mvS' ^ y^Q γλϊΐ7 ESSENTIALS - A7 NEW TESTAMENT GREEK BY JOHN HOMER HUDDH.STON, A.B. (Harv.), Ph.D. (Munich) Professor of Greek in the University of Maine Author of " Greek Tragedy in the Light of Vase-Paintings," " Lessons from Greek Pottery" etc. THE MACMILLAN COMPANY LONDON: MACMILLAN & CO., Ltd. 1905 All rii'hts reser-ned Copyright, 1895, By MACMILLAN AND CO. Set up and electrotyped August, 1895. Reprinted August, 1896; October, 1897 (with corrections); August, 1900 ; October, 1902 ; January, December, 1905. PREFACE. The publication of the Revised Version of our English New Testament, in 1881, marked the begin- ning of a new interest in Bible study. Since that time not only the English, but the Greek and Hebrew have been studied with a zeal quite new. The sources are being more carefully examined to-day than ever before. Students are becoming more and more awake to the great importance of being able to judge of a certain passage for themselves rather than accepting without doubt or question whatever the authorities say in regard to it. Can anything be done to bring the language of the New Testament within the reach of a larger number of Bible students? Through the great maze of gram- matical difficulties that surround the language, can a way be mapped out along which the student may work, and, without sacrificing essentials, gain the same end that usually requires many months of hard study? Can the absolutely essential parts of the language, as used by the New Testament writers, be set forth in small space? This little book is an attempt to answer these questions, and I believe that it lies within the VI PREFACE. power of the earnest Sunday-school worker or other Bible student to acquire a reading knowledge of New Testament Greek, provided only a substantial part of one's time is thus devoted for a few months. In my teaching of elementary classes in Garrett Biblical Institute, I have been accustomed to begin my work with the firs*" list of verbs in Bradley and Hors- well's New Testament Word Lists, Part I. All of these words occur several hundred times, and furnish the student thus at the very first with a substantial hold on what proves one of the main difficulties in Greek or any other language, — the vocabulary. The work was in part inductive. Those words that presented fewest difficulties of form, and which at the same time were of the most frequent occurrence, were presented first. The second declension was introduced before the first, as being altogether simpler and more easily comprehended by those who had not made the acquaintance of an inflected language. I aimed to keep rare adjectives and tenses of the verb till a later time. The optative mood, which does not occur in the Johannean writings, was omitted entirely from the elementary work. Each lesson was accompanied with illustrative exercises taken as far as possible from the New Testament. The present volume has grown out of this plan of work. It represents the results of class-room experi- ence. The work has been tried in manuscript form, both with my classes and with private students, and has, therefore, the advantage, so important in this class of books, of having been given a practical test. PREFACE. Vll Part I. includes the thirty- two lessons, which will afford sufficient preparation for the reading of the Greek, the first letter of John, the Beatitudes and the Lord's Prayer from Matthew, the chapter on the Prodigal Son from Luke, and the thirteenth of First Corinthians. These selections are given in Wescott and Hort's read- ing and are followed by notes and vocabulary. Of the epistle there is given a translation of three chapters, two literal and one quoted from the Revised Version. This translation may serve for retranslation in case the reading is taken up inductively apart from the lessons. In Part IL are found the essentials of the grammar, embracing, in the first part, the alphabet, table of consonants, vowel and euphonic changes, in the second part, the declension of nouns, pronouns, adjectives, participles, the conjugation of verbs, the optatives of the New Testament, a table of about eighty irregular verbs, and the special study in the classes of verbs and the most common irregular verbs. In all verbal forms the aim has been to confine the forms given, to New Testamertt usage. In the third part of the grammar the main features of the syntax are illustrated with quotations from the New Testa- ment Greek. The prepositions also are discussed somewhat and accompanied with sentences illustrating New Testament peculiarities. Γ have made the explanations in the lessons so full that much progress may be made by private study, without a teacher. The lessons as arranged represent but one way of applying the Word Lists. The Greek text, the convenient form of declensions and conjuga- Vlll PREFACE. tions, afford opportunity for the teacher to exercise his own judgment in putting the student in control of the elementary work. I wish here to acknowledge my great indebtedness to Professors Bradley and Horswell for the use of their Word Lists, which they so very kindly put at my dis- posal. Without the great labour which they had already performed, my work would have been either impossible or the labour of producing it would have been very greatly increased. I wish especially to express my great indebtedness to Rev. Charles Horswell, Ph.D., Professor of Hebrew in Garrett Biblical Institute, for invaluable assistance. Without his suggestion the work would not have been begun, nor completed without his encouragement and co-operation. Whatever of merit this little book may have, it owes much to his rare scholarship and his wide experience as a teacher of the New Testament lan- guage. For no errors, however, which the work may contain is he at all responsible. For valuable assist- ance in correction of the prpof I have to express my thanks to Mr. E. A. Bechtel, A.M., and Mr. W. W. Bishop, A.M., Instructors in Classics in Northwestern University. The proof has been read, in part, also, by Professor Milton S. Terry, D.D., Garrett Biblical Institute, and by Professor Henry A. Buttz, D.D., Drew Theological Seminary. I owe much to the valuable suggestions of these well-known scholars. J. H. HUDDILSTON. Northwestern University, EvANSTON, III., May 29, 1895. PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION. Aside from the corrections of typographical errors, few changes have been introduced in this new edi- tion. My time since the publication of the book has been so occupied in other lines of study that it has been impossible for me to enlarge certain parts of the grammar which the favourable reception of the work would have warranted. I am under special obligation to Professor John Humphrey Barbour, Middletown, Conn., who has very kindly gone over the whole work and favoured me with his valuable criticism. J. H. H. Berlin, Germany, August, 1896. CONTENTS. — ♦ — PAGES Introduction xi-xxiv Bibliography xxiv-xxvi Suggestions to the Student ' xxvii PART I. — LESSONS; TEXT. Lessons I.-XXXII 1-90 Selections for Translation 91-110 Table of Abbreviations 11 1 Notes on Selections 112-120 Translations of First Epistle of John , , . , 121-126 Vocabulary of Selections 127-133 PART IL — GRAMMAR. 1. Writing and Sound : Alphabet, Vowel Changes, Accent, Etc 137-142 2. Accidence: Declension of Nouns, Adjectives, Pronouns, Participles; Conjugation of Verbs; Optatives of the New Testament; Irregular Verbs 142-203 3. Syntax 203-222 INDEXES 223-233 INTRODUCTION. My purpose is to offer here a few considerations on two questions. i. Why was the New Testament written in Greek? 2. What are the main points of difference between this Greek and that of the classical period ? Every one knows that Greek was not a native of Palestine, but that in some way this exotic plant found root there, and, to the exclusion of the native language, became the organ of the everlasting Gospel. How then did this occur ? It will first be necessary to understand something about the languages which were used in the countries to the east from the Mediterranean, prior to and con- temporary with the advent of the Greek. All of this part of Asia, including the countries from Assyria on the north to Arabia on the south, had one separate and distinct family or branch of languages, — the Semitic. Of this primitive Semitic nothing is left us. Long before the curtain of history rises, the early language had assumed marked grammatical and lexigraphical peculiarities among the various peoples. Accordingly we know nothing of the parent speech except through Xll INTRODUCTION. the tongues of these early nations. The Assyrians (whose language is known from cuneiform inscrip- tions) and the Aramaeans, who comprised a large part of the population of Assyria and Babylon and to whose language, the Aramaic, we shall refer later, represented the most northern group of the Semitic. South of these we find the Hebrews of Canaan, in whose language the most considerable portion of the Old Testament was written, and akin to them the Phoe- nicians, whose language is known to us imperfectly and through inscriptions only. Further south the Arabic and Ethiopic make up what is sometimes termed the South Semitic. Of these three groups, the North, the Middle, and the South Semitic, we shall confine our considerations to the first two ; for here it is that we have to look for the language of the Jews. Their Hebrew was early exposed to the dialects of the sur- rounding tribes and especially open to Aramaic influ- ences on the north. Indeed as early as 700 B.C. we read that the messengers of the king Hezekiah requested the ambassador of the king of Assyria to speak to them in Aramaic, "for we understand //" (ii. Kings 18 :26). The Jews would not long retain their language in its early purity beside that of another people who, as a conquering nation, were continually insinuating themselves into their hfe and politics. The result was that long before the breaking up of the Jewish kingdom in 586 B.C., the Hebrew had departed considerably from its original integrity. During the long years of captivity in Babylon and throughout the Babylonian empire, the Aramaic, which was the official INTRODUCTION. Xlil language of the Babylonian court, must have become quite as much a part of the Hebrews as their native tongue. The books of the Old Testament written after the exile, Ezra and Daniel, are known as the Aramaic books, owing to the fact that considerable portions of them are in the Aramaic. We must not understand, however, that this large admixture of Aramaic is due wholly to the years of exile in Babylon. It has been the accepted view since the time of Jerome that in this period the Israelites ceased to speak and write Hebrew and turned to the use of the Aramaic only. Hence the term Chaldee, so often used to signify the speech of the Jews, as though the language of the Chaldees — the Aramaic — was introduced into Pales- tine by the returned exiles, and that subsequent to this the Hebrew died out and the Chaldee or Aramaic took its place. In recent years scholars have generally parted with this view, and have attempted to show that the change was more gradual. This seems by all means the most probable. A people retains its lan- guage long after its institutions and customs have ceased to exist. A conquering nation rarely succeeds in supplanting the language of the conquered. Slowly and gradually do the forces work that bring in the ele- ments of a new speech. The English, for example, has not after five centuries entirely displaced the Celtic of Ireland, nor has Welsh ceased to be a very important factor in the literature and life of the United Kingdom, notwithstanding the fact that more than 500 years have passed since Edward built his castles on the Welsh frontier. XIV INTRODUCTION. We must conclude therefore that for centuries the Aramaic gradually gained in popularity over the Hebrew, until the latter became at last the language of scholars and the learned few, while to the great mass of Jews the Aramaic was the only language known. This change must have occurred before the time of Christ ; for we find then that the common people no longer understood the Hebrew of the Scriptures, but used instead versions known as Targums, written in Aramaic. This then is the language of Palestine at ihe time of Christ, and the same which in the New Testament is called Hebrew. A great distinction, however, must be made between this Jewish-Aramaic and the Hebrew. The literature of each is sacred, but of the Hebrew we have left us the scant remains of the Old Testament only, while the former has extant a vast literature of the Talmud, Targums, and interpretative works, and has lived on in a more or less changed condition till the present time, and forms the basis of the language much used by the Jews to-day throughout the world. At the close of the fourth century B.C., Alexander of Macedon crossed the historic Hellespont, overturned the Persian empire at Arbela, destroyed the famou§ city of ancient Tyre, overran all western Asia, even crossing into Egypt, where he founded the world's new metropolis bearing his own name (332 B.C.). It is hard to measure the results of this conquering of the world. By no means the least important of the many that might be described was the spread of Greek letters and Greek civilization. This noble language INTRODUCTION. XV of ancient Hellas, so rich and beautiful, so full of power and sweetness, was destined to work far greater results in the minds and hearts of men than the brief rule of Alexander and his successors. They soon passed away, and the Greek kingdom in Asia ceased to exist ; but the Greek language which came with them still remained and spread with great rapidity throughout this whole territory, revealing to these Semitic races a new world of beauty and power. Although Greece soon fell under the conquering hand of Rome, Greek art and Greek letters took captive her captor. Rome was then the world, while through all iier borders the language of Greece became the speech of trade and intercourse. Greek was even the language of the Roman court, and Roman boys were taught their Homer along with their native Vergil. The wide use of Greek at that period can be best compared with the English of to-day. It may be said with little hesitancy that, at the time of Christ, Greek was known in all parts of the Roman world. What more fitting language than this in which to send forth the Gospel of peace ? In Palestine there was of course a Greek population which existed alongside of the Jewish, and which became more numerous and distinct with the spread of Roman civilization. Of these two languages, Greek and Aramaic, we must suppose that a considerable part of the population knew enough for conversation at least. It is necessary to turn only to Alsace-Lorraine with its French and German, or to Wales with its Welsh and English, to find in modern times such a fusion of XVI INTRODUCTION. two tongues as must have existed in Palestine at the beginning of our era. The question as to whether Christ and his disciples knew and spoke Greek has been one that has long been debated. Some of the most illustrious of modern critics have been found on either side. It is not for me to enter upon it here, but simply to state my belief. It is more than probable, from what has been stated in regard to the two languages of Palestine at this period, that Greek, as well as Aramaic, must have fallen upon the ears of our Lord and his first followers from their earliest boyhood, and that all of them grew up in continual association with two languages. A few examples of this native speech are left us ; Mark 5:41 and Mark 7 : 34 may be referred to. Instances when we may conclude that Greek was used by Christ are, Mark 7:26, 27, and John 12:23. Matthew, from his duty as a tax-collector, would have required both languages, while Luke, the most cultured of the evange- lists, exhibits marked power in his use of Greek. There was but one way of reaching " all nations " and send- ing to them the new message. There never could have, been any doubt in the mind of Luke, Mark, or John regarding the language they should employ in writing their histories of our Lord's life and works. Matthew appears to have written first in the Aramaic, but no doubt followed this immediately with a Greek version. A parallel to this may be observed in the case of the historian Josephus (a.d. 38-103), who wrote his history of the Jews first in Hebrew (Aramaic), and afterwards in Greek. It