y 
 
 
 RALEGHANA. 
 
 BY 
 
 T. N. BRUSHFIELD, M.D. 
 
 ' (Read at Ashburton, July, 1896.) 
 
 {^Reprinted from the Transactions of the Devonshire Association for the Advance- 
 ment of Science, Literature, and Art. 1896. — xxviii. pp. 272—312.] 
 
-RALEGH- 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 ■D\C)7 
 
RALEGHANA. 
 
 BY 
 
 T. N. BRUSHFIELD, M.D, 
 
 (Read at Ashburtou, July, 189(3.) 
 
 {Reprinted from the Transactions of the Devonshire Association for the Advance^ 
 ment of Science, Literature, and. Art. 1896. — xxviii. pp. 272-312.] 
 
EALEGHANA. 
 
 BY T. N. BRUSHFIELD, JI.D. 
 
 (Read at Ashburton, July, 189G.) 
 
 In his first lecture on Heroes and Her o-ivor ship, T. Carlyle 
 remarked, " Universal History, the history of what man has 
 accomplished in the world, is at bottom the History of the 
 Great Men who have worked here." This he condensed 
 into the axiom, " The History of the World . . . was the 
 Biography of Great Men." 
 
 To descend from the general to the special, we find the 
 following passage in the "Address to the Eeader," in 
 E. Cleaveland's well-kuown work: "The History of the 
 Family of Courtenay may in effect be said to be an History 
 of the County of Devon." ^ 
 
 Coming more innnediately to the subject-matter of this 
 paper, it may be affirmed that the history of England of the 
 Elizabethan period is, to a considerable extent, represented 
 by the life of Sir Walter Ralegh, more especially from the 
 time of his first appearance at Court until the death of 
 Elizabeth, in 1603. It is less a biography than a chapter — 
 and a very important one — in our history. With the advent 
 of James I., his more active physical energies and politicaa 
 life may be said to have terminated. How extensive an arel 
 his actions covered, and how greatly they influenced the 
 history of his period, is thus related by one of his eminent 
 literary contemporaries (also a Devonian), Dr. Nathanael 
 Carpenter, in his Geographie, published in the first year of 
 Charles I. 
 
 '^ The title Reliquice Bjaleghancc would have been a more appropriate one, 
 but it had been already used to designate a work published in 1679, consist- 
 ing of discourses and sermons by Dr. Walter Raleigh, Dean of "Wells, 
 
 ^ Hist, of the Courtenay Fainily (1735), vij. 
 
RALEGHANA. 3 
 
 " Who hath known or read of that prodigie of wit and fortune 1 
 S^ Walter Raivleigli, a man vnfortunate in nothing els but the 
 greatnes of his wit and advancement ? whose eminent worth was 
 such, both in Domestick Policie, Forreigne Expeditions, and 
 Discoveries, Arts and Literature, both Pradick and Contemplatiue, 
 which might seeme at once to conquere both Example and Imita- 
 tion."3 
 
 Very few Englishmen have had their biographies so 
 frequently written, or their actions commented upon, as 
 Ealegh, and yet there are wide gaps in his public career to 
 be filled up ; and of the details of his private life we know 
 but little. No one will gainsay the importance of taking 
 advantage of all fresh sources of knowledge, to supply many 
 of the missing links of information, that may serve to throw 
 light upon the guiding motives of many of his deeds, and 
 give a clearer insight into his general character, and which 
 at the present day is certainly misunderstood. Another 
 desirable point is the investigation of many statements 
 respecting him, which, though generally accepted as facts, 
 are apt either to be exaggerated, or to be altogether 
 erroneous. Moreover, our knowledge of his family is of 
 a very meagre description. 
 
 The object of the writer of the present paper is to gather 
 into it many fragments relating to Sir Walter Ealegh, and to 
 the members of his family, some of which are now brought 
 under notice for the first time ; bearing in mind the follow- 
 ing authoritative opinion of a leading modern historian : 
 
 " Everything that in the remotest way bears upon the history or 
 institution that he [the historian] is describing, has its special 
 value." 4 
 
 1. WALTER RALEGH AND HAYES BARTON. 
 
 The birthplace of Sir W. Ralegh, Hayes Barton, as it has 
 been termed of late years, though formerly known simply as 
 Hayes (and so designated by his biographer, J. Shirley, in 
 1677), has already been fully described.^ Of the history of 
 his father, Walter Ralegh, we possess but few fragments. 
 Assuming that he ceased to be a ward in 1518,^ the only 
 incidents of his life that have as yet been found recorded 
 consist of the following : The carved bench-ends in East Bud- 
 leigh Church, displaying his coat of arms, and dated 1537, 
 
 3 Ed. of 1625, bk. 2, p. 261. 
 
 "* Lectures on Mediaeval History, hj [Bp.] W. Stubbs, D.D., lect. 5, p. 97. 
 
 5 Dev. Assoc, xxi. 312-320. ^ Ibid. xv. 165. 
 
 B 
 
 NcU 
 
4 RALEGHANA. 
 
 must have been done under his auspices. Hoker records 
 that he nearly lost his life during the rebellion of 15497 
 In 1553-4, he assisted Sir P. Carew to escape in a bark 
 belonging to him,^ and on September 14 of the same year, 
 " Walter Eaylegh, Esq., and Katherine, his wife," are men- 
 tioned in a Latin deed of that date relating to land in the 
 parish of Mewy [Meavy].^ The tithes of tish, etc., of Sid- 
 mouth were leased by him and his two sons in 1560, and 
 disposed of by them in 1578.^ He was churchwarden of 
 East Budleigh, in 1561 ; and in a list of debts due to the 
 estate of an Exeter merchant named Lante, at the time of 
 his death, in 1569, is this entry : 
 " It. M^ water Eawley v« ix^."- 
 
 He had married and buried two wives, and in 1548, or 
 following year, had taken his third wife. 
 
 At what time he entered upon his occupancy of Hayes, 
 is entirely unknown ; but, according to Wood,^ he " had a 
 remnant of a lease of 80 years in it." Probably ife took 
 place within a short period of his marriage with Joan Drake, 
 some time between 1518 and 1525. Although conjectural, 
 we may, if Wood's statement be correct, assume that this 
 remnant would be about 25 years. It must, however, have 
 terminated about 1550 or 1551, as we know by a document 
 that has recently been discovered. 
 
 Preserved among the large mass of papers and documents 
 that came into the possession of the Eolle family in 1785, at 
 the time of the purchase of the estates belonging to the 
 Dukes, there was found a copy of a lease dated 1551, relating 
 to Hayes, and, from the light it throws upon the Ealegh 
 family, it is now, through the kind permission of the Hon. 
 Mark Eolle, printed in exienso. 
 
 "CI)tfi ^fj^^^^tore the sixt day of October in the fifte yere of 
 the reigne of our Sovereigne Lord Edwarde the Sixt by the Grace 
 of God Kyng of Englande, Ffraunce and Irelande defendo^" of the 
 faith and in earth of the Churche of Englande and also of Irelande 
 the supreme hedd Between Eichard Duke Esquire of th' one pht 
 and Walter Ealegh Esquire and John Ealegh Gentleman sone 
 of the same Walter of th' other pht Witnesseth that the said 
 Eichard hath dymyssed graunted and to farme letten and by these 
 presents dymysseth graunteth and to farme lett etc (1) to the said 
 AValter and John his capital messuage of his Barton of Powreshayes 
 and all his houses buyldyngs landes medowes and pastures to the 
 
 7 Descrip. of Exeter (1765), 41, 2. ^ Dev. Assoc, xv. 172-5. 
 
 * »S'. P. Bom. Mary, iii. ' - Notes and Gleanings, i. 138. 
 
 9 Inf. of the late Mr. R. Djmond. '^ Ath. Ox. ii., ed. Bliss, II. 235. 
 
RALEGHANA. 5 
 
 same Barton belonging and appteynyng tother with the comen of 
 pasture from the premysses unto the Townes of Woodbury and 
 Lympston and w*^^ the pasture of the Wood called Haywoode 
 kepyng preserving and fensyng well and sufhciintlie the same 
 Woode and the Spryng thereof from tyme to tyme from distrucon 
 and bityng of beaste after the fellyng of eny woode there by the 
 said Eicharde Duke his heires or assignes all which premesses the 
 said Walter now holdes in farme Except and alwey reserved to 
 the said Eicharde Duke his heires and assignes the meadows called 
 Haymede otherwise called Clape mede and Lytell mede And also 
 except and alwey reserved to the said Eicharde Duke his heires 
 and assignes free libertie power and authoritie from tyme to tyme 
 to do and take their pleasure to hawke hunte fishe and fowle in 
 and upon all the premysses conveyd reserved to the said Walter 
 Ealegh and John Ealegh To have and To hold all and singular the 
 premesses w*^ th' apptence (except before excepted) to the said 
 ^Valter Ealegh and John Ealegh from the feast of Saynt Mychaell 
 th' Archangell last past before the date hereof unto thence and 
 terme of Fourescore yeares then next folowyng fully to be complete 
 and ended if the said Walter Ealegh and John Ealegh or either of 
 them so long do lyve Yelding therefor yerely to the said Eicharde 
 Duke his heires and assignes Twelve pounds of lawfull money of 
 Englande at the Feaste of the Birth of o'^ Lorde God the annun- 
 cyaion [sic] of o'^ Ladye the Yirgyne the natyvyte of Saynt John 
 Baptiste and Saynt Michaell th' Archangell by even portions to be 
 paid during the said terme And the said Walter and John to paye 
 or cause to be paid yerely for and in the name and behalf of the 
 said Eicharde his heirs and assignes for respyte of sute of Court to 
 the ffee of the Barony of Okhampton Fiftene pence yerely And to 
 the heires of the Lorde . . . p] sometyme Lorde of the Mano^ of 
 Woodbury for rent of pcell of the said comen of pasture Foure 
 pence or a pounde of . . . p] yerely And also to do the office of 
 the [Tyt] hyngman of the Tythyng of Powes hayes and sute to the 
 Court of the Hundred of Est Bud[leig]h And also to repair 
 susteyne and mayneteyne well and sufficientlie the said Capitall 
 mesuage and all . . . premysses so well , . . and dyches as often 
 as nede shall require during the said terme at the coste and charge 
 of the said Walter and John and shall leve the same sufficientlie 
 repaired at the end of the said terme And it is agreed between 
 the said pties that the said Walter Ealegh and John Ealegh 
 shall once yerely competent and sufficient hedgbote firebote and 
 ploughbote in and upon the lands of the said Barton as of the 
 underwoods in the said Woode called Haywood and to be spent 
 and be occupied in and upon the premysses during the said terme 
 w^i^out delyverye and that the said Walter and John shall have 
 sufficient housbote to be taken as well upon the landes of the said 
 Barton as in the said woode for the necessary repacons of the same 
 as often as nede shall require duryng the said terme And if it 
 
 B 2 
 
6 RALEGHAXA. 
 
 happen the said yerely rent of Twelve pounds to be behynde or 
 unpaid in pte or in the hole by the space of Syxe wekes after any 
 of the said Feasts at which it ought to be paide, if in the mene- 
 tyme it be demanded and no sufficient distresse may be founde upon 
 the premysses or if the said Walter Ralegh and John Ralegh do dye 
 w^Mn the said terme that then it shalbe lawfull to the said Richarde 
 Duke his heires and assignes in to all and singuler the premesses to 
 reenter and the same to repossede and have ageyne as in their first 
 estate This Indenture or eny thyng herein conteyned to the 
 contrary not w*^ standyng Provided alwey and it is agreed 
 betwene the said pties that it shalbe lawfull to the said Richard 
 Duke his heires and assignes from tyme to tyme to take fell and 
 carry away or cause to be taken felled and caried away at their will 
 and pleasure the Trees and Woode in the said Woode called 
 Hay wood e w^^out let or interrupcon of the said Walter and John 
 or of any other psoue or psunes by their means assent or procure- 
 ment this Indenture or any thyng therin conteyned to the contrary 
 notwithstanding. 
 
 " In witness whereof the said pties to these present Indentures 
 interchaungeably have putte their scales the day and yere first above 
 wrytten. "Duke 
 
 There are a few points in this document worthy of notice. 
 It was drawn up in the year 1551, when, probably, Carew 
 Ralegh was a year old, and the future Sir Walter had not 
 been born. John was the second son by the first marriage, 
 and while both he and his father are mentioned several times 
 in it, the name is invariably "Ralegh." Although it had 
 been some time in the hands of the Duke family, and was 
 subsequently known as Dukeshayes, at the date of the deed 
 it was termed " Powreshayes." The holding must have been 
 very extensive with respect to the common land, which is 
 noted to extend to " the Townes of Woodbury and Lymps- 
 ton." " Haywood," the one facing the present farmhouse to 
 the south, had probably been a wood for centuries previously. 
 The " Spryng " was the young underwood, and the term is 
 still employed in the North and in East Angiia, but it is 
 absent from West-country glossaries. The field-names of 
 " Haymede," or " Clape mede," and " Lytell mede," are un- 
 able to be identified. The "Clape mede" was, perhaps, one of 
 the enclosures intersected by a brook not far from the house, 
 and united by a clapper bridge — a plank thrown across. 
 
RALEGHANA. 7 
 
 The various allowances formed very important items in 
 the economy of the farm and buildings ; " hedgbote," thorns 
 and frith for the repair of hedges; "firebote," tiring for the 
 tenant ; " ploughbote," wood for repairs of ploughs, carts, and 
 agricultural implements generally;"* and " housbote," timber 
 for repairs of tenement. All materials yielded by the estate. 
 
 The lease was held on the two lives of the father and son, 
 no provision being made, such as was customary at a later 
 period, for a third life to be entered, to replace one of the 
 others who had died. It was for eighty years, and hence 
 would have expired in 1631 ; but probably it was surrendered 
 soon after the death of Walter Ealegh, in 1581. 
 
