■9 ■¥ Drake Knighted h y Queen Elizabeth Page 30, NEPTUNE’S HEROES OR, THIS * FROM SIR JOHN HAWKINS TO SIR JOHN FRANKLIN. BY W. H, DAVENPORT ADAMS. Thus we command The empire of the sea. Shakspeare, Mitfy Illustrations bn $|T. S. Utorgmt unb |ojw (Silbrrt. LONDON: GRIFFITH AND FARRAN, (SUCCESSORS TO NEWBERY AND HARRIS) CORNER OF ST. PAUL’S CHURCHYARD. MDCCCLXI. Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2018 with funding from University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill https://archive.org/details/neptunesheroesorOOadam i pcincatfi) (BY PEEMISSION) TO THE BT. HON. SIE E. BULWEE LITTON, BAET, M.P. &c. &c. &c. IN RESPECTFUL ADMIRATION OF A GENIUS WHICH HAS ENRICHED ENGLISH LITERATURE WITH WORKS WHICH THE WORLD WILL NOT WILLINGLY LET DIE, AND IN GRATEFUL ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF A READY AND GENEROUS PATRONAGE, His Httb (Dkirnnt S>w(ra«t, THE AUTHOR ( / PREFACE. This little volume is designed to supply an acknow¬ ledged want, and to furnish, in a condensed but accurate form, a series of Biographical Sketches of the most distinguished of those gallant admirals and heroic adventurers who have lent such lustre to the annals of the British Navy. A chronological arrangement has been adopted, so that our memoirs will be found to comprise a brief historical view of the progress of naval enterprise, as well, as an account of the most important of those sea fights, which have maintained England’s naval supremacy from the defeat of the Spanish Armada to the siege of Algiers in 1816. Such a book as this cannot, of course, pretend to any originality. But we would, at least, venture to claim the negative merit of having brought together, within a limited compass, the information which must other¬ wise be sought for in volumes hardly accessible to juvenile readers, and we have been careful to rely only upon accredited authorities. To the youth who, having perused these pages, may wish at greater fulness to study their interesting subject, we may commend—- James’s Naval History. Brenton’s, Burchett’s, and Lediard’s Naval Histories. Hakluyt’s Collection of Voyages. Purchas’s Pilgrims. VI PREFACE. Campbell’s Lives of tlie Admirals. Thornberry’s History of the Buccaneers. Drake, Cavendish, and Dampier (Edin. Cab. Lib.) Life and Voyages of Captain Cook. Barrow’s Naval Worthies of Queen Elizabeth’s Beign. Barrow’s Life of Drake. Southey’s Life of Nelson. Sir Harris Nicolas, Letters and Despatches of Nelson. Burney’s Discovery in the South Seas. Charnock’s Biographia Navalis. Cooley’s History of Maritime Discovery. Hep worth Dixon’s Life of Blake. Osier’s Life of Exmouth, &c. &c. &c. At the present time, public attention is strongly attracted to the condition of the British Navy ; and it is therefore hoped that other than juvenile readers may also accept, with some small degree of favour, a volume which faithfully records its earlier triumphs, and presents a summary of the heroic actions of its most illus¬ trious chiefs. Even in this meagre outline there is enough to stimulate our patriotism and excite our en¬ thusiasm. Deflecting upon what English seamen have achieved, we may reasonably continue our faith in their courage, endurance, and heroic virtue, and believe that, in a just cause, victory will still attend The flag that’s braved a thousand years The battle and the breeze. London, 1860. W. H. D. A. CONTENTS. PAGE SIE JOHN HAWKINS. 1 SIR FRANCIS DRAKE.14 THOMAS CAVENDISH.36 SIR MARTIN FROBISHER.41 SIR HUMPHREY GILBERT.48 LORD HOWARD OF EFFINGHAM, EARL OF NOTTINGHAM AND LORD HIGH ADMIRAL OF ENGLAND .... 53 ROBERT BLAKE, ADMIRAL AND GENERAL AT SEA . . 66 EDWARD MONTAGUE, EARL OF SANDWICH .... 87 SIR HENRY MORGAN, AND THE ENGLISH BUCCANEERS 96 WILLIAM DAMPIER, THE BUCCANEER.119 ARTHUR HERBERT, EARL OF TORRINGTON .... 161 SIR GEORGE ROOKE.170 VICE-ADMIRAL EENBOW.180 ADMIRAL LORD VISCOUNT ANSON.187 ADMIRAL LORD RODNEY., . . 202 CAPTAIN JAMES COOK.213 ADMIRAL EARL HOWE.244 ADMIRAL EARL ST. VINCENT.262 ADMIRAL LORD VISCOUNT NELSON.294 ADMIRAL LORD COLLINGWOOD.355 ADMIRAL LORD VISCOUNT EXMOUTH.372 Vlll CONTENTS PAGE ARCTIC DISCOVERY—SIR HUGH WILLOUGHBY . . . 401 CAPTAIN JOHN DAVIS.403 HENRY HUDSON.407 BUTTON, BYLOT, AND BAFFIN.411 CAPTAIN THOMAS JAMES. 412 CAPTAIN SIR JOHN ROSS .413 LIEUTENANT PARRY.415 SIR JOHN FRANKLIN. 420 THE SEA-KINGS OF ENGLAND. i. SIR JOHN HAWKINS. a.d. 1520—1593. Westward ho ! with a rumbelow, And hurra for the Spanish Main, 0 ! Old Ballad. If there he one period of English History more than another to which the student and the patriot turn with peculiar eagerness, and of which they read with glow¬ ing eyes and tingling cheeks, it is that glorious period illustrated by the queenly genius of Elizabeth, and rendered famous by the deeds of the heroic men who gathered round her. Never did a people stride forward with such swiftness, and yet with such enduring vigour, as did the English in those years of triumph which we still proudly speak of as the Elizabethan era. It witnessed—that half-century—the growth of the maritime power of England; the foundation of her magnificent colonial empire; her occupation of a leading position among the European nations ; the development of an original and masculine literature ; the rise of a new and English architecture; the establishment of a pure and liberal religion. It saw B 2 THE SEA-KINGS OE ENGLAND. the Cross of St. George waving upon shores hitherto unknown to England’s sons. It saw her keels plough¬ ing the mysterious seas which the jealousy of Papal power had sought to close against them. It saw a few intrepid bands of English seamen carrying terror into the heart of an opulent empire, and humbling the pride of tall ships and well-manned and well-armed galleons. It saw the Armada crushed by the free efforts of a free people. It saw literature enriched by a Shakspeare, a Spenser, a Bacon, and a Ben Jonson ; state-policy directed by a Burleigh, a Walsingham, and a Cecil; maritime enterprise encouraged by a Hawkins, a Drake, a Frobisher, and a Grenville—men who lifted life out of the commonplace into an atmosphere of legend and romance. It recognised the spirit of the Anglo-Saxon everywhere triumphant: in the fearful wilds of Arctic seas—in the balmy islands of the East—on the rich shores of the Hew World—at “ Britain’s Salamis, the glorious fight of 1588.” It is to these men, to their voyages and battles, “ their faith and their valour, their heroic lives and heroic deaths,” and to their successors—the brave Sea- kings of Old England—that these unpretending pages are devoted. These are the men who, in the main, have founded and established our country’s fame, her commerce, and her wealth ; have defended her faith, and preserved her independence. What England is, what Englishmen enjoy, we owe to those heroic spirits who have constantly opened up to us new channels of enterprise—who have always fought for constitutional liberty—have dared all, and suffered all, that the freedom of their country might never be endangered, nor her power diminished. What a glorious bead- SIR JOHN HAWKINS. 3 roll of honoured names our ocean annals unfold ! Rodney, and Jervis, and Blake, and Duncan, and Nelson, and Collingwood—sons of whom England may well be proud, and whose memories she may well resolve never to let die ! To read of these heroes and their deeds, is to inspire, as it were, a purer air ; to become ennobled by the contemplation of noble actions, by learning of what great tilings a true and earnest man is capable. The rich odours of the perfume-bearing East, the clear winds of the icy North, the warm fragrance of the Southern seas—all gather round us while we read, and from the calm monotony of our daily lives transport us into a new and surprising world of change and adventure, where Truth assumes the aspect of Romance, and History wears the charms of Eable ! Early in the reign of “ Good Queen Bess” there came strange tidings to England, of opulent cities founded by the Spaniards on the shores of that New World which the genius of Columbus had placed under their sway ; of the stores of precious metals and burning gems which stately carracks and tall galleons bore across the main to the mother-country ; of the wealth and picturesque beauty and “ strange devices” of the lands won by Spanish adventurers from persecuted and plundered Indians ; so that a hot desire was begotten in the breast of many a gallant English seaman to try his fortunes in those distant and marvellous regions painted in such glowing and attractive colours. The motives which governed him were not altogether of an ignoble character ; if he desired a share of the booty of the New World, and his eyes were somewhat dazzled by the yellow gold it seemed to yield so freely, 4 THE SEA-KINGS OF ENGLAND. lie was not the less solicitous to assert the courage and uphold the honour of England—to humble the haugh¬ tiness and punish the perfidy of Spain—to avenge the sufferings of the unhappy Indians—and impelled, in no slight degree, by a strong religious feeling, to oppose Protestantism to Papacy, and promulgate in distant lands the doctrines cf the true faith. One of the first of these brave adventurers who, in pinnaces of sixty or seventy tons, manned by half-a- hundred men, did not fear to throw themselves against all the wealth, and power, and pride of Spain—at that time enjoying an almost undisputed maritime supre¬ macy—was John Hawkins, the second son of Captain William Hawkins, himself a sea-rover of no small consideration in the days of “ bluff King Plal.” John was born at Plymouth about 1520. From his very childhood accustomed to a sea-faring life, and diligently applying himself to the theory as well as practice of the romantic profession he had embraced, it is no wonder that he earned, at an unusually early age, the consideration due to a bold and able seaman. Such, indeed, was his repute, that many Devonshire gentlemen—for that beautiful county in Elizabeth’s reign was the nursery of England’s best and bravest seamen—placed their sons under his charge to be instructed in the “mysterie of seamanship and his nephew, afterwards Sir Richard Hawkins, the illus¬ trious Drake, and other admirable sea-captains, first distinguished themselves under his adventurous flag. John Hawkins, however, had but loose notions of morality ; and his, unfortunately, is the reproach of having been the first Englishman who trafficked in slaves. With a squadron of three small ships he set SIR JOHN HAWKINS. 5 sail in October, 1562, for Sierra Leone; where, by fair means and foul, he got together a cargo of 300 Negroes. These he disposed of at an enormous profit in Hispaniola (now better known as San Domingo), and returned to England well pleased with the success of his adventure. In 1564, he again proceeded to the African coast. His ships were the Jesus of Lubech (lent to him by the Queen), of 700 tons burden ; the Solomon, of 140 ; the Tiger, of 50 ; and the Swallow, of 30 tons. He appears to have been but little troubled with scruples about the means employed to attain an end," and did not hesitate to make use of violence when he judged it needful. Thus, he frequently experienced severe losses. On one occasion, in attempting to secure ten Negroes, he lost seven of his ablest mariners, besides having seven-and-twenty sorely wounded by the enemy’s arrows. When he reached Hispaniola with his living cargo, he found that the authorities had received instruc¬ tions from the Spanish Government to suspend their dealings with the English—the jealousy of Spain having already taken alarm at the introduction cf “ the thin end of the wedge”—but Hawkins proceeded to overcome their scruples with the logic most favoured by the Elizabethan sea-captains. Landing 100 well-armed men, he attacked the town of Bur- boroata, and soon reasoned the Spaniards into a com¬ mercial and pacific mood. After disposing of his wares, he sailed along the American coast, loaded his ships with cod at Newfoundland, and reached Padstow in September with a goodly store of gold, silver, pearls, jewels, and other commodities. G THE SEA-KINGS OF ENGLAND. For these exploits, which the sterner morality of the present age would visit with severe and not un¬ deserved reprobation, Hawkins was rewarded with a coat-of-arms representing a “ demi-Moor, in his proper colour, bound with a cord ,” and provided with a second squadron, partly equipped by the London merchants, and partly at his own cost. (a.d. 1567). In tins new adventure he sailed in the Jesus of Lubech, as Admiral, and was supported by Captain Francis Drake, in the Judith; by the Minion; the William and John; and two tiny barks, respectively named the Ancjel and the Swallow; After enduring a great storm near Cape Finisterre, the little fleet succeeded in reaching Cape Verde, where Hawkins landed 150 men to capture Negroes, but, owing to the poisoned arrows of the natives, they secured but few. Hawkins, in his own narrative, says of the wounds which these fatal weapons produced, that although “ they seemed at first to be but small hurts, yet there hardly escaped any that had blood drawn of them, but died in strange sort, with their moutlies shutte some tenne dayes before they died, and after their wounds were whole ; when I myself had one of the greatest wounds, yet, thanks be to God, escaped. ” Hawkins proceeded on his voyage, landing at various points of the coast, and capturing about 200 prisoners, until, at a place he calls St. Jorge de Mina, he ob¬ tained a sufficient number to load his ships. Here the Negro potentate, having quarrelled with a neighbour¬ ing chief, besought the potent aid of the English, promising them, as a recompence, all the Negroes that were taken. The Elizabethan sea-captains needed but 7 SIR JOHN HAWKINS. small inducements to join in any perilous enterprise, and Hawkins accordingly landed 150 men, who marched upon a town, or village, defended by rude but strong palings, and containing 8000 inhabitants. In the as¬ sault the English lost six men killed, and forty wounded, but Hawkins having come up to their assis¬ tance, with the help of the native forces, the town was beleaguered both by sea and land, set on lire, and 200 prisoners captured. Across the blue waters the English now merrily turned their prows, and at Hispaniola disposed of their human freight for commodities more highly prized in England. Proceeding towards Florida, they were driven, by a succession of storms, into the harbour of San Juan de Ulloa for shelter and provisions. Twelve Spanish vessels, burdened with gold and silver to the amount of £200,000, were quietly careening in this secure anchorage; but Hawkins, though he might easily have effected their capture, from motives of pru¬ dence or from higher causes, allowed them to remain unmolested. Meanwhile, the Spaniards, having mis¬ taken his squadron for a fleet of their own which had long been expected, offered no resistance to his passage into the harbour ; but on discovering their error were grievously alarmed. Feigning to be content with his assurances that he came only for provisions, they secretly despatched a messenger to the Viceroy of Mexico for instructions. The bold sea-rover’s position, therefore, grew hourly more critical. The Spanish fleet arrived, with the treasures of the American mines on board, valued at £1,800,000. If he suffered these twenty-five tall ships to enter the harbour, and join their comrades, his own 8 THE SEA-KINGS OF ENGLAND. peril would be imminent. If he opposed their passage, and they were wrecked in the storm that prevailed, he would probably incur the severe displeasure of Elizabeth, who was not yet prepared for a rupture with Spain. He adopted a middle course. A new Viceroy of Mexico was on board the fleet, and Haw¬ kins concluded with him a kind of treaty, by which it was agreed that each party should exchange hostages : that an island, fortified with eleven brass cannon, com¬ manding the mouth of the harbour, should be given up to the English during their stay ; and that they should be supplied with provisions upon moderate terms. The Spanish fleet was then admitted, and, after an exchange of salutes, took up a position oppo¬ site to Hawkins’s puny squadron, which thus, with singular and romantic boldness, ventured to confront five-and-twenty ships of great size, well manned, and most of them well armed, in their own harbour, and under the guns of a Spanish fort. (September, 1568.) But the bad faith of the Spanish, who had never intended to carry out the provisions of the treaty they had so solemnly sworn to observe, soon became appa¬ rent. Suspicious movements took place daily, and it was evident that some treacherous project was in con¬ templation. At length, a reinforcement of a thousand men having been conveyed on board the Spanish fleet, an explanation was required by the English com¬ mander. A furious assault was the only reply he re¬ ceived. A large vessel of 900 tons fell upon the Minion, but she soon got clear of her unwieldy oppo¬ nent. Then, with two other ships, the Spaniard at¬ tacked the Jesus of Lubeck , and a fierce fight ensued in which the calm, cool courage of their brave admiral SIR JOHN HAWKINS. 9 moved liis men to admiration. “ Our generall,” wrote one of the survivors, “ courageously cheered up his soldiers and gunners, and called to Samuel, his page, for a cup of beere, who brought it him in a silver cup; and lie, drinking to all his men, willed the gun¬ ners to stand by their ordinance lustily, like men. He had no sooner set the cup out of his hand but a demi- culverin shot stroke away the cup, and a cooper’s plane that stoode by the mainemast, and ran out on the other side of the ship ; which nothing dismayed our generall, for he ceased not to encourage us, saying, * Feare nothing; for God, who hath preserved me from this shot, will also deliver us from these traitours and villaines.’ ” After a gallant struggle, the Jesus of Lubech , the Minion , and the Judith , crept out of the fatal port, but the Jesus was so shattered that the admiral was compelled to abandon her, and embark in the Minion . The Angel was sunk, and the Swallow taken. D uring the night, the little Judith parted company, leaving Hawkins and his men alone upon the stormy sea in a c^azy bark of scarce 200 tons ! The miseries of his homeward voyage were such, that—to use the unfortunate admiral’s own quaint language—“if they were to be perfectly and thoroughly written, there should need a painful man with his pen, and as great a time as he (Fox) had that wrote the lives and deaths of the martyrs.” “ We were now left alone,” he says, “ with only two anchors and two cables ; our ship so damaged that it was as much as we could do to keep her above water, and with very little provisions. We were, besides, divided in opinion what to do : some were for yielding to the Spaniards; others chose rather 10 THE SEA-KINGS OF ENGLAND. to submit to the mercy of the savages ; and again, others thought it more eligible to keep the sea, though with so scanty an allowance of victuals as would hardly suffice to keep us alive. In this miserable plight, we ranged an unknown sea for fourteen days, till ex- tream famine obliged us to seek for land. So great was our misery, that hides were reckoned good food ; rats, cats, mice, and dogs—none escaped us that we could lay our hands upon ; parrots and monkeys were our dainties. In this condition we came to land on the 8th of October, at the bottom of the Bay of Mexico, in 23|°, where we hoped to have found inhabitants of the Spaniards, relief of victuals, and a proper place to repair our ship : but we found everything just con¬ trary to our expectation ; neither inhabitants, nor pro¬ visions, nor haven for the relief of our ship. Many of the men, nevertheless, being worn out with hunger, desired to be set on shore, to which I consented. Of about two hundred souls, which we then were, one hundred chose to seek their fortune on land, on which they were set with great difficulty; and with the re¬ mainder, after having watered, I again submitted to the mercy of the seas, and set sail on the 16th of October.” Hawkins and his followers reached England in January, 1569. The narrative of their sufferings through the base treachery of the Spanish, produced a powerful impression upon their countrymen, and was, it is not too much to assert, the first of a series of causes which led to the eventual extinction of the Spanish power in those fair but unhappy countries, the treasury and store-house of Spain for nearly two centuries. Henceforth the name of Spaniard was held SIR JOHN HAWKINS. 11 accursed by every honest English seaman, and it be¬ came a sort of creed that to burn and destroy Spanish cities, to capture or sink Spanish ships, whenever occa¬ sion offered, was the bounden duty of the men of England, and as meritorious as it was likely to be profitable. Hawkins was now appointed treasurer of the navy —an important, but, in those days of disorganization and irregularity, a thankless post, which he held for many years. In 158S, he was appointed Vice-Admiral, and led one of the four divisions of the fleet sent out against the Spanish Armada. For his services, he re¬ ceived the honour of knighthood. In 1593, he was associated with Drake in the command of a fleet of six ships despatched by Queen Elizabeth on a cruise against the Spanish possessions in the South Seas. Twenty-one private vessels accom¬ panied them, and a force of seamen and soldiers amounting to 2500. The troops on board were under the command of Sir Thomas Baskerville. The preparation of so large a force, however, could not be carried on without attracting the attention of the enemy against whom it was designed, and the Spanish had time to place their colonial settlements in a state of defence. The expedition sailed from Plymouth on August 9, 1593, having been delayed some weeks by a rumour that another Armada was being got ready for the invasion of England. The Queen’s first instruc¬ tions were—to proceed at once to Mexico, attack and capture Nombre di Dios, cross the Isthmus of Darien, and finally take possession of opulent and stately Panama. But while they were detained at Plymouth, information reached the English Court that, though the 12 THE SEA-KINGS OF ENGLAND. wealthy Indian fleet had readied home in safety, one richly laden galleon had been disabled in a storm, and compelled to take refuge at Porto Rico. The commanders, therefore, were advised by Elizabeth’s ministers to make the capture of this rich argosy their first consi¬ deration. Instead of acting upon this wise counsel, Drake and Baskerville influenced Hawkins to consent to an attack upon the Canary Islands, which ended in the disastrous repulse of the English. A further and equally unprofitable delay took place at San Domingo, and enabled the Spanish to despatch five frigates to succour the galleon. One of these fell in with, and easily captured, the Francis , one of the small ships of Hawkins’s squadron, and, putting its captain to the torture, obtained full information of the designs of the English. (October 30th, 1593.) This unfortunate mishap, added to the ill-omened commencement of the expedition, and the effects of the climate upon the admiral’s shattered constitution, brought on a fatal malady, of which he died on the 12th November, just as his squadron came within sight of Porto Rico. The brave old Sea-king was upwards of seventy- three years old, when his sun thus set in cloud and shadow. Forty-eight years had been passed on the sea in the service of his country, and during that lengthy period his courage was never impugned, nor his integrity suspected. The affability of his manners and his rigid sense of justice secured him the love and respect of his seamen, and his care for their welfare was shown by his establishment—in conjunction with Sir Francis Drake—of the benevolent fund known as the Chest at Chatham. SIR JOHN HAWKINS. 13 “As to his person,” says one of his biographers, “he was esteemed graceful in his youth, and of a very grave and reverend aspect when advanced in years. He was well versed in mathematical learning for those times, and understood every branch of maritime affairs thoroughly, and to the bottom. He was a man of as much personal courage as that age produced, and had a presence of mind that set him above fear, and which enabled him frequently to deliver himself and others out of the reach even of the most imminent danger.” Hawkins, like others of his contemporaries, bold, brilliant, and determined, has been almost eclipsed by the superior fame of Sir Francis Drake, or surely pos¬ terity would oftener recognise the merits of a seaman —despite one blot upon his scutcheon—“ for his expe¬ rience and valour,” as Sir Walter Raleigh says, “as eminent as England ever had.” 1-1 THE SEA-KINGS OF ENGLAND. II. SIR FRANCIS DRAKE. a.d. 1545—1596. E’en to the dullest peasant standing by, Who fastened still on him a wondering eye, He seemed the master spirit of the land. Joanna Baillie. This famous Sea-king—one of those English heroes whose glory we hold as a precious inheritance, and whose name is, as it were, an inspiration—owed nothing to an illustrious lineage or wealthy ancestry. The circumstances of his birth and childhood are, indeed, involved in obscurity and doubt ; but it is now generally believed that he was the son of an honest mariner of Tavistock, the eldest of twelve sons, and born in the year 1545. Most of these sturdy Devonshire lads took naturally, as it were,*to the sea. Even now, the children bred upon the shores of that fair county are accustomed from their tenderest years to a sort of sea-faring education. They shape out of lumps of wood their miniature ships, rig them, and sail them in mimic races; they are always clambering over the weedy rocks, swimming or diving in the, clear blue waters, and assisting the fishermen in their daily toil. They soon learn to pull an oar with no despicable skill, SIR FRANCIS DRAKE. 15 ancl to “ take in” a sail, or put a boat before the wind with all the celerity and self-confidence of prac¬ tised sailors. No better nursery or “ naval school” for the future seaman than the rocky coast of North Devon ! Thus accustomed to an ocean-life, Drake, at a very early age, was apprenticed to a friend of his father’s, who traded between England and Biscay, France and Holland. He so won the esteem and confidence of his master that he bequeathed to the young mariner bis little bark in grateful acknowledgment of his zeal, activity, and diligence. Drake continued his trading voyages for a few months, and then sold his vessel, equipping himself with the proceeds for a West India adventure, which occupied the years 1565 and 1566, and in which he suffered severely at Bio de la Hacha. Shortly after his return to England, he joined Sir John Hawkins in a voyage to Guinea, and afterwards (a.d. 1567) embarked all his property in the great expedition which terminated so disastrously in the harbour of St. Juan de Ulloa. Drake, in his bark, the Judith , distinguished himself by his coolness and courage, and succeeded in bringing her home in safety ; his mind inflamed against the Spaniards by the treachery he had experienced and the sufferings he had endured. His was not a nature to be content with mere murmuring ; he determined to avenge him¬ self and his companions, and make the wealthy cities of the Spanish Main afford him an ample satisfaction for his wrongs. “ In sea-divinity,” as it has been quaintly said, “ the case was clear; the King of Spain’s subjects had undone Mr. Drake, and therefore 16 THE SEA-KINGS OF ENGLAND. Mr. Drake was entitled to take the best satisfaction he could on the subjects of the King of Spain.” Drake’s first voyage in 1570, and bis second in 1571, must be regarded as simply voyages of explora¬ tion and examination j to reconnoitre, as it were, the scene of action on which he was to perform such illus¬ trious deeds. They rendered him well acquainted with the Mexican coast, and supplied him with that knowledge, experience, and self-confidence, which alone could render successful the daring enterprise he meditated. Having thus prepared himself and trained his men, he set out, in 1572, on a voyage of reprisal against thickly-peopled cities and wealthy governments, with two small vessels—barely as large as the boats of the Great Eastern —the Pacha, of 70 tons, and the Swan, of 25, carrying, when fully manned, a complement of 200 seamen ! In the romantic history of these stirring times, nothing, indeed, is more marvellous than the confidence with which the English pitted themselves against superior forces,—often in the proportion of ten to one,—and the pusillanimity of the Spanish, who seldom offered an obstinate resistance. Drake sailed from Plymouth, then the favourite port of the western voyagers, on the 24th of May, and two months later, on the night of the 22nd of July, his trumpets sounded and his guns were discharged in the silent streets of Nombre di Dios. He marched boldly upon the market-place, while the Spaniards, hastily seizing their weapons, set the alarm-bells a- riuging, beat their drums, and gathered round the small but intrepid band which had so suddenly startled them from their lethargy. Oxenham—one of his SIR FRANCIS DRAKE. 