is not necessary to note INTRODUCTION. XVU concerning Paul that " all who are at Rome " and the " church at Corinth " and " the churches throughout Asia " could have been addressed in no language but the Greek, A considerable portion of the population at Alex- andria was Jews, for whom the Greek had displaced their native Aramaic, and as early as 275 B.C. they had so far forgotten the tongue of their fathers that they required a Greek translation of the Old Testa- ment. This was made at Alexandria by Jewish-Greeks, and is known as the Septuagint or the translation of the LXX. For the Jews scattered throughout the world in Cappadocia, Cyprus, Phrygia, Rhodes, Greece, and Rome the Septuagint became the Bible. So general was its use even in Palestine that the evange- lists quote quite as frequently from the Greek version as from the Hebrew. Paul, himself a Hebrew and reared according to the strictest sect of the Pharisees, often agrees more nearly with the Septuagint when he quotes from the Old Testament. After the fall of Jerusalem the Jewish population of Rome, Alexandria, Antioch, and other seaport towns, rapidly increased. Then, as now, the Jews were a commercial people ; Greek was the one language of commercial intercourse. Thus we see this wonderful language served as a common bond to hold together Jew and Gentile, Greek and Roman. Then it was that men were for the first time united by one speech and made, so to speak, into one family. With the overturning of old, worn-out kingdoms, and the break- ing down of ancient myth and fable of the pagan world, XVUl INTRODUCTION. a new soil was prepared ready for new seed, — the Gospel of love. Secondly, we come to consider the characteristics of the Greek of the New Testament. Does it differ very widely from classical Greek? To this the answer is "yes," and we may well rejoice that it does. Had the language as used by Plato and Demosthenes become the organ of the new message to the world, how dif- ferent would have been the effect ! Imagine the result if the simple grace of our English Bible were to be replaced by the swelling periods of Milton or Bacon. A far simpler language was and is needed by the lowly, and this we shall see the later Greek to be. The language of the Macedonian Greeks, \vhich was the same as that carried into Asia by Alexander, was essentially the same as that which Plato, Sophocles, and Demosthenes had used. From this wide diffusion, however, many changes were effected in the gram- matical structure of the language, and especially in the vocabulary. Much of the rigidness which had charac- terized it in the hands of the great Athenian writers was cast aside. The language was popularized, so to speak. This new form of the Greek was called Hel- lenistic Greek, and the people who learned and used it were known as Hellenists. We have had occasion already to refer to the Hellenistic Jews in Alexandria and other cities. In Palestine, however, as well as in the other Semitic countries, this Hellenistic Greek was greatly corrupted by the native tongue. Hebrew, Aramaic, and Syriac words were being continually introduced INTRODUCTION. XIX into the Greek. To a large number of people who would use the Greek, it would amount to nothing other than a translation of their native tongue, together wi*h the native idiom. Their thinking was all in Aramaic, while their words were in Greek. The hterature of the Hebrew and Aramaic was entirely of a religious nature. The religious fervour of the Jews gave a strong bent to the tone of their language. It was the language of the human heart longing for the kingdom of God and the coming of the Messiah. The words in common, every-day use were the same as those in which had been cast the revelation of God to his chosen people. Even at an early day this must have given a deep rehgious colouring to the Greek — hitherto a pagan language. The translation, however, of the Old Testa- ment did most to fix the idiom and form of the Greek for the expression of religious ideas. Then it was that Greek meant something to the Jews beyond a con- venient means of intercourse for commercial life. For two centuries and a half this Greek Bible worked into the hearts and minds of the dispersed Jews, and the words that before in pagan Greece and Rome had meant little beyond the mortal and perishable of this world, took on a new meaning — fired with the flame of the sacred Hebrew. When we come to the language of the New Testa- ment, we have crossed a wondrous gulf. To quote from the words of the celebrated Dr. Schaff: "The language of the apostles and evangelists is baptized with the spirit and fire of Christianity, and receives a character altogether peculiar and distinct from secular XX INTRODUCTION. Greek. . . . The Greek was flexible and elastic enough to admit of a transformation under the inspir- ing influences of revealed truth. It furnished the flesh and blood for the incarnation of divine ideas. Words in common use among the classics, or in popular intercourse, were clothed with a deeper spiritual significance ; they were transplanted from a lower to a higher sphere, from mythology to revelation, from the order of nature to the order of grace, from the realm of sense to the realm of faith." It is worth while to note the word " transformation " in the above. Here is the key to the whole question. How rich this baptism of the pagan words has been may be seen by comparing the New Testament and the classical sense of such words as love, faith, prophet, sin, glory, peace, joy, niercy. The purity of the New Testament Greek diff'ers very considerably in diff"erent authors, and indeed in one and the same writer we can observe two extremes. Luke, for example, in the first four verses of his gospel furnishes a specimen of as pure and elegant Greek as may be found on the page of any classical author. Immediately, however, he drops off into the vernacu- lar, as though aware that he is addressing the many and not the few. In considerable portions of his gospel and the Acts are to be found the harshest Hebraisms. This is especially ■ noticeable when he quotes from the Old Testament. In all the writers of the New Testament, the Hebrew of the Old Testament quotation appears distinctly through the thin veiling of the Greek. INTRODUCTION. XXI Of the four evangelists Luke was the best educated, and therefore used the purest Greek. Matthew may be placed next, with Mark last. Concerning John, there is great difference of opinion. Some scholars declare his gospel the most thoroughly Hebrew of the four. It is said to have a Hebrew body with a Greek dress. On the other hand, there are those who main- tain for him the purest Greek. The fact is, his short sentences would fall naturally into the idiom of almost any language. Paul's Greek exhibits nearly every variety of classic elegance. However, it does not come within the scope of this article to give the pecu- liarities of the individual authors. It is necessary to speak more definitely as regards the linguistic differences between the Greek of the New Testament and, that of the period of classical Greek, which we may consider to have closed with Aristotle (b.c. 384-322). i. The vocabulary of the New Testament furnishes nearly 900 words that are not found in the classical writers. Many of these occur in subsequent authors, as Polybius and Plutarch and in the Septuagint. 2. Compound words are especially common. Rare combinations are used. The etymology always reveals the force of the expres- sion. 3. What is called the doctrinal sense of certain words, as love, hope, faith, introduces a new element quite distinct from anything earlier. Grammatically, very wide changes from the classical Greek may be noted, i. The dual number has dis- appeared entirely. 2. Adjectives of the third declen- sion in -ων {;ό}ΐ) and -vs {^-us) are especially rare. Of XXll INTRODUCTION. adjectives in -ψ {-es) there are but two or three com- mon examples. 3. The comparison of adjectives has been simpHfied, and is usually done by the use of an adverb, and the positive degree, except in the case of a few adjectives of irregular comparison. In the verb a great breaking away from classical usage is seen. i. The optative mood is comparatively rare. It does not occur at all in the writings of John, and is found in the epistles and the Acts more than in the gospels. Except in the optative of wis/t or desire, the subjunctive regularly takes the place of this mood. 2. In the uses of the voice and tense the changes are not so marked. In the subjunctive rarely any tense occurs aside from the present and the aorist. 3. It may be observed that in the verbs those in -μι {-mi) tend to break down into the ending in -ω (-ο), while verbs in -ιζω {-idso) are much more common than in other Greek. 4. The forms in -μι (-mi) in the present system are comparatively rare. Hardly ever does the present subjunctive of these verbs occur, while the second aorist system has few forms in this mood. The syntax is too difficult a question to discuss here, and so but few points shall be presented, i. Especially characteristic of New Testament Greek are the various uses of Lva {hi)ia), which in classical Greek is confined for the most part to the introduction of 7?;/ iz/ clauses. Of this conjunction there are no less than six well- defined uses in the New Testament. 2. While in classical Greek the conjunction ώστε {hoste) is used with either the indicative or infinitive to denote result, INTRODUCTION. XXUl and with nearly equal frequency in both constructions, the indicative occurs but twice in the New Testament. 3. The participle still continues a fundamental form of construction, but shows signs of weakening in such instances as John 11 : i and Luke 15 : i, where the simple imperfect of the verb would have been expected. This form of expression is most common in Luke. The prepositions present a great variety of uses not inherent in the Greek word, thus betraying Hebrew influence. These are only a few of the most marked pecu- liarities of the language of the New Testament, but perhaps enough to show that it is much weakened and simplified as compared with classical Greek. If one adds to the grammatical peculiarities here men- tioned the strong colouring in idiom and vocabulary that arises from the Hebrew, a general notion may be formed as to the structure of this language. To know thoroughly the real force and value of this language, a wide familiarity with Semitic — especially Hebrew and Aramaic — is indispensable. Not only this, but the investigator must know Latin, of the influence of which I have taken no notice, as well as Greek from its earliest beginning in Homer. Such preparation as this few are able to acquire. A student may, however, gain a very satisfactory facility in handling the New Testament language, who knows nothing of any language except his own. Careful, assiduous labour for a few months will put the average student in control of the essentials, and this slight acquaintance will be found to repay one a thousand- XXIV INTRODUCTION, fold. No one can ever attain to the ability of reading and understanding the grand simplicity and power of John's brief sentences, ringing as they do with the imperishable grandeur of the Greek, without seeing an entirely new power in the Word. Any translation must ever fall far short of rendering the grace and force of the Greek. As a rose when plucked loses its sweetness and the fragrance is soon blown, so perishes in translation that fleeting, indescribable something that makes Greek the noblest of lan- guages. The following list of books is recommended as rep- resenting perhaps the most helpful works for students of the New Testament Greek. Those marked * are particularly valuable for the beginner. For assistance in making up this hst the author has to express his indebtedness to Professor C. F. Brad- ley, D.D., Garrett Biblical Institute. He has very kindly given me the benefit of his wide knowledge of New Testament bibliography. Text. *The New Testament in the Original Greek (School Edition). Westcott and Hort. Macmillau & Co., New York, 1893. $1.25. This edition is also published with a lexicon, by the same publishers. $1.90. Lexicon. *Thayer's Grimm's Wilke, Greek -English Lexicon of the New Testament, "Corrected Edi- tion." Harper & Brothers, New York, 1889. BIBLIOGRAPHY. XXV Grammar. *Winer's Grammar of New Testament Greek (Ninth English Edition). Trans, by Moulton. T. & T. Clark, Edinburgh, 1882. $3.60. Concordance. *Bruder's Concordance of All the Words in the Greek New Testament (Fourth Edition). Leipzig, 1888. 25 M. A new edition of this monumental work, which will include the readings of Westcott and Hort, is to be published. Bagster's Englishman's Greek Concordance of the New Testament. London, 1883. £\, is. *Bradley and Horswell's New Testament Word Lists. Greek-English. Series L and Π. Garrett Biblical Institute, Evanston, 111. 35 cents each. *Burton's Syntax of the Moods and Tenses in New Testa- ment Greek. Chicago University Press (Second Edition). $1.50. *Buttman's Grammar of the New Testament. Trans, by Thayer. W. F. Draper, Andover, Mass. $2.75. Hatch's Essays on Biblical Greek. Macmillan & Co., New York. $2.75. Robinson's Greek Harmony of the Gospels. Ed. by M. B. Riddle. Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Boston, 1885. $2.00. *Schaff's Companion to the Greek Testament and English Version (Fourth Edition). Harper & Brothers, New York, 1892. $2.75. Simcox's (W.H.) The Language of the New Testament. Thomas Whitaker, New York, 75 cents. By the same author, The Writers of the New Testament. Same publishers and price. Terry's Biblical Herrneneutics. Hunt and Eaton, New York. $4.00. XXVI BIBLIOGRAPHY. *Thayer's Books and their Use, A Lecture, to which is added a Hst of books for students of the New Tes- tament Greek. Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Boston. 75 cents. An exceedingly helpful little volume. Trench's Synonyms of the New Testament (Eleventh Edition). Macmillan & Co., New York, 1890. $3.50. *Warfield's An Introduction to the Textual Criticism of the New Testament. Whitaker, New York. 75 cents. Westcott's Introduction to the Study of the Four Gospels (Seventh Edition, American Edition). Macmillan & Co., New York. $2.25. *Westcott and Hort's The New Testament in the Original Greek. 2 vols. Harper & Brothers, New York. Vol. I. includes the text. Vol. II. has an Intro- duction to Textual Criticism and an Appendix. Price per vol. $2.00. Complete $3.50. SUGGESTIONS TO THE STUDENT. 1. All vocabularies must be thoroughly mastered. Writ- ing the words several times will greatly help to fix them in the mind. Pronouncing the Greek aloud is helpful. 2. The acquisition of forms {i.e. declensions and conju- gations) must keep pace with the matter of a vocabulary. 3. It is recommended that at least thirty lessons be mas- tered before the reading of the Greek text is attempted. 4. Care should be taken in learning points of syntax that occur in the lessons. 5. When the text is finally begun, the table of irregular verbs (§ 88) should be committed to memory. Also the verb forms in §§ 90-110 should be carefully studied. 6. When the Greek Testament is taken up, the syntax in Part III. may be studied to best advantage. At no time should the student fail to keep up the review of Part II. 7. Finally, learn words, words, words. Only steady application and continual review will bring satisfactory results. PART Ι — LESSONS; TEXT ESSENTIALS OF NEW TESTAMENT GREEK. 1. άκονω, I hear. γινώ(Γκω, / know. 4'χω, I have. LESSON I. VOCABULARY. θίλω, / wish, will. λαλεω, I speak. λαμβάνω, I take. λί'γω, Γ say. ΐΓίστίύω, I believe. •iroi€«, I do, make. a. Each of these ΛνοΓάε occurs more than 200 times in the New Testament, and some of them 1500 times. 2. Notes on the Vocabulary. a. ά-κου-ω, a-kou-5, / hear; cf. ACOUSTIC, α = λ in father; κ = hard c, as in can; ov is a diphthong com- posed of ο and ν (EngHsh and a) and pronounced like ou in group; ω = . g. ke-yw, le-go, /say. h. 7Γ6-στ€υ-ω, ρϊ -steu-o, / believe. n—p\ r = t\ ευ = the diphthong eu in feud. When the accent comes on a diphthong, it is placed over the second vowel, as here. Cf. άκονω. /. TTOL-i-w, poi-e -δ, / do, or wake ; cf. POET, POETRY, oi is a diphthong pronounced like oi in oil. 3. Topics for study. a. The vowels in this lesson are a, e, i, o, v, ω. The following diphthongs occur : ov, ev, oi. The consonants are : β = ύ, y =£-, e — ih,K = k,k = l,^ = w, v = ;i, π =p, σ = Sf τ = I, x = ch. b. In the matter of the accent of verbs the following must be noted, i. The accent is always recessive, i.e. it goes back as far as possible from the last syllable. 