured out their

abundance of luxuries for the tables of the rich, and

of necessaries for she sustenance ef the poor. mhrds
and animals of beauty and value have been added to

l*the~Eurpean tstoelsgsg  sransplamtations  the

35

transcendent and unequalled riches of our forests,
have mingled themselves profusely with the elms,
and ashes, and druidical oaks of England.

America has made contributions far more Vast.
Who can estimate the amount, or the Value, of the

augmentation of the commerce of the world, that

has resulted from America? Who can imagine to
himself, what would now be the shock to the Eastern
continent, if the Atlantic were no longer travers-
able, or if there were no longer American produc-
tions, or American markets ?

But America exercises influences, or holds out
examples, for the consideration of the Old world, of
a much higher, because they are of a moral and
political character.

America has furnished to Europe proof of the

fact, that. popular institutions, founded on equality and
the principle of representation, are capable of main-—
taining governments-—-able to secure the rights of
person, property and reputation.
_ America has proved that it is practicable to ele-
yate the mass of mankind----that portion which in
Europe is called the laboring, or lower class---—-to
raise them to self-respect, to make them competent
to act a part in the great right, and great duty, of
self~governrnent; and this she has proved may be
done by education and the diffusion of knowledge.
She holds out an example, a thousand times more
enchanting than ever was presented before, to those
nine-tenths of the human race who are born without
hereditary fortune or hereditary rank.

America: has furnished to the world the character

36

of Washington! And if our American institutions
had done nothing else, that alone would have en»
titled them to the respect of mankind.

Wasliingtonl “ First in War, first in peace, and
T first in the hearts of his countrymen!” Washington

is all our own! The enthusiastic veneration and
regard in which the people of the United States
hold him, prove them to be Worthy of such a country-
man; While his reputation abroad reflects the highest
honor on his country and its institutions. I would
cheerfully put the question to—-day to the intelligence
of Europe and the World, What character of the
century, upon the Whole, stands out in the relief of
history, most pure, most respectable, most sublime ;
and I doubt not, that by a suffrage approaching to
unanimity, the answer would be Wasliingtonpl

The structure, now standing before us, by its up-
rightness, its solidity, its durability, is no unfit
emblem of his character. His public virtues and
public principles were as firm as the earth on which
it stands; his personal motives, as pure as the se-
rene heaven in which its summit is lost. But,
indeed, though a fit, it is an inadequate emblem.
Towering high above the column which our hands
have builded, beheld, not by the inhabitants of a
single city or a single State——---but by all the families
of man, ascends the colossal grandeur of the charac-
ter and life of Washington. In all the constituents
of the one-a--—in all the acts of the other-—-in all its
titles to irnrnortal love, admiration and renown-—-it
is an Americanproduction. It is the embodiment
and vindication of, our transatlantic liberty. , Born

37

upon our soil---of parents also born upon it---never
for a moment having had sight of the old vvorld--
instructed, according to the modes of his time, only
in the spare, plain, but Wholesome elementary
knowledge which our institutions provide for the
children of the people---growing up beneath and
penetrated by the genuine influences of American
society---living from infancy to manhood, and age,
amidst our expanding, but not luxurious, civiliza-
tion-mpartaking in our'great destiny of labor, our
long contest with unreclaimed nature and uncivil—
ized man-—---our agony of glory, the War of Indepen-
dence-——our great victory of peace, the formation of
the Union, and the establishment of the Constitu-
tion--—he is all--all our own! Washington is ours.
That crowded and glorious life---

“ Where multitudes of virtues passed along,
Each pressing foremost, in the mighty throng
Ambitious to be seen, then making room
For greater multitudes that were to come ;—”

that life, was the life of an American citizen.
Iclaim him for America. In all the perils, in
every darkened moment of the state, in the midst of
the reproaches of enemies and the misgiving of
friends————I turn to that transcendent name for cour-
age, and for consolation. To him Who denies, or
doubts Whether our fervid liberty can be combined
with law, with order, with the security of property,
with the pursuits and advancement of happiness-—
to him who denies that our institutions are capable

of producing exaltation of soul, and the passion of

r, 38

true glory---to him who denies that We have con-
tributed any thing to the stock of great lessons and
great examples--—t0 all these I reply, by pointing to
Washington!

And now, friends and fellow-citizens, it is time to
bring this discourse to a close.

We have indulged in gratifying recollections of
the past, in the prosperity and pleasures of the pres-
ent, and in high hopes of the future. But let us re-—
member that we have duties and obligations to per»
form, corresponding to the blessings which We
enjoy. Let us remember the trust, the sacred trust,
attaching to the rich inheritance which We have
received from our fathers. Let us feel our personal
responsibility, to the full extent of our power and
influence, for the preservation of our institutions of

civil and religious liberty. And let us remember

that it is only religion, and morals, and knowledge,
that can make men respectable and happy, under
any form of government. Let us hold fast the
great truth, that communities are responsible, as
well as individuals; that no government is respecta-
ble, which is not just; that without unspotted puri-
ty of public faith, without sacred public principle,
fidelity and honor——--no mere forms of government, no
machinery of laws, car1 give dignity to political so»-
ciety. In our day and generation let us seek to raise
and improve the moral sentiment, so that We may
look, not degraded, but for an elevated and
improved future. And when we, and our children,
shall all have been consigned to the house appoint-~

39

ed for all living, may love of country-—---and pride of
country-—glovV with equal fervor. among those to
Whom our names and our blood shall have descend-
ed! And then, when honored and decrepid age
shall lean against the base of this Monument, and
troops of ingenuous youth shall be gathered round
it, and when the one shall speak to the other of its
objects, the purposes of its construction, and the
great and glorious events with which it is connected
——-there shall rise, from every youthful breast, the
ejaculation----“thank God, I----I also»----AM AN AMERI--
CAN.” A

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tiff

Pages cropped and
brightened

Blank pages removed

Property marks
removed