17 trustiest followers—his brother John, and sixteen seamen, made their way to the royal treasure-house and secured several piles of silver, but were compelled b v the vast superiority of the force now collected against them to retreat with precipitation to their ships. Drake received a severe wound, which at first with his wonted coolness he concealed, but fainting from loss of blood, his men hurried him off to his pinnace. And so, his daring enterprise was not crowned with the success it deserved. He now resolved to cross the isthmus, and seize upon the convoy of mules which carried the treasure from Panama to Nombre di Dios for embarkation to the mother-country ; and leaving his ships and pinnaces moored in the Sound of Darien, with a hundred men and a body of friendly Indians belong¬ ing to a tribe named the Symerons, a tribe at con¬ stant enmity with the Spaniards, he set out upon his perilous journey. He was again disappointed in his object, and lost his two brothers John and Joseph, and many of his men, by sickness. Returning towards the coast, he surprised a string of mules laden witli silver, pursuing them as far as Venta Cruz, a sort of half-way station between Nombre di Dios and Panama, which he stormed and plundered. The gold, and as much of the silver as was possible, he carried off, and the remainder buried until he could undertake a voyage for its recovery. He then regained his ships in time to escape collision with a detachment of more than 300 soldiers sent in pursuit of him. This expedition across the isthmus may be regarded as an epoch in our fatherland’s history; for it first pre¬ sented to English eyes that glorious Pacific Sea which c IB THE SEA-KINGS OF ENGLAND. Spanish avarice had so sedulously closed to European enterprise. The old chronicler narrates this adven¬ ture in quaint language :— “On the twelfth day [of their journey] we came,” he says, “ to the height of the desired hill (lying east and west like a ridge between the two seas) about ten of the clock ; where the cliiefest of the Symerons took our captain by the hand and prayed him to follow him. Here was that goodly and great high tree, in which they had cut and made divers steps to ascend near the top, where they had made a convenient bower, wherein ten or twelve men might easily sit; and from thence we might see the Atlantic Ocean we came from, and the South Atlantic so much desired. South and north of this tree they had felled certain trees that the prospect might be clearer. “ After our captain had ascended to this bower with the chief Symeron, and having, as it pleased God, at this time, by reason of the breeze, a very fair day, had seen that sea of which he had heard such golden reports, he besought of Almighty God of his goodness to give him life and leave to sail once in an English ship in that sea ; and then, calling up all the rest of our men, acquainted John Oxenham especially with this his petition and purpose, if it should please God to grant him that happiness.”* So with eagle eyes He stared at the Pacific, and all his men Looked at each other with a wild surmise, Silent upon a peak in Darien. . Keats. Drake sailed homeward merrily, reaching Plymouth * Sir F. Brake Revived, 1653. SIR FRANCIS DRAKE. 19 on Sunday, the 9tli of August, 1573. News of his return being carried to church, where the inhabitants were assembled in worship, there remained few or no people with the preacher ; “ all running out to observe the blessing of God upon the dangerous adventures of the captain, who had spent one year, two months, and some odd days in this voyage.” Our Sea-king now prepared for the great enter¬ prise which was to immortalize his name, and open to English keels the gleaming waters of the mighty southern sea. His reputation for skill, courage, and good fortune soon drew around him a goodly band of gallant adventurers, and certain services which in three stout frigates he had performed against the Irish rebels, secured him the patronage of the sagacious Elizabeth. Policy compelled her to affect in public a stern disapproval of her seaman’s daring project, for she was not yet prepared for an open rupture with Spain. But not the less did she secretly encourage and support him ; and when he took leave of her, she presented him with a trusty sword, exclaiming, “We do account that he who striketh at thee, Drake, striketh at us.” Under these favourable auspices, Drake set out on his circumnavigation of the world with the following fleet :—The Pelican (afterwards named the Golden Hind), of 100 tons, in which he hoisted his flag as Captain-General; the Elizabeth, of 80 tons, Captain John Winter; the Swan, of 50 tons, Captain John Chester ; the Cltristojiher, of 15 tons, Captain Thomas Moore; the Marigold, of 30 tons, Captain John Thomas; and a pinnace of 12 tons, named the Benedict , accompanied the Elizabeth. With these frail barks, c 2 20 THE SEA-KINGS OE ENGLAND. and with crews in all amounting to 1G4 men, Drake proposed to dare the perils of an unknown sea and the power of a great empire ! With his usual saga¬ city he included among his stores a quantity of such commodities as were most esteemed by savage tribes; and considering it good policy to dazzle them with a display of wealth and splendour, provided a luxurious equipage for his table, the cooking utensils and vessels being of silver curiously wrought. A band of musi¬ cians also embarked on board his own ship. Drake and his squadron sailed from Plymouth on the 15th of November, 1577, but were driven back by a violent storm. After repairing and refitting his vessels he again set out for the lands of promise on the 13th of December, and touching at Mogadore, Cape Blanco, and Mayo, reached the Isla del Fogo, or Burning Island, early in January, 1578. Near this volcanic islet lies Brava, spoken of by the author of The Famous Voyage , as “a most sweet and pleasant island, the trees whereof are always green and fair to look upon. The soil is almost full of trees; so that it is a store¬ house of many fruits and commodities, as figs, always ripe, cocoas, plantains, oranges, lemons, citrons, and cotton. Prom the brooks into the sea do run in many places silver streams of sweet and wholesome water.” These delectable shores they quitted on the 2nd of February, and proceeding southward, reached the mouth of the Bio de la Plata on the 14th of April, and on the 17th came to an anchor in a small harbour 471 lat. S. Here he employed his men in killing seals, which they found to be “ good meat for the present, and provision for the future.” In the huts of the Indians they found an abundant store of dried birds, SIR FRANCIS DRAKE. 2.1 and especially of ostriches, whose legs were as large as “ reasonable legs of mutton.” The inhabitants of this region excited the wonder of our voyagers from their extraordinary stature; the tallest English were but as pigmies to these giants! They were strong, well- limbed, handsome, and expert in all manly exercises. Their clothing was the skin of an animal girt about their loins, which also served as a cloak or wrapper when they lay down or slept. They painted themselves in a grotesque fashion—white suns and moons on a black ground, and vice versa. Their principal food was seals, whose flesh they ate after scorching it in the flames for a few moments, and their only manufac¬ tures were bows, arrows tipped with flints, and bones curiously carved. These they exchanged with vast delight for knives, buttons, bells, and similar articles. Drake left Seal Bay (for so he named his harbour¬ age) on the 3rd June; and on the 20th, he anchored in Port St. Julian, where Magellan’s fleet had passed the winter in 1520. During his stay, a lamentable event occurred which has thrown an undeserved shadow over the great seaman’s career. High in his confidence, and holding an important position in the fleet, was a gentleman of excellent parts, one Mr. Thomas Doughty, whom Drake, of his own accord, had chosen to accom¬ pany him in his expedition. Against him, charges of conspiracy and mutiny were now advanced, and that these charges were well founded must assuredly be the conclusion of any one who carefully studies the evi¬ dence on the subject still extant. Before a jury of forty members, these charges were fully set forth. Doughty was unanimously pronounced guilty, and adjudged to have deserved death. Drake offered the unfortunate 22 THE SEA-KINGS OF ENGLAND. gentleman three alternatives : to be taken back to England for examination by the loicls of the Queen’s Council ; to be abandoned on the coast; or to suffer immediate execution. Doughty chose the latter, pro¬ testing that “he had deserved death—yea, many deaths ; for that he conspired, not only the overthrow of the action, but of the principal actor also.” The day after, Mr. Fletcher, the chaplain of the fleet, celebrated the sacrament of the Last Supper, and Drake received it in the company of the con¬ demned man. Then they dined together at the same table, “ as cheerfully in sobriety as ever in their lives they had done ; and taking their leaves by drinking to each other, as if some short journey only had been in hand.” After which, Doughty calmly walked forth, and requesting the spectators to remember him in their prayers, gave himself up to the headsman. He was buried, with Mr. Winter and the gunner, on an islet in the harbour; and a stone bearing their names, rudely engraven, was placed near their graves by the chaplain. Winter and the gunner lost their lives in a rencontre with the natives. Drake and his officers, who had made many attempts to secure their confidence, were on one occasion amusing them with their skill in archery, when an Indian approached, and menaced them to be gone. Winter, offended with his churlish¬ ness, “ between jest and earnest drew a shaft, partly in intimidation, but also to prove the superiority of the English bow and skill. The bow-string unfortunately snapped ; and whilst he was repairing it, a sudden shower of arrows wounded him in the shoulder and the side. Oliver, the gunner, instantly levelled his SIR FRANCIS DRAKE. 28 piece ; but it missed fire, and the attempt proved the signal for his destruction. He was pierced through with an arrow, and immediately dropped.” Drake, seizing his musket, fired at the gunner’s assailant, and killed him ; and, quickly retreating with his men, effected their embarkation in safety, owing to the con¬ sternation produced among the savages by the deadly effect of Drake’s shot. But they had to lament the loss of Winter and the gunner. His fleet now reduced to three ships, Drake left this fatal shore on the 17th of August, and on the 20th entered the strait named after Magellan, its discoverer —a passage of extreme peril, of which the Spaniards had taken care to circulate the gloomiest rumours. > Hon. Henry Blackwood. Naiad . 38 > > Thomas Dundas. Pickle schooner. Lieut. John R. Lapenotiere. LEE DIVISION. i ( Vice-Admiral of the Blue Cuthbert j Royal Sovereign. 100 - Collingwood; Captain Edward Rotherham. Belleisle . 74 William Hargood. Nais . 74 >> George Huff. Tonnant . 80 Charles Tyler. Bellerophon . 74 John Cook. Colossus . 74 j > James Nicoll Morris. A cliille . 74 y y Richard King. Dreadnought ... 98 John Conn. Polyphemus . 64 >> Robert Redmill. Revenge . 74 yy Robert Moorsom. Swift sure . 74 yy George Rutherford. Defiance . 74 y y Philip C. Durham. Thunderer . 74 >> John Stockham. Defence . 74 yy George Hope. Prince . 98 Richard Grindall. Plicebe . 38 . Hon. Thomas Bladen Capel. Sirius . 38 yy William Prowse. Entreprevante cutter Lieut. John Pinner. In all, a force of 27 sail of the line and 4 frigates, carrying 2148 guns. The French and Spanish fleets, under Admirals Yilleneuve and Gravina, may be thus enumerated. They formed a line in the following order :— * Neptune . 74 Scipion . 74 * Santa Ana (Vice-Admiral de Alava). 112 Fougueux . 74 * Spanish vessels. ADMIRAL LORD VISCOUNT NELSON. 345 Ships. Guns. Ships. Guns. Intrepide . 74 *Monarca . 74 *Rayo . 100 Pluton . 74 Formidable (Rear-Ad¬ miral Dumanoir) ... 80 Algesiras . 74 Duguay Trouin . 74 *Bahama . 74 Mont Blanc . 74 A igle . 74 *San Francisco de A ssis 74 Swiftsure . 74 *San Augustin . 74 Argonaute . 74 Her os . 74 *Montanez . 74 *Santissima Trinidad . 130 *Argonauta . 80 Bucentaure (Admiral Villeneuve) . 80 Berwick . 74 Neptune . 80 *San Juan Nepomuceno . 74 *San Leandro . 64 *San lldefonso . 74 Redoubtable . 74 Achille . 74 *San Justo . 74 * Principe-de-Asturias (Adm. de Gravina) . 112 With the frigates Cornelie, Indomptable . 80 Hermione, Hortense, Thin, and Themis. In all, 33 sail of the line and 5 frigates, carrying about 2626 guns. The combined fleets put out to sea on the 19 th and 20th of October, and forming in five divisions, stood for the mouth of the Straits. On the morning of the 21st the look-out frigates signalled the approach of the British, and Villeneuve then abandoned his former tactics, and ordered his ships to range in line of battle, in the order indicated above. His whole line extended nearly five miles, and was irregularly formed, so that it somewhat resembled a curve, or half-moon, and in some places was two, and in others, three ships deep. Meanwhile, the British fleet, formed in two columns as Nelson had directed, bore down upon the enemy under all sail—triumphant, as to certain conquest. Collingwood led the leeward division in the Royal 346 THE SEA-KINGS OF ENGLAND. Sovereign; Nelson tlie weather line, in the Victory. The wind came up from the west in a fresh free breeze, and a heavy swell rolled along the sea. At this moment, the great admiral retired to his cabin, and in solitude and silence wrote the following prayer :— “ May the great God whom I worship, grant to my country, and for the benefit of Europe in general, a great and glorious victory, and may no misconduct in any one tarnish it; and may humanity after victory be the predominant feature in the British fleet! For myself individually, I commit my life to Him that made me; and may His blessing alight on my endea¬ vours for serving my country faithfully ! To Him I resign myself, and the just cause which is entrusted to me to defend. Amen. Amen. Amen.” He then appended the following memorandum :—- “October 21, 1805. Then in sight of the combined fleets of France and Spain, distant about ten miles. “ Whereas the eminent services of Emma Hamilton, widow of the Right Honourable Sir William Hamilton, have been of the very greatest service to my King and country, to my knowledge, without ever receiving any reward from either our King or country. “ First, that she obtained the King of Spain’s letter, in 1796, to his brother the King of Naples, acquaint¬ ing him of his intention to declare war against England; from which letter the ministry sent out orders to the then Sir John Jervis to strike a stroke, if opportunity offered, against either the arsenals of Spain or her fleets. That neither of these was done is not the fault of Lady Hamilton; the opportunity might have been offered. “ Secondly. The British fleet under my command ADMIRAL LORD VISCOUNT NELSON. 347 could never have returned the second time to Egypt, had not Lady Hamilton’s influence with the Queen of Naples caused letters to be wrote to the Governor of Syracuse, that he was to encourage the fleets being supplied with everything, should they put into any port in Sicily. We put into Syracuse, and received every supply ; went to Egypt and destroyed the French fleet. “ Could I have rewarded these services, I would not now call upon my country ; but as that has not been in my power, I leave Emma Lady Hamilton therefore a legacy to my King and country, that they will give her an ample provision to maintain her rank in life. “ I also leave to the beneficence of my country my adopted daughter, Horatia Nelson Thompson ; and I desire she will use in future the name of Nelson only. “ These are the only favours I ask of my King and country at this moment when I am going to fight their battle. May God bless my King and country, and all those I hold dear. My relations it is needless to mention ; they will of course be amply provided for. Nelson and Bronte.* Dressed in his well-worn uniform, with the four “ lack-lustre stars” of the orders he generally wore, he then went upon deck. His officers suspecting that in the ensuing battle his life would be specially aimed at, were anxious he should not assume so conspicuous an attire, but no one dared remonstrate with him. His * The dukedom of Bronte ( Anglicd, Thunder) was conferred upon Nelson by the King of Naples after the victory of the Nile 348 THE SEA-KINGS OF ENGLAND. captain, however, begged of him not to lead his division into the fight, and he at length consented to allow the Leviathan and Temeraire to pass ahead. But while he gave the order, he took care it should not be carried out. The Victory was a fast sailor, and unless she shortened sail, the others could not hope to gain the lead. It was evident, however, that Nelson took great pleasure in crowding on all the sail she could carry. Assured of victory, he asked Captain Blackwood how many ships of the enemy’s he should consider a fair triumph 1 Blackwood observing how gallantly they offered fight, said, he thought it would be a glorious result if.fourteen were captured. “1 shall not be satisfied,” replied Nelson, “ with less than twenty.” At about twenty minutes to twelve, when the British fleet was rapidly nearing its opponents, Nelson turned to Captain Blackwood and observed that it appeared to him some other signal was wanting. He paused a few moments, and then calling the signal- lieutenant, said—“ Mr. Pasco, make signal to the squadron, that “ England expects every man will do his duty !” When the purport of this signal was understood throughout the fleet, there arose a deep and earnest cheer, and every man seemed inspired by the heroic enthusiasm of his great leader. Shortly afterwards, Captain Blackwood, about to return to his frigate, the Euryalus , shook him by the hand, and expressed his hope he should shortly return and find him in posses¬ sion of twenty prizes. “ Cod bless you, Blackwood,” was Nelson’s exclamation, “I shall never see you again.” ADMIRAL LORD VISCOUNT NELSON. 349 In order to prevent Villeneuve from escaping into Cadiz, Nelson and his division bore away slightly to the north ; Collingwood’s division was therefore the first to join battle. His flag-ship, the Royal Sovereign, was some distance ahead of the column which he led, and secured the honour of beginning the engagement. At ten minutes past twelve, she passed close under the stern of the Santa Ana, receiving as she took up her position a rolling fire from the Fougueux, and pouring her own broadside into the enemy. 150 balls swept the decks of the Spaniard, and a third of her crew were killed or wounded. Then round the gallant Colling- wood pressed the San Leandro, San Justo, and In¬ domitable, raining such a storm of shot “ that they were seen striking each other in the air.” “Rother¬ ham,” exclaimed the admiral to his captain, “what would not Nelson give to be here now !” Almost at the same instant, Nelson, on board the Victory, cried out—“ See how that noble fellow Collingwood takes his ship into action !” The Victory arrived within gunshot of the enemy at twenty minutes after twelve. Slowly but steadily she bore down upon the Santissima Trinidad and the Bucen- taure. A. shot was occasionally aimed at her, and at length, having obtained her range, the six ships nearest the French admiral rolled in their fire upon her. Mr. Scott, the admiral’s secretary, was the first who fell. Another shot struck a party of marines drawn up on the poop, and killed eight of them; after which Nel¬ son desired Captain Adair to order his men to lie down until they closed with the enemy. Shortly after¬ wards, a shot passed between Nelson and Hardy, and a splinter tore off Hardy’s buckle and bruised his foot. j 350 THE SEA-KINGS OF ENGLAND. Each looked at the other in silent apprehension. Then Nelson smiled, and said, “ This is too warm work to last long.” The Victory had lost fifty men killed and wounded, and her sails were torn into ribands, but she still pressed on. Pouring a broadside into the Bucentaure , she came at length into collision with the Redoubtable , and immediately engaged her with her starboard guns, while her larboard were directed upon the Bucentaure and Trinidad. The tops of the Redoubtable were filled with soldiers, who kept up a constant fire of musketry. In a few minutes the gangways and quarter-deck of the Victory were crowded with the killed, and her cock¬ pit with the wounded. Nelson and Hardy, however, still continued their walk to and fro along an extent of deck not more than twenty-one feet in length, and at about twenty-five minutes past one, just as they had arrived within one pace of the regular turning-point, Lord Nelson, who was walking on the larboard side, suddenly faced about. Hardy turned also, and saw his admiral in the act of falling. He was then on his knees, but immediately fell forward on his left side, exactly upon the spot where his secretary, Mr. Scott, had breathed his last, and with whose blood his clothes were stained. “ They have done for me at last, Hardy,” he cried. “ I hope not,” answered the captain. “Yes,’’ replied Nelson, “ my back-bone is shot through.” A musket-ball from the mizen-top of the Redoubtable had entered his left shoulder through the fore part of the epaulet, and descending, lodged in the spine. He was quickly revenged; not a man in that mizen-top escaped with his life. .—Page 351. The Death of Nelson ADMIRAL LORD VISCOUNT NELSON. 351 He was now taken up, and removed into the cock¬ pit. As he was borne down the ladder, he took his handkerchief from his pocket, and covered his face with it, that he might pass unnoticed by his crew. On reaching the cockpit he was laid upon a midship¬ man’s pallet, and examined by the surgeon, who soon ascertained that the wound was mortal. His sufferings were very great, and his thirst was intense. He drank frequently of lemonade, and was fanned with paper. He anxiously inquired about the progress of the action, and as the successive shouts of his crew proclaimed that one after another of the enemy’s ships was striking her colours, a fresh but transient gleam lit up his eyes, and a visible emotion of joy animated his countenance. An hour and ten minutes elapsed, and Hardy was able to come to him. “Well, Hardy,” exclaimed the dying hero, “ how goes the battle ? how goes the day with us ?” “ Very well, my lord,” replied Hardy ; “ we have got twelve or fourteen of the enemy’s ships in our possession ; but five of their van have tacked, and show an intention of bearing down upon the Victory. I have therefore called two or three of our fresh ships round us ; I have no doubt of giving them a drubbing.” “ I hope,” said Nelson, “ none of our ships have struck, Hardy.” “No, my lord,” he replied ; “there is no fear of that.” Lord Nelson continued, “'I am a dead man, Hardy. I am going fast: it will be all over with me soon.” Captain Hardy, in a minute or two, returned on deck. Soon afterwards the Victory opened her lar¬ board guns upon Rear-Admiral Dumanoir’s squadron, which was passing to windward, and fired a few of her 352 THE SEA-KINGS OF ENGLAND. starboard guns at the French Swiftsure, then preparing to rake the Colossus. The firing so affected Nelson, that he exclaimed—“ Oh, Victory , Victory , how you distract my poor brain !” Adding, after a moment’s pause, “ How dear is life to all men !”* By this time all sensation below the breast was gone ; and Nelson, having made the surgeon ascertain this, said to him, “ You know I am gone ; I know it. I feel something rising in my breast”—putting his hand on his left side—“which tells me so.” And upon Beatty’s inquiring whether his pain was very great, he replied, “So great that I wish I was dead. Yet,” he added, in a lower voice, “ one would like to live a little longer too.” In the same tone, a few minutes after- wards, he cried, “ What would become of poor Lady Hamilton, if she knew my situation T About fifty minutes after Hardy’s first visit to the cockpit, he re¬ turned, and taking his lordship’s hand* congratulated him, even in the arms of death, on his brilliant victory. He did not know how many of the enemy were cap¬ tured, as it was impossible to perceive every ship dis¬ tinctly, but fourteen or fifteen he was certain had sur¬ rendered. Nelson answered, “ That is well, but I bargained for twenty.” Then he emphatically ex¬ claimed, “Anchor, Hardy, anchor !” “I suppose, my lord,” said the captain, “Admiral Collingwood will now take upon himself the direction of affairs.” “ Not while I live, Hardy,” said Nelson—striving, but in vain, to raise himself from the bed—“ do you anchor, Hardy.” A minute or two afterwards, he said to the captain, in a low voice, “ Listen, Hardy ! When I am * Dr. Beatty’s Narrative. ADMIRAL LORD VISCOUNT NELSON. 353 no more, cut off my hair to give my dear Lady Hamilton—and do not throw my poor body into the sea ! Kiss me, Hardy,” he continued. Hardy, deeply affected, knelt down and kissed his cold, wan cheek. “Now I am satisfied,” said the dying hero. “ Thank God, I have done my duty.” Hardy then quitted him, never again to see his chief alive. Nelson now requested his attendants to place him on his right side, and said, “ I wish I had not left the deck, for I shall soon be gone.” Heath, indeed, was rapidly attaining the mastery. His articulation grew indistinct, but he was heard frequently to repeat, “ Thank God, I have done my duty,” They were his last words; they fitly summed up the history of his life. And so, without a sigh, a struggle, or a groan, at half-past four, three hours and a quarter after he had received his wound—Nelson died. He died, indeed, in the arms of victory. Of that formidable fleet which he had confronted with so daring a soul, nineteen men-of-war had struck their colours, and the remainder were crowding on all sail to escape from the disastrous scene. The navies of France and Spain were annihilated, and the genius of Napoleon stood again rebuked by the daring of Nelson. The hero’s body was conveyed to England in the Victory , and on the Gth of January, 1806, after lying for some days in state at Greenwich Hospital, was buried in St. Paul’s Cathedral—a vast and sorrowing multitude attending the solemn obsequies. His brother was raised to an earldom, with a grant of <£6000 per annum. £10,000 were voted to each of his sisters ; and £100,000 for the purchase of an estate. Scarce a town in Great Britain but did honour to Great Britain’s A A 354 THE SEA-KINGS OF ENGLAND. most illustrious admiral, and the nation in its sorrow for the lost hero almost forgot to congratulate itself on the splendid victory he had achieved. “ There is reason to suppose,” says Southey, and with his admirable words we may fitly close our im¬ perfect sketch—“ from the appearances upon open¬ ing the body, that, in the course of nature, he might have attained, like his father, to a good old age. Yet he cannot be said to have fallen prematurely whose work was done ; nor ought he to be lamented, who died so full of honours, and at the height of human fame. The most triumphant death is that of the martyr ; the most awful that of the martyred patriot; the most splendid that of the hero in the hour of victory : and if the chariot and the horses of fire had been vouchsafed to Nelson’s translation, he could scarcely have departed in a brighter blaze of glory. He has left us, not indeed his mantle of inspiration, but a name and an example, which are at this hour inspiring thousands of the youth of England : a name which is our pride, and an example which will continue to be our shield and our strength. Thus it is that the spirits of the great and the wise continue to live and to act after them.” [The authorities consulted in the preceding pages are—Southey’s Life of Nelson; Sir Harris Nicolas’ Letters and Despatches of Nelson; Dr. Beatty’s Narrative; James’s and Brenton’s Naval Histories; and M. de la Graviere’s Sketches of the Last Naval War.] 355 XX. ADMIRAL LORD COLLINGWOOD. a.d. 1750—1810. Who, if he be called upon to face Some awful moment to which Heaven has joined Great issues, good or bad, for human kind, Is happy as a lover, and attired With sudden brightness, like a man inspired ; And through the heat of conflict keeps the law In calmness made, and sees what he foresaw, Or if an unexpected call succeed, Come when it will, is equal to the need. He who, though thus endued as with a sense And faculty for storm and turbulence, Is yet a soul whose master-bias leans To home-felt pleasures and to gentle scenes ;— Sweet images ! which, wheresoe’er he be, Are at his heart; and such fidelity It is his darling passion to approve ;— More brave for this, that he hath much to love. WORDSWORTH. “ On what trifling events,” says an able French writer, “ do the destinies of great men turn ! Collingwood had entered the navy before Nelson, his junior by eight years, but did not receive his lieutenant’s and captain’s commissions until after his brilliant rival. No more was necessary to decide the fortunes of these two men. Collingwood, outstripped in reaching the rank of A A 2 356 THE SEA-KINGS OF ENGLAND. captain, could never thenceforward be anything but subordinate to Nelson. Naturally simple and modest, he long remained in the background, to which the renown of the conqueror of Aboukir consigned all his contemporaries. When he emerged from that com¬ parative obscurity, the time of great battles had passed. Thus, after having fought in the battles of the 1st of June and Cape Vincent, after having shared with Nelson the honour of the latter triumph, Collingwood, scarcely sixty, but exhausted with fifty years’ service, of which forty-four had been passed at sea, died in 1810, without bearing to the tomb one victory which might be called his own, or any laurels exclusively his own right. Calmer and more resigned than Nelson, and endowed with higher moral feelings, he did not possess in the same degree as the hero of the Nile that feverish ardour which creates opportunities, controls circumstances, and would ‘pluck,’ if necessary, ‘drown¬ ing honour by the hair.’ Collingwood and Nelson, however, are two names which can never be separated in history : they mutually complete each other. One is the highest representative of a superior navy ; the other the exceptional genius, who draws after him, in untrodden paths, that navy which he has subjugated by his genius.” It is because the names of Collingwood and Nelson are always associated ; because they were in life the truest of friends, ever anxious to acknowledge each other’s friendly services ; and because Collingwood may fairly be taken as the type of the modern English officer, brave, gentle, cultured, and refined—not only a hero, but a gentleman—that we here include him among the Sea-kings of England. His services were ADMIRAL LORD COLLINGWOOD. 857 not brilliant, but they were valuable. If lie himself never won a victory whose laurels he might singly claim, his share in the great sea-fights which established our naval glory was such as to entitle him to our re¬ verence and gratitude. Cuthbert Collingwood, the son of a gentleman of moderate means, was born in 1750. In his eleventh year he began that life of devotion to his country’s service which is almost unexampled for its purity, zeal, and gentle heroism. His apprenticeship, however, was an arduous one, and like most young neophytes, lie found the first step on the threshold as difficult as it was painful. Sitting alone and lieart-weary on the deck of the man-of-war to which he had been trans¬ ferred by his relative, Captain Braithwaite, his tearful sorrow attracted the notice of the first lieutenant, who addressed to him some few and kindly words of con¬ solation and encouragement. The young sailor was so affected by the sympathy he displayed, that he invited his officer to inspect the contents of his chest, and offered to share with him a plum-cake provided by a thoughtful mother. Under the watchful care of his friend and relative, he rapidly acquired a thorough mastery over the details of his profession. In his leisure moments he sedulously cultivated the graces of polite literature, and obtained so intimate an acquaintance with the principles of the English language, that few eminent writers have given expression to their thoughts in a chaster or more elegant style. His correspondence will be read with interest and admiration even by those who are familiar with the graceful letters of Cowper and the polished phrases of Southey. What can be more justly conceived or 358 THE SEA-KINGS OF ENGLAND. pleasantly expressed than his well-known counsels to a young midshipman ? As a piece of descriptive writing, his despatches announcing the victory of Trafalgar are equally admirable. The former, however, may here be transferred to our pages for the instruction of our younger readers :—“ A strict and unwearied attention to your duty,” he says, “and a complacent and re¬ spectful behaviour, not only to your superiors but to everybody, will insure you their regard, and the reward will surely come ; but if it should not, I am convinced you have too much good sense to let disappointment sour you. Guard carefully against letting discontent appear in you ; it is sorrow to your friends, a triumph to your competitors, and cannot be productive of any good. Conduct yourself so as to deserve the best that can come to you, and the consciousness of your own proper behaviour will keep you in spirits, if it should not come. Let it be your ambition to be foremost in all duty. Do not be a nice observer of turns, but ever present yourself ready for everything; and unless your officers are very inattentive men, they will not allow the others to impose more duty on you than they should. I need not say more to you on the subject of sobriety, than to recommend to you the continuance of it, exactly as when you were with me. Every day affords you instances of the evils arising from drunken¬ ness. Were a man as wise as Solomon and as brave as Achilles, he would still be unworthy of trust, if he addicted himself to that vice. He may make a drudge, but a respectable officer he will never be ; for the doubt must always remain, that the capacity which God has given him will be abused by intemperance. Young men are generally introduced to such habits by the ADMIRAL LORD COLLINGWOOD. 359 company they keep ; but do you carefully guard against ever submitting yourself to be the companion of low, vulgar, or dissipated men. Let your companions be such as yourself, or superior ; for the worth of a man will always be ruled by that of his company. Read, let me charge you to read; study books that treat of your profession, or of history. Thus employed, you will always be in good company. Nature has sown in man the seeds of knowledge, but they must be cultivated to produce fruit. Wisdom does not come by instinct, but will be found where diligently sought for; seek her, she will be a friend that will never fail you.” In 1774, Collingwood was present at the battle of Bunker’s Hill, as one of the seamen auxiliaries furnished to General Pigot by Admiral Graves, then in command of the American fleet. His gallantry on that occasion procured him promotion to the rank of lieutenant. Appointed to the Hornet sloop, he sailed in 1776 for Jamaica. In the following year Nelson arrived there as second lieutenant on board the Lowestoffe frigate. A friendship previously commenced, was now firmly cemented, and each learnt to appreciate the other’s noble qualities. Nelson’s merits having attracted the attention of the commander-in-chief, Sir Peter Parker, he was promoted to his flag-ship, the Bristol; and Collingwood, through Sir Peter’s kindness, suc¬ ceeded Nelson on board the Lowestoffe. The future “ hero of the Nile” soon became first lieutenant, and on the 8th of December, 1778, was appointed to the com¬ mand of the Badger brig. Collingwood then obtained the vacancy on board the Bristol. A similar occurrence 360 THE SEA-KINGS OF ENGLAND. took place in the following year. Nelson was made a post-captain, and appointed to the Hinchinbrooke , 28 ; the command of the Badger was then bestowed upon Colling wood. At this time Nelson was not twenty- one, and Collingwood was twenty-eight. Nelson’s services at San Juan de Nicaragua, already described in these pages, obtained him promotion to the Janus , of forty-four guns, and he was succeeded in the Hinchinbrooke by Collingwood, who was now made a post-captain (1780), and who had also distinguished himself in the expedition. His ship’s crew suffered severely from the fatal fever so prevalent in the un¬ healthy climate of Nicaragua. He alone escaped it. Every other person on board was stricken down, and a terrible number died. Those who survived were re¬ duced to an alarming state of weakness and emaciation. Withdrawn from this land of death, Collingwood, who probably owed his preservation to his extreme temperance and remarkable self-control, was appointed to the Pelican. In August, 1781, while out on a cruise, the Pelican ran upon the reef of the Morant Keys, and was totally wrecked. Her crew and officers were saved, and contrived to obtain a scanty subsistence for nearly a fortnight, until brought off by the Diamond frigate, and conveyed in safety to Jamaica. In 1783, Captain Collingwood was appointed to the Sampson, and served under Admiral Hughes on the West India station. He ably seconded Nelson in his crusade against the American traders, and, when re¬ moved to the Mediator , actively exerted himself in protecting British commerce in the Leeward Islands. He returned to England in 1786, and for seven years enjoyed—what no man more highly valued—the sweet ADMIRAL LORD COLLINGWOOD. 361 and calm delights of home. He was married to an admirable woman, to whom and his children he was sincerely attached, and, indeed, his cultivated mind and elegant taste could well appreciate domestic pleasures. In the thick of the conflict, in the hour of victory, his soul always turned with eagerness To home-felt pleasures and to gentle scenes ; though it was his fate, after the seven years’ rest which he obtained from 1786 to 1793, to share them but seldom, and on each occasion for but a few unquiet days. In 1793, Cullingwood was appointed to the Prmce, the flag-ship of Hear-Admiral Bowyer, and after¬ wards followed that officer into the Barjteur , a ninety- eight-gun ship, which shared the honours of the victory of the 1st of June (1794). In that great action Col- lingwood displayed his usual intrepidity, and manoeuvred his vessel with signal skill. Bear-Admiral Bowyer was severely wounded, and the Barjteur had altogether nine killed and twenty-five wounded. He was next removed to the Excellent , and early in 1796 joined the Mediterranean fleet under Sir John Jervis. His share in the victory off Cape St. Vincent was an honourable one. As we have described this famous engagement in an earlier portion of our volume, we need only allude here to the part taken by the Excellent. Ordered by the commander-in-chief to cut through the enemy’s line, the Excellent bore up, and arriving abreast of the Spanish three-decker, Salvador del Mundo, engaged her for a few minutes, and then passed on to the San Ysidro, which after a sharp fight of about fifteen 362 THE SEA-KINGS OF ENGLAND. minutes’ duration struck lier colours. She then pur¬ sued the fugitive Spanish, poured a destructive broad¬ side into the San Nicolas as she passed, and next entered into action with the Santissima Trinidad. In the engagement she lost eleven killed and had twelve wounded. Collingwood’s promptitude in coming to the relief of Nelson, who was terribly beset by the San Nicolas and San Josef , was duly acknowledged by his heroic friend. “ That a friend in need,” wrote Nelson, “ is a friend indeed, was never more truly verified than by your most noble and gallant conduct yesterday, in sparing ‘the Captain ’ from further loss; and I beg, both as a public officer and a friend, you will accept my sincere thanks. We shall meet at Lagos ; but I could not come near you without assuring you how sensible I am of your assistance in a nearly critical situation.” Vice-Admiral Waldegrave, the third in command, complimented him warmly :—“ My dear Col- lingwood,” he wrote, “although Dacres [his flag-captain] has, in a great degree, expressed all I feel on the sub¬ ject, yet I cannot resist the satisfaction of telling you myself, that nothing in my opinion could exceed the true officership which you so happily displayed yester¬ day ; both the admiral and Nelson join with me in this opinion, and nothing but ignorance can think otherwise. God bless you, and may England long possess such men as yourself: it is saying everything for her glory.” The Excellent continued attached to Lord St. Vin¬ cent’s fleet during the blockade of Cadiz—“parading under its walls,” as Collingwood called it—and became distinguished for its admirable discipline, and the re- ADMIRAL LORD COLLINGWOOD. 3G3 markable concord which existed between her officers and crew. During the mutiny of 1797, which Lord St. Vincent so severely crushed, many of the greatest rebels were transferred to the Excellent to be subjected to Collingwood’s gentle but irresistible influence. One of these misguided men had declared, when aboard the Romulus , a ship of the Channel fleet, that he would fire a forecastle gun at his officers unless they pledged themselves to exempt him from punishment. When this daring character made his appearance on board the Excellent , Collingwood immediately addressed him in the presence of most of his crew, “ I am well ac¬ quainted with your character, but I warn you to take care how you attempt to excite insurrection in this ship. I have such confidence in my men, that I feel assured I shall hear in an hour of what you may be doing. Behave well in future, and I will treat you like your comrades, nor take any notice of what hap¬ pened on board another vessel; but should you endea¬ vour to excite mutiny, mark me, I will instantly head you up in a cask and fling you into the sea.” This menace, delivered in a firm voice and with a stern countenance, completely conquered the mutineer, who afterwards acquired an excellent character for obedience and steadiness. Yet Collingwood employed no harsh measures. He governed by the law of kindness, and never permitted his officers to behave towards their men with severity. His tried and trusty lieutenant, Mr. Caville, whom he highly valued, on one occasion, when angered by some act of disobedience, exclaimed to the men, “ I wish I were the captain for your sake.” Collingwood over¬ heard him, and mildly said, “ And what would you do 364 THE SEA-KINGS OF ENGLAND. were you the captain, Caville ?” “ I’d have flogged them well, sir,” rejoined the lieutenant. “ No, no, no,” cried Collingwood, u you would not do so, Caville; I know you better.” While insisting upon prompt obedience to the orders even of his voungest officers, he avoided any unusual severity by a well-timed appeal to their feelings of humanity. “ Probably the fault,” he would say to his midshipmen, “ was yours; but were it not so, I am sure you would be pained to see a man old enough to be your father punished and dis¬ graced through you. It will give me a good opinion of you, therefore, if when the man is brought up for punishment, you ask me to pardon him.” He would then turn round to the prisoner, when his pardon had been asked, and observe, “ This young gentleman has generously pleaded for you, and, therefore, I will for this time overlook your offence, in the hope you will feel properly grateful to him for his benevolence.” Collingwood was kept cruising off Cadiz while his great and gallant friend was winning laurels at Tene- riffe and Aboukir. “ Our good chief,” he wrote, some¬ what bitterly, “ has found occupation for me; he has sent me to cruise off San Lucar, to stop the Spanish boats which carry cabbages to Cadiz. Oh humiliation ! If I did not feel that I had not deserved such treatment, if I did not say to myself that the caprices of power could never lower me in the eyes of honourable men, I think I should have died of indignation.” “Vfhen I reflect,” he says, on another occasion, e: on my long absence from all that can make me happy, it is very painful to me, and what day is there that I do not lament the continuance of the war? We are wander¬ ing before this port, with no prospect of change for the ADMIRAL LORD COLLINGWOOD. 865 better. Nothing good can happen to us short of peace. Every officer and man in the fleet is impatient for release from a situation which daily becomes more irk¬ some to us all. Would to Heaven it were over, that I might think no more of ships, but pass the rest of my days in the bosom of my family ! Will peace ever come ? I confess I do not expect to see it. All Europe has combined to reduce the power and anni¬ hilate the glory of England, but the stand we shall make will be that of the lion at the mouth of his cave.” The treaty of Amiens in 1802 brought a brief inter¬ val of repose, and Colling wood passed some months of uninterrupted enjoyment in the bosom of his family. But when war broke out in the following year, the rear-admiral was again summoned to his country’s assistance, and in the Venerable, joined Admiral Corn¬ wallis’s fleet off Brest. Here he was again doomed to the tedium of an active but inglorious blockade, and it was not until 1805, when he was despatched with three sail of the line to cruise off Cadiz, that he obtained an opportunity of illustrating his name. He had now been promoted to the rank of vice-admiral, and hoisted his flag on board the Dreadnought, of ninety-eight guns. On the 22nd of August he was reinforced by four sail of the line under Bear-Admiral Bickerton, and on the 30th was joined by Sir Bobert Calder with eighteen line-of-battle ships. Collingwood continued to cruise before Cadiz, and blockade the Franco-Spanish fleet, until the 28th of September, when Nelson arrived to take the chief command. Sir Bobert Calder was then ordered home, and Collingwood prepared to share in the glorious victory which he knew the genius of his chief would assuredly insure them. “We are both 366 THE SEA-KINGS OF ENGLAND. one/’ wrote Nelson to him, “and I hope we shall never be otherwise. We, my dear Coll., can have no little jealousies; we have only one great object in view, that of annihilating our enemies, and getting a glorious peace for our country. No man has more confidence in another than I have in you, and no man will render your services more justice than your very old friend— Nelson and Bronte.” On the 21st of October was fought the battle of Trafalgar. Nelson’s part in that splendid victory we have already detailed ; Collingwood’s demands from us a few words of description. He led the British fleet in his ship the Royal Sovereign with a gallantry which extorted the admiration of his enemies. For upwards of fifteen minutes she was the only British vessel in close action, and sustained the fire of four of the enemy’s three-deckers. The Belleisle then came to her relief, and passing on to the eastward left Collingwood’s ship engaged with the Santa Ana. In a short time the Spanish three-decker lost her mizen-top-mast; and, at the end of about an hour and a quarter from the commencement of the combat, her three masts fell over the side. At about quarter past two p.m., after a hot engagement between*the two ships from ten minutes past twelve, the Santa Ana struck to the Royal Sove¬ reign. The conqueror was almost as much disabled as her opponent, and when she moved a little ahead of her prize, her mainmast fell over on the starboard side, tear¬ ing off two of her lower-deck ports. She had forty-seven men killed and ninety-four wounded. The Santa Ana must have lost four-fifths of her crew, and one of her offi¬ cers nicknamed the Royal Sovereign the “Boyal Devil.” When Nelson died, the news was conveyed to Col- ADMIRAL LORD COLLINGWOOD. 367 lingwood, who, even in the hour of triumph, felt bitterly the loss which he and his country had sus¬ tained. Little time had he, however, to yield to sorrow. “ Of the thirty-three French and Spanish ships who on that morning so proudly offered battle to the English fleet, eleven were escaping towards Cadiz, four were following (the French rear-admiral) Du- manoir to seaward, eighteen had surrendered, shattered by the enemy’s fire, and covered with glory. Ships thus defended were, doubtless, an important conquest, but a conquest ready to sink under the feet of the conquerors. The waves had already swallowed up the Achille ; the Redoubtable hardly floated ; eight ships had not a mast standing ; eight others were partially dismasted. In the English squadron, the Royal Sovereign, the Temeraire, Belleisle , Tonnant , Colossus , Bellerophon , Mars , and Africa , equally damaged, could hardly move ; six other ships had lost either their yards or topmasts, the greater part had their sails in shreds. Cape Trafalgar, which gave its name to this great day, was eight or nine miles to leeward of the fleet; the dangers on the coast of Andalusia were hardly four or five, and the swell, rather than the wind, was driving the disabled ships towards the shore. The Royal Sovereign , which Collingwood had quitted, to transfer his flag to the Euryalus, had just sounded in thirteen fathoms. It was necessary—a new victory for Collingwood—that fourteen ships and four frigates still in a condition to work, should extricate seventeen or eighteen disabled ships from this danger.” Nelson had foreseen this result of his victory, and, as we have seen, had determined to ride out the gale which threatened, at anchor ; and Collingwood has 3G8 THE SEA-KINGS OF ENGLAND. been blamed for not carrying out his chiefs intentions. But to have anchored at that moment would have been to abandon each ship to her own resources; for those ships which had suffered the most, were as unable to anchor as to make sail. The Swiftsure, the Bahama , the San lldefonso, and the San Juan Nepomuceno , less disabled than the other prizes, were alone able to anchor under Cape Trafalgar, and were the only trophies of their triumph our heroes carried in safety to Gibraltar. The night of the 21st of October was a terrible one. The tempest was abroad upon the waters. Fortunately the wind veered to S.S.W., or it may be that not even Colling wood’s ability could have saved “a single injured ship from total destruction.” The admiral took instant advantage of the favourable change, and signalled for his ships to wear with their heads to the westward. Yet, notwithstanding that happy chance, “it required prodigious efforts,” says a nautical authority, “such as the veterans of Jervis and Nelson’s school alone could make, to get that fleet of disabled ships, more numerous than those which could assist them, clear of danger.” On the 22nd, in the course of the forenoon, Colling- wood issued the following general order :— “ The Almighty God, whose arm is strength, having of His great mercy been pleased to crown the exer¬ tions of his Majesty’s fleet with success, in giving them a complete victory over their enemies on the 21st of this month, and that all praise and thanksgiving may be offered up to the Throne of Grace for the great benefit to our country and to mankind, I have thought proper that a day should be appointed of general hu¬ miliation before God, and thanksgiving for his merciful ADMIRAL LORD COLLINGWOOD. 3G9 goodness, imploring forgiveness of sins, a continuation of His divine mercy, and His constant aid to us in defence of our country’s liberties and laws, without which the utmost efforts of man are nought: I direct, therefore, that ... be appointed for this holy purpose. “ Given on board the Euryalus , off Cape Trafalgar, October 22nd, 1805.” For his share in the victory of Trafalgar, Colling- wood was raised to the peerage under the title of Baron Collingwood, of Caldburne and Hethpoole, in the county of Northumberland, with a grant of <£2000 per annum. A vase, valued at 500 guineas, was presented to him by the Patriotic Fund. The Admiralty appointed him to the command of the Medi¬ terranean fleet, and he was regarded by his country as the legitimate successor of Nelson. He bore his honours with meekness. Before he was aware that a pension had been voted him, he wrote to his wife “ I hardly know how we shall be able to support the dignity to which his Majesty has been pleased to raise me. Let others plead for pensions ; I am an English¬ man, and will never ask for money as a favour. We may be rich enough without it, by endeavouring to be superior to everything poor. I would have my ser¬ vices unstained by any interested motive, and old Scot and I can go on in our cabbage-garden without much greater expense than formerly. But I have had a great destruction of my furniture and stock. I have hardly a chair that has not a slit in it, and many have lost both legs and arms, without hope of pension. My soup is served in a tin pan. My wine broke in moving, and my pigs were slain in battle.” The closing years of this gallant seaman’s life were B B 370 THE SEA-KINGS OF ENGLAND. not illustrated by any events to call for notice in these pages. He held the command of the Mediterranean fleet until his death, but was chiefly occupied in weari¬ some blockades of Cadiz and Toulon. When Spain rose against Napoleon, and called upon England to help her, it was Collingwood’s singular fortune to be received as a deliverer in the city before whose harbour he had so often anchored a hostile fleet. “ Viva Col- lingwood! Viva el Key George!” were now the enthusi¬ astic shouts of the good people of Cadiz, who had so long trembled at the sound of the British guns, and learnt to dread the flag which floated over Britain’s victorious ships. But the sword was wearing out the scabbard. Though scarce sixty years old, he was frail, feeble, shat¬ tered. Constant mental labour had undermined Col¬ lingwood’s constitution. He needed repose. He needed the genial influence of home, of home-scenes and home- affection. “ My weak eyes and feeble limbs,” he writes, “ want rest; my mind has not known an hour’s com¬ posure for many months, yet I cannot tell what to say on the subject of coming on shore. My declining health will make it necessary soon, since my weakness unfits me for the arduous situation I hold.” He longed o to see again “ the old familiar faces,” to listen to the beloved voices, to bask in the sunshine of happy smiles. “ My whole life,” he says pathetically, “ has been a life of care. I hardly know what it is that the world calls pleasure ; and when I have done with my sea affairs, the only idea I have of delight on shore is in the midst of my family, where T can see my daughters. In them is the source of my future happiness, and I believe a source that will not fail me ; but all this is to be when I come on shore. When is that blessed ADMIRAL LORD COLLINGWOOD. 