 Several reasons have already been given why Walter 
 moved from Fardel to Hayes in his early life — retrenchment, 
 interest in shipping matters, and the vicinity of his first 
 wife's residence.^ But the fact of his family possessing the 
 manors of Withy combe Ealeigh, on the S.W., and Colaton 
 Ealeigh, on the N.E. of Hayes, the latter being situated 
 about midway between them, may have acted as another 
 powerful cause. 
 
 Before quitting the subject of Hayes, advantage may be 
 taken to draw attention to two passages in the original letter 
 of Sir Walter Ealegh, first printed in its entirety in Dev. 
 Assoc, xxi. 319, and there shown in italics, which serve to 
 point out the portions omitted from all the copies previously 
 printed. Eemarkably enough, these omissions contain the 
 only allusions to the assistance rendered by "M^ Sprinte," 
 in the attempt made by Sir Walter to purchase the property. 
 Who that gentleman was, enquiries at the time the paper was 
 written (1889) failed to discover; since then, through the kind 
 aid of the Eev. E. E. H. Duke, vicar of Monk Fryston, Lumby, 
 Yorkshire, he has been identified, and much light has been 
 thrown on the subject-matter of Sir Walter's letter. 
 
 Eichard Duke, the possessor, inter alia, of the Otterton 
 estate and of Poerhayes, died in 1572, leaving a daughter, 
 Christiana, who had married, as her first husband, George 
 Brooke, second son of Lord Cobham ; and in the Eegister of 
 Baptisms of Otterton he is thus noticed : 
 
 " 1565. 20 Octob. Petrus fil. Georgii Cobham ats Brooke armig." 
 
 ■* G. PuLMAN, in the glossary to his Rustic Sketches (1871), 126, has 
 the following note: "Plough. In addition to the well-known agricultural 
 implement, the farm waggon and horses are often included under the general 
 term of plough. ' Farmer Smith got a cappical plough ' — meaning that his 
 waggons and teams are excellent." 
 
 ^ Dcv. Assoc. XV. 165, 6. 
 
8 RALEGHAXA. 
 
 Her second husband was George Sprent, or Sprint, and 
 according to Hutchins,^ the manor of Stalbridge, *' late parcel 
 of Sherborne abbey," was in 15 Eliz. ( = 1572, 3), held by 
 " George Sprent, in right of his wife Christian, daughter and 
 heir of Eichard Duke." 
 
 He is again recorded in the proceedings of the Court of 
 Chancery^ in 1572, the plaintiff being "Gilbert Drake gent," 
 and the defendants " Gregory Sprinte and Christiana his wife 
 and Rich. Duke." The premisses were " Lease granted (by 
 Margery Trowe late Prioress and the convent of the dis- 
 solved Monastry of Polslove) of the Ptectory of Budleigh 
 and Millacombe [Withy combe] Ptaleigh and the messauges 
 advousons and churches." " George " and " Gregory " 
 Sprinte were evidently the same person.^ 
 
 These particulars point out the relationship of G. Sprinte 
 to the Duke family, and it was most probably owing to his 
 marriage that he became possessed of the moiety of Otterton. 
 Particulars of his property at " Colliton " — presumably 
 Colaton Raleigh— are unknown. In his letter, Sir Walter 
 shows that if he failed to purchase the Hayes property direct 
 from Mr. Duke, he made the alternative proposition, that 
 Mr. Sprinte (with whom he had previous dealings) was 
 willing to exchange his moiety of Otterton with Mr. Duke 
 for Hayes, in which case it is assumed he would sell the 
 latter to Sir Walter. The Rev. R. E. H. Duke is of opinion 
 that R. Duke could not part with Hayes, having entailed it 
 and the Otterton property on his nephew. 
 
 It only remains to record that Sir Walter's letter has 
 found a fitting resting-place in the Albert Memorial 
 Museum, to which it was generously presented by its 
 possessor, Mr. W. F. Glubb, of Great Torrington. 
 
 2. WALTER RALEGH'S THREE WIVES. 
 
 I. Joan Drake. — The year in which Walter Ralegh 
 married his first wife, Joan Drake, is unknown. No facts 
 in her history have descended to us ; and, although her 
 tomb is yet preserved in its original site, in the centre of 
 the nave of the Church of East Budleigh, the date of her 
 death is no longer decipherable on it. There are, however, 
 two points relating to her which deserve present mention. 
 
 6 Dorset (1868), iii. 675. 
 
 ^ S.P., Chancery Proceedings, Series ii. bundle 55, No. 22. 
 ^ In Vivian's VisitationSy George Brooke is noted as the second husband 
 of Christian Duke, instead of the first. 
 
RALEGHANA. y 
 
 1. In the Ealegh pedigree, in Vivian's Visitations of Devon, 
 her name is entered as "Alice," and in a footnote, " The Harl. 
 MS. has Joane, which is an error" (639). In the Drake 
 pedigree, it also appears as "Alice" (293). Kevertheless, 
 the evidence of her name being Joan is too strong to be 
 overturned ; it is so given in the Visitation of 1564,^ and also 
 in the Records of the College of Arms, by George Harrison, 
 Windsor Herald.^ Colonel Vivian appears to have been 
 misled by the name " Alice," in the Drake pedigree, being 
 signed by a member of the family,- and this he accepted as 
 testifying to its correctness ; but both relatives and heralds 
 sometimes made terrible mistakes in genealogies. We have, 
 however, positive testimony in the inscription on her tomb, 
 recording her name as "Johanne Ealeyh." He commits 
 another mistake by terming her the second wife of Walter 
 Ealegh ; corrected in a later page (293, 639). 
 
 2. Attention has already been directed to the inscription 
 on the edge of her tombstone being reversed, and having to 
 be read from right to left^— a peculiarity of which no other 
 example has yet been noted. 
 
 Eeasons have been already adduced for believing that she 
 died about, or probably prior to, the period of the Eeforma- 
 tion f and that the inscription on her memorial stone, com- 
 mencing, "Orate pro anima," was designedly reversed, to 
 serve some special object, although we may perhaps be 
 unable to solve the actual reason. It is certain that Ealegh 
 had become an early follower of the Eeformed doctrine — how 
 early, we know not, but most probably some time before his 
 wife's death, as otherwise he would scarcely have authorized 
 the reversal of the inscription to be made.^ As she evidently 
 died in the Eoman Catholic communion, be, while desirous 
 of paying every respect to her memory, whether by or with- 
 out her expressed wish, probably directed the evidence of her 
 faith to be incised on her tomb, but in reversed characters, so 
 that at the period when altered forms of worship were being 
 rapidly made, the inscription would be less obtrusive by the 
 greater difficulty experienced in reading it. Whether this 
 
 y Ed. Colby, 180, from Harl. MS. 1,080 
 
 1 PriDted in Howakd's Misc. Gen. et Her. ii. 155. 
 
 2 Vis. of Devon, 1620, Harl. Soc. 94. _ 
 
 2 Dev. Assoc, xv. 170, and accompanying illustration. 
 
 '^ Hid. XV. 171. 
 
 5 Assuming that she died about 1534, the entire absence on the carved 
 bench-ends in East Budleigh Church, dated three years later (1537), of any mark 
 or symbol of a religious character, serves to indicate that he had ceased to be 
 of his wife's faith, as he must have had much to do with the designs they 
 bear. 
 
10 KALEGHAXA. 
 
 surmise be correct or not, it is certain that its peculiarity has 
 assisted in preventing its subsequent mutilation. 
 
 II. Darrell. — Walter Ralegh's second wife is thus 
 
 noted by Westcote : " Secondly he married a daughter of 
 Darrell of London " (536). This is confirmed by the Visita- 
 tion of 1564, where, however, the name appears as " Dorrell."'^ 
 She is, however, not mentioned by Pole, nor in the Holland 
 and Harrison pedigrees. 
 
 Edwards (i. facing 8) gives a facsimile of a Ralegh pedi- 
 gree, made by H. St. George, Richmond Herald,'^ where her 
 name is entered as " Darrell."^ Notwithstanding this, 
 Edwards was of opinion that Walter Ralegh's second wife 
 was a daughter of Jamekyn de Pant, a merchant of Genoa ; 
 but this was an error, and how it originated has already been 
 pointed out.^ 
 
 III. Katherine Champernown. — The third wife of Walter 
 Ralegh was Katherine Champernown, to whom the only 
 reference under the present heading is, from a religious point 
 of view, of some importance. In his Memoir of " Ralegh," 
 Mr. Edm. Gosse affirms that " his mother seems to have 
 remained a Catholic" (2), and bases it upon the following 
 statement, contained in the Acts and Monuments of John 
 Eox,^ under the heading, " The trouble and martyrdome of a 
 godly poore woman which suffered at Exeter," with a wood- 
 cut of " the patient martyrdome of a poore woman at Exeter, 
 being one Prest's wife." 
 
 1557. "There resorted to her a certaine worthy Gentlewoman, 
 the wife of one Walter Rauley, a woman of noble wit, and of a 
 good and godly opinion : who comming to the person, and talking 
 with her, she said her Creed to the Gentlewoman, and when she 
 came to the article, He ascended, there she staid, and bade the 
 Gentlewoman to seeke his blessed body in heaven, not in earth and 
 told her plainly that God dwelleth not in temples made with 
 hands, and that sacrament to be nothing else but in remembrance 
 of his blessed passion, and yet (said she) as they now use it, it is 
 but an Idoll, and far wide from any remembrance of Christ's body; 
 which, said she, will not long continue, and so take it good 
 Mistresse. So that as soon as she came home to her husband, she 
 
 » Ed. Colby, 180. 
 
 7 From Harl. MS. 1,080, ff. 3,606, 361. H. St. George was Richmond 
 Herald in 1615. 
 
 ^ The name is Darrell in the MS., but in the facsimile, in Edwards' work, 
 it looks like " Parrett," or " Parrell," owing to the figure 2 being in close 
 contact with the initial letter. 
 
 9 Bev. Assoc, xv. 172. ^ Ed. of 1641, iii. 588 et seq. 
 
KALEGHANA. 11 
 
 declared to him, that in her life she had never heard a woman (of 
 such simplicity to see to) talke so godly, so perfectly, so sincerely, 
 and so earnestly ; insomuch, that if God were not with her, she 
 could not speak such things, to the which I am not able to answer 
 her, said she, who can reade, and she cannot." 
 
 Mr. Gosse adds, "This anecdote would not have been 
 preserved if the incident had not heralded the final secession 
 of Ealeigh's parents from the creed of Philip II." (3.) This 
 took place in 1557, but according to Mr. Gosse's own state- 
 ment, Walter Ealegh " was a Protestant when young Walter 
 was born," in 1552 (2), and in fact must have been one some 
 years before, as has already been pointed out. 
 
 That Katherine Ealegh was a Catholic can scarcely be 
 deduced from the dialogue quoted from Fox's work, and 
 which appears to have been of the same character that would 
 probably take place at the present day, between a moderate 
 churchwoman and one holding advanced evangelical opinions. 
 We can readily believe that her "hatred of bigotry and of 
 the Spaniard " equalled that of her second husband, and that 
 she was a staunch Protestant before she married him. Not 
 only were her own children, by both marriages, of the same 
 persuasion, but there are indications that her own family, the 
 Champernowns, had been followers of the Eeformed faith for 
 some years ; e.g. an endeavour had been made by Bishop 
 Gardiner, in 1546, to prosecute Queen Catherine Parr and 
 some of the ladies of her Court, of whom Katherine Ealegh's 
 sister. Lady Denny, was one, for sympathizing with, and 
 rendering assistance to, Anne Askew, then under trial for 
 heresy, and who was subsequently burnt on July 16 of the 
 same year. She is reported to have been examined concern- 
 ing them before she was racked, and in her reply to the 
 question, whether there were not "divers Ladies that had 
 sent " her money, she answered, " That there was a man in 
 a blew coat which delivered me ten shillings, and said that 
 my Lady of Hertford sent it me ; and another in a violet 
 coat gave me eight shillings, and said my Lady Denny sent 
 it me, whether it were true or no I cannot tell. For I am 
 not sure who sent it me, but as the maid did say." ^ The 
 attempt to implicate Lady Denny failed, and was not renewed, 
 probably owing to the death of the King soon afterwards (on 
 January 28th, 1547;. 
 