2. The last syllable determines the position of the accent. 3. If the last syllable is long, the accent always occurs on the next to the last syllable — the penull ; otherwise on the third syllable — the antepenult. 4. A syllable is long if it has a long vowel or a diphthong in it. 4. In English we have' the personal pronouns written generally before the verb and always PRESENT INDICATIVE ACTIVE. 3 separate from the verb. In Greek, on the -con~ trary, the pronouns are often found as an integral part of the verb, forming what is called the />ersoua/ endings. Cf. -ω in the verbs given above. In the case of most verbs the ending -μι of the I per. sing. pres. ind. act. is dropped, and the preceding vowel is lengthened in com- pensation. Ξ.σ-. the primary form of λέγω is Xey-0 -μι, of ακούω is άκού-ο-μί : ακον = Stem, ο = variable vowel, μι = personal ending. LESSON II. 5. Present Indicative Active. Swg. Phir. 1. λ6γ-ω, /j-izy. I. λ€γ-ο-μ.€ν, W^ Jizy. 2. \i-i-i\.%,^ you say. 2. \i-\i-i-Ti., ye say. 3. λί'γ-ίΐ, he, she, or it says. 3. λί'γ-ουσ-ι, they say. Observe from the translation appended that the indicative mood has in Greek the same declarative force as in English. a. «as in Aeyct? is a diphthong and equals ei in height. 6. Note in the conjugation of λέγω : 1. The theme λεγ- appears unchanged throughout. 2. A vowel occurs after this theme. 3. The 1 s at the close of a word, but σ in the middle of a word. 4 ESSENTIALS OF NEW TESTAMENT GREEK. vowel is or e (often written %), called the variable vowel. 4. The variable vowel is fol- lowed by an ending, as -μβν, -re, in the plur., which is called the personal ending. See 4. How many distinct parts has Χ&η-ο-μ^ν ? 7. The personal endings of the active voice, primary ^ tenses, are seen in the following : Sing. I. -μι, /. Flur. I. -μ€ν, we. 2. -s, i/iou. 2. -T€, ye. 3• -σι (τι), /it', she, it. 3- -νσ-ι, they. 8. The variable vowel and the personal end- ing may be seen in the following : ο-μι ο-μ£ν €-β €-Τ€ €-. 1 It is recommended that the teacher allow the matter of contract verbs to pass unnoticed, till the principles of contrac- tion appear gradually in the lessons. No harm need arise from the student's writing uncontracted forms. The frequent occur- rence of these verbs in -εω explains their appearance here. 6 ESSENTIALS OF NEW TESTAAIENT GREEK. LESSON III. The Second or 0-Declension. 11. vocabulary. apTos, bread. XP<5vos, time., CHRONO/(?gy. Θρόν05, THRONE. άγγ€λθ9, ANGEL. κόσ•μθ9, world, COSMIC. άνθρωττοβ, wa;/, ANTHROPO/i»^• λίθοϊ. stone., -LYXWOgraphy . άττόστολο?, apostle. λόγοξ, word., LOGIC. ί'ρημο?, desert. νόμο8, law, eco'^iO'SW. θάνατο?, death, THANATO^j/j. οχλο9, crowd. Kvpios, Lord. Toiros, place, Tocography . The student should learn thoroughly the mean- ings of the words in each vocabulary, pronounc- ing each v^rord aloud, so as to be sure to get the proper accent. The case cjitiings are to be abso^ lutely mastered. Some of the words in this vocabulary occur looo times in the New Tes- tament. a. αρτο5. ar-tos. p = ^; o = ovc\.on. b. In άγγελο? the first γ is pronounced like ng. This is always true of γ when followed by κ, ■>/. or y^. c. In ίρημο'ί, the η = e, and is pronounced like e in they. d. V in κύριος = u. There is no similar sound in Eng- lish. See § 1. The sound approaches e in key. This includes all the vowels in Greek. THE SECOND OR 0-DECLENSION. 7 12. It is to be observed : i. All these nouns end in -09. 2. All these nouns belong to the O-declension. 3. They all have the aaite accent. 13. All nouns in Greek come under one of three declensions, §9 ^^ ^^<^ 1"^• The following is the second or O-declension : Shtg. Plnr. Nom. λόγο5, a word. λόγοι, words. Gen. \6-<{ov, of a word. \o^o)v, of words. Dat. λόγω, to or for a word, λόγοιβ, to or for words. Ace. \o-nov, a word (oh].). \6yov= ph να. phase. b. In ουρανός observe that the breathing occurs on the second vowel of the diphthong. c. The diphthong vt, as in νΙός, is pronounced like wee. The breathing is always rough ('), i.e. the explosion of breath is so strong as to give an h sound, vi is, then, pronounced ^uJiee. d. Note the rough breathing on ί^άτιον, hi-ma-ti-on, and tepov, hi-e-ron, οδός, ho-dos. e. at as in Traihiov — ai in aisle. 21. There are two principal accents in Greek, the acute (') and the circumflex ("). The acute can occur on any one of the last three syllables, while the circumflex can occur on one of the last two. 22. Learn the declension of υί'ός, son, § 23, and note that in every gen. and dat. the acute (') is changed to a circumflex ("). 23. Learn the declension of hovXo';, servant, § 23, and observe that the circumflex accent occurs on a long syllable only, and when at the same time the last syllable is short. When the ultima becomes long, the (") changes to the ('). THE SECOND OR O-DECLENSION. II 24. Nouns of the 0-declension end in -o? masc. (rarely fern.) and -ov neut. The inflection of neuter nouns is the same as that of masculine nouns, except that the nom., ace, and voc. sing, end in -ov, and the same cases in the plur. end in -a. Cf. 8ώρορ, £'^f^> b ^^• 25. All adjs. in Greek are declined, and agree in gender, number, and case with the words they modify. The definite article ///i', 6, is an adj. and is declined ; e.£: 6 Βοΰλος, the servant ; TOO SovXov, of the servant ; το τ4κνον, the child ; τω τίκνω, to the child; τα τέκνα, the children; των λό^ων, of the words. Learn the masc. and neut. (0 and τό) of the article, § 24. 26. EXERCISES. I. I. τω λόγω καΐ τοις λογοί9• 2. των ΒουΧων καΧ τω τταιδίω. 3- ''"ο σάββατον τοις άνθρώττοις. 4- ό κύριος του σαββάτου. 5• ό άδεΧφος ηινώ- σκ€ί το τβκνον. 6. ο \αος e^et τους νόμους. 7- \αμβάν€Τ€ άρτον καΐ ιμάτια. 8. οι άττόστο- Χοί άκούουσι των τταιΒίων.^ 9• ^^ (ΐ^) '''Φ ί^ρώ Χε'γομβν. ΙΟ. τον κύριον του κόσμου <γινωσκ€Τ€. Π. Ι. In (eV) the temple and in the boat. 2. To the people and of the people. 3. The ^ Verbs of hearing may be followed by the genitive case, as the case of the direct object. Γ2 ESSENTIALS OF NEW TESTAMENT GREEK. eyes of the servant. 4. For the work and for the garments. 5. Ye hear the people.^ 6. The apostle knows the law. 7. I speak to the ser- vants, and they hear. 8. The Lord has a temple in Heaven. 9. We have the garments for the children. 10. The son of God knows the world. LESSON V. The Present Passive Indicative. 27. vocabulary. iyairaia, I love. ίγείρω, / raise up. βάλλω, I throw. κρίνω, I judge. βλέπω, Γ see. ιτίμιτω, I send. γράφω, ί write, GRAPHzV. σ-τίλλω, /send. 8ιδά(Γκω, / teach, OlOACTic. σ-ώζω, / save. a. In σώζω, save, ^ is a double consonant, ds, and pronounced like dz in adze. 28. The passive voice, as in English, repre- sents the subject as being acted upon. The personal endings of the passive distinguish it from the active. Following are the primary pass, endings ; Sing. I. -μαι, /. Piur. I. -μ^Βα, we. 2. -a-ai, γοί(. 2. -a-9(, ye. 3. -ταν, he. 3. -νται, they. ^ See footnote, p. 1 1. . , THE PRESENT PASSIVE INDICATIVE. 1 3 a. The variable vowel % is found as in the active voice. Before μ and v, ο occurs, and before all other endings e is found. 29. The following is the conjugation of the pres. pass. ind. of \ύω, I loose : Sing. Plur. 1. λν-0-μαι, ί am loosed, i. λυ-ό-μίθα, we are loosed. 2. \v-t\., you are loosed. 2. Xv-t-v^i., ye are loosed. 3. λν-ί-ται, he is loosed. 3. λν-ο-νται, they are loosed. a. Observe that the 2 per. sing, λύει is for λύεσαι, σα is dropped, and e and t form the diphthong et. ύ\ may be found instead of «. b. The same principle of accent is to be noted as in 3, b. at is considered short in the personal endings, hence the accent occurs on the antepenult. 30. EXERCISES. I. I. βάΧλβι, βάΧλβται, ττέμττβις, ττέμττε- σθε. 2. κρίνβι, κρίνεται δώάσκω, ΒίΒάσκομαι. 3- Χαμβάνετβ, Χαμβάνεσθε., άκονουσι, ακούονται. 4• στεΧλόμβθα, βΧέττουσι, /γράφομεν. ζ. σωζβτε, iyeipouai, τηστβύομεν, Ύράφεται. 6. οι άνθρωποι κρίνονται. 7• ε'γειρόμεθα βίς (into) τον ούρανόν. 8. γράφεται iv (in) τω νόμω. 9• ό f ί'ος άνθρωπου σώζεται. ΙΟ. iv τω ναω^ Xeyei και άκονβται. 11. οι άττόστοΧοι et9 τον κόσμον στέΧΧονται. 12. τΓίστευομβν et? (on) τον κύριον και σωζό- μέθα. ^ Temple. 14 ESSENTIALS OF NEW TESTAMENT GREEK. II. I. He sees and is saved. 2. You believe and are saved. 3. We judge and are judged. 4. They send and are sent. 5. He raises up the dead. 6. It is written in the laws. 7. We see the brethren. 8. The son of man is judged, 9. The Lord hears in the temple. 10. I speak and am heard, n. We are saved and are raised up into Heaven. 12. Ye take the bread. 13. They know that {οτή the Lord saves men. We have so far met in the vocabularies 52 words, which give more than 400 different forms by their inflection. LESSON VI. Imperfect iNoiCATrvE Active. 31. VOCABULARY. άγω, leiid. Λαλί'ω, caU. βατΓτίζω, BAPTIZE. μαρτυράω, dear witnesSj ίσθίω, eat. martyr. ζάω, live. μΐί'λλω, a/ft about. ζητί'ω, seek. μί'νω, r^MAIN. For the tenses of the indicative mood see §§ 50 and 52. The uses and meanings of the various tenses will be explained as we advance. 32. . The imperfect indicative represents an act -sjs, going on in time past, — continued, accus- tomed, or repeated action ; eg. e^pa^ov, I was zuriting ; eXvov, I ivas loosing ; έβάτττιζβ, he was baptizing. IMPERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE. 1 5 33. All active secondary tenses (§ 52) have the same personal endings, as follows : Sittg. I. -V Plur. I. -μ€ν 2. -S 2. -T£ 3. none 3. -v or - 3• η-τί 86. Note that the pres. subjv. of el^i is the same as the personal endings of the regular verb ; and while the indicative has the variable vowel %, the subjunctive has the corresponding long vowel %. a. The personal endings are those of the primary active indicative. 87. The subjunctive follows Xva, in order that. Examine the following : €ρχ€ταί Lva άκονρ, he comes that he may hear, ττιστίνομίν lva. μη αμαρτάνωμεν, we believe in order that we may tiot sin. 88. Rule of syntax: Clauses of purpose take the subjunctive with Xva. The negative is μη. 89. The following forms illustrate the present active infinitive : λυ-€ΐν, άκού-£ΐν, *χ-*'•ν, μίν-ίΐν, to loose. to hear. to have. to abide. -etv = e -\- ending -ev of pres. inf. For -eeu contracting to -ety, see § 6, 7. PRESENT ACTIVE SUBJUNCTIVE AND INFINITIVE. 37 90. The participle is very common in Greek, and it is necessary to master its uses as soon as possible, -ων is the ending of the pres. act. nom. masc. sing. ; e.g. : δ λέγων, the one saying, he who says. 6 oLpwv, the one takmg away, he who takes away. ο aKovuiv, the one hearing, he who hears. The article and participle in this use are equiva- lent, as is seen, to a dependent clause in English. . 91. EXERCISES. I. I. ούτος €ρ-)(βται ϊνα \eyr) irepl τή<ί αλη- θβίας. 2. άμην, άμην λέγω ύμΐν οτί r) ώρα οΰττω iaTLV; 3• ^έχ^ταί ημάς ίνα en ζω μεν .^ 4• ττώς rye ΒύναταΙ σώζβιν ; 5• Ι^^'^οΐ' ταύτα αύτοίς \eyei. 6. τας αμαρτίας ημών a'ipei. /• ^'^ "^^^ θανάτου €ΐ, § 6, 7. 113. Learn the declension of ττατήρ, § 33, and a. Observe the following : 1. The nominative ends in -ηρ, while the stem ends in -ep. 2. The gen. and dat. sing, drop this e of the stem, and take the accent on the last syl- lable. 3. Voc. sing, has recessive accent (3, ύ, i). 4. The dat. plur. has ap for ep. 114. Learn avyip, man, § 33. Note that when- ever ep of the stem would be followed by a vowel, δ takes the place of the e. The same peculiari- ties of accent obtain as in ττατήρ, but -ων of the gen. plur. is circumflexed. 46 ESSENTIALS OF NEW TESTAMENT GREEK. 115. EXERCISES. I. I. εγώ βΐμ,ι η άνάστασις καΐ η ζοίή. 2. η ΤΓίστίς σου σώζβί σε. 3• ^^ "^ίί ^ννάμβι του ττνβύ- ματος €ίς ΤαλιΧαίαν βΙσέρχ^βΎαι. 4• αυτή he ear lv η κρίσις ότι το φως ep^^eTai et9 τον κόσμον. 5- '^ράφω eir {on) αύτον το όνομα του θεού μου και το όνομα της ττόλεως του 9eoi> μου. 6. avSpa ου <γινωσκω. /• ^^^ κρίσις βστιν του κόσμου τούτου. 8. ημ€Ϊς οϊ8αμ€ν τον ττατέρα καΐ την μητέρα, g. ev τω κόσμω ΘΧίψιν e^^ere. ΙΟ. e\e- nan. -ιτλήθο?, τό, inultitiede. i'Gvos, τό, nation. ctkotos, to, darkness. 4'θο5, τό, custom, ethics. TeXos, τό, end. iXeos, TO, pity. νίδωρ, τό, water, KYOKotogy. Neuter nouns with the nominative in -09 and the stem in -ea form an important class of nouns of the third declension. The most common examples are given above. 135. Learn the declension of yevo<;, race (§ 30), Observe the following. I. In the gen. and dat. sing, the σ of the stem is dropped between the two vowels, and , sinner. diiras, all. βιβλίον, book, Bible. βουλομαι, wish. IXevOepos, free. μέγας, great. 0T€, conj., when. vocabulary. ovSe, neither . . . nor. . . οΰ'τί, neither . . . ούδ€ . . ovVe . nor. ■π-αρά, prep. w. gen., from the side of; w. dat., by the side of; w. ace, to the side of. iras, all. iroXvs, much, many. σ-τΓίίρω, sow. ψίνστη?, ο', liar. 164. Learn the declension of ττολύς•, vuicJi, and μί^ας, great, § 36. To be observed : I. That both these adjectives have two dis- tinct stems, a longer and a shorter form, of which the former is more frequent. 64 ESSENTULS OF NEW TESTAMENT GREEK. 2. That they are declined, for the most part, in the first and second declension. 165. Learn the declension of ττά?, all, § 36, and note the following peculiarities : 1. The masc. and neut. are declined in the third declension, while the fern, is declined in the first declension. 2. The stem is τταντ-, and the nom. masc. is formed by adding 9, as in mute stems. In the fem. nom. sing, -σα is added. Cf. 127, 2. 3. VT- drops before 9 of nom. sing, and -σι of the dat. plur. Cf. 132. 4. The accent in the masc. and neut. sing, is that of monosyllables of the third declension, 108, while in the plur. it is an exception to the rule. 166. EXERCISES. I. I. -rrauTa Bt αύτοΰ iyevero.^ 2. ταΰταττάντα ζΧάΧησβν 6 ^Ιησούς ev τταραβοΧαΐς τοις οχΧοις. 3. /Αβγαλτ;^ σου η 7Γί'στί9• 4• '^^^ iyevero φόβος μβ^ας eVl^ ττάντας. ζ. ττας ό iv αύτω μένων οϋχ άμαρτάνβί.^ 6. μβτα ταύτα ήκουσα φωνην μeyά\ηv ογΧου ΤΓοΧλοΰ. y. βσται yap ΘΧίψις μeyάk7]. 8. ττάντ^ς ύμ€Ϊς υΙοΙ φωτός βστε καΐ νίοϊ ημέρης. g. καΐ τΓολυ ττΧήθος αττο της ΤαΧίΧαίας ήκουΧού- 1 Cf. 43, 10, note. ^ Jn the pred. position, 64. ^ See 167. PERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE AND PASSIVE. 65 θησβν. 10. TO αίμα * Ιησού του υιού αυτού καθα- ρίζβϋ ημάς άττο πάσης αμαρτίας. II. en ττοΧλα έχω ύμίν Xeyeiv. 12. ταύτην την βντοΧην €\αβον τταρα του πατρός μου. 1 3- ούτζ βμβ οϊΒατβ ούτ€ τον πατέρα μου. LESSON ΧΧΙΙΙ. Perfect Indicative Active and Passive. 167. vocabulary. αληθώς, adv., truly. οθίν, adv., whence. άμαρτάνω, sin. ού'τω,^ adv., thus. αναβαίνω, go up. irov, adv., where. άνωθ£ν, ^a-v.,from above. σ-φάζω. kill. διαθήκη, η, covenant. τελίΐόω, fulfil, make per- ίορτή, χ[, feast. feet. 4'ξω, adv. w. gen., without. φίλο?, ο, friend. tiri, prep. w. gen., upon ; ψίύΒομαι, lie. \v. ace, to, on, over. ώ?, conj., as. about. ηλιο5, ό, sun. ψιλ€ω, love. 168. The perf. ind. of λύω is : active. ^. PASSIVE or middle. Sing. 1. \ί-\ν-κΛ, / have loosed, \i-\v-^o.\., I have been loosed ox 2. λί'-λυ-κα? etc. λ€-λυ-0Γαι have freed for 3. λί-λυ-κί λί-λυ-ται myself. Plnr. 1. λί-λν-κα-μίν λ€-λύ-μ€θα 2. λί-λύ-κα-τί λί'-λυ-σ-θί 3- λ€-λν-κα-<Γΐ λί-λυ-νται ^ But oirws before a vowel. F 66 ESSENTIALS OF NEW TESTAMENT GREEK. 169. Observe : i. That the tense suffix in the act. is -κα, with which compare -σα of the aor. 2. That the 5 per. plur. act. has -σι, which shows the endings to be primary. In the sing, the end- ings do not appear as primary, but are the same as in the aor. act. The μι, σι, etc., never occur here. 3. That besides the augment there is the initial consonant of the verb, which extra sylla- ble Xe- is called reduplication. 4. That the perf. pass, has the reduplication and the primary pass, endings, which are added directly to the theme without the intervention of any tense suffix. 170. The following forms will indicate the perfect of a few verbs : νικάω, conquer .... Perf. Act. ν£-ν1κη-κα ΐΓΐ<ΓΤ£νω, believe . . . Perf. Act. •ΐΓ£-•7Γίσ-τ6υ-κα άγαιτάω, /ove Perf. Act. ηγάττη-κα αΐτί'ω, ask for .... Perf. Act. ητη-κα i τ€λ€ΐόω, fulfil Perf. Pass. τ€-τίλ€ΐω-μ.αι γ£ννάω, beget Perf. Pass. γ£-γ€'ννη-μαι It is seen from these examples that a short final vowel is lengthened before -κα or -μαι, as before all tense suffixes, and that a verb begin- ning with a vowel or a diphthong cannot have the reduplication, but the simple augment. For the principles of augment and reduplication, see §77, I, 2, 3, 4. 1 See 36, 2 for this augment. PERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE AND PASSIVE. 