371 day to come ? I have devoted myself faithfully to my country’s service, but it cannot last much longer. I grow weak and feeble, and shall soon only be fit to be nursed and live in quiet retirement; for having so long lived out of the world, I believe I shall be found totally unfit to live in it.” Such were the tender aspirations of the great admiral who had shared the glory of Nelson and St. Vincent, had borne so noble a part in two of the grandest ocean triumphs which had even lent fresh lustre to the British flag. Not for the applause of the crowd, not for the honours of the senate, not for the laurels of the successful warrior—but for home, for the pure domestic joys, the sweet household affections, throbbed the manly heart of Collingwood. He was never again to be blest in their enjoyment. The Admiralty at length yielded to his earnest request for a successor, and per¬ mitted him to resign the command he had held with so much honour ; but their compliance came too late. He quitted Minorca on the 5th of March, 1810, in the Ville de Paris, his flag-ship, bound for England—bound for home. He was then dying. On the 7th of March, he died. He passed away calmly, like a brave, true¬ hearted Christian, without a sigh or a struggle, and with the consciousness of a well-spent life. No stain rests upon his memory. His fame is untarnished by a single crime ; and to the young sailors of Britain, surely a better model can never be pointed out than— Cuthbert Collingwood. b b 2 372 THE SEA-KINGS OF ENGLAND. XXL ADMIRAL LORD VISCOUNT EXMOUTH. a.d. 1756 . He had in armes abroad wonne muchell fame, And fild far landes with glorie of his mighte ; Plaine, faithfull, true, and enimy of shame. Spenser. Edward Pellew was born in 1756. He was left an orphan when yet a child, and had but few friends or kindly relatives to watch over his early life, and shield him from rude collisions with the world. Accustomed, therefore, from his boyhood to Self-reverence, self-knowledge, self-control, he acquired those habits of independent thought and prompt action which so signally characterized his later career. He learnt to command himself, and conse¬ quently to command others. A house containing a store of gunpowder caught fire, and a terrible explosion was momentarily expected. While others looked on aghast, the boy-hero acted. He rushed through the flames, and contrived, at no little hazard, to remove the dangerous combustibles. In this presence of mind, this energy of decision, this fearlessness of spirit, Pellew was never wanting. He was always quick to see the moment when action became necessary, and resolute in seizing it. ADMIRAL LORD VISCOUNT EXMOUTH. 373 He won a high character at school ; yet he left it in a very summary manner. A boyish quarrel ended in a boyish fight, and as he was menaced with immediate punishment, he ran away. “ I will never submit to the disgrace of a flogging,” he said to his elder brother,* “and so I shall go to sea.” He was then fourteen, and he went to sea. His guardians entered him as a midshipman on board the Juno frigate, under the command of Captain Stott, a severe disciplinarian and arbitrary taskmaster, totally unfitted to direct the steps of generous and high- spirited youth. This tyrannical gentleman, on one occasion, was so incensed at an indiscretion committed by a midshipman, named Francis Cole, a boy about twelve years old, that he ordered him to quit the frigate, then off Marseilles, and bade a boat be got ready to convey him ashore. Pellew immediately de¬ clared that the lad should not go alone. “ If you turn Cole out of the ship, sir, please to turn me out also.” Captain Stott protested himself glad to be rid of both of them, and consented to Pellew’s discharge. The two boys were, therefore, put ashore, and might have starved, penniless and friendless, in a foreign country, had not one of the lieutenants of th eJuno, Lord Hugh Seymour, taken compassion upon them and provided them with a supply of money. After a day or two’s wanderings in Marseilles, Pel- lew accidentally met with an old acquaintance who offered him a passage to Lisbon in his vessel, knowing that at Lisbon he would more readily obtain the means of transit to his own country. Pellew, however, was * Afterwards well known as Rear-Admiral Sir Israel Pellew. 374 THE SEA-KINGS OF ENGLAND. too generous hearted to desert his protege , and unless his friend consented to take both the fugitives, stoutly refused the proffered aid. The struggle happily ended in their being conveyed to Lisbon, whence they pro¬ cured a passage to England. Pellew was now appointed to the Blonde , a thirty- two-gun frigate, commanded by Captain Philemon Pownall, a thorough gentleman, an able seaman, and a gallant officer, who had distinguished himself in several actions with the French. Under this excellent commander Pellew improved rapidly in his profession. The lad’s generous spirit and daring disposition were fully appreciated by one so eminently fitted to under¬ stand them, and between the captain and his midship¬ man sprang up a friendship honourable to both. He had not been long on board the Blonde before an opportunity occurred for displaying in a bright light his noble courage. A man fell overboard. The frigate was scudding rapidly before the wind, and Pellew was standing on the fore-yard, but he did not hesitate a moment. He sprang into the sea, and after a weary struggle, succeeded in holding up the drowning sailor until the ship’s boats could be lowered. Captain Pownall affected to reprove him for an act of so much temerity, which might, he said, have imperilled two lives ; but afterwards, when describing it to his officers, he wept with emotion, and praised the young hero as the finest fellow he had ever known. Pellew’s first distinction in the service of his country was gained in Canada, in 1776. The United States had despatched an expedition against Quebec, and fitted out a flotilla which completely commanded Lake Champlain. The American forces, under General ADMIRAL LORD VISCOUNT EXMOUTH. 375 Montgomery, had captured Montreal, and defeated General Carleton, the governor of the province. Everything threatened the loss of Canada. At this perilous conjuncture (May, 1776), a squadron arrived from England, with stores and reinforcements, under Captain Charles Douglas. “ The unexpected appearance of these ships,” says Campbell, “ threw the besiegers into the utmost consternation, and the command which they obtained of the river cut off all communication between the different detachments of the enemy. General Carleton lost no time in seizing the advantages which the present situation afforded. On May 6th, he marched out at the head of the garrison, and attacked the rebel camp, which he found in the utmost con¬ fusion. Upon the appearance of our troops, they fled on all sides, abandoning their artillery, military stores, and all their implements for carrying on the siege.” The next step was to dislodge the Americans from Lake Champlain. Several vessels had been sent in frame from England aboard Captain Douglas’s ships, and they w~ere now put together by a party of 600 seamen on the shores of the lake, and in the face of the enemy. In twenty-eight days the largest vessel, named the Inflexible, was reconstructed at St. John’s, and armed with eighteen twelve-pounders. In six weeks a flotilla of thirty ships was built; a large number of flat-bottomed boats was transported overland, and dragged up the rapids, by the untiring efforts of the indefatigable seamen. The command of the squadron thus curiously formed was given to Captain Thomas Pringle, who hoisted his flag on board the fourteen- gun schooner Maria. The Inflexible , of eighteen guns, commanded by Lieutenant Schanks, carried Sir G. 376 THE SEA-KINGS OF ENGLAND. Carleton and his staff. The Carleton schooner, of twelve guns, was commanded by Lieutenant Dacre, of the Blonde , assisted by Mr. Pellew and Mr. Brown of the same frigate. The British squadron came in sight of the American flotilla, of fifteen vessels, under the direction of General Arnold, on the 11th of October. They were drawn up in line so as to defend the passage between the Island of Valicour and the western main. The Carleton , supported by the gunboats, commenced the attack, and bore the whole brunt of the engagement, as the larger vessels could not be brought up against the wind to her support. Lieut. Dacre was severely wounded at the outset, and Mr. Brown had his left arm taken off by a cannon-shot. The command then devolved upon young Pellew, who continued the fight with dauntless courage. Night gathering over, Captain Pringle re¬ called the advanced ships, but the Carleton had suffered so severely that she could not obey his signal until the gunboats towed her out of reach of the enemy’s fire. The towing-rope being sundered by a shot, and no one volunteering to replace it under such dangerous cir¬ cumstances, Pellew undertook, and performed the perilous task himself. Our hero’s gallant conduct was duly rewarded. From the Commander-in-Chief, Sir Charles Douglas, he received the following letter* :— “Isis, Quebec, Oct. 30, 1770. “ Sik,—.-T he account I have received of your be¬ haviour on board the Carleton, in the different actions on the Lake, gives me the warmest satisfaction, and I * Osier’s Life of Lord Exmouth. Campbell’s Lives of the Admirals. Cooper’s History of the United States Navy. ADMIRAL LORD VISCOUNT EXMOUTH. 377 shall not fail to represent it in the strongest terms to the Earl of Sandwich and my Lord Howe, and recommend you as deserving a commission for your gallantry ; and as Lieut. Dacre, your late commander, will, no doubt, obtain rank for his conduct, I am desired by General Sir Guy Carleton to give you the command of the schooner in which you have so bravely done your duty. “ I am, &c., “ Charles Douglas.” From the Earl of Sandwich, then First Lord of the Admiralty, the gallant Pellew also received a letter of thanks. On his return to England in 1779, Pellew was pro¬ moted to the rank of lieutenant, but was appointed to a guardship at Portsmouth—a tedious, wearisome life, which possessed but few attractions for his impetuous and enterprising spirit. His disgust at the inaction to which he was reduced urged him to a bold and somewhat imprudent step. Meeting Lord Sandwich on his way through Portsmouth, he ventured to stop him, and introducing himself, to beg for an appoint¬ ment on board some vessel preparing for sea. The good-tempered Earl slightly reprimanded him for so daring a breach of official etiquette, and then proceeded to point out why he was unable to comply with his request. But Pellew was not easily daunted. He recapitulated his arguments with the utmost earnest¬ ness, and concluded by returning his commission into his lordship’s hands, observing that he would rather serve on board a privateer against the enemies of his country, than rest at home in inglorious indolence. His enthusiasm produced such an effect on Lord Sand- 378 THE SEA-ICINGS OF ENGLAND. wich that he at length promised, in disregard of all official regulations, to find employment for so gallant an officer, and beared him to take back his commission. The promise made under such peculiar circumstances was faithfully kept. Pellew was promoted to the Lecorne, a thirty-two gun frigate, Hon. Capt. Cadogan, in which he served fora few months on the Newfound¬ land station. He then (1780) joined his old commander, Captain Pownall, on board the thirty-two-gun frigate Apollo, which had already distinguished herself in a gallant action. [While cruising off St. Brieux, on the French coast, she came in sight of a French frigate, with a convoy of ten merchantmen (31st January? 1779), bound from Brest for St. Malo. Captain Pow¬ nall immediately gave chase, and came up with the enemy within a mile of the rocks. The engagement lasted one hour and a half, and terminated in the victory of the British ; but six men were killed in the action, and Captain Pownall and one-ancl-twenty of his crew were wounded. The prize proved to be the French frigate L'Oiseau, of about equal force.] On the 15th of June, in the following year, the Apollo was cruising in the North Sea, accompanied by the Cleopatra, Capt. the Hon. Geo. Murray. An enemy’s cutter having hove in sight, the Apollo crowded sail in pursuit of her, but when nearly within gunshot, descried a large ship standing out from the shore. Capt. Pownall immediately bore up for this worthier antagonist, and having exchanged broadsides, brought her to close action under all sail. A brisk fire was maintained for about an hour. Captain Pownall was killed, and the command of the Apollo devolved upon Lieut. Edward Pellew. He continued the action as ADMIRAL LORD VISCOUNT EXMOUTIT. 379 gallantly as liis commander had begun it. By con¬ stantly crossing and re-crossing before the enemy’s bows, he endeavoured to prevent him from running his ship ashore ; but the water shoaling, he deemed it advisable to insure the Apollos safety, and discontinued the action. The French frigate (the Stanislaus, thirty-two guns) lost two of her masts, but was afterwards got off by the Dutch, and carried into Ostend. In this well-fought fight the Apollo had twenty men wounded, and lost her captain and five men killed. She had three feet water in her hold, and her rigging was seriously injured. Our hero’s gallant conduct procured him promotion to the command of the sloop Hazard, from which he was speedily removed to the fourteen-gun brig Pelican, and afforded another opportunity of displaying his zealous gallantry. He was off the small Isle of Bas on the 28th of April, 1782, when several merchant- vessels were descried at anchor in the road. He immediately stood in shore with the view of cutting them out, but was received by the broadsides of two privateers, a brig and schooner, each of the same force as the Pelican. Pellew was not to be terrified by such opponents. He entered the roads, and quickly drove the privateers, as well as a third which bore up to their assistance, to shelter themselves ashore, under the fire of some heavy batteries. This gallant performance was warmly applauded by the Admiralty, and Pellew was rewarded with his commission as post-captain, though only in his six-and-twentietli year. In 1783, peace was concluded between England and France, and Pellew was doomed to three years of inaction. He did not, however, allow the Admiralty 380 THE SEA-KINGS OF ENGLAND. to forget him, and in reply to his repeated requests for employment, obtained in 1786 his appointment to the command of the Winchester man-of-war, and sailed for his old station on the coast of Newfoundland. Pellew, like Howe, Nelson, and Collingwood, under¬ stood the art of command. His men always loved him, and executed his orders with the eagerness of affection. Won by his kindliness of heart and cheer¬ fulness of manner, they entered upon their toil with alacrity and executed it with readiness. He himself set them a stimulating example. In preserving a mast or repairing a sail, the captain was always ready to assist as well as direct. “ When during a gale,” writes one of his officers, “ the securing of a flapping sail becomes a service of danger, he will not unfre- quently, as soon as he has given orders to go aloft, lay down his speaking-trumpet, and clambering like a cat by the rigging over the backs of the seamen, reach the topmast-head before they are at the maintop.” While anchored at St. John’s, some of the seamen of the Winchester were amusing themselves bathing; the captain, in full dress (for he was engaged to attend a grand dinner given by the governor), was looking on. A lad near him observed to his companion, in an undertone, “ When the captain has gone, I’ll have a good swim, too.” The captain quietly said, “ The sooner the better, my lad,” and pushed him into the sea. How great was his alarm when he discovered that the youth, after all, was unable to swim ! He caught hold of a rope, sprang overboard, secured it round the boy, and preserved his life,'much to his own gratification, and the admiration of those who were witnesses to his daring and gallant presence of mind. ADMIRAL LORD VISCOUNT EXMOtiTH. 381 When, in 1793, the French revolutionary war involved England in its storm of blood and death, Pellew was appointed to the Nymphe, a fine thirty- six-gun frigate, originally captured from the French. Then, as always at the commencement of a war, England was suffering from a scarcity of mariners to man her ships, and the Nymphe put to sea with a crew composed chiefly of Cornish miners. But the zeal and ability of Pellew and his officers soon trained them into admirable efficiency. The Nymphe sailed from Falmouth on the 17th of June. The next day, when about six leagues from the Start Point, she discovered a stranger in the south¬ east quarter, and immediately bore up in chase under all sail. “At six o’clock the ships were so near that the captains mutually hailed. Not a shot had yet been fired. The crew of the Nymphe now shouted ‘ Long live King George, ’ and gave three hearty cheers. Captain Mullon, the commander of the French frigate, was seen to address his crew briefly, holding a cap of liberty which he waved before them. They answered with acclamation, shouting ‘ Vive la Bepublique !’ The cap of liberty was then given to a sailor, who ran up the main rigging and screwed it on the masthead.” At a quarter past six a.m., the Nymphe being in a posi¬ tion to bring her foremost guns to bear on the star¬ board quarter of the Cleopdtre, her opponent, Captain Pellew raised his hat as a signal to his crew, and a furious action commenced. About seven a.m., the Cleopdtre came in contact with the Nymphe, and was instantly boarded by a portion of the latter’s crew, one of whom hauled down the tricolor at ten minutes past seven, after the engagement had lasted fifty minutes. 382 ,THE SEA-KINGS OF ENGLAND. The loss on board the Nymphe was twenty-three men killed and twenty-seven wounded. The Cleopdtre had sixty-three men killed and wounded. The gallant commander, Captain Mullon, was slain in the action. A round shot tore open his back, and carried away the greater part of his left hip. It is said, that having a list of the coast signals employed by the French in his pocket, which he was anxious should not fall into the hands of the English, he drew forth his commission under the impression it was the paper he wanted, and died while biting it into minute frag¬ ments. The comparative force of the two combatants is thus estimated by Mr. James :— Nymphe. Cleopdtre. Broadside guns. i No. 20 j lbs. 322 20 286 Crew. No. 240 320 Size. Tons 938 913 The Nymphe and her prize—noticeable as the first taken by the English in the Revolutionary war— arrived at Portsmouth on the 21st, and on the 29 th Captain Pellew was introduced by the Earl of Chatham to George III., who conferred on him the honour of knighthood—an honour well deserved, for a gallanter action does not illustrate the annals of the British navy. Not only was the Nymphe inferior in strength to her antagonist, but her crew, as we have shown, were comparatively untried and inexperienced men. Their bravery not the less was truly English. A lad, torn by the press-gang from a barber’s shop, became, by the deaths and wounds of his com¬ rades, captain of one of the main-deck guns, and ADMIRAL LORD VISCOUNT EXMOUTJH. 383 throughout the action gave the necessary directions with all the sang froid of a veteran. A miner, after the engagement, was observed sitting in a desponding mood upon a gun-carriage, complaining that his sea¬ sickness had returned now the battle was over, and that his leg smarted terribly. The surgeon ascer¬ tained—what he himself had not perceived—that he had been wounded in the leg by a musket-shot, and that the ball still lodged in the wound. Sir Edward Pellew was now appointed to the Arethusa , a 38-gun frigate, and in April, 1794, at¬ tached to a small frigate squadron under Commodore Sir John Borlase Warren, ordered to cruise in the Channel for the protection of British commerce. The squadron, consisting of the Arethusa, 38, Flora, Melam- pus, Concorde, and Nymphe, 36-gun frigates, came in sight off Guernsey of a French squadron, which in¬ cluded the Poinone, 44, the Engageante and Resolve, 36. and the Babet, 20. Of course the British chased them, and obtaining the weather-gauge, brought them into action. The Arethusa having first engaged the Babet, bore up for the Pomone, and after a hot fight compelled her to surrender. The Babet fell a prize to the Flora, and the Engageante was captured by the Concorde. Sir Edward’s next appointment was to the Inde¬ fatigable, of 44 guns, and to the command of a squadron which, besides his own ship, consisted of the Argo, 44, Captain Burgess ; the Revolutionnaire , 38, Captain Francis Cole—his former shipmate ; the Amazon, 36, Captain Reynolds; and the Concorde, 36, Captain Hart. While cruising off Ushant, they discovered on the 13th of April an enemy’s frigate, and immediately 384 THE SEA-KINGS OF ENGLAND. gave chase. The Revolutionnaire, to prevent her es¬ cape, tacked so as to cut her off from the land, but during the deep and misty twilight lost sight of her ; until, about nine p.m., she was again discovered in the act of bearing-up. After a long chase, the enemy was overtaken, and Captain Cole, pointing out to her cap¬ tain the superiority of the British force, endeavoured to prevail upon him to surrender. As he refused, the Revolutionnaire opened fire, and after her second broadside, the French struck their colours. On board the Unite , a 38-gun frigate, inferior in force to the Re¬ volutionnaire , were Madame le Large, wife of the Governor of Bocliefort, her family and domestics. These, including the lady’s son, an officer belonging to the ship, Captain Pellew, with his usual generosity, allowed to proceed to Brest in a neutral vessel ; the young officer giving his parole not to serve again during the war until exchanged. The Revolutionnaire and her prize having proceeded to Plymouth, and the Argo making sail to escort them, Sir Edward, while lying-to off the Lizard, observed “ a suspicious craft” coining in from the seaward, and made all sail in pursuit. Out-stripping her consorts, the Amazon and Concorde , Sir Edward’s ship, after a run of 168 miles in fifteen hours, came up with the enemy, the French 40-gun frigate Virginie . The action com¬ menced at midnight, and continued at close quarters, under a crowd of sail, during one hour and forty-five minutes. When the Virginie surrendered, she had four feet water in the hold, fifteen men killed, and seven-and-twenty wounded. The Indefatigable did not lose a man. For this gallant action, equally creditable to both combatants, a naval medal was granted. ADMIRAL LORD VISCOUNT EXMOUTH. 385 We have said enough to prove the energy of our hero, during the year 1796, in those actions generally considered as worthy of historical record, but we must not omit a feat of generous courage which, to our mind, reflects more honour on his name than all his victories. While the Indefatigable was lying at Ply¬ mouth, in January, preparing for her cruise in the Channel, the Dutton , a large East-Indiaman, employed as a transport, and laden with some companies of the Second Regiment of Foot, was driven into the Hamoaze by stress of weather. For greater safety she bore up for the Catwater, but touched on the reef off Mount Batten, and soon became an unmanageable wreck. Sir Edward and Lady Pellew were, at that time, driving to a dinner party. When the captain heard of the occurrence, he left his carriage and hurried to the beach, where he saw that the loss of nearly all on board, between 500 and 600 souls, was inevitable, unless some cool head and in¬ trepid heart directed their movements. The principal officers of the ship had abandoned their charge, and got on shore, just as he arrived on the beach. “ Having urged them,” says Mr. Osier, in his Life of Lord Exmouth, “ but without success, to return to their duty, and vainly offered rewards to pilots and others belonging to the port to board the wreck (for all thought it too hazardous to be attempted), he exclaimed, ‘ Then I will go myself.’ A single rope, by which the officers and a few others had landed, formed the only communication with the ship, and by this he was hauled on board through the surf. The danger was greatly increased by the wreck of the masts, which had fallen towards the shore ; and he received an injury in the back which confined him to his bed for a week, in c c 386 THE SEA-KINGS OF ENGLAND. consequence of being dragged under the mainmast. But, disregarding this at the time, he reached the deck, declared himself, and assumed the command. He as¬ sured the people that every one would be saved if they quietly obeyed his orders; that he himself would be the last to quit the wreck, but that he would run any one through who disobeyed him. His well-known name, with the calmness and energy he displayed, gave confidence to the despairing multitude. He was re¬ ceived with three hearty cheers, which were echoed by the multitude on shore, and his promptitude at resource soon enabled him to find and apply the means by which all might be safely landed. His officers, in the mean¬ time, not knowing that he was on board, were exerting themselves to bring assistance from the Indefatigable. Mr. Pellowe, first lieutenant, left the ship in the barge, and Mr. Thomson, acting master, in the launch ; bub the boats could not be brought alongside, and were obliged to run for the Barbican. A small boat be¬ longing to a merchant vessel was more fortunate. Mr. Esdell, signal midshipman to the port admiral, and Mr. Coghlan, mate of the merchant vessel, succeeded, at the risk of their lives, in bringing her alongside. The ends of two additional hawsers were got on shore, and Sir Edward contrived cradles to be slung upon them, with travelling ropes to pass forward and back¬ ward between the ship and the beach. Each hawser was held on shore by a number of men, who watched the rolling of the wreck, and kept the ropes tight and steady. Meantime a cutter had with great difficulty worked out of Plymouth Pool, and two large boats arrived from the dockyard, under the direction of Mr. Hemmings, the master attendant, by whose caution ADMIRAL LORD VISCOUNT EXMOUTH. 387 and judgment they were enabled to approach the wreck, and received the more helpless of the passengers, who were carried to the cutter. Sir Edward, with his sword drawn, directed the proceedings, and preserved order, a task the more difficult, as the soldiers had got at the spirits before he came on board, and many were drunk. The children, the women, and the sick were the first landed. One of them was only three weeks old, and nothing in the whole transaction impressed Sir Edward more strongly than the struggle of the mother’s feelings before she would entrust her infant to his care, or afforded him more pleasure than the success of his attempt to save it. Next, the soldiers were got on shore, then the ship’s company, and finally Sir Edward himself, who was one of the last to leave her. Every one was saved ; and presently afterwards the wreck went to pieces.” So noble an action did not pass unrewarded. The corporation of Plymouth presented him with the free¬ dom cf their town, and the merchants of Liverpool with a splendid service of plate. On the 5th of March, he was created a baronet, and received for an augmen¬ tation of his arms a civic wreath and a wrecked vessel for his crest. The motto selected by himself, instead of one which he considered too flattering, was, “ Deo adjuvante fortuna sequatur” (God helping , success will follow.) In 1797, as our young readers will doubtlessly re¬ member, the French Government fitted out an exj:>edi- tion intended to invade Ireland, excite an insurrection, and detach that unhappy country from the crown of the United Kingdoms. One of the men-of-war composing the invading fleet, the Droits de VHomme, a large two- c c 2 888 THE SEA-XINGS OF ENGLAND. decker carrying seventy-four heavy guns, commanded by Commodore la Crosse, and having on board the famous General Humbert, lost sight of her consorts, and quit¬ ting the Irish coast, steered for Belle-Isle. About half-past three p.m., on the 13th of January, she was discovered by the Indefatigable, 44, Captain Sir Edward Pellew, and the Amazon, 36, Captain -Rey¬ nolds. They made all sail in pursuit, and the Indefa¬ tigable overtook her after a two hours’ chase. She instantly poured in a raking fire, which the French man-of-war returned with a destructive broadside, and a tremendous discharge of musketry. Sir Edward continued the action unsupported until about a quarter to seven, when the Amazon came up under press of sail, and poured in a broadside. At half-past seven, both ships forged ahead—the Indefatigable to repair her rigging, and the Amazon carried on by the amount of canvas she had spread. At half-past eight they re¬ commenced the engagement with great spirit, “and by regulating their speed, and yawing to starboard and port alternately, raked her by turns.” The French made several attempts to board, but Sir Edward skilfully defeated their manoeuvres. After a desperate action, which lasted ten hours and a half the sudden appearance of land close on board of all three ships, caused the British to haul off from the peril which threatened them, and the Droits de VHomme attempted to follow their example. At this time, out of a crew of 330 men and boys, the Indefatigable had 19 wounded; the Amazon, out of 260, 3 killed and 15 wounded. The Droits de VHomme, out of a crew, including the soldiers on board, of 1350 men, had 103 killed and 150 wounded, ADMIRAL LORD VISCOUNT EXMOUTH. 