 There are some side issues connected with the foregoins 
 remarks relating to Katherine Ealegh, which must not be 
 
 2 Fox, Ed. of 1641, ill. 578 ; cf. Strype, Ecc. Mem. i. (1816) 620. 
 
12 EALEGHAXA. 
 
 omitted, especially as they relate to Devonshire occurrences. 
 They refer, in a great measure, to Agnes Prest, over whose 
 persecution and martyrdom Dr. Oliver throws a halo of 
 doubt. " The bishop's register," he notes, " is perfectly silent 
 on the lamentable persecution of Agnes Prest for religious 
 opinions. If she suffered death for them in August, 1558 — 
 another account says loth November, 1557 — it must have 
 been when Bishop Turberville was absent. * Indeed,' says 
 Fuller, * her death was procured more by the violence of 
 Blaxton, the chancellor, than by any persecution of the 
 bishop.'"^ Hoker, the City of Exeter Chamberlain, was 
 between 31 and 32 years of age at the time Agnes Prest was 
 burnt, and is not likely to have invented a statement as to 
 this occurrence. He specially mentions that " for Eeligion 
 and Heresy," she ''was burned in Southinghay for the same." 
 He further quotes the commencement of the Indictment (in 
 Latin), taken at Launceston " before William Stanford, then 
 Justice of the Assize."^ This is corroborated by the historians 
 of Launceston and Dunheved, R. and 0. Peters (1885), in the 
 following quotation from their work : 
 
 " In the 4th week of Lent 2 & 3 Philip and Mary, 1555, Agnes 
 Prest, of Northcott Hamlet, Boyton, was indicted at Launceston 
 for denying the Real Presence in the Sacrament of the Altar, and 
 for saying that no Christian doth eat the Body of Christ carnally 
 but spiritually. A true bill was found against her, and the petty 
 jury also found her guilty. She was then sent to the Bishop of 
 Exeter for further examination. She persisted in her former 
 opinion, and was condemned as a heretic. Finally she was 
 delivered to the Sheriff of Devonshire, and was executed at 
 Southernhay, outside the walls of Exeter, in November, 1558. 
 Daring her long imprisonment all attempts to induce her to recant 
 must have failed. She is supposed to have been the only martyr 
 for the Protestant rehgion, in the diocese of Exeter, during jMary's 
 reign. "^ 
 
 In our local history, the subject is of some importance. 
 Dr. Oliver alleges "that but one person in this extensive 
 diocese, Agnes Prest, is even alleged to have been the victim 
 
 3 JSps. of Exeter, 136, 7. Dr. Oliver's quotation is not altoojether accurate. 
 In his account of Agnes Prest, Fuller remarks, " She was presented to James 
 Troublefield, Bishop of Exeter, and by him condemned for denyin"; the 
 Sacrament of the Altar. . . . She was the onely person in whose persecution 
 Bishop Troublefield did appear ; and it is justly conceived that Black-stone, 
 his Chanceliour, was more active than the Bishop in procuring her death." 
 (Worthies of Englaiui (1662), pt. i. 250.) 
 
 •* Bps. of Exccster (1765), 142. 
 
 ■^ 200. Cf. Izacke's Memorials (1677), 128 ; and Penaluna's Hist. Survey 
 of Cornwall {im^), i. 77. 
 
RALEGHANA. 13 
 
 of this barbarous law."^ He had, however, overlooked 
 another exanaple, that of Thomas Bennet, who was "con- 
 demned of Heresy," and burnt at Livery Dole, Heavitree, in 
 January, 1531, as recorded by Hoker, and cited by the Doctor J 
 It is true, he doubts the occurrence — his words are, " We 
 have suspicion of the fact" — partly because he hesitates to 
 accept the testimony of Hoker, and partly for the reason that 
 it is not alluded to in the Bishop's Act Book. The fact of 
 Thomas Benet having been burnt at Livery Dole on January 
 10, 1531, is recorded in a Psalterium vetus cum Kalendario, a 
 MS. of the thirteenth century, preserved in the Chapter 
 Library, Exeter (No. 3508 in the' Catalogue), in a marginal 
 note made in the sixteenth century; but whatever else 
 may have been the cause of the omission, it was not 
 customary for the Bishops to record executions for heresy, 
 after the subjects had been delivered over to the secular 
 power.^ Hoker's authority is, however, not so easily got rid 
 of. "Hoker at the time must have been but an infant," 
 states the Doctor, but as he was born in 1526, he was seven 
 years old, and such a scene would make a powerful and 
 lasting impression on himself, his relatives, and friends ; its 
 very object being to strike terror, " by which," wrote Queen 
 Mary, in a letter to her Council, shortly after her marriage 
 with Philip XL, " they shall both understand the truth, and 
 beware not to do the like."' 
 
 3. WALTER RALEGH'S CHILDREN. 
 
 Walter Ealegh had issue by each of his three wives ; but 
 in the Visitation of 1564 (ed. Colby, 180), all the children 
 are erroneously assigned to the second and third wives. Of 
 these, two were by the first wife, one by the second, and 
 three by the third. It is believed that all six were born at 
 Hayes ; but there is no evidence of this or of their respective 
 
 6 Hist, of Exder (1861), 104. ^ ^lys. of Exeter, 122. 
 
 ^ In the case of Agnes Prest, the Doctor remarks " I look in vain for any 
 mention of such an occurrence in the Register of Bishop Turbeville, or the 
 Act Books of our Common Council." {Hist. Exder, 104.) The present 
 Town Clerk of Exeter, G. R. Shorto, Esq., informs the writer that the 
 Chamber Act Books contain matters confined strictly to the Corporation 
 itself, and do not record executions, with which the Corporation had nothing 
 to do. 
 
 ^ Lingard's Hist, of England, v. (1823), 82. This letter is believed to have 
 been written prior to the arrival of Cardinal Pole in England on November 
 21, 1554 ; and forms a striking contrast to the statements made by Dr, F. G. 
 Lee, in his Life of Pole (1888), 189-90, e.g. : " She [Mary] entirely dis- 
 claimed every degree of force and violence against those who had been 
 seduced into heresy and schism " (190). 
 
14: liALEGHANA. 
 
 ages in the East Budleigh Registers, which do not commence 
 until the year 1555. (Where the second wife is omitted from 
 the pedigree — as in the Holland one — the name of her child 
 does not appear.) 
 
 I. Children ly Joan Ralegh (first wife). — 1. George. We 
 know little of his personal history. Pole affirms "he 
 dwelled at Furdell (322), and he retained that estate until 
 the time of his death, when it passed to his brother John. 
 Full possession he would probably obtain when his father 
 died in 1580-1. Prior to the latter event, he had evidently 
 left there to reside either in Littleham or in Withycombe 
 Ealeigh. His name is thus recorded in the list of the 
 churchwardens of the former place : 
 
 " George Ralegh es. ) ^^gQ,, 
 John Periman j 
 
 That, like his father, he had some direct interest in ship- 
 ping matters, the two following examples will prove. 
 
 a. "George Rawleyghe gent." appears in a list headed 
 " the names of Sea Captaynes the v^^ of Januarie 1585 [6] " ; 
 remarkable for including all four of Walter Ralegh's sons.^ 
 
 h. Letter from " Sir F. Walsyngham to the Mayor and 
 Aldermen [of Exeter] From the Court at Somerset House, 
 26 Nov. 1588 : 
 
 ' I am given to understand that at suche tyme as ther was geven 
 ' this last sommer for the settinge forthe of certain shippes out of 
 ' your Citie yet apperethe that emongst others you tooke a man of 
 'warre, beinge a shippe appertayning unto Mr. George Rawley, 
 ' making agreement w*^ him for the furnishing and setting of her 
 'fourthe for her Ma*'*^^ service, but now you refuse to make him 
 ' satisfaction for the same.' Prays them to pay him without more 
 delay. ' I have saved him from acquaynting their Lordships w*^ 
 ' your slackness herein uppon the perswasion I have that this my 
 'own letter shall sufficiently e prevaile Yi^^ you.'"^ 
 
 He probably lived in Withycombe Raleigh (the estate 
 belonged to his step-brother. Sir Carew Ralegh) during the 
 last years of his life, commencing some time before the 
 transaction related in the following paragraph, and which, 
 there can be little doubt, refers to him : 
 
 "1591. Nov. 18. Decree in Chancery in favour of William 
 Vynton against G-eorge Rawley, for a lease of two mills, proved to 
 be put in writing contrary to the will of the testator \_Docquet\.^^'^ 
 
 ^ S. P. Dom., Elizabeth, vol. clxxxvi. In the Calendar, the family of 
 Drake is alone mentioned. 
 
 2 " Exeter City Muniments," in Notes ami Gleanings, ii. 106. 
 
 3 Cal. S. P. Dom., Elizabeth, ccxl. QQ. 
 
RALEGHANA. 
 
 15 
 
 (Several members of the Vynton family are recorded in 
 the Kegisters of Withycombe of that period). 
 
 He died there in 1597, the following being a transcript of 
 the entry in the Burial Register : 
 
 1597. "George Rauligh Esquier dyed the xxij*^^ of ffebruarye 
 but was buryed the xij*^ of Marche 1596." [o.s.] 
 
 He was interred in the parish church (St. John's in the 
 Wilderness), as thus recorded by Dean Milles:^ 
 
 "At the North east corner of y^ North isle on a flat stone is 
 this inscription to George, the eldest son of Walter Ealeigb, and 
 eldest Brother, by a first wife, to y« famous S'" Walter : 
 
 * Here lyeth the body of George Raleigh of Fardhill Esquier 
 'who departed this life the xw^'^ day of Februarie, and in the yere 
 *of oure Lorde One thousand, five Hundred ninety and seven.' "^ 
 
 It is singular that the interment did not take place until 
 nearly three weeks after death. The site of the grave is 
 easily identified, but no tombstone remains, having most 
 probably been removed when the church was dismantled 
 many years ago. At that time the north aisle was shortened 
 to its presentliimensions, and George Ralegh's grave, formerly 
 within, became, by this alteration, outside the church building. 
 Much uncertainty exists as to whether he married, and 
 if so, the name of his wife ; or whether he did not marry, 
 and had illegitimate issue. Some authors, like Oldys, 
 do not refer to the matter at all. According to Westcote 
 (536, 566) he married— first, " Katharine, daughter of Thomas 
 Gilbert, of Compton, esq ," and "Isabel, daughter and heir 
 of John Reynward of Cornwall"; and second, "Dorothy, 
 daughter of Sneddal, of Exeter, esq." 
 
 Now the Visitation of Devon of 1564 asserts George 
 Ralegh's wife to have been Katharine, daughter of Otho 
 Gilbert, and Katherine Champernown, who became subse- 
 quently the third wife of Walter Ralegh.^ If this were 
 correct, George married his step-sister— an improbability. 
 
 Westcote is the only author who af&rms he was twice 
 
 4 Dean Milles formed a large collection of MSS. relating to Devonshire, 
 now preserved in the Bodleian Library. The quotation is from MS. To}}. 
 of Drvon c. 12. He was precentor of Exeter Cathedral m 1747, and Dean 
 in 1762, to the time of his death in 1784, and it was within these dates that 
 he made his collections. . , -n ^ -u 
 
 5 It is noteworthy that, according to this transcription, George Kalegn 
 died on Feb. 16, whereas in the Burial Register the assigned date is Feb. 22. 
 
 6 Ed. Colby, 112, 180 ; not in the Ralegh pedigree, but in that of the 
 Gilbert family. 
 
16 RALEGH AN A. 
 
 married ; but the name of the second wife alone appears in 
 the Holland pedigree : 
 
 " Georgius Ealegh primo genitus = filia JoEis Snedall."'' 
 
 Pole, on the contrary, affirms he " died without lawful issue," 
 and this seems to be corroborated by the circumstance of his 
 brother John being successor to the Fardel estate (322). In 
 the Gilbert pedigree, Vivian, in his Visitations, affirms he 
 married Katherine Gilbert, but subsequently, in his table of 
 the Kalegh family, he corrected this, and against his name 
 simply added, "died, leaving illegitimate issue" (406, 639). 
 
 la. His son George (No. 2) is thus entered in the Eegister 
 of " Christenings," Withycombe Kaleigh : 
 
 '* 1567. George Rauleigh the xxi*^ daye of December." 
 His University career is thus noted in Boase's Reg. Coll. 
 Eo:on. Ox.,^ " George Ealeigh or Eawlye, pleb. of Exmouth, 
 M[atriculated] 14 Oct, 1586, age 18, B.A. 9 July 1590, at 
 Inner Temple, 1595." He married in 1597, as shown by an 
 entry in the Act Book of Bishop Babington, recording, on 
 April 15th of that year, a licence of marriage being granted 
 bet\veen " Georgio Eawley ats Blake de Withiecombe Kawley 
 gerf et Mar^^ Drake de ead.'^" 
 
 (Is not this an evidence of his illegitimacy ? Blake being 
 probably his mother's name. How else could he assume it ?) 
 Westcote affirms she was the "daughter of Thomas Drake, 
 of Harpford " (536). The ceremony took place in the month 
 after his father's funeral. His children are thus recorded in the 
 baptismal ("Christenings") register of Withycombe Ealeigh: 
 
 1600. "George the sonne of m^ George Eauleigh the xi*^ daye 
 of December 1600." 
 
 1602. "Marye the daughter of m^ Gorge Ealeghe the xiij of 
 februarye 1602." 
 
 1604. " John Ealeghe the sonne of m"^ George Ealeghe was the 
 
 vj*^ daye of Maye 1604." 
 
 1605. " Margeret Ealegh the daughter of m^ George Ealeghe the 
 
 xij*i» daye of Septemb. 1605." 
 
 1606. "Jane Ealegh the daughter of m^ George Ealegh the 
 
 xxvjti^ daye of October 1606." 
 1608. "Drake Ealegh the sone of m'' George Ealeghe the v*^^ of 
 maye 1608."^ 
 
 '' It is curious that Mary, Walter's daughter by his second wife, is reported 
 to have married Hugh Snedall, of Exeter. And William Sanderson, who 
 wrote a History of Queen Mary and King James, containing calumnious 
 statements about Sir Walter Ralegh, answered, it is said, by his son Carew, 
 '•'was husband to Ralegh's niece, Margaret Snedall." (Stebbing, 242, 3.) 
 
 ^ Commoners, 1894, 266. 
 
 ^ The Registers had evidently been examined by Westcote and by Dean 
 Milles, each recording the six names. 
 
RALEGH AN A. 17 
 
 Of these children, the Eegisters yield us the following 
 information : 
 
 Mary married John Wermau, January 16th, 1626-7, and 
 had issue. 
 
 Margaret married Thomas Whithorn gen.,i October 7th, 
 1628, and had issue. 
 
 Jane married Henry Collin, January 3rd, 1632-3. 
 
 Drake died January 20th, 1640-1. 
 
 (The surname acted as the first name of a local family : 
 " Eauleigh Toller " is recorded several times in the Eegisters 
 between 1582 and the close of the century.) 
 
