Library of the 
 University of ISorth Carolina 
 
 Endowed bv the Dialectic and Philan- 
 thropic Societies 
 
 3fi-J /-Sa-S 
 
This book must not 
 be taken from the 
 Library building. 
 
 Form No. 471 
 
THE L.IFJE 
 
 OF 
 
 MAJOR GENERAL 
 
 ANDREW JACKSON: 
 
 COMPRISING 
 
 A HISTORY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 AR IK THE SOUTV,, 
 
 FROM THE 
 
 COMMENCEMENT OF THE CRl) AliiN 
 
 TO THE 
 TERMINATION OP HOSTILITIES BEFOIU" 
 
 ADDENDA : 
 
 CONTAINING A BRIEF 
 
 HISTORY OF THE SEMINOLE WAR, 
 
 AND 
 
 CESSION AND GOVERNMENT OF FLORIDA. 
 
 BY JOHN HENRJ EATON, 
 
 SENATOR OF THE UNITED STATUS* CONGRESS- 
 
 Third edUion. — Revised mid Corrected by Ihe Author, 
 — •.•>»e ® 9m "" i 
 
 PUBUSHED BY M'CARTY & DAYI^, 
 
 NO. 171 MARKET STREET. 
 
 1828. 
 
EASTERN DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA, to tril; 
 
 Uj. be IT REMEMBERED, that on the fifteenth day of May, in the 
 ^ fifty-second year of the Independence of the United States of America, 
 A. D. 1828, M'CARTY St. DAVIS, of the eaid District, have deposited 
 in this office the title of a book, the right whereof they claim as Pro- 
 prietors, in the words following, lo wit: — 
 
 'rTTi^^ The Life of Major General ANDREW JACKSON : comprising a 
 History of the War in the South ; from tlie commencement of the Creek Campaign 
 to the termination of hosLilitieci before New-Orleans. Addenda : containing a brief 
 ni*tory of the Seminole War, and Cession and Government of Florida. By John 
 Henry Eaton, Senator of the United States' Congreee. Third edition. Revised and 
 corrected by the Author. 
 
 In conformity to the Act of the Congress of the United States, entitled, " An Act for 
 the Encour?.gement of Learning,' by securing the copies of Maps, Charts, and Books, 
 t») the author* and pix>prietor8 of such copies, during the times therein mentioned ;" 
 And also to the act, entitled, "An act supplementary to an act, entitled, "An Act for 
 tl)e Encouragement of Learning, by securing the copies of Maps, Charts, and Books, to 
 the authors and proprietors cf such copies during the times therein mentioned;" and 
 extending the benefits thereof to the Arts of designing, engraving, and etching his- 
 torical and other prints." 
 
 D. CALDWELL, 
 
 Clerk »f the Extern District of Pevnsylvania, 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 He who ventures on a detail of events, recent in the 
 ^recollection of the world, hazards much, and can scarcely 
 PIxpect to avoid ^censure. The numerous actors in, and 
 spectators of, the scenes portrayed, entertaining different 
 ^op inions of the facts as they transpired, and ascribing 
 Hln]y|o entirely different causes, becomes each a critic in 
 ^5ls turn, accordingly as the narrative corresponds with, 
 or is variant from his own opinion. 
 
 The historian who traces events, at a period remote 
 from their occurrence, stands on more favourable ground, 
 and has fewer difficulties to encounter: he then proceeds 
 in his undertaking without being acted upon by prejudice, 
 or influenced by partiality. His readers, too, are simi- 
 larly situated. But he who dravv 3 them at a moment when 
 recollection treasures them, is oftentimes placed under 
 the influence of both — may be diverted insensibly from 
 the course pointed out by truth; — ascribe events to mo- 
 tives that never induced them;— bestow censure where it 
 is not due, and commendation where it is not merited. 
 
 To avoid errors so common, and to present things truly 
 as they occurred, has been the wish of the author, and he 
 believes he has succeeded. He believes so, because he 
 had no inducement to do otherwise, and because, having 
 all the original papers in his possession, and the opportu- 
 nity of constant anH repeated intercourse with the subject 
 of this history, there was no avenue to error, unless from 
 intention, and this he disclaims. He can therefore ven- 
 ture upon this assurance, that what is detailed may be 
 taken as correct. 
 
 As regards the execution of the work, he has not much 
 to offer to the consideration of the reader. He is willing 
 to trust it to the world, without preface or apology; — 
 without supplicating its charity or indulgence in its favour: 
 from no belief that ample room is not afforded for both to 
 be exercised in his behalf, but from a conviction that they 
 are seldom or never extended, and that none has a right 
 to ask for them, unless under peculiar circumstances. 
 Whether he be competent to the task, is the duty of every 
 
 tvJ 
 
IV PREFACE. 
 
 man to inquire, before he undertakes to become an au- 
 thor; no sooner does he appear before the public in that 
 character, than they have a right to infer, that he has en- 
 tire confidence in liis own qualifications, and therefore , 
 may, with propriety, judge him "according to his works." 
 
 lie who shall read what is written with a determination 
 to be displeased, because it is not so perfect as he him- 
 self could have made it, is desired to remember, tha||U| 
 there is every imaginable difference between him who hall|HI 
 bT^en accustomed to such pursuits, and, from habit, is en- 
 abled to give a happy arrangement to thought, and cor^^ 
 rectness to expression, and one who carries with M^d^^l 
 such aid. But those who desire a correct view ol^^se^ 
 masterly exertions which constantly hurried their actor to^dl 
 the most brilliant and uninterrupted success — who ca^Ji^l^l 
 pleased with benevolence and generosity, and strength, an c' 
 nerve, and decision of character, concentred in the same 
 breast — with a career, which, at every step, evinced an 
 unshaken determination to move forward for the benefit 
 and exaltation of his country, at all hazards, and at every 
 risk, will find much to admire. They will see the man, 
 of whom they have already heard much, fearlessly en- 
 countering danger, and erecting himself in opposition to 
 every design that came in collision with the duty he owed 
 to the station he occupied ; and who, in moments of ex- 
 treme difficulty, did not shrink from responsibility; but, 
 bringing to his aid the slender resources within his reach, 
 protected and saved an all-important and valuable portion 
 of his country, at a time when her Avarmest votaries re- 
 garded her cause, in that quarter, as hopeless. 
 
 It was desirable to avoid in the narrative, all those cir- 
 cumstances in which General Jackson was not directly 
 concerned; but as the design was to give a complete his- 
 tory of the southern war, that plan has been pursued, and 
 some events have been briefly adverted to, in which the 
 Tieneral had no immediate agency. 
 
 The work, such as it is, is submitted to the public; 
 and nothing either of charity or favour, supplicated in its 
 behalf. The matter is important, and the manner of pre- 
 senting it, if defective, may at least prove serviceable to 
 some future historian. 
 
 JOHN H. EATON. 
 
THE LIFE 
 
 OF 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 ■J His birth, parentage, family, and education. — Engages in the Ameri- 
 r'^i'ilSBft Revolution, and is shortly after, with his brother, made a prison- 
 er. — Their treatment and sufferings.— Commences the study of law. 
 — His removal to the western country. — Anecdote. — Becomes a 
 member of the Tennessee convention, and afterwards a senator in the 
 United States' congress. — Retires, and is appointed a judge of the 
 state courts. — Declaration of war. — Tenders the services of 2500 
 volunteers to the president. — Ordered to the lower country. — His 
 descent and return, and discharge of the troops. 
 
 Andrew Jackson was born on the 15th day of March, 
 1767. His father, (Andrew) the youngest son of his fa- 
 mily, emigrated to America from Ireland during the year 
 1765, bringing with him two sons, Hugh and Robert, 
 both very young. Landing at Charleston, in South Ca- 
 rolina, he shortly afterwards purchased a tract of land, in 
 what was then called the Waxsaw settlement, about forty- 
 five miles above Camden; at which place the subject of 
 this history was born. Shortly after his birth, his father 
 died, leaving three sons to be provided for by their mo- 
 ther. She appears to have been an exemplary woman, 
 and to have executed the arduous duties which had .de- 
 volved on her, with great faithfulness and with much suc- 
 cess. To the lessons she inculcated on the youthful minds 
 of her sons, was, no doubt, owing, in a great measure, 
 that fixed opposition to British tyranny and oppression, 
 which afterwards so much distinguished them. Often 
 would she spend the winter's evenings, in recounting the 
 sufferings of their grandfather, at the siege of Carrick- 
 
6 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSOX. 
 
 fergus, and the oppressions exercised by the nobility of 
 Ireland, over the labouring poor; impressing it upon 
 them, as a first duty, to expend their lives, if it should 
 become necessary, in defending and supporting the natu- 
 ral rights of man. 
 
 Inheriting but a small patrimony from their father, it 
 was impossible that all the sons could receive an expensi ve _ 
 education. The two eldest were therefore only taught tH(B 
 rudiments of their mother tongue, at a common country 
 school. But Andrew, being intended by his mother for 
 the ministry, was sent to a flourishing academy at 
 Waxsaw meeting house, superintended by Mr. Humphri! 
 Here he was placed on the study of the dead languages^ 
 Avhere he continued until the revolutionary Avar extendinji 
 its ravages into that section of South Carolina, rendered 
 it necessary that every one should betake himself to th • 
 American standard, seek protection with the enemy, o 
 flee his country. It was not an alternative that admittec 
 of tedious deliberation. The natural ardour of his tempei , 
 deriving encouragement from the recommendations of his 
 mother, whose feelings were not less alive on the occasion 
 than his own; and , excited by those sentiments in favour 
 of liberty, with which, by her conversation, his mind 
 had been early endued, quickly determined him in the 
 course to be pursued; and at the tender age of fourteen, 
 accompanied by his brother Robert, he hastened to the 
 American camp, and engaged actively, in the service of 
 his country. His oldest brother, who had previously 
 joined the army, lost his life at the battle of Stono, from 
 the excessive heat of the weather, and the fatigues of the 
 day. 
 
 Both Andrew and Robert, at this period, were pretty 
 well acquainted with the manual exercise, and had some 
 idea of the different evolutions of the field, having been 
 indulged by their mother in attending the drill and gene- 
 ral musters of the neighbourhood. 
 
 The Americans being unequal, as well from the inferi- 
 ority'of their numbers, as their discipline, to engage the 
 British army in battle, had retired into the interior of 
 North Carolina; but when they leai-ned, that lord Corn- 
 wallis had crossed the Yadkin, they returned in small de- 
 tachments to their native state. On their arrival, they 
 found lord Rawdon in possession of Camden, and the 
 whole country around in a state of desolation. The Bri- 
 
CHAPTER I. 
 
 tish commander being advised of the return of the settlers 
 of Waxsaw, major Coffin was despatched with a corps 
 of light dragoons, a company of infantry, and a consi- 
 derable number of tories, for their capture and destruc- 
 tion. Hearing of their approach, the settlers, without 
 delay, appointed the Waxsaw meeting house as a place of 
 rendezvous, that they might the better collect their scat- 
 red strength, and concert some system of operations. 
 About forty of them, had accordingly assembled at this 
 point, when the enemy approached, keeping the tories, 
 ^o were dressed in the common garb of the country, in 
 K^nt, whereby this little band of patriots was completely 
 deceived, having taken them for captain Nisbet's company, 
 in expectation of which they had been waiting. Eleven 
 were taken prisoners ; the rest with difficulty fled, dispers- 
 ing and betaking themselves to the woods for concealment. 
 Of those who thus escaped, though closely pursued, were 
 Andrew Jackson and his brother, who, entering a secret 
 bend in a creek, that was close at hand, obtained a mo- 
 mentary respite from danger, and avoided, for the night, 
 the pursuit of the enemy. The next day, however, having 
 gone to a neighbouring house, for the purpose of procur- 
 ing something to eat, they were broken in upon, and made 
 prisoners, by Coffin's dragoons, and a party of tories who 
 accompanied them. Those young men, with a view to 
 security, had placed their horses in the wood, on the mar- 
 gin of a small creek, and posted, on the road which led 
 by the house, a sentinel, that they might have infor«ia- 
 tion of any approach, and in time to be able to elude it. 
 But the tories, who were well acquainted with the coun- 
 try and the passes through the forest, had, unfortunately, 
 passed the creek at the very point Avhere the horses and 
 baggage of our young soldiers were deposited, and taken 
 possession of them. Having done this, they approached 
 cautiously, the house, and were almost at the door before 
 they were discovered. To escape was impossible, and 
 both were made prisoners. Being placed under guard, 
 Andrew was ordered, in a very imperious tone, by a Bri- 
 tish officer, to clean his boots, which had become muddied 
 in crossing the creek. This order he positively and pe- 
 remptorily refused to obey; alleging that he looked for 
 such treatment as a prisoner had a right to expect. In- 
 censed at his refusal, the officer aimed a blow at his head 
 with a drawn sword, which would, very probably, have 
 
8 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 terminated his existence, had he not parried its effects by 
 throwing up his left hand, on which he received a severe 
 wound, the mark of which he bears to this hour. His 
 brother, at the same time, for a similar offence, received 
 a deep cut on the head, which subsequently occasioned his 
 death. They were both now taken to jail, where, sepa- 
 rated and confined, they were treated with marked severity, 
 until a few days after the battle before Camden, w hen, iu||| 
 consequence of a partial exchange, effected by the inter- 
 cessions and exertions of their mother, and captain Walker, 
 of the militia, they were both released from confinement^^ 
 Captain Walker had, in a charge on the rear of the B^Pi 
 tish army, succeeded in making thirteen prisoners, whom 
 he gave in exchange for seven Americans, of which num 
 ber were these two young men. Robert, during his con 
 finement in prison, had suffered greatly; the wound on his 
 head, all this time, having never been dressed, was f< 
 lowed by an inflammation of the brain, which, in a fer 
 days after his liberation, brought him to the grave. T_ 
 add to the afflictions of Andrew, his mother, worn down 
 by grief, and her incessant exertions to provide clothing 
 and other comforts for the suffering prisoners, who had 
 been taken from her neighbourhood, expired in a few 
 weeks after her son, near the lines of the enemy, in the vi- 
 cinity of Charleston. Andrew, the last and only surviving 
 child, confined to a bed of sickness, occasioned by the 
 sufferings he had been compelled to undergo, whilst a pri- 
 soner, and by exposure on his returning from his captivity, 
 was thus left in the wide world, without a human being 
 with whom he could claim a near relationship. The small 
 pox, about the same time, having made its appearance 
 upon him, had well nigh terminated his sorrows and his 
 existence. 
 
 Being at length recovered from his complicated afflic- 
 tions, he entered upon the enjoyment of his estate, which, 
 although small, would have been sufflcient, under prudent 
 management, to have completed his education, on the li- 
 beral scale which his mother had designed. Unfortu- 
 nately, however, he, like too many young men, sacrificing 
 future prospects to present gratification, expended it with 
 rather too profuse a hand. Coming, at length, to fore- 
 see that he should be finally obliged to rely on his own ex- 
 ertions, for support and success in life, he again betook 
 himself to his studies v. ith increased industry. He re- 
 
CHAFER I. g 
 
 commenced under Mr. M'Culloch, in that part of Carolina 
 which was then called the New Acquisition, near Hill's 
 iron works. Here he revised the languages, devotinp- a 
 portion of his time to a desultory course of studies. 
 
 His education being completed, so far as his wasted pa- 
 trimony, and the limited opportunities then afforded in 
 that section of the country, would permit, at the age of 
 eighteen, he turned his attention to acquiring a profession, 
 and in preparing himself to enter on the busy scenes of 
 life. The pulpit, for which he had been designed by his 
 mother, was now abandoned for the bar; and, in the win- 
 ter of 1784, he repaired to Salisbury, in North Carolina, 
 and commenced the study of law, under Spruce M*Cay, 
 Esq. (afterwards one of the judges of that state,) and sub- 
 jjfiequently continued it under colonel John Stokes. Having 
 p'emained at Salisbury until the winter of 1786, he ob- 
 lined a license from the judges to practise law, and con- 
 id in the state until the spring of 1788. 
 le observations he v/as enabled, during this time, to 
 make, satisfied him that this state presented few induce- 
 ' ments to a young attorney ; and recollecting that he stood 
 a solitary individual in life, without relations to aid him 
 in the onset, when innumerable difficulties arise and re- 
 tard success, he determined to seek a new country. But 
 for this, he might have again returned to his native state; 
 the death, however, of every relation he had, had wiped 
 away all those endearing recollections and circumstances 
 which warp the mind to the place of its nativity. The 
 western parts of the state of Tennessee were, about this 
 time, often spoken of, as presenting flattering prospects to 
 adventurers. He immediately determined to accompany 
 judge M'Nairy thither, who had been appointed, and was 
 going out to hold the first supreme court that had ever sat 
 in the state. Having reached the Holston, they ascertain- 
 ed it would be impossible to arrive at the time appointed 
 for the session of the court; and therefore determined to 
 remain in that section of country until fall, They re- 
 commenced their journey in October, and passing through 
 ail extensive uninhabited country, reached Nashville in the 
 same month. It had not been Jackson's intention, cer- 
 tainly, to make Tennessee the place of his future resi- 
 dence; his visit was merely experimental, and his stay re- 
 mained to be determined wy the advantages that might be 
 disclosed ; but finding, soon after his arrival, that a con- 
 
10 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSOK. 
 
 siderable opening was offered for the success of a young 
 attorney, he determined to remain. To one of refined 
 feelings, the prospect before him was, certainly, not of an 
 encouraging cast. As in all newly settled countries must 
 be the case, society was loosely formed, and united by but 
 few of those ties which have a tendency to enforce the per- 
 formance of moral duty, and the right execution of jus- 
 tice. The young men of the place, adventurers from dif- 
 ferent sections of the country, had become indebted to the 
 merchants; there was but one lawyer in the" country, and 
 they had so contrived, as to retain him in their business; 
 the consequence was, that the merchants were entirely de- 
 prived of the means of enforcing agamst those gentlemen 
 the execution of their contracts. In this state of things 
 Jackson made his appearance at Nashville, and while the, 
 creditor class looked to it with great satisfaction, the 
 debtors were sorely displeased. Applications were im- 
 mediately made to him for his professional services, and. 
 on the morning after his arrival he issued seventy writsl 
 To those prodigal gentlemen, it was an alarming circum- 
 stance; their fomier security was impaired; but that it 
 might not wholly depart, they determined to force him, 
 in some way or other, to leave the country; and to effect 
 this, broils and quarrels with him were to be resorted to. 
 This, however, was soon abandoned, satisfied, by the first 
 controversy in which they had involved him, that his de- 
 cision and firmness were such as to leave no hope of effect- 
 ing any thing through this channel. Disregarding the 
 opposition raised to him, he continued, with care and in- 
 dustry, to press forward in his professional course, and 
 his attention soon brought him forward, and introduced 
 him to a profitable practice. Shortly afterwards, he was 
 appointed by Washington, attorney general for the district, 
 in which capacity he continued to act for several years. 
 