389 showing how skilfully directed had been the British fire, and how ably Sir Edward had conducted this desperate action. Throughout the engagement the sea ran so high that “ the people on the main-decks of the frigates were up to their middles in water.” The Indefatigable had four feet water in her hold, and all her masts were injured. The Amazon was in an equally disabled condition. The self-possession of the officers and men of the Indefatigable, and the nautical ability of her captain, preserved that vessel from the dangers surrounding her; but the Amazon struck the ground, and became a total wreck. Her crew saved themselves on hastily con¬ structed rafts, but having been thrown on the shores of Audierne Bay, were immediately made prisoners by the French. The fate of the Droits de VHomme was far more disastrous. She was so disabled as to be unmanageable, and struck, about seven in the morning, on a sand-bank opposite the town of Plouzenec. Up¬ wards of 900 souls perished through this dreadful catastrophe ; and the remainder, saved by an English man-of-war brig and a cutter, were treated with the humane respect their misfortunes commanded, and conveyed to Plymouth. To describe the capture of the Hydra , off the Island of Teneriffe (October 25th, 1797), or that of the Vaillante , off the Isle of Bhe (August 7th, 1798), would be to repeat “ a twice-told tale.” As in each case the enemy was of far inferior force to the Indefatigable these captures rather illustrate the activity of Sir Edward than the courage of British seamen. In 1800, he commanded the Impetueux , attached to the formid¬ able fleet which, under Earl St. Vincent, chased the Franco-Spanish force from the Mediterranean. 390 THE SEA-IilNGS OF ENGLAND. The Impetueux was paid off in 1801, and Sir Edward was compelled to rest at home until 1803, when he obtained the command of the Tonnant , of eighty guns, attached to the Channel fleet. Thirsting for dis¬ tinction, and well aware that it might surely be obtained wherever Nelson’s flag was floating, he endeavoured to have his ship included in Nelson’s division, but was unsuccessful; and so this most active and enterprising of officers shared neither in the glories of St. Vincent, the Nile, or Trafalgar. Sir Edward was promoted to the rank of rear- admiral in 1805, and to his great satisfaction entrusted with the command of the squadron in the Indian Seas. Here he displayed his customary activity. On the 27th of November, 1806, the boats of his ships—the Culloden, 74, bearing his own flag ; the Powerful, 74 ; the Russell, 74 ; the Belliqueux , 64, and the frigates Sir Francis Drake and Terpsichore , captured off Java the William corvette (Dutch), and destroyed several other armed and merchant vessels. We must pass over as details of little interest Sir Edward’s return to England \ his appointment, in 1811, to the command-in-chief of the Mediterranean fleet; his blockade of Toulon ; his promotion to the peerage as Baron Exmouth, of Exmouth, and his re-appoint¬ ment, in 1815, to the Mediterranean command. We must come to the crowning enterprise of his active career—an enterprise which justly entitles him to a position among “the Sea-kings of England”—we mean, the siege of Algiers in IS 16. For many years the condition of the Christian slaves in the Barbary States had attracted the atten¬ tion and excited the sympathy of all civilized nations ADMIRAL LORD VISCOUNT EXMOUTH. 391 It was, indeed, a reproach to Christendom that Moorish tyrants should be permitted with impunity to torture and imprison the unhappy Christians thrown by the vicissitudes of fortune into their hands. The indig- nation of Europe was still further excited by an act of the most heinous atrocity. On the 23rd of May, 1816, at Bona, near Algiers, the crews of between 300 and 400 boats engaged in the coral fishery, while on their way to celebrate mass, were murdered in cold blood by a band of 2000 Turkish, Levantine, and Moorish soldiers. Great Britain, feeling that her naval supremacy entailed upon her certain responsibilities, resolved to punish the perpetrators of this inhuman massacre, and to compel the Barbary potentates to abolish slavery, and restore their Christian slaves to freedom. For this purpose a formidable fleet was assembled, and the command entrusted to Lord Exmouth, whose reputation for vigour, bravery, and decision was not surpassed by that of any living officer. He sailed from Plymouth, on the 28th of July, with the following ships :— Queen Charlotte. Impregnable ... Superb . Minclen . Albion . Leander . Severn . Glasgow . Granicus . Hebrus . Heron . 100 98 74 74 74 50 40 40 36 36 18 \ Adm. of the Blue, Lord Exmouth, G.C.B. I Captain James Brisbane, C.B. \ Bear-Admiral of the Blue, David Milne. ( Captain Edward Brace, C.B. ,, Charles Ekins. ,, William Patterson. ,, John Coode. ,, Edward Chetham, C.B. ,, Hon. Frederick Aylmer. ,, Hon. Anthony Maitland. ,, William Furlong Wise. ,, Edmund Palmer, C. B. ,, George Bentham. 392 THE SEA-KINGS OF ENGLAND. Mutine . 18 Captain James Mould. Britomart . 10 ,, Robert Riddell. Cordelia . 10 „ William Sargeant. Jasper . 10 ,, Thomas Cailes. And the Beelzebub, Fury, Ilecla, and Infernal bombs. At Gibraltar, this fleet was strengthened by the accession of four Dutch frigates, of forty guns each, a thirty-gun frigate (Dutch), and- an eighteen-gun cor¬ vette (Dutch), under Vice-Admiral Van de Capellan. During the voyage Lord Exmouth constantly exer¬ cised his men at the great guns, and on board the Queen Charlotte a target of peculiar construction was set up. It was made of laths, three feet square ; in the centre was suspended a piece of wood fashioned like a bottle, with yarns crossed at right angles, so that a twelve-pound shot could not pass through the inter¬ stices without cutting a yarn. This was hung at the foretopmast studding-sail boom, and was fired at from the quarter-deck. By the time the fleet reached Gibraltar, the target was never missed, and out of fourteen bottles, ten were daily hit. To this constant exercise must be attributed the deadly havoc which the fire of the Queen Charlotte jjroduced at Algiers. The fleet arrived off Algiers on the 27th of August. The fortifications which it had to attack have been thus described by an accurate authority:—Upon the various batteries on the north side of the city, including a battery over the north gate, were mounted about eighty pieces of cannon, and six to eight enormous mortars ; but the shoalness o’f the water would scarcely admit a heavy ship to approach within reach of them. Between the north wall of the city and the commencement of the pier, which is about 250 yards in length, and ADMIRAL LORD VISCOUNT EXMOUTH. 393 connects the town with the lighthouse, were about 20 more guns, the greater part of them similarly circum¬ stanced. At the north projection of the mole stood a semicircular battery of two tiers of guns, about 44 in all; and to the south of that, and nearly in a line with the pier, was the round or lighthouse-battery, of three tiers of guns, 48 in all. Then came a long battery, also of three tiers, called the east battery, mounting 66 guns. This was flanked by four other batteries, of two tiers each, mounting altogether 60 guns; and on the south head of the mole were two large guns, represented to be 68- pounders, and nearly twenty feet long : so that the, different batteries on the mole mounted at least 220 guns, consisting, except in the case just mentioned, of 32, 24, and 13-pounders. South-west of the small pier that projects from the city to form the entrance of the mole, or harbour, and bearing, at the distance of about 300 yards due west from the south mole-head, was the fish-market battery, of 15 guns, in three tiers. Between that and the south extremity of the city were two bat¬ teries of four or five guns each. Beyond the city, in this direction, were a castle and two or three other batteries, mounting between them 60 or 70 guns. Other batteries crowned the heights rearward of the city, and altogether, the guns mounted for the defence of Algiers, landward and seaward, exceeded 1000 in number. The garrison probably amounted to 50,000 men. In the harbour were lying four 44-gun frigates, five large corvettes, and between 30 and 40 gun and mortar-boats. The Dey of Algiers refusing all terms of accommo¬ dation, the bombardment commenced at about a quarter to three p.m., on the 27th of August. The particu- 394 THE SEA-KINGS OF ENGLAND. lars are graphically related in Lord Exmouth’s let¬ ter to the Admiralty, which we subjoin, and we shall therefore content ourselves with observing that the Dey was forced to succumb to tbe conditions imposed upon him, after the destruction of his fleet and fortifi¬ cations, and the loss of nearly 7000 killed and wounded. The British had 128 killed and 690 wounded ; the Butch 13 killed and 52 wounded. It is worth record¬ ing that in the seven hours’ engagement the Queen Charlotte expended 4462 round shot; the Impregnable , 6730; the Minden , 4710; the Superb , 4500 ; and the Albion , 4110. Lord Exmouth says,— il Queen Charlotte , Algiers Bay, Aug. 28. “ Sir,— In all the vicissitudes of a long life of public service, no circumstance has ever produced on my mind such impressions of joy and gratitude as the event of yesterday. To have been one of the humble instru¬ ments, in the hands of Bivine Providence, for bringing to reason a ferocious government, and destroying for ever the insufferable and horrid system of Christian slavery, can never cease to be a source of delight and heartfelt comfort to every individual happy enough to be employed in it. “ Their lordships will already have been informed, by his Majesty’s ship Jasper , of my proceedings up to the 14th instant, on which day I broke ground from Gibraltar, after a vexatious detention by a foul wind of four days. The fleet, complete in all its points, with the addition of five gun-boats fitted at Gibraltar, departed in the highest spirits, and with the most favourable prospect of reaching the port of destination ADMIRAL LORD VISCOUNT EXMOUTH. 395 in three days ; but an adverse wind destroyed the ex¬ pectation of an early arrival, which was the more anxiously looked for by myself, in consequence of hear¬ ing, the day I sailed from Gibraltar, that a large army had been assembled, and that very considerable addi¬ tional works were throwing up, not only on both flanks of the city, but also immediately about the entrance of the mole. “ About forty thousand men had been brought down from the interior, and all the Janissaries called in from distant garrisons, and that they were all indefatigably employed in their batteries, gun-boats, &c., and every¬ where strengthening their sea defences. The ships were all in port, and between forty and fifty gun-boats and mortar-boats readv, with several more in forward repair. From the continuance of adverse winds and calms, the land to the westward of Algiers was not made before the 26th, and the next morning at daybreak the fleet was advanced in sight of the city, though not so near as I had intended. As the ships were becalmed, I embraced this opportunity of despatching a boat, under cover of the /Severn, with a flag of truce, and the demands I had to make in the name of his Royal Highness the Prince Regent on the Hey of Algiers (of which the accompanying are copies), directing the officer to wait two or three hours for the Dey’s answer, at which time, if no reply was sent, he was to return to the flag-ship. He was met near the mole by the captain of the port, who, on being told an answer was expected in an hour, replied that it was impossible. The officer then said he would wait two or three hours ; he then observed two hours were quite sufficient. The fleet at this time, by the springing up of the sea breeze, 396 THE SEA-KINGS OF ENGLAND. had reached the bay, and were preparing the boats and flotilla for service until nearly two o’clock, when ob- serving my officer returning with the signal flying that no answer had been received, after a delay of upwards of three hours, I instantly made a signal to know if the ships were all ready, which being answered in the affirmative, the Queen Charlotte bore up, followed by the fleet for their appointed stations; the flag, leading in the prescribed order, was anchored in the entrance of the mole, at about fifty yards’ distance. At this period of profound silence a shot was fired at us from the mole, and two at the ships to the northward then fol¬ lowing; this was promptly returned by the Queen Charlotte, who was then lashing to the mainmast of a brig fast to the shore in the mouth of the mole, and which we had steered for as the guide to our position. Thus commenced a fire as animated and well sup¬ ported as I believe was ever witnessed, from a quar¬ ter before three until nine without intermission, and which did not cease altogether until half-past seven. The ships immediately following me were admira¬ bly and coolly taking their positions, with a precision even beyond my most sanguine hope; and never did British flag receive, on any occasion, more zealous and honourable support. About sunset I received a message from Bear-Admiral Milne, conveying to me the severe loss the Impregnable was sustaining, having then 150 killed and wounded, and requesting I would send a frigate to him, if possible, to divert some of the fire he was under. The Glasgovj, near me, immediately weighed, but the wind had been driven away by the cannonade, and she was obliged to anchor again, having obtained rather a better position than before. I had ADMIRAL LORD VISCOUNT EXMOUTIi. 397 at this time sent orders to the explosion vessel under the charge of Lieutenant Fleming and Mr. Parker, by Captain Reade, of the Engineers, to bring her into the mole; but the rear-admiral having thought she would do him essential service if exploded under the battery, in his front, I sent orders to this vessel to that effect, which were executed. I desired also the rear-admiral might be informed that many of the ships being now in flames, and certain of the destruction of the whole, I considered I had executed the most important part of my instructions, and should make every preparation for withdrawing the ships, and desired he would do so as soon as possible with his division. There were awful moments during the conflict which I cannot now at¬ tempt to describe, occasioned by firing the ships so near to us ; and I had long resisted the eager entreaties of several around me to make the attempt upon the outer frigate, distant about one hundred yards, which at length I gave into ; and Major Gossett, by my side, who had been eager to land his corps of miners, pressed me most anxiously for permission to accom¬ pany Lieutenant Richards in this ship’s barge. The frigate was instantly boarded, and in ten minutes in a perfect blaze. A gallant young midshipman, in rocket-boat No. 8, although forbidden, was led by his ardent spirit to follow in support of the barge, in which he was desperately wounded, his brother officer killed, and nine of his crew. The barge, by rowing more rapidly, had suffered less, and lost but two. The enemy’s batteries around my division were about ten o’clock silenced, and in a perfect state of ruin and dilapidation, and the fire of the ships was reserved as much as possible, to save powder, and reply to a few 308 THE SEA-KINGS OF ENGLAND. guns now and then bearing upon us, although a fort on the upper angle of the city, on which our guns could not be brought to bear, continued to annoy the ships by shot and shells during the whole time. Providence, at this interval, gave to my anxious wishes the usual land-wind, common in this bay, and my expectations were completed. We were all hands employed in warping and towing off, and by the help of the light air, the whole were under sail, and came to anchor out of reach of shells, about two in the morning, after twelve hours’ incessant labour. The flotilla of mortar, gun, and rocket boats, under the direction of their respective artillery officers, shared to the full extent of their power in the honours of the day, and performed good service. It was by their fire all the ships in the port (with the exception of the outer frigate) were in flames, which extended rapidly over the whole arsenal, store-houses, and gun-boats, exhibiting a spectacle of awful grandeur and interest no pen can describe. The sloops of war, which had been appropriated to aid and assist the ships of the line, and prepare for their retreat, performed not only that duty well, but embraced every opportunity of firing through the intervals, and were constantly in motion. “The shells from the bombs were admirably well thrown by the royal marine artillery; and although thrown directlv across and over us, not an accident that I know of occurred to any of the ships. The whole was conducted in perfect silence, and such a thing as a cheer I never heard in any part of the line ; and that the guns were well worked and well directed will be seen for many years to come, and remembered by these barbarians for ever.” ADMIRAL LORD VISCOUNT EXMOUTH. 399 Lord Exmouth’s skill and courage were rewarded by liis being raised to a viscountcy, and by the hearty applause of his countrymen, who rejoiced that, through his exertions, Christian slavery had received its death¬ blow. This, indeed, was a noble and a fitting termi¬ nation of a career which had not been less characterized by the constant and unaffected display of a generous and humane spirit, than by the exhibition of an inde¬ fatigable activity and a brilliant valour. For seventeen years the gallant Sea-king reposed in honour on the laurels he had won in a long and stirring life, and in 1832, at the ripe old age of seventy-six, the Christian warrior laid down his stainless armour, and passed away into eternal rest. From the pages of his biographer, Mr. Osier, we borrow a few details in illustration of an admirable character. He was very particular in maintaining the efficiency of the vessel under his command, yet few captains were ever more beloved by their men. To their wants and habits he was very attentive, and he sedulously studied their health and comfort. He had a quick appreciation of character, and knew when to punish as well as to forgive; with whom he might relax as well as with whom to appear unbending. His religion was not a profession, but a practice. Always reverential and guarded in his own conduct, he promptly checked the slightest profanity in others. It was his practice to order a general thanksgiving after every signal deliverance or success, and he invari¬ ably insisted upon a respectful observance of the Sabbath. That he was brave and energetic, our brief sketch of his career must have abundantly demonstrated ; but he 400 THE SEA-KINGS OF ENGLAND. was also generous, humane, and benevolent. His clear head was always directing a warm heart. He was thoroughly unselfish, and thought more of others than of himself. “His services and his life,” says Mr. Osier, “were for his country; he had a truly English heart, and served her with an entire devotedness. In his last and fatal illness, sustained by that principle which so long had guided him, his death-bed became the scene of his best and noblest triumph. ‘ Every hour,’ said an officer who was often with him, ‘ every hour of his life is a sermon ; I have seen him great in battle, but never so great as on his death-bed—so full of hope and peace did he, with the confidence of a Christian, advance to his last conflict.’ ” Such was Edward, Lord Viscount Exmouth—the last of the great Sea-kings of England. Since the bombard¬ ment of Algiers no maritime war has broken out to afford an opportunity of signal distinction to the enterprising spirits which are still the pride and honour of the British navy. And earnestly would we pray that our country may still, for many a year of peace and pro¬ sperity, be spared the horrors of a sanguinary con¬ flict ; but should it be otherwise, should it be necessary asrain to arm in defence of our “ hearths and homes,” our cherished rights and valued privileges, we are well assured that there will be no need to regret our Hawkes, our Benbows, our Nelsons, or our Exmouths. Britain has many sons as brave as they ! 401 XXII. ARCTIC DISCOVERY. Sir Hugh Willoughby ; the Discoveries of Davis ; Henry Hudson ; Progress of Arctic Enterprise; Ross, Parry, and Sir John Frank¬ lin. Here let the billows stiffen, and have rest. Coleridge. One Master Richard Thorne, an opulent Bristol merchant, is the first Englishman whose name is con¬ nected with discovery and enterprise in those Arctic seas which have since been the scene of so many heroic deeds, illustrating the annals and displaying the virtues of our race. At his instigation, it is said, King Henry VIII. “ sent two fair ships, well manned and vic¬ tualled, having in them divers cunning men, to seek strange regions ; and so they set forth out of the Thames the 20th day of May, in the nineteenth year of his reign, which was the year of our Lord 1527.” But of the details of this expedition nothing certain is known, except that one ship was wrecked on the coast of Newfoundland. In 1536, a second Arctic voyage was undertaken by a London gentleman, named Hore, accompanied by thirty members of the Inns of Law, and about the D D 402 THE SEA-KINGS OF ENGLAND. same number of adventurers of a lower estate. They reached Newfoundland,* but only to undergo the most terrible distresses, and in their urgent famine to have recourse to cannibalism. After the deaths of a great portion of the crew, a French vessel, which had arrived on the coast, was surprised at night by the survivors, and navigated in safety to England. Edward VI. in his brief reign gave numerous evi¬ dences of a mind in advance of his age, and not the least was his appointment of Cabot, the reputed dis¬ coverer of Newfoundland, to the office of Grand Pilot of England, and the governorship of “ the Mysterie and Companie of Merchants Adventurers for the dis- coverie of regions, dominions, islands, and places un¬ known.” Cabot immediately planned a new expedition, whose object was to effect a passage to India through those wide seas which he supposed to heave and swell in the Arctic regions, and thus to avoid the long and dangerous route by the Cape of Good Hope. Sir Hugh Willoughby was appointed captain- general of the squadron of three vessels prepared for this great enterprise, and Richard Chancelor, captain of the Edward Bonadventure. The ships were sheathed with lead to protect them from the worms common in the Indian seas, and every precaution was taken to insure success. But shortly after quitting England, Chancelor’s ship was separated from her consorts, and sailing in a northerly direction, gained at last a spa- * Newfoundland, according to some authorities, was discovered by Sebastian Cabot in 1496, and by him named Prima Vista. Others support the priority of the claims of a Portuguese navi¬ gator, John Vay Costa Cortereal, who voyaged in the neighbour¬ ing seas about 1463. ARCTIC DISCOVERERS. 403 cious bay on the coast of Muscovy. Sir Hugh’s vessel and her companion, the Bona Gonjidentia (Good Confi¬ dence), were cast away on a desolate part of the Lapland coast at the mouth of the River Arzina. They entered the river on the 18th of September, 1563, and “ remaining in that haven the space of a week, seeing the year far spent and also very evil weather, as frost, snow, and hail, as though it had been the deep of winter, they thought it best to winter there.” But as day followed day, and week succeeded week, in these wastes of snow and ice, where reigned eternal silence, the brave adventurers perished one by one, and many months afterwards their whitened bones were discovered by some Russian fishermen. CAPTAIN JOHN DAVIS was born at Sandridge, in Devonshire, of a re¬ putable family, and was early bred to the sea, on whose broad waters most of his life, indeed, was fated to be spent. He married a daughter of Sir John Fulford, of Fulford, in Kent, and had issue by her ; and this is all that it is needful to state in reference to his domestic affairs ; for it is with the public, and not the private lives of our Sea-kings that we are here concerned. Captain John Davis’s first voyage to the north was made in 1585. English enterprise was not discouraged by Frobisher’s failures or Sir Humphrey Gilbert’s melancholy fate ; and the London merchants placed under Davis’s directions two small vessels, the Sun¬ shine, 50 tons and 23 men, and the Moonshine , 35 tons and 19 men, for the purpose of prosecuting dis¬ coveries in the northern seas. dd2 40-1 THE SEA-KINGS OF ENGLAND. Davis sailed from Dartmouth on the 7th of June, 1585, and towards the end of July reached the western coast of Greenland, where the country presented so bleak, so bare, and gloomy a face that he named it “ the Land of Desolation.” He found here a great quantity of drift-wood, and picked up a tree, sixty feet in length. He next stood away to the north-west, and saw land in 64° 15' N. lat. ; the sea being clear of ice, and the air still temperate. He was now in a strait or channel—still known as Davis’s Strait—beset by numerous islands, “ among which were many fair sounds and good roads for shipping.” To the sound wherein he anchored he gave the name of Gilbert’s Sound (now Cumberland Strait), in honour of his patron, Mr. Adrian Gilbert, brother of Sir Humphrey. The natives were of a simple and amicable disposition, and gathered about the ships in their canoes in great numbers. They were especially delighted with the music and dancing of the English seamen and, alto¬ gether, proved to be “very tractable people, void of craft and double dealing, and easy to be brought to any civility or good order.”* Davis found here a quantity of driftwood; ore, such as Frobisher brought from Meta Incognita; “ Muscovy glass, shining not altogether unlike crystal and a sweet fruit, full of red juice, and not unlike currants. Sailing along this coast he discovered land, on the 6th of August, in lat. 16° 40', and anchored “in a very fair road under a brave mount, the cliffs where¬ of were orient as gold.” He named this promontory Miount Raleigh ; a foreland to the north, Cape Bier, * Hakluyt. CAPTAIN JOHN DAVIS. 405 and another to the south, Cape Walsingham ; and the bay itself Exeter Sound. Here his men encountered four “ monstrous” white bears, and killed one of them. Leaving this strange region, Davis returned southward, and doubling a cape which he christened God's Mercy , discovered a broad open channel, thirty leagues wide, whose waters were of “ the very colour, nature, and quality of the main ocean.” Sailing up it sixty leagues, he found himself in a cluster of small islands ; but the weather growing tempestuous and the fogs heavy, resolved to sail for England. He arrived at Dart¬ mouth on the 20th of September, thus happily ending a prosperous and ably conducted voyage. Davis’s success induced the merchants in the west of England to supply him with fresh funds for a second adventure, and he again set out from Dartmouth, on the 7th of May, 1586, with the Sunshine and the Moonshine , his former vessels, the Mermaid , a ship of 120 tons, and the North Star, a pinnace of 10. He reached Cape Farewell on the 15th of June, and pro¬ ceeding along the coast of Greenland, renewed his friendly relations with the natives, and trafficked with them for “ seal-skins, white hares, salmon peel, small cod, dry caplin, with other fish, and such birds as the country did yield.” Meanwhile he had despatched the Sunshine and the North Star on a voyage along the eastern coast of Greenland. They sailed, it is said, as far northward as lat. 80°. On the 12th of June, they reached Ice¬ land—rested, and re-fitted, for a few days—and again proceeded on their voyage. On the 3rd of July, they found themselves in a perilous position between two huge floating hills of ice, and were fain to turn their 40G THE SEA-KINGS OF ENGLAND. prows southward, and escape from a region which seemed barred and fenced against the approaches of man. But the Sunshine alone reached England (October 5th) ; its small companion, the North Star } was lost sight of in a terrible storm of wind and rain, and never again beheld by mortal eye. She foundered in the inhospitable seas, and her reliant crew became one of the many sacrifices offered up by human daring to “ the Genius of the North.” Davis himself advanced as far north as 67°. He then ran southwards until, in lat. 54°, he fell in with the west coast of Labrador, where he lighted upon a fine wooded bay or haven, now known as “ Davis’s Inlet.” He was solicitous to continue his explorations, but a succession of furious tempests baffled his skill and dispirited his men, and he was compelled to steer homewards. The adventurers arrived at Plymouth early in October. Much had been hoped for, and something accom¬ plished. A North-west passage had not, indeed, been discovered, but wider and more satisfactory glimpses of the northern seas had certainly been obtained. Davis’s patrons, therefore, determined upon a third adventure, and the intrepid seaman, having under his command two small vessels and apinnace— the, Elizabeth, the Sunshine, and the Clincher —once more set out from Dartmouth on the 19th of May, 1587. Leav¬ ing the Elizabeth and the Sunshine to pursue the fishery, he proceeded along the west coast of Green¬ land as far north as 72° 12', and then ran forty leagues without seeing land. He next arrived at the strait discovered in his first voyage, and explored its shores for about sixty leagues. Punning to the S.E., HENRY HUDSON. 