 His death is thus entered in the Burial Eegister of the 
 same parish : 
 
 " m' George Ealeghe the xxiij day of October 1616 " 
 
 Pole states that the Withycombe Ealeigh property was, 
 " by S"" Carew Ealegh, sold unto George Ealegh, base Sonne 
 unto George, elder brother unto S*" Carew, whose sonne doth 
 now enjoy it " (155). 
 
 lb. George (No. 3). the son alluded to in the extract from 
 Pole's work just quoted, married the "second daughter to 
 Gideon Haydon of Cadhay in Otlery St. Mary, esq."^ 
 
 His earlier history is thus given in Boase's Beg. Coll. Exon. 
 Ox.^ : " George Ealeigh or Eawleigh, 1 s. George, Esq., of 
 Withecombe Ealeigh, near Exmouth, M[atriculated] 17 Dec. 
 1619 age 19, adm. to Bodleian 30 Aug. 1625, at Inner 
 Temple 1623." 
 
 The Withycombe Ealeigh Eegisters are signed at the 
 bottom of the page of 1640-1 by 
 
 "Georgio P^alegh\p ,. ,.,, „ 
 William Peeke j ^^^'^^'^''' ^^^^• 
 
 2. John. The earliest notice of him we possess has been 
 already recorded in the account of Hayes, of which he was, 
 with his father, the co-lessee, in 1551. He married "Anna 
 daughter of Bartholomew Fortescue of Filley in com. Devon, 
 Esq."* Sir W. E. Drake has, in error, stated she was the 
 wife of George Ealegh,^ and the relict of Gaverick of Ford.^ 
 
 1 Probably a near relation of Captain Richard Whitbourne, of Exmouth, 
 author of A Discourse, etc., of New-Joiind-laml, 1620, vide Dev. Assoc, xxv. 
 90 ; xxvii, 340 et seq. 
 
 2 Westcote, 536. ^ Commoners, 1894, 266. 
 
 ■* Harrison pedigree ; cf. Holland pedigree and Vivian's Visitations (639). 
 ^ Devonshire Notes, 244, 
 
 ^ Westcote, 536, and Oldys, i. 10 ; the latter records the name as 
 *' Gaicrick." 
 
18 RALEGH ANA. 
 
 With his brother George, his name appears in the list of sea- 
 captains on January 6th, 1585-6. We next hear of him in 
 the following entry, transcribed from the Churchwardens' 
 Accounts of Woodbury : 
 
 "1587-8. Rec'^ of John Eawleigh for the litell AUe howsse 
 iiij«." 
 
 Part of the common rented by him was in Woodbury 
 parish. 
 
 On the death of his brother George, in 1596-7, he suc- 
 ceeded to the Fardel estate, which he subsequently sold to 
 his step-brother. Sir Carew Ralegh.^ Although Oldys states 
 that he had issue, both Pole and Westcote affirm the con- 
 trary. No entry referring to him, or to them, can be found 
 in the Registers of Withycombe Raleigh ; but in the account 
 of the Church of that place, in the MS. of Dean Milles, the 
 place of his interment and his epitaph are thus recorded : 
 
 "In the middle of y^ Alley of y® ^orth Isle on a flat grave- 
 stone, on which is carved a cross, is y® following inscription : — 
 
 " ' Of your cheryte pray for y^ soil of Johan Ralyghe (Pater- 
 noster and Ave) who departed y® 15*^^ daye of December 
 mvcxxix.' " ^ 
 
 It is open to doubt whether this memorial refers to the 
 same John Ralegh of whom we have been writing, and this 
 is caused solely by the assigned date upon it being 1629. If 
 Walter's son John was 21 years old when he became co-lessee 
 of Hayes, in 1551, he would be aged about 99 at the time of 
 his recorded death, in 1629. It is, however, possible that he 
 was considerably under age at that time, and we possess a 
 good precedent for this in the lease of the tithes of fish, &c., of 
 Sidmouth, granted in 1560 to "Walter Raleye thelder esquir 
 and Carowe Raleye and Walter Raleye the younger sonnes of 
 the same Walter,"^ when young Walter was only eight years of 
 age, and his brother Carew not more than two years his senior. 
 That he was George's brother is indicated by the circum- 
 stance that he continued to his life's end in the same faith as 
 his mother. 
 
 No incised gravestone is at present discoverable in "y® 
 Alley of y^ North Isle " of the church, but there is an oblong 
 flat stone, apparently of Purbeck marble, answering to the 
 position described by Dean Milles ; but whatever inscription 
 
 7 Pole, 322. 
 
 ^ " 1529 " is crossed through here, and these letters inserted. 
 
 ^ Dev. Assoc, xv. 173. 
 
RALEGHAXA. 19 
 
 it may have borne originally has long since been worn away. 
 (The under surface is rough.)^ 
 
 II. Child hy Ralegh (second wife). — According to the 
 
 Visitation of Devon of 1564,^ there was no issue ('*s.p.") by 
 the second marriage ; but Westcote (536) affirms that there 
 was ; and Oldys^ states that it was " a daughter named Mary, 
 who was married to Hugh Snedale, of Hilling in Cornwall, 
 esq.," and Oldys adds, " and had issue." An enlargement 
 and slight modification of this is given in Vivian's work : — 
 
 "Mary, only da. mar. 13 Oct. 1563, at St Mary Arches to Hugh 
 Snedallof Exeter"^ 
 
 III. Children hy Katherine Ralegh (third wife). — 1. Careui 
 The third son of Walter Ealegh and the eldest child by his 
 third wife; born circ. 1550. In the Harrison pedigree he is 
 named " Gary," and in that of St. George as '' Gharles or 
 Carew." 
 
 The earliest mention we find of him is in the Sidmouth 
 lease of the tithes of fish, &c., in 1560, and again in 1578 ;^ 
 next among those who adventured with Sir H. Gilbert, " in 
 monny or comodities," on December 12, 1582,^ where his 
 name appears as "M^ Carrowe rawley esq." On July 31, 
 1584, a Commission by the Lord High Admiral was issued 
 " to Sir Francis Drake and Carew Eawley, Esquire, for the 
 apprehension of pirates, &c."'^ His name is included in the 
 list of " Sea Captayns," in January, 1585-6, when there was 
 an alarm of invasion.* He is mentioned in a letter of Sir 
 Gilbert and John Gary, dated July 27, 1588, as desiring to 
 have some pieces of ordnance for Portland. Castle.^ A 
 " certificate by Garu Eawligh of the tinners," relative to their 
 exception from contribution, is dated September 30 of the 
 same year.^ He is alluded to in a document of February 18, 
 
 1 The writer begs to acknowledge the attention and courtesy of the Vicar, 
 the Rev. G. P. de Patron, in affording him every assistance in the examina- 
 tion of the sites of the graves of George and John Kalegh, as mentioned by 
 Dean ^lilies ; and also for facilitating his investigation of the parochial 
 records, for references to members of the Ralegh family. 
 
 2 Ed. Colby, 180. 
 
 ^ i. 10, quoting from the Visitation, also of 1564, from a MS. in the 
 Heralds' Otfice, by William Hervy, Esq., Clarencieux — this one is not 
 mentioned in Colby's list, at p. 4 of his work. 
 
 ■* 639. Stated to be taken from the Parish Register of St. Mary Arches, 
 Exeter ; but the Rector informs the writer that no marriages are recorded in 
 the Register of that year. 
 
 ■^ Dcv. Assoc. XV. 173, 4. ^ S.P. Dom., Eliz., vol. clvi. 13. 
 
 ^ Ibid, clxxii. 38. ^ jj^vZ. clxxxvi. 8. 
 
 ^ Ibid, ccxiii. 43. Letter printed at length in Notes and Gleanings, i. 83. 
 
 ^ Ibid, ccxvi. 48. 
 
 VOL. XXVIIL U 
 
20 RALEGH AX A. 
 
 1589. On March (1?), 1591, his name appears with that of 
 Sir Walter, relative to four ships,^ and on 26th of the follow- 
 ing October respecting the sale of a quantity of dried fish 
 taken in a prize.^ He is alluded to in a letter written in 
 1594, relating to victuals to be provided at Weymouth for 
 the Brest expedition.* 
 
 In 1601, just before the departure of Queen Elizabeth from 
 Basing House, where she had been entertained by the 
 Marquess of Winchester, she "made eleven knights, one 
 being M'^ Carew Eawleigh."^ He married " Dorothie da: of 
 gr ^m Wroughton K* the relict of Jo : Thynne of Longleate 
 K*." (St. George pedigree.) To the latter he had been 
 "gentleman of the horse." ^ 
 
 The Fardel property, which came into his possession at the 
 death of his step-brother John, " hee sold unto Walter Hele 
 of Cornwood " ; and that in Withycombe Ealeigh he " sold 
 unto George Ealegh [No. 2], base sonne unto George, elder 
 brother unto S"" Carew." (Pole, 155, 322.) He probably 
 parted with his Devonshire property on the occasion of, and 
 prior to, his retirement into Wiltshire, where he subsequently 
 married, his residence being Downton House, a few miles 
 from Salisbury. He was living in 1623, but the date of his 
 death is unknown. 
 
 Of him Aubrey remarked, " I have heard my grandfather 
 say that S'" Carew had a delicate cleare voice, and played 
 singularly well on the olpharion (w^^ was the instrument in 
 fashion, in those dayes), to which he did sing." He describes 
 the instrument to be " as big as a lute, but flat-bellyed, with 
 wire strings."^ 
 
 According to the Harrison pedigree he had three sons, 
 Gilbert, Walter, and George ; all born in Wiltshire. The 
 second one was the ill-fated Dean Ealeigh, the author of 
 Reliquice Raleghance (a collection of thirteen Sermons and 
 Discourses printed in 1679), who was killed by a soldier, 
 circ. 1645. 
 
 2. Walter Ralegh, afterwards Sir Walter Ealegh. 
 
 3. Margaret. Whether she w^as born before or after Sir 
 Walter is unknown ; is not mentioned by Pole, or in the 
 Harrison pedigree. She appears in the Holland pedigree as 
 " Margareta " and " Margery." According to Westcote she 
 
 2 S. P. Bom., Eliz., ccxxxviii. 63. ^ jn^^ cxlii. 44, 98. 
 
 4 BisL MSS. Com., Hatfield MS., pt. iv. 563. 
 
 ^ Baigent and Millard's ifw^. of Basingstoke, 416. 
 
 ^ Aubrey, Letters, &c., ii. 510, '' Ibid. Letters, &c., ii. 510. 
 
RALEGHANA. 2 1 
 
 was " married, first to [Lawrence] Eadford of Mount-Eadford, 
 esq., clerk of the peace ; secondly to [George] Hull, of Lark- 
 bear near Exeter, esq." (536.) Her marriage to " Lawrence 
 Eadford" is noted in the Visitation of 1564,^ but as he did 
 not die until 1590, the second husband is not alluded to. 
 The name appears as " John Eadford " in Edwards' work ; 
 certainly an error.^ 
 
 4. DEATH AND INTERMENT OF WALTER RALEGH AND 
 HIS WIFE. 
 
 Hitherto nothing has been known of the deaths of Walter 
 Ealegh and his third wife, and little but surmise as to the 
 place of their interment. Eecent researches have, however, 
 thrown light upon both. 
 
 The well-known letter, written by Sir Walter to his wife, 
 in December, 1603, when under sentence of death at Win- 
 chester, contains this paragraph : 
 
 " Begg my dead body, which living was denyed you ; and either 
 lay itt att Sherborne if the land continue, or in Exiter church, by 
 my father and mother."^ 
 
 This has generally been supposed to be intended for Exeter 
 Cathedral : an opinion entertained by Wood,^ and thus 
 emphasized by Edwards:^ "Sir Walter's father and his 
 mother are buried in Exeter Cathedral."'* According to the 
 Eev. Chancellor Harington, the monument usually assigned 
 to them was "erected to the memory of 'Sir John Gilbert 
 and Lady.' "5 
 
 The late Mr. Eobert Dymond, during his examination of 
 the Eegisters of St. Mary Major, Exeter, drew the attention 
 of the writer to the following entries amongst the burials : 
 
 1580-1. "M"" Walter Eawlye gentelman was buriede the xxiij*^ 
 
 of februarye." 
 1583, May 13. " Joane Courtney, serv* to M"- Eawley." 
 
 8 Ed. Colby, 180. » Cf. Vivian, 637, 639. ^ Edwakds, ii. 207. 
 
 2 ii. 243. 3 I 15^ 
 
 * Aubrey dissented from this. Cf. Dev. Assoc, xv. 175. 
 
 ^ N. and Q. 5th S. viii. 515. The only tomb to a member of this 
 family recorded in the Monuvientarium of the Cathedral, by the Rev. J. W. 
 Hewett, is that of Richard Gilbert, D.D., who died in 1524 {E.D.A.S. iii. 
 110). There is, in the south choir aisle of the Cathedral, an "effigy of a 
 knight in armour, cross-legged, said to commemorate one of the Chichester 
 family" {Ibid. 108 ; cf. History of the Chichester Family, 17), and attributed 
 to the 14th century. Mr. W. Cotton has shown that it may, with greater 
 probability, be assigned to Sir Henry de Ralegh, who died circa 1301. 
 {Gleanings from Cath., dec, Records, 1877, 5-10.) 
 
 c 2 
 
22 EALEGHAXA. 
 
 No record of the interment of Katherine Ealegh could be 
 found. 
 
 In the course of last year (1895), a copy of her will was 
 discovered in the Probate Eegistry Office, in Exeter,*^ and a 
 transcript is now given in extenso, for wdiich the writer is 
 indebted to the late Mr. Winslow Jones. 
 