 Indian depredations being then frequent on the Cumber- 
 jand, every man, of necessity, became a soldier. Unas- 
 sisted by the government, the settlers were forced to rely 
 for security on their own bravery and exertions. Although 
 young, no person was more distinguished than Andrew 
 Jackson, in defending the country against these predatory 
 incursions of the savages, who continually harassed the 
 frontiers, and not unfrequently approached the heart of 
 the settlements, which were thin, but not widely extended. 
 
CHAPTER I. 11 
 
 He aided alike in garrisoning the forts, and in pursuing 
 and chastising the enemy. 
 
 In the year 1796, having, by his patriotism, firmness, 
 and talents, secured to himself a distinguished standing 
 with all classes, he was chosen one of the members of the 
 convention, for establishing a constitution for the state. 
 His good conduct and zeal for the public interest, and the 
 republican feelings and sentiments which were conspicu- 
 ously disclosed in the formation and arrangement of this 
 instrument, brought him more prominently to view; and, 
 without proposing or soliciting, he was, in the same year, 
 elected a member of the house of representatives, in con- 
 gress, for the state of Tennessee. The following year, 
 his reputation continuing to increase, and every bosom 
 feeling a wish to raise him to still higher honours, he was 
 chosen a senator of the United States congress, and took 
 his seat on the 22d day of November, 1797. About the 
 ira|ddle of April, business of an important and private na- 
 ture, imposed on him the necessity of asking leave of ab- 
 sence, and returning home. Leave was granted, and be- 
 fore the next session he resigned his seat. He was but a 
 little more than thirty years of age, and hence, scarcely 
 eligible, by the constitution, at the time he was elected. 
 The sedition law, about which so much concern and feel- 
 ing has been manifested through the country, was intro- 
 duced int!o the senate, by Mr. Lloyd, of Maryland, in June, 
 and passed that body on the 4th of July following; hence 
 the name of Jackson, owing to the leave of absence which 
 had been granted him in April, does not appear on the 
 journals. On the alien law, however, and the effort to re- 
 peal the stamp act, he was present, resting in the mino- 
 rity, and on the side of the Republican principles of the 
 country.* 
 
 The state of Tennessee, on its admission into the Union, 
 comprising but one military division, and general Con- 
 way, who commanded it, as major-general, dying about 
 this time, Jackson, without being consulted on the subject, 
 
 • The names of those senators who voted for a repeal of the alien 
 law, and stamp act, so obnoxious to the republicans of this country, at 
 the session of 1798, were Anderson, Bloodworth, Brown, Foster, 
 Green, Jackson^ Langdon, Livermore, Martin, Mason, Tazewell. 
 Against the repeal. Chapman, Clayton, Goodhue, Hillhouse, Howard, 
 I^atimer, Lawrence, Lloyd, North, Paine, Read, Rutherford, Sedg- 
 wick, Stockton, Tracy. 
 
12 LIFE OF GENER.A.L JACKSON. 
 
 and without the least intimation of what was in agitation, 
 was, as the constitution of the state directs, chosen by 
 the field officers, to succeed him; which appointment he 
 continued to hold until May, 1814, when he was consti- 
 tuted a major-general in the United States' service. 
 
 Becoming tired of political life, for the intrigues of 
 which he declared himself unqualified, and having for two 
 years voted in the minority in congress, he resigned, after 
 the first session, his seat in the senate. To this measure 
 he was strongly induced, from a desire to make way for 
 general Smith, who, because of his more advanced age, 
 he conjectured, would be able to render more important 
 services to the government than himself. His country, 
 however, unwilling that his talents should remain inactiv* 
 and unemployed, again demanded h% services. Imme- 
 diately after his resignation, he was appointed one of the 
 judges of the supreme court of the state. Sensibly aliv 
 to the difficult duties of this station, distrusting his legai 
 acquirements, and impressed with the great injury he 
 might produce to suitors, by erroneous decisions, he ad 
 vanced to the office with reluctance, and in a short timi^ 
 resigned, leaving it open for those, who, he believed, from 
 longer experience,* were better qualified than himself, to 
 discharge its intricate and important duties. Unambitious 
 of those distinctions and honours which young men are 
 usually proud to possess; finding too, that his circum- 
 stances and condition in life, were not such as to permit 
 his time and attention to be devoted to public matters, he 
 determined to yield, them into others' hands, and to devote 
 himself to agricultural pursuits; and accordingly settled 
 himself on an excellent farm, ten miles from Nashville, 
 on the Cumberland river; where, for several years, he en- 
 joyed all the comforts of domestic and social intercourse. 
 Abstracted from the busy scenes of public life, pleased 
 with retirement, surrounded by friends whom he loved, 
 and who entertained for him the highest veneration and 
 respect, and blessed with an amiable and affixtionate con- 
 sort, nothing seemed wanting to the completion of that 
 happiness which he so anxiously desired whilst in office. 
 
 But a period approached, when all these endearments 
 were again to be abandoned, for the duties of more active 
 life. Great Britain, by multiplied outrages on our rip^hts, 
 as an independent and neutral nation, had provoked from 
 our government a declaration of war against her. This 
 
CHAPTER I. 13 
 
 measure, though founded in abundant cause, liad been 
 ong forborne, and every attempt at conciliation made, 
 without effect: when, at length, it was resorted to, as the 
 only alternative that could preserve the honour and dignity 
 of the nation, General Jackson, ever devoted to the inte. 
 rest of his country, from the moment of the declaration, 
 knew no wish so strong as that of entering into her ser- 
 vice, against a power, which, independent of public con- 
 siderations, he had many private reasons for disliking. In 
 her, he could trace sufferings and injuries received, and 
 the efficient cause, why, in early life, he had been left for- 
 lorn and wretched, without a single relation in the world. 
 His proud and inflexible mind, however, could not ven- 
 ture to solicit an appointment in the army, which was aboul 
 to be raised. He accordingly remained wholly unknown, 
 until, at the head of the militia, employed against the 
 Creek Indians, his constant vigilance, and the splendour 
 of his victories, apprised the general government of those 
 great military talents which he so eminently possessed, 
 and conspicuously displayed, when opportunities for ex- 
 erting them were afforded. 
 
 The acts of congress, of the 6th of February, and July, 
 1812, afforded the means of bringing into view a display 
 of those powers, which, being unknown, under other cir- 
 cumstances, unfortunately, might have slumbered in in- 
 action. Under the authority of these acts, authorizing the 
 president to accept the services of fifty thousand volun- 
 teers, he addressed the citizens of his division, and twenty- 
 five hundred flocked to his standard. A tender of them 
 having been made, and the offer accepted, in November 
 he received orders to place himself at their head and to 
 descend the Mississippi, for the defence of the lower 
 country, which was then supposed to be in danger. Ac- 
 cordingly, on the 10th of December, those troops ren- 
 dezvoused at Nashville, prepared to advance to the place 
 of their destination; and, although the weather was then 
 excessively severe, and the ground covered with snow, no 
 troops could have displayed greater firmness. The gene- 
 ral was every where with them, inspiring them with the 
 ardour that animated his own bosom. The chee ful spirit 
 with which they submitted to hardships, and bore priva- 
 tions, on the very onset of their military career, as well 
 as the order and subordination they so readily observed, 
 
 B 
 
14 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 were happy presages of what was to be expected, when 
 they should be directed to face an enemy. 
 
 Having procured supplies, and made the necessary ar- 
 rangements for an active campaign, they proceeded, the 
 7th of January, on their journey; and, decending the Ohio 
 and Mississippi, through cold and ice, arrived, and halted 
 at Natchez. Here Jackson had been instructed to remain, 
 until he should receive further orders. Having chosen a 
 healthy site for the encampment of his troops, about two 
 miles from Washington, he devoted his time, with the ut- 
 most industry, to training and preparing them for active 
 service. The clouds of war, however, in that quarter, 
 having blown over, an order was received from the secre- 
 tary of war, dated the 5th of January, directing him, on 
 the receipt thereof, to dismiss those under his command, 
 from service, and to take measures for delivering over every 
 article of public property, in his possession, to brigadier 
 general Wilkinson. When this order reached his camp, 
 there were one hundred and fifty on the sick report, fifty-six 
 of whom were unable to raise their heads, and almost the 
 whole of them destitute of the means of defraying the ex- 
 penses of their return. The consequence of a strict com- 
 pliance with the secretary's order, inevitably would have 
 been, that many of the sick must have perished, whilst 
 most of the others, from their destitute condition would, 
 of necessity, have been compelled to enlist in the regular 
 army, under general Wilkinson. Such alternatives were 
 neither congenial with their general's wishes, nor such as 
 this band of volunteers had expected, on adventuring with 
 him in the service of their country ; he had carried them, 
 from home, and, the fate of war and disease apart, it was 
 his duty, he believed, to bring them back. Whethier an 
 expectation that, by this plan, many of them would be 
 compelled into the regular ranks, had formed any part of 
 the motive that occasioned the order for their discharge, 
 at so great a distance from home, cannot be known; and 
 it would be uncharitable to insinuate against the govern- 
 ment so serious and foul an accusation, without the strong- 
 est evidence to support it. Be this as it may, General 
 Jackson could not think of sacrificing or injuring an army 
 that had shown such devotedness to their country; and he 
 determined to disregard the order, and march them again 
 to their homes, where they had been embodied, rather than 
 discharge them where they would be exposed to the great- 
 
CHAPTER I. 15 
 
 est hardships and dangers. To this measure he was 
 prompted, not only by the reasons ah-eady mentioned, but 
 by the consideration, that many of the troops under his 
 command were young men, the children of his neighbours 
 and acquaintances, who had delivered them into his hands, 
 as to a guardian, who, with parental solicitude, v/ould 
 watch over and protect their welfare. To have abandoned 
 them, therefore, at such a time, and under such circum.- 
 stances, would have drawn on him the merited censure of 
 the most deserving part of his fellow-citizens, and sensi- 
 bly wounded his own generous feelings. Add to this, 
 those young men who were confined by sickness, learning 
 the nature of the order he had received, implored him, 
 with tears in their eyes, not to abandon them in so great 
 an extremity, reminding him, at the same time, of his as- 
 surances, that he would be to them as a father; and of the 
 implicit confidence they had placed in his word. This 
 ,was an appeal, which it would have been difficult for the 
 feelings of Jackson to have resisted, had it been without 
 the support of other weighty considerations; but, influ- 
 enced by them all, he had no hesitation in coming to a de- 
 termination. 
 
 Having made known his resolution to the field officers 
 of his division, it met, apparently, their approbation ; but, 
 after retiring from his presence, they assembled late at 
 night, in secret caucus, and proceeded to recommend to 
 him an abandonment of his purpose, and an immediate 
 discharge of his troops. Great as was the astonishment, 
 which this measure excited in the General, it produced a 
 still higher sentiment of indignation. In reply, he urged 
 the duplicity of their conduct, and reminded them, that 
 although to those who possessed funds and health, such a 
 course could produce no inconvenience, yet to the unfor- 
 tunate soldier, who was alike destitute of both, no measure 
 could be more calamitous. He concluded by telling them, 
 that his resolution not having been hastily concluded on, 
 nor bottomed on light considerations, was unalterably 
 fixed; and that immediate preparations must be made for 
 carrying into execution the determination he had formed. 
 
 He lost no time in making known to the secretary of war 
 the resolution he had adopted ; to disregard the order he 
 had given, and to return his army to the place where he 
 had received it. He painted in strong terms the evils 
 which the course pursued by the government was calcu 
 
16 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 lated to produce, and expressed the astonishment he felt, 
 that it should have originated with the famous author of 
 the "Newburg Letters," the once redoubted advocate of 
 soldiers' rights. 
 
 General Wilkinson, to vi^hom the public property was 
 directed to be delivered, learning the determination which 
 had been taken by Jackson, to march his troops back, and 
 to take with them so much of that property as should be 
 necessary to their return, in a letter of solemn and myste- 
 rious import, admonished him of the consequences which 
 were before him, and of the awful and dangerous respon- 
 sibility he was taking on himself, by so bold a measure. 
 General Jackson replied, that his conduct, and the con- 
 sequences to which it might lead, had been deliberately 
 weighed, and well considered, and that he was prepared 
 to abide the result, whatever it might be. Wilkinson had 
 previously given orders to his officers, to recruit from 
 Jackson's army; they were advised, however, on their first 
 appearance, that those troops were already in the service 
 of the United States, and that thus situated, they should 
 not be enlisted; and that he would arrest and confine the 
 first officer vv'ho dared to ciiter his encampment with any 
 such object in view. , 
 
 The quarter-master, having been ordered to furnish the 
 necessary transportation, for the conveyance of the sick 
 and the baggage to Tennessee, immediately set about the 
 performance of the task; but, as the event proved, with 
 not the least intention of executing it. Still, he continued 
 to keep up the semblance of exertion; and the better to 
 deceive, the very day before that which had been appoint- 
 ed for breaking up the encampment, and commencing the 
 return march, eleven wagons arrived there by his order. 
 The next morning, however, when every thing was about 
 to be packed up, acting doubtless from orders, and intend- 
 ing to produce embarrassment, the quarter-master entered 
 the encampment, and discharged the whole. He was 
 grossly mistaken in the man he had to deal with,, and had 
 now played his tricks too far to be able to accomplish the 
 object which he had, no doubt, been instructed to effect. 
 Disregarding their dismissal, so evidently designed to pre- 
 vent his marching back his men. General Jackson seized 
 upon these wagons, yet within his lines, and compelled 
 them to proceed to the transportation of his sick. It de- 
 serves to be recollected, that this quarter-master, so soon 
 
CHAPTER I. 17 
 
 as he received directions for furnishing transportation, had 
 despatched an express to General Wilkinson: and there 
 can be but little doubt, that the course of duplicity he af- 
 terwards pursued, was a concerted plan between him and 
 that general, to defeat the design of Jackson ; compel him 
 to abandon the course he had adopted; and, in this way, 
 draw to the regular army many of the soldiers, who, from 
 necessity, would be driven to enlist. In this attempt, they 
 were fortunately disappointed. Adhering to his original 
 purpose, he successfully resisted every stratagem of Wil- 
 kinson, and marched the whole of his division to the sec- 
 tion of country whence they had been drawn, and dismiss- 
 ed them from service, as he had been instructed. 
 
 To present an example that might buoy up the sinking 
 spirits of his troops, in the long and arduous march be- 
 fore them, he yielded up his horses to the sick, and trudg- 
 ing on foot, encountered all the hardships that were met 
 by the soldiers. It was at a time of year when the roads 
 were extremely bad, and the sv/amps, lying in their pass- 
 age, deep and full; yet, under these circumstances, he 
 placed before his troops an example of patience and hard- 
 ship that lulled to silence all complaints, and won to him, 
 still stronger than before, the esteem and respect of every 
 one. On arriving at Nashville, he communicated to the 
 president of the United States the course he had pursued, 
 and the reasons that had induced it. If it had become ne- 
 cessary, he had sufficient grounds on which he could have 
 justified his conduct. Had he suffered General Wilkinson 
 to have accomplished what v/as clearly his intention, al- 
 though an event which might, at the moment, have bene- 
 fited the service, by adding an increased strength to the 
 army, yet the example would have been of so serious and 
 exceptionable a character, that injury would have been the 
 final and unavoidable result. Whether the intention of 
 thus forcing these men to enlist into the regular ranks, 
 had its existence under the direction of the government, 
 or not, such would have been the universal belief; and all 
 would have felt a deep abhorrence, at beholding the patri- 
 ots of the country drawn off from their homes, under pre- 
 tence of danger, whilst the concealed design was, by in-' 
 creasing their necessities, at a distance from their resi- 
 dence, to compel them to an act which they would have 
 abstained from under different circumstances. His con- 
 B 2 
 
18 LIFE or GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 duct, terrible as it first appeared, was in the end approved, 
 and the expenses incurred directed to be paid by the go- 
 vernment 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 Indian preparation for hostilities. — Tecumseh arrives amongst the 
 southern tribes; liis intiigues. — Civil wars of the Creeks. — De- 
 struction of, and butchery at Fort Mimms. — Expedition against the 
 Indians. — Jackson unites with the army, and enters the enemy's 
 country. — Scarcity of s applies in his camp. — Leams the savages 
 are embodied. — His address to his ti-oops. — Detaches General Cof- 
 fee across the Coosa. — Battle of Tallusliatchee. ^j 
 
 The volunteers, who had descended the river, having 
 been discharged, early in May, there was little expecta- 
 tion that they would again be called for. Tennessee was 
 too remotely situated in the interior of the country, to ex- 
 pect their services would be required for her defence, and 
 hitherto the British had discovered no serious intention 
 of waging operations against any part of Louisiana. Their 
 repose, however, was not of long duration. The Creek 
 Indians, inhabiting the country lying between the Chata- 
 hochee and Tombigbee, and extending from the Tennessee 
 river to the Florida line, had lately manifested strong 
 symptoms of hostility towards the United States, from 
 which they had received yearly pensions, and every as- 
 sistance which the most liberal policy could bestow. This 
 disposition was greatly strengthened, through means used 
 by the northern Indians, who were then making preparations 
 for a war against the United States, and who wished to en- 
 gage the southern tribes in the same enterprise. This they 
 believed to be of great importance; as, by assailing the 
 whole line of our frontiers, at the same time, they would 
 be able, at once, to gratify their vengeance, and to enrich 
 themselves with plunder. 
 