407 he crossed a great channel, now known as Hudson’s Bay, and descried in lat. 61° 10' a southern headland which he named Cape Chidley. He then proceeded to rejoin his companions, but found they had abandoned him. Thus “ forsaken and left in his distress,” he referred himself to “ the merciful providence of God, shaped his course for England, and, unhoped for of any, God alone relieving him, arrived at Dartmouth,” Sep¬ tember 15th, 1587. The next Englishman who dared the perils of the frozen seas was a Captain Weymouth, in 1602, but he added nothing to the scanty information already accumulated. An Englishman, James Hall, was the chief pilot of an expedition fitted out in 1605 by the King of Denmark, which simply resulted in an explo¬ ration of the Greenland coast. He made three succes¬ sive voyages, but while abundantly illustrating his own courage and perseverance, contributed nothing to the stores of geographical knowledge. We now arrive at a name which is indissolubly associated with Arctic Discovery—that of HENRY HUDSON, supposed to be “ the first Englishman who made obser¬ vations on the dip or inclination of the magnetic needle.” He sailed from Gravesend, May 1st, 1607, in a small decked boat, which carried a crew of ten men and a boy ! In such frail skiffs, so destitute of scientific appliances and nautical resources, did these early adventurers attempt the exploration of a perilous sea and an unknown coast ! Surely the courage and enterprise of modern seamen cannot be compared to the intrepidity of these remarkable and heroic spirits; 408 THE SEA-KINGS OF ENGLAND. who flung themselves against the ice-barriers of the north with a wonderful resolution, and deserve to be honoured to all time as the forlorn-hope of the famous phalanx of Arctic discoverers. Henry Hudson first saw land in 70° N. It was the bleak and barren coast of East Greenland. Three de¬ grees further north, a chain of lofty mountains, with peaks all bare of snow, rose upon the horizon, and Hudson noticed that the cold was not excessive, and that the temperature sensibly increased in mildness. He next arrived off the shores of Spitzbergen, where some of his men landed and found the horns of deer, some fragments of whalebone, morses’ teeth, and signs of other beasts. The year was now drawing to a close, and Hudson was unprovided with stores to endure the severity of an Arctic winter. He therefore turned his prow homeward, and his tiny boat reached the mouth of the Thames in safety on the 15th of September. He set out again in the following year in a larger bark, and with a crew which numbered fourteen men. His object now was to discover a North-eastern passage to China. The masses of ice accumulated between Spitzbergen and Nova Zembla compelled our adventurer to steer for the Straits of Waigatz, where he hoped to load his ship with such a cargo of walrus’ teeth as might pay the costs of the voyage. But he was again blocked out by the ice from the wished-for haven, and so he steered for home, and arrived at Gravesend on the 26th of August. His third voyage was made in the following year in the service of the Dutch, and is only remarkable for his discovery of that fine river on the North American HENRY HUDSON. 409 continent which still bears his name. The Dutch afterwards established a colony on its banks, and strange wild legends of Hudson and his men long lingered among their descendants. “ It was affirmed,” says Washington Irving, “ that the great Hendricli Hudson, the first discoverer of the river and country, kept a kind of vigil there every twenty years, with his crew of the Half-moon ; being permitted in this way to revisit the scenes of his enterprise, and keep a guardian eye upon the river and the great city called by his name.” Their chief amusement appears to have been playing at nine-pins in a hollow of the Kaatskill Mountains. In 1610, Hudson made his fourth and last voyage, in a vessel of fifty-five tons, stored and provisioned for six months. Frobisher’s Strait was gained on the first day of June. Then followed a weary struggle with vast masses of floating ice and adverse winds, but Hudson perseveringly beat towards the west, gained the extreme point of Labrador, which he called Cape Wolstenholm, and discovered a group of islands lying to the north-west, whose southern headland he named Cape Digges. Here, for the first time, a vast sea opened upon human gaze, and restless waters rolled and seethed for the first time under an English keel. But just as it appeared that some grand results would be attained by Hudson’s indefatigable efforts, a mutiny broke out among his crew and shattered all his hopes. The gallant seaman had generously given shelter and protection to one Henry Green, a young man well-born and well-bred, but dissolute in his manners, who secretly endeavoured to supplant his benefactor and obtain the command of his vessel. Beset 410 THE SEA-KINGS OF ENGLAND. with ice, and involved in a maze of unknown islands, Hudson had been compelled to haul his ship aground, and face the oncoming winter as best he could. A scarcity of food was soon experienced, and when the voyagers were reduced to feed on moss and frogs, a deep hut, at first, a silent discontent prevailed. Of this the mutinous Green availed himself to work his captain’s ruin. Spring followed winter, and slowly the ice broke up, opening to the castaways a narrow and hazardous chan¬ nel. Hudson then prepared to quit his winter-retreat, and distributed, with tears in his eyes, the scanty stock of provisions that yet remained, barely enough to supply each man with food for fourteen days. They quitted the bay, and steered for the open sea. The conspiracy now revealed itself. Having admi¬ nistered to his confederates the following singular oath, “ You shall swear truth to God, your Prince, and country ; you shall do nothing but to the glory of God and the good of the action in hand, and harm to no man”—having administered this oath, Green and his associates seized upon Hudson, overpowered him by main force, and lowered him, with the master and his son, and six others—sick or disabled—into a small open boat, in which they had stored a fowling-piece, some gunpowder and shot, a small quantity of meal, and an iron pot (June 21st, 1611). These nine unfor¬ tunates were voluntarily joined by John King, the carpenter, who swore he would not share the guilt of so foul a crime, and abandoning the mutineers, willingly consented to share the fate of Hudson. What was his fate—what evils, indeed, befel him and his companions—who needs to learn ? In a frail BUTTON, BYLOT, AND BAFFIN. 411 open boat; without provisions ; tossed to and fro by a stormy sea; borne hither and thither amid floating icebergs, death threatened them in a thousand shapes. Let us hope their sufferings were brief; a speedy death was for them Heaven’s greatest boon. The mutineers were visited by a retributive justice. Green was killed in a fray with savages on an island lying near Cape Digges. His followers, after suffering the cruellest extremities of hunger and thirst, and losing some of their number through famine, contrived to reach the bay of Galloway, whence they were car¬ ried in a fishing-boat to Plymouth. BUTTON, BYLOT, AND BAFFIN. Hudson’s discovery of an open sea to the west of Cape Wolstenholm inflamed the minds of merchants and adventurers with hopes of new and profitable dis¬ coveries. An expedition was, therefore, prepared in 1612, and placed under the command of Captain Button, a mariner of ability and experience. On the 15th of August he discovered a river to which he gave the appellation of Nelson’s River, where, at a later period, the Hudson’s Bay Company placed their first settlement. Here he spent the winter; suggesting to his crew constant sources of occupation and amusement, he contrived to maintain them in bodily and mental health, and to prevent their yielding to discontent or lethargic indifference. In April, 1613, the ice broke up, and resuming his voyage, he discovered, in lat. 65°, a group of islands which he named Manuel’s, now Mansfield Islands. He then bore away for England, where he arrived about the beginning of September. In 1615, a voyage was made by Robert By lot and 412 THE SEA-KINGS OF ENGLAND. William Baffin, and in 1616 they were appointed to the command of a second expedition, which resulted in the discovery of Whale Sound, Sir Thomas Smith’s Sound, Alderman Jones’s Sound, Sir James Lancaster’s Sound and Baffin’s Bay. They returned to England on the 13 th of August, having extended the limits of northern discovery, but accomplished little towards effecting the long-desired “ passage to Cathay.” CAPTAIN THOMAS JAMES. We must pass, with a brief word of notice, over the voyages of Steven Bennet, the discoverer of Cherry Island (1603-1610), Jonas Poole (1610-1613), and Captain Luke Fox (1631). Captain Thomas James was despatched in 1631 by the merchants of Bristol, and his voyage merits to be recorded if only on account of its misfortunes. James knew little of the difficulties of Arctic navigation, and was driven to and fro by icebergs and contrary winds in a miserable manner. Unable to attempt the passage of Hudson’s Bay at the commencement of the winter, he landed his crew on Charlton Island, and hauled his ship ashore. The cold was excessive, so that though they main¬ tained a good fire in the hut they had constructed, hoar frost covered their beds, and water froze in a pan before the fire. “It snowed and froze extremely, at which time we, looking from the shore towards the ship, she appeared a piece of ice in the fashion of a ship, or a ship resembling a piece of ice.” The gunner having lost his leg, prayed “for the little time he had to live,” that “ he might drink sack altogether.” He died, and a grave was dug for him in the ice at some distance from the ship, but afterwards, when they were CAPTAIN SIR JOHN ROSS. 413 getting her ready for sea, it was found that he had returned thither, his leg having penetrated through a port hole. They “ digged him clear out,” and found the body as free from noisesomeness as when he was first committed to the deep. “This alteration had the ice, and water, and time only wrought on him, that his flesh would slip up and down upon his bones, like a glove on a man’s hand.” The survivors, weakened as they were by scurvy, now set to work to build a boat—no light labour, inasmuch as the cold having broken their axes, they had to make use of the pieces ; and before they could fell a tree they were compelled to light a fire around it. Captain James encouraged them with wholesome words : “ God’s will be done,” he said ; “ if it be our fortune to end our days here, we are as near heaven as in England.” And then they toiled, like brave, true¬ hearted Englishmen, and a blessing was upon their toil : they succeeded in escaping from their winter- prison, and made good their return to England. CAPTAIN SIR JOHN ROSS. Year after year, daring adventurers continued their explorations amid these solitary wastes of ice and snow ? but to their names attaches so little historical interest it is unnecessary for us to weary our readers with them. We pass in silence over nearly two centuries, and resume our notices of the progress of Arctic dis¬ covery in 1818, when the question of the existence of a North-west passage again attracted the attention and excited the interest of the British nation. The Isabella and the Alexander were then fitted out by order of Government, and their command 414 THE SEA-KINGS OF ENGLAND. entrusted to Captain Ross, an able navigator, who had already familiarized himself with the northern seas. The Alexander was commanded by Lieut. Parry, a name destined to be associated with important geo¬ graphical discoveries. They sailed from England on the 18th April, 1818. In lat. 75° 54' N. they met with a tribe of Esquimaux who had never before gazed upon a stranger, and accosted the new comers with the inquiry—“ Who are you 1 Whence come you ? Is it from the sun or the moon T To these ignorant and exceedingly hideous savages, Ross gave the name of “ Arctic Highlanders”—scarcely a compliment, by the way, to the brave clans of Scotland. Still further north, they observed the cliffs to be covered with .red snow —a phenomenon which has been since explained by the discovery of a minute lichen vege¬ tating even upon snow. “ On descending the western shore of Baffin’s Bay towards the south,” says Mr. Cooley, “ a great change was observed ; the sea was clear of ice, and extremely deep j its temperature was increased, the land was high, and the mountains, in general, free from snow. A noble inlet, nearly fifty miles wide, with high land on both sides, now offered itself to view. Into this the ships entered on the 29th of August, but they had not advanced above thirty miles within it, when, to the amazement of all his officers, Captain Ross made a signal to tack about and return. In explanation of this manoeuvre he affirmed that he saw land stretching across the inlet at a distance of eight leagues. To the imaginary range of hills which thus seemed to prevent his progress to the west, he gave the name of Croker’s Mountains. His officers, who felt confident that this LIEUTENANT PAR11Y. 415 great inlet, now recognised as tlie Sir James Lan¬ caster’s Sound of Baffin, was a strait communicating with the open sea to the westward, were no less mortified than surprised on finding that their com¬ mander was about to leave it without any further investigation. Proceeding to the southward, along a coast of which but little was known, the commander continued to show the same indifference to add to the stock of geographical information. The ships held their course at such a distance from land, that the shore was seen but imperfectly, and never examined. On the 1st of October they had arrived at the entrance of Cumberland Strait, where much still remained to be done by a commander panting for discovery; but Captain Ross directed his course homeward, and arrived in England without any accident.” LIEUTENANT PARRY. The British Government were not discouraged by Captain Ross’s failure. Barren in results as his voyage had proved, it had nevertheless confirmed the authen¬ ticity of the statements of former navigators, and de¬ monstrated the existence of certain great inlets or channels which probably led to an open sea. The Hecla bomb and the Griper gun-brig were, therefore, fitted out, and placed under the command of Lieutenant Parry, who sailed from the Thames on the 5th of May, 1819, and on the 15th of June descried Cape Fare¬ well. He then proceeded northwards, up Davis’s Strait and Baffin’s Bay, as far as lat. 73°, where he found himself hemmed in by a wall of ice. Parry was, however, a man of dauntless energy and indefatigable resolution. He resolved to break through this barrier, 410 THE SEA-KINGS OF ENGLAND. and accomplished the arduous labour in seven days, working the ship through a solid plain of ice some eighty miles in breadth. Having passed this barrier, the discovery-ships sailed merrily onward—their sails tilled by a strong easterly wind—through Sir James Lancaster’s Sound, in the hope of reaching in due time the great Polar Sea. “ It is more easy to imagine than describe,” says Lieutenant Parry, “ the almost breathless anxiety which was now visible in every countenance, while, as the breeze increased to a fresh gale, we ran quickly up the Sound.” After advancing a considerable distance, however, they were again confronted by a barrier of ice. Peturning to the south, Lieutenant Parry discovered a great inlet which he named Barrow Strait, and then steering to the westward, another inlet which he called Wellington Channel. Bathurst Island was another of his discoveries, and he afterwards came in sight of Melville Island. On the 4th of September, the ad¬ venturers reached the meridian of 110° W. long., and thus became entitled to the parliamentary grant of £5000. A convenient harbour in this vicinity was named u the Bay of the Hecla and Griper” and here Lieutenant Parry resolved upon passing the winter. To prevent his men from falling into that despondency apt to be engendered by the want of physical exercise, the absence of light, and the severity of the cold, Lieutenant Parry resorted to various intellectual amusements. A theatre was fitted up, and plays were acted by his officers, to the intense gratification of the spectators. A weekly newspaper was estab¬ lished, entitled The North Georgia Gazette and Winter Chronicle , which, under the able editorship of Lieu- LIEUTENANT PARRY. 417 tenant Sabine, ran through one-and-twenty numbers. Dancing and singing still further enlivened the gloom of these dreary Arctic nights. The winter passed away, and Parry resumed his explorations. The shore of Baffin’s Bay was curiously examined, and then he directed his course homeward, arriving in the Thames—after a hazardous enterprise of eighteen months’ duration—about the middle of November, 1820. Captain Parry was selected to command a second expedition in the following year. His ships, the Ileclci and the Fury , were provided with all the appliances that modern skill could suggest and the national liberality provide. “ Charred cork was placed between the sides of the ships and the internal lining of plank, as a security against the cold; and a simple but well- contrived apparatus for distributing heated air was fixed in each vessel. They sailed from the Nore on the 8th of May, 1821 ; they returned to the Shetland Islands on the lOtli of October, 1823. In the interval —seven-and-twenty months—Captain Parry discovered the Duke of York’s Bay—a vast number of inlets on the north-eastern coast of the American continent— Winter Island—the islands of Arnatoke and Ooglet— the Strait of the Fury and Hecla —Melville Peninsula —and Cockburn Island. While wintering, in 1822, on Winter Island, they were agreeably surprised by a visit from a party of Esquimaux—a visit which our adventurers did not neglect to return. They found “ an establishment,” says Captain Parry, “ of five huts, with canoes, sledges, dogs, and above sixty men, women, and children, as regularly and to all appear¬ ances as permanently fixed as if they had occupied the E E 418 THE SEA-KINGS OF ENGLAND. same spot the whole winter. If the first view of the exterior of this little village was such as to create astonishment, that feeling was in no small degree heightened on accepting the invitation soon given us to enter these extraordinary houses, in the construc¬ tion of which we observed that not a single material was used but snow and ice. After creeping through two low passages, having each its arched doorway, we came,” says Captain Parry, “ to a small circular apart¬ ment, of which the roof was a perfect arched dome. Prom this three doorways, also arched, and of larger dimensions than the outward ones, led into as many inhabited apartments, one on each side, and the other facing us as we entered. The interior of these pre¬ sented a scene no less novel than interesting; the women were seated on the beds at the sides of the huts, each having her little fireplace or lamp, with all her domestic utensils, about her. The children crept behind their mothers, and the dogs slunk past us in dismay. The construction of this inhabited part of the hut was similar to that of the outer apartment, being a dome, formed by separate blocks of snow laid with great regularity, and no small art, each being cut into the shape requisite to form a substantial arch, from seven to eight feet high in the centre, and having no support whatever but what this principle of build¬ ing supplies. Sufficient light was admitted into these curious edifices by a circular window of ice, neatly fitted into the roof of each apartment.” A third voyage was undertaken by Captain Parry, with Lieutenant Hoppner as his second in command, in 1824-5, but was not attended with success. The Fury was driven ashore by the violent impetus of the LIEUTENANT PARRY. 419 floating ice, and so damaged, that Captain Parry was compelled to abandon her, and remove her crew and stores to the Hecla. Captain Sir John Parry’s fourth and last voyage was undertaken in April, 1827. It was marked by his gallant attempt to cross over the ice in light boats and sledges—using the former when pools of water were arrived at, the latter in gliding over the fields of ice. He was, however, soon compelled to abandon the sledges on account of the rugged masses into which the ice was broken up. “ It required,” says Mr. Cooley, “ a zeal little short of enthusiasm to undergo, voluntarily, the toil of this expedition. When the travellers arrived at a pool of water in the ice, they were then obliged to launch their boats, and embark. On reaching the opposite side, their boats were then to be dragged, frequently up steep and dangerous cliffs of ice, their lading being first removed. By this laborious process, persevered in with little intermission, they were able to effect but eight miles in five days. They travelled only during the night, by which means they were less incommoded with snow blindness; they found the ice more firm and consistent; and had the great advantage of lying down to sleep during the warmer portion of the twenty-four hours. Some time after sunset they took their breakfast, then toiling for a few hours they made their chief meal. A little after midnight, towards sunrise, they halted as if for the night; smoked their pipes ; looked over the icy desert in the direction in which the journey was to be resumed ; and then, wrapping themselves in their furs, lay down to rest.” They advanced as far north as 82° 40' N. lat., and were then compelled by the drift- E e 2 420 THE SEA-KINGS OF ENGLAND. ing of the snow-fields to retrace their steps. They rejoined their ships on the 21st of August, and sailed for England. SIR JOHN FRANKLIN. In May, 1819, the Government determined to despatch an expedition overland to ascertain the exact position of the Coppermine River, and explore the neighbouring coast. For this purpose they selected Lieutenant Franklin, an officer favourably known for his zeal, courage, and ability; Dr. Richardson, an eminent naturalist; Messrs. Hood and Rack, two midshipmen of excellent character, and two picked English seamen. Franklin and his party arrived at York Factory, Hudson’s Bay, on the 30tli of August, and quitted it on the 9th of September, and reached Cumberland House on the 22nd of October, having accomplished a journey of 690 miles in forty-two days. After resting for awhile, Franklin and Mr. Back went forward alone to Chipeweyan, near the west point of Atha- barca Lake, to exercise a personal supervision over the preparations being made for their intended adven¬ ture. There they were joined in due time by their companions, and the little band of Paladins set out on their toilsome enterprise, July 18th, 1820, attended by a retinue of Canadian boatmen and Indians. They were met at every step by fresh obstacles—by deep and rapid rivers, by broad shallow lakes, by wide and cheerless wastes, and, lastly, by a scarcity of pro¬ visions. It became necessary to winter in a conve¬ nient situation, and abandon until the ensuing spring SIR JOHN FRANKLIN. 421 tlieir journey to the mouth of the Coppermine. The Canadians put together with pine-wood a commodious hut, which was named Fort Enterprise. It stood on a gentle ascent, whose base was protected by the icy current of Winter Fiver. Here the travellers employed themselves in slaying reindeer, and in pre¬ paring with their flesh that dried, salted, and pounded comestible, called pemmican. About 180 animals were slaughtered, but even this was insufficient to furnish a winter’s consumption for Franklin’s party ; and as the expected supplies of tobacco, ammunition, and blankets had not arrived, Mr. Back, with some Indian and Canadian attendants, determined to return for fresh stores to Cliipeweyan. He did so ; procured the needful supplies; and once more rejoined the inmates of Fort Enterprise, after an absence of five months and a journey of 1104 miles, “in snow-shoes, and with no other covering at night in the woods than a blanket and deerskin.” The ice was not sufficiently broken in the Copper- mine River until the 14th of June, 1821, to permit of Franklin’s resumption of his adventure. They made their way down its rocky channel in canoes. The banks were tenanted by reindeer, wolves, and musk¬ oxen, which furnished them with the only food to be obtained in this dreary wilderness. At length, the mouth of the Coppermine River was reached, and the twenty adventurers launched their barks upon the solemn waters of the Polar Sea. It was found to be comparatively free from ice, and the tide was barely noticeable ; but from the position of the drift-wood cast upon the shore, Franklin concluded that a current ran to the eastward. 422 THE SEA-KINGS OF ENGLAND. The farthest point which our navigators arrived at was in lat. 68|° N., and was named Point Turnagain. Between this point on the east, and Cape Barrow on the west, opens a deep gulf stretching southward as far as the Arctic Circle. Captain Franklin named it George the Fourth’s Coronation Gulf. “ It is studded with numerous islands, indented with sounds affording excellent harbours, all of them supplied with small rivers of fresh water, abounding with salmon, trout, and other fish.” Having achieved so much, Captain Franklin decided upon returning to Fort Enterprise. They accordingly reduced their canoes to portable dimensions, abandoned part of their baggage, and set out on their overland journey. They suffered the most terrible hardships. Hunger, cold, and fatigue oppressed them. They were so reduced in bodily strength that it was with difficulty they could drag along their languid limbs. When yet forty miles dis¬ tant from their winter retreat, they found themselves without a morsel of provision, and the winter had now set in with its utmost severity. Mr. Back, with three of the stoutest Canadians, hastened forward in the hope of obtaining succour. Captain Franklin and seven of the party followed him in a few days, leaving the weakest under the care of Hr. Bichardson and Mr. Hood, to move onward at their leisure. Four of Franklin’s companions, however, soon abandoned him, utterly unable to prosecute their journey. Of these Michel, an Iroquois, returned to Dr. Bichardson; the others were never again heard of. Franklin reached the hut, to find it without an inhabitant—with no stores—and hemmed in by heavy snow. Here for eighteen days he lingered, “ with no other food than SIR JOHN FRANKLIN. 