 "Probate Eegistry at Exeter. 
 "Consistory Court of the Bishop of Exeter, Book 4, fol. 430^^ 
 
 " Exceter Testm Katherina Eawley gen 
 
 Deare sonnes by my Last Will and Testament I most earnestlie 
 entreate you that after my death you will see such debts to be satis- 
 fied as shalbe demaunded after my departure and that you will see 
 my servants satisfied and to have there due in such thinges as I 
 have bestowed vpon them to the vttermost farthinge to the end I 
 may ende my dayes towards god w*^ a pure harte and fayth full 
 concience and so I bidd you all farewell The xviij*^*^ day of Aprill 
 1594. 
 
 "Imprimis due to John Ynckle a Butcher viij^\ Itm due to 
 Henrie EUett the Apothicarie iij^^ xv^ Itm due to M' Bodley the 
 Marchante xvij^ vj^ Itm due to M' Christofer Spicer to the brode 
 gate for liveries iiij^^ vj^ vj^ Itm due to Marie Weare xx^ Itm due 
 to Emline Baker the greate salte in parte of payment for xP Itm I 
 giue to Mris Katherine Hooker the bedd wherein I lie performed 
 my saddle and saddle Clothe pfourmed the little salte and two 
 spones one payer of hollande sheets the little horde w'^^ the greene 
 Carpett Itm I give to Marie Weare all the apparell that I weare 
 besides a writiuge that she hathe to showe Itm to Joane Jellicott I 
 give xx^ Itm I give to Johane Wise x^ Itm I give to Jaces Waye 
 xx^ Itm I give to mother Cosens x^ Arthure Gilbert Nicholas 
 Bolte and Eichard Jarman Wittnisses 
 
 "Administratio bonorum suprascripte Katherina Eawley generose 
 " Commissa fuit per magistrum doctorem Sutcliffe xj° maii 1594 
 " Domino Johanni Gilberte militi eius filio 
 
 "Exhibitumest ) ixiiU xin« iiiid " 
 Inventorium ad j "^ J J 
 
 '''"Civitas Ex on. Administratio bonorum Katherine Eaweleighe 
 xj*' Maii Anno Domini 1594. Venerabilis vir M' Doctor Sutcliffe 
 commisit administrationeni bonorum Katherine Eaweleighe generose 
 nuper parochie sancte Marie maioris Civitas Exonie filio suo 
 Domino Johanni Gilberte militi. Et habet ad exhibendum 
 Inventorium citra festum sancti Johannis Baptiste proximum." 
 
 ^ Book 4, fol. 430&-446J. It is unnoticed in C. Worthy's recently published 
 work on Devonshire Wills. "^ fol. 4466. 
 
RALEGHANA. 23 
 
 This will — apart from the interesting particulars as to the 
 gifts recorded in it — is of great importance to us, in showing 
 that Katherine Ralegh was resident in the parish of St. Mary 
 Major, and that Walter llalegh, who was interred in the 
 church belonging to it, we have no reason to doubt, must 
 have been her husband. Her widowhood of thirteen years is 
 quite sufficient to explain the absence of her name from the 
 Burial Register, inasmuch as she died in 1594, and the 
 Register, from 1591, is wanting for many consecutive years. 
 Their residence in this parish is corroborated by Izacke. 
 In his Memorials of Exeter (1681) he relates, under the year 
 1618, an account of the trial and death of Sir W. Ralegh, 
 and concludes his notice thus : 
 
 " Some say that he was born at Budley in Devon, others, that he 
 was a Native hereof, and born in the house adjoyning to the Palace- 
 gate, on either account as our Countrey-man, I held it unfit to pass 
 him by altogether in silence" (147). 
 
 The comment of Oldys upon this statement of Izacke, 
 that it " has no authority, and perhaps had not so much as 
 rumour to countenance it,"^ is correct enough with respect to 
 its not having been the place where Sir Walter was born, and to 
 this alone. Izacke's testimony of the Raleghs having resided in 
 a house " adjoyning to the Palace-gate," is confirmed by the 
 passage in the will, recording that Katherine Ralegh was 
 •' nuper parochie sancte Marie maioris," the street known as 
 Palace-gate separating that parish from the precincts of the 
 Cathedral. We must bear in mmd that Richard Izacke 
 (1624-1698) was born within six years of Sir Walter's 
 execution, and within living memory of those who could 
 testify to the Exeter residence of the Ralegh family. 
 
 In what year Walter Ralegh and his wife left Hayes, for 
 Exeter, w^e are unaware ; but, in all probability, several had 
 elapsed prior to his death, in 1581, when, according to the 
 data already given,^ he must have been about 85 years old ; 
 and, as his widow survived him for 13 years, she was probably 
 much younger than he was at the time of their marriage. 
 
 The selection of a residence in the parish of St. Mary 
 Major may have been influenced by the number of Katherine 
 Ralegh's kinspeople — the Gilberts — dwelling there, judging 
 from the number of that family recorded in the Registers. 
 
 Doubtless some memorial in stone, to the memory of Sir 
 Walter's parents, was erected in the old Parish Church, but 
 all traces thereof have vanished. 
 
 8 i. 12. ^ Dev. Assoc, xv. 165. 
 
24 KALEGHANA. 
 
 At the time of his father's death, in 1581, Sir Walter was 
 serving in Ireland. He was living at Sherborne in 1594, 
 when his mother died. 
 
 5. BIRTH-YEAR OF SIR W. RALEGH. 
 
 In what year ^vas Sir AValter Ealegh born ? is a question 
 that has not been answered by his biographers as satis- 
 factorily as could be wished. The earliest memoirs of him, 
 by Winstanley and Shirley, as well as one of the latest and 
 most important — that by E. Edwards — make no allusion as 
 to the date of his birth, nor to his age at death. Although 
 Oldys does not record Sir Walter's age at the time of his 
 beheadal, he gives two widely different authorities for re- 
 cording the year when he was born. Here is the first : 
 
 " I find the computation has been made, from Camden's account 
 of his age at his death, that he was born in the year 1552."^ 
 
 This is evidently based on a statement in Camden's 
 Annals of King James I.^ that Ealegh " was beheaded in the 
 66*^ year of his age " ; and as this took place in 1618, it 
 points to 1552 as that of his birth. 
 
 The second is thus recorded by Oldys : 
 
 "Herewith corresponds an observation I have found in an 
 astrological author, who, fixing his birth in the sixth year of King 
 Edward YI. . . . calls it ' a year remarkable in our chronicles ; 
 first, for that strange shoal of the largest sea-fishes, which, quit- 
 ting their native waters for fresh and untasted streams, wandered 
 up the Thames so high, till the river no longer retained any 
 brackishness ; and secondly, for that it is thought to have been 
 somewhat stained in our annals with the blood of the noble 
 Seymer, duke of Somerset : events (says he) surprisingly analogous 
 both to the life of this adventurous voyager, sir Walter Ralegh, 
 whose delight was in the hazardous discovery of unfrequented 
 coasts, and also to his unfortunate death.' "^ 
 
 As, however, portents, omens, and coincidences are not at 
 the present day accepted as facts, we may dismiss from 
 further notice any consideration of Oldys' second reference. 
 
 Another age is thus noted by W. Stebbing, Ealegh's latest 
 biographer : 
 
 " If the inscription on the National Portrait Gallery picture, 
 
 1 Life of Sir W. R., in Works (1829), i. 12. 
 
 ^ Vide Kenxett's Eist. of England, ii. (1706) 650. 
 
 3 Quoted by Oldys (12-13) from "Supplement to G. Le Neve's Collection of 
 Nativities, MS. ^^c/ies me, fol. 9." This is not mentioned in the Biblio- 
 graphical Notes appended to the Memoir of W. Oldys, by W. Thorns 
 (1862) ; nor has the MS. been traced to any library, public or private. 
 
RALEGHANA. 25 
 
 1588, 'aetatis suae 34,' and that on Zucchero's in the Dublin 
 Gallery, 'aet. 44, 1598,' be correct, his birth must have been, not 
 in 1552, but about 1554."^ 
 
 The same author describes a contemporary miniature, 
 preserved at Belvoir Castle, as "of especial interest, on 
 account of the age inscribed, sixty-five, and the year, 1618, 
 which imply a belief that he was born later than 1552 " (29). 
 
 Two remarkable epigrams on Ralegh are contained in 
 vol. 103 of State Papers, Domestic, of James I. sub. Oct. 31, 
 1618, one of which assigns to him a much older age. 
 
 " An Epigram of S"" Walter Rawely beheaded at 74 years of his age. 
 
 Who best did calculate the life of man 
 
 Found threscore and ten years made up his span 
 
 If more then to suruiue be, to be dead 
 
 Life lost not Raweley when he lost his head." 
 
 The second, although not relevant to the present subject, 
 may, owing to its being comparatively unknown, find a 
 place here. 
 
 "Another. 
 Hope flattered thee though lawes did life convince 
 Yet thou might'st dy in fauour of thy prince 
 His mercy and thy liberty at last 
 did sealle beleife, and make opinion fast 
 In truth, when time had puld thee out of Gayle 
 And newe hopes, had sette againe newe saille 
 As many of this world as held free will 
 Thought thou wert safe and had'st escapt thy ill 
 But nowe wee see, that thou wert bay'ld by fate 
 To line or dy, as thou couldst serue our state 
 And then wert lost, when it was vnderstood 
 Thou might'st doe harme, but could'st not doe more good." 
 
 Attention was first called by Mr. A. C. Ewald to these 
 pieces, in Gent!s Mag. for 1883 (cclv. 45), and subsequently 
 in Studies Re-studied (1885), 203,4. The foregoing have been 
 transcribed from the original MS. Mr. Ewald affirms that, 
 " shortly before his execution Ealeigh drew up [these] two 
 epigrams " ; but they contain inherent evidence of having 
 been written by some friend, and certainly not by Ealegh 
 himself He never spelt his name " Eawely," or " Eaweley," 
 and could not have asserted he was seventy-four years of 
 age, as that would have placed the year of his birth m 1535, 
 many years prior to the marriage of his mother with Walter 
 Ealegh.^ We may therefore conclude he could not have 
 
 ^ Memoir {l^n), 6. 
 
 5 The paper on which the epigrams are written bears no watermark, and 
 the handwriting, in the opinion of Miss Toulmin Smith, is " not later than 
 the middle of the 17th century." 
 
26 IJALEGHAXA. 
 
 been seventy-four years of age in 1618. That he was born 
 in 155-1 is much more probable. The Baptismal Register of 
 East Budleigh, the parish in which he was born, renders us 
 no assistance, as the earliest entry is dated 1556. 
 
 The first husband of Katherine Champernown, the mother 
 of Sir Walter, was Otho Gilbert, of Compton, who died on 
 Feb. 18, 15-17. Allowing at least a year for her widowhood, 
 we may fairly infer that she married her second husband, 
 Walter Ralegh, some time in 1548. Three children were 
 the issue of this union ; Carew, the eldest, Walter, and a 
 daughter. Whether the latter was the second or third child 
 is unknown ; but assuming that Walter was the youngest, 
 it is not improbable that he was born in 1552. If Wood 
 be correct, that in 1568, or thereabouts, he became a 
 commoner of Oriel College, Oxford,*' he (Ralegh) would in 
 that year be sixteen years old; and many of his con- 
 temporaries went to the University about the same age.'^ 
 This has been generally accepted by biographers as correct. 
 If born in 1554, he might, in 1568, have been considered too 
 young to be sent to College, as he certainly was for foreign 
 military service, which, according to Camden, he entered 
 upon in the year following (1569), as recorded in his Annates 
 (1635), 117: 
 
 "The Queene . . . permitted Henry Champernoun ... to 
 leade into France a Troupe of a hundred voluntary Gentlemen on 
 horse-backe . . . Amongst these . . . were . . . Francis Barkley, 
 and Walter Ralegh a very young man, who now began first to be 
 of any eminent note." 
 
 There is some confusion in the statements made about 
 Ralegh's movements at the University. Wood affirms that 
 " C. Champernowne, his kinsman, studied there at the same 
 time," and that " after he had spent about three years " there, 
 " he left the University without a degree " (ii. 235). Foster, 
 in his Alumni Oxon., accepts 1568 as the date of Ralegh's 
 entrance ; at the same time it appears that his name is 
 entered in the College Books as " W. Rawley," in 1572, in 
 the same year as C. Champernowne.^ At first sight this is 
 irreconcilable with his journey into France in 1569, where 
 he is recorded to have remained three years. (Edwards 
 states six, i. 21.) Stebbing suggests that his name may have 
 been retained in the Oriel list until 1572 (9), and this 
 
 « Ath. Ox., ed. Bliss, ii. 235. 
 
 7 Camden (1551-1623) went to Oxford in 1566 ; Haklnyt (1553-1616) in 
 1570 ; Sir P. Sidney (1554-1586) in 1569. 
 ^ Reg. Univ. Ox., A. Clark, ii. pt. 2, 40, 
 
RALEGHANA. 27 
 
 appears to be corroborated by the fact that the list in which 
 Ealegh's name appears is headed " Lists of Members on the 
 College Books (1563-lo83)."9 
 
 A due consideration of all these circumstances leads to 
 the belief that Camden's statement, from which we infer 
 Ealegh's birth-year to have been 1552, to be correct. 
 