 An artful impostor had, about this time, sprung up 
 among the Shawnees, who, by passing for a prophet, com- 
 missioned by "the Great Spirit," to communicate his 
 mandates and assurances to his red children, had acquired, 
 among his own and the neighbouring tribes, a most asto- 
 nishing influence^ Clothed, as they believed him to be, 
 with such high powers, they listened to his extravagant 
 
CHAPTER II. 19 
 
 doctrines, and m them fully confided. In a little time, he 
 succeeded in kindling a phrensy and rage against the Ame- 
 ricans, which soon after burst forth in acts of destructive 
 violence. His brother, Tecumseh, who became so famous 
 during the war, and who was killed subsequently, at the 
 battle of the Thames, was despatched to the southern 
 tribes, to excite in them the san.e temper. To the Creeks, 
 as by far the most numerous and powerful, as well as the 
 most liable, from their situation and habits, to be influ- 
 enced by his suggestions, he directed his principal atten- 
 tion. Having entered their nation, some time in the spring 
 of 1812, he repaired to Tookaubatcha, where he had re- 
 peated conferences with the chiefs; but not meeting with 
 the encouragement he expected, he returned to the Alaba- 
 ma, which he had previously visited, and there commenced 
 his operations. 
 
 Finding here several leaders of great influence, who rea- 
 dily entered into his views, he was enabled to carry on his 
 schemes with greater success. Deriving his powers from 
 his brother, the Prophet, whose extraordinary commission 
 and endowments were well understood by all the neigh- 
 bouring tribes in the south, his authority was regarded 
 with the highest veneration. He strongly interdicted all 
 intercourse with the whites, and prevailed on the greater 
 part of the Alabama Indians to throw aside the implements 
 and clothing which that intercourse had furnished, and 
 return again to their savage state, from which he repre- 
 sented them as highly culpable for having suffered them- 
 selves to be estranged. In a word, no means were left 
 untried to excite them to the most deadly animosity and 
 cruel war. To afford additional weight to his councils, 
 this designing missionary gave assurances of aid and sup- 
 port from Great Britain; whose power and riches he re- 
 presented as almost without limits, and quite sufficient for 
 the subjugation of the United States. So considerable an 
 influence did his intrigues and discourses obtain over the 
 minds of many, that it was with difficulty the most turbu- 
 lent of them could be restrained from running immediately 
 to arms, and committing depredations on the exposed fron- 
 tiers. This hasty measure, however, he represented as cal- 
 culated to defeat the great plan of operations which he was 
 labouring to concert; and enjoined forbearance, until the 
 moment should arrive, when, all their preparations being 
 ready, they might strike a general and decisive blow; in 
 
20 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 the mean time, they were to be industriously employed in 
 collecting arms and ammunition, and other necessary im- 
 plements of war. 
 
 Having ordained a chief prophet, whose word was to be 
 regarded as infallible, and whose directions were to be im- 
 plicitly followed; and established a regular gradation of 
 inferior dependents, to disseminate his doctrines through 
 the different parts of the nation, Tecumseh set out to his 
 own tribe, accompanied by several of the natives. 
 
 From this time, a regular communication was maintain- 
 ed between the Creeks and the northern tribes, in relation 
 to the great enterprise which they were concerting toge- 
 ther; whilst the parties, carrying it on, committed fre- 
 quent depredations on the frontier settlers. By one of 
 these, in the summer of 1812, several families had been 
 murdered in a shocking manner, near the mouth of the 
 Ohio; and shortly afterwards, another party, entering the 
 limits of Tennessee, under circumstances of still greater 
 barbarity, butchered two families of women and children- 
 Similar outrages were committed on the frontiers of Geor- 
 gia, and were continued, at intervals, on the inhabitants 
 of Tennessee, along her southern boundary. 
 
 These multiplied outrages at length attracted the atten- 
 tion of the general government, and application was made, 
 through their agent, (Colonel Hawkins,) to the principal 
 chiefs of the nation, who^ desirous of preserving their 
 friendly relations with the United States, resolved to pu- 
 nish the murderers with death; and immediately appoint- 
 ed a party of warriors to carry their determination into 
 execution. No sooner was this done, than the spirit of 
 the greater part of the nation, which, from policy, had 
 been kept in a considerable degree, dormant, suddenly 
 burst to a flame, and kindled into civil war. 
 
 It was not difficult for the friends of those murderers, 
 who had been put to death, to prevail on others, who se- 
 cretly applauded the acts for which they suffered, to enter 
 warmly into their resentments against those who had been 
 concerned in bringing them to punishment. An occasion, 
 as they believed, was now presented which fully autho- 
 rized them to throw aside all those injunctions of secrecy, 
 with regard to their hostile intentions, which had been im- 
 posed on them by Tecumseh and their prophets. This 
 restraint, which, hitherto, they had regarded with much 
 difficulty, they now resolved to lay aside, and to execute at 
 
CHAPTER II. ^1 
 
 once their insatiate and long-projected vengeamce, not only 
 on the white people, but on those of their own nation, who, 
 by this last act of retaliatory justice, had unequivocally 
 shown a disposition to preserve their friendship with the 
 former. The cloak of concealment being now thrown 
 aside, the war clubs were immediately seen in every sec- 
 tion of the nation; but more particularly among the nu- 
 merous hordes residing near the Alabama. Brandishing 
 them in their hands, they rushed, in the first instance, on 
 those of their own countrymen who had shown a disposi- 
 tion to preserve their relations with the United States, and 
 obliged them to retire towards the white settlements, and 
 place themselves in forts, to escape the first ebullition of 
 their rage. Encouraged by this success, and their num- 
 bers, which hourly increased, and infatuated to the highest 
 degree by the predictions of their prophets, who assured 
 them that ''the Great Spirit" was on their side, and would 
 
 (enable them to triumph over all their enemies, they began 
 to make immediate preparations for extending their ra- 
 vages to the white settlements. Fort Mimms, situated in 
 the Tensaw settlement, in the Mississippi territory, was 
 the first point destined to satiate their cruelty and ven- 
 geance. It contained, at that time, about one hundred and 
 fifty men, under the command of major Beasley, besides 
 a considerable number of women and children, who had 
 betaken themselves to it for security. Having collected a 
 supply of ammunition, from the Spaniards at Pensacola, 
 and assembled their warriors, to the number of six or se- 
 ven hundred, the war party, commanded by Weatherford, 
 a distinguished chief of the nation, on the 30th of August 
 commenced their assault on the fort; and having succeeded 
 in carrying it, put to death nearly three hundred persons, 
 including women and children, with the most savage bar- 
 barity. The slaughter was indiscriminate; mercy was ex- 
 tended to none; and the tomahawk, at the same stroke, 
 often cleft the mother and the child. But seventeen of the 
 whole number, in the fort, escaped, to bring intelligence 
 of the dreadful catastrophe. This monstrous and unpro- 
 voked outrage no sooner reached Tennessee, than the 
 whole state was thrown into a ferment, and nothing was 
 thought or spoken of but retaliatory vengeance. Consi- 
 derable excitement had already been produced by brutali- 
 ties of earlier date, and measures had been adopted by the 
 governor, in conformity with instructions from the secre- 
 
22 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 tary of war, for commencing a campaign against them; 
 but the massacre at Fort Mimms, which threatened to be 
 followed by the entire destruction of the Mobile and Tom- 
 bigbee settlements, inspired a deep and universal senti- 
 ment of solicitude, and an earnest wish for speedy and ef- 
 fectual operations. The anxiety felt on the occasion, was 
 greatly increased from an apprehension that General Jack- 
 son would not be able to command. He was the only man, 
 known in the state, who was believed qualified to discharge 
 the arduous duties of the station, and who could carry 
 with him the complete confidence of his soldiers. He 
 was at this time seriously indisposed, and confined to his 
 room, with a fractured arm; but although this apprehen- 
 sion was seriously indulged, arrangements were in pro- 
 gress, and measures industriously taken, to prepare and 
 press the expedition with every possible despatch. 
 
 A numerous collection of respectable citizens, who con- 
 vened at Nashville on the 18th of September, for the pur- i 
 pose of devising the most effectual ways and means of af- I 
 lording protection to their brethren in distress, after con- ' 
 ferring with the governor and General Jackson, who was • | 
 still confined to his room, strongly advised the propriety 
 of marching a sufficient army into the heart of the Creek 
 nation ; and accordingly recommended this measure, with 
 great earnestness, to the legislature, which, in a few days 
 afterwards, commenced its session. That body, penetrated 
 with the same sentiments which animated the whole coun- 
 try, immediately enacted a law, authorizing the executive 
 to call into the field thirty-five hundred of the militia, to be 
 inarched against the Indians; and, to guard against all dif- 
 ficulties, in the event the general government should omit 
 to adopt them into their service, three hundred thousand 
 dollars were voted for their support. 
 
 Additional reasons were at hand why active operations 
 should be commenced with the least possible delay. The 
 settlers were fleeing to the interior, and every day brought 
 intelligence, that the Creeks, collected in considerable 
 force, were bending their course towards the frontiers of 
 Tennessee. The governor now issued an order to General 
 Jackson, who, notwithstanding the state of his health, had 
 determined to assume the command, requiring him to call 
 out, and rendezvous at Fayetteville, in the shortest possi- 
 ble time, two thousand of the militia and volunteers of his 
 division, to repel any invasion that might be contemplated 
 
CHAPTER II. 23 
 
 Colonel Coffee, in addition to five hundred cavalry, alrea- 
 dy raised, and under his command, was authorized and 
 instructed to organize and receive into his regiment, any 
 mounted riflemen that might make a tender of their ser- 
 vices. 
 
 Having received these orders, Jackson hastened to give 
 them effect; and with this object, and a view to greater 
 expedition, appealed to those volunteers, who, with him, 
 had heretofore descended the Mississippi to Natchez. He 
 urged them to appear at the place designated for the ren- 
 dezvous, on the 4th of October, equipped and armed for 
 active service. He pointed out the imperious necessity 
 which demanded their services, and urged them to be 
 punctual; for that their frontiers were threatened with in- 
 vasion by a savage foe. '* Already are large bodies of the 
 hostile Creeks marching to your borders, with their scalp- 
 ing knives unsheathed, to butcher your women and chil- 
 dren: time is not to be lost We must hasten to the fron- 
 tier, or we shall find it drenched in the blood of our citi- 
 zens. The health of your general is restored — he will 
 command in person." In the mean time, until this force 
 could be collected and organized, colonel Coffee, with the 
 force then under his command, and such additional 
 mounted riflemen as could be attached at a short notice, 
 was directed to hasten forward to the neighbourhood of 
 Huntsville, and occupy some eligible position for the de- 
 fence of the frontier, until the infantry should arrive; 
 when it was contemplated, by the nearest possible route 
 to press on to Fort St. Stephen, with a view to the pro- 
 tection and defence of Mississippi. 
 
 Every exertion was made to hasten the preparations for 
 a vigorous campaign. Orders were given to the quarter- 
 master, to furnish the necessary munitions, with the pro- 
 per transportation; and to the contractors, to provide am- 
 ple supplies of provisions. The day of rendezvous being 
 arrived, and the General not sufficiently recovered to at- 
 tend in person, he forwarded by his aid-de-camp, Major 
 Reid, an address, to be read to the troops, accompanied 
 by an order for the establishment of the police of the camp. 
 In this address, he pointed to the unprovoked injuries that 
 had been so long inflicted by this horde of merciless and 
 cruel savages ; and entreated his soldiers to evince that zeal 
 in the defence of their country, which the importance of 
 the moment so much required. "We are about to fur- 
 
24 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 nish these savages a lesson of admonition ; — we are about 
 to teach them, that our long forbearance has not proceed- 
 ed from an insensibility to wrongs, or an inability to re- 
 dress them. They stand in need of such warning. In 
 proportion as we have borne with their insults, and sub- 
 mitted to their outrages, they have multiplied in number, 
 and increased in atrocity. But the measure of their of- 
 fences is at length filled. The blood of our women and 
 children, recently spilled at Fort Mimms, calls for our 
 vengeance; it must not call in vain. Our borders must 
 no longer be disturbed by the war whoop of these savages, 
 or the cries of their suffering victims. The torch that 
 has been lighted up must be made to blaze in the heart 
 of their own country. It is time they should be made to 
 feel the weight of a power which, because it was merciful, 
 they believed to be impotent. But how shall a war, so 
 long forborne, and so loudly called for by retributive jus- 
 tice, be waged? Shall we imitate the example of our ene- 
 mies, in the disorder of their movements and the savage- 
 ness of their dispositions? Is it worthy the character of 
 American soldiers, who take up arms to redress the 
 wrongs of an injured country, to assume no better mo- 
 del than that furnished them by barbarians? No, fel- 
 low soldiers; great as are the grievances that have called 
 us from our homes, we must not permit disorderly pas- 
 sions to tarnish the reputation we shall carry along with 
 us; — we must and will be victorious; but we must conquer 
 as men who owe nothing to chance, and who, in the midst 
 of victory, can still be mindful of what is due to huma- 
 nity! 
 
 *' We will commence the campaign by an inviolable at- 
 tention to discipline and subordination. Without a strict 
 observance of these, victory must ever be uncertain, and 
 ought hardly to be exulted in even when gained. To what 
 but the entire disregard of order and subordination, are 
 we to ascribe the disasters which have attended our arms 
 in the north, during the present war? How glorious will 
 it be to remove the blots which have tarnished the fair 
 character bequeathed us by the fathers of our revolution ! 
 The bosom of your general is full of hope. He knows the 
 ardour which animates you, and already exults in the tri- 
 umph which your strict observance of discipline and good 
 order will render certain.'* 
 
CHAPTER II. '25 
 
 For the police of his camp, he announced the following 
 order. 
 
 "The chain of sentinels will be marked, and the sen- 
 tries posted, precisely at ten o'clock to-day. 
 
 ''No sutler will be suffered to sell spiritous liquors to 
 any soldier, without permission, in writing, from a com- 
 missioned officer, under the penalties prescribed by the 
 cules and articles of war. 
 
 '* No citizen will be permitted to pass the chain of sen- 
 tinels, after retreat beat in the evening, until reveille in the 
 morning. Drunkenness, the bane of all orderly encamp- 
 ments, is positively forbidden, both in officers and pri-' 
 vates: officers, under the penalty of immediate arrest; and 
 jprivates, of being placed under guard, there to remain 
 until liberated by a court martial. 
 
 " At reveille beat, all officers and soldiers are to appear 
 on parade, with their arms and accoutrements in proper 
 order. 
 
 "On parade^ silence, the duty of a soldier, is positively 
 commanded. 
 
 •'No officer or soldier is to sleep out of camp, but by 
 permission obtained." 
 
 , These rules, to those who had scarcely yet passed the 
 line that separates the citizen from the soldier, and who 
 had not yet laid aside the notions of self sovereignty, had 
 the appearance of too much rigour; but the general well 
 knew, that the expedition in which they were embarked 
 involved much hazard; and that, although lively feelings 
 were manifested now, yet when hardships pressed, these 
 might cease. He considered it much safer to lay before 
 them at once, the rules of conduct to which they must 
 conform; believing that it would be more difficult to 
 drive licentiousness from his. camp, than to prevent its en- 
 trance. 
 
 Impatient to join his division, although his health was 
 far from being restored, the general, in a few days after- 
 wards, set out for the encampment, and reached it on the 
 7th. Finding, on his arrival, that the requisition was not 
 complete, either in the number of men, or the necessary 
 equipments, measures were instantly taken to remedy the 
 deficiency. Orders were directed to the several brigadiers 
 in his division, to hasten immediately their respective quo- 
 tas, fully equipped for active operations. 
 