423 the bones and skin of the deer which had been con¬ sumed the preceding winter, boiled down into a kind of soup.” On the 29th of October, Dr. Bichardson and John Hepburn (a seaman) made their appearance, but without the rest of the party. Let us now adopt Mr. Cooley’s forcible summary of Dr. Bichardson’s narrative :—“ For the first two days his party had nothing whatever to eat. On the third day, Michel arrived with a hare and partridge, which afforded each a small morsel. Then another day passed without food. On the 11th, Michel offered them some flesh, which he said was part of a wolf j but they afterwards became convinced that it was the flesh of one of the unfortunate men who had left Captain Franklin’s party to return to Dr. Bichardson. Michel was daily growing more insolent and shy, and it was strongly suspected that he had a hidden supply of meat for his own use. On the 20th, while Hepburn w*as cutting wood near the tent, he heard the report of a gun ; and looking towards the spot, saw Michel dart into the tent. Mr. Hood was found dead ; a ball had entered the back part of his head, and there could be no doubt but that Michel was the murderer. He now became more mistrustful and outrageous than before ; and, as his strength was superior to that of the English who survived, and he was well armed, they became satisfied that there was no safety for them but in his death. ‘ I determined,’ says Dr Bichardson, ‘as I was thoroughly convinced of the necessity of such a dreadful act, to take the whole responsibility upon my¬ self ; and immediately upon Michel’s coming up, I put an end to his life by shooting him through the head?’ They employed six days in travelling a distance of 424 THE SEA-KINGS OE ENGLAND. twenty-four miles, existing on lichens and pieces of the skin cloak of Mr. Hood. On the evening of the 29 th they came in sight of the fort, and at first felt inex¬ pressible pleasure when they beheld the smoke issuing from the chimney. The absence of any footsteps in the snow filled them with dismal bodings ; and these were realized when, on entering the house, they saw the wretchedness that reigned there.” Franklin’s party was now reduced to himself, an Indian, Hr. Richardson, and Hepburn, and these were in so sad a state of feebleness that it was evident to each they could not long survive. Happily, on the 7th of November, three Indians despatched by Mr. Back brought the long-hoped-for succour, and waited upon the invalids with considerate kindness until they re¬ covered sufficient strength to return to an English settlement. Thus, by a splendid display of those noble qualities which seem peculiarly distinctive of the Saxon race—by unquailing courage, resolution, and perseverance—was successfully accomplished a hazard¬ ous and laborious journey of 5500 miles over a bleak, barren, and storm-driven country, and results obtained which greatly enlarged the boundaries of geographical knowledge. We would fain linger among these narratives of en¬ terprise and endurance, and show our juvenile readers what brave deeds the Sea-kings of England have accomplished amid seas of darkly-heaving waters and plains of eternal ice, but our limits compel us to ter¬ minate this light and hasty sketch. We shall not touch upon those after-labours of Franklin in reference to Arctic discovery, which procured for him the well- deserved honour of knighthood; but pass at once to SIR JOHN FRANKLIN. 425 that last and fatal voyage whose interesting but melancholy associations are still so fresh in the minds of all of us. In the spring of 1845, the Erebus and Terror were despatched, under the command of Sir John Franklin, to seek that North-west passage, the subject of so eager a curiosity for nearly three hundred years. Sir John’s second in command was an able and well-tried officer, Captain F. B. M. Crozier, and the crews consisted of 137 picked seamen, the best and bravest the royal and commercial navies of England could boast of. Both vessels were fitted with the screw-propeller ; and three years’ full provisions, as well as every fitting appliance, were liberally supplied by the Admiralty. “ After quitting the Thames,” says Captain Sherard Osborn, from whose graphic and animated narrative we shall borrow largely, “ the first rendezvous of the two ships was at the anchorage of ‘ the Long Hope’ in the Orkneys. There the last arrangements were made, many a last letter written, full of high purpose and noble enthusiasm, and thence, on the 8th of June, they put to sea, steering for the extreme of Greenland, appropriately enough named Cape Farewell. A month later we look down upon them at anchor in the middle of a rocky congeries of islets on the east side of Baffin’s Bay. A fortnight later some adventurous whalers in Melville Bay saw the Erebus and Terror struggling manfully with the ice which barred their progress across the Bay of Baffin to Lancaster Sound. Seven officers man a boat and drag her over the ice to visit the whalers. They go on board the Prince of Wales, of Hull; report all well, express the greatest confidence in the success of their expedition, bid the 42G THE SEA-KINGS OF ENGLAND. hearty skipper a kind good-bye, and return to their ships. That evening, July 26th, the ice which had hitherto barred their route to the westward opened out, and the Arctic expedition bears away for Lancas¬ ter Sound.” Two years passed away, and no tidings of Franklin and his gallant companions reached England. In the words of an American writer, “expectation darkened into anxiety—anxiety into dread.” An expedition in search of the missing heroes was despatched under Sir James Loss ; another under Sir John Richardson ; but they returned without any information. There were many, then, who abandoned all hope, and deemed it best to resign at once any expectation of recovering the lost ships. But the brave and noble wife of Franklin did not so easily surrender herself to a lethargic in¬ difference. The true heart of the English nation which, in the long run, always throbs with the best and most generous sympathies, appreciated and seconded her anxious affection. Round Lady Franklin gathered Sir Francis Beaufort, John Barrow, Col. Sabine, Sir Roderick Murchison, and Sir John Richardson, and brought their extensive influence to bear upon the Government and the nation. “ In the year 1850,” says Captain Sherard Osborn, “ the first clue to the position of the Erebus and Terror was obtained in Beechey Island through the accidental detention at that place of the searching expeditions of Captains Austin and Penny—they being at that time bound to Melville Island, beyond which point general opinion maintained that Franklin must have sailed. “It happened, however, that when the entrance of Wellington Channel was reached, in August, 1850, by Voyagers 1 age 4:2''. The Arctic ■bid the hearty skipper £ood e SIR JOHN FRANKLIN. 427 the searching expeditions above mentioned, that large fields of ice were sweeping down it and out of Bar¬ row’s Straits, so as to compel the ships to seek shelter in a great bay formed at the eastern entrance of the channel, a bay which may be said to be bisected by Beechey Island. On the 23rd of August, 1850, a boat’s crew from her Majesty’s discovery ship, .4 ssistance, Captain Ommanney, happened to land on one of the extreme points of the bay in question, and, whilst strolling about, were not a little startled to find traces of a former visit from Europeans at the same spot. Under the bold and striking cliff of Cape Biley there was the ground-plan of a tent, scraps of canvas and rope, a quantity of birds bones’ and feathers, besides a long-handled rake that appeared to have been used for collecting the weeds in which the bottom of those Arctic Seas are so rich. That Europeans had been there for some temporary purpose was certain, but there was not a name or a record found by which the connexion of these relics with Franklin’s expedition could be positively asserted. Captain Penny, a whaling captain of Aberdeen, who had been employed by the Admiralty as the leader of a separate expedition, heard of the traces found by the Assistance , and in conjunction with Lieutenant De Haven, of the United States Navy, who was present with the expedition fitted out by Mr. Crinnell, of New York, determined to wait on the east side of Wellington Channel until the coast was thoroughly searched for a further clue, so as to assure himself as to who had been at Cape Biley, and for what purpose. “ From Cape Spenser the Americans, on foot, fol¬ lowed the trail of a sledge up the east side of Welling- 428 THE SEA-KINGS OF ENGLAND. ton Channel, until, at one day’s journey beyond Cape Innis, the trail suddenly ceased, as if the party had there turned back again. At this point a bottle and a piece of the Times newspaper was discovered. In the meantime Captain Penny had secured his vessels under the western point of Beechey Island, and de¬ spatched a boat to take up the clue to Cape Biley, and to try and follow it to the eastward, in the event of the traces being those of a party retreating from the ships to Baffin’s Bay, supposing the ships to have been beset somewhere to the north-west. This boat-party eventually returned unsuccessful; but one afternoon some men from one of the ships, the Lady Franklin and Sophia , asked permission to stroll over Beechey Island. It was accorded. They idled along towards the low projecting portion of the island which extends to the north, choosing a convenient spot to get over the huge ridges of ice which lay piled up along the beach ; they were seen to land and mount the ridge or backbone of the point. In a minute afterwards their friends on board the ships saw the party rush simultaneously towards a dark object, round which they collected, showing signs of excitement. Presently one ran hither, one thither. Keenly alive with anxiety, those on board saw immediately that some fresh traces had been found, and a rush of all hands to Beechey Island took place. ‘ Eh, sir,’ as a gallant north country sailor observed, when relating the dis¬ covery ,—‘ Eh, sir ! my heart was in my mouth, and I didna ken I could run so fast afore.’ “ On that point stood a most carefully constructed cairn, of a pyramidical form. The base consisted of a series of preserved-meat tins, filled with gravel and SIR JOHN FRANKLIN. 429 sand, arranged so as to taper gradually upwards to the summit of the cairn, in which there was stuck the remnant of a broken boarding-pike. It seemed to have been expressly constructed for the reception of a record, yet nothing could be found in or about the spot, though a hundred anxious beating hearts sought with hands trembling with excitement. Presently, looking along the northern slope of Beechey, other strange objects caught the eye. Another rush of excited beings, and they stand before three graves. Bough, strong- nerved men wept as they stood before those humble tablets, and muttered out the words ‘ Erebus and Terror ,’ inscribed upon them.’' Captain Austin followed Captain Penny in his explorations of the Arctic lands, but without obtaining any further information of Franklin’s movements. Whether he had turned homeward and perished in Baffin’s Bay ; whether he had advanced to the north¬ west by Wellington Channel; or whether he was then imprisoned (as we now know him to have been) in Melville Island, were problems of which no satisfactory solution could be afforded. Several searching expeditions were fitted out by Lady Franklin and her generous friends, and by the Government, but only to confirm the despondency of those who maintained that the missing heroes would never again be heard of. One of the most famous was that undertaken by Captain (now Sir) Bobert McClure, who entered the regions of the Pole by way of the Pacific, and actually penetrated, through snow and ice, into the Atlantic, thus accomplishing the long-sought- for North-west passage. But as expedition after expedition returned from its bootless mission, public 430 THE SEA-KINGS OF ENGLAND. interest, it must be confessed, gradually faded away. Nevertheless, there was one earnest-hearted woman still faithful to her hope, her memory, and her love— Lady Franklin, and she never ceased in her labour of affectionate devotion. Just then, in the fall of 1854, when hope was nigh desperate, as to the solution of the mystery which hung about the Erebus and Terror , a traveller in the Hudson Bay Company’s territories, Dr. Bae, whose fame as an Arctic explorer was well established, sud¬ denly appeared in England, and brought fresh and unexpected evidence of the disastrous fate of a party that had evidently been travelling from the Erebus and Terror towards the Great Fish Biver. They numbered forty persons, so said the Esquimaux, and the party died of starvation four years before Dr. Bae visited his informants. The starving seamen were first seen on King William’s Land; their corpses were observed later in the same year, 1850, near or about the mouth of the Great Fish Biver. Dr. Bae brought home a number of pieces of silver from these Esqui¬ maux, and it was marked with the names of various officers belonging to the two ships. Lady Franklin immediately urged the Admiralty to send an expedi¬ tion to the neighbourhood of the Great Fish Biver ; but, no ! they satisfied themselves with requesting the Hudson’s Bay Company to do so instead. The con¬ sequence was, a hurried overland expedition in 1855 to the mouth of the Great Fish Biver by Mr. Ander¬ son. He had not a boat capable of reaching King William’s Land, although it was only sixty miles dis¬ tant from the point he attained, and he had not even been furnished with an Esquimaux interpreter to SIR JOHN FRANKLIN. 431 enable him to hold conversation with the natives. Mr. Anderson’s information, however, proved to Lady Franklin and. those who thought as she did, that only a portion of the officers and men of the Erebus and Terror had reached the Great Fish River—some forty of them, very possibly, as Dr. Rae had been told— these forty, with the three graves upon Beechey Island, still leaving ninety-five souls unaccounted for. Lady Franklin did not cease to urge upon Govern¬ ment the prosecution of further inquiries, but the authorities were unwilling to endanger valuable lives in what seemed a hopeless enterprise. Finding, there¬ fore, that no more assistance was obtainable in that quarter, she sank the small remnant of her private estate in the purchase of a strong-built screw schooner, the Fox, and called for volunteers to second her noble exertions. Her call was soon responded to. Capt. MGlintock, who, since 1848, had been constantly em¬ ployed in Arctic voyages, and whose energy and skill had won for him a high professional reputation, offered his valuable services. Other gallant men stepped forward to share the honour and the danger, and funds to defray the expenses of the expedition were liberally contributed by generous Englishmen. So, in the summer of 1857, the Fox and her crew of twenty-five gallant seamen sailed from England on her noble enterprise. He reached Melville Bay in safety, but found it walled in with ice. Early in September, M‘Clintock became aware that he and his companions would assuredly have to endure all the perils of an Arctic winter. They trusted in Providence to protect them, and faced their difficulties with a blithe and courageous 432 THE SEA-KINGS OF ENGLAND. spirit. “ That very same mercy which had been so often vouchsafed to the gallant explorers of the frigid zone still watched over the little Fox. The ark which bore the hopes of a loving wife and the prayers of so many friends was not to be swallowed up in the wreck- strewn depths of Baffin’s Bay.” The winter passed away, and on the 27th of July, 1858, the Fox reached across to Lancaster’s Sound. On the 11th of August she arrived at Beechey Island. The depot of provi¬ sions left by various expeditions, as well as boats, houses, clothing, and stores, were found in a satis¬ factory condition, and the Fox was thus enabled to replenish her diminished stores. Captain MHlintock now pushed to the westward past Cape Hotham, past Griffith’s Island, southward through Sir Robert Peel’s Channel, down between the bluff bleak shores of Capes Bonny and Walker, until his course was barred by a barrier of fixed ice. He now resolved to retrace a portion of his steps, and endeavour to penetrate through Bellot’s Channel— which leads from Regent’s Inlet into that Western Sea whose waters wash the American coast from the Great Fish River to Behring’s Straits. Providence favoured him : in four days the stout little Fox had retraced her steps, and progressed down Regent’s Inlet as far as Brentford Bay. From the 20th of August to the 6th September, 1858, M‘Clintock was watching for an opportunity to dash through Bellot Channel in the Western Sea. That channel he found to be a mile in width and eighteen miles long, its shores faced with lofty granite cliffs, and noble hills over-topping them. Through this magnificent portal the ice was churning and rolling, acted upon by a SrR JOHN FRANKLIN. 483 fierce six-knot tide, and the Fox had to wait until September 6th before it was clear enough to risk her frail sides in running such a gauntlet. On that day they passed through the strait, but to their sad disap¬ pointment were again barred out from the Western Sea—which would have carried them to the American shore—by a belt of fixed ice some miles in width, beyond which the sea was rolling in all its majesty. Here winter overtook them, though M‘Clintock’s anxiety to carry his little craft still further west pre¬ vented him from finally resigning himself to circum¬ stances by seeking winter quarters until September 27th. We now resume our quotations from Captain Osborn’s interesting summary :— “ On February 17th, 1859, Captain M‘Clintock and Captain Young left the ship to establish their depots for the forthcoming long journeys. Young struck to the west, so as to reach Prince of Wales Land, and M £ Clintock, accompanied by Mr. Petersen, a worthy Dane, who has shared in all Arctic exploration since 1850, proceeded in a southerly direction towards the Magnetic Pole. These journeys were short ones ; the cold was so intense that mercury remained frozen during the major portion of the time they were absent from the Fox. But already did they discover that they were on the right trail, for at Cape Victoria, on the western shores of Boothia, and in lat. 69° 50' N., long. 96° W., Captain M £ Clintock learned from the natives that, several years previously, a ship had been crushed off the northern coast of King William’s Land, that all her people landed safely and went away to the Great Fish Paver, where they died. These natives had wood F F THE SEA-KINGS OF ENGLAND. 4-3 1 procured from a boat left by the white men on the Great River. “ As they now felt assured of clearing up the mystery of the fate of the Erebus and Terror, this was, indeed, cheering intelligence for those on board the gallant little Fox, and on April 2nd the spring searching parties set out from Bellot’s Straits. Captain Young proceeded northward and westward so as to fill up the unsearched and undiscovered ground between Bellot Channel and Sir James Boss’s farthest discovery in 1849, upon the one hand, and between Lieutenants Osborn and Brown’s extreme points, in 1851, upon the other. This service the generous sailor fully and satis¬ factorily executed, but his labours were not rewarded by the discovery of any fresh traces of Franklin’s expe¬ dition. Lieutenant Hobson and Captain IVLClintock, however, were more fortunate. They both struck over for King William’s Land, from Point Victoria, Hobson taking the western side of that land, M‘Clintock the eastern; but before they parted some natives told them that a second ship had been seen off King William’s Land ; that she likewise drifted on shore, and had afforded them much wood and iron. “ Captain IVLClintock made a rapid and wonderfully lengthy journey down the east side of King William’s Land, across to Montreal Island, round the estuary of the Great Fish Biver, and visited Point Ogle and Barrow Island. During this outward journey no wreck or bones of the lost crews were discovered, and few natives were met; but those natives readily told all they knew, and willingly bartered all the relics of the Erebus and Terror which Captain M'Clintock was able to carry away. The tale of an intelligent old SIR JOHN FRANKLIN. 435 woman wlio was met at Cape Norton confirmed the story heard at Cape Victoria in February, but she added that another ship had been forced on shore in the fall of the year, subsequent to the white men having quitted her—that many of the ‘starving white men’ (for such was the term always applied to our poor countrymen,) died on their way to the Great Fish River, but that the Esquimaux only knew this fact in the winter following, when their bodies were discovered. Failing in finding more traces at Montreal Island than had been reported by Anderson, after his journey in 1855, and the natives still alluding to a wreck, though none had lately seen her, Captain M‘Clintock turned to the north-west, determined to complete the circuit of King William’s Land. Re-landing upon the north side of Simpson’s Strait he struck for the cairn of that discoverer, erected in 1839 on Point Herschel, and when within ten miles of it came upon a bleached skeleton. The poor fellow, who was probably one of the stewards in the lost expedition, had evidently dropped behind the retreating party and perished. The cairn at Cape Herschel had been disturbed, and Captain M‘Clintock thinks that the retreating party placed a record there, but that the natives have subse¬ quently removed it. From Cape Herschel to the west extreme of King William’s Land the traces of natives were numerous, and they had evidently oblite¬ rated all those of Franklin’s retreating parties; but from that western extreme to Cape Felix the beach may be said to have been strewed with the signs of the straits to which the retreating party were reduced. Lieu¬ tenant Hobson from the north, and M‘Clintock from the south, went carefully over the whole of this sadly 436 THE SEA-KINGS OF ENGLAND. interesting ground, and without entering into a detailed account of the relics found, we will briefly relate the result. “ On Point Victory, the farthest point reached by the present Sir James Boss during his explorations of 1828-29-30, a cairn had been constructed and a record deposited by Franklin, which at once tells us all the sad tale. “ The Erebus and Terror spent their first winter at Beechey Island, in the spot discovered by Captain Penny and Captain Austin’s Expedition ; but they had previously explored Wellington Channel to seventy-seven degrees north (where Captain Sir E. Belcher and Captain Osborn wintered in 1852-53), and passed down again into Barrow’s Straits, between Cornwallis and Bathurst Land. That Franklin should have left his winter quarters in 1846, determined to prosecute his voyage to the south-west, from Cape Walker, according to the tenor of his original instruc¬ tions, and yet not have left a record behind him, seems incomprehensible ; yet so it is. In 1846, the two ships appear to have successfully passed down Peel Channel, until beset off King William’s Land on the 12th of September. They were then about fifteen miles off the land. In May, 1847, Lieutenant Graham Gore and Mr. Des Voeux landed and erected a cairn a few miles south of Cape Victory, and deposited in it a document to say that on that day all were well, Franklin in command. That gallant leader of this devoted band succumbed, however, within a month afterwards, and was spared by an all-merciful Provi¬ dence from the farther trials which awaited his followers. The ice did not move ; at any rate, the two SIR JOHN FRANKLIN. 437 vessels did not escape, and the winter of 1847-48 closed in upon them. Nine officers and fifteen men died before the month of April, 1848 ; who they were —beyond the name of Gore, who is spoken of as the late Captain Gore—we know not. Captain Crozier and Captain Fitzjames we, however, know to have been among the survivors, for they both sign the record of the abandonment of the Erebus and Terror , dated April 25th, 1848. The writing in that record is that of Fitzjames, bold and firm, and still evincing much strength and energy ; poor Captain Crozier’s signature indicates feebleness. Fitzjames tells us that on the 23rd April the survivors of the Franklin expedition, 105 in number, quitted their ships intending to start for the Great Fish Fiver. At the cairn and around it lay strewed about a vast quantity of articles, which three days’ experience already told them was a much heavier weight than their enfeebled strength was equal to drag. From this spot to a point about half-way between Point Victory and Point Herschel nothing of any great importance was discovered, and the skeletons as well as relics were deeply hidden in snow. At this half-way station, however, the top of a piece of wood was seen by Lieutenant Hobson sticking out of the snow, and on digging round it a boat was discovered. She was standing on a very heavy sledge, and within her were two skeletons. The one in the bottom of the stern sheets was covered with a great quantity of tlirown-off clothing, the other one in the bows appeared to have been that of some poor fellow who had crept there to look out, and in that jiosition fallen into his long last sleep. A couple of guns, loaded and ready cocked, stood upright to hand as if they had been 438 THE SEA-KINGS OF ENGLAND. placed there ready for use against wild animals. Around this boat there was another accumulation of cast-off articles, and Captain M/Clintock believes that the party who placed her there were returning to the ships, as if they discovered their strength unequal to the terrible journey before them ; and this hypothesis seems perfectly rational, though we believe that the stronger portion of the crews still pushed on with another boat, and that some reached Montreal Island and ascended the Great Fish River. “We must remember that the Esquimaux met by Dr. Rae in 1854 spoke of seeing forty men dragging a boat near the Fish River, and said that the officer of that party was a tall, stout, middle-aged man, a description which agrees well with the appearance of Captain Fitzjames. The probabilities are, therefore, that the strongest under Fitzjames pushed on to perish in the wilds of the Hudson Bay territory (Anderson found relics on the Fish River fifty miles above Montreal Island) ; whilst the weak, if they ever reached the ships again, only did so in time to see them wrecked by the disruption of the ice in the autumn of 1848. One ship went down, we are told by the Esquimaux, and the other was forced on shore, and in her there was one dead person, ‘ a tall, large-boned man.’ These wrecks, however, could not have taken place on the coast between Capes Victory and Herschel, for in that case the natives would have swept away the relics discovered by M‘Clintock and Hobson. We therefore agree with MHlintock that the wrecked ship was pressed upon some spot within the haunts of the Fish River Esquimaux, and that in the year 1857-58 the ice had in all pro¬ bability again swept her away and engulphed her. SIR JOHN FRANKLIN. 439 “ The point at which the fatal imprisonment of the Erebus and Terror in 1846 took place, was only ninety miles from the point reached by Dease and Simpson in their boats in 1838-39. Ninety miles more of open water, and Franklin and his heroic followers would have not only won the prize they sought, but reached their homes to wear their well-earned honours. It was not to be so. Let us bow in humility and awe to the inscrutable decrees of that Providence who ruled it otherwise. They were to discover the great highway between the Pacific and Atlantic. It was given them to win for their country a discovery for which she had risked her sons and lavishly spent her wealth through many centuries ; but they were to die in accomplishing their last great earthly task ; and, still more strange, but for the energy and devotion of the wife of their chief and leader, it would in all probability never have been known that they were indeed the First Dis¬ coverers of the North-west Passage. “ Such was the result of Captain M‘Clintock’s and Lieutenant Hobson’s search, and they brought away a heap of relics, though, with the exception of the record at Cape Victory, no journals, letters, or manu¬ scripts were found tending to throw any further light upon the closing scene of the cruise of the Erebus and Terror. It now only remained for the gallant little Fox to endeavour to reach England safe with her in¬ telligence, and on the 9th August, 1859, the ice opened sufficiently to enable her to turn homeward. By August 27th the Danish settlement of Diseo, in Greenland, was reached, and on Sept. 21st Captain M‘Clintock landed at Portsmouth, after a passage of only six weeks from his winter quarters in Bellot Channel.” 