 6. BOYHOOD OF SIR W. RALEGH. 
 
 Of the manner in which he passed his boyhood, or how he 
 was educated, we do not possess any direct evidence ; and a 
 similar statement may be made of many of those prominent 
 individuals who lived during the Elizabethan period. Only 
 one fact connected with the period of his youth is known, 
 viz., that in 1660, when he was eight years of age, and the 
 year prior to his father's election as churchwarden, his 
 signature is appended to a deed below that of his father 
 and brother,^ and the writing is remarkably good. A man 
 with the large amount of brain power he possessed, with so 
 many faculties highly developed, must have had these 
 gradually and well trained in his early youth, and we can 
 have little doubt that much of his intellectual vigour was 
 derived from his mother; partly from heredity, and partly 
 from her tuition. She must have possessed great mental 
 endowments and physical energy; "an especially grand 
 woman indeed," exclaimed Kingsley, "for few can boast of 
 having borne to two different husbands such sons as she 
 bore." 2 
 
 The vicar of the parish may have assisted him in his early 
 studies, and if he went to school at all, it would probably be 
 to the one at Ottery St. Mary, instituted in 1545. Kingsley 
 pictures him as "a daring boy, fishing in the grey trout- 
 brooks, or going up with his father to the Dartmoor hills to 
 hunt the deer with hound and horn," &c. (87.) It is, however, 
 
 ^ Reg. Univ. Ox., ii. pt. 2, 9. Another explanation is possible. May not 
 Ralegh have entered the University in 1572, and not at the earlier date ? 
 Two circumstances are in favour of it. 1. His kinsman, C. Champernowne, 
 is on the College list of the same year, and he took his B.A. degree in 1576. 
 2. Ralegh's movements between 1572 and 1576 are unknown. Although 
 some authors affirm that he was in Paris during the massacre of St. Bartholo- 
 mew's Day, Aug. 24, 1572, Stebbing declares " there is no foundation for the 
 story." (11.) 
 
 ^ Dev. Assoc, xv. 172-4. 
 
 - Works, xvi. (1880) 87. Buckle, the historian, remarked, "I shall here- 
 after, from a vast collection of evidence, prove that the popular opinion is 
 correct, that able men have able mothers." [Life, by A. H. Huth, i. 253.) 
 It is noteworthy that neither Ralegh nor Buckle are included in Mothers of 
 Great Men and Women, by J. A. Holloway. (Xew York, 1884.) 
 
28 KALEGHANA. 
 
 somewhat strange, that although he was no doubt accustomed 
 to manly sports, he does not allude to them in his works. 
 Naunton's remark of him that he was "an indefatigable 
 reader," 2 was probably equally as true in his boyhood as it 
 was in his manhood. We can feel certain that he exhibited 
 an early predilection for the sea, although, as Gosse states, 
 '' it is tantalising that we have not the slenderest evidence of 
 the mode in which this particular schooling was obtained." 
 (6.) Still, though direct knowledge is wanting, we have to 
 bear in mind the surroundings of his early years, which 
 serve to indicate how, daring that period, he became acquainted 
 with, and his taste was fostered for, naval pursuits. We 
 know that his father was interested in shipping matters.* 
 During his visits to Exmouth, Dartmouth, and Plymouth, 
 the youth could not fail to hear recounted the wondrous 
 adventures of Drake, Hawkins, and his kinsmen, the Gilberts. 
 Probably he accompanied one of the latter — Sir Humphrey 
 — on some of his voyages. (Gosse, 7.) Then, again, the sea- 
 coast bounded his own parish to the south in the bay of 
 Budleigh Salterton — then Salterton or Salterne — two miles 
 only from his residence, and visible from the ridge immediately 
 in front of the latter. All these circumstances could not fail to 
 tincture the mind, and to influence the pursuits of his future 
 life. This form of naval education (if such it can be termed) 
 has been embodied in a painting by the late Sir J. Millais, 
 entitled "The Boyhood of Ralegh," suggested (as he informed 
 the writer) by a passage in Fronde's England's Forgotten 
 Worthies,^ a picture less familiar to the public than the 
 majority of his works, owing to the fact that it has never 
 been engraved. It was exhibited at the Royal Academy in 
 1870, and is of especial local interest owing to the subject 
 being a purely Devonshire one, and for having been painted 
 at Budleigh Salterton. A sunburnt sailor, seated, is relating 
 his history to two boys, his right arm extended towards the 
 south, " for there lies the Spanish main, the scene of all his 
 troubles and adventures." Young Walter "sits up on the 
 pavement, and, with his hands locked about his raised knees, 
 and with dreaming eyes, seems to see El Dorado," &c. ; the 
 other boy, "whose intelligence is not of the vision-seeing 
 sort . . . lies almost at length on the ground, leaning his 
 chin within both his hands." ^ The sailor was, at the time 
 the picture was being painted, a resident of Budleigh Salterton. 
 
 ^ Fragmenta Regalia (1641), 31. ^ Dcv. Assoc, xv. 165, 6. 
 
 5 Short Studies, iv. (1868), 294-333. 
 
 ^ Descriptive Catalogue of the Grosvenor Gallery (1886), 57. 
 
KALEGHANA. 29 
 
 (Miss Gibbons informs the writer that he was a swarthy- 
 visaged man, named Vincent, a native of Jersey, and well- 
 known for being the ferryman across the river Otter at its 
 mouth.) In the Art Annual for 1885 (6), there is the 
 facsimile of a sketch of the sailor, differing somewhat from 
 that in the finished picture. The latter "has a pathetic 
 interest of its own in the fact that the two boys in it, the 
 dark one and the fair, are portraits of the painter's two sons ; 
 for the fair boy died before he grew into a man, and his death 
 has been the grief of his father's life."^ 
 
 One interesting circumstance, that seems to indicate his 
 prolonged home residence during his early years, is thus 
 related by Aubrey : 
 
 "Old S'^ Thomas Malett, one of the Justices of the King's 
 Bench, tempore Car. I. et II., knew S^ W. and I have heard him 
 say, that notwithstanding his so great mastership in style, and his 
 conversation with the learnedest and politest persons, yet he spake 
 broad Devonshire to his dying day."^ 
 
 History repeats itself; while Ralegh is affirmed to have 
 spoken "with that strong Devonshire accent which was never 
 displeasing to the ears of Elizabeth" (Gosse, 21), the late 
 Earl of Iddesleigh, when Sir Staflbrd Northcote, is said to 
 have amused our present Queen with Devon stories in their 
 proper dialect. 
 
 7. LADY RALEGH. 
 
 That Elizabeth, one of the Queen's maids of honour, and 
 the daughter of Sir Nicholas Throgmorton, " an able states- 
 man and ambassador," was the lajvful wife of Sir Walter 
 Ealegh, has never been questioned by any writer ; but where 
 and when the marriage ceremony took place is unknown, 
 and has been assigned to various periods, ranging from the 
 latter part of 1591 to the corresponding one of 1592. A 
 grave charge has, however, been made against him, that it 
 was preceded by intrigue, "the worst action in his whole 
 life," as it was termed by Prince. This assertion, first made 
 by Camden, and by him alone, of all the writers of his 
 period, has been accepted as true by the majority of Ealegh's 
 biographers, down to a recent period.^ Some modern writers 
 
 7 Ibid. This picture formed the subject of a poem in The Grey Friar, ii. 
 (1892) 98 ; and of comment in The English School of Painting, by M. Ernest 
 Chesneau, quoted in Ruskin's Notes of the works of Sir J. Millais (1886), 31. 
 
 ^ Letters, &c., ii. 519. 
 
 ^ Some authors have gone a stage further, illustrations of which will 
 be found in Lucy Aikin's Court, d-c, of Queen Elizabeth (published by 
 Ward, Lock & Co., n.d., 428) ; and in a Memoir of Sir W. Ralegh, by S. G. 
 Drake (1862), 23. 
 
30 EALEGHANA. 
 
 believe this to be corroborated by the contents of a letter, to 
 which attention was first directed by J. P. Collier, in 1851. 
 Each of these demands a separate examination. 
 
 The work of W. Camden, well known under the short 
 title of Annales, published 1615-27, contains this passage, 
 remarkable for being recorded under the year 1595, im- 
 mediately prior to Ealegh's voyage to Guiana, instead of 
 under 1592 : 
 
 "Ac maiora contra Hispanos quidam Angli priuate & Eegina 
 publice aggressi sunt : Walterius enim Raleighus Regii Satellitii 
 Prsefectus, honoraria Eeginse virgine vitiata (quam postea in vxorem 
 duxit) de gratia deiectus & per plures menses custodia detentus, 
 nunc liber factus est sed ab aula relegatus genio suo obsequutus 
 est." (Pt. ii. 93, 4.) 
 
 _ The impression left on the mind of Ralegh's latest 
 biographer, after a careful consideration of the foregoing 
 quotation, he thus records : 
 
 " The sole independent testimony [of the intrigue] is the single 
 sentence of Camden's. ... If Camden had not spoken, and if 
 Ralegh and she had not stood mute, it would have been easy to 
 believe that the imagined liaison was simply a secret marriage 
 resented as such by the Queen. . . . Had contradiction been 
 possible, Camden would have been contradicted in 1615 by Ralegh 
 and his wife."^ 
 
 At first sight, this appears to be almost unanswerable, but 
 much of the effect disappears with the knowledge that, 
 whereas the first part of Camden's work was issued in 1615, 
 and terminated with 15^8— the year of the Armada, the 
 second part, containing the Ralegh episode, was not published 
 until 1627 — nine years after Sir Walter's death ! 
 
 There is some uncertainty as to the date when a know- 
 ledge of the occurrence, whether of intrigue or marriage, 
 first reached the ears of the Queen. On March 10, 1592, 
 Ralegh wrote a remarkable letter to Sir R. Cecil, in which 
 he alludes to the "mallicious report" of his asserted 
 marriage.2 He started upon a naval expedition on May 6, 
 and was almost immediately summoned back again, but for 
 what reason has never been satisfactorily explained. The 
 intrigue or marriage could not have been known to the 
 Queen for some time after, as on June 8 he addressed a 
 letter to Lord Howard of Effingham, "from Durham 
 
 1 W. Stebbing, Life of Ralegh (1891), 89, 90. 
 
 2 Edwards, ii. 46. Tytler, in his Life of Ralcrih (1833, 129), believes it to 
 have been written "after the private marriage had taken place." 
 
KALEGHANA. 31 
 
 House."=^ But in the following month, July, three letters of 
 his to Sir R. Cecil were written from the Tower, ■* to which 
 place he had been sent by the Queen. 
 
 That "Mrs. Throgmorton " was imprisoned at the same 
 time, we learn from a letter of Sir E. Stafford to Anthony 
 Bacon, dated July 30, 1592, containing the following 
 passage : 
 
 "Yff you have anye thinge to doe with S"^ Walter Rawley or 
 anye loue to make to W^ Throgmorton att the Tower to morowe 
 you maye speake with them ytf the countermande come nott to- 
 night."^ 
 
 The Tower imprisonment must not be accepted as proof of 
 the offence said to have been committed by Ralegh. Eliza- 
 beth was accustomed to punish her favourites, who married 
 without her consent, by consigning them to a prison, and 
 banishing their wives from Court ; Leicester, Earl of South- 
 ampton, Essex, Sir T. Perrott, were notable examples.^ 
 
 According to Mrs. A. T. Thomson, " there were other and 
 deeper sources of offence," that led to Ralegh's imprison- 
 ment ; and from the tenor of a letter WTitten by Cecil 
 "there is considerable reason to conckide that the Queen's 
 displeasure had some reference to Ralegh's appropriation 
 of certain prizes, which Cecil, with other commissioners, was 
 appointed to superintend."^ That lady has, however, mis- 
 construed the facts of the case. Cecil's letter of September 
 21 shows that Ralegh had been sent, although still a prisoner 
 C'y^ Queen of England's poore captive"), to Dartmouth, to 
 assist in partitioning and preventing embezzlement of the 
 spoil forming the cargo of the great carrack, the Maclre di 
 Dios, which had been captured during Ralegh's imprison- 
 ment, and by his ships. Based upon a letter, dated Sep- 
 tember 23, sent by " a correspondent about the Court of the 
 name of Colman," Collier was of opinion that Ralegh ceased 
 to be a prisoner on proceeding to Dartmouth f but Cecil's 
 testimony shows this to be incorrect. His release took place, 
 most probably, in December of the same year. Another 
 
 3 Edwards, ii. 46-8. In the Cal. S. P. it is stated to be addressed "to 
 Lord [Burghley]." 
 •* Edwards, ii. 48-52. None of the three records the actual day. 
 
 5 Transcript kindly supplied by Mr. Kershaw, the librarian of Lambeth 
 Palace, from Lamhcth MSS. 648, No. 123. It contains verbal differences 
 from the version printed by J. P. Collier, in Archceologia, xxxiv. 160. 
 Stebbing affirms the date, July 30, to be "impossible.'^ 
 
 6 Edwards, i. 50-1, 135, 252 ; Lives of the Earls of Essex, i. 160, 211 ; 
 Oldys, i. 180. 
 
 ' Life of Ralegh (1830), 92, 482-3. ^ Archceologia, xxxiv. 162. 
 
32 RALEGH AN A. 
 
 author affirms that Ealegh's imprisonment was partly on 
 account of a clandestine attachment, etc. ; and partly on 
 account of a tract which he had published, entitled The 
 School for Atheists? a work unknown to bibliographers. 
 
 Let us now turn our attention to a letter contained in a 
 paper by J. P. Collier, entitled " Continuation of New 
 Materials for a Life of Sir Walter Ralegh," printed in 
 Archceologia, xxxiv. 160-170, a transcript of which is now 
 given at length : 
 
 '^ S. W. R., as it seemeth, hath beene too inward with one of 
 her Ma*^^^ maides ; I feare to say who, but if you should guesse at 
 E. T. you may not be farre wrong. The matter hath only now 
 been apparent to all eies, and the lady hath been sent away, but 
 nobody believes it can end there. S. W. R. hath escaped from 
 London for a tyme ; he will be speedily sent for, and brought back, 
 where what awaiteth him nobody knowetb, save by coujecture. 
 All think the Tower will be his dwelling, like hermit poore in 
 pensive place, where he may spend his endlesse daies of doubt. It 
 is affirmed that they are marryed ; but the Queen is most fiercely 
 incensed, and, as the bruit goes, threateneth the most bitter punish- 
 ment to both the offenders. S. W. R. will lose, it is thought, all 
 his places and preferments at court, with the Queen's favour ; such 
 will be the end of his speedy rising, and now he must fall as low 
 as he was high, at the which manie will rejoice. I can write no 
 more at this time, and do not care to send this, only you will hear 
 it from others. All is alarm and confusion at this discovery of the 
 discoverer, and not indeed of a new continent, but of a new in- 
 continent" (161). 
 