6•] 171. The perfect has many peculiarities, whicli need not concern the learner at this stage, and can well be left for larger hand-books or the lexicon. Learn the following perfects of irregular verbs : άκοΰω, //ear 2 Perf. Act. άκ-ήκο-α γινώσκω, know. . . . Perf. Act. «-γνω-κα όράω, see Perf. Act. c -ώρα-κα 172. A few verbs .have a second perfect in -a, not -κα, § 54 ; e.g. ηίνομαι^ become, 2 perf. γε- yov-a ; βρχ^ομαι, come, go, 2 perf. β\-ή\νθ-α. 173. EXERCISES. I. καϊ iv τούτω Ύΐνώσκομβν otl eyvώκaμev αυτόν. 2. οϊ8αμεν otl βγ^ομβν a ^τήκαμεν air αυτού. 3. ταύτα ΧέλάΧηκα υμίν. 4• '^^'^ ό ιτοιων T7JV Βικαιοσύνην βξ αύτοΰ jeyevvyTaL. 5• καΙ^Ίμβΐς 7Γ€7Γΐστ€νκαμ€ν την άγαττί^ν ην έχει ό θεός iv υμΐν. 6. αΰτη he έστιν ή κρίσιν οτι το φως βΧι'ιΧυθβν et? τον κοσμον. /• '''^ ρήματα α εγώ ΧβΧάΧηκα υμΙν ττνβϋμά έστιν καϊ ζωή έστιν. 8. δ βωράκα- μβν καϊ άκηκόαμεν αττα^^έΧΧομβν καϊ ύμΐν. g. έν τοντω η άγαττ?/ του θβοΰ τβτβΧβίωται. ΙΟ. γράφω υμΙν, ττατέρβς, οτι έ^νώκατβ αύτον αττ άργ^ης. II. ev τούτω εστίν ή ά^αττη, ούχ^ οτι ημ€ΐ<ί η^αττήκαμβν τον θβον, αλλ' οτι αύτος η^άττη- σβν ημάς. 12. αύτος yap 6 ττατήρ φιΧβΐ υμάς, 'ότι ύμεΐς βμβ ττβφιΧήκατε καϊ ττεττιστεύκατε οτι. 6S ESSENTIALS OF NEW TESTAMENT GREEK. έ'γώ τταρα του ττατρος βζηΧθον. Ι3• "^βνστην ΊτβτΓοίηκβ αύτον on ου ττβττίστβυκεν et? την μαρτυ- ρίαν ήν μβμαρτύρηκβν 6 θεός Trepl του νιου αυτού. LESSON XXIV. AoRiST Passive Indicative and Subjunctive. 174. VOCABULARY. άναγινώσ-κω, read. ■π-άσ-χα, τό, indecl., Passover. av'piov, adv., to-morrow. Ίτόβίν, adv., wJioice. βλασ-φημί'ω, BLASPHEME. •π-ρωί, adv., early in the viorn^ γίνίά, x[, generation. ing. 8ιδαχή, ή, teaching. σοφ05, ivise. ίγγνδ, adv., near. σ-ταυρόω, cnicify. Ιάομαι, heal. i5iro, prep. w. gen. and ace. κίλίνω, co/nmand. under. λυ•ΐΓ€«, grieve. φωνί'ω, call. 175. The aor. pass. of λύω is — indicative. SUBJUNCTIVE. Sing. I. €-λΰ-θη-ν λυ-θώ 2. €-λύ-θη-5 λυ-θη? 3. €-λν-θη λυ-θη Pllir. I. ί-λύ-θη-μ€ν λυ-θώ-μεν 2. €-λύ-θη-Τ€ λυ-θή-τ£ 3• €-λύ-θη-<Γαν ν,υ-θώ-σι 176. Observe the following : I. The suffix for the aor. pass, is 9e, which is θη in the ind., and contracts with -ω, -rj<;, etc., of the subjv. with the circumflex. See § 5, 8 and § 6, 5. AORIST PASSIVE INDICATIVE AND SUBJUNCTIVE. 69 2. The personal endings in the aor. incl. pass, are the secondary active. So likewise in the subjv. are found not pass., but act. endings. 177. Before -de a short final vowel is length- ened ; e.g. τΓΟίέω, do, βττοιήθην ; φανερόω, make manifest, βφανερώθην. 178. A theme in a mute stem (§ 2) is changed before -θβ; e.g. αγω, lead^ VX^V^> ττ^ίθω, per- suade^ έτΓβίσθην. «1 yy X + ^« = X^e ΤΓ,β,φ + θ€ = φθ€ Τ, 8, θ +θ€= σθε 179. Some deponent verbs (76) have an aor. pass. Such are called passive deponents ; e.g. ττορβύομαι, go, βττορβύθην^ I wejit ; άττοκρίνομαι, reply, άττεκρίθην^ I replied. 180. In some verbs there is found a 2 aor. pass, with the suifi.x e only ; e.g. ηράφω^ write, 2 aor. pass. Ιηράφη, it was written. See 2 aor. pass, of φαίνω, § 58. 181. EXERCISES. I. καΐ η ζωη iv αύτω βφανβρώθη. 2. καϊ αττε- κρίθησαν οΐ μαθηταί αύτον. 3- '^^^ βξβΧθων βτΓορβνθη et? βτερον τόπον. 4• oVt ^'γγύς '^ν ο τοτΓος τή'ζ ττολεως• οττου έσταυρώθη 6 ^Ιησοΰ'ζ. 5- eav he ττορβυθώ ττέμψω αύτον ττρος ύμά<;. 70 ESSENTIALS OF NEW TESTAMENT GREEK. 6. oi'K €ξ αιμάτων ouSe €κ θ6\ηματο<^ σαρκός ούδε €Κ θεΧήματος άνΒρος αλλ' βκ θβού iyevvri- θ'ησαν. "/. βίς {/or) τούτο βφανβρώθη ό υΙος του deov ϊνα Χυστ) τα epja ΒιαβόΧον, 8. οΐΒαμ€ν οτι eav αύτος φανβρωθτ} ομοιοί {like) αύτω έσόμβθα. 9- άττβκρίθη ό ^ϊησοΰ<; καΐ eiirev αντοί<; τουτό βστι το epyov του θβού. ΙΟ. olha iroOev βρχ^ομαι καΐ •πού ύτταγω • ύμ€Ϊς 8e ουκ 0ί8ατ€ ττόθβν βρ^ομαι ij Ίτού ύττάγω. LESSON XXV. Participles. 182. vocabulary. dpviov, τό, la tub. δννατό8, possible, able. ίκλ€κτό5, ο, chosen, elect. cvcKa, prep. w. gen., on account of. ίιταύριον, adv., on the morrow. €ύχαρισ-τ€ω, give thanks, bless. κώμη. η. Village. χωρίβ, adv., as a prep. w. § λογίζομαι, account. μικρός, little. iravTOTc, adv., always. ■π-λανάω, lead astray. irpo', prep. w. gen., be- fore. TiKia, finish. ToiovTos, such. ;n., apart from. 183. The pres. part, of €ΐμί, I am : Sing. Plur. Masc. Fern. Neut. Masc. Fem. Neut. N.V. ων ούσα ον OVT€S ονσ-αι οντά G. OVTOS οΰ'σ-η? OVTOS όντων ούσών όντων D. OVTl οΰση OVTl οϋσ-ι ονα -ais ovcri A. ovTtt ουσ-αν ον ovTas ούσα? οντά PARTICIPLES. 7 1 184. Observe the following : 1. This participle is declined in three genders, sing, and plur. the same as ττά?, 165. 2. The stem οντ- becomes ων- in nom. masc. sing., and οΰσα is for οντσα in nom. fem. sing. The neut. sing, is the mere stem. Cf. 106, 5. 185. Learn the pres. act. part, of \νω, § 43. Note that the pres. part. act. of any verb in -ft) is the present stem of the verb with the pres. part, of €ΐμί. What is the pres. act. part, of ακούω, Jiear, Χβ^ω, say, κρίνω, judgc^ ηινώσκω, know? Participles are accented like adjectives, not with the recessive accent of verbs. 186. Second aorist participles in -ων (160) are declined the same as pres. part, in -ων. 187. The same tense signs are found in the participles as occur in the tenses of the indica- tive. Flit. Aor. Perf. ACTIVE, -σ- -σα- -κ- MIDDLE. -σ- -σα- No sign but the accent on the penult. -U£V05 PASSrV^E. -θ-ψ- -θ€- " " " " " For the changes before tense sufifixes, see 124 and 178. 188. Leafn the aor. act. and pass. part, of Χύω, § 43, and observe the same principles in 72 ESSENTIALS OF NEW TESTAMENT GREEK. the formation of the nom. sing, as in the pres. act. part. In the aor. pass, the form Χυθβίς, which has irregular accent, is for Χυθβντς, 165, 3. e is lengthened to ei. 189. All middle and passive participles, except the aorist passive, have the ending -μ,βνο^. Pres. Flit. Aor. Per/. MIDDLE. \ν-ό-μ€νο<; Χν-σ-ό-μίνο'ζ λν-σά-μενοζ λΐ-λν-μίνος PASSIVE. Same as the middle, except the fut. pass, is λυ-θη- σό-/Λ£νο5. 190. Examine the following : 1. άτΓΟκρίθάς ταύτα άτΓηλθ€ν. a. Having said tJiis 1 b. When he said this \ he went away. c. He said this and J 2. TTOpevo/xevoi Ss ημΐχζ Ικηρνσσομΐν. a. Going moreover "1 b. As we adva?tced \ we preached. c. While we advanced) 3. ίδών δέ ταύτα ίθανμαζζν. a. Seeing this (these) "1 b. When he saw this \ he marvelled. c. Because lie saw this J 191. Observe in these sentences : I. The participle agrees in number and case with the subject of the verb. AORIST PASSIVE INDICATIVE AND SUBJUNCTIVE. 73 2. While the participle may be rendered into English by a participle (Ex. i a, 2 a, and 3 a), it more naturally takes the form of a dependent clause denoting time or cause. 3. 'The tense of the participle is relative to the tense of the principal verb. 192. Examine the following : 1 . Tot? ακονονσι, to those who hear. 2. Trept Toi γινώσκοντο5, concerning him luho knows. 3. τον γενντ/σαντα, him who has begotten. 4. ο ■γί•γίννημΙνο<;, he who is begotten. 193. Observe that the article luith the partici- ple may occur in any case, and is equivalent to a relative clause in English. The participle is a most common form of verbal expres- sion in Greek, and to understand a few of its many uses is an essential to even a meagre knowledge of the language. Some of the most ordinary uses have been here explained ; and if these models are thoroughly mastered, little diffi- culty need confront the learner in the narrative passages of the New Testament. 194. EXERCISES. I. ό μισών τον άδεΧφον αυτοί) ουκ eyei την αλήθβιαν. 2. ΤΓορβυόμβνοί δε κηρύσσετε XeyovTe^ ΟΤΙ iiyyiKev^ η βασίΧβία των ουρανών. 3• '^<^ί' άτΓΟκριθέντες αύτω elrrov Ουκ οϊΒαμβν. 4• ττοιω ΤΟ θέλημα του ττέμψαντύς μβ. 5• f^^^^ €\θόντ€<ϊ ^ ^ΊΊ^ί^ι near. 74 ESSENTIALS OF NEW TESTAMENT GREEK. et9 την οΐκίαν elhov το τταιΒίον μετά Μαρ/ας της μητρός αΰτον. 6. ό μβνων iv €μοΙ και εγώ iv αντω ούτος βχ^ει γαραν ττοΧΚην. /• ό ττέμψας μ€ δίκαιος βστιν. 8. άκουσας δε ό ^Ιησούς βθανμα- aev και βίττεν τοις άκοΧυνθονσιν,^ άμην λέγω ΰμίν. 9• ταύτα eypayjra νμΐν irepl των ττΧανών- των'^ ύμας. ΙΟ. ταύτα αυτού ΧαΧούντος^ ττολλοί ετΓίστευσαν. II. ττάς 6 τνιστβύων ότι Ιησούς εστίν 6 άριστος έκ τού θεού γεγεί'ΐ'τ/ταί, καΐ ττάς ο αγαττων τον Ύβννήσαντα αγαττα ■* τον '^ε'-^βννη- μένον βξ αντοΰ. LESSON XXVI. Interrogative and Indefinite Pronouns. 195. vocabulary. αγορά, η, i7iarket-place. μαρτυρία, η, witness. άγρ05. 6, field. oivos, ο, wine. διακονί'ω, minister. οϋκί'τι, adv., not yet., no longer. 8ιάκονο8, ό, minister, DEA- όταν, conj. w. subj., when. COX. iroTi, adv., once., ever. θ€ρο•π•€ΰω, heal. ιτρόβατον, τό, sheep. θηρίον. τό, wild beast. τότ€, adv., tJien. μάλλον, adv., 7)iore, rather. ταχ€ω5, adv., quickly. φίύγω, yfi?,?, escape. ^ For the contraction eou, see § 8. » 2 For ω instead of oo, see § 5, I. ^ A participle may be used in the genitive to agree with a noun, pronoun, or adjective. This construction has no gram- inaiical connection with the rest of the sentence, and is called genitive absolute. A conjunction, as w/iile, wheii, because, must be used in translating such phrases into English. 4 See §8, I. INTERROGATIVE AND INDEFINITE PRONOUNS. 75 196. Learn the declension of the interroga- tive pronoun τις, w /ίο? and τι, wJiatf and the indefinite pronoun τις, some one, and τ\, some- thing, § 41. Observe the following : 1. Both the interrogative and indefinite pro- nouns are declined alike. 2. The interrogative pronoun has the acute on X}cvQ, first syllable, while the indefinite has the grave on the last syllable, or, in other words, has no accent of its own, and is therefore an enclitic. 197. Examine the following : 1 . συ Tt9 ei ; ivho art thou ? 2. τις ί'στιν ο άνθρωπος ; wJio is tJie mail ? 3 . TLva ζ-ητίίτί ; ivhom do you seek ? 4. γιΐ'ώσ/<ετ£ τι τηποίηκα, ye know wJiat I Jiave done. Note that the interrogative τ/? is used in both direct (i, 2, 3) and indirect (4) questions. 198. Examine the following : 1 . €011' μΐ] Tt? γεννηθβ άνωθεν, unless one sJmll be born frojn abo7iz of a sentence. PRONOUNS: REFLEXIVE, RECIPROCAL. 8 1 213. Examine the following : 1. eyw μχιρτνρω περί ΐμαντον, I bear luiiness concerning tnyself. 2. €γώ δο^ά^ω ίμαντόν, /glorify myself. 3. απ i^avTov ου λαλώ, I speak not of myself. 4. τΊ λέγει? ττερι σεαυτοΰ, what sayest thoit concerning thyself. 5. δοξάσει αυτόν εν εαυτω, he will glorify Him in himself. 6. avToi εν εαυτοΓ? στενά^ο/χεν, we ourselves groan within ourselves. In all these examples the pronoun refers back to the subject of the sentence, hence the term reflexive. Note that the 3 per. pron. βαυτοΐς may refer (as in Ex. 6) to other than the 3 per. 214. The reciprocal pronoun άΧληΧων, of one another, is found in dat. άλληΧοις, and ace. άλλ?;- Χους. μοσοΰσιν άΧΧιίΧονς, they hate one another. 215. EXERCISES. I. TLva aeavrov iroieh ; 2. αύτος δε Ιησούς ουκ βΤΓίστβυσβν αυτόν αύτοΐς. 3• Ο'' μαθηταί σου τΓΟίοΰσί ο ουκ βξβστιν ττοιβΐν ev σαββάτω. 4- ωστβ μαρτυρβΐτβ ίαυτοΐς οτί υιοί eVre των φονευσάντων^ τους ττροφήτας. 5• '^'^' ^μαντον ουκ έΧηΧυθα. 6. ό yap ττατηρ e^et ζωην ev 1 φονεύω, slay. 82 ESSENTIALS OF NEW TESTAMENT GREEK. εαυτω. /■ ^^^ βϊττωμβν ότί άμαρτίαν ουκ εχ^ομεν, εαυτούς ττΧανώμεν καΐ ή άΧήθεια ουκ εστίν εν ημΐν. 8. ελτΓί? δε βΧεττομενη ουκ εστίν ελττίς, ο yap βΧεττει τις εΧττίζει, ; g. αμήν άμην Xeym σοι, εάν μή τις 'γεννηθτ] άνωθεν, ου Βνναται ΙΒεΐν την βασίΧείαν του θεού, το ^ε^εννημενον εκ της σαρκός σαρξ εστίν, καΐ το ^ε^εννημενον εκ του Ίτνεύματος ττνεΰμά εστίν. LESSON XXIX. Imperative Mood. 216. vocabulary. άίΓοκαλύ-ΐΓτω, reveal. καλώ?, adv., well. βασ-τάζω, toiicJi, bear. κλαίω, weep. γαμί'ω, marry. μ€τανοίω, repent. γνωσ -TOs, known. ϊτλήν, conj., and as a prep. w. δύο, two. gen., except. «Is, one. σήμ€ρον, adv., to-day. ίλάχισ -Tos, least. τέσ-σ-αρίβ, four. καθάτΓίρ, even as. Tpets, three. κακώ5, adv., ill, badly. ύ'ο-τίρον, adv., afterward. 217. The pres. imp. of Χΰω is : active. middle and passive. λύ-ου λυ-€-(Γθω λύ-ί-σθί λυ-ί'-σθων or λυ-ί-σθωταν Sing. 2. λΰ-ί 3• λυ-€-τω Plur. 2. λύ-£-Τί 3• λυ-ό-ντων or λυ-ί-τωσαν IMPERATIVE MOOD. 83 218. The endings of the imp. are : ACTIVE. MIDDLE and PASSIVE. Sing. Pliir. Si/ig. Pliir. 2. θι Τ£ 2. <ΓΟ σθί 3• τω ντων or τωσαν 3• σθω σθων or (τθωσαν α. θί of the act. is regularly dropped in verbs like λυω. i>. λνον is for λύ-ε-σο. 219. Examine the following : άκονετω, let Jiiin hear. μη θανμάζίτΐ, marvel not. Rule : TJie imperative is used to express a command. The negative is μη. 220. Learn the aor. imp. act., mid., and pass. of λυω, § 56, and the 2 aor. act, and mid. of λεί,'ττω, § 57. a. ov in the aor. act. is an irregular ending. b. θί in aor. pass, becomes tl to avoid a combination of rough 1 mutes. 221. ουδβ/ς, no one (ovBe, nor + eh, one), is declined as follows : ούδΐίς οΰδ(μ.(α ούδί'ν ovSevos οϋδ€μιά8 οϋδίνόδ οΰδ€νί οΰδίμιά oΰδevC οΰδένα οΰδεμίαν ονδ€ν Cf. eh, § 39. 1 See § 2. 84 ESSENTIALS OF NEW TESTAMENT GREEK. 222. EXERCISES. I. Xeyet αντω ΦίΧίτττΓος ^ρχον καί 'ihe. 2. μβτανοεΐτβ καΐ τηστβύβτβ ev τω βύαγγεΧίω. 3- ητορβνθητί ττρος τον \αόν. 4• καΧως Troieire τοις μίσοϋσιν υμάς. 5• ό δε Ίησονς βίττεν αύτω τί^ μ€ λεγβί? ayaOov ; ouBeU άβαθος ec ^ μη eh 6 θβός. 6. 0( 8e ττάλιν [again) 'έκραξαν Σταύρωσαν αντΰν. y. ό e -χων ώτα^ άκούβιν άκουβτω. 8. ό θβυς φως εστί καΐ σκοτία ουκ 'έστιν ev αύτω ούΒεμία^ 9• ^Vt ΤΓολλά €χ^ω υμίν Xeyeiv, άλλ' ου δύνασθε βαστάζειν. ΙΟ. πάντα 8ί' αυτού eyeveTO, καΙ χωρίς αύτοΰ eyeveTO ovSe ev. II. μη κρίνετε Ίνα μη κρίθΡ]τε. 12. 6 τΓίστος εν εΧαχίστω καΐ εν ττοΧΧω ττιστός εστίν, καΐ ο εν εΧαχιστω άδικος καΐ εν ττοΧΧω άδίκός εστίν. Ι3• μν θαυμάζετε, άδεΧφοί, ει μισεί υμάς 6 κόσμος. LESSON XXX. Adjectives in -ov and -εσ. — Comparison. 223. VOCABULARY. αληθή?, u'ue. γάμος, ο, marr/ag'e, polyGAUY. όσ-θίνήδ, weak, sick. δεσ-μός, ο, chain, bond. άφρων, foolish . διώκω, persecute, pursue. ^ The neuter τί often has the sense of why. ^ If. ^ See irregular nouns, § 34, * See § 142. COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. ^5 μονογίνήδ, only begotten. b\Lyos, /eia, θΐ.ιοα?χ/ιγ. ΐΓ£ρισ-σ09, abiiiidiUlt. ιτλήρη5, full. ΐΓρο<Γ€υ\ή, η, prayer. (Γκανδαλίζω, cause to stum- ble, SCANDALIZE. τρί'χω, run. νγιή9, whole, healthy, hy- giene. υψισ -TOS, highest. 224. Learn the declension of αληθής, true (§ 35), with which compare ηένο<ί (§ 30). Ob- serve that there are but two endings — the masc. and fern, being alike. a. -ets of the ace. plur. is irregular. See § 35 for the declension of άφρων. 225. Examine the following adjectives : Positive. Comparative. Superlative. I. Ισχυρό?, Ισχυρό -Tepos, (Ισχυρό-τατοδ), strong. strong-er. strong-est. 2. άσ-θίνήδ, άσθ€νί'σ-τ€ρο8, (άσθίνί'σ-τατοβ), iveak. weak-er. weak-est. 3• σοφό?, σοφώ -Tepos, (σοφώ-τατοβ), wise. wisc-r. wisest. 4• V€OS, ν€ώ-Τ£ρ05, (vcU-TttTOs), young. young-er. young-est. Observe: i. That in all these examples some- thing is added to make the degrees. -repo αντω. 94 ESSENTIALS OF NEW TESTAMENT GREEK. [ll. 14 νβνίκηκατε τον ττονηρόν. άγραφα νμΐν, τταιδια, otl έγνώκατ€ tou πάτερα- eypaxpa νμίν, 7τατέρ€<ζ, otl εγνώκατβ τον απ άρ-χ^ης• eypaxjja νμιν, νεανίσκοι, otl Ισχυροί ecrre /cat ό λόγο'ζ \_Tov θεον^ εν νμΐν μένει καΐ 15 νενικηκατε τον πονηρόν. Μτ) αγαπάτε τον κόσμον μηΒε τα εν τω κόσμω. εάν τις ayaTTo, τον κόσμον, ουκ εστίν η ά'χαπτ^ του ι6 πατρός εν αντω• otl παν το εν τω κόσμω, η επιθυμία τη<ς σαρκός καΐ -η eVt^f/xta των οφθαλμών και rj άλαζονία του βίου, ουκ έστιν εκ του πατρός, αλλά εκ του κόσμου 17 εστίν και ό κόσμος παράγεται καΐ η επι- θυμία [αύτου], 6 δε ποιών το θέλημα του θεού μένει εις τον αΙώνα. ι8 Παιδία, εσχάτη ώρα εστίν, καΐ καθώς ήκούσατε ότι αντίχριστος έρχεται, καΐ νυν αντίχριστοι πολλοί γεγόνασιν όθεν γινώ- 19 σκομεν ότι εσχάτη ώρα εστίν. έζ ημών έζηλθαν, αλλ' ουκ ήσαν εζ ημών εΐ γαρ έζ ημών ήσαν, μεμενηκεισαν αν μεθ^ ημών αλλ' iVa φανερωθώσιν ότι ουκ εισίν πάντες 2ο εζ ημών. καΐ ύμεΐς χρίσμα έχετε άπο του 21 άγιου' οΓδατ€ πάντες — ^ ουκ έγραφα ύμϊν 1 καΐ οΊ'δατ€ πάντα. π.] SELECTIONS FOR TRANSLATION. 95 OTL ουκ οιδατε την άληθζίαν, αλλ' on ο'ίΒατβ avTTJu, καΐ otl τταν ι/ζευδος ίκ της άληθβίας ουκ eaTiv. Tts ίστιν ο χΐιβνστης ei μη 22 ο αρνονμβνο<; otl Ιησούς ουκ ^στιν 6 χρι- στός ; ούτος έστίν 6 αντίχριστος, 6 αρνού- μενος τον πατ€ρα καΐ τον νΐόν. ττας 6 23 αρνούμενος τον νΐον ovSe τον πάτερα βχει• ο ομολόγων τον νΐον καΐ τον πάτερα evet. Ύμεΐς ο ηκούσατε απ' άρχης, εν νμΐν με- 24 νέτω• εαν εν νμΐν μείνη ο απ άρχης ηκού- σατε, καί νμεις εν τω νΐω καΐ [eV] τω πατρί μενεΐτβ. καΐ αντη εστίν η επαγγε- 25 λια ην α ντο 9 επηγγείλατο ημΐν, την ζωην την αΐώνιον. Ταύτα έγραφα νμΐν περί 26 των πλανώντων νμας. καΐ νμεις το χρίσμα 27 ο ελάβετε απ' αντον μένει εν νμΐν, και ου χρείαν έχετε Ινα τις ΒιΒάσκη υμάς- αλλ' ώς το αντον χρίσμα 8ί^άσκει νμας περί πάντων, και αληθές εστίν καΐ ονκ εστίν ψευδός/ και καθώς ε^ί^αζεν νμας, μένετε εν αντω. Και ννν, τεκνία, μένετε εν αντω, 28 ίνα εαν φανερωθη σχωμεν παρρησίαν και μη αίσχννθωμεν απ' αντον εν τη παρονσία αντον. εαν εΐοητε ότι δίκαιος εστίν, γινώ- 29 1 ύμάί, άλλα το . . . ψβΰδοί • g6 ESSENTIALS OF NEW TESTAMENT GREEK. [ill. σκέτε otl^ πας 6 ττοιων την ^ίκαιοσννην έζ αντον γεγεννηταυ. Ι *ΐδετ€ ττοταπην άγάπην οε^ωκεν η/χΐν 6 ττατηρ ϊνα τέκνα θεού κληθώμεν, και εσμεν. δια τούτο 6 κόσμος ον γινώσκεί ημάς οτι 2 ονκ εγνω αυτόν. 