 Circumstances did not permit him to remain at this 
 c 
 
26 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 place long enough to have the delinquencies complained 
 of remedied, and the ranks of his army filled. Colonel 
 Coffee had proceeded with his mounted volunteers to co- 
 ver Huntsville, and give security to the frontiers, where 
 alarm greatly prevailed. On the night of the 8th, a letter 
 was received from him, dated two days before, advising, 
 that two Indians, belonging to the peace party, had just 
 arrived at the Tennessee river, with information that the 
 war party had despatched eight hundred or a thousand of 
 their warriors to attack the frontiers of Georgia; and, 
 with the remainder of their forces, were marching against 
 Huntsville, or Fort Hampton. In consequence of this in- 
 telligence, exertions were inade to hasten a movement. 
 Late on the following night, another express arrived, con- 
 firming the former statement, and representing the enemy, 
 in great force, to be rapidly approaching the Tennessee. 
 Orders were now given for preparing the line of march, 
 and by nine o'clock the next day the whole division was in 
 motion. They had not proceeded many miles, when they 
 were met with intelligence that colonel Gibson, who had 
 been sent out by Coffee to reconnoitre the movements of 
 the enemy, had bpen killed. A strong desire had been 
 manifested to be led forward; that desire was now strength- 
 ened by the information just received; and it was with dif- 
 ficulty their emotions could be restrained. They accele- 
 rated their pace, and before eight o'clock at night, arrived 
 at Huntsville, a distance of thirty-two miles. Learning 
 here, that the information was erroneous which had occa- 
 sioned so hasty a movement, the General encamped his 
 troops; having intended to march them that night to the 
 Tennessee river had it been confirmed. The next day the 
 line ot march was resumed. The influence of the late ex- 
 citement was now visible in the lassitude which followed 
 its removal. Proceeding slowly, they crossed the Tennes- 
 see, and united in the evening with Colonel Coffee's regi- 
 ment, which had previously occupied a commanding bluff, 
 on the south bank of the river. From this place, in a few 
 days afterwards, Jackson detached Colonel Coffee, with 
 seven hundred men, to scour the Black Warrior, a stream 
 running from the north-east, and emptying into the Tom- 
 bigbee; on which were supposed to be several populous 
 villages of the enemy. He himself remained at this en- 
 campment a week, using the utmost pains in training his 
 troops for service, and labouring incessantly to procure 
 
CHAPTER II. 27 
 
 the necessary supplies for a campaign, which he had de- 
 termined to carry directly into the heart of the enemy's 
 country. Towards the latter object, his industry had been 
 employed, and his attention invariably directed, from the 
 time the expedition was projected. 
 
 With pressing importunity, he had addressed himself 
 to the contractors, and they had given him assurances, 
 that on his crossing the Tennessee, they would be prepared 
 with twenty days' rations for his whole command; but 
 finding, on his arrival at Ditto's, that their preparations 
 were not in such forwardness as he had been led to expect, 
 he was compelled for a time, to suspend any active and 
 general operations. Calculating, however, with great con- 
 fidence, on exertions, which, he had been promised, should 
 he unremitting, he hoped, in a few days, to be placed in a 
 situation to act efficiently. Whilst he was thus encouraged, 
 and only waiting a fulfilment, that he might advance, She- 
 Ipcta, the son of Chinnaby, a principal chief among the 
 friendly Creeks, arrived at his camp, to solicit his speedy 
 movement for the relief of his father's fort, which was then 
 threatened by a considerable body of the war party, who 
 had advanced to the neighbourhood of the Ten Islands, 
 on the Coosa. Influenced by his representations, and anx- 
 ious to extend relief, Jackson, on the 1 8th, gave orders for 
 taking up the line of march on the following day, and no- 
 tified the contractors of this arrangement, that they might 
 be prepared to issue, immediately, such supplies as they 
 had on hand: but, to his great astonishment, he was ap- 
 prised of their entire inability to supply him whilst on his 
 inarch. Having drawn what they had in their power to 
 furnish, amounting to only a few days' rations, they were 
 deposed from office, and others appointed, on whose in- 
 dustry and performance, he believed, he might more se- 
 curely rely. The scarcity of provisions, however, at a mo- 
 ment like the present, when there was every appearance 
 that the enemy might be met, and a blow stricken to ad- 
 vantage, was not sufficient to wave his determination, al- 
 ready taken. The route he would have to make, to gain 
 the fort, lay, for a considerable distance, up the river: 
 might not the boats, long expected from Hiwassee, and 
 which he felt strongly assured must be near at hand, be 
 nvet with on the way? He determined to proceed; and 
 having passed his army and baggage wagons over several 
 mountains of stupendous size, and such as were thought 
 
28 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 almost impassable by foot passengers, he arrived, on the 
 22d of October, at Thompson's creek, which empties into 
 the Tennessee, twenty-four miles above Ditto's. At this 
 place he proposed the establishment of a permanent depot, 
 for the reception of supplies. Disappointed in the hopes 
 with which he had adventured on his march, he remained 
 here several days, in expectation of the boats that were 
 coming to his relief. Thus harassed at the first onset, by 
 difficulties wholly unexpected, and which, from the nume- 
 rous and strong assurances received, he could by no means 
 have calculated on; fearing, too, that the same disregard 
 of duty might induce a continuance, he lost no time in 
 opening every avenue to expedient, that the chances of fu- 
 ture failure might be diminished. To facilitate exertion^ 
 and to assure success, every thing within his reach was 
 attempted : persons of wealth and patriotism, in Madison 
 county, were solicited to afford the contractors all the aid 
 in their power; and to induce them more readily to extend 
 it, the deep interests, immediately at stake, was pointed 
 to, and their deplorable and dangerous situation, should 
 necessity compel him to withdraw his army, and leave 
 them exposed to the mercy of the savages. 
 
 Whilst these measures were taking, two runners, from 
 Turkey town, an Indian village, despatched by Path-killer, 
 a chief of the Cherokees, arrived at the camp. They 
 brought information, that the enemy, from nine of the 
 hostile towns, were assembling in great force near the Ten 
 Islands; and solicited, that immediate assistance should 
 be afforded the friendly Creeks and Cherokees, in their 
 neighbourhood, who were .exposed to such imminent dan- 
 ger. His want of provisions was not yet remedied; but, 
 distributing the partial supply that was on hand, he re- 
 solved to proceed, in expectation that the relief he had so 
 earnestly looked for, would, in a little while, arrive, and 
 be forwarded. To prepare his troops for an engagement, 
 which he foresaw was soon to take place, he thus address- 
 ed them: 
 
 "You have, fellow soldiers, at length penetrated the 
 country of your enemies. It is not to be believed, that 
 they will abandon the soil that embosoms the bones of 
 their forefathers, without furnishing you an opportunity 
 of signalizing your valour. Wise men do not expect; 
 brave men will not desire it. It was not to travel unmo- 
 lested, through a barren wilderness, that you quitted your 
 
CHAPTER II. 29 
 
 families and homes, and submitted to so many priva- 
 tions: it was to avenge. the cruelties committed upon 
 our defenceless frontiers, by the inhuman Creeks, insti- 
 gated by their no less inhuman allies; you shall not be dis- 
 appointed. If the enemy flee before us, we will overtake 
 and chastise him; we wiJl teach him how dreadful, when 
 once aroused, is the resentment of freemen. But it is not 
 by boasting that punishment is to be inflicted, or victory 
 obtained. The same resolution that prompted us to take 
 up arms, must inspire us in battle. Men thus animated, 
 and thus resolved, barbarians can never conquer; and it 
 is an enemy, barbarous in the extreme, that we have now 
 to face. Theil* reliance will be on the damage they can 
 do you whilst you are asleep and unprepared for action: 
 their hopes shall fail them in the hour of experiment. Sol- 
 diers, who know their duty, and are ambij-ious to perform 
 it, are not to be taken by surprise. Our sentinels 'will ne- 
 ver sleep, nor our soldiers be unprepared for action: yet, 
 while it is enjoined upon the sentinels vigilantly to watch 
 the approach of the foe, they are, at the same time, com- 
 manded not to fire at shadows. Imaginary danger must 
 not deprive them of entire self-possession. Our soldiers 
 will lie with their arms in their hands : and the moment an 
 alarm is given, they will move to their respective posi- 
 tions, without noise, and without confusion; they will be 
 thus enabled to hear the orders of their officers, and to 
 obey them with promptitude. 
 
 " Great reliance will be placed, by the enemy, on the con- 
 sternation they may be able to spread through our ranks 
 by the hideous yells with which they commence their bat- 
 tles ; but brave men will laugh al such efforts to alarm 
 them. It is not by bellowings and screams that the wounds 
 of death are inflicted. You will teach these noisy assail- 
 ants how weak are their weapons of warfare, by opposing 
 them with the bayonet; what Indian ever withstood its 
 charge ? what army, of any nation, ever withstood it long? 
 
 " Yes, soldiers, the order for a charge will be the signal 
 for victory. In that moment, your enemy will be seen flee- 
 ing in every direction before you. But in the moment of 
 action, coolness and deliberation must be regarded; your 
 fires made with precision and aim; and when ordered to 
 charge with the bayonet, you must proceed to the assault 
 with a quick and firm step; without trepidation or alarm. 
 Then shall you behold the completion of your hopes in 
 2 
 
30 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 the discomfiture of your enemy. Your genera!, whose 
 duty, as well as inclination, is to watch over your safety, 
 will not, to gratify any wishes of his own, rush you un- 
 necessarily into danger. He knows, however, that it is not 
 in assailing an enemy that men are destroyed; it is when 
 retreating, and in confusion. Aware of this, he will be 
 prompted as much by a regard for your lives as your ho* 
 nour. He laments that he has been compelled, even inci- 
 dentally, to hint at a retreat when speaking to freemen, 
 and to soldiers. Never, until you forget all that is due to 
 yourselves and your country, will you have any practical 
 understanding of that word. Shall an enemy, wholly un- 
 acquainted with military evolution, and who rely more for 
 victory on their grim visages and hideous yells, than upon 
 their bravery or their weapons— shall such an enemy ever 
 drive before thein the well-trained youths of our country, 
 whose bosoms pant for glory, and a desire to avenge th» 
 wrongs they have received? Your General will not live to 
 behold such a spectacle; rather would he rush into the 
 thickest of the enemy, and submit himself to their scalp- 
 ing knives: but he has no fears of such a result. He knows 
 the valour of the men he commands, and how certainly 
 that valour, regulated as it will be, will lead to victory. 
 With his soldiers he will face all dangers, and with them 
 participate in the glory of conquest." 
 
 Having thus prepared the minds of his men, and brought 
 to their view the kind of foe with whom they were shortly 
 to contend; with about six days' rations of meat, and less 
 than two of meal, he again put his army in motion to meet 
 the enemy. Although there was some hazard in advancing 
 into a country where relief was not to be expected, with 
 such limited preparation, yet, believing that his contract- 
 ors,- lately installed, would exert themselves to the utmost 
 to forward supplies, and that amidst the variety of ar- 
 rangements miade, all could not fail, and well aware that 
 his delaying longer might be productive of many disad- 
 vantages, his determination was taken to set out immedi- 
 ately in quest of the enemy. He replied to the Path-killer, 
 by his runners, that he should proceed directly for the 
 Coosa, and solicited him to be diligent in making disco- 
 veries of the situation and collected forces of the savages, 
 and to give him, as early as possible, the result of his in- 
 quiries. 
 
 ''The hostile Creeks," he remarked to him, **wiU not 
 
CHAPTER II. 31 
 
 attack you until they have had a brush with me; and that, 
 I think, will put them out of the notion of fighting for some 
 time. *' 
 
 He requested, if he had, or could any how procure, 
 provisions for his army, that he would send them, or ad- 
 vise where they might be had : " You shall be well paid, 
 and have my thanks into the bargain. I shall stand most 
 in need of corn meal, but shall be thankful for any kind 
 of provisions ; and indeed for whatever will support life. " 
 
 In a letter to governor Blount, speaking of the difficul- 
 ties with which he was assailed, he observes: — '* Indeed, 
 air, we have been very wretchedly supplied — scarcely two 
 rations in succession have been regularly drawn; yet we 
 are not despondent. Whilst we can procure an ear of 
 com apiece, or any thing that will answer as a substitute 
 for it, we shall continue our exertions to accomplish the 
 object for which we were sent. The cheerfulness with 
 which my men submit to privations, and are ready to en- 
 counter danger, does honour to them, and to the govern- 
 ment whose rights they are^defending. 
 
 " Every mean within my power, for procuring the re- 
 quisite supplies for my army, I have taken, and am con- 
 tinuing to take. East, west, north, an^ south, have been 
 applied to with the most pressing solicitation. The go- 
 vernor of Georgia, in a letter received from him this 
 evening, informs me that a sufficiency can be had in his 
 state; but does not signify that he is about to take any 
 measures to procure it. My former contractor has been 
 superseded : no exertions were spared by him to fulfil his 
 engagements; yet the inconveniences under which he la- 
 boured were such as to render his best exertions unavail- 
 ing. The contract has been offered to one who will be 
 able to execute it: if he accepts it, my apprehensions 
 will be greatly diminished.'* 
 
 v-The sanguine expectations indulged, on leaving Thomp- 
 son's creek, that the advance of the East Tennessee militia 
 would hasten to unite with him, was not yet realized. 
 The express heretofore directed to general White, had 
 not returned. Jackson, on the 31st, despatched another, 
 again urging him to effect a speedy junction, and to bring 
 with him all the bread stuff it should be in his power to 
 procure; feelingly suggesting to him, at the same time, 
 the great inconvenience and hazard to which he had been 
 already exposed, for the want of punctuality in himself and 
 
52 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON*. 
 
 his commanding general. Owing to that cause, and the 
 late failures of his contractors, he represented his army as 
 placed, at present, in a very precarious situation, and de- 
 pendent, in a great measure, for support, on the exertions 
 which they might be pleased to make; but assured him, 
 at the same time, that, let circumstances transpire as they 
 might, he would still, at every risk, endeavour to effect 
 his purpose; and, at all events, was resolved to hasten, 
 with every practicable despatch, to the accomplishment of 
 the object for which he had set out. Believing the co- 
 operation of the East Tennessee troops essential to this 
 end, they were again instructed to join him without delay ; 
 for he could not conceive it to be correct policy, that 
 troops from the same state, pursuing the same object, 
 should constitute separate and distinct armies, and act 
 without concert, and independently of each other. 
 
 The next evening, a detachment which had been sent 
 out the day before, returned to camp, bringing with them, 
 besides some corn and beeves, several prisoners of th 
 war party. • 
 
 Learning now that a considerable body of the enemy 
 had posted themselves at Tallushatchee, on the south side 
 of the Coosa, about thirteen miles distant, General Coffee 
 was detached with nine hundred men, (the mounted troops 
 having been previously organized into a brigade, and 
 placed under his command,) to attack and disperse them. 
 With this force he was enabled, through the direction of 
 an Indian pilot, to ford the Coosa about four miles above the 
 Islands; and having encamped beyond it, very early the 
 next morning proceeded to the execution of his order. 
 Having arrived within a mile and a half, he formed hh 
 attachment into two divisions, and directed them to march 
 so as to encircle the town, by uniting their fronts beyond 
 it. The enemy, hearing of his approach, began to pre- 
 pare for action, which was announced by the beating of 
 drums, mingled with their savage yells and war whoops. 
 An hour after sun-rise, the action was commenced by cap- 
 tain Hamilton's and lieutenant Patterson's companies of 
 spies, who had gone within the circle of alignement, for 
 the purpose of drawing the Indians from their buildings. 
 No sooner had these companies exhibited their front in 
 view of the town, than the enemy formed, and made a vio- 
 lent charge- Being compelled to give way, the advance 
 guards were pursued until they reached the main body of 
 
CHAPTER II. 33 
 
 the army, which immediately opened a general fire, and 
 charged in turn. The Indians retreated, firing, until they 
 got around and in their buildings, where an obstinate con- 
 flict ensued, and where those who maintained their ground, 
 persisted in fighting, as long as they could stand or sifc, 
 w^ithout manifesting fear, or soliciting quarter. Their 
 loss was an hundred and eighty-six killed; among whom 
 were, unfortunately, and through accident, a few women 
 and children. Eighty-four women and children were 
 taken prisoners, towards whom the utmost humanity was 
 shown. Of the Americans, five were killed, and forty- 
 one wounded. Two were killed with arrows, which, on 
 this occasion, formed a principal part of the arms. of the 
 Indians; each one having a bow and quiver, which he 
 used after the first fire of his gun, until an opportunity oc- 
 curred for re-loading. 
 
 Having buried his dead, and provided for his wounded, 
 General Coffee, late on the evening of the same day, united 
 with the main army, bringing with him about forty pri- 
 soners. Of the residue, a part were too badly wounded 
 to be removed, and were therefore left, with a sulRcient 
 number to take care of them. Those which he brought 
 in, received every comfort and assistance their situation 
 demanded, and, for safety, were immediately sent into the 
 settlements. 
 
 From the manner in which the enemy fought, the killing 
 and wounding others than their warriors was not to be 
 avoided. On their retreat to their village, after the com- 
 mencement of the battle, they resorted to their block 
 houses, and strong log dwellings, whence they kept up 
 resistance, and resolutely maintained the fight. Thus 
 mingled with their women and children, it was impossible 
 they should not be exposed to the general danger; and 
 thus many were injured, notwithstanding every possible 
 precaution was taken to prevent it. In fact many of the 
 women united with their warriors, and contended in the 
 battle with fearless bravery. 
 
34 LIFE OF GENEIL\L JACKSON. 
 
 CHAPTER III 
 
 General Jackson endeavoui-s to unite with the East Tennessee troops. 
 — Establislunent of Fort Strother. — Learns the enemy are embodied. 
 — Marches to meet them. — Battle of Talladega. — Is compelled to 
 return to his encampment for want of supphes. — Anecdote. — Dis- 
 contents of his army. — Militia and volunteers mutiny. — Address to 
 the officers. — Is compelled to abandon Fort Strother. — Letter from 
 the Rev. Mr. Blackburn. — Answer. — The volunteers claim to be 
 discharged. — Mutiny. — Address to them. — General Coffee's brigade 
 petitions for a discharge. — (Jeneral Jackson's answer. — They aban- 
 don the service. 
 