 If this letter were genuine, it would be sufficient to justify 
 Camden's assertion, but there are several circumstances 
 incident to it of an adverse character. 
 
 In some prefatory remarks upon it, Collier alludes to it 
 as "a Letter which bears only the date of 1592, without the 
 month or day, in my possession," and "must have been 
 anterior to " the imprisonment. He then adds, " It does not 
 appear to whom . . . [it] was addressed, nor by whom it was 
 written, the concealment having probably been designed, in 
 consequence of the peril to which it might then have exposed 
 the parties" (160-1). 
 
 All this is rendered the more unsatisfactory by the know- 
 ledge that it has never been recorded by any other author. 
 Mr. Collier does not inform us from whence he obtained it, 
 and we are unaware whether it was ever seen by anyone, 
 excepting himself. Moreover, since his death, all traces of it 
 have disappeared. 
 
 » Did. of Gen. Biori., by W. L. R. Gates (1881), 1087. 
 
«• <» 
 
 cj-,'*c 
 
 
 
 A-^^ ^ '^ 
 
 ■ p ii*»» ^ 
 

 jjxH M^ ^v%x^ u 
 
 «-« ^CZj (f» <.*.(<', ^^*- ■' * ^»«-. '^^C*' 
 
RALEGHANA. 33 
 
 A great portion of Collier's MS. collections, in his own 
 handwriting, and on which he founded his papers on the 
 ''Life of Sir W. Ealegh," that appeared in the Archceologia, 
 xxxiv.-xxxv., are in the possession of the writer, and amongst 
 them is a sheet, containing, what appears to be a draft copy of 
 this very letter, in Collier's writing ; and, as the matter is 
 one of great literary importance, a facsimile of it is now 
 given, so that it may be the more readily compared with 
 the printed version. 
 
 That wide differences exist between them is at once 
 apparent. In the following comparison of their respective 
 contents, the first word or phrase is taken from the fac- 
 simile ; the second, from the printed version — I. Verbal, 
 e.g. " Q " for " Majesty " ; " suppose " for " think." II. 
 Grammatical, e.g. "if you guess at E. T. you will not be 
 farre wrong " for " if you should guesse at E. T. you may not 
 be farre wrong " ; "I feare to say which " for " I feare to say 
 who " ; " bruit " is a verb in one, a substantive in the other. 
 III. Sentences reconstructed ; e.g. " what awaiteth him I 
 know not but by conjecture " for " what awaiteth him 
 nobody knoweth save by conjecture." IV. The printed 
 version contains several important additions, especially in 
 the latter portion. V. Of the four alterations in the first 
 (two interpolations and two erasures), only one — an inter- 
 polation — is found in the second. True it is they are of that 
 character not unlikely to occur in any ordinary draft copy. 
 It is, however, noteworthy that of 55 letters, &c., transcribed 
 from State Papers, and other sources, by Collier, for his 
 Ealegh articles ; also of a similar collection, more than three 
 inches thick, formed by him towards a " Life of the Earl of 
 Essex " (unpublished), all in his own handwriting, on letter- 
 paper, and extending in some instances to four pages — all of 
 which are in the writer's possession — no one sheet contains 
 so many alterations as are shown in the facsimile. 
 
 VI. The facsimile contains this couplet : 
 
 " Like hermit poore in pensive place obscure 
 Where he may spend his endless days of doubt " 
 
 In the printed copy the word " obscure " is omitted, and 
 the metrical character of the lines is thereby changed. 
 Collier makes some comment upon the poem (of which the 
 above quotation forms the opening couplet), and of its 
 publication the year after the date of the letter in the 
 Fhcenix Nest, and that owing to its appearance in the former, 
 "it ought hereafter to be added to the productions of Ealeigh's 
 
34 RALEGHAXA. 
 
 muse." It had, however, been already assigned to Sir "Walter 
 so far back as the year 1644, in a small 4to of eight leaves, 
 entitled To-day a man, To-morroio none} It is very remark- 
 able that, in his Bibliographical Catalogue, published in 1865 
 (fourteen years after he had read his paper before the Society 
 of Antiquaries, containing the letter quoted), and including 
 an extended account of this poem, there should be no 
 reference to this letter of 1592 for containing the earliest 
 notice of it. 
 
 It is always distressing to call in question the good faith 
 of any author; but after a due consideration of the foregoing 
 statements, it is simply impossible to receive the letter cited 
 by Collier as evidence in the matter sub jvdice, until its 
 genuine character is either proved, or further light is able to 
 be thrown upon it. It has had a variable effect on the 
 various biographies of Kalegh that have been issued since 
 1851. Edwards (1868), although quoting from Collier's article 
 in the Archceologia, makes no allusion to this letter. Gosse 
 remarks, " there is a lacuna in the evidence as to what 
 actually happened early in 1592 ; the late Mr. J. P. Collier 
 filled up this gap with a convenient [sic] letter, which has 
 found its way into the histories of Ealegh, but the original 
 of which has never been seen by other eyes than the tran- 
 scriber's" (56). St. John (1869) relies upon its accuracy; as 
 does also Stebbing (1891), who quotes the sentence, "it is 
 affirmed that they are marryed," which is absent from the 
 fac-simile (90). 
 
 Dismissing Collier's letter, we have to' depend solely on the 
 assertion of Camden as to Ealegh's intrigue, and, in doing so, 
 must not overlook the fact that the second part of his work 
 (published in 1627) recording it was, to use Camden's words, 
 submitted to James I. for "his Majesty's judicious censure — 
 whether it please him they shall be suppressed or published, 
 for I am indifferent. If published, whether not in his name, 
 as dictated to me from his Majesty."- 
 
 He probably heard some of the petty gossip of Elizabeth's 
 Court, and more than twenty years afterwards published what 
 he had heard, as facts. The intrigue of 1592 was apparently 
 unknown until the publication of Camden's work. Men 
 attending the same Court, contemporaries of Kalegh, such 
 as Sir R. Naunton and Sir R. Winwood, who knew much 
 more of the inner life of the Court than Camden did, make 
 
 1 It is included in the list of Ralegh's writings by the Rev. J. Hannah in 
 his Courthi Poets (1870), 12, 13. 
 
 2 Camden Epistolce, Ed. Tho. Smith (1691), letter 287. 
 
RALEGH AN A. 35 
 
 no allusion to it ; nor is it mentioned in any lampoon or 
 ballad. A clandestine marriage was quite sufficient for 
 Elizabeth to order both offenders to be imprisoned; had it 
 taken place subsequent to this imprisonment, it would have 
 been more easily traced. Stebbing records that " so careful 
 were they to avoid publicity that Lady Ealegh's brother, 
 Arthur Throckmorton, for some time questioned the fact, 
 though his suspicions were dissipated, and he became an 
 attached friend of the husband's " (91) ; which he would 
 hardly have done had Ralegh acted dishonourably to his sister. 
 
 The most reasonable, and certainly the most charitable 
 conclusion, is that arrived at by two modern authors. A. C. 
 Ewald remarked, '•' he [Ralegh] proposed and was accepted, 
 and the lovers were secretly united; indeed, so secretly 
 that, according to some, intrigue had preceded marriage."^ 
 And the present Bishop of Peterborough (Dr. Creighton) 
 has thus given his opinion : " Elizabeth disgraced her 
 favourite for having dared to marry secretly one of her 
 maids of honour, Elizabeth Throgmorton."^ 
 
 Of the marriage, be it said that, to his life's end, Ralegh 
 had the greatest affection for his wife " Bess." Oldys^ affirms 
 " they lived together ever after in the most exemplary degree 
 of conjugal harmony " ; and in his letter to her of December, 
 1603, when in daily expectation of being executed, he spoke 
 of himself as having "comforted you and loved you in his 
 happiest tymes." ^ There is good evidence that she treasured 
 up his memory throughout her long widowhood of twenty- 
 nine years.^ 
 
 Two authors were under the impression that Sir Walter 
 had been married twice. Thus Aubrey, writing about 1680, 
 stated, " He had 2 wives ; his first was . . . Throckmorton ; 
 2d . . . mother of Carew Ralegh, 2^ son."s And Sir R. 
 Schomburgk, in the introduction to Ralegh's Discoverie of 
 Gviana,^ remarked, "we recollect having seen it stated 
 somewhere, that doubts were expressed of Elizabeth Throg- 
 morton's having been his first wife." There is no evidence 
 of, or reason to believe, the correctness of either of these 
 statements. 
 
 3 studies Re-studied (1885), 170. " Age of Elizabeth (1888), 185. 
 
 M. 180, i. 6 Edwards, ii. 286. 
 
 '' Separate miniatures of Sir "Walter and his son are preserved at Belvoir 
 Castle, together with an enclosing case embellished with a " heart and other 
 emblematic ornaments" and the intertwined initials W.E.R. (Walter and 
 Elizabeth Ralegh) ; no doubt worn by Lady Ralegh "in memory of her son 
 and husband." Wood-cut illustrations and description are given in the Art 
 Jouriialiox X^xW, 1896, 103. 
 
 8 Letters, tfcc, ii. 510. « Hakl. Soc, 1848, xliii. 
 
 D 
 
86 KALEGHANA. 
 
 8. THE CHILDREN OF SIR W. RALEGH. 
 
 The issue of his marriage with Elizabeth Throgmorton was 
 two sons : (1) Walter ; and (2) Carew. 
 
 I. Walter. — In the pedigree of the Ealegh family by Geo. 
 Harrison, Windsor Herald/ is the following entry : 
 
 "Walter Ralegh Capt. 1 November, 1593, at Lillington. Killed 
 in America, s.p. aged 23." ^ 
 
 This points out the probability that he was born at Sher- 
 borne, at which place his parents were residing about that 
 period.^ 
 
 A fall-length portrait of him, with that of his father, is in 
 the possession of Sir J. F. Lennard, Bart., by whom it was 
 lent to the Tudor Exhibition of 1890, and is thus described 
 in the Catalogue: "Near him [Sir W. E.] stands his son in 
 blue doublet, trunks and hose laced with silver, buff shoes, 
 falling white band, sword-belt white and gold embroidered ; 
 in right hand, glove ; left on his hip, holding black hat ' 
 (109). On the picture, dated 1602, is the inscription — 
 '' M. s\E 8."^ He was sent to Corpus Christi College, 
 Oxford, where he matriculated on October 30th, 1607, aged 
 14, and became B.A. June 21, 1610.^ He was a pupil of Dr. 
 Daniel Fairclough — now better known by the name Featley, 
 subsequently assumed by him — and there is preserved a letter 
 of his in reply to one he had received from Sir AV alter 
 Ralegh, respecting his son, and remarkable for its allusion to 
 two phases in young Walter's character, that had been pointed 
 out to him by his father : 
 
 " I shall haue more leisure to ouersee his carriage and instruct 
 him in learning, in both which you required my care, and gaue me 
 
 ^ In the College of Arms, and printed in Howard's 3Iisc. Geneal. et 
 Heraldica, ii. 155-7. 
 
 2 The Registers of Lillington, Dorset, "had several of the Kelways, Coles, 
 and Walter, a son of Sir Walter Raleigh, but only the modern books now 
 remain" (Hutchins' Dorset, 1870, iv. 199). The Rector informs the writer 
 that the earliest register preserved commences in the year 1712. 
 
 ^ Letters from Sir Walter Ralegh to Sir Rob. Cecil, written in 1593, are 
 preserved in the Hatfield Collection, and are thus dated: "From Sherbora 
 Castle," August 15th; "From Gillingham Forest," August 27th; "From 
 Weymouth," October 8th; "From Sherburne Castell," February 25th, 
 1593-4 (Edwards, ii. 83-7). 
 
 " " This picture," according to Oldys (i. 353), " of Sir Walter and his son 
 did belong to the Carews of Beddington, whence, by marriage with a 
 daughter of the late sir Stephen Leonard, baronet, it was removed to West 
 W^ickham in Kent ; near which place, at a gentleman's seat, where there is a 
 copy that was taken from it, I lately saw it." 
 
 ^ Foster's Alum. Oxon. Although entered as 14 years old, he must have 
 been within a day or two of 15. 
 
RALEGHANA. 37 
 
 uery good directions in your letter, discouering vnto me two of the 
 most dangerous euills, one vnto his mind, the other vnto his body, 
 vnto which he is subject — straunge company and violent exercises."^ 
 
 His character, in many respects, resembled that of his 
 father ; he was brave, daring, and full of impetuous energy ; 
 but whether his mental capabilities would have developed like 
 those of the former, we know not. Nearly all the particulars 
 of his known history are recorded by Edwards (I. 622-6). 
 The day he was killed in Guiana is uncertain ; but it must 
 have taken place on or before January 8th, 1618, as on that 
 day, Captain Key mis wrote to his father to announce it. 
 