'Αγαπητοί, νυν τέκνα θεού εσμεν, κα\ ονπω εφανερώθη τί. εσόμεθα. οΐ^αμεν otl εαν φανερωθη όμοιοι αντω εσο- 3 μέθα, ότι όχ^όμεθα αντον καθώς εστίν, και πας 6 ε\ων την βλτηδα ταύτην επ' αντω άγνίζει εαντόν καθώς εκείνος αγνός εστίν. 4 Πας 6 ποιών την αμαρτίαν και την ανομιαν 5 ποιεί, και η αμαρτία εστίν η ανομία, και οΐόατε ότι εκείνος εφανερώθη ϊνα τας αμαρ- τίας αρη, καΐ αμαρτία εν αντω ονκ εστίν. 6 πας 6 εν αντω μένων ονχ^ άμαρτανει• πας 6 αμαρτάνων ονχ εώρακεν αντον ούδε εγνω- 7 κεν αντόν. Ύεκνία, μηοείς πΧανατω νμας • ό ποιων την ^ικαιοσύι^ην δίκαιος εστίν, 8 καθώς εκείνος δίκαιος εστίν 6 ποιών την αμαρτίαν εκ τον διαβόλου εστίν, οτι απ αρχής 6 8ιάβο\ος άμαρτανει. εις τοντο εφανερώθη 6 νΙος τον θεον ινα Χνση τα 9 έργα τον ^ιαβόλον. Ώας ό γεγεννη- 1 καΐ. III.] SELECTIONS FOR TRANSLATION. 97 μένο^ €κ τον θεον αμαρτίαν ου TTOtet, ort σπέρμα αυτοί) εν αύτω μένει^ καΐ ου Swa- ταί αμαρτάνειν, οτι €κ τον θβον yeyevvy]TaL. ev τούτω φανερά εστίν τά τέκνα του θεού ίο και τά τέκνα του 8ίαβόλου • ττά<ς 6 μη ττοιων ζίκαιοσννην ονκ έστιν εκ τον θεον, καΐ ό μη άγαττων τον ά^ελφον αντον. οτι 1 1 αντη εστίν η αγγελία ην ηκονσατε απ' άρ-χΎΪς, Ινα άγαττωμεν άλΧηλους • ου καθώς ιζ ΚαΙν εκ του πονηρού ην καΐ έσφα^εν τον ά^εΧφον αυτού • καΐ γάριν τίνος έσφαζεν αυτόν; ότι τά έργα αύτου πονηρά ην, τά δε του αδελφού αύτοΰ δίκαια. Μη θαυμάζετε, αδελφοί, εΐ μισεί υμάς 6 13 κόσμος. ημεΐς ο'ίΒαμεν οτι μεταβεβηκα- 14 μεν εκ του θανάτου εΙς την ζωην, οτι άγα- πωμεν τους αδελφούς' 6 μη αγαπών μένει εν τω θανάτω. πάς 6 μισών τον ά^ελφον ΐζ αύτου άνθ ρωποκτόνος εστίν, και otSare ότι πάς άνθρωποκτόνος ούκ έγει ζωην αΐώνιον εν αύτω μένουσαν. Έν τούτω εγνώκα- ι6 μεν την άγάπην, ότι εκείνος ύπερ ημών την \ΡυχΎ)ν αύτου έθηκεν • κα\ ημείς οφείλομεν ύπερ τών ά8εΧφών τάς φυχ^άς ^eu-at. ος ιη δ' αν έ)(Ύ) τον βίον του κόσμου και θεωρη Η 98 ESSENTIALS OF NEW TESTAMENT GREEK, [ill., IV. Tou άοεΧφορ αυτού γ^ρύαν άγοντα καί κΧειστ) τα σπλάγχνα αυτού ιχττ' αύτου, πώς Ύ) αγάπη του θεού μένει iu αύτω ; 1 8 TeKuia, μη άγαπωμεν λόγω μη^ε τη γλώ(τση άλλα εν ^ργψ καΐ άληθεία. 19 Ει/ τούτω γνωσόμεθα otl εκ της αληθείας εσμέν, κα\ έμπροσθεν αυτού πείσομεν την 2ο καρ^ίαν ημών ότι εάν καταγινώσκη ημών η καρδία, ότι μείζων εστίν 6 θεός της 21 καρδίας ημών και γινώσκει πάντα. ^Αγα- πητοί, εάν η Kaphia μη καταγινώσκη, παρ- 22 ρησίαν εχομεν προς• τον θεόν, και ο αν αιτωμεν λαμβάνομεν άπ αυτού, ότι τάς εντοΧάς αυτού τηρουμεν καΐ τα αρεστά 23 ενώπιον αυτού ποιούμεν. καί αύτη εστίν η εντολή αυτού, ίνα πιστεύσωμεν^ τω ονό- ματι τού νιου αυτού Ιησού Χ,ριστού και άγαπώμεν άλληλου;, καθώς εΒωκεν εντολην 24 ημΐν. και ο τηρώ^ τ ας εντολας αυτού εν αύτω μένει και αύτος εν αύτω • καΐ εν τούτω γινώσκομεν οτι μένει εν ημΙν, εκ τού πνεύματος ου ημϊν εΒωκεν. ι "Αγαπητοί, μη παντι πνεύματι πιστεύετε, αλλά δοκιμάζετε τά πνεύματα ει εκ τού ^ τΓίστΐύωμΐν. IV.] SELECTIONS FOR TRANSLATION. 99 Oeov ecrrtV, otl πολλοί χΡβυΒοιτροφηταί i^e- λ-ηλνθασιν εις τον κ6(τμον, Έ^ν τοντω ζ γίνώσκ€τ6 το πΐ'βνμα τον θεον' τταν πρενμα ο ομολογεί Ιησονν άριστον iu σαρκί έλη- λνθότα^ έκ τοΐ) θεού εστίν, καΐ παν πνεύμα 3 δ μη ομολογεί' τον Ιησουν εκ τον θεον ονκ εστίν καΧ τοντό εστίν το τον άντι- 'χ^ρίστον, ο άκηκόατε ότι ερχ^εται, καΐ ννν εν τω κόσμω εστίν η^η. Ύμεις εκ 4 τον θεον εστε, τεκνία, και νενικηκατε αυ- τού?, ΟΤΙ μείζων εστίν 6 εν νμΐν η 6 εν τω κόσμω' αντοί εκ τον κόσμον εισίν οια 5 τοντο εκ τον κόσμον λαλονσιν και 6 κόσμος αντων ακούει. * ημείς εκ τον θεον εσμεν 6 ο γινώσκων τον θεον άκονει ημών, ος ονκ εστίν εκ τον θεον ονκ άκονει ημών. εκ τούτον γινωσκομεν το πνεύμα της αλη- θείας καΐ το πνεύμα της πλάνης. Αγαπητοί, άγαπωμεν άλληλονς, οτι η η αγάπη εκ τον θεον εστίν, καΧ πάς ό άγαπώζ^ εκ τον θεον γεγεννηται και γινώσκει τον θεόν. 6 μη ayaTroji' ονκ εγνω τον θεόν, 8 ότι 6 θεός αγάπη εστίν, εν τούτω έφανε- g ρώθη η αγάπη τον θεον εν ημΖν, οτι τον 1 ίληλυθβναι. ' " Xvei. lOO ESSENTIALS OF NEW TESTAMENT GREEK. [iV. vlov avTov rov μονογενή άπβσταΧκεν 6 θεός εΙς τον κόσμον ίνα ζησωμεν δι' αντον. ΙΟ εν τοντω εστίν η αγάπη, ούχ^ otl ημείς ηγα- πηκαμεν τον θεόν, αλλ' otl αυτός ηγάπησεν ημάς καΐ απεστειΚεν τον νΐον αυτού Ιλασμον 11 περί των αμαρτιών ημών. Αγαπητοί, εΐ οΰτως ο θεός ηγάπησεν ημάς, καΐ ημείς 12 οφείλομεν αλλήλους αγατται^. θεον ουδείς πώποτε τεθεαται • εάν άγαπώμεν αλλήλους, 6 θεός εν ημΐν μέ'^ει καΐ η αγάπη αυτού 13 τετελειωμενη εν ημΖν εστίν, εν τούτω γινώ- σκομεν otl εν αύτω μενομεν καΐ αύτος iv ημΐν, OTL εκ του πνεύματος αύτοΰ ^εΒωκεν 14 ημΐν. Και ημείς τεθεάμεθ'α καΐ μαρτυρού- μεν ΟΤΙ 6 πατήρ απεσταλκεν τον νΐον σω- 15 τήρα τοΰ κόσμου, ος εάν ομολογηση otl 'Ιησούς [Χριστός] εστίν 6 υίος του θεού, ο θεός εν αύτω μένει κα\ αύτος εν τω θεω. ι6 ΚαΙ ημείς εγνώκαμεν καί πεπιστεύκαμεν την άγάπην ην έχει 6 θεός εν ημΐν. Ο θεός αγάπη εστίν, καΐ 6 μένων εν τη αγα7ΓΤ7 εν τω θεω μει-'ει καΐ 6 θεός εν αύτω [/xeVet]. 17 'El•* τούτω τετελείωται η αγάπη μεθ' ημών, ινα παρρησίαν εγωμεν εν τη ήμερα της κρίσεως, otl καθώς εκείνος εστίν και ημεΐς IV., v.] SELECTIONS FOR TR.4NSL.VnON. ΙΟΙ ecr/xev iu τω κόσμω τούτω, φόβος ουκ ι8• €στιν Ιν TTj ayanrj, αλλ' -η τέλεια αγάπη βζω βάλλβί τον φόβον, ΟΤΙ 6 φόβος κόλα- (TLU e^et, 6 oe φοβούμενος ου τετελειωται kv rfi οίγάπΎ). Άμβΐς αγαπωμερ, οτι αυτός 19' πρώτος ηγάπΎ}(Τ€ν ημάς. εάν τις ειπη οτι ao Αγαπώ τον θεόν, καΐ τον οίΒελφον αυτοΰ μίση, φεύστης εστίν • 6 yap μη αγαττώι^ τον άΒελφον αύτοΰ ον εώρακεν, τον θεον ον ου^ εώρακεν ου δύναται αγαπαι^. κα\ ταυ- 2ΐ την την εντοΚην εγομεν απ' αντον, Ινα 6 αγαπώι/ τον θεον άγαττα καΐ τον άΒελφον αυτού. Πας ο πιστεύων οτι Ίησοΰς εστίν 6 ι "χ^ριστος εκ του θεού γεγεννηται, καΐ πας 6 αγαττώι^ τον γεννησαντα άγαπα τόι^ γεγεννημενον εζ αυτού, εν τούτω γινώ- ζ σκομεν ο'τι άγαπωμεν τα τέκνα του θεοΰ, όταν τον θεον άγαπώμεν καΐ τάς εντοΧάς αύτου ποιωμεν αύτη yap εστίν η αγάπη 3 του θεού ϊνα τάς εντολάς αυτού τηρωμεν, και αί ει^τολαι αυτού βαρεϊαι ουκ είσίν, ότι πάν ΤΌ γεγεννημενον εκ τού θεού νικά 4 τον κόσμον. καΐ αύτη εστίν η νίκη η νικησασα τον κόσμον, η πίστις ημών τίς $ I02 ESSENTIALS OP NEW TESTAMENT GREEK. [v. ecTTLu [oe] ό νικών τον κόίτμον el μη 6 πιστενων otl Ίησονς εστίν 6 νΙος του 6 0€ov ; Οντός Ιστιν 6 Ιλθων δι' ύδατος και αίματος, Ίησονς Χριστός- ουκ iv τω υδατι μόνον^ αλλ' ev τω νδαη καΐ iv τω αιματί' και το ττνβνμά εστίν το μαρτυρούν 7 OTL το Ίτνευμά εστίν -η αλήθεια, οτι τρεις 8 εισιν ot μαρτυρουντες, το πνεύμα και το ν^ωρ καΐ το αί^α, και ot τρεΐς εΙς το ε^ 9 eicrti'. et την μαρτνρίαν των ανθρώπων Χαμβάνομεν, η μαρτυρία του θεού μείζων εστίν, OTL αύτη εστίν η μαρτυρία του θεού ΙΟ OTL μεμαρτύρηκεν περί του υΙου αυτού. 6 πιστεύων εΙς τον υΐον του θεού εχ^ευ την μαρτυριαν εν αυτω'• ο μη τηστεύων τω θεω^ \\)εύστην πεποίηκεν αυτόν, otl ου ττεπί- στενκεν εις την μαρτυρίαν ην μεμαρτύρη- 11 κεν 6 θεός περί του υιού αυτοΰ. καΐ αυτή εστίν η μαρτυρία, οτι ζωην αιώνιον ε3ωκεν ο θεός ημΐν, καΐ αυτή η ζωη εν τω υ'ιω 12 αυτού εστίν, ο εχ^ων τον υιον e^et την ζωην ο μη εγων τον υιον του θεού την 13 ζωην ουκ εγει. Ύαυτα εγρα^^α υμϊν ίνα εΐ^ητε οτι ζωην εχ^ετε αΐώ.'ΐον, τοις ^ μόνφ. 2 αύτφ | t . . . t v.] SELECTIONS FOR TRANSLATION. I 03 τηστενουσιν εις το όνομα τον νΐον του θεον. καΐ αντη ίστΧν τι παρρησία ην e^o- 14 μεν προς αυτόν, ότι iav tl αΐτώμεθα κατά το θέλημα αυτοί) ακούει ημών. καΐ εάν ι^ οιοαμεν ότι ακούει ημών ο εάν αΐτώμεθα, οΐ^αμεν ότι εγομεν τά αιτήματα α ητηκα- μεν απ αύτου. ^Άάν τις ihy τον άΒελφον ι6 αύτου αμαρτάνοντα άμαρτίαν μη προς θά- νατον, αιτήσει, καΐ ζώσει αύτω ζωήν, τοις αμαρτανουσιν μη προς θάνατον. εστίν αμαρτία προς θάνατον • ου περί εκείνης λέγω ινά ερώτηση. πάσα αδικία αμαρτία ly εστίν, και εστίν αμαρτία ου προς θάνατον, οιοαμεν ότι πάς 6 γεγεί'νημενος εκ του ι8 θεού ου γ άμαρτάνει, αλλ' ό γεννηθείς εκ του θεού τηρεί αυτόν, και ό πονηρός ούγ άπτεται αύτου. οϊ8αμεν ότι εκ του θεού ig εσμεν, και ο κόσμος όλος εν τω πονηρω κείται, οιοαμεν 8e ότι 6 υΙός του θεού 2ο ηκει, και ζεΒωκεν ημΐν Siavoiav ίνα γινώ- σκομεν τον άληθινόν καί εσμεν εν τω άληθινω, εν τω υΐω αυτού Ιησού Χριστώ, ούτος εστίν 6 αληθινός θεός και ζωη αιώ- νιος. Ύεκνία, φυλάγατε εαυτά άπο των ζι ειδώλων. 104 ESSENTIALS OF NEW TESTAMENT GREEK, Mat. 5 :3-i2. 3 Μακάριοι ol τττωχοί τω πνβνματν, on αύτων έστΙν Ύ) /3ασιλ€ΐα των ουρανών. 4 μακάριοι οΐ ir€v6oiivT€C, ort αντοί τταρακλη- θήοονται. 5 μακάριου οι TrpaciC, ort αντοΙ κληρονομήοουοι την "γήν. 6 μακάριοι οι πεινώντες και οιφώντες ττην 8ικαιοσ-ννην, οτι αυτοί ^ορτασθησον- ται. 7 μακάριοι οι βλεημονες, οτι αύτοι έλεηθη- σονται. 8 μακάριοι οΐ καθαροί τη καρδία, οτι αύτοι τον θίον oifjovTai. 9 μακάριοι οι βίρηνοποιοί, οτι [αύτοι] υίοι θεού κΧηθήσονται. ΙΟ μακάριοι οι ^ε^ιωγμενοι ένεκεν οικαιοσύ- νης, οτι αυτών εστίν η βασ-ιΚε'ια τών ουρανών. 11 μακάριοι εστε όταν 6ν6ΐδίσωσ-ιι^ ύμά'; και διώ^ωσιΐ' κα\ εΐπωσιν πάν πονηρον καθ* 12 υμών φευ^όμενοι ένεκεν εμού• χαίρετε και άγαλλιά(τθε, οτι 6 μίσχος υμών πολύς εν τοϊς ούρανοϊς• ούτως γαρ έοίω- ^αν τους προφτ^τας τους προ υμών. selections for translation. • io5 Mat. 6:9-15. Ούτω? ovv προσενγ^σθς. u/xet? 9 Ylarep ■ημών 6 iv τοις ovpavols' Άγιασθητω το ονομά σον έλθάτω Tj βασιΚζία σον, ίο γβνηθητω το θβλημά σον, ώς iv ονραρω καΐ inl γηζ' Tou αρτον -ημών τον ίπιονσιον ιι δο? -ημίν σήμερον /cat αφε<ζ ημΐν τά οφζίΚ.'ήματα "ημών, ΐ2 ct>s και ημβΐς άφηκαμεν τοις οφείλεται? 'ημών και μτ) βίσβνεγκτης ημάς ζΐς ττβιρασμόν, 13 αλλά ρνσαι ημάς από τον ττονηρον. *Κάν γαρ άφητβ τοις ανθρώπους τά τταρα- 14 πτώματα αντών, άφησευ και νμίν 6 πατήρ νμών 6 ονράνιος' lav oe μη άφητ€ τοϊς 15 άνθρώποις [τά παραπτώματα αύτωΐ'], ούδε ο πατήρ νμών αφήσει τά παραπτώματα, νμών. Luke: Chapter 15. Ήσαν δε αύτω εγγίζοντες πάντες οι ι τελώναι και οΐ αμαρτωλοί άκονειν αντον. καΧ δί.εγόγγυζοι/ οι τε ΦαρισαΓοι και οι ζ I06 ESSENTIALS OF NEW TESTAMENT GREEK. [XV. γραμματ€ΐ<ζ λεγοντβς on Ούτος αμαρτω- λούς προσΒβχ^εται και avueaOUL αντοΐς. 3 eirreu δε προς αντονς tyju παραβολην ταύ- 4 την λέγων Τις άνθρωπος Ιζ νμων έχων έκατον πρόβατα καΐ άπολ€(τας e£ αντων tv ον καταλείπει τα ένενήκοντα εννέα εν τ-η ερημω καΐ πορεύεται επΙ το άπολωλος έως 5 ευρΎ) αυτό: και εύρων επίτίθησιν επΙ τον^ 6 ώμους avrov γαίρω^', καΐ έλθών εΙς τον οίκον (τυνκαλεΐ τους φίλους και τους γείτονας, λέγων αντοΐς "ϊ,ννχ^άρητε μοι οτι εϋρον το 7 πρόβατυν μου το άπολωλός. λέγω ύμΐν ΟΤΙ όντως χαρά εν τω ονρανω έσται επΙ ενι αμαρτωΧω μετανοουντι -η επΙ ένενή- κοντα εννέα δίκαιοι? οϊτινες ον χρείαν 8 έγουσιν μετανοίας. Η τίς γννη ^ραχμας έγονσα Βέκα, εαν άπολέσΎ) ^ραχμην μίαν, ούγι απτει λνχνον καΐ σαροΐ την οικίαν 9 και ζητεί επιμελώς έως ον ενρη ; και ενροντα συνκαλει τας φίλας και γείτονας λέγονσ-α %ννχάρητέ μοι οτι ενρον την ΙΟ οραχμην ην άττώλείτα. όντως, λέγω νμίν, γίνεται χαρά ενώπιον των αγγέλων τον θεον 11 επι ενι αμαρτωλω μετανοονντι. Εΐττε'^ 12 δε Ανθρωπος τις ειχεν ονο νιους, και είπεν XV.] , SELECTIONS FOR TRANSLATION. IO7 6 vecOT€po'ε'- ^tTO, γίνομαι. 15. τΓορευ^εί?, 179 and 190. ΙκοΧΚηΘη, lit. ίο be glued, fastened ; found in the pass, only in the New Testament, and with the reflexive sense Join one''s self to. 16. επε^υ/χει, ειτιθυμε'ω. ων, see note on i Jn. 3:24. ή'σθιον, observe the nice use of the imperf. 17. £ts . . . ελ^ών, just as in English, άρτων, § 149. λιμω, § 157. άττόλλνμαί, the action is going on. 18. άναστας, see 2 aor. system of ϊστημι, § 63. ερώ, a fut. with no pres. ; see under ψημί. ημαρτον, άμαρτάνω. NOTES. 119 19. ποίησ-ον, aor. act. imp. Βραμων, prin. parts of τρ€χω. €7Γ€πεσεν, Ιιτι-πίιττω. 22. i^eviyKare, «κ-φίρω. ivSvaare, cf. ENDUE, νποοη- ματα, lit. bound (8ίω) undenieath (ΰπό). 23. ί^αγοΓΓας, prin. parts of Ισ-θίω. ενφρινθωμεν, d- φραίνω, for the class of verbs, see § 82, 4. 26. συμφωνίας, SYMPHONY. For the case, see § 148. TL av άη ταντα, what this is. «ϊη is the opt. of εΙμί. For the forms of the opt. in the New Testament (and the uses of this mood), see §§ 70, 71. The optative is used instead of the indicative in indirect question when certainty does not exist in the speaker's mind. 27. άττίλαβεν, note the force of άπό, bac-k. 28. ηθελον, so always in the New Testament for ϊθελον. 29. ίδου, ο'ράω, 2 aor. mid. imp. ετη, 4'tos. τταρηλθον, observe the force of the prep, as in trans-gress. 30. καταφαγών, devoured, squandered. 31. σά is pred. έ'δει, imperf. ; see 244 ; sc. , field. άδίλφό?, ο, brother. αδικία, η, nnrighteoiisness. αίμα, τό, blood. αίνιγμα, τό, α dark saying, ENIGMA. αϊρω, to take away. αίσχύνομαι, to be ashamed. αίτί'ω, to ask for. αϊτημα, τό, request. αΙών, d, age, EON. αΙώνιθ5, eternal. ακούω, to hear. άλαζονία, η, vainglory. αλαλάζω, to clang. άλήθ€ΐ,α, η, truth. αληθή?, trne. αληθινό?, true, real. άληθώ?, adv., truly. αλλά, conj., but. αλλήλων, 07ie another. άμαρτάνω, to sin. άμαρτωλόξ, ό, sinner. αμαρτία, ή, sin. αν, added to temporal and relative conj., not trans- latable ; see Greek index. άναγγίλλω, to declare. άναζάω, live again] revive. άνήρ, d, man. άνθρωπο?, ο', man. άνθρωττοκτόνο?, ό, murderer. άνίσ-τημι, to raise up. ανομία, η, lawlessness. άντΟχριστο?, ό, ANTICHRIST 127 Ι2δ ESSENTIALS OF NEW TESTAMENT GREEK. όίξιος. ivorthy. ά•ΐΓαγγ€'λλω, to announce. άΐΓί'χω, to be away. άττό, prep. w. g&u.,from. ά•τΓο5ημ€ω, to go abroad. άττοκρίνομαι, to answer. άίΓολαμβάνω, to take back. άττόλλυμι, to loose, destroy. ά-ίΓοσ-τί'λλω, to send away. άπτομαι, to touch. ατΓτω, to light. άρίσ -TOs, pleasing. άρν€ομαι, to deny. άρτι, adv., now. apTos, o, bread. αρχή, η, beginning. άρχομαι, to begin. άσ•χημον€ύω, to act unseemly. άσ-ώτω?, adv., dissolutely. αΰτόδ, αύτη, αυτό, he, she, it. αΰτον, of himself . άψίημι, to forgive. βάλλω, to cast. Papvs, -€ΐα, -ύ, heavy. βασ-ιλίία, η, kingdom. βίοβ, ο', life, sustenance. βλέίΓο), to see. βόσ-κω, to feed. γάρ, conj., for. γ€ίτων, ο', neighbor. γ€ννάω. to beget. γίνομαι, to be, become. γινώσκω, to k)i07U. γλώσσα, ή, tongue. γνώσι?, η, knowledge. γραμματίύβ, ο', clerk. γράψω, to write. δακτύλιον, τό, fingering. δαπανάω, to expend. δ€, conj., and, but. δ€ΐ, impers., it is fiecessary. διά, prep. w. gen., through; ace, on account of. διαιρέω, to divide. διάβολος, 6, devil. διαγογγύζω, to murmur. διάνοια, η, inind. διασκορπίζω, to scatter. διδάσκω, to teach. δίδωμι, to give, δίκαιος, just. δικαιοσύνη, η, justice. διψάω, to thirst. διώκω, to persecute, follow. δοκιμάζω, to prove. δουλ€ύω, to be a servant. δονλος, ό, serva7it. δύναμαι, to be able. δύο, two. ίάν, conj., if. €αυτοΰ, of himself . «γγίζω, to come near. €γώ, /. ΐΐ, conj., if. «ΐδωλον, TO, IDOL. εΙμί, am. €ΐπον, 2 aor., I said. ΐίρηνοποιός, peacemaker. VOCABULARY OF THE SELECTIONS. 