 Measures were taken to establish a permanent depot on 
 the north bank of the river, at the Ten Islands, to be pro- 
 tected by strong picketing and block houses; after which, 
 it was the intention of Jackson to proceed along the Coosa 
 to its junction with the Tallapoosa, near which it w as ex- 
 pected the main force of the enemy was collected. Know- 
 ing that it would detach much of the strength of his army, 
 to occupy, in advance, the different points necessary to the 
 safety of his rear, it was desirable to unite, as soon as pos- 
 sible, with the troops from East Tennessee: to effect this, 
 he again, on the 4th, despatched an express to General 
 White, who had previously, with his command, arrived 
 at Turkey towm, a Cherokee village, about twenty-five miles 
 above, on the same river, urging him to unite with him as 
 soon as possible, and again entreating him on the subject 
 of provisions; — to bring with him such as he had on hand, 
 or could procure; and, if possible, to form some certain 
 arrangement that might ensure a supply in future. 
 
 As yet no certain intelligence was received of any col- 
 lection of the enemy. The army was busily engaged in 
 fortifying and strengthening the site fixed on for a depot, 
 to which the name of Fort Strother had been given. Late, 
 on the evening of the 7th, a runner arrived from Talladega, 
 a fort of the friendly Indians, distant about thirty miles 
 below, with information, that the enemy had that morning 
 encamped before it in great numbers, and would certainly 
 destroy it, unless immediate assistance could be afforded. 
 Jackson, confiding in the statement, determined to lose no 
 time in extending the relief which was solicited. Under- 
 standing that General White, agreeably to his order, was 
 on his way to join him, he despatched a messenger to meet 
 
CHAPTER III. ^5 
 
 him, directing him to reach his encampment in the course 
 of the ensuing night, and to protect it in his absence. He 
 now gave orders for taking up the line of march, with 
 twelve hundred infantry, and eight hundred cavalry and 
 mounted gun men ; leaving behind, the sick, the wounded, 
 and all his baggage, with a force which was deemed suf- 
 ficient for their protection, until the reinforcement of 
 ^General White should arrive. 
 
 The friendly Indians, who had taken refuge in this be- 
 sieged fort, had involved themselves in their present peri- 
 lous situation, from a disposition to preserve their amica- 
 ble relations with the United States. To suffer them to 
 fall a sacrifice, from any tardiness of moveiment, would 
 have been unpardonable; and unless relief were immedi- 
 ately extended, it might arrive too late. Acting under 
 these impressions, the General concluded to move instantly 
 forward to their assistance. By twelve o'clock at night, 
 every thing was in readiness; and, in an hour afterwards, 
 the army commenced crossing the river, about a mile above 
 the camp — each of the mounted men carrying one of the 
 infantry behind him. The river, at this place, was six 
 hundred yards wide, and it being necessary to send back 
 the horses for the remainder of the infantry, several hours 
 were consumed before a passage of all the troops could be 
 effected. • Nevertheless, though greatly fatigued and de- 
 prived of sleep, they continued the march with animation, 
 and by evening had arrived within six miles of the ene- 
 my. In this march, Jackson used the utmost precaution 
 to prevent surprise; miarching his army, as w^as his con- 
 stant custom, in three columns, so that, by a speedy ma- 
 noeuvre, they might be thrown into such a situation as to 
 be capable of resisting an attack from any quarter. Hav- 
 ing judiciously encamped his men on an eligible piece of 
 ground, he sent forward two of the friendly Indians, and 
 a white man, who had, for many years, been detained a 
 captive in the nation, and was now acting as interpreter, 
 to reconnoitre the position of the enemy. About eleven 
 o'clock at night they returned with information that the 
 savages were posted within a quarter of a mile of the fort, 
 and appeared to be in great force; but that they had not 
 been able to approach near enough to ascertain either their 
 numbers or precise situation. Within an hour after this, 
 a runner arrived with a letter from General White, stating, 
 that after having taken up the line of march, to unite at 
 
56 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 Fort Strother, he had received orders from General Cocke 
 to change his course and proceed to the mouth of Chatau- 
 ga creek. It was most distressing intelligence : the sick 
 and wounded had been left with no other calculation for 
 their safety and defence than that this detachment of the 
 army, agreeably to his request, would, by advancing upon 
 Fort Strother, serve the double purpose of protecting his 
 rear and enable him to advance still further into the ene- 
 my's country. The information which was now received, 
 proved that all those salutary anticipations were at an end, 
 and that evils of the worst kind might be the consequence. 
 
 Intelligence so disagreeable, and withal so unexpected, 
 filled the mind of Jackson with apprehension of a serious 
 and alarming character; and dreading lest the enemy, by 
 taking a different route, should attack his encampment in 
 his absence, he determined to lose no time in bringing him 
 to battle. Orders were accordingly given to the adjutant- 
 general to prepare the line, and by four o'clock in the 
 morning, the army was again in motion. The infantry 
 proceeded in three columns; the cavalry in the same or- 
 der, in the rear, with flankers on each wing. The advance, 
 consisting of a company of artillerists, with muskets, two 
 companies of riflemen, and one of spies, marched about 
 four hundred yards in front, under the command of Colo- 
 nel Carroll, with orders, after commencing the action, to 
 fall back on the centre, so as to draw the enemy after them. 
 At seven o'clock, having arrived within a mile of the po- 
 sition they occupied, the columns were displayed in order 
 of battle. Two hundred and fifty of the cavalry, under 
 lieutenant-colonel Dyer, were placed in the rear of the cen- 
 tre, as a corps de reserve. The remainder of the mounted 
 troops were directed to advance on the right and left, and, 
 after encircling the enemy, by uniting the fronts of their 
 columns, and keeping their rear rested on the infantry, to 
 face and press towards the centre, so as to leave them no 
 possibility of escape. The remaining part of the army 
 was ordered to move up by heads of companies; General 
 Hall's brigade occupying the right, and General Roberts's 
 the left. 
 
 About eight o'clock, the advance having arrived within 
 eighty yards of the enemy, who were concealed in a thick 
 shrubbery, that covered the margin of a small rivulet, re- 
 ceived a heavy fire, which they instantly returned with 
 much spirit. Agreeably to their instructions, they retired 
 
CHAPTER III. ^7 
 
 towards the centre, but not before they had dislodged 
 them from their position. The Indians, now screaming- 
 and yelling hideously, rushed forward in the direction of 
 General Roberts's brigade, a few companies of which, 
 alarmed by their numbers and yells, gave way at the first 
 fire. Jackson, to fill the chasm which was thus created, 
 directed the regiment commanded by Colonel Bradley, to 
 be moved up, which, from some unaccountable cause, had 
 failed to advance in a line with the others, and now occu- 
 pied a position in rear of the centre. Owing to this fail- 
 ure in the volunteer regiment, it became necessary to dis- 
 mount the reserve, which, with great firmness, met the 
 approach of the enemy, who were rapidly moving in this 
 direction. The retreating militia, somewhat mortified at 
 seeing their places so promptly supplied, rallied, and re- 
 covering their former position in the line, aided in check- 
 ing the advance of the savages. The action now became 
 g:encral along the line, and in fifteen minutes the Indians 
 were seen fleeing in every direction. On the left, they were 
 met and repulsed by the mounted riflemen; but on the 
 right, owing to the halt of Bradley's regiment, which was 
 iiitended to occupy the extreme right, — and to the cir- 
 cumstance of Colonel Allcorn, who commanded one of 
 the wings of the cavalry, having taken too large a circuit, 
 a considerable space was left between the infantry and the 
 cavalry, through which- numbei-s escaped. The fight was 
 maintained with great spirit and effect on both sides, as 
 well before as after the retreat commenced ; nor did the 
 pursuit and slaughter terminate until the mountains were 
 I'eached, at the distance of three miles. 
 
 Jackson, in his report of this action, bestows high com- 
 mendation on the officers and soldiers. '-Too much 
 praise," he observes, in the close of it, " cannot be be- 
 stowed on the advance, led by Colonel Carroll, for the spi- 
 rited manner in which they commenced and sustained the 
 attack; nor upon the reserve, commanded by Lieutenant- 
 colonel Dyer, for the gallantry with which they met and 
 repulsed the enemy. In a word, officers of every grade, 
 as well as privates, realized the high expectations I had 
 formed of them, and merit the gratitude of their country." 
 
 In this battle, the force of the enemy was one thousand 
 and eighty, of whom two hundred and ninety-nine were 
 left d'ead on the ground; and it is believed that many were 
 killed in the flight, who were not found -svhen the estimate 
 
 D 
 
38 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 was made. Probably few escaped unhurt. Their loss on 
 this occasion, as stated since by themselves, was not less 
 than six hundred : that of the Americans was fifteen killed, 
 and eighty wounded, several of whom afterwards died. 
 Jackson, after collecting his dead and wounded, advanced 
 his army beyond the fort, and encamped for the night. 
 The Indians, who had been for several days shut up by the 
 besiegers, thus fortunately liberated from the most dread- 
 ful apprehensions, and severest privations, having for some 
 time been entirely without water, received the army with 
 all the demonstrations of gratitude that savages could give. 
 Their manifestations of joy for their deliverance, presented 
 an interesting and affecting spectacle. Their fears had 
 been already greatly excited, for it was the very day when 
 they were to have been assaulted, and when every soul 
 within the fort must have perished. All the provisions 
 they could spare, from their scanty stock, they sold to 
 the General, who, purchasing with his own money, distri- 
 buted them amongst the soldiers, who were almost des- 
 titute. 
 
 It was with great regret that Jackson now found he was 
 without the means of availing himself fully of the advan- 
 tanges of his victory; but the condition of his posts in the 
 rear, and the want 'of provisions, (having left his encamp- 
 mient at Fort Strother with little more than one day's ra- 
 tions,) compelled him to return; thus giving the enemy 
 time to recover from the consternation of their first defeat, 
 and to re-assemble their forces. 
 
 The cause which prevented general White from reach- 
 ing the Ten Islands at a moment when- it was so impor- 
 tant, and so confidently expected, was as yet unknown; 
 the only certainty upon the subject was, that for the pre- 
 sent it wholly thwarted his views, and laid him under the 
 necessity of returning. This mystery, hitherto inexplica- 
 ble, was some time after explained, by a view of the order 
 of General Cocke, under which White, being a brigadier in 
 his division, chose to act, rather than under Jackson's. 
 General Cocke stated to him, he had understood Jackson 
 had crossed the Coosa, and had an engagement with the 
 Indians. " I have formed a council of officers here, and 
 proposed these questions: — shall we follow him, or cross 
 the river and proceed to the Creek settlements on the Tal- 
 lapoosa? — Both were decided unanimously, that he should 
 not be followed, but that we should proceed in the way 
 
CHAPTER III. 39 
 
 proposed. " He remarked, that the decision had met his 
 entire approbation; and directed White forthwith to unite 
 with him at his encampment. "If," said he, "we follow 
 general Jackson and his army, we must suffer for sup- 
 plies; nor can we expect to gain a victory. Let us then 
 take a direction in which we can share some of the dangers 
 and glories of the field. You will employ pilots, and ad- 
 vise me which side of the river you will move." In this, 
 as every other measure, it seemed to be the studied aim 
 of Cocke, to thwart the views and arrest the successes of 
 Jackson. Both were major-generals, sent on the same 
 important errand, to check an insolent foe, who had 
 practised the most cruel and unprovoked outrages. 
 .Which of them should share the "dangers and glories of 
 the field," or obtain its laurels, was not so important to 
 the country, as by acting in concert and harmony they 
 should endeavour to accomplish the grand object of ter- 
 minating the war, and restoring tranquillity to the fron- 
 tiers. National, not individual advancement, was the 
 object in carrying an army into the field : and the best and 
 most effectual mean of securing this, every officer, acting 
 on liberal principles, should have constantly held in view: 
 the interest and repose of the country, not individual ad- 
 vancement, was the end to be attained. 
 
 Having buried his dead with due honour, and provided 
 litters for the wounded, he reluctantly commenced his re- 
 turn march on the morning succeeding the battle. He 
 confidently hoped, from the previous assurances of the con- 
 tractors, that by the time of his return to Fort Strother, 
 sufficient supplies would have arrived there; but, to his 
 inexpressible uneasiness, he found that not a particle had 
 been forwarded since his departure, and that what had 
 been left was already consumed. Even his private stores, 
 brought on at his own expense, and upon which he and his 
 staff had hitherto wholly subsisted, had been, in his ab- 
 sence, distributed amongst the sick by the hospital sur- 
 geon, who had been previously instructed to do so, in the 
 event their wants should require it. A few dozen biscuit, 
 which remained on his return, were given to hungry ap- 
 plicants, without being tasted by himself or family, who 
 were probably not less hungry than those who were thus 
 relieved. A scanty supply of indifferent beef taken from 
 the enemy, or purchased of the Cherokees, was now the 
 only support afforded. Thus left destitute, Jackson, with 
 
40 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 the utmost cheerfulness of temper, repaired to the bullock 
 pen, and of the oftal there thrown away, provided for him- 
 self and staff, what he was pleased to call, and seemed re- 
 ally to think, a very comfortable repast- Neither this, 
 nor the liberal donations by which he disfurnished him- 
 self, to relieve the suffering soldier, deserves to be ascribed 
 to ostentation or design : the one flowed from benevolence, 
 the other from necessity, and a desire to place before his 
 men an example of patience and suffering, which he felt 
 might be necessary, and hoped might be serviceable. Of 
 these two imputations, no human being, invested with 
 rank and power, was ever more deservedly free. Charity 
 in him is a warm and active propensity of the heart, 
 urging by an instantaneous impulse, to relieve the wants, 
 of the distressed, v/ithout regarding, or even thinking of 
 the consequences. Many of those to whom it was extend- 
 ed, had no conception of the source that supplied them, 
 and believed the comforts they received were, indeed, 
 drawn from stores provided for the hospital department. 
 
 On this campaign, a soldier, one morning, with wo-be- 
 gone countenance, approached the General, stating that he 
 was nearly starved, that he had nothing to eat, and could not 
 imagine what he should do. He was the ixkore encouraged to 
 complain, from perceiving that the General, who had seated 
 himself at the root of a tree, waiting the coming up of the 
 rear of the army, was busily engaged in eating something, 
 he knew not what. The poor fellow was impressed with 
 the belief, from what he saw, that want only attached to 
 the soldiers, and that the officers, particularly the Gene- 
 ral, were liberally and well supplied. He accordingly ap- 
 proached him with great confidence of being relieved; 
 Jackson told him, that it had always been a rule with him 
 never to turn away a hungry man, when it was in his power 
 to relieve him. I will m.ost cheerfully, said he, divide 
 with you what I have, and putting his hand to his pocket, 
 drew forth a few acorns, on which he had been feasting, 
 adding, it was the best and only fare he had. The soldier 
 seemed much surprised, and forthwith circulated amongst 
 his comrades, that their General was actually subsisting 
 upon acorns, and that they ought, hence, no more to com- 
 plain. From this circumstance was derived the story 
 heretofore published, that Jackson, about the period of his 
 greatest suffering, and with a view to inspirit them, had 
 
CHAPTER III. 41 
 
 invited his officers to dine with him, and presented for 
 their repast, water and a tray of acorns. 
 
 But while General Jackson remained wholly unmoved by 
 his own privations, he was filled with solicitude and con- 
 cern for his army. His utmost exertions, unceasingly ap- 
 plied, were insufficient to remove the sufferings to which 
 he saw them exposed, and although they were by no 
 means so great as was represented, yet were they undoubt- 
 edly such as to be sensibly and severely felt. Discontents, 
 and a desire to return home, arose, and presently spread 
 through the camp. 
 
 During this period of scarcity and discontent, small 
 quantities of supplies were occasionally forwarded by the 
 contractors, but not a sufficiency for present want, and still 
 less to remove the apprehensions that were entertained for 
 the future. At length, revolt began to show itself openly. 
 The officers and soldiers of the militia, collecting in their 
 tents, and talking over their grievances, determined to 
 yield their patriotism, and to abandon the camp. To this 
 measure, there were good evidences for believing that se- 
 veral of the officers of the old volunteer corps exerted 
 themselves clandestinely to instigate them; looking upon 
 themselves somewhat in the light of veterans, from the 
 discipline they had acquired in the expedition to the 
 lower country, they were unwilling to be seen foremost in 
 setting an example of insubordination, and wished to make 
 the defection of others a pretext for their own. 
 
 Jackson, apprized of their determination to abandon 
 him, resolved to oppose it, and at all hazard, to- prevent a 
 departure. In the morning, when they w^ere to carry 
 their intentions into execution, he drew up the volunteers 
 in front of them, with positive commands to prevent their 
 progress, and compel them to return to their former po- 
 sition in the camp. The militia seeing this, and fearing 
 the consequences of persisting in their purpose, at once 
 abandoned it, and returned to their quarters without fur- 
 ther raiurmuring, extolling in the highest terms, the unal- 
 terable firmness of the General. 
 