 II. Carew was born in the Tower of London, and baptized 
 on February 15th, 1605, at St. Peter ad Vincula, in the 
 Tower (Harrison pedigree), but authors {e.g. Stebbing) assign 
 his birth to the latter end of the year previous.'^ There is 
 reason to believe that his godfather was Eichard Carew, of 
 Antonie, the author of the Survey of Corniuall.^ 
 
 He entered Wadham College, Oxford, in 1619, matriculated 
 on March 23rd, 1620-1, and retained his name in the College 
 books till 1623.^ A remarkable anecdote incident to his 
 admission is thus related by T. G. Jackson : 
 
 "In the Statutes [of the College] . . . James had altered the 
 qualitication, ' in Anglia natus,' into ' in Britannia natus,' and he 
 now writes, on Oct. 30, 1618, to desire the College to admit to 
 the next vacant Fellowship, William Durhame, M.A. of St. 
 Andrew's ^notwithstanding anie thing in your Statutes to the 
 contrarie I The College turned for help to the Chancellor, Lord 
 Pembroke, pointing out that Durham was ineligible, and thougli 
 we do not know the whole history of the dispute, in the event the 
 College was successful. James's letter is dated the day after vSir 
 Walter Raleigh's head fell on the scatfold, and it was, perhaps, not 
 only sympathy with the King's victim, but indignation at the 
 attempted intrusion of the Scotch M.A., that provoked the College 
 to add to the usual dry record of admission of a Fellow-Commoner, 
 
 " Printed at length in Wood's Ath. Ox. iii. 169. 
 
 "^ None of the works on the Tower of London contain, any account of births 
 that took place within its precincts, especially of children of notable person- 
 ages. D. C. Bell records all who were buried in the Chapel of St. Peter ad 
 Yincula, in a work published in 1877, and states that "the entries of 
 christenings commence in 1587 "(42). 
 
 ^ His Life, written by his kinsman, Hugh Carew, prefixed to the Survey 
 (1769, xxj.), states "Sir Walter Raleigh had a Son, whose Christen-name 
 was Carew ; and probably our Author was his Godfather. " 
 
 ^ Information courteously supplied by the College authorities. Sir Walter 
 and his sons went to different Colleges : Sir Walter to Oriel, Walter to 
 Corpus Christi. and Carew to Wadham. 
 
 x2 
 
38 RALEGH AN A. 
 
 Carew Ealegh, in 1619, 'fortissimi doctissimique equitis Gualteri 
 Ralegh films.' " i 
 
 In general character he appears to have been more like 
 his mother. Wood remarked, he " proved quite different in 
 spirit from his father . , . far, God wot, was he from his 
 father's parts, either as to the sword or pen " ; also that he 
 had written several poetical pieces (ii. 244, 5). He made 
 very strenuous efforts to regain possession of the Sherborne 
 estates, and presented a petition to the House of Commons 
 on the subject.^ 
 
 He was M.P. for Haslemere in 1649-53, and for Guildford 
 in 1659. Whether he also represented Callington, in Corn- 
 wall, has formed the subject of several articles in Notes and 
 Queries^ but remains undecided. He was appointed Governor 
 of Jersey in 1659, through the influence of General Monk. 
 At the Eestoration he declined knighthood from Charles II., 
 who, however, conferred that honour upon his son Walter. 
 
 In 1629, the manor of East Horsley, Surrey, was, by the 
 Earl of Southampton, conveyed to Carew Ralegh, from whom 
 it was subsequently purchased by the " eldest surviving son 
 and heir of Sir Christopher Hildyard, of Winested, in the 
 County of York."^ 
 
 On the death of his uncle. Sir Nicholas Throgmorton, in 
 1643, "either by gift or devise, the estate of West Horsley 
 passed to his nephew, Carew Ralegh."^ According to the 
 Harrison pedigree, he "settled the West Horsley estates on 
 his two sons, Walter and Philip, and their heirs male, by 
 deeds dated 26 and 27 December, 1656."*^ On the death of 
 Walter, on June 15, 1660, the estate reverted to his father, 
 
 ' Hist, of IVadhara College (1893, iii). 
 
 2 This was printed in 1669 with the title of A brief Rdotion of Sir 
 Walter s Troubles, &c. ; also in the Harlcian Miscellany, Somers Trctcfs, &c. 
 &c. To him has been attributed a reply to a work containing some 
 calumnious statements against his father, written by William Sanderson ; 
 the rejoinder being beaded, Observations iqwn some po.rticular Persons and 
 Passages ill a Book lately made xmblic, &c., and was issued in 1658. Stebbing, 
 however, shows good reason tor believing he was not the author (243). In 
 Halkett and Laing's Dictionary, it is assigned to Carew Ralegh on the 
 authority of Wood, but this is scarcely correct ; all that Wood records is to 
 mention Carew as the author, "as 'twas generally reported" (ii. 244). 
 
 •^ 6th S. xii. 448-4.57 ; 7th S. i. 57 8, 116, 176. 
 
 * iManxing and Bray's History of Surrey (1814), iii. 31. 
 
 ^ Brayley and Britton's Surt-ey, ii. 76. On the death of his uncle, Sir 
 Francis Carew, Sir N. Throgmorton, brother to Lady Ralegh, took the name 
 of Carew on succeeding to the estates in 1607. In the same work (iv. 55), 
 the date is altered to 1611. 
 
 ^ Tliis is accompanied by a facsimile of his signature appended to the 
 deed of Dec. 27, 1656, settling the lands upon Walter. 
 
RALEGH ANA. 39 
 
 who sold it to Sir Edward Nicholas, as thus recorded by the 
 latter in a private memorandum book : 
 
 "On the second of March, 1665, I paid Mr. Carew Raleigh the 
 sum of 9,750/., being the full purchase money for the manor, 
 lands, &c., of West Horsley, in the county of Surrey."^ 
 
 He lived in St. Martin's Lane, London, " on the west side, 
 from 1636 to 1638, and again in 1664,"^ where, at the close 
 of 1666, he probably died, and was buried in his father's 
 grave in St. Margaret's Church, Westminster — thus entered 
 in the Burial Register : 
 
 " 1666 [7] Jan. 1 Carey Rawleigh, Esq., kild. m. chancel."^ 
 
 The only explanation of this entry that has yet been made 
 is that Carew Ralegh was killed, and that his body was 
 interred in the m[iddle] of the chancel — a position which 
 answers to the site of his father's grave. Of the actual 
 circumstances attending his death we know nothing. 
 
 An abstract of his nuncupative will has been printed "from 
 memory." 1 The following transcript is from the original docu- 
 ment preserved in the Probate Office at Somerset House ; 
 
 "Test. Carew Ralegh Jany lO*'^ 1666 juxta 
 
 Memorand. that Carew Ralegh Esq. of the parish of S* Martin in 
 the Fields in the County of Middlesex did several times whilst he 
 lived but more especially on or about the 28^^ day of December 
 AD. 1666 with an intent and purpose to make and declare his last 
 will and Testament nuncupative utter and speak these words 
 following or the like in efiect viz : I do make my wife my sole 
 Executrix and I give unto her all my estate whatsoever which 
 words or the like in effect he uttered and declared with intent and 
 purpose that the same should stand for and be his last will 
 nuncupative in the presence of Sir Peter Tyrrell Baronet and 
 Frances Cox and of Dame Philipp Ashley alias Ralegh the said 
 Mr. Ralegh's then wife and executrix and that he was at the 
 premises in his perfect memory and understanding. 
 
 Pet. Tyrrill ,^. ,. 
 10 Jany 1666 Frances Cox (Signed) 
 
 (Sworn and proved the same day 10th Jany 1666 at Exeter 
 House)" 
 
 " Gent's Mag., 1790, i. 419. 
 
 8 Haunted London, by W. Thorn bury (1865), 256. 
 
 ^ So recorded in Gent's Mag. for October, 1850, 338, and since verified by 
 Mr. Ellison, the Parish Clerk. It is remarkable that the latter portion 
 of the entry is omitted in the quotation from the Register in Walcott's 
 Memorials of Westminster. In Vivian's Visitations of Devon, the year 
 1667-8 is given in error. The date is assigned to 1680, in Manning and 
 Bray's Surrey^ and that the interment took place in West Horsley Church ; 
 errors repeated in Alumni Oxon., and in other works. 
 
 1 Ibid. 368-9. 
 
40 EALEGHANA. 
 
 'No portrait of him is known. 
 
 His son Philip survived him, and was reported to be 
 living in 1692.2 
 
 III. Had Sir Walter Ealegh a daughter? is a question 
 which was never raised by his earl}^ biographers, although 
 answered affirmatively by his later ones, and on testimony of 
 the most slender kind. 
 
 The earliest, as well as the only information we possess, 
 was first made public by the Eev. J. S. Brewer, in his edition 
 of Bishop Goodman's Co2irt of King James, published in 
 1839. To this the editor contributed a letter, from a 
 " contemporary copy, transcribed from Serg. Yelverton's 
 collection in All Souls [Oxford], marked MS. 16, 18, fol. 
 100 b,"^ 
 
 Ealegh w^as arrested and sent to the Tower on July 17, 
 1603, and this letter is supposed to have been written a few 
 days later — in Gosse's opinion, on the 21st.'* The following 
 extract from it contains all that is pertinent to the present 
 enquiry, and is the only occasion when a daughter is men- 
 tioned, or even referred to : 
 
 " That thou didst also love me living, witness it to others ; to 
 my poor daughter, to whom I have given nothing; for his sake, 
 who will be cruel to himself to preserve thee. Be charitable to 
 her, and teach thy son to love her for his father's sake. . . . The 
 Lord for ever keep thee and them."^ 
 
 This, and the portion that precedes it, shows that the 
 suggestion of Gosse (o5), " that it was the birth of this child 
 [daughter] which brought down the vengeance of Queen 
 Elizabeth " upon the parents, is untenable. Upon this 
 information alone, authors have affirmed that Ealegh had a 
 daughter, and that she was illegitimate. "Who is the 
 daughter mentioned in this letter ? " asks the historian 
 Gardiner.^ " Does anybody know what became of her ? " is 
 a question that appeared in Notes and Queries (vi. S. x. 46), 
 
 - Harrison pedigree. 
 
 3 Reprinted, with several errors, by Edwards, ii. 383-7. It is to be 
 regretted that although he visited All Souls Library, he was "accidentally 
 deprived of the opportunity of collating this letter with the MS." 
 
 •* Brewer heads it " Sir Walter Rawleigh to his wife, after he had hurt 
 himself in the Tower," and adds, in a foot-note, "This letter at once deter- 
 mines the much-vexed question, whether or not Sir Walter did attempt to 
 stab himself in the Tower." The writer has no intention of discussing, on 
 the present occasion, this alleged attempt of Ralegh to commit suicide, but 
 the letter under notice must have been penned before he made any such 
 attempt. 
 
 5 Brewer, ii. 94, 97. " Hist, of England (1883), 1. 122. 
 
RALEGH AX A. 41 
 
 and neither enquiry has yet elicited a reply. The statement in 
 the letter recording her existence is uncorroborated in print 
 or MS., as far as is yet known. She is like a shadow, forced 
 upon our attention, and departs as one, leaving "not a wrack 
 behind." ("The extraordinary apparition of an otherwise 
 invisible daughter.")^ In it there are nine references to his 
 " child," and two to his " son " ; but the context shows them 
 to relate to his son Walter— Care w had not then been born. 
 It contains no special feature indicating that Sir Walter was 
 the author ; or, if genuine, that the portions quoted were not 
 interpolations. It is a copy, undated, unsigned, unaddressed, 
 and found entered in a commonplace book belonging to the 
 Yelverton family, in the hand of a copyist "of ordinary 
 seventeenth century character."^ 
 
 Let it be contrasted with another letter of Ealegh's, the 
 authenticity of which no one has ever cast doubt upon ; one 
 written to his wife in December, 1603, " in the most solemn 
 moment of his whole life," and in daily expectation of death. 
 One of the most beautiful and touching of its kind that was 
 ever penned by man ; the difference in tone and character 
 will be at once manifest.^ In this there is no allusion to a 
 daughter. In the earlier one, supposed to have been written 
 while Ealegh was in a state of despair, he in a most business- 
 like ^vay makes out a catalogue of his debts. The work of 
 Stebbiug must be referred to (as it is the only one wherein 
 the subject is adequately examined) for a critical comparison 
 of these two letters ; where the conclusion arrived at is that 
 " the obstacles to the acceptance of this composition as 
 authentic are almost insuperable " (197). It is very singular 
 that Edwards makes no comment whatever respecting this 
 " apocryphal daughter," as Stebbing terms her.^ 
 
 " Sir Walter Raleigh," wrote Froude, " is commonly repre- 
 sented by historians as rather defective, if he was remarkable 
 at all, on the moral side of his character." ^ Such represen- 
 
 7 Stebbing, 198. ^ Stebbing, 195. 
 
 " The original has not been preserved, but there are three contemporaneous 
 transcripts from which Edwards collated the one printed in his work 
 (ii. 284-7). It has always been remarkably popular since its first publication 
 in 1644, under the title of To-clmj a man, To-morrow none ; next in 1648, in 
 The Arraignment of S. W. Puiwleigh, " Coppied by Sir Tho: Overbvry " ; 
 and in each edition of the Remains, commencing in 1651, &c. &c. 
 
 ^ There is a ballad in the Roxburgh Collection, entitled "Sir Walter 
 Raleigh Sailing in the Low- Lands" (reprinted by the Ballad Society in 
 Roxburgh Volumes, vi. 418-421), in which Sir Walter is made to say to the boy 
 who is the hero of the ballad : " My eldest daughter thy wife shall be." On 
 this the editor remarks, " He [Sir Walter] certainly had a daughter." But 
 according to this ballad he must have had three ! 
 
 2 Short Studies, i. 315. 
 
42 KALEGHAXA. 
 
 tatioDS have been based upon his supposed prenuptial 
 intrigue, and upon an alleged illegitimate daughter. It is 
 but simple justice to his memory that the data upon which 
 such charges have been made should be rigorously 
 investigated. How far either of these assertions can be 
 depended upon for accuracy or the reverse, has been the 
 object of the writer to indicate.