129 cls, prep. w. ace, into, in. els, μία, «ν, one. ίΐσ-ί'ρχομαι, to enter. €ΐσφ6ρω, to bring in. €Ϊτ£, wJiether. €K, prep. w. gen., out of. ί'κατόν, \nA&(\.,one hundred. ίκ€ΐ, adv., there. Ικ6ΐνος, that one. £κψέρω, to carry ont. €λ€έω, to show fnercy. £λ€ήμων, merciful. iXirCs, η, hope. Ιμό?, my. ίμπροσθίν, adv., before. €v, prep. w. dat., in. 4νδύω, to put on, ENDUE. i'veK€v, prep. w. gen., on ac- count of. ίν€νή κοντά, ninety. €vv€a, ni>te. «ντολή, η, comniandmeftt. ίνώτΓίον, adv., before, in face of. ίξ, cf. «K. ίξ^ρχομαι, to go out. ίΐταγγίλία, η, promise. ίτταγγίλλομαι, to promise. Iiri, prep. w. gen., lipon ; w. dat., 0/! ; w. ace, to, on. επιβάλλω, falling to, com- ing to. ίΐΓΐγινώ<Γκω, to know well. ΙτΓίθυμίω, to desire. ίΐΓίθυμία, ή, desire. ίΐΓΐιτίΐΓτω, to fall dcnini. ίτΓίτίθημι, to place upon. «ργον, TO, wor/c. «ρημοξ, ή, desert. €ριφο8, ή, kid. «ρχομαι, to come, go. «ρώ, shall say. «ρωτάω, to ask. «σ-θίω, to eat. ί'σ-οίΓτρον. TO, tnirror. £σ•χατο8, last. iTos, TO, year. ενρί(Γκω, to find. έ'φη, he said. ευφραίνω, to gladden, rejoice. «χω, to have. ί'ωξ, conj., 7intil. ζάω, to live. ζηλόω, to envy. Ιητεω, to seek. ζωή, η, life. ή, conj., or. ήδη, adv., now. ήκω, am coine. ήμερα, ή, day. ήμε'τερο5, OUT. ήχε'ω, to soimd. θάνατοβ. ο, death. θαυμάζω, to marvel. θεάομαι, to behold. θε'λημα, τό, will. θε'λω, to will. Θε05, ο, God. 130 ESSENTIALS OP NEW TESTAMENT GREEK. θ£ωρ€ω, to observe. θύω, to sacrifice. Ίησον8, ό, JesiiS. Ιλασ-μός, ο, propitiation. ϊνα, conj., /';/ order that. Ισ-χυρ05, strong. καθαρίζω, to purify. καθαρό?, pure. καθώ?, conj., even as. καί, conj., and, also. Καίν, ό, Cain. καινός, new. κακός, ei'il., bad. καλΐ'ω, to call. καρδία, η, heart. κατά, prep. \v. gen., against ; w. ace, tJiroiigh. καταγινώοΓκω, to condemn. καταλίίιτω, to leave behind. καταργί'ω, to bring to nought. καταφιλί'ω,,/ίΡ kiss. κατίσ-θίω, to devoiir, squan- der. καυχάομαι. to boast. Κ6ίμαι, to lie, recline. κ€ράτιον, TO, the fruit of the Carob tree, used for the swine, also by poor peo- ple. Lit., a little horn. κλ£ίω, to shut. κληρονομίω, to inherit. κοινωνία, r\, felhnvsJiip. κόλασ-ις, η, pjinishnient. κόσ-μος, ό, world, COSMOS. κρίσ-ις, Ύ\, judgment. κΰμβαλον, τό, CYMBAL, λαλΐ'ω, to Speak. λαμβάνω, to take. \(^ω, to say. λιμός, ό, hunger. λογίζομαι, ίο judge, think. λόγος, 6, word. λύχνος, ο, lamp. λύω, /(; loose, destroy. μακάριος, blessed, happy. μακροθυμέω, to suffer long. μακρός, long, far. μαρτυρέω, to bear witness. μαρτυρία, η, witness. μίθισ-τάνω, to remove. μ€ίζων, greater. μί'νω, to remain. μέρος, TO, part. μ€τά, prep. w. gen., with\ w. ace, after. μετανοέω, to repent. μ€τάνοια, η, repentance. μβταβαίνω, to cross over. μή, Jiot. μηδί, neither, nor. μηδίίς, no one. μισ-€'ω, to hate. μίσθιος, hireling. μισ-θός. d, hire. pay. μονογ£νής, o)dy begotten. μόνος, alone, only. μόσχος, d, calf. μυστήριον, τό, MYSTERY. VOCABULARY OF THE SELECTIONS. Ι3Ϊ veavicTKos, o, youiig riian. v€Kpos, dead. v€os, young. νήτΓίοϊ, young child. νικάω, to conquer. νίκη, η, victory. νΰν, adv., now. o0€v, adv., whence. οΐ8α, / know. οικία, η, Iiottsei oIkos, d, lionse. oXos, whole. όμοιος, like. (>μολοΎ€(ι>, to confess. όνβιδίζω, to revile. όνομα, TO, name. όράω, to see. οργίζω, to anger., arouse. opos, TO, mountain. OS. η, ο, who. οσ -Tis, ητΐ8, ό',τι, whoever. οτ£, conj., when. ΟΤΙ, conj., because, that. ov, not. οΰδί, neither, nor. ou8eis, no one. οΰδί'-ίΓοτί, adv., never. ούκ€'τι. adv., no longer. οΰΊτω, adv., not yet. ουρανός, ο', heaven. ουράνιος, heavenly. ουσία, η, substance, prop- erty. ούτος, this one. οΰ'τω, adv., thus. όφ6ΐλ£της, ό, debtor. όψείλημα, τό, debt. όφ€ίλω, to 07ve, be indebted. οφθαλμός, ο, eye. οψομαι, shall see. τταιδίον, TO, child. τταΐς, ο, η, child. τΓίΐνάω, to hiniger. τταλαιός, old. ττάλιν, adv., again. ιταραβολή, η, PARABLE. ιταράγομαι, to pass away. τταραδίδωμι, to deliver, give up. Ίταρακαλίω, to summon, com- fort. τταράκλητος, d, advocate. ιταράΐΓτωμα, τό, trespass. τΓαρ£ρχομαι, to pass by, omit. ιταροξύνομαι, to be provoked. irapovcria, ή, presence. Ίταρρησ-ία, η, boldness. ιτάς. all. ιτατήρ, d, father. ΐΓ6ίθω. to persuade. 'ΤΓ€μ'π•ω, to send. Ίτ^νϋίω, grieve, mourn. πειρασ-μός, d, temptation. τΓ6ρί, prep. w. gen., concern- ing; w. ace, around. τΓίριιτατίω, to walk. 'π•£ρισ-σ-€ύομαι, to abound. 132 ESSENTIALS OF NEW TESTAMENT GREEK. 'π-£ρ'π•€ρ€ύομαι, to vaiint, boast. ΊΓίτΓτω, to fall. ΐΓΚΓΤίύω, to believe. ttCo-tis, η, faith. irio-Tos, faithful. Ίτλανάω, caicse to wander, Ίτλάνη, η, wandering. ιτληρόω, to β II. •7Γν€ϋμα, τό, spirit. ΐΓ0ΐ€ω, to do, make. ΊΓολίτηξ, 6, citizen. iroXvs, nuich, many. •ΐΓονηρ08. wicked. •ΐΓορενομαι, go, Come. iropvos, o, fornicator. iroo-os, how great. iroTairos, what sort of. ΐΓοΰ, adv., where. irovis, o, foot. ■irpaijs, gentle. ιτ•ρ€σ-βύτίρο5, elder. •π-ρό, prep. w. gen., before. Ίτρόβατον, TO, sheep. irpos, prep. w. ace, to, towards. •τΓροσ•δ€'χομαι., to receive. 'π•ροσ£ύχομαι, to offer pray- ers to. ιτροσ-καλίω, to summon. ιτρόσωίΓον, τό, face. ιτροφητβία, η, prophecy. •π-ροφήτη?, d, PROPHET. ■irpwTos, first. ττυνθάνομαι, to learn, en- quire. ΊΓτωχό?, ό, beggar. •ΐΓώ•τΓοτ€, adv., ever. irws, adv., how. ρνίομαι., to deliver. <Γαρόω, to sweep. (τάρξ, ή, flesh . σήμίρον, adv., to-day. (TiTivTOs, fatted. (Γκάνδαλον, τό, cause for stumbling. σκοτ(α, η, darkness. cTKOTos, TO, darkness. )-< S ο -^ rfl )0 Ιϋ Ο § '% a3 α Λ Si 0) „i-^ S Η Μ 03 ΙΛ γ5 C «i, ο ζ:ζ iuO ΙΛ ^ .4_» Q S — ^^j. JJji •.nj Ο Uj ο ΕΛ ζί (/I Ο OJ 4-> OJ ο 3 υ ^ Λ (Λ ί>^ ο 'w OJ c ω ρ. e are open; the; ipJitJiongs as foil ο Ζ ο υ Ο Η 2 J3 -g - — Θ-Φ — Q3.CO X ;5 ο > fa ο ω 4-) M-l Ο 3^ ο (Λ (υ Β CO W Ο > fa ο Si ο Η ρ 3 ο •"■ -Si "μ c W Ό 8 c Μ 2" — t= t- ^ Ό yA „ £ 5 55 Ο s ο υ U C >3 3 Ο Is. Labials Linguals Palatals 3 ο c ο CU pa f2 ο π! >Ρ "Ρ ο 3 a M-l TO c ο α. S) c ο g. ^ (U ■-3 3 Ι- ■α Ξ . 3 ?^ ο ο «Γ ο )-ύ ΙΟ 9 'S V i > ^ '^ > Id C .(Λ b Si Ρ ci >- CO 13 ^ Ο eor > ^ «ys 3 Ο > •Ο ■— -c .i: CONTRACTION. 1 39 ^ α, υ -ΰ -5 C ο <υ ο > 'OJ en 5> iz) ο -^^-^^ ot^ ϊί•£οω-ΙΙ υ 3 3 «ί-ΰ-^ΙΙ >>2 t^-2c ρ ω -li α-ΙΙ C w, cc ^ Ο 'rt § '^ U ^ ^ ° S ^ Ν II ^ aJc^ll 0-o"ll''^Oc«"iL. ίί Ml 00 II I ^ ^ ^ « :: ^ - , -233 g gl3 ^^^n" ^ ^"11 So S^-^S >3o '';^"li CO C.cCi- iS § . Η s: « ^ £«£ ^ . ■ — ■ ^ -^ ^ Ο Ο J-: Ο ^ WW — Μ./ ^ Ο ί^ -ϊ ι•>-Λ (J (D :ΐ ο J-: ο 140 essentials of new testament greek. Accent. § 9. There are three kinds of accent in Greek . The acute ; as in τ/ς, tvho ? ■ The grave ; " ri?, some one. The circumflex ; " αύτω, to hint. There are two fundamental laws of accent : VERBAL, explained in 3, ; and nominal (includ- ing nouns, adjectives, and participles), given in 57. Breathings. § 10. Every initial vowel or diphthong has a breathing mark over it : (') is called the smooth breathing, and is not pronounced. fSio?, αυτός. (') is called the rongJi breathing, and gives the sound of //. ωρα, Jidra ; αύτοΰ, hantou. Note that the breathing is placed over the second vowel of the diphthong. Initial ρ always has the rough breathing, ρήμα. Movable v. § 11. Movable ν may occur at the end of the following : I. All dative plurals in -σι{ν). 7rdac(v), άκού- σασι{ν). apostrophe; crasis. • ' 141 • 2. All verbs with the ending -σι. ΐστησι{ν), \ύουσί{ν). 3. After -e of the third person singular of verbs. 'έ\αβ£{ν), ηκουσβ{ν). 4. After kari ; as Ιστί{ν). So also σ is movable in οΰτω'^, thus. Before a vowel, as ούτω<ί ην; but before a consonant, ούτω και?- Apostrophe. § 12. In the prepositions a short final vowel may be dropped before a word beginning with a vowel. E.g. air αύτον, from him ; βφ" ω, at zuJiicJi ; μβθ^ ημών, zvith us. Note that the elision is marked by an apos- trophe, and that a smooth mute, as vr, τ, changes to the corresponding rough mute, φ, θ, before a i'ougJi breathing. άλλα, but, also suffers elision ; as αλλ' e/xot. Crasis. § 13. When two vowels, or a vowel and a diph- thong, come together in two words, as /cat εγώ or TO evavTiov, they are usually joined together; as Kayco or τουναντίον. This is called crasis (mixture), and is indicated by the coro)iis over the contracted form. ^ But in the New Testament often s before a consonant. 142 essentials of new testament greek. Punctuation. § 14. The Greek has four punctuation marks : the comma and the period, as in English ; the interrogation mark { ; ), as the English semi- colon ; and the point (•) above the line, which equals English colon or semicolon. 2. ACCIDENCE. § 15. Accidence treats of nominal hiflexion, the declension of nouns, adjectives, and partici- ples, and of the cotijiigation of verbs. Inflexion. § 16. In Greek all nouns, adjectives, and par- ticiples have inflexion; i.e. an ending or suffix which is added to the stem or substantial part of the word. There are three sets of endings or suffixes, and according as a noun takes one set or the other it is said to belong to the nrst, second, or tJiird declension. § 17. Nouns of the first declension have the stem ending in -ά. This is therefore called the A-declension. Nouns of the second declension have the stem in -0. O-declension. GENDER AND NUMBER. " 1 43 Most nouns of the third declension have stems ending in a consonant, hence the term Consonant Declension is used. Gender. § 18. All nouns in Greek are either mascu- line, feminine, or neuter gender. Nouns denoting male persons are masculine. Nouns denoting /i7«rt/fc' persons are feminine. § 19. Outside of these sex rules the gender may be determined very largely by the declen- sion to which the noun belongs : 1. Nouns of the A-declension ending in a, r\, α are feminine. Those ending in -? are mas- culine. 2. Nouns of the 0-declension in -09 are mostly masculine ; those in -ov are nenter. 3. In the third declension the gender varies according to the ending of the stem. See Lessons XV., XVI., XVIII., and XIX. for the discussion of these forms. Number. § 20. In the Greek of the New Testament there are two numbers, singular and plural, as in English. 144 essentials of new testament greek. Case. § 21. There are five cases in Greek : 1. Nominative, as in English. 2. Genitive, source or whence-case. Eng- lish possessive or objective with of. 3. Dative, \vhere-case, to or for which any- thing IS or IS done. English remote or indirect object. 4. Accusative, whither-case. English direct object. 5. Vocative, case of address. § 22. First or A-Declension.^ αρχή , η, begitining. σοφία, ή, wisdom. ώρα, η, hour. Stem αρχα- Stem σοφιά- Stem ώρά- S.N.V. άρχή σοψία ώρα G. άρχή9 (Γθψία$ upas D. αρχή ο-οψία •Sp» A. αρχήν σοψίαν ωραν P.N.V. όρχαί <Γθψίαι ώραι G. άρχων (Γοφιών copwv D. άρχαΐ$ (Γθψίαι,$ «pais A. όρχάδ σοψία$ δόξα, η, glory. ωρϋς S.N.V. δόξα Stem 5o|i- P.N.V. δόξαι G. 8όξη8 G. δοξών D. δόξτ, D. δόξαι$ A. δόξαν A. δόξά$ ^ Cf. 55 for table of endings in the A-declension. SECOND OR 0-DECLENSION. 145 S.N. ιτροφήτη? ^ G. Ίτροφήτου D. ιτροφήτη A. Ίτροφήτην V. Ίτροφήτα •π-ροφήτη?, ο, PROPHET Stem ττροφητα- Ρ.Ν.ν. G. D. Α. ιτροφήται Ίτροφητών ιτροφήται? ΐΓροφήτα? α. Most nouns of this declension have the nom. in a, η, o'' a, and are feminine. ύ. Some end in -s, and are masc. E.g. μαθητής, disci- ple ; veavias, young man ; κριτής, judge. c. yrj, η, earth, contracted from yea, is declined through- out as o.pyr], but with the circumflex accent. §23. Second or 0-Declension. λόγο5, d, word. δοΰλο?, ο', servant. άνθρωίΓΟ?, ma7i. Stem \o-^o- Stem δουλο- Stem ανθρωπο- S.N. λόγοδ 8οΰλθ8 άνθρωίΓΟ? G. λόγου 8ούλου άνθρωπου D. λόγω δουλω άνθρώιτω A. λόγον δοΰλον άνθρωτΓον V. λόγ€ δοΰλε άνθρωπ£ P.N.V. λόγοι δοΰλοι άνθρωττοι G. λόγων δούλων ανθρώπων D. λόγοι? δούλοι? άνθρωποι? A. λόγου? δούλου? υιό?, son. άνθρωπου? S.N. υιός Stem υΐο- Ρ.Ν.ν. υίο£ G. υΐοΰ G. υιών D. υΐω D. υιοί? A. υίόν Α. υιού? V. υιέ 1 See 51 and 54. 146 ESSENTIALS OF NEW TESTAMENT GREEK. 8ώρον, TO, gift. Stem δωρο- S.N.A.V. δώρον P.N.A.V. 8ώρα G. δώρου G. δώρων D. δώρω D. δώροις a. Ίησονζ, Jesus, is Ί>;σου in the gen., dat., and voc. §24. L The Definite Article. Masc. Fern. Neut. S.N. 6 η τό G. τοΰ τή8 τον D. τω "^ τφ A. τόν τήν τό P.N. ol αΐ Td G. των των των D. Tois rats TOiS A. TOVS TOS τά 25. Adjectives of the A- and 0-Declension. καλός, good. S.N. καλός καλή καλόν G. καλοΰ καλής καλόν D. καλώ καλή καλώ A. καλόν καλή ν καλόν V. καλ« καλή καλόν P.N. καλοί καλαί καλά G. καλών καλών καλών D. καλοϊς καλαΐς καλοΐς A. καλούς καλας καλά PRONOUNS IN -05. 147 ίδιος, one's own. μικρός, small. S.N. ϊ8ιο5 Ιδία ϊδιον μικρός μικρά μικρόν G. tSLov Ιδία? ιδίου μικροϋ μικράς μικροΰ D. Ιδίω Ιδία ίδίο) μικρω μικρά μικρω A. ϊδιον Ιδίαν ϊδιον μικρόν μικράν μικρόν V. ϊδιε Ιδίά ϊδιον μικρ€ μικρά μικρόν Ρ.Ν.ν. ϊδιοι ϊδιαι ϊδια G. Ιδίων Ιδίων ιδίων D. Ιδίοις Ιδίαις ίδίοις Α. Ιδίους Ιδίας ϊδια μικροί μικραι μικρά μικρών μικρών μικρών μικροΐς μικραΐς μικροΐς μικρούς μικρας μικρά § 26. Pronouns in -ος. Cf. 62-64. ούτος, ihis (one) ; ίκίίνος, i/tai (one) ; αυτός, /le, himself. S.N. ούτος αύτη τούτο G. τούτου ταύτης τούτου D. τούτω ταύτη τούτω A. τούτον ταύτην τούτο P.N. ούτοι αύται ταΰτα G. τούτων τούτων τούτων D. τούτοις ταύταις τούτοις A. τούτους ταύτας ταΰτα α. αυτός and εκείνο? are declined like κάλο'?, above, except the neut. sing, of each is αυτό and εκεΓί'ο in nom. and ace. ί>. αυτός is used as tlie pers. pron. of the 3 pers., /le, she, it ; but in the oblique cases only. When used with a noun in any case, it means himself., etc ; e.g. b άνηρ αυτός, the man himself. But when the art. precedes the pron., as αντος άνηρ, it means the same (man). Cf. 69-70. 7. Relative Pronoun. OS, who. OS οΰ η ου οΐ ων αΐ ών α ών f η ω ols als οΐβ ov ην ο oil's as α \ 28. Consonant or Third Declension. Lingual Mute Stems. Cf. 127-132. xdpis, ή, grace. «XirCs, η, hope. Stem χαριτ- Stem ελττίδ- S.N. xapis iXiris G. χάριτθ5 «XiriSos D. χάριτι iXiriSi A. χάριν ίλιτίδα V. X^pis iXirC P.N.V. xapiT€s iXirCSes G. χαρίτων ίλιτίδων D. χάρκΓΐ ίλ•π•£θΓΐ Α. xapiras «XiriSas άρχων, 6, ruler ^ prince. Stem αρχοντ- όίρχων apxovTOS άρχοντι άρχοντα αρχοντ€β αρχόντων άρχουσ-ι apxovTas vvt, , ή, mghi. Stem νυκτ- S.N.V. νύξ G. VVKTOS D. νυκτί Α. νύκτα Ρ.Ν.ν. vvKTiS G. νυκτών D. νυξί Α. νύκταβ NOUNS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. 149 § 29. Neuter Nouns of the Third Declension. Stems in -ar. Cf. 106. σ-ώμα, τό, body. Stem σωματ- S.N.A.V. σ-ώμα P.N.A.V. ο-ώματα G. σ-ώματο$ G D. (τώματι D (τωματων (τώμασ-ι όνομα, τό, ftame. Stem ονοματ- S.N.A.V. όνομα P.N.A.V. ονόματα G. όνόματο? G. ονομάτων D. ο'νόματι D. όνόμοσ-ί, § 30. Neuter Nouns of the Third Declension. Stems in -ea. Cf. 135. γίνο8, τό, race. Stem yeveig, from ΐστημί, , /(? ;//ί7/ί•ί? stand. Aorist Passive. S.N. λυθίί? λυθ£ί<Γα λυθί'ν G. λυθ€ντο5 λυθίίσ-η? λυθί'ντοδ D. λυθί'ντι λυθίίσ-τ) λυθί'ντι A. λυθί'ντα λυθίϊσαν λυθί'ν 156 ESSENTIALS OF NEW TESTAMENT GREEK. P.N.V. kvBtvTis λυθ£Ϊ(Γαι λυθί'ντα G. λνθέντων λυθίκτών λνθ€ντων D. λυθΐΐσ-ι XvGiicrais λυθ€Ϊσ"ΐ A. λυθί'ντα? λυθ€ίσα$ λυθ€ντα C. So likewise the 2 aor. pass. ; as σ-παρίίζ, σπαρεισα, στταρίν, from σπείρω, sow. § 44. Participles in -€ων and -αων contract as follows : λαλΐ'ων ^ λαλΐονσα λαλέον, speaking' become λαλών λαλονσ-α λαλοΰν λαλοΟντοδ λαλούσ-ηδ λαλονντο9 ξάων ^ ξάουσ-α ζάον, living become ζών ξώσ-α ζών ζώντ05 ζώση5 ζώντοδ § 45. Second Aorist Participles of Irregular Verbs. δίδωμι. — Sovs, giving. βαΟνω. — βοβ, going. S.N. δούδ δοΰσ-α δόν S.N. βα,5 βάσ-α βάν G. δόντο5 δοΰ(Γη5 δόντθ8 G. βάντο? βάσ•η5 βάντθ5 etc. etc. a. So the pres. part. διδον$. τίθημι. — Geis, placing. ττί-ιττω. — ιτίσ-ών, falling. S.N. θίί? θ€ί(Γα θί'ν S.N. ΐΓ€(Γών ιτίσ-οίίσ-α ire lU /^s »- h I- I- Η h ο V4J «4^ Ο W Ο a ^ώ "Si "a "ΰ -d "β t/< ^ ^ '< ^ •< >< 'K ^ ■< Ο . , - ΰ ^ '3 'ϊ .'5 ο % "S S <3 .^ 3 w h 3 <3 '3 <3 ο ο ο ο ° ο ο "3 J< 3 3 ^ ^ ^ ^^^^^ ^ ^ :^:<:< F .£" f=" "F F .F -Γ ,Γ F .Γ to ίο (Ο 3- *^ § .3 ρ- 3 ο ο "o ο ο ο ^Ο "Ο ^ ^ ^ 00 00 00 00 00 CO CO iijij-S 3 b "* i ^ t t ^ ^vu ^vt» "^ ω ui ^VK ω ο w ίΡ ^w CV ^^ -^ -^ .-^ ^^-^ "Q, c< ^ ^ '< ^ t ^ ^-< il2d ^^ \.-^ ^^ ^^ \ ■ S • V ' S_^ \ • Vi ~^ ^^ ■^^ ^^ » 3 b W u. -> ^ UJ I- "^ <3 «δ '3 rd sg _/ ^^ ^^^ ^^^ imi nyu '^u; -<_ !-(/— ο ΐ:/— \ _si I. 5 2 <3 <* <5 -3 <§ <3 <3 ,i b k ^ 'P b i vp cp