 The next day, however, presented a singular scene. The 
 volunteers, who, the day before, had been the instruments 
 for compelling the militia to return to their duty, seeing 
 the destruction of those hopes on which they had lately 
 calculated, in turn began, themselves to mutiny. Their 
 opposition to the departure of the militia was but a mere 
 D 2 
 
42 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 pretence to escape suspicion, for they silently wished them 
 success. They now determined to move off in a body, 
 believing from the known disaffection in the camp, that 
 the General could find no means to prevent it. What 
 was their surprise, however, when, on attempting to effec- 
 tuate their resolves, they found the same men whom they 
 had so lately opposed, occupying the very position which 
 they had done the day previous, for a similar purpose, and 
 manifesting a fixed determination to obey the orders of 
 their general I All they ventured to do, was to<take the 
 example through, and like them move back in peace and 
 quietness to their quarters. This was a curious change 
 of circumstances, when we consider in how short a time 
 it happened; but the conduct of the militia, on this occa- 
 sion, must be ascribed to the ingenuity and management 
 of the General, and to the gratification they felt, in being 
 able to defeat the views of those who had so lately thwarted 
 their own. To this may be also added, the consciousness 
 all must have entertained, that the privations of which 
 they complained were far less grievous than they had re- 
 presented them; by no means sufficient to justify revolt, 
 and not greater than patriots might be expected to bear 
 without a murmur,^ when objects of such high considera- 
 tion were before them. But anxious to return to their 
 families and kindred, — wearied of their difficulties and 
 sufferings, and desirous to recount the brilliant exploits of 
 their first battle, they seized with eagerness every pretext 
 for exoneration, and listened with too great docility to the 
 representations of those, who were influenced by less 
 honourable feelings. Having many domestic considera- 
 tions to attend to — the first ebullition of resentment being 
 cooled, and the first impulse of curiosity gratified, there 
 were no motives to retain them in the field, but a remain- 
 ing sense of honour, and the fear of disgrace, should they 
 abandon their post without a cause. But although these 
 motives were sufficient for the present, those who were 
 governed by them did not cease to wish, that a more 
 plausible apology might offer for dispensing with their 
 operation. The militia continued to show a much more 
 obedient and patriotic disposition than the volunteers; 
 who, having adopted a course which they discovered 
 must finally involve them in dishonour, if it should fail, 
 w^erc exceedingly anxious for its success, and that it might 
 have the appearance of being founded on justice. On this 
 
CHAPTER III. 43 
 
 •subject, the pretensions of the cavalry were much better 
 established; as they were entirely without forage, and 
 without the prospect of speedily obtaining any. They pQ- 
 titioned therefore to be permitted to return into the settled 
 parts of the country, pledging themselves, by their platoon 
 and field officers, that if sufficient time were allowed to 
 recruit the exhausted state of their horses, and to procure 
 their winter clothing, they would return to the perform- 
 ance of i*heir duty whenever called on. The General, 
 unable, from many causes, to prosecute the campaign, 
 and confiding in the assurance given, granted the prayer 
 of their petition, and they immediately set out on their re- 
 turn. 
 
 About this time General Jackson's prospect of being 
 able to maintain the conquests he had made, began to be 
 cheered by letters received from the contractors, stating, 
 that sufficient supplies for the army were then on the way, 
 and would shortly arrive: but discontents to an alarming 
 degree, still prevailed in his camp. I'o allay them, if 
 possible, he hastened to lay before the division the infor- 
 mation and letters he had received, and, at the same time, 
 invited the field and platoon officers to his quarters, to 
 consult on the measures proper to be pursued. Having 
 assembled them, and well knowing that the flame of dis- 
 content, which had so lately shown itself, was only for the 
 present smothered, and might yet burst forth in serious 
 injury, he addressed themi in an animated speech, in which 
 he extolled their patriotism and achievements; lamented 
 the privations to which they had been exposed, and en- 
 deavoured to reanimate them by the prospect of speedy 
 relief, which he expected with confidence on the following 
 day. He spoke of the immense importance of the con- 
 quests they had already made, and of the consequences 
 that must result should they be now abandoned. "What," 
 continued he, "is the present situation of our camp? a 
 number of our fellow soldiers are wounded, and unable to 
 help themselves. Shall it be said that we are so lost to 
 humanity as to. leave them in this condition? Can any 
 one, under these circumstances, and under these prospects, 
 consent to an abandonment of the camp; of all that we 
 have acquired in the midst of so many difficulties, priva- 
 tions, and dangers; of what it will cost us so much to re- 
 gain; of what we never can regain, — our brave wounded 
 companions, who will be murdered by our unthinking, un- 
 
44- LIFE OF GEKERAL JACKSON. 
 
 feeling mhumanity? Surely there can be none such! No, 
 we will take with us, when we go, our wounded and sick. 
 They must not — shall not perish by our cold-blooded in- 
 difference. But why should you despond ? I do not, and 
 yet your wants are not greater than mine. To be sure we 
 do not live sumptuously: but no one has died of hunger, 
 or is likely to die; and then how animating are our pros- 
 pects ! Large supplies are at Deposit, and already are of- 
 ficers despatched to hasten them on. Wagons are on the 
 way: a large number of beeves are in the neighbourhood; 
 and detachments are out to bring them in. All these re- 
 sources surely cannot fail. I have no wish to starve you 
 — none to deceive you. Stay contentedly; and if sup- 
 plies do not arrive in two days, we will all march back to- 
 gether, and throw the blame of our failure where it should 
 properly lie; . until then we certainly have the means of 
 subsisting; and if we are compelled to bear privations, 
 let us remember that they are borne for our country, and 
 are not greater than many — perhaps most armies have been 
 compelled to endure. I have called you together to tell 
 you my feelings and my wishes; this evening think on 
 them seriously; and let me know yours in the morning. " 
 Having retired to their tents, and deliberated on the 
 measures niost pix)per to be adopted in this emergency, 
 the officers of the volunteer brigade came to the conclu- 
 sion, that "nothing short of marching the army imme- 
 diately back to the settlements could prevent those diffi- 
 culties and that disgrace, which would attend a forcible 
 desertion of the camp by his soldiers." The officers of the 
 militia determined differently, and reported a willingness 
 to maintain the post a fevv^ days longer, that it might be 
 ascertained whether or not a sufficiency of provisions could 
 really be had. " If it can, let us proceed with the campaign 
 •—if not, let us be marched back to where it can be pro- 
 cured." The General, who greatly preferred the latter 
 opinion, nevertheless, to allay excitement, was disposed to 
 gratify those \\ ho appeared unwilling to submit to further 
 hardships; and with this view ordered General Hall to 
 march his brigade of volunteers to Fort Deposit, and after 
 satisfying their wants, to return, and act as an escort to 
 the provisions. The second regiment consented to re- 
 main; and the first proceeded alone. On this occasion 
 he could not forbear to remark, that men for whom he 
 had ever cherished so warm an affection, and for whom 
 
CHAPTER III. 45 
 
 he would at all times have made any sacrifice, desiring to 
 abandon him at a moment when their presence was so par- 
 ticularly necessary, filled him with emotions which the 
 strongest language was too feeble to express. "I was pre- 
 pared," he continued, '* to endure every evil but disgrace; 
 and this, as I never can submit to myself, I can give no 
 encouragement to in others." 
 
 Two days had elapsed since the departure of the twelve 
 months' volunteers, and supplies had not arrived. The 
 militia, with great earnestness, now demanded a perfor- 
 mance of the pledge that had been given — that they should 
 be marched back to the settlements. Jackson, on giving 
 them an assurance that they should return, if reliei 
 did not reach them in two days, had indulged a confi- 
 dence that it would certainly arrive by that time; and 
 now, from the information he had received, felt more 
 than ever certain that it could not be far distant. Hav- 
 ing, however, pledged himself, he could use no argu- 
 ments or entreaties to detain them any longer, and imme- 
 diately took measures for complying with their wishes, and 
 the promise he had made. This was, to him, a moment 
 of the deepest dejection. He foresaw how difficult it 
 would be, ever to accomplish the object upon which his 
 mind was so devoutly fixed, should he lose the men who 
 were now with him; or even to regain the conquests he 
 had made, if his present posts should fall into the hands 
 of tlie enemy. While thus pondering on the gloomy 
 prospect, he lifted up his hands and exclaimed, with a 
 look and manner which showed how much he felt — " If 
 only two men will remain with me, I will never abandon 
 this post." Captain Gordon, of the spies, facetiously re- 
 plied, ''jou have one. General, let us look if we can't find 
 another," and immediately, with a zeal suited to the occa- 
 sion, undertook, with som'e of the general staff, to raise 
 volunteers^ and in a little while succeeded in procuring 
 one hundred and nine, who declared a determination to 
 remain and protect the post. 
 
 The General greatly rejoiced that he would not be com- 
 pelled to an entire abandonment of his position, now set 
 out towards Deposit, with the remainder of the army, 
 who were given distinctly to understand, that on meeting 
 supplies they were to return and prosecute the campaign. 
 This was an event, which, as ii had been expected, scon 
 took place: they had not proceeded more than ten or 
 
46 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 twelve miles, when they met a hundred and fifty beeves; 
 but a sight which gave to Jackson so much satisfaction, 
 was to them the most disagreeable and unwelcome. Their 
 faces being turned towards home, no spectacle could be 
 more hateful than one which wias to change their destina- 
 tion. They were halted, and having satisfied their hungry 
 appetites, the troops, with the exception of such as were 
 necessary to proceed with the sick and wounded, were or- 
 dered to return to the encampment — he himself intending ^j 
 to see the contractors, and establish more effectual arrange- f 
 ments for the future. So great was their aversion to re- 
 turning, that they preferred a violation of their duty and 
 their pledged honour. Low murmurings ran along the 
 lines, and presently broke out into open mutiny. In spite 
 of the order they had received, they began to revolt, and 
 one company was already moving off, in a direction to- 
 wards home. They had proceeded some distance, before 
 information of their departure was had by Jackson. Irri- 
 tated at their conduct, in attempting to violate the pro- 
 mise they had given, and knowing that the success of fu- 
 ture operations depended on the result, the general pursued 
 until he came near a part of his staff, and a few soldiers 
 diers, who, with General Coffee, had halted about a quar- 
 ter of a mile ahead. He ordered them to form immedi- 
 ately across the road, and to fire on the mutineers if they 
 attempted to proceed. Snatching up their arms, these 
 faithful adherents presented a front which threw the de- 
 serters into affright, and caused them to retreat precipi- 
 tately to the main body. Here, it was hoped, the matter 
 would end, and that no further opposition would be made 
 to returning. This expectation was not realized ; a muti- 
 nous temper began presently to display itself throughout 
 the whole brigade. Jackson, in the hope of reconciling all 
 discontent, had gone out alone 'amongst the troops, who 
 were at some distance; on his arrival, he found a much 
 more extensive mutiny than that which had just been quell- 
 ed. Almost the whole brigade had put itself into an atti- 
 tude for moving forcibly off. A crisis had arrived; and 
 feeling its importance, he determined to take no middle 
 ground, but to triumph or perish. He was still without 
 the use of his left arm; but, seizing a musket, and resting 
 it on the neck of his horse, he threw himself in front of 
 the column, and threatened to fire on the first man who 
 should attempt to advance. For many minutes the columii 
 
CHAPTER III. 47 
 
 preserved a sullen, yet hesitating attitude, fearing to pro- 
 ceed in their purpose, and disliking to abandon it. In the 
 mean time, those who remained faithful to their duty, 
 amounting to about two companies, were collected and 
 formed at a short distance in advance of the troops, and 
 in rear of the General, with positive directions to imitate 
 his example in firing, if they attempted to proceed. At 
 length, finding no one bold enough to advance, and over- 
 taken by those fears which in the hour of peril always be- 
 set persons engaged in what they know to be a bad cause, 
 they abandoned their purpose, and turning quietly round, 
 agreed to return to their posts. It is very certain, that, 
 but for the firmness of the General, at this critical mo- 
 ment, the campaign would have been broken up, and most 
 probably not commenced again. 
 
 Good order and quiet being restored. General Jackson 
 proceeded to Fort Deposit, with a view to concert some 
 arrangement with the contractors, by which supplies, in 
 future, might be regular and certain. The volunteers, 
 who had returned, here began to manifest the same un- 
 willingness to return to their duty that the militia had 
 done, and were about to break out into the same spirit of 
 mutiny and revolt ; but were restrained by an animated ad- 
 dress of the General, who, having assembled them toge- 
 ther, painted, in the most glowing colours, all the conse- 
 quences that were to be apprehended, if, from any fault 
 of theirs, the campaign should be abandoned, or ineffec- 
 tually prosecuted. By this mean, he succeeded once more 
 in restoring quietness to his troops. 
 
 He now set out on his Avay to Fort Strother, and was 
 delighted to find, by the progress of the works, the indus- 
 try that had been used in his absence. But the satisfaction 
 he felt, and the hopes he began to cherish, were of short 
 continuance. Although he had succeeded in stilling the 
 tumult of the volunteers, and in prevailing on them to re- 
 turn to their posts, it was soon discovered he had not era- 
 dicated their deep-rooted aversion to a further prosecution 
 of the war. Nothing is more difficult than to re-animate 
 men who have once lost their spirits, or inspire with new 
 ardour those in whom it has lately become extinct. Even 
 where the evils, which produced the change, are removed, 
 apologies will be sought, and pretexts seized, for justify- 
 ing and preserving the present tone of mind. The volun- 
 teers who had so lately clamoured about bread, now, when 
 
48 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 they were no longer hungry, began to clamour, with equal 
 earnestness, about their term of service. Having made 
 an effort to forsake the drudgery of the field, and failed, 
 they were disposed to avail themselves of any pretexts, 
 seemingly plausible, to obtain success. They insisted that 
 the period, for which they had volunteered to act, would 
 end on the 10th of December, that being the termination 
 of a year from the day they had first entered into service; 
 and although they had been a greater part of the time dis- 
 engaged, and unemployed, that recess was nevertheless 
 to be taken into the computation. Jackson replied, that the 
 law of congress, under which they had been tendered and 
 accepted, requiring one year's service out of two, could 
 contemplate nothing less than an actual service of three 
 hundred and sixty-five days; and, until that were perform- 
 ed, he could not, unless specially authorized, undertake to 
 discharge them. But as this was a question not likely to be 
 settled by argument, and as the consequences v/ere easily 
 to be foreseen, if they should persist in their demands, the 
 General began to think of providing other means for a 
 continuance of the campaign, that, in the worst extreme, 
 he might not be unprepared to act. Ordering General 
 Roberts to return, and to supply the deficiencies in his 
 brigade, he now 'despatched Colonel Carroll and Major 
 Searcy, into Tennessee, to raise volunteers, for six months, 
 or during the campaign; writing, at the same time, to 
 many respectable characters, he exhorted them to contri- 
 bute all their assistance to the accomplishment of this ob- 
 ject. To a letter, just received from the Reverend Gideon 
 Blackburn, assuring him that volunteers would eagerly 
 hasten to his relief, if they knew their services were want- 
 ed, he replied, "Reverend Sir, — Your letter has been just 
 received: I thank you for it; I thank you most sincerely. It 
 arrived at a moment when my spirits needed such a supportr 
 ** I left Tennessee with an army, brave, I believe, as 
 any general ever commanded. I have seen them in battle, 
 and my opinion of their bravery is not changed. But their 
 fortitude — on this too I relied — has been too severely test- 
 ed. Perhaps I was wrong, in believing that nothing but 
 death could conquer the spirits of brave men. I am sure 
 I was; for my men, I know, are brave; yet privations have 
 rendered them discontented: — that is enough. The expe- 
 dition must nevertheless be prosecuted to a successful ter- 
 mination. New volunteers must be raised, to conclude 
 
CHAPTER lit. 49 
 
 what has been so auspiciously begun by the old ones. 
 Gladly would I save these men from themselves, and in- 
 sure them a harvest which they have sown; but if they 
 will abandon it to others, it must be so. 
 
 ** You are good enough to say, if I need your assistance, 
 it will be cheerfully afforded : I do need it greatly. The in- 
 fluence you possess over the minds of men is great and 
 well-founded, and can never be better applied than in sum- 
 moning volunteers to the defence of their country, their 
 liberty, and their religion. While we fight the savage, 
 who makes war only because he delights in blood, and who 
 has gotten his booty, when he has scalped his victim, we 
 ai^ through him, contending against an enemy of more 
 inveterate character, and deeper design — who would de- 
 molish a fabric cemented by the blood of our fathers, and 
 endeared to us by all the happiness we enjoy. So far as 
 my exertions can contribute, the purposes, both of the sa- 
 vage and his instigator, shall be defeated; and so far as 
 yours can, I hope — I know, they will be employed. I have 
 said enough.—-! want men, and want them immediately." 
 
 Anxious to prosecute the campaign as soon as possible, 
 that by employing his troops actively, he might dispel 
 from their minds those discontents so frequently manifest- 
 ed, he wrote to General Cocke, desiring and urging him 
 to unite with him immediately, with fifteen hundred men. 
 He assured him that the mounted men, who had returned 
 to the settlements for subsistence, and to recruit their 
 horses, would arrive by the 12th of the month. He wished 
 to commence his operations directly, " knowing they would 
 be prepared for it, and well knowing they would re- 
 quire it." " I am astonished," he continued, " to hear that 
 your supplies continue deficient. In the name of God, 
 what are the contractors doing, and about what are they 
 engaged ? Every letter I receive from Governor Blount, 
 assures me I am to receive plentiful supplies from them, 
 and seems to take,for granted, notwithstanding all I have 
 said to the contrary, that they have been hitherto regularly 
 furnished. Considering the generous loan the state has 
 made for this purpose, and the facility of procuring bread 
 stuffs in East -Tennessee, and of transporting them by 
 water to Fort Deposit, it is to me wholly unaccountable 
 that not a pound has ever arrived at that place. This 
 evil must continue no longer — it must be remedied. I 
 expect, therefore, and through you must require, that 
 s 
 
50 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 in twenty days they furnish at Deposit every necessary 
 supply."* 
 
 Whilst these measures were taking, the volunteers, 
 through several of their officers, were pressing on the con- 
 sideration of the General, the expiration of their term of 
 service, and claiming to be discharged on the 10th of the 
 month. From the colonel who commanded the second re- 
 giment, he received a letter, dated the 4th, in which was 
 attempted to be detailed their whole ground of complaint. 
 He began by stating, that painful as it was, he, neverthe- 
 less, felt himself bound to disclose an important and un- 
 pleasant truth; that, on the 10th, the service would be de- 
 prived of the regiment he commanded. He seemed to 
 deplore, with great sensibility, the scene that would be ex- 
 hibited on that day, should opposition be made to their 
 departure; and still more sensibly, the consequences that 
 would result from a disorderly abandonment of the camp. 
 He stated they had all considered themselves finally dis- 
 charged on the 20th of April, and never knew to the con- 
 trary, until they saw his order of the 24th of September, 
 requiring them to rendezvous at Fayetteville, on the 4th 
 of October; for the first time, they then learned that they 
 owed further servijces, their discharge to the contrary not- 
 withstanding. ''Thus situated, there was considerable 
 opposition to the order; on which the officers generally, as 
 I am advised, and I know myself in particular, gave it as 
 an unequivocal opinion, that their term of service would 
 terminate on the 10th of December. 
 
 *' They therefore look to their general, who holds their 
 confidence, for an honourable discharge on that day; and 
 that, in every respect, he will see justice done to them. 
 They regret that their peculiar situations and circum- 
 stances require them to leave their general at a time when 
 their services are important to the common cause. 
 
 • Independent of an advantageous contract rftade with tlie govern- 
 ment, the state of Tennessee had extended to this conti-actor a liberal 
 loan, that immediate supplies might be forwarded. Unfortunately, 
 however, and it is a misfortune that will always continue so long as tlie 
 present mode of supplying our armies is persisted in, tlie contract was 
 disregarded ; nor did complaints on the subject cease, even to tlie close 
 of die Mar. Great as was tlie evil, no adequate remedy was at hand ; 
 nor was it confined to any particular section ; but in all directions, 
 where our armies moved, were complaints heard, and tlieir operations 
 frustrated through tlie misconduct of contractors. 
 
CHAPTER III. 5\ 
 
 "It would be desirable," he continued, "that those men 
 who have served with honour, should be honourably dis- 
 charged, and that they should return to their families and 
 friends, without even the semblance of disgrace; v/ith 
 their general they leave it, to place them in that situation. 
 They have received him as an affectionate father, whilst 
 they have honoured, revered, and obeyed him; but, having 
 devoted a considerable portion of time to the service of 
 their country, by which their domestic concerns are 
 greatly deranged, they wish tb return and attend to their 
 own affairs." 
 
 Although this communication announced the determi- 
 nation of only a part of the volunteer brigade, he had al- 
 ready abundant evidence that the defection was but too 
 general. The difficulties which the General had heretofore 
 been compelled to e!hcounter from the discontents of his 
 troops, might well induce him to regret that a spirit of 
 insubordination should again threaten to appear in his 
 camp. That he might, if possible, prevent it, he hastened 
 to lay before them the error and impropriety of their 
 vie^'i'^, and the consequences likely to be involved, should 
 they persist in their purpose. 
 
 "I know not," he observed, "v/hat scenes will be exhi- 
 bited on the 10th instant, nor what consequences are to 
 flow from them here or elsewhere; but as I shall have the 
 consciousness that they are not imputable to any miscon- 
 duct of mine, I trust I shall have the firmness not to shrink 
 from a discharge of my duty. 
 
 " It v, ill be well, however, for those who intend to be- 
 come actors in those scenes, and who are about to hazard 
 so much on the correctness of their opinions, to examine 
 beforehand, with great caution and deliberation, the 
 grounds on which their pretensions rest. Are they 
 founded on any false assurances of mine, or upon any de- 
 ception that has been practised towards them ? Was not 
 the act of congress, under which they are engaged, direct- 
 ed, by my general order, to be read and expounded to them 
 before they enrolled themselves? That order will testify, 
 and so will the recollection of every general officer of my 
 division. It is not pretended, that those who now claim to 
 be discharged, were not legally and fairly enrolled under 
 the act of congress of the 6th of February, 1812. Have 
 they performed the service required of them by that act, 
 and which they then solemnly undertook to perform? 
 
52 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 That required one year's service out of two, to be com- 
 puted from the day of rendezvous, unless they should be 
 sooner discharged. Has one year's service been perform- 
 ed? This cannot be seriously pretended. Have they 
 then been discharged ? It is said they have, and by me. 
 To account for so extraordinary a belief, it may be neces- 
 sary to take a review of past circumstances. 
 
 *'More than twelve months have elapsed since we were 
 called upon to avenge the injured rights of our country. 
 We obeyed the call! In the midst of hardships, which 
 none but those to whom liberty is dear could have borne 
 ■without a murmur, we descended the Mississippi. It was 
 believed our services were wanted in the prosecution of 
 the just war in which our country was engaged, and we 
 "were prepared to render them. But, though we were 
 disappointed in our expectations, we established for Ten- 
 nessee a name which will long do her honour. At length, 
 we received a letter from the secretary of war, directing 
 our dismission. You well recollect the circumstances of 
 wretchedness in which this order was calculated to place 
 us. By it, we were deprived of every article of public 
 property; no provision was made for the payment of our 
 troops, or their subsistence on their return march; whilst 
 many of our sick, unable to help themselves, must have 
 perished. Against the opinion of many, I marched them 
 back to their homes before I dismissed them. Your regi- 
 ment, at its own request, was dismissed at Columbia. 
 This was accompanied with a certificate to each man, ex- 
 pressing the acts under which he had been enrolled, and 
 the length of the tour he had performed. This it is which 
 is now attempted to be construed 'a final discharge;' but 
 surely it cannot be forgotten by any bfficer or soldier, how 
 sacredly they pledged themselves, before they were dis- 
 missed, or received that certificate, cheerfully to obey the 
 voice of their country, if it should re-summon them into 
 service; neither can it be forgotten, I dare hope, for what 
 purpose that certificate was given; it was to secure, if 
 possible, to those brave men, who had shown such readi- 
 ness to serve their country, certain extra emoluments, 
 specified in the seventh section of the act under which 
 they had engaged, in the event they were not recalled into 
 service for the residue of their term. 
 
 "Is it true, then, that my solicitude for the interest of 
 the volunteers, is to be made by them a pretext for dis- 
 
CHAPTER III. , 53 
 
 gracing a name which they have rendered illustrious? Is 
 a certificate, designed solely for their benefit, to become 
 the rallying word for mutiny? — strange perversion of feel- 
 ing and of reasoning! Have I really any power to dis- 
 charge men whose term of service has not expired ? If I 
 were weak or wicked enough to attempt the exercise of 
 such a power, does any one believe, the soldier would be 
 thereby exonerated from the obligation he has voluntarily 
 taken upon himself to his government ? I should become 
 a traitor to the important concern which has been en- 
 trusted to my management, while the soldier, who had 
 been deceived by a false hope of liberation, would be still 
 liable to redeem his pledge; I should disgrace myself, 
 without benefiting you. 
 
 "I can only deplore the situation of those officers who 
 have undertaken to persuade their men, that their term of 
 service will expire on the 10th. In giving their opinions 
 to this effect, they have acted indiscreetly, and without suf- 
 ficient authority. It would be the most pleasing act of 
 my life, to restore them with honour to their families. 
 Nothing would pain me more than that any other senti- 
 ments should be felt towards them, than those of gratitude 
 and esteem. On all occasions, it has been my highest 
 happiness to promote their interest, and even to gratify 
 their wishes, where, with propriety, it could be done. 
 When in the lower country, believing that, in the order 
 for their dismissal, they had been improperly treated, I 
 even solicited the government to discharge them, finally, 
 from the obligations into which they had entered. You 
 know the answer of the secretary of vvar;— that neither he 
 nor the president, as he believed, had the power to dis- 
 charge them. How, then, can it be required of me to do 
 so? 
 
 " The moment it is signified to me by any competent au- 
 thority, even by the governor of Tennessee, to whom I 
 have written on the subject, or by General Pinckney, who 
 is now appointed to the command, that the volunteers may 
 be exonerated from further service, that moment I will 
 pronounce it, with the greatest satisfaction. I have only 
 the power of pronouncing a discharge, — not of giving it, 
 in any case, — a distinction which I would wish should be 
 borne in mind. Already have I sent to raise volunteers, 
 on my own responsibility, to complete a campaign which 
 has been so happily begun, and thus far, so fortunately 
 E 2 
 
54 LIFE OF GEXEIL\L JACKSON. 
 
 prosecuted. The moment they arrive, and I am assured, 
 that, fired by our exploits, they will hasten in crowds, on 
 the first intimation that we need their services, they will 
 be substituted in the place of those who are discontented 
 here; the latter will then be permitted to return to their 
 homes, with all the honour which, under such circum- 
 stances, they can carry along with them. But I still 
 cherish the hope, that their dissatisfaction and complaints 
 have been greatly exaggerated. I cannot, must not be- 
 lieve, that the 'Volunteers of Tennessee,' a name ever 
 dear to fame, will disgrace themselves, and a country 
 which they have honoured, by abandoning her standard, 
 as mutineers and deserters; but should I be disappointed, 
 and compelled to resign this pleasing hope, one thing I 
 will not resign — my duty. Mutiny and sedition, so long 
 as I possess the power of quelling them, shall be put down; 
 and even when left destitute of this, I will still be found^ 
 in the last extremity, endeavouring to discharge the duty 
 I owe my country and myself. '* 
 
 To the platoon officers, who addressed him on the same 
 subject, he replied with nearly the same spirited feeling; 
 but discontent was too deeply fastened, and by designing 
 men, had been too artfully fomented, to be removed by 
 any thing like argument or entreaty. At length on the 
 evening of the 9th, General Hall hastened to the tent of 
 Jackson, with information that his whole brigade was in a 
 state of mutiny, and making preparations to move forcibly 
 off. This was a measure which every consideration of 
 policy, duty, and honour, recjuired Jackson to oppose; 
 and to this purpose he instantly applied all the means he 
 possessed. He immediately issued the following general 
 order: 
 
 **The commanding general being informed that an ac- 
 tual mutiny subsists in his camp, all officers and soldiers 
 are commanded to put it down. 
 
 ** The officers and soldiers of the first brigade will, 
 without delay, parade on the west side of the fort, and 
 await further orders.'' The artillery company, with two 
 small field pieces, being posted in the front and rear, and 
 the militia, under the command of Colonel Wynne, on 
 the eminences, in advance, were ordered to prevent any 
 forcible departure of the volunteers. 
 
 The General rode along the line, which had been pre- 
 viously formed agreeably to his orders, and addressed 
 
CHAPTER in. 5i 
 
 them, by companies, in a strain of impassioned eloquence. 
 He feelingly expatiated on their former good conduct, and 
 the esteem and applause it had secured them; and pointed 
 to the disgrace which they must heap upon themselves, 
 their families, and country, by persisting, even if they 
 could succeed, in their present mutiny. He told them, 
 however, they should not succeed biU by passing over his 
 body; that even in opposing their mutinous spirit, he 
 should perish honourably — by perishing at his post, and 
 in the discharge of his duty. "Reinforcements," he con- 
 tinued, " are preparing to hasten to my assistance : it can- 
 not be long before they will arrive. I am, too, in daily 
 expectation of receiving information whether you may be 
 discharged or not — until then, you must not, and shall not 
 retire. I have done with entreaty, — it has been used long 
 enough. — I will attempt it no more. You must now de- 
 termine whether you will go or peaceably remain: if you 
 still persist in your determination to move forcibly off, the 
 point between us shall soon be decided. " At first they he- 
 sitated;— he demanded an explicit and positive answer. 
 They still hesitated, and he commanded the artillerist to 
 prepare the match; he himself remaining in front of the 
 volunteers, and within the line of fire, which he intended 
 goon to order. Alarmed at his apparent determination, 
 and dreading the consequences involved in such a contest; 
 "Let us return," was presently lisped along the line, and 
 soon after determined upon. The officers now came for- 
 ward, and pledged themselves for their men, who either 
 nodded assent, or openly expressed a willingness to retire 
 to their quarters, and remain without further tumult, until 
 information were had, or the expected aid should arrive. 
 Thus passed away a moment of the greatest peril, and 
 pregnant with important consequences. 
 
 Calculating philosophers may maintain the opinion, that 
 conduct like that pursued. on this occasion, deserves no 
 other name than rashness: it certainly was determined, 
 and proved in the end decisive. At such a moment, he- 
 sitation must have been succeeded by a defeat of purpose, 
 and an entire abandonment by his troops. To have been 
 forsaken in such a manner, and under such circumstances, 
 no expectation could have been entertained of drawing to 
 the service, in any short time, additional troops. The 
 consequence must have been, that the enemy, not subdued, 
 but only exasperated, might, unmolested, have assailed 
 
56 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 our unprotected frontiers, and drenched them in the blood 
 of our defenceless citizens. These anticipations were 
 alarming-, and only to be prevented by some effort, bold 
 and daring, as the one attempted. It was hazardous, yet 
 it succeeded. 
 
 Although the immediate execution of their purpose was 
 thus for the present prevented, it was presently ascertain- 
 ed not to be wholly abandoned, and that nothing could be 
 exacted from their future fidelity and services. Jackson, 
 therefore, determined to rid himself, as soon as possible, of 
 men whose presence answered no other end than to keep 
 alive discontents in his camp. He accordingly prepared 
 an order to General Hall, to march his brigade to Nash- 
 ville, and to dispose of them as he should be directed by 
 the goveiTior of Tennessee. Previous to promulgating 
 this, he resolved to make one further effort to retain them, 
 and to make a last appeal to their honour and patriotism. 
 For this purpose, having assembled them before the fort, 
 on the 13th, he directed his aid-de-camp to read the fol- 
 lowing address: 
 
 "On the 10th of December, 1812, you assembled at the 
 call of your country. Your professions of patriotism, and 
 ability to endure fatigue, were at once tested by the incle- 
 mency of the weajher. Breaking your way through sheets 
 of ice, you descended the Mississippi, and reached the 
 point at which you were ordered to be halted and dis- 
 missed. All this you bore without murmuring. Finding 
 that your services were not needed, the means for march- 
 ing you back were procured; every difficulty was sur- 
 mounted, and, as soon as the point from which you 
 embarked was regained, the order for your dismissal vva3 
 carried into effect. The promptness with which you as- 
 sembled, the regularity of your conduct, your attention to 
 your duties, the determination manifested on every occa- 
 sion, to carry into effect the wishes and will of your gi>- 
 vernmcnt, placed you on elevated ground. You not 
 only distinguished yourselves, but gave to your state a dis- 
 tinguished rank with her sisters; and led your government 
 to believe, that the honour of the nation would never be 
 tarnished, when entrusted to the holy keeping of the * Vo- 
 lunteers of Tennessee.' 
 
 "In the progress of a war, which the implacable and 
 eternal enemy of our independence induced to be waged, 
 "we found that, without cause on our part, a portion of the 
 
CHAPTER III. 5f 
 
 Creek nation was added to the number of our foes. To 
 put it down, the first glance of the administration fell on 
 you; and you were again summoned to the field of honour. 
 In full possession of your former feelings, that summons 
 was cheerfully obeyed. Before your enemy thought you 
 in motion, you were at Tallushatchee and Talladega. The 
 thunder of your arms was a signal to them that the 
 slaughter of your countrymen was about to be avenged. 
 You fought, you conquered ! barely enough of the foe es- 
 caped to recount to their savage associates your deeds of 
 valour. You returned to this place loaded with laurels, 
 and the applauses of your country. 
 
 **Can it be, that these brave men are about to become 
 the tarnishers of their own reputation 1 — the destroyers of 
 a name which does them so much honour? Yc^, it is a 
 truth too well disclosed, that cheerfulness has been ex- 
 changed for complaints: — murmurings and discontents 
 alone prevail. Men who a little while since were offering 
 up prayers for permission to chastise the merciless savage 
 •—who burned with impatience to teach them how much 
 they had hitherto been indebted to our forbearance, are 
 now, when they could so easily attain their wishes, seeking 
 to be discharged. The heart of your general has been 
 pierced. The first object of his military affections, and 
 the first glory of his life, were the volunteers of Tennessee I 
 The very name recalls to him a thousand endearing recol- 
 lections. But these men — these volunteers, have become 
 mutineers. The feelings he would have indulged, your 
 general has been compelled to suppress — he has been 
 compelled by a regard to that subordination, so necessary 
 to the support of every army, and which he is bound to 
 have observed, to check the disorder which would have 
 destroyed you. He has interposed his authority for your 
 safety — to prevent you from disgracing yourselves and 
 your country. Tranquillity has been restored in our 
 camp — contentment shall also be restored; this can be 
 done only by permitting those to retire whose dissatisfac- 
 tion proceeds from causes that cannot be controlled. This 
 permission will now be given. Your country will dis- 
 pense with your services, if you have no longer a regard 
 for that fame which you have so nobly earned for your- 
 selves and her. Yes, soldiers, you who were once so 
 brave, and to whom honour was so dear, shall be permitted 
 to return to your homes if you still desire it. But in what 
 
1 
 
 58 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 language, when you arrive, '.vill you address your families 
 and friends? Will you tell them that you abandoned your 
 general and your late associates in arms, within fifty miles 
 of a savage enemy; who equally delights in shedding the 
 blood of the innocent female and her sleeping babe, as that 
 of the warrior contending in battle? Lamentable, dis- 
 graceful tale! If your dispositions are really changed; if 
 you fear an enemy you so lately conquered ; this day will 
 prove it. I now put it to yourselves; — determine upon 
 the part you will act, influenced only by the suggestions 
 of your own hearts, and your own understandings. All 
 who prefer an inglorious retirement, shall be ordered to 
 Nashville, to be discharged as the president or the go- 
 vernor may direct. Those who choose to remain, and 
 unite with their general in the further prosecution of the 
 campaign, can do so, and will thereby furnish a proof 
 that they have been greatly traduced; and that although 
 disaffection and cowardice has reached the hearts of some, 
 it has not reached theirs. To such my assurance is given, 
 that former irregularities will not be attributed to them. 
 They shall be immediately organized into a separate 
 corps, under officers of their own choice; and, in a little 
 while, it is confidently believed, an opportunity will be af- 
 forded of adding 'to the laurels you have already won." 
 