440 THE SEA-KINGS OF ENGLAND. Sucli was the result of the fifty-eighth, and, w e tiust, the last expedition of discovery in the Arctic regions. England needs her sons for more useful work than fruitless but dangerous toil amid wastes of eternal ice and snow. THE END. A CATALOGUE OF NEW AND POPULAR WORKS PRINCIPALLY FOR YOUNG PERSONS. PUBLISHED BY GRIFFITH AND FARR AN, SUCCESSORS TO NEWBERY AND HARRIS, CORNER OF ST. PAUL’S CHURCHYARD, LONDON. MDCCCLX. 2 GitIFFITH AND FARRAN, ILLUMINATED GIFT BOOKS. Every page printed in gold and colours, from designs by Mr. Stanesby. SHAKESPEARE’S HOUSEHOLD WORDS; With a Photographic Portrait taken from the Monument at Stratford-on-Avon. 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Fcap. 8vo, 5s. cloth. “ The volume is replete with valuable and interesting information; and we cordially recommend it as a useful auxiliary in the school-room, and entertaining companion in the library .”—Morning Fost. 12 GRIFFITH AND FARRAN, A BOOK FOR EVERY CHILD. THE FAVOURITE PE TUBE-BOOK; A Gallery of Delights, designed for the Amusement and Instruction of the Young. With several hundred Illustra¬ tions from Drawings by J. Absolon, H. K. B::owne (Phiz), J. Gilbert, T. Landseer, J. Leech, J. S. Prout, H. Weir, &c. Loyal 4to, price 3s. 6d. bound in an elegant cover; 7s. 6d. coloured, or mounted on cloth. THE DAY OF A BABY-BOY; A Story for a Little Child. By E. Beroer, with Illustra¬ tions by John Absolon. Second Edition. Super-royal 16mo, price 2s. 6d. cloth ; 3s. 6d. coloured, gilt edges. “A sweet little book for the nursex-y .”—Christian Times. BY THE AUTHOR OF “THE DOLL AND HER FRIENDS.” CAT AND DOG; Or, Memoirs of Puss and the Captain. A Story founded on Fact. Illustrated by Harrison Weir. Fifth Edition. Super-royal ltimo, 2s. 6d. cloth ; 3s. 6d. coloured, gilt edges. “ The author of this amusing little tale is evidently a keen observer of nature. The illustrations are well executed; and the moral which points the tale is conveyed in the most attractive form.”— Britannia. THE DOLL AND HER FRIENDS; Or, Memoirs of the Lady Seraphina. Third Edition. With Four Illustrations by H. K. Browne (1'hiz). Small 4to, 2s. 6d. cloth ; 3s. 6d. coloured, gilt edges. “ Evidently written by one who has brought great powers to bear upon a small matter.”— Morning Herald. MISS JEWSBURY. CLARISSA DONNELLY; Or, The History of an Adopted Child. By Miss Geraldine E. Jewsbury. With an Illustration by John Absolon. Fcap. 8vo, 3s. 6d. cloth; 4s. gilt edges. “With wonderful power, only to be matched by as admirable a sim¬ plicity, Miss Jewsbury has narrated the history of a child. For nobility of purpose, for simple, nervous writing, and for artistic construction, it is one of the most valuable works of the day.”— Lady’s Companion. SUCCESSORS TO NEWBERY AND HARRIS. 13 WORKS BY THE LATE MRS. R. LEE. ANECDOTES OF THE HABITS AND INSTINCTS OE BIRDS, FISHES, AND REPTILES. With Six Illus¬ trations by Harrison Weir. Fcap. 8vo, 5s. cloth. ANECDOTES OE THE HABITS AND INSTINCTS OF ANIMALS. Second Edition. With Six Illustrations by Harrison Weir. Fcap. 8vo, 5s. cloth. “ Amusing, instructive, and ably written.”— Literary Gazette. “Mrs. Lee’s authorities—to name only one, Professor Owen—are, for the most part, first-rate.”— Athenaeum. TWELVE STOBiIES OF THE SAYINGS AND DOINGS OE ANIMALS. With Illustrations by J. W. Archer. Super-royal 16mo, 2s. 6d. cloth; 3s. 6d. coloured, gilt edges. “ It is just such books as this that educate the imagination of children, and enlist their sympathies for the brute creation.”— Nonconformist. ADVENTURES IN AUSTRALIA; Or, The Wanderings of Captain Spencer in the Bush and the Wilds. Second Edition. Illustrated by Prout. Fcap. 8vo, 5s. cloth; 5s. 6d. gilt edges. “ The work cannot fail to achieve an extensive popularity.”— Art Journal. “ This volume should find a place in every school library, and it will, we are sure, be a very welcome and useful prize.”— Educational Times. THE AFRICAN WANDERERS; Or, The Adventures of Carlos and Antonio ; embracing interesting Descriptions of the Manners and Customs of the Western Tribes. Third Edition. With Eight Engravings. Fcap. 8vo, 5s. cloth; 5s. 6d. gilt edges. “ For fascinating adventure and rapid succession of incident, the volume is equal to any relation of travel we ever read. It exhibits marked ability as well as extensive knowledge, and deserves perusal from all ages.”— Britannia. “ In strongly recommending this admirable work to the attention of young readers, we feel that we are rendering a real service to the cause of African civilization.”— Fatriot. SIR THOMAS; Or, The Adventures of a Cornish Baronet in Western Africa. With Illustrations by J. Gilbert. Fcap. 8vo, cloth, price 3s. 6d. “The tale gives a faithful picture of the manners and customs of the people of Fanti.”— Morning Fost. GRIFFITH AND FARRAN, 14 FAMILIAR NATURAL HISTORY. With Forty-two Illustrations from Original Drawings by Harrtson Weir. Super-royal 16mo, 3s. 6d. cloth, plain; 6s. coloured, gilt edges. HARRY HAWKINS’S HBOOK; Showing how he Learned to Aspirate his H’s. Frontis¬ piece by H. Weir. Super-royal 16mo, price 6d. “No family or schoolroom within, or indeed beyond, the sound of Bow bells, should be without this merry manual.”— Art Journal. THE FAMILY BIBLE NEWLY OPENED; With Uncle Goodwin’s Account of it. By Jefferys Taylor, Author of “ A Glance at the Globe,” &c. Frontis¬ piece by J. Gilbert. Fcap. 8vo, 3s. 6d. cloth. “ A very good account of the Sacred Writings, adapted to the taste, feelings, and intelligence of young people.”— Educational Times. “ Parents will also find it a great aid in the religious teaching of their families.”— Edinburgh Witness. KATE AND ROSALIND; Or, Early Experiences. By the Author of “ Quicksands on Foreign Shores,” &c. Fcap. 8vo, 3s. 6d. cloth; 4s. gilt edges. “A book of unusual merit. The story is exceedingly well told, and the characters are drawn with a freedom and boldness seldom met with.”— Church of England Quarterly. “We have not room to exemplify the skill with which Puseyism is tracked and detected. The Irish scenes are of an excellence that has not been sur¬ passed since the best days of Miss Edgeworth.”— Fraser's Magazine. GOOD IN EVERYTHING; Or, The Early History of Gilbert Harland. By Mrs. Barwell, Author of “ Little Lessons for Little Learners, ” &c. Second Edition. With Illustrations by John Gilbert. Boyal 16mo, 3s. 6d. cloth; 4s. 6d. coloured, gilt edges. “The moral of this exquisite little tale will do more good than a thousand set tasks abounding with dry and uninteresting truisms.”— Bell’s Messenger. SUCCESSORS TO NEWBERY AND HARRIS. 15 WORKS BY W. H. G. KINGSTON. FRED MARKHAM IN RUSSIA; Or, The Boy Travellers in the Land of the Czar. With Illustrations by R. T. Landells. Fcap. 8vo, price 5s. cloth ; 5s. 6d. gilt edges. “ Most admirably does this book unite a capital narrative with the com¬ munication of valuable information respecting Russia.”— Nonconformist. SALT WATER; Or, Neil D’Arcy’s Sea Life and Adventures (a Book for Boys). With Eight Illustrations. Fcap. 8vo, price 5s. cloth ; 5s. 6d. gilt edges. “ With the exception of Captain Marryat, we know of no English author who will compare with Mr. Kingston as a writer of books of nautical adven¬ ture.”— Illustrated News. BLUE JACKETS; Or, Chips of the Old Block. A Narrative of the Gallant Exploits of British Seamen, and of the principal Events in the Naval Service during the Feign of Her Most Gracious Majesty Queen Victoria. Post 8vo, price 7s. 6d. cloth. “ A more acceptable testimonial than this to the valour and enterprise of the British Navy has not issued from the press for many years.”— The Critic. MANCO, THE PERUVIAN CHIEF. With Illustrations by Carl Schmolze. Fcap. 8vo, 5s. cloth ; 5s. 6d. gilt edges. “ A capital book; the story being one of much interest, and presenting a good account of the history and institutions, the customs and manners of the country.”— Literary Gazette. MARK SEA WORTH; A Tale of the Indian Ocean. By the Author of “Peter the Whaler,” &c. With Illustrations by J. Absolon. Second Edition. Fcap. 8vo, 5s. cloth; 5s. 6d. gilt edges. “No more interesting, nor more safe book, can be put iuto the hands of youth; and to boys especially ‘ Mark Seaworth’ will be a treasure of de¬ light.”— Art Journal. PETER THE WHALER; His Early Life and Adventures in the Arctic Regions. Second Edition. With Illustrations by E. Duncan. Fcap. 8vo, 5s. cloth; 5s. 6d. gilt edges. “ A better present for a boy of an active turn of mind could not be found. The tone of the book is manly, healthful, and vigorous.”— Weekly News. “In short, a book which the old may, but which the young must, read when they have once begun it.”— Athenaeum. GRIFFITH AND FARRAN, 16 WORKS BY MRS. LOUDON. DOMESTIC PETS; Their Habits and Management; with Illustrative Anecdotes. By Mrs. Loudon, Author of “ Facts from the World of Nature,” &c. With Engravings from Drawings by Harrison Weir. Second Thousand. Fcap8vo, 2s. 6d. cloth. Contents : — The Dog, Cat, Squirrel, Babbit, Guinea- Pig, White Mice, the Parrot and other Talking- Birds, Singing-Birds, Doves and Pigeons, Gold and Silver Fish. “A most attractive and instructive little work. All who study Mrs. Loudon’s pages will be able to treat their pets with certainty and wisdom.” —Standard of Freedom. FACTS FROM THE WORLD OF NATURE, ANIMATE AND INANIMATE. Part 1. The Earth. Part 2. The Waters. Part 3. Atmospheric Phenomena. Part 4. Animal Life. By Mrs. Loudon. With nume¬ rous Illustrations on Wood, and Steel Frontispiece. Third Thousand. Fcap. 8vo, 5s. cloth, gilt edges. “ The rare merit of this volume is its comprehensive selection of prominent features and striking facts.”— Literary Gazette. “ It abounds with adventure and lively narrative, vivid description, and poetic truth.”— Illustrated News. “ A volume as charming as it is useful. The illustrations are numerous and well executed.”— Church and State Gazette. TALES OF SCHOOL LIFE. By Agnes Loudon, Author of “ Tales for Young People.” With Illustrations by John Absolon. Second Edition. Boyal 16mo, 2s. 6d. plain ; 3s. 6d. coloured, gilt edges. “These reminiscences of school-days will be recognised as truthful pic¬ tures of every-day occurrence. The style is colloquial and pleasant, and therefore well suited to those for whose perusal it is intended.” — Athenceum. TALES FROM CATLAND. Dedicated to the Young Kittens of England. By an Old Tabby. Illustrated by H. Weir. Third Edition. Small 4to, 2s. 6'd. plain ; 3s. 6d. coloured. “The combination of quiet humour and sound sense has made this one o f the pleasantest little books of the season.” — Lady's Newspaper. SUCCESSORS TO NEWBERY AND HARRIS. 17 THE WONDERS OF HOME, IN ELEVEN STORIES. By Grandfather Grey. With Illustrations. 2nd Edit, roy. 16mo, 3s. 6d. cloth; 4s. 6d. coloured. — Contents :— Story of—1. A Cup of Tea. 3. A Milk-Jug. 5. Some Hot Water. 7. Jenny’s Sash. 9. A Tumbler. 11. This Book. “ The idea is excellent, and its execution equally commendable. The subjects are very happily told in a light yet sensible manner .”—Weekly News. 2. A Piece of Sugar. 4. A Lump of Coal. 6. A Pin. 8. Harry’s Jacket. 10. A Knife. EVERY-DAY THINGS; Or, Useful Knowledge respecting the Principal Animal, Vegetable, and Mineral Substances in Common Use. Written for Young Persons, by a Lady. 18mo, 2s. cloth. “ A little encyclopaedia of useful knowledge; deserving a place in every juvenile library .”—Evangelical Magazine. PRICE SIXPENCE EACH, PLAIN; ONE SHILLING, COLOURED. In super-roy at 16 mo, beautifully printed, each with Seven Illus¬ trations by Harrison Weir, and Descriptions by Mrs. Lee. 1. BRITISH ANIMALS. First Series. 2. BRITISH ANIMALS. Second Series. 3. BRITISH BIRDS. 4. FOREIGN ANIMALS. First Series. 5. FOREIGN ANIMALS. Second Series. 6. FOREIGN BIRDS. * # * Or bound in One Vol. under the title of “Familiar Natural History,” seepage 14. Uniform in size and price with the above. THE FARM AND ITS SCENES. With Six Pictures from Drawings by Harrison Weir. THE DIVERTING HISTORY OF JOHN GILPIN. With Six Illustrations by Watts Phillips. THE PEACOCK AT HOME AND THE BUTTERFLY’S BALL. With Four Illustrations by Harrison Weir. A WORD TO THE WISE; Or, Hints on the Current Impropriety of Expression in Writing and Speaking. By Parry Gwynne. Fifth Edition. 18mo, price 6d. sewed, or Is. cloth, gilt edges. “All who wish to mind their p’s and q’s should consult this little volume.” — Gentleman's Magazine. “May be advantageously consulted by even the well-educated.” — Athenaeum. 18 GRIFFITH AND FARRAN, THE FAVOURITE LIBRARY. A Series of Works for the Young; each Volume with an Illustration by a well-known Artist. Price One Shilling. 1. THE ESKDALE HERD-BOY. By Lady Stoddart. 2. MRS. LEICESTER’S SCHOOL. By Charles and Mary Lamb. 3. HISTORY OE THE ROBINS. By Mrs. Trimmer. 4. MEMOIRS OF BOB THE SPOTTED TERRIER. 5. KEEPER’S TRAVELS IN SEARCH OF HIS MASTER. 6. THE SCOTTISH ORPHANS. By Lady Stoddart. 7. NEVER WRONG ; or, THE YOUNG DISPU¬ TANT; and “IT WAS ONLY IN FUN.” 8. THE LIFE AND PERAMBULATIONS OF A MOUSE. 9. EASY INTRODUCTION TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF NATURE. By Mrs. Trimmer. 10. RIGHT AND WRONG. By the Author of “ Always Happy.” 11. HARRY’S HOLIDAY. By Jefferys Taylor. 12. SHORT POEMS AND HYMNS FOR CHILDREN. The above may be had, Two Volumes bound in one, at Two Shillings cloth ; or 2s. 6d. gilt edges , as follows :— 1. LADY STODDART’S SCOTTISH TALES. 2. ANIMAL HISTORIES. The Dog. 3. ANIMAL HISTORIES. The Robins and Mouse. 4. TALES FOR BOYS. Harry’s Holiday and Never Wrong. 5. TALES FOR GIRLS. Mrs. Leicester’s School and Right and Wrong. 6. POETRY AND NATURE. Short Poems and Trim¬ mer’s Introduction. SUCCESSORS TO NEWBERY AND HARRIS. 19 STORIES OF JULIAN AND HIS PLAYFELLOWS. Written by his Mamma. With Four Illustrations by John Absolon. Second Edition. Small 4to, 2s. 6d. plain ; 3s. 6d. coloured, gilt edges. " The lessons taught by Julian’s mamma are each fraught with an excel¬ lent moral.”— Morning Advertiser. BLADES AND FLOWERS; Poems for Children. Frontispiece by H. Anelay. Fcap. 8vo, price 2s. cloth. “Breathing the same spirit as the nursery poems of Jane Taylor.”— Literary Gazette. AUNT JANE’S VERSES FOR CHILDREN. By Mrs. T. D. Ceewdson. Illustrated with twelve beauti¬ ful Engravings. Fcap. 8vo, 3s. 6d. cloth. “ A charming little volume of excellent moral and religious tendency.”— Evangelical Magazine. HINTS TO A CLERGYMAN’S WIRE; Or, Female Parochial Duties practically Illustrated. Dedicated to the Rev. C. Bridges. Third Edition. Fcap. 8vo, 3s. cloth. Contexts: Parti. Hints relative to Personal Character. Part 2. Hints relative to active exertion among the Poor—Cottage Visits—The Sick— Schools—Religious Instruction of the Young—Cottage Reading—Parochial Library—Suggestions for the Employment of the Poor, &c. “ This very useful book is evidently the work of an author practically con¬ versant with her subject in all its bearings and details. We cordially recom¬ mend the work to the careful study of all Christian ladies, whose position in life gives them influence among the poor of their parish.”— Englishwoman s Magazine. ILLUSTRATED BY GEORGE CRUIKSHANK. KIT BAM, THE BRITISH SINBAD ; Or, The Yarns of an Old Mariner. By Mary Cow- den Clarke, Author of “The Concordance to Shakspeare,” &c. Fcap. 8vo, price 3s. 6d. cloth; 4s. gilt edges. “ A more captivating volume for juvenile recreative reading we never remember to have seen. It is as wonderful as the ‘ Arabian Nights,’ while it is free from the objectionable matter which characterises the Eastern fiction.” —Standard of Freedom. “ Cruikshank’s plates are worthy of his genius.”— Examiner. 20 GRIFFITH AND FARRAN, THE HISTORY 0E A FAMILY; Or, Religion our Best Support. With an Illustration on Steel by John Absolon. Fcap. 8vo, 2s. 6d. cloth. “ A natural and gracefully written story, pervaded by a tone of scriptural piety, and well calculated to foster just views of life and duty. We hope it will find its way into many English homes.”— Englishwoman's Magazine. RHYMES OF ROYALTY. The History of England in Verse, from the Norman Conquest to the reign of Queen Victoria; with an Ap¬ pendix, comprising a Summary of the leading events in each reign. By S. Blewett. Ecap. 8vo, with Frontis¬ piece. 2s. 6d. cloth. NEW AND CHEAPER EDITION. THE LADY’S ALBUM OF FANCY WORK, Consisting of Novel, Elegant, and Useful Patterns in Knitting, Netting, Crochet, and Embroidery, printed in colours. Bound in a beautiful cover. New Edit. Post 4to, 3s. 6d. gilt edges. HANS CHRISTIAN ANDERSEN. THE DREAM OF LITTLE TUK, And other Tales, by H. C. Andersen. Translated and dedicated to the Author by Charles Boner. Illustrated by Count Pocci. Fcap. 8vo, 2s. plain; 3s. coloured. “ Full of charming passages of prose, poetry, and such tiny dramatic scenes as will make the pulses of young readers throb with delight.”— Atlas. VISITS TO BEECIIW00D FARM; Or, Country Pleasures and Hints for Happiness, ad¬ dressed to the Young. By Catharine M. A. Couper. Illustrations by Absolon. Small 4to, 3s. 6d. plain; 4s. 6d. col. “ The work is well calculated to impress upon the minds of the young the superiority of simple and natural pleasures over those which are artificial.” — Englishwoman’s Magazine. SUCCESSORS TO NEWBERY AND HARRIS. 21 MARIN DE LA VOYE’S ELEMENTARY FRENCH WORKS. LES JEUNES NARRATEURS; Ou, Petits Contes Moraux. With a Key to the difficult Words and Phrases. Frontispiece. 18mo, 2s. cloth. “ Written in pure and easy French .”—Morning Post. THE PICTORIAL FRENCH GRAMMAR, For the Use of Children. With Eighty Engravings. Royal 16mo ; price Is. 6d. cloth; Is. sewed. “The publication has greater than mechanical merit; it contains the principal elements of the French language, exhibited in a plain and expres¬ sive manner.”— Spectator. THE FIRST BOOK OF GEOGRAPHY, Specially adapted as a Text Book for Beginners, and as a Guide to the Young Teacher. By Hugo Reid, Author of “Elements of Astronomy,” &c. Third Edition, carefully revised. 18mo, Is. sewed. “ One of the most sensible little books on the subject of Geography we have met with .”—Educational Times. “ As a lesson-book it will charm the pupil by its brief, natural style.”— Episcopalian. INSECT CHANGES. < With richly Illuminated Borders, composed of Flowers and Insects, in the highly-wrought style of the celebrated “ Hours of Anne of Brittany,” and forming a First Lesson in Entomology. Small 4to, 5s. in elegant binding. “ One of the richest gifts ever offered, even in this improving age, to child¬ hood. Nothing can be more perfect in illumination than the embellishments of this charming little volume .”—Art Union. THE MODERN BRITISH PLUTARCH; Or, Lives of Men distinguished in the recent His¬ tory of our Country for their Talents, Virtues, and Achievements. By W. C. Taylor, LL.D., Author of “A Manual of Ancient and Modern History,” &c. 12tno. Second Thousand, with a new Frontispiece. 4s. 6d. cloth; 5s. gilt edges. Contents: Arkwright — Burke — Burns — Byron — Canning — Earl of Chat¬ ham—Adam Clarke—Clive—Captain Cook—Cowper—Crabbe—Davy—Eldon —Erskine—Fox—Franklin—Goldsmith—Earl Grey—Warren Hastings— Heber—Howard—Jenner—Sir W. Jones—Mackintosh—H. Martyn—Sir J. Moore—Nelson—Pitt—Romilly—Sir W. Scott—Sheridan—Smeaton—Watt —Marquis of Wellesley—Wilberforce—Wilkie—Wellington. “ A work which will be welcomed in any circle of intelligent young per¬ sons.”— British Quarterly Review . GRIFFITH AND FARRAN, HOME AMUSEMENTS; A Choice Collection of Riddles, Charades, Conundrums, Parlour Gaines, and Forfeits. By Peter Puzzlewell, Esq., of Rebus Hall. New Edition, revised and enlarged, with Frontispiece by H. K. Browne (Phiz). 16mo, 2s. 6d. cloth. EARLY DAYS OF ENGLISH PRINCES. By Mrs. Russell Grey. Dedicated, by permission, to the Duchess of Roxburghe. With Illustrations by John Frank¬ lin. Small 4to, 3s. 6d. cloth ; 4s. 6d. coloured, gilt edges. “Just the book for giving children some first notions of English history, as the personages it speaks about are themselves young.”— Manchester Examiner. _ * FIRST STEPS TO SCOTTISH HISTORY. By Miss Rod well, Author of “First Steps to English History.” With Ten Illustrations by Weigall. ltimo, 3s. 6d. cloth; 4s. 6d. coloured. “It is the first popular book in which we have seen the outlines of the early history of the Scottish tribes exhibited with anything like accuracy.” — Glasgow Constitutional. “ The wmrk is throughout agreeably and lucidly written.”— Midland Counties Herald. . _ LONDON CRIES AND PUBLIC EDIFICES, Illustrated in Twenty-four Engravings by Luke Limner ; with descriptive Letter-press. Square 12mo, 2s. 6d. plain ; 5s. coloured. Bound in emblematic cover. Originally published under the Superintendence of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. ARITHMETIC FOR YOUNG CHILDREN, in a Series of Exercises, exhibiting the manner in which it should be taught. ByH. Grant, Author of “Drawing for Young Children,” &c. New Edition. Is. 6d. cloth. “ This work will be found effectual for its purpose, and interesting to children.”— Educational Times. “ The plan is admirably conceived, and we have tested its efficacy.”— Church of England Quarterly. MRS. TRIMMER’S HISTORY OF ENGLAND. Revised and brought down to the present time by Mrs. Milner. With Portraits of the Sovereigns in their proper costume, and Frontispiece by Harvey. New Edition in One Volume. 5s. cloth. “The editing has been very judiciously done. The work has an esta¬ blished reputation for the clearness of its genealogical and chronological tables, and for its pervading tone of Christian piety.”— Church and State Gazette. SUCCESSORS TO NEWBERY AND HARRIS. 23 THE CELESTIAL EMPIRE; Or, Points and Pickings of Information about China and the Chinese. By the late “Old Humphrey.” With Twenty Engravings from Drawings by W. H. Prior. Fcap. 8vo, 3s. 6d. cloth ; 4s. gilt edges. “This very handsome volume contains an almost incredible amount of information.” —Church and State Gazette. “The book is exactly what the author proposed it should be, full of good information, good feeling, and good temper.”— Allen’s Indian Mail. “ Even well-known topics are treated with a graceful air of novelty.”— Athenaeum. TALES FROM THE COURT OF OBERON; Containing the favourite Histories of Tom Thumb, Graciosa and Percinet, Valentine and Orson, and Children in the Wood. With Sixteen Illustrations by Alfred Crow- quill. Small 4to, 2s. 6d. plain; 3s. 6d. coloured. GLIMPSES OF NATURE, and Objects of Interest described, during a Visit to the Isle of Wight. Designed to assist and encourage Young Persons in forming habits of Observation. By Mrs. Loudon. Second Edition, enlarged. With Forty-one Illus¬ trations. 3s. (id. cloth. “We could not recommend a more valuable little volume. It is full of information, conveyed in the most agreeable manner.”— Literary Gazette. “ A more fitting present, or one more adapted to stimulate the faculties of ‘little people,’ could not be published.” —Bath and Cheltenham Gazette. THE SILVER SWAN: A Fairy Tale. By Madame de Chatelain. Illustrated by John Leech. Small 4to, 2s. 6d. plain; 3s. 6d. coloured cloth. “ The moral is in the good, broad, unmistakeable style of the best fairy period,”— Athenaeum. “ The story is written with excellent taste and sly humour.”— Atlas. THE YOUNG JEWESS AND HER CHRISTIAN SCHOOL¬ FELLOWS. By the Author of “Bhoda,” &c. With a Frontispiece by J. Gilbert. 16mo, Is. cloth. “ The story is beautifully conceived and beautifully told, and is peculiarly adapted to impress upon the minds of young persons the powerful efficacy of example.”— Englishwoman’* Magazine. RHODA; Or, The Excellence of Charity. Fourth Edition. With Illustrations. 16nio, 2s. cloth. “ Not only adapted for children, but many parents might derive great advantage from studying its simple truths.”— Church and State Gazette. 24 GRIFFITH AND FARRAN, WORKS BY THE AUTHOR OF MAMMA’S BIBLE STORIES. mm AND HER MAMMA; Or, Easy Lessons for Children. In which it is attempted to bring Scriptural Principles into daily practice. Illus¬ trated by J. Gilbert. Second Edition. 16mo, 2s. 6d. cloth ; 3s. 6d. coloured, gilt edges. “A little book in beautiful large clear type, to suit the capacity of infant readers, which we can with pleasure recommend .”—Christian Lady’s Mag. SHORT AND SIMPLE PRAYERS For the Use of Young Children, with Hymns. Fourth Edition. Square 16mo, Is. 6d. cloth. “ Well adapted to the capacities of children,—beginning with the simplest forms which the youngest child may lisp at its mother’s knee, and proceeding with those suited to its gradually advancing age. Special prayers, designed for particular circumstances and occasions, are added. We cordially recom- meud the book .”—Christian Guardian. MAMMA’S BIBLE STORIES for her Little Boys and Girls, adapted to the capacities of very young children. Tenth Edition, with Twelve En¬ gravings. 2s. 6d. cloth ; 3s. 6d. coloured, gilt edges. A SEQUEL TO MAMMA’S BIBLE STORIES. Fifth and Cheaper Edition. With Twelve Illustrations. 2s. 6d. cloth ; 3s. 6d. coloured, gilt edges. SCRIPTURE HISTORIES FOR LITTLE CHILDREN. With Sixteen Illustrations by John Gilbert. Super¬ royal 16mo, price 3s. cloth; 4s. 6d. coloured, gilt edges. contents: The History of Joseph. History of Moses. *** Sold separately: 6d. each, plain; Is. coloured. History of our Saviour. The Miracles of Christ. BIBLE SCENES; Or, Sunday Employment for very Young Children. Consisting of Twelve Coloured Illustrations on Cards, and the History written in Simple Language. In a neat Box, 3s. 6d.; or dissected as a Puzzle, 6s. 6d. First Series: History of Joseph. Second Series : History of our Saviour. Third Series: History of Moses. Fourth Series: The Miracles of Christ. “It is hoped that these * Scenes’ may form a useful and interesting addi¬ tion to the Sabbath occupations of the Nursery. From their very earliest inlancy little children will listen with interest and delight to stories brought tPus palpably before their eyes by means of illustration.”— Preface. SUCCESSORS TO NEWBERY AND HARRIS. 25 TRUE STORIES FROM ANCIENT HISTORY, Chronologically arranged from the Creation of the World to the Death of Charlemagne. Eleventh Edition. With 24 Steel Engravings. 12mo, 5s. cloth. TEUE STORIES FROM MODERN HISTORY, Chronologically arranged from the Death of Charlemagne to the Present Time. Eighth Edition. With 24 Steel Engravings. 12mo, 5s. cloth. TEUE STORIES FROM ENGLISH HISTORY, Chronologically arranged from the Invasion of the Romans to the Present Time. Sixth Edition. With 36 Steel Engravings. 12mo, 5s. cloth. STORIES FROM THE OLD AND NEW TESTAMENTS, on an impi’oved plan. By the Rev. Bourne Hall Draper. With 48 Engravings. Fifth Edition. 12mo, 5s. cloth. THE WARS OF THE JEWS, as related by Josephus ; adapted to the capacities of Young Persons. With 24 Engravings. Sixth Edit. 4s. 6d. cloth. THE PRINCE OF WALES’S PRIMER. With 300 Illustrations by J. Gilbert. Dedicated to Her Majesty. New Edition, price 6d. ; with title and cover printed in gold and colours, Is. HOW TO BE HAPPY; Or, Fairy Gifts : to which is added, A SELECTION OF MORAL ALLEGORIES, from the best English Writers. Second Edition. With 8 Engravings. 12mo, 3s. 6d. cloth. THE ABBE GAULTIER’S GEOGRAPHICAL WORKS. I. FAMILIAR GEOGRAPHY, With a concise Treatise on the Artificial Sphere, and two coloured Maps, illustrative of the principal Geographical Terms. Fourteenth Edition. 16mo, 3s. cloth. II. AN ATLAS, Adapted to the Abbd Gaultier’s Geographical Games, con¬ sisting of 8 Maps, coloured, and 7 in Outline, &c. Folio, 15s. half-bound. GRIFFITH AND FARRAN, 26 BUTLER’S OUTLINE MAPS, AND KEY; Or, Geographical and Biographical Exercises ; with a Set of Coloured Outline Maps; designed for the Use of Young Persons. By the late William Butler. Enlarged by the Author’s Son, J. 0. Butler. Thirtieth Edition, revised. 4s. BATTLE-FIELDS. A graphic Guide to the Places described in the History of England as the scenes of such Events ; with the situation of the principal Naval Engagements fought on the Coast of the British Empire. By Mr. Wauthier, Geographer. On a large sheet, 3s. 6d.; in case, 6s .; or mounted on oak, var¬ nished, 10s. 6d. THE CHILD’S GRAMMAR By the late Lady Fenn, under the assumed name of Mrs. Loveclxild. Forty-seventh Edition. 18mo, 9d. cloth. ROWBOTHAM’S NEW AND EASY METHOD OF LEARN¬ ING the FRENCH GENDERS. New Edition. 6d. BELLENGER’S FRENCH WORD AND PHRASE-BOOK; Containing a select Vocabulary and Dialogues, for the Use of Beginners. N ew Edition, Is. sewed. 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