< ^ >< ^J. -β--θ--θ--«--θ-:θ- d > b 3 3 « 3 <» ^ e> l•. b b b o^i 'i "i /< ^ ^ 'i -^ ^ •«-•«- -Θ--Θ- >. a ^^ 'T lu 3 3 ^^■φ <Φ ς£, <^ J.| b ^b ^.b ^w ω Ο ^. -^ -^ '< '< '< -^ ^ -Θ--Θ- ■Θ- -θ- -θ- ^■^ \_^ •^ ^^^ ^^ d > b 3 3 w 3 , «? ^ Φ <» fe b b b b °-d «3 ^§ <§ -d i <^ "^ -«- n^ -©- '<'<'< '< ^ '< f.\^ ^\U "W ''W "W »»vi; -3-3-3• ρ f f l•• 3 ^3 3 _g S S ."= b b . b b ^3. -a a -d d ο a "S S :i. 3. a. a. S, 3- 3- 5 p• ο 'S Φ h ,f- -3 <3 2. ϊστατί τίθίΤί δ£δοτ€ 3• ί<Γτάντων ' or τιθ€ντων or διδόντων or Ιστάτωσ-αν τιθίτωαταν διδότωσ-αν Present Infinitive. τι,θ€ναι διδόναι Present Participle (§45). TiOeis 8i.8ovs Sing. Plur. Passive AND Middle. Present Indicative. I. Ι'σταμαι τίθεμαι. δίδομαι 2. ϊσ•τασ•αι τ(θ£σαι δίδοσ-αι 3• ϊσταται τίθίται δίδοται I. Ιστάμίθα τιθί'μίθα διδόμεθα 2. ϊ<Γτασ•θί τίθίσθί δίδοσ-θε 3• ϊσ-τανται τίθενται δίδονται Imperfect. Ι. Sing. J 2. .3• 1σ•τόμην έτιθί'μην εδιδόμην ϊσ-τασ-ο £τίθ€σ-ο έδίδοσ-ο ϊ(Γτατο ίτίθίτο ίδίδοτο CONJUGATION OF μι VERBS. 175 Plur. 13 1. ίσ'τάμ€θα 2. i', 2 ί3 Plur. - 2 Present Subjunctive. (Γτώμαι τιθώμαι διδώμαι (Γτή τιθή 8ιδω (Γτήται τιθηταν διδώται (Γτώμΐθα τιθώμΐθα διδώμ€θα (Γτήσθί τιθήσθε διδωσ-θε (Γτώνται τιθώνται διδώνται Sine Plur. Present Imperative. Γ 2. ϊστασ-ο τίθίσ-ο δ(δθ(ΓΟ Is- Ιίττάσθω τιθ£σ-θω διδόσ-θω ■ 2. ϊ(Γτασ•θε τίθ€<Γθ€ δίδθ(Γθ€ 3• ί(Γτάσ-θων or τιθί'σ-θων or διδόσθων or Ιστάσθ j)(rav τιΘ€'(γΘ ωσάν διδόσθωσ-αν Present Infinitive. ΐστατθαι τ(θ€(Γθαι δίδοσΌαι, Present Participle (§46). 1(Γτάμ€νο$ τιθί'μίνοβ διδόμ€νθ8 176 ESSENTIALS OF NEW TESTAMENT GREEK. § 63. SECOND AORIST SYSTEM. Active. Second Aorist Indicative. I. €<Γτην ίθηκα^ €8ωκα^ Sing. J 2. ί'στη? έ'θηκα? «δωκας [ 3• ««ττη ίθηκ£ €δωκ€ Ι Ι . ε(Γτημ.€ν έθήκαμεν Ιδώκαμ€ν Plur. \ 2. €'<Γτητ€ ίθήκατί «δώκατε [3• έ'στησαν 4'θηκαν έ'δωκαν Second Aorist Subjunctive. '• I . στώ θώ δώ Sing, j 2. (TTfjs θήί δω9 [ 3• *'"'"ίΙ ^ΐϊ ^ν Γ Ι. στώμίν θώμεν δώμεν Plur. 2. στήτ€ θήτ€ δώτ€ [ 3• <Γτώ(Γΐ. θώίτι δώ<Γΐ Second Aorist Imperative. Γ 2. «Γτήθι Ois δ05 [ 3• «Γτήτω θέτω δότω 2. στήτί θέτε δότε 3. στήτωσαν θέτωσαν δότωσ^αν or στάντων or θε'ντων or δόντων Sing. Plur. Second Aorist Infinitive. (Γτήναι θεΐναι δούναι Second Aorist Participle. στά5 (§ 45) θε£8 (§ 45) δοΰβ (§ 45) ^ No 2 aor. ind. act. of τίθημι and δίδωμι occurs — so the I aor. in -κα is given. Cf. 235, 3, note. CONJUGATION OF μι VERBS. 1 77 Middle. Second Aorist Middle Indicative. !I. £θ£μην ίδόμην 2. έ'θου έ'δου 3- €'0£TO 4'δοτο Γ Ι. €θεμ£θα «δόμεθα Plur. \ 2. €θ€σ-θ€ €'δοσ•θ€ [ 3• έ'θίντο ίδοντο Second Aorist Middle Subjunctive. Γ I . θώμαΐ δώμαι Sing. J 2. θή δω • 1^ 3• θήται δώται ίΐ. θώμίθα δώμεθα 2. θήσθ€ δώσ-θί 3. θώνται δώνται Sing. Plur. Second Aorist Middle Imperative. 2. θου δοΰ 3. θΐσ-θω δόσ-θ(ι> 2. θε'σθί δόσθ€ 3• θίσ-θωσ-αν δόσθωσ-αν or θί'σ-θων or δόσ-θων Second Aorist Middle Infinitive. θΐσθαι δόσ-θαι Second Aorist Middle Participle. θΐ'μενοβ (§ 46) δομένο? (§ 46) Ν 178 ESSENTIALS OF NEW TESTAIMENT GREEK. Irregular Verbs of the μι Form. § 64. The verbs βΐμί, am, Ίημι (compounded with άτΓο, συν, ανά, and κατά), βίμι, go (only in compounds), ο2δα, know, φημί, say, are all irreg- ular. 65. Sins. Plur. i 2 €ΐμ( (stem εσ-), am. Present. Indicative. Siibjioictive. Imperative. I £ΐμ( ω 2 cl OS ϊσθι 3 «o-tC Ό ί'σ-τω, ήτω I €<Γμ€ν ώμ€ν 2 ««ΓΤί ητί «στί 3 cl(r( ώσ-ι «(ττωσαν Ifififiittve. ίΐναι Participle, ών, ουσ-α, ον ; gen. ovtos, ονση$, etc. (183). Sing. Plur. Imperfect. Future. Indicative. Indicative. Infinitive. I. ην (ή'μην)Ι €'(Γθμαι €σ•€σ•θαι 2. ηδ (ησ-θα) 4'σ£ΐ, €<ΓΤ| 3• η" 4'<Γται Participle Ι . ημ€ν (ημ£θα) €(ΓΟμ6θα Ισόμενος 2. ητ€ eVeo-Ge 3. ησ-αν έ'σ-ονται 1 Cf. 78, α. IRREGULAR VERBS OF THE μί FORM. 1 79 S 66. άφίημι (stem e-), revtit. The following forms of this verb occur in the New Testament : Indicative Active. — (Pres. άφβΐ?, as though from άφίω) άφίησ-ι, άφί€μ€ν, άφίομεν, άφί€Τ€, άφίουοΊ. Imperf. ή'φΐί. Fut. άφήσ-ω, άφήσ£ΐ$, etc. Aor. άφήκα, άφή- Kas, etc ^ Indicative Mid. and Pass. — Pres. άφίεμαι.ι Fut. αφ£- θήσ-ομαι.^ΡεΓί. 3 per. plur. άφέωνται. Aor. pass, άφίθην. Subjunctive Act. — 2 aor. άφη, άφώμεν, άφήτί. Pass. Aor. άφεθχ). Imperative Act. — Pres. άφιίτω. 2 aor. άφ€5, αφίτ€. Participle Act. — 2 aor. άφίίβ, άφίντε?. Infinitive Act. — Pres. άφιέναι. 2 aor. act. άφΐΐναι. a. In 2 compounds with σύν, the pres. ind. 3 per. plur. has <ΓΛ)νιάσ-ι, and (rvvCov;, evpoiev, όναι/Λτ/ν, γένοιτο, λάβοί. 4• First Aorist Passive. ττΧτηθννθύη, Χο-γισθΐ.ίη. 1 In fact a 2 pluperf., but the perf. and pluperf. have in this verb the sense of the pres. and imperf. OPTATIVE MOOD. TENSE SYSTEMS. l8l It may be noted («) ^χοι, θελοι, 8υναίμην, Svvaivro, πλε- ονάσαι, ττερισσευσαι, Karevui'vai, €νξαίμην, φάγοι, τνχοι, πάσχοιτΐ, ΰναίμην, γίνοιτο, form the Optative by the ad- dition of I, which, with preceding vowel, forms a diphthong ; this diphthong is always long, (d) ε'ίη, ττληθυνθίίΐ], λογι- σ^είη form the Optative by adding ιη ; in the case of δωτ; the iota is siibscript. (c) t\oitv, evpoiev, ιτουησακν are also made by adding ιη, the η in the third person plural changing to €. (c/) φηλαφησΐκίν differs from ποιτ^σαιεν in that € and α have changed place. § 71. The following examples will illustrate the uses of the optative : 1. T/ie Optative of Wishing. Rom. 15:5. δ δε 6eos . . . δω'τ; νμχν, now may God grattt unto you ! 2. The Potential Optative. Acts 26 : 29. (.νζαίμην αν τω θ^ω, I could wish to God. 3. indirect Question. Luke I : 29. διελογιζετο ποταττό? tlf] 6 άσπασ/Λος οϋτος, she was discussing what manner of salutation this 7night be. 4. The Conditional Optative. I Cor. 14: 10. £t Tvypi., if it should chance. Tense Systems. § 72. No one verb has all nine tense systems, but the following table shows the various tenses (as far as found in the New Testament) in λυω, l82 ESSENTIALS OF NEW TESTAMENT GREEK. loose, βάΧλω, cast, <γράφω, zunte, and φθ€φω, desh'oy. Present . Future . 1 Aorist . 2 Aorist . 1 Perfect 2 Perfect Perfect J Perf. Mid. I Flit. P. \t\v),flee φυ-γ- φ€ν•/% φεν$% § 81. Third Class. — Verds in -ιττω or the Ύ -class. Some verbs have the theme in a labial mute 7Γ, β, φ, that form the present stem by adding τ% to the theme : Theme. Pres. stem. Fut. κλίτΓτω, steal κλεπ- κΧϊ.τγτ% kXc{J/% κρύτΓτω, /i/de κρνφ- κρνπτ% κρνφ% a. κρνπ-τω is for κρνφ-το». 1 86 ESSENTIALS OF NEW TESTAMENT GREEK. §82. Fourth Class. — Iota class. 1. Some verbs having a theme ending in a palatal mute /c, 7, χ, add t % to form the present stem. This ι % with the mute gives σσ%, rarely Theme. Pres. stem. Fut, κηρνσσ-ω, preach κηρυκ- κηρνσσ% κηρνζ% •κατάσ-σ -t», svtite τταταγ- 7Γατασσ% ττα.τα^% 2. When t% is added to a theme in δ- the present stem ends \ηζ%•. Theme. Pres. stem. Fut. βαπτίζω, baptize /?απτιδ- βαπτιζ% /?α7ΓΤΐσ% σ-ώζ», save σωδ- σωζ% σωσ% 3- Α theme in a liquid, λ, μ, ν, ρ, may add l% for the present. \l% becomes λλ% : Theme. Pres. stem. Fut. άγΎ^λλω, announce ayytX- άγγελλ% άγγελ€% fia.\\m,cast βα\- βαλλ% βαλί% 4. But with ν and ρ the ί usually passes over to the preceding vowel and with α or e forms a diphthong : Theme. Pres. stem. Fut. αϊρω, take away ap• alp% apf.% φαίνω, show φαν- φαίν% φαν€% THE EIGHT CLASSES OF VERBS. 1 87 §83. Fifth Class. — N-c/ass. The present stem of some verbs is formed by adding v% to the theme : Theme. Pres. stem. irCv», drink ttl- iriv% 1. The suffix may be -av%. Theme. Pres. stem. ά{ΐαρτάνω, sin αμαρτ- αμαρταν% 2. Under this class (i) come several verbs that insert a nasal μ, ν, 7, before the final mute : Theme. Pres. stem. λαμβάνω, receive λα/3- \αμβο.ν% τυγχάνω, happen τυχ- τυγχαν% 3. The suffix may be -νυμι, after a vowel -ννυμι. Theme. Pres. ind. δε(κνυμι, show δ«κ- δει'κνυ/Λΐ ζώννυμι, gird ζω- ζώνννμι ομνυμι, swear ομ- (ομο) ομννμί § 84. Sixth Class. — Verds in -σκω^ the in- ceptive class. A few verbs form their present stem by adding σκΎ^ or ισκ% to the theme : Theme. Pres. stem, γινώ(Γκω, know yvo- γινωσκ% ίυρίσ-κω,^?«ί/ tvp- ίνρισκ% 1 88 ESSENTIALS OF NEW TESTAMENT GREEK. § 85. Seventh Class. — μι added to shnple stem. This class includes most of the verbs of the yut-Conjugation, which form their present and imperfect tenses luiihotit the use of %. Theme. Pres. ind. ϊσ-τημι, make stand στα- ΐ-στημί φημ£, say φα- φημί § 86. Eighth Class. — Mixed class. Verbs of this class are among the irregular verbs and form different tenses on entirely distinct stems. See the list of irregular verbs. Tl lemes. εσθίω, eat ca^i- φαγ- όράω, see OpCL- 07Γ- ιδ- τρ€χω, run rpcx- 8ραμ- φ€ρω, bear φερ- OL- evcK- § 87. The following verbs may be classified according to the principles laid down above. Βοξάζω, άκονω, άλείφο), τυτττω, λανθάνω, )(αίρ(ύ, κράζω, στέλλω, νίπτω, άρχομαι, αγοράζω, ανοίγω, τίθημι, οίοάσκω, εγείρω, άγγε'λλω, φθάνω, ζάω, αττοκτύνω, τηρεω, φείδομαι, €χω, ερωτάω, ρηγννμι, μανθάνω, άφίημι, υποτάσσω, μένω, θέλω, πννθάνομαι, κατάγννμι, εκτείνω, ανζάνω, αποθνήσκω, αΐτέω, ε'ντελλο/χαι, 8ί8ωμι, εκκόπτω, γράφω. § 88. The following table gives the principal parts of the most common irregular verbs in the New Testament. The aim is to give only such forms as occur. A rare compound or a variant reading may in some few cases present a form that is not given. TABLE OF IRREGULAR VERBS. 1 89 g-t: ο 1Λ . . 3 ^ .1 -I: 3- Χ ■®- H£ >^ « 3 - ^ - -a ο I 8^ ^r^ § I .^ « g al g -α ij^'S fris-»?^-??- »Si• "a "a -p• Ji-"a 3 3 b <3 .b ^ »a a -a *a "^s "B -a "a "a a -a « ^ '^ •^ a (^> ■ r^ ?>»CO CO CO CO CO -w -w »vi 'i I I ^3 ^ § J i ^l^S 11 .3 c| g J ?;^ΰ ^2. Ν >< ^ 02. '^S. Qa. ?>.^^cococo cocococo -ίΤ "W "ϊ *"v "U '5 TABLE OF IRREGULAR VERBS. I9I -Θ- .5 'V >3. lit I flip i Hi 1= 3- \ <:§ S- ff-, Q.' '< -^ ».?-»>« W ^ V Is 3 k J i- b "^ s ?^ "P- ^ »vu a -<3 3=^= 3 3|a3 '^ ^ 1.3 § b :i X^ δ. 3 -I .b ^ Q, b vs X -3 ^ ;.• • . ^ - - =^ b *W *s/> ^^ "φ ^φ tii t2 §0 ii ■1 δ 3" ^ ! N* ^s - Ν ο (, art 3- Q. αϊ Q. &, 3- a Οι ti Q- b a a a gS*!^ i.sl,=3 a §. ^ ^"§1 IJ 1 Η fill S-1 §:tg »iy SVji >\ii *3 "^^ *VJ >\ij ρ »\y *Vt; >\U I ^VJ '*' *W »W *W 3 ' ^^ 3 S c? 3 1 Ό• < *< ^ ^ •;:; 8 < 3' b 1 3 ^ 3" b ig I g ^S- «3 TABLE OF IRREGULAR VERBS. 1 93 ^ '?r v^.'^T V -lu -iu "lu 'lu ,j; "ω ^^^ "jr- 'w -vu "lu g ο CJ ^ « 1^ 3. i. s. b a _ •^ § b J5 S. 3. P- 3 -'^ ΰ « Εζ b b.b t^S ς§ -V -r b W I- i" ^ Oh ^ ^ « § a g; I n^ ^b ,b h Si ,i- *- ^ Q^ b ϊί 'S'^tibj-.g-s.tio^ g?^o 2- .s b i Η ^ " t ^c§- e S ^ -§-.b ^ I »u; >*> 'W s-Vt; *W *W *w *W ^ *K* *W W "W '3 4 3 J , I 111 I .3 ί "? >? b ^-^ ϊί -I- 's -e-S-e- ?< r^ C ^ I 5^ 3 ξ δ 1 § ί: 3' 1 b :^ 3\3 b b w 3. 3' ι- 3' :§-, Ο- ι- ,1s 3" s -θ- 3 1^ i 3 194 ESSENTIALS OF NEW TESTAMENT GREEK. § 89. To locate a verbal form at once is the most difficult thing a beginner has to learn. It is intended, therefore, that in the following pages the student shall have a special oppor- tunity for mastering a large part of this main difficulty. Of the most common irregular verbs there are here gathered into small space the forms that occur, and by a mastery of these pages a great deal will be done towards gaining a rapid and easy understanding of the Greek, read as Greek. After a thorough acquaintance with the paradigms and the principal parts of the ir- regular verbs, nothing may prove of greater profit than repeated drill on these forms. § 90. άκονω,^ hear. ηκουον, άκονουσι, άκήκοα, άκούστ}, ακούσω, άκουσας, άκουων, άκουσομεθα, ακου€ΐ<;, άκηκόασι,, άκουσθτ], άκούβτβ, άκουσθήσβται^ ήκούσαμβν, άκούοντας, άκονσθβΐσι, άκούομβν, άκηκόατβ, άκουσητβ, άκουε, ακούσει, ακούσατε, ηκουσα, άκούοντος, ήκούσθη, άκηκοότα<;, άκούσεται, ακούει, άκουσάτω, άκούσωσι, άκούσονται, άκοΟσαι, άκου- 1 The aim is to give αίί forms of these verbs, but such com- pleteness can hardly be expected. The various editors give often a different form for the same passage, and no concordance is, as yet, published which gives W. and H's. reading. IRREGULAR VERBS: STUDY OF FORMS. 1 95 σάτωσαν, άκουσαντβς, ηκουσατε, άκούσβτβ, ηκουβ, άκουσεσθβ, άκούοντι, άκουσάντων, άκούοντβς^ άκονσουσι, άκούοντα, ηκονσας, άκούσασι, άκού- σασα, ηκουσβ, ακουσαντων, άκουαν, άκουέτω, ακουόντων, άκηκόαμβν. § 91. άνίστημι, i-aisc up. ανέστη, άναστάς, άναστήσβται, avaarrj, άνίστα- ται, άναστώσι, αναστήσω, ανάστα, αναστηναι, ανεστησαν, αναστήσει, άναστήσα<;, άναστάντε<;, άνιστασθαι, άναστήσονται, άνάστηθι, ανεστησε, άνίστάμενο<ί, άναστάσα, άναστάν. § 92. ανοίγω, open. άνοίζω, άνοιξον, ηνοίγθησαν, άνεω>γοτα, ηνοί'γη, avoiyei, άνοίγθωσί, άνοίξαντες, άνεωΎμενά,ς, άνεω')(θησαν, άνοίΎήσεταί, ηνοίζάς, άνεψ'γμενη, ανεω-χθη, ανεω^ε, άνοίξ-ρ, ανοί'γω, άνεω'γμενυ<{, ηνοίξε, άνεω^μενων, άνοίξωσι, άνέωξε, ήνοίχ^θΐ], ανεω'γμενον, ηνεωχ^θη, ανεω^μενη<;, ηνεφ-χθησαν, άνεφιγμενην, ηνοί^ησαν, ανεω^μενον<;, ανοίηων, ήνεωξε, άνοιχ^θήσεται., άνοΐξαι, ανεφ-χθνιναί. § 93. άτΓοθνήσκω, die. άττεθανον, άττοθνήσκων, αττοθνήσκει, άττοθνή- σκωμεν, άττϋθν>]σκείν, άττοθανόντος, άττεθάνετε^ 196 ESSENTIALS OF NEW TESTAMENT GREEK. άτΓοθνήσκουσι, άττοθάνωμ^ν, άττοθανόντβς, άττοθα- velrai, αττέθνησκβν^ άττοθανόντι^ άττοθάντ)^ άττοθνή- σκοντες, άττοθανεΐν, άττοθνήσκομβν^ άττοθανόντα, άττίθανβ^ άτΓοθανών., άττοθανοΰνται, άττεθάνομβν, άττοθανβίσθβ. § 94. άττόλλυμι, destroy, kill. άττώΧβσα, άττοΧλυμβνην., άττολεσαί, άττοΧηται^ άτΓολεσω, άττόλΧυμαι, άττοΧομενου, άττοΧωΧώς, άττώΧετο, άττοΧεΐται, αττωΧέσωσιν, άττοΧύσθαί, άτΓολεσας, άττο'λλυε, άττολω, άττοΧΧνμβθα, άττο- Χεστ}, άτΓοΧΧνμβνοι, cnroXeaei, άττοΧβσητε, άττο- Χβΐσθβ, άτΓοΧΧυμβνοις, άττώΧοντο, άττώΧεσβν, άτΓοΧοΰνταί, άττώΧΧυντο, αττολωλο'?, άττοΧωΧότα.) άτΓοΧΧνμένου^ άττόΧωνταί. § 95. άτΓοστίλλω, send. άττέσταΧκα, άττοστεΧΧτ), αττοστειλας, άττοστα- XevTi, άτΓοστβΧώ, άττέστείΧα, άττεσταΧμένος, άττεστάΧην, άττοσταΧώσι^ αττοστβΧΧβιν, άττοστεί- Χαντες, άττέστειΧας, άττοστεΧΧει, άττοστείΧτ], άτΓοστείΧαντι, άττοστειΧον, αττοστεΧεΐ, αττο- στεΧΧω, άττεστάΧκαμεν, άττεστάΧη, άττέσταΧκας, άττεσταΧμενοί., άττεστάΧκασι, άττοστεΧΧομενα, άττεστάΧκατε, άττέσταΧμαι, άττεσταΧκε, άττεσταΧ- μένους, άττοστέΧΧουσι.) άττέστείΧαν^ άττοστεΐλαι. IRREGUL.4R VERBS : STUDY OF FORMS. 1 9 7 §96. OJ^\.r\\^\., remit, forgive. άφ?;σ€<9, άφες, άφήκας, άφίζται, ηφί€, άφβων- ταί, άφήκα., αφεί'?, άφιέναι, άφί€τω, αφ?], άφίησίν, αφήσω, άφώμ€ν, άφβντ€<;, αφέθησαν, άφήκαμβν, αφβτβ, άφησα, άφήκατβ, άφήτ€, άφήσουσι, άφβθρ, άφίβμβν, άφήκαν, άφίβτε, άφβθήσεται, άφβΐναι, άφβΐς, άφήκες = -κας, άφίουσι, άφίομβν. § 97. -βαίνω, go, come, άνα-, κατά-, Ιμ-, μ€τα-. βαίνων^ ββην, βήσβται, βαινβτω, βαίνβιν, βάς, βίβηκα, βαίνοντος, ββημβν, βαίνω, ββαινον, βάντων, βαινόντων, βρ, βάντι, βέβηκβ, ββαινε, βαίνουσι, βήναι, βαίνουσα, βήστ], βαίνβί, βαίνετε, βαίνουσαν, βαίνοντας, 'έβη, βάντα, βββηκότος, βάν, βαίνομεν, ββησαν, βββήκαμβν, βάντες, βήθι, βαΐνον, βάτω, βήτε, βαίνοντες, άναβα (for άνάβηθι). § 98. βάλλω, east βαΧΧόντων, βαΧεΙν, βάλω, βάΧλει, εβέβΧητο, βεβλημένος, βάΧε, βεβΧηκότος, βάΧΧομεν, βαΧώ, εβαΧον, βάλλοντες, βεβληκε, βαΧΧόμενον, εβαΧ- Χον, βάΧΧεταί, βεβΧηται, βάλετε, βΧηθείστ], βαΧωσι, βάλΧουσι, βαλούσι, βληθ-)], βαλουσα, βεβΧημένον, βληθήσεταί, βάΧΧοντας, εβαΧε, igS ESSENTIALS OF NEW TESTAMENT GREEK. ΐβΧηθη^ βά\τ], βΧηθηναί, βάλΧουσαν, έβΧήθησαν, βάΧητβ, βββΧημβνην, βΧηθητι, βΧηθβν, βΧηθηστ], βΧητίον (a verbal, Luke 5 '■ Ζ^), βαΧΧόμβνα. § 99. -γίνομαι, be, become. έ^γειπίθη, 'γβνόμενος, ^γινόμβνοι, yeyova, γενόμενοι, yivovrai, iyevovTO, ηίνωνται, ^ενωνται, γινομένη, eyeveaOe, ^ε^ενημένον., ^ζ^βνησθβ., 'yeyόvaμev^ yevoμevωv, eyeyovei, yevηraι, yivov, yevoμevη, yiveraL^ γεγοι^ώς, yevησθ€, ylveaOai, yeveaOai^ yeyovevai, yeyevrjadai, yevηθrjvaL, yevησόμ6V0Vy yevηθevτe^, ey€vήθησav, yιveσθω., yιvόμevov, yevόμevov, yevijOevTa^, iy€vόμηv, yevωμaι, γίΐ/ώ' μέθα, y€vώμeθa, y€vηθήτω, eyevov, iyivero, yLvόμ€va, yeyovaai, y€Voμ€IΌiς, yevηθητ€^ yevo- μ€νη<;, yevijaeraL, yivoμevωv, yeyova<;^ yevoμίvoυ^ yeyovoTi, yeyovav, yeyovare, iyevero, y€voμevηv, yeveσθω., yiveaOe., yeyovei, yevόμevaι, yeyovvia, yevijaeaOe, yev6μeva, yeyovore^., eyevήθητe^ yeyo- 1^09, yeyove, yevηθevτωv, yevoiro (optative, mostly in the phrase μη yevoiro, may it not happen, God forbid). § 100. -γινώσκω, know. yvωσθησ€τaι, yLvώσκωv, yvo), yivodaKerat, γίΐ^ώσ/ίω, yvoidi, yvwai., yLvwaKeiv, €yvωκa., yvco- σομαι, eyίvωσκov, yiva>aK6L, γνώτω, yvoiaovrai, eyvωκ€, yvωσθevτ€^, eyvu>Kare, yLvcoaKere, yLV(a- IRREGULAR VERBS: STUDY OF FORMS. 1 99 σκητ6, ^ίνώσκομβν, Ύΐνώσκωμαι, €<γνων, β^νώσθη, yvovi;, yvu)T€, γνως, <γινώσκ€ί<;, ^νωσθήτω, ηνωναι^ έ'γ^ω, ηνάισ-τι., 'yvu>^ γνώσεταί, eytVw^/ce, iyvcuKeire, ε^νωσταί, yvovra^ ^ινωσκωσί^ 'γινώσκοντβς, ιγνοντες, <γίνωσκομ€νη, €<γνωσαν^ ^νώσβσθε, eyvw- καυ = -κασι, ε^νωκ4ναί. § 101. δίδωμι, give. €8ωκαμ€ν, 8ί8ονς, 8ονς, δος•, δω, 8ι8όασί, εδ/δο- σαν,^ 8ωσονσι, βΒωκαν, 8ώσιν, δοθήσβται, ΒβΒωκβ, δεδώΛτεί, 8ι8όμ€νον, SeScuKeiaav, 8έ8ωκα, iSlSovv, εΒωκας, 8ί8οται, δώσω, SoOfj, διΒύναι, Sovvai, Βοθήναι, Βώτ] and 8οΐ, irregular forms for δω, δ^δω, Βί8ωμι, 8ωη = optative 8οίη, δώσείς, 86τω, εδ/δου, δ/δωσί, δώστ;, 8ί8οτ€, 8ι8όντί, €8ώκατ€, ΒβΒομβνον, 8e8oTai, Βοθβίστ], ΒεΒομενην, €8ωκ6, δώσβί, 8ωμβν, €8ωκα, 8ί8όντα, εδο'^?/, Βοθείσης, 8όντος, 8ώσομβν., δωτε, 8οθ€Ϊσαι, 8ί8ον, δω?, Βοθβΐσαν, έΒόθησαν, 8όντα, δεδωΛτας•, 8ι.8όντ€ς, δότε. § 102. έρχομαι, co;ne, go. €\θω, €ρχ^ωμαί, €ρ)(^ομαι, βΧβύσομαι., βΧηΧυθα, ηΧθυν, €ρ)ι^όμ€νος, ηρχ^οντο, βΧθτ], έΧθών, βΧθονσα, έΧθετω, βρχ^ίσθω^ έΧεύσονται., ηΧθβτβ^ €Χ7']Χνθας, βρ-χ^ομεθα, ^pxjj, iXOetv, βρχ^ηται, βρχονται, εΧθωσι, εΧηΧνθβ, εΧθονση<ζ, ep -χου^ eXevaerai, βΧηΧύθβί, εΧθοντος., ηΧθβ. eXOovTC, βΧηΧνθβισαν, eXO όντων, 1 Cf. similar form in έ'χω, § 104, latter part. 200 ESSENTULS OF NEW TESTAMENT GREEK. (ρχβσθαι, iXOov, βΧηΧυθυΐαν, βΧθόντα, βρχεσθβ, eX^oVre?, βΧθοΰσαι, 6Χη\υθότ€<ζ, ηΧθομβν, έΧηΧυ- θότα, ηΧθβς, βΧθόντα';, ΐΧθβ, ^ρχ^ομίντ), βρχ^βται, βρχ^ομζνης, ηρχ^ετο, βλ^ί^?? VPX^^^ (* commonly occurs for % in the 2 aor. ; as ηΧθαν, βΧθάτω. A few forms in -μβνος are omitted.) § 103. ίν^ίσκίύ, find. ebpi']ar] /lave. εγ^ε, έξεις, εγ^ει, εσχον, εσχηκα, σχώ, εγειν, ^'Χ^' ^χο/Λβι^, είχε, εσχηκε, σχώμεν, είχον, έχτ], εχέτω, εχωμεν, εξει, έχομένω, εσχήκαμεν, εχο- μένάς, εσχες, εξετε, έχοντας, έχετε, εξουσι, 'έχοι and έχοιεν (opt.), εχητε, εχουσι, ^σχε, έχεις, ερχόμενα, έσχηκότας, εχωσι, έχων, έχουσα, έχον, 1 Cf note, p. 189. IRREGULAR VERBS: STUDY OF FORMS. 20I βίχ^αν, εΓχοσαι^, both = είχοί', εϊ-χαμ^ν = βϊ^ζ^ομβρ, βσχηκότα (nearly all the forms of the pres. act. part, occur). § 105. ϊστημι, cause to stand. [στώμ€ν, Ιστησι, στήσει, στάς, εστηκας, έστησε, εστως, σταθείς, στήσαι, στήστ]';, στήσαντε<ϊ, στή- σονται, στήσητε, στάντο<;, σταθήναι, εστάναι, στήναι, στήσετε, στήθι, εστήκαμεν, εστηκώς, εστωτος, σταθ ήσεται, έστησαν, έστηκότες, εστή- κασι, σταβέντα, είστήκει, εστάθην, εστώτα, σταθήσεσθε, είστήκεισαν, εστώτες, σταθ^ρτες, εστηκός, στάσα, σταθί), εστην, εστηκε, έστώτας, εστηκότων, εστη, στητέ, εστώτων, Ιστάθη, έστη- σαν, εστάθησαν, ε'ιστήκεσαν, στήση, Ιστάνομεν, εστό<;. W. and Η. give ΐστ- throughout the plupf. instead of e /στ-. § 106. λαμβάνω, take, receive. εϊΧηφα, Χαμβάνων, εΧαβον, Χαβετω, Χάβω, Χαμβάντ}, Χαμβάνειν, Χαβεΐν, Χαμβάνω, εΧάμ- βανον, Χημψεται, Χάβετε, Χαμβάνεις, Χ7]μψόμεθα, Χάβωσι, Χαμβάνετε, Χαβών, εΧαβε'ζ, εϊΧηφας, Χαβοΰσαι, Χαμβάνονσι, έΧάβετε, εΙΧηφώς, Χαμ- βάνοντες, Χήμψεσθε, εΧαβε, εϊΧηφε, Χαβόντες, Χάβη, Χαμβάνει, Χήμψοί'ται, έΧάβομεν, Χαμβα- νόμενος, Χαβονσα, Χάβητε, Χαμβανόμενον, Χάβοί, (opt.), εϊΧηφες = -φα<;. 