 Warm and feeling as was the appeal, it failed of the 
 desired effect. Captain Williamson alone agreed to re- 
 main. Finding that their determination to abandon the 
 service could not be changed, and that every principle of 
 patriotism was forgotten, the General communicated his 
 order to General Hall, and directed him to march his bri- 
 gade to Nashville, and await such instructions as he 
 might receive from the president, or the governor of 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Meantime the cavalry and mounted riflemen, who, under 
 an express stipulation to return and complete the cam- 
 paign, had been permitted to retire into the settlements, 
 to recruit their horses and procure winter clothing, had, 
 at the time appointed, re-assembled in the neighbourhood 
 of Huntsville. But, catching the infection of discontent 
 from the infantry, on their return march, they began now 
 to clamour with equal earnestness for a discharge. The 
 cavalry insisted that they were as well entitled to it as the 
 infantry; and the riflemen, that they could not be held in 
 service after the 24th, that being three months from the 
 
CHAPTER II. 59 
 
 time they had been mustered : and that as that day was so 
 near at hand, it was wholly useless to advance any farther. 
 General Coffee, who was confined at Huntsville by se- 
 vere indisposition, employed all the means which his de- 
 bilitated strength would allow, to remove the dangerous 
 impressions they had so readily imbibed, and to reclaim 
 them to a sense of honour and of duty; but all his efforts 
 proved unavailing. He immediately ordered his brigade 
 to head-quarters: they had proceeded as far as Ditto's 
 ferry, when the greater part of them refusing to cross the 
 river, returned in a tumultuous manner, committing on 
 the route innumerable irregularities, which there was no 
 force sufficient to restrain. Not more than seven hundred 
 of the brigade could be gotten over ; who, having march- 
 ed to Deposit, were directed to be halted, until further 
 orders could be obtained from General Jackson. At this 
 place they committed the wildest extravagancies; pro- 
 fusely wasting the public grain, which, with much diffi- 
 culty and labour, had been collected for the purpose of the 
 campaign; and indulging in every species of excess. 
 Whilst thus rioting, they continued to clamour vocife- 
 rously for their discharge. General Coffee finding his 
 utmost efforts ineffectual, to restrain or to quiet them, 
 wrote to Jackson, acquainting him with their conduct and 
 demands, and enclosing a petition that had been addressed 
 to him by the rifle regiment. In his letter he says, "I am 
 of opinion, the sooner they can be gotten clear of the bet- 
 ter; they are consuming the forage that will be necessary 
 for others, and I am satisfied they will do no more good. 
 I have told them, their petition would be submitted to you, 
 who would decide upon it in the shortest possible time," 
 This was truly disagreeable news to the General. Already 
 sufficiently harassed by the discontents and oppositions of 
 his troops, now that they had retired, he looked anxiously 
 forward, indulging a hope that the tranquillity of his camp 
 would be no more assailed. On the brigade of Coffee, he 
 had placed great reliance, and, from the pledges it had 
 given him, entertained no fears but that it would return 
 and act with him, as soon as he should be ready to pro- 
 ceed. He replied to General Coffee, and taking a view of 
 the grounds and causes of their complaints, endeavoured 
 to reconcile their objections, and persuade them to a dis- 
 charge of the duties which they had undertaken, and cove- 
 nanted to perform. 
 
60 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 The signers of that address, observes the General, com- 
 mence by saying, 'that jealousy is prevailing in our camp, 
 with respect to the understanding between themselves and 
 the government, relative to the service required of them; 
 and, believing it to be its policy to act fairly, are of opi- 
 nion that a full explanation of their case will have a good 
 effect in promoting the cause in which they are engaged.' 
 
 '* What can have given rise to this jealousy, I am at a 
 loss to conjecture ; for surely no unfair practices were 
 ever used by their government to get them into the ser- 
 vice, nor to keep them in it longer than they had engaged 
 To remain. How long that was, can be easily determined 
 by the law under which they were accepted. This was 
 open to all, and must be presumed to have been under- 
 stood by all. But for a complete answer, I send you and 
 refer you to the written pledges, of both the field and pla- 
 toon officers, before they returned to recruit their horses, 
 and obtain their winter clothing. As they seem com- 
 pletely to have forgotten, remind them of all they contain, 
 — of their assurances given, that, if what they asked were 
 granted, they would return, at the shortest possible notice, 
 prepared and willing to go through the winter service, or 
 to the end of the campaign. Sensible of their necessities, 
 and confiding fully* in the promises they made, and signed 
 with their own names, I permitted them, on the 22d ulti- 
 mo, to return into the settlements, for the purpose of pro- 
 curing fresh horses and additional clothing ; and required 
 them, to which they readily agreed, to rendezvous in 
 Madison, on the 8th instant. They have returned, and 
 now, when every calculation is made upon their services, 
 agreeably to the pledges that have been given, they send, 
 (instead of coming,) this address. Under these circum- 
 stances, what 'explanation of their case' do they want? 
 What explanation do they expect their general to give 
 them? Barely to remind them of their written pledges, 
 without attempting any exposition of the law, under which 
 they have engaged, is surely a sufficient answer. An ex- 
 position of it will not be attempted by me; not only be- 
 cause it is considered unnecessary, but because my opi- 
 nion on it has been already frequently given. 
 
 "I cannot conceive how the idea has arisen, that they 
 are attempted to be detained without their consent To 
 say nothing of the length of service really required by the 
 law under which they were accepted, have not the field of- 
 
CHAPTER III. 61 
 
 ficers given their written consent to remain during the 
 winter, or until the campaign be completed? Have they 
 not also given a pledge for their men, and the officers com- 
 manding companies and platoons; and have not those 
 company and platoon officers, given a similar assurance 
 for themselves and their men? Let them look to these 
 pledges, and blush at their conduct. 
 
 "They also remark, 'If any tender of services, for a 
 longer time than a tour of duty, (three months,) has been 
 made to the general government, we beg leave to say, it 
 was without our consent or knowledge; and we are con- 
 vinced that, in all contracts that are binding, both parties 
 must fully understand and consent thereto. We wish to 
 be permitted to return home, and to return under such cir- 
 cumstances as will entitle us to be praised, instead of 
 blamed, by those who so gallantly led us to battle.' 
 
 "To this I answer, that no tender for any specified term 
 of service was ever made to the general government by me, 
 or by any other within my knowledge. As regards their 
 law remark^ that men, to be bound by a contract, must un- 
 derstand and consent to it, it will be a sufficient answer, 
 that those who volunteer their services, under a public 
 law, are presumed to understand fully all its provisions; or, 
 at any rate, that those who sign an instrument drawn up 
 by themselves, cannot reasonably be supposed ignorant of 
 its contents, or unwilling to abide by its terms. But they 
 must be lukewarm patriots indeed, who, in the moment 
 of danger and necessity, can halt in the discharge of their 
 duty to argue and quibble on the construction of laws and 
 statutes. 
 
 *' As to their wish 'to be praised instead of censured,' 
 I am at a loss to conceive how such a sentiment should 
 hold a place in the breasts of men who are about to aban- 
 don the cause of their country at such a moment as this, 
 and under such engagements. Even if it be possible for 
 such men to desire praise, from their present conduct they 
 cannot expect it, nor believe themselves entitled to receive 
 it. Before they can have determined to enter upon such 
 a course, they must undoubtedly have prepared their 
 minds to meet all the contumely and contempt that an in- 
 dignant country can heap upon such Avind-blown patriots; 
 who, vvhen at home, clamoured so vociferously about her 
 injured rights, and having taken up arms to defend them, 
 abandon them at a moment when they are most in danger. 
 
 F 
 
62 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 A grosser aliment than praise must be the proper nutri* 
 ment for such minds. If it were possible that any doubt 
 could exist, under the law by which their services were en- 
 gaged, has not the utmost certainty been produced by 
 their own written undertakings, subsequently made? But 
 on the question, whether their country, at this time, needs 
 their services in the field, there can be no doubt. And is 
 patriotism to be measured by months, and weeks, and 
 days ? Is it by such a computation, that the volunteer, 
 embarked in his country's defence, hopes to entitle him- 
 self to the thanks of that country, when her rights are as- 
 sailed, and his efforts can protect them? — Be it so; let it 
 be even granted, that these men's engagements have ex- 
 pired under the law; has their sacred pledge, in writing, 
 and has their love of country expired ? If these cannot 
 bind them to a faithful performance of their duty, I know 
 of nothing by which I can hope to hold them." 
 
 Few men had ever imposed, the necessity of contending 
 with greater difficulties. The volunteers, proud of the 
 name, and conceiving themselves superior to the militia, 
 had just fought their first battle; and if suffering had not 
 destroyed their early excitement, the same fervour with 
 which they set out.might have still continued; but the ne- 
 gligence or interested views of contractors, had introduced 
 such discontents, as that to repress them, boldness and 
 energy were required. But to effect this, as events prov- 
 ed, was impracticable, inasmuch as the termination of one 
 difficulty seemed but the commencement of another. It 
 is not wondrous then, that the patience of the General 
 should have been exhausted; or in the address presented 
 he should have indulged those feelings which the occasion 
 and the circumstances were so well calculated to inspire. 
 
 To have addressed them in a strain less pointed aiid in- 
 dependent, or to have endeavoured to sooth their discon- 
 tents by entreaty, might at some other time, and under 
 different circumstances, have been better resorted to for 
 success; but the ineffectual attempts that had been made 
 with his infantry, who had forsaken the camp, in spite of 
 every thing that persuasion, threats, or honour could sug- 
 gest, left but a narrow basis on which to erect a hope of 
 his being able to detain them. There was but a single 
 course left; to point to the pledge they had given, and ap- 
 peal directly to their honour, believing that if this were 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 unsuccessful, there was " nothing by which he could hope 
 to hold them. " 
 
 Jackson had just received a letter from the governor of 
 Tennessee, in answer to his frequent and pressing inqui- 
 ries, as to the disposition which should be made of the vo- 
 lunteers. It recommended what had already, from neces- 
 sity, been done; to dismiss— not discharge them, because 
 the latter was not in the power of either: — nor was their 
 dismission to be given, because founded in right; but be- 
 cause, under existing circumstances, their presence could 
 not prove beneficial, but highly injurious. To induce them 
 contentedly to remain, the governor had suggested but 
 one argument, which had not already been unsuccessfully 
 attempted ; " that it was very doubtful if the government 
 would pay them for the services they had already render- 
 ed, if abandoned without her authority." It is true, that 
 avarice sometimes alters a determination, when other con- 
 siderations have failed of success; whether this appeal 
 might not result beneficially with the cavalry, whose pre- 
 sence was greatly desired, was at least worthy the trial. 
 It was important, however, to bring it before them in 
 some delicate manner to awaken inquiry, and guard 
 against offence. The letter was therefore enclosed for 
 their inspection, accompanied with these remarks: — ^'^I 
 have just received a letter from Governor Blount, which I 
 hasten to transmit, that you may avail yourselves of what- 
 ever benefits and privileges it holds out. You will per- 
 ceive, that he does not consider he has any power to dis- 
 charge you, — neither have I : — but you have my permission 
 to retire from the service, if you are still desirous of doing 
 so, and are prepared to risk the consequences. " 
 
 These letters, so far from answering the desired end, 
 had a directly contrary effect. That of the governor was 
 no sooner read, than they eagerly laid hold of it to sup- 
 port the resolution they had already formed ; and without 
 further ceremony or delay, abandoned the campaign. 
 
 
64 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Discontents of the militia. — Governor Blount recommends an aban- 
 donment of tlie service. — Jackson's reply to his letter. — The gt)- 
 vernor takes measures for ,brin^ng out a sufficient force. — Militia 
 retire from service. — Lieutenant Kearley. — General Jackson endea- 
 voiu-s to detain the East Tennessee troops. — His address to them. 
 — Arrival of additional forces. — Expedition against the Indians. — 
 His motives. — Battle of Emuckfuw. — General Coffee proceeds to 
 destroy the enemy's fortifications. — Second battle of Emuckfuw. — 
 Troops commence their return march. — Ambuscade formed by the 
 Indians. — Battle of Enotichopco. 
 
 The events just portrayed, satisfactorily prove, that 
 militia are not only the most expensive troops in war, but 
 such as cannot be relied on beyond that period where ex- 
 citement and buoyancy of spirit is pre.served; and even 
 then, none but the most determined officers can control 
 them. Despondency overtaking them, their efficiency is 
 destroyed; but, when mutinous, they are rendered worse 
 than useless. 
 
 Whilst these unfortunate events were transpiring in the 
 rear, matters were far from wearing an encouraging as- 
 pect at head-quarters. The brigade of West Tennessee 
 militia, at no time full, and at present consisting, in con- 
 sequence of numerous desertions, of about six hundred, 
 imitating the evil examples lately set before it, began, as 
 the day on which they imagined themselves entitled to a 
 discharge was approaching, to turn their attention towards 
 home. Believing that three months constituted the tour 
 of duty contemplated in the act under which their services 
 had been engaged, they insisted that it would terminate 
 on the 4th of the ensuing month. This, however, was a 
 construction that Jackson was by no means disposed to 
 admit. It is true, the act had not defined the term of 
 their engagement; but it had specified the object of calling 
 them out, and as that object had not yet been attained, it 
 was believed, that at present, they were not entitled to a 
 discharge. In addition to this, these troops, although 
 raised by the state authorities, had been received into 'the 
 service of the general government, under the act of con- 
 gress authorizing the president to call out a hundred 
 thousand militia, to serve for six months, unless by his 
 own order they should be previously dismissed. So that, 
 
CHAPTER IV. "* 
 
 whether the act of congress, or the legislature of Tennes- 
 see were taken as the governing rule in this case, it was be- 
 iCv'Jd there .vas no authority competent to extend to them 
 a dTschar\e, at the time it was threatened to be demand- 
 ed ThI militia of East Tennessee, having been specially 
 mistered Tnto service for three months, would, of course 
 rCu tkd to claim their dismissal at the expiration of 1 at 
 ceriod hence Colonel LiUiard's regiment,which constitut- 
 ed more than one half the present force at head-quarters, 
 wo^d be lostto the service on the 14th of the next month 
 With the failure of General Cocke, to brmg m o he 
 field the number and description of "■°°PV'''"'^'^ '^^,'^^f. 
 been ordered to raise under the requf ' '°" ^^^ *^. P^'^^'^ 
 dent, as well as with the temper and demands o* 'hose 
 who were in service, Jackson kept the governor of 1 en- 
 ressercorrectly advised; and omitted no opportunity of 
 en reatinJ him, in the most pressing manner, to take the 
 ea iest measui-es for supplying by draft, o'. ™lunta^y 
 enlistment, the present deficiency, as well as th^^^^'^h 
 from every appearance, was soon to be expectea. lo 
 the" solicitations, he had now received the governors 
 answer, who stated, that, havmg given an <»dei to 
 bring into the field fifteen hundred of the detached 
 miufia, as was required by the secretary of war, and 
 a thousand volunteers, under the act "^ *^, .•'^SJ^^Tei 
 of Tennessee of the 24th September, he did no fee^ 
 himself authorized to grant any new mandate, although 
 saUsfied that the firsUhad not been complied with; 
 hat he viewed the further prosecution of the campaign, 
 attended as it was with so many embarrassments, as a 
 fruUle s endeavour; and concluded by recommending, as 
 aHvUahle to withdraw the troops into the seutlements, 
 :nd Send aU active operations,'until the g-era govern- 
 ment should provide more effectual ™^ans for conducting 
 it to a favourable result. Jackson, far from having any 
 intention to yield to this advice, determined to oppose it 
 Still, however, he was greatly eoncerned at the Mew he 
 chief magistrate of his state seemed to take of a qnfs to" 
 ^Fsuch vial importance; and immediately proceeded o 
 unfold himself fully, and to suggest '^e course, which, he 
 believed, on the present occasion, it behooved them both 
 to pursue: pointing out the ruinous consequences that 
 might be'ex^ected ?o resuUfrom the adoption of the mea- 
 sure he had undertaken to recommend, he continues.— 
 F 2 
 
66 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSOX. 
 
 " Had your wish, that I should discharge a part of my 
 force, and retire with the residue into the settlements, as- 
 sumed the form of a positive order, it might have fur- 
 nished me some apology for pursuing such a course; but 
 by no means a full justification. As you would have no 
 power to give such an order, I could not be inculpable in 
 obeying, with my eyes open to the fatal consequences that 
 would attend it But a bare recommendation, founded, 
 as I am satisfied it must be, on the artful suggestions oi 
 those fireside patriots, who seek, in a failure of the expe- 
 dition, an excuse for their own supineness; and upon the 
 misrepresentations of the discontented from the army, 
 who wish it to be believed, that the difficulties which 
 overcame their patriotism are wholly insurmountable, 
 would afford me but a feeble shield against the reproaches 
 of my country or my conscience. Believe me, my re- 
 spected friend, the remarks I make proceed from the 
 purest personal regard. If you would preserve your re- 
 putation, or that of the state over which you preside, you 
 must take a straight-forward, determined course; regard- 
 less of the applause or censure of the populace, and of the 
 forebodings of that dastardly and designing crew, who, at 
 a time like this, may be expected to clamour continually 
 in your ears. The very wretches who now beset you with 
 evil counsel, will be the first, should the measures which 
 they recommeiid eventuate in disaster, to call down impre- 
 cations on your head, and load you with reproaches. 
 Your country is in danger: — appjy its resources to its de- 
 fence! Can any course be more plain? Do you