202 ESSENTIALS OF NEW TESTAMENT GREEK. § 107. Ίτίνω, drink. [ττεττωΛτε], τηών, ττίνων, ίτίνω, ττί'ω, Trivet, ττίεται, eine, εττινον, ττίνβτβ, ττίβσαι, ττίητβ^ iriveiv, 7Γΐ€Ϊν, 7Γ€Ϊν, 7rivovTe<;, 7Γί?7, ττίντ], ττίνονσι., ττίνωσι, ττίεσθβ, ετΓίον, Trie, ττίωμεν., ττινέτω, εττίομεν, ττίβτβ, Ίτωνσα, ττίωσιν. § 107 α. ΊτίτΓτω, fa//. Ίτέτττωκαν., βττβσα, eireaov, Trearj, ττεσων, ττβσον, ττ/τΓτβί, 7Γ€σ€Ϊται, έ'ττεσε, ττεσόντας, ττβτττωκότα, €7Γ€σαν, ττεσετβ, ττβσβΐν, ττβσοϋνται, ττβσόντα, ΤΓίτΓτόντων, ττεστ^τε, ττβσόντβς, τΓβτΓτωκυΐαν, ire- σωσι, Ίτέτηωκβ'ζ (for -κα<;), βτητττβν. § 108. τίθημι, put, p/ace. reOeiKa, θβίς, τιθβναι, τίθημι, θω, reOfj^ €τίθ€ΐ, θησω^ βθηκα, βθου, τβθβικώς, θβντβς, θβίναί., θήσ€ΐς, €τίθουν, τίθέασι, τίθησί, θτ), τίθβτω, θβμβνος, τεθήναι, βθβτο, θήσβί, τίθεται, θώμβν, θεσθβ, τιθβίς, 'έθηκαν, εθβσθε, βτβθην, τεθώσι, τιθίντ€ς, 'έθηκας, WevTO, θέτε, €θηκ€, έτίθη, τβθείκατβ, έτίθησαν, τίθβιται. § 109. ψαίνω, show, appear. έφάνη, φανήσβται, φανίϋσι, φαίνεται, φαίντ], φανώμεν, φαίνει, φανεΐται, φαίνων, φαίνεσθε, IRREGULAR VERBS : SYNTAX. 203 εφάνησαν, φαίνομβνου, φαρτ}, φαινομένων, φαί- νοντί, φαίνονται, φαινομίνΐ], φανΡ]^, φαίνωσο. § 110. φίρω, dear. ην€<γκα, βνβχ^θβίσης, ο'ίσβι^, iveyKare, ηνέχθη^ι φερ€Τ€, βφβρον, φβρώμεθα^ι φέρε, φβρουσαν, φερό- μενοι, φβρβιν, φερϊ], φερουσι., εφβρβ, -rjvejKaTe, φερομβνη<;, φερητε, φέρει, οϊσουσι, ενεχ^θεΐσαν, -φέρεται, εφερόμεθα, φερεσθαι, -ενε^κάς, -φερΐ]ς, ηνε<γκ€, εφεροντο, -φέρονται, ηνε^καν, φέροντες, φερομενην, ηνε'^κα<ί, ενεγ^θηναί, φίρον, φέρουσαι, 4νβ<γκτ], -ενεχθ€ί<ς, -φερωσι, -ενβ'γκε. 3. SYNTAX. § 111. It is not the purpose of this introduc- tory work to deal largely with Greek syntax. No study, however, of the New Testament, in the Greek, can be prosecuted without at least a modicimi of knowledge of the Greek syntax. It is therefore within the scope of this little work to furnish that modicnin. It is believed that the examples and prin- ciples here set forth will prove of great value in assisting the beginner to keep his bearings 204 ESSENTIALS OF NEW TESTAMENT GREEK. amidst the various forms of construction which render the Greek so rich a language, and at the same time make it appear so difficult to the learner. The inductive study of syntax is valued by no one more highly than by the author, and I hope that the following principles may not be looked upon as rules that are to serve as pegs upon which the student is to hang his subjunctives, infinitives, genitives, and datives. The study of the syntax should begin with the examples and not with the principles, with the Greek text and not with a work on Greek syntax. The New Testament, written as it was by several different persons, cannot but present the peculiarities of style that belong to these authors. This variety of style often passes over into a different syntactical expression. Accordingly, what is a very common form of construction in the writings of Paul may not be found in the Gospels, and Luke may use expressions that do not occur elsewhere. The aim has been in the following examples to give those that are representative of the language as used by all the writers of the New Testament. syntax : subjunctive. 205 The Moods in Independent Sentences. § 112. The indicative in independent sen- tences is the natural one and needs nothing said about it here. Subjunctive. § 113.' The first person plural of the subjunc- tive, either present or aorist, may be used to denote a command or cxhortatiojt. The nega- tive is μ,ή (l Cor. 15 : 32), φά'^ωμβν και ττίωμβν, Let lis eat and drink, i John 3 : 18, /*/; αγαττω- μ^ν λόγω, Let US not love in zuord. § 114. The distinction between the present and aorist is that the present denotes what is continued, extended, or repeated, while the aorist denotes the fact simply without any continued or extended action. This distinction is generally true of the present and aorist in all moods except the indicative. The aorist subjunctive and imperative do not refer to past time, but to the present or future. The aorist infinitive may refer to past time. 115. In questions of doubt or uncertainty the subjunctive is used in the first person, rarely in the second or third. Mark 12 : 14, ^ωμβν ή μη 8ώμ€ΐ' ; shall zue give or shall we not give ? 206 ESSENTIALS OF NEW TESTAMENT GREEK. § 116. The aorist subjunctive is used with the double negative ού μή, to express a strong negation. John 6:35, 6 βρχόμβνος ττρος e'/ie ού μη ireivaajf καΐ ο τηστζύων eh e'/xe ού μη Βίψή- σβι, he who comes ηηίο me shall not hunger, and he ivho believes on Die shall not thirst. Note that the future indicative is thus also used. § 117. The aorist subjunctive may express a negative command. Matt, y -.6, μη Score το ayiov τοις κνσίν., μ7]86 βάXητe τους μαργαρίτας υμών €μ- ττροσθβν των -χοίρων, give not that which is holy to the dogs, nor throiv your pearls before stvine. Optative. § 118. The optative is used to express a wish that refers to future time. Luke 20 : 16, μη ykvoLTo, may this not Jiappen. See § 71. In Dependent Sentences. Subjunctive. § 119. Final clauses denoting piirpose are intro- duced by ϊνα or οττως and take the subjunctive, more rarely the indicative ; negative μή. Mark 3 : 14, κα\ €7Γθίησεν δώδε/ία . . . ίνα ωσιν μeτ αυτού καΐ ίνα ΰττοστέΧΧτ] αυτούς Κ7]ρυσσείν, and SYNTAX : CONDITIONAL SENTENCES. 20 7 he chose tivclve in order that they viight be with hifn, and that he might send them to preach. Acts 9 : l/j ό κύριος αττεσταλκέν μβ . . . όπως άναβΧβψ'Τ]^ καΐ 7Γ\ησθί)ς πνεύματος ayiov, the Lord has sent me that yoii might look up and be filled ivith the holy spirit. § 120. Object clauses after verbs of exhorting, commanding, and entreating, take the subjunc- tive with ϊνα, more rarely ό'ττω? ; negative μη. Matt. 14 : 36, παρεκάΧουν αυτόν 'ίνα μόνον αψωνταί του κρασπέδου του Ιματίου αυτού, they entreated him that they might but touch the hem of his garment. Mark 13 : 18, προσ^ύγεσθε δε ίνα μη Ύενηταί γειμωνος, and pray ye that it happen not in the luinter. Conditional Sentences. § 121. A condition stated simply without any- thing being impHed as to fulfilment has in Greek, as in English, the simple present, future, or past (aorist) indicative in the condition, with the same tense in the conclusion. Matt. 4:6, εΐ νιος εΐ του θεού, βαΚ,ε σεαυτον κάτω, if thou, art the Son of God, cast thyself down. Matt. 26 : 33, el πάντες σκαδαΧισθήσον- ται εν σοι, ejco ουδέποτε σκανδαΧισθησομαι, if all men shall be offended in thee, I never shall be 2o8 ESSENTIALS OF NEW TESTAMENT GREEK. offended. 2 Cor. 5 • l6> ^^' i^^^^ Ιηνωκαμεν κατά σάρκα άριστον, aWa νυν ούκβτι ιγινώσκομβν, and if we have known Christ according to the flesh, yet noiv tve knoiu him no longer. § 122. Conditions CoJitrary to Fact. — When av is added to the conclusion where el appears in the condition, a non-fulfilment is implied. The same tense of the indicative is used in both parts. § 123. The imperfect denotes present time, and the aorist or pluperfect denotes past time. Imperfect : John 5 : 46, d ηαρ βττίστειίετε Μωυσβί, βτηστβύβτβ αν ^μοί, for if you ivere now believing in Moses, yoii would now be believing in me. Implying that they are not believing in Moses. Aorist or pluperfect : i Cor. 2 : 8, el ηαρ β'γνωσαν, ουκ αν τον κύριον της Βόξης βστανρω- σαν, for if they had knozun it they ivonld not have crucified the Lord of Glory, i John 2 : 19, et <^ap ef ημών ήσαν., μβμβνηκβισαν αν μβθ^ ημών, for if they had been of lis, they would have re- mained zvitJi us. § 124. Future Conditions. — Clauses that refer to future time are introduced by eaV, which is followed by the subjunctive {rarely the indica- SYNTAX : RELATIVE CLAUSES. 2O9 tive). In the conclusion the future indicative occurs or the present with future sense. Matt. 9:21, iav μόνον αψωμαι του Ιματίου αυτού σωθήσομαι, If Ι sJiall but touch his gar- ment, I shall be saved. John 15 : 10, iav τας ivTo\a<; μου τηρήσητβ, μβνβίτβ ev Tjj άγατττ; μου, if ye shall keep my commandjnents, ye shall re- main in my love. § 125. The negative in the condition is usually μη, in the conclusion always oh. Relatfve Clauses. § 126. Clauses introduced by relative words as 09, luJio, and όττου, where, follow the same principles as conditional clauses when referring to present, past, or future time. The relative word stands as the conjunction in the room of el. Where an eaf-construction is implied, the relative word usually takes the place of the el and the dv remains, as 09 av. More rarely 09 eav is found. Luke 8:18, b? av yap έ'χ?;, SoθήσeτaL• αύτω, zvhoever has, to him shall it be given. Mark 14 : 9, οτΓου iav κηρυχ^θη το eiiayyeXiov, ... δ e7Γ0Lησev αΰτη ΧαΧηθήσβται, zuherever the Gospel shall be preached, that luhich she has done will be told. 210 essentials of new testament greek. Temporal Clauses. § 127. Temporal Clauses introduced by οτ^^ ivJien, έως, until, are followed by the same con- struction as relative conjunctions, § 126; ore av is always written orav. Mark 6 : lO, Ικά μβνβτβ €ως αν βξέΧθητε εκείθεν, abide there Jintil you go out tJience. Matt. 2I :4ο, orav ovv εΧθτ) 6 κύριος του άμττεΧωνος, τι ττοιησει ; wJicn there- fore the lord of the viiieyard cometJi, what will he do ? § 128. More rarely e'fo? appears without av. Luke 22 : 34, ου φωνήσει σήμερον άΧεκτωρ εως τρις με άτταρνηστ) εΙΒεναι, the cock shall not croiv to-day until you deny three tiifies that you knoiu me. Infinitive. § 129. The infinitive is used to complete the meaning of such verbs as θεΧειν, zuish; Βύνασθαι, able ; εΧττίζειν, hope; ζητεΐν, seek. This con- struction is the same as in English. If this infinitive has a subject different from that of the principal verb, this subject must be in the acciisative. Hebr. 6 : 11, ετηθυμοΰμεν 8ε εκαστον υμών την αύτην ενΒείκνυσθαί σττουδ?/!/, we moreover desire each one of you to exhibit the sanie earnestness. 2 Cor. 11 : 16, μή τις με SYNTAX : INFINITIVE. 211 Βό^τ) άφρονα elvai, let no one tJiink me. ίο be foolish {that I am foolish). § 130. When the subject of the infinitive is tJie same as that of the principal verb, this subject is not commonly expressed, and all attributes are in the nominative case. Rom. I : 22, φάσκοντες elvai σοφοί βμωράνθησαν, they zuere made foolish by declaring themselves to be wise. § 131. Words of saying and in general ex- pressions of thought may be followed by the infinitive with the cases as above. See last example in § 129 and in § 128. § 132. The infinitive may be used as a sub- stantive, and in this construction may take the article in any case. This substantive phrase (while keeping its verbal force) is governed as a noun, and often takes a preposition. I Cor. 14 : 39, ro \a\eiv μη κωΧύβτβ γλώσσαίς, forbid not the speaking with tongues. Acts 14:9, βχβί τΓΐ'στίν τον σωθήναί, he has faith that he will be healed, Ut. faith of being healed. John I : 48, ττρο του σε ΦίΧοττττον φωνήσαί, before Philip called you. § 133. The infinitive is frequent after i'yevero, it came to pass, where the infinitive, with or 2 12 ESSENTULS OF NEW TESTAMENT GREEK. without a subject accusative, is the subject of the ijevero. Luke 6 : i, eyeveTo δε iv σαββάτω ΒιατΓορξύεσθαί αυτόν, it came to pass as he journeyed on the Sabbath. Luke 3:21, iyepero 8e ev τω βατττισθήναί ατταντα τον Xabv . . . άνεω- -χθηναι, τον ουρανον καί καταβήναι το ττνβνμα το ayiov eV αυτόν, and zvJien all the people had been baptized {ev τω βατττισθήναί) it happened that the heavens tuere opened, and that the Holy Spirit descended 7ipon him. § 134. ώστε, so that (to be distinguished from ώστε as an introductory word, and so, therefore), takes the infinitive (indicative twice), negative μή. Mark 9 : 26, eyeveTO ώσβΐ νβκρος ώστε τού<ί τΓοΧλούς \eyeiv ότι άττ^θανεν, he became as one dead, so that the most said that he was dead. § 135. The infinitive is common after ιτρίν or ττρίν η, before. Matt. 26 : 34, ττρΧν άΧάκτορα φωνήσαι, before the cock croivs. Acts 7 : 2, ττρίν η κατοικήσαί αύτον ev ^αρράν, before Jie dwelt in Charran. Participle. § 136. Verbs of hcaj'ijig, seeing, knowing, and perceiving, may be followed by the participle. This construction is a form of indirect discourse SYNTAX: NEGATIVES. 213 and is rendered by such a clause in English. Acts 7:12, άκουσας δε ^ϊακωβ οντά σιτία βίς A'LyuTTTov, and Jacob having Jicard that there was corn in Egypt. Luke 8 : 46, εγώ γαρ β^νων Βνναμίν έξεΧηΧυθνΐαν αττ' έμοΰ, for Ι knoiu that power has gone ont from Die. i John 4 : 2, Ίταν 7Γν€νμα ο όμόΧο'^βί ^Ιησονν Ι^ριστον iv σαρκΐ βΧηΧυθότα, every spirit zuhich confesses that Jesus CJirist canie in the flesh. For some other ex- amples of the participle see 190-193. Negatives. § 137. μή is the usual negative in the condi- tional, relative, and temporal clauses, ov the negative of the main clause. § 138. μη is the negative of the imperative, μη θαυμάζετε, marvel not. § 139. μιί] is used in asking questions where a negative reply is expected. John 21:5, τταιΒία, μή Tt ττροσφά'γοον e^ere ; /itt/e chi/dren, have ye aught to eat ? § 140. ού is used in questions where an affirmative answer is expected. Luke 17 : 17, ού-χ^ οι SeKu βκαθαρίσθησαν ; were the ten not purified f 214 ESSENTIALS OF NEW TESIAMENT GREEK. § 141. The double negative ου μή is used to express a strong negation. See § 116. Matt. 24 : 34, ου μη TrapeXOr) ν yevea αϋτη έως αν ττάντα ταύτα ykvy]Tai. This generation shall not pass away until all these tilings come to pass. § 142. When a strong emphasis is desired several negatives may occur in a sentence, provided the simple negative as ου or μη be followed by the compounds, as οϋδβ, ούΒβν, or μηΒβ, μη^εν. I John I : 5, σκοτία ουκ βστιν ev αύτω ούΒβμία, no darkness is in him at all. Mark i : 44, ο pa μηδβνΐ μηΒβν €Ϊ7Γ7]ς, see to it, speak ne er a word to any one. But where the negatives are simple, the effect is as in English. § 143. In general, ου is the negative of state- ment or fact ; while /λ>; is the negative of con- ception, possibility, or contingency. Uses of the Cases in Greek. • § 144. It is supposed that the student is already acquainted with the simpler uses of the cases that have come up in the course of the lessons. Genitive. § 145. Time tuithin luJiich is put in the geni- tive. Matt. 28 : 13, νυκτο<ζ βΧθόντβς €κ\€ψαν αυτόν, they came in the night aiid stole Jmn. syntax: uses of the cases. 215 § 146. The agent after a passive verb, usually a vohintaiy agent, is expressed by ύττο and the genitive. Mark i : 9, ζβατττίσθη ΰττο Ίωάνον, he was baptised by JoJui. Matt, ii : 7, καλαμον υττο άνεμου σαΧευόμενον, a I'eed shaken by the zvind. § 147. The genitive may be used as a pred- icate after ^Ιμί. i Cor. i : 12, β'γώ μς,ν εΙμι Παύλοι; , . . εγώ δε άριστον, Ι αιη of Paul . . . and I am of Christ. § 148. Verbs of touching, begging, hearing, tasting, and the like, are usually followed by the genitive. Luke 5:13, ηψατο αντοΰ λεγωι/, he tojicJied him, saying. Mark 8 : 23, καΙ ίπύλαβό- μ€νος τής 'χβιρο'ί του τνφΧού, and he took hold of his hand. Luke 5:12, βΖβηθη αυτού Χέ^ων, he begged Jiim, saying. Matt. 17 : 5, d/coi^ere αύτοΟ, hear ye him. John 8 : 52, ού μη ^εύσβταί θανάτου etf τον αιώνα, he shall not taste death forever. § 149. Words denoting fulness, deficiency, plenty, and wa^it, take the genitive. John 1:15, ιτληρης 'χάριτος καΐ άΧηθείας., full of grace and truth. Luke 1:53, ττβινώντας ενεττΧησεν άηαθών, he filled the hungry zvith good [things). James l : 5, ^l δε τις υμών Χείττβται σοφίας, and if any of you is lacking in zvisdom. 2l6 ESSENTIALS OF NEW TESTAMENT GREEK. § 150. The genitive follows the comparative degree of the adjective. Mark 12:31, μβίξων τούτων αΧλη εντοΧη ουκ εστίν, ηο otlie}' com- mandmcnt is greater than -these. § 151. The genitive follows verbs of acciising, condernning, and the like. Acts 19 : 40, κοίΧ 'yap κινΒυνβύομβν iyKaXeiaOat στάσεως, for zve are in danger of being called to account for the disturbance. Mark 15 : 3, και κατηγορούν αντου οι αρχιερείς ττολλα, and the high priests accused him of man}' things. § 152. The genitive follows most adverbs, as : ■χωρίς, μέχρι, εως, οττίσω, εμττροσθεν, εγγύς. John Ι : 1 5) ο οττίσω μου ερχόμενος εμττροσθεν μου ηεηονεν οτι ττρωτός μου ην, he who comes after me was before me, because lie was prior to me. Dative. § 153. The dative is used after words signi- fying likeness, agreement, or their opposites. John 8 : 55, εσομαι όμοιος ύμίν ψεύστης, I shall be like you, a liar. § 154. The dative follows verbs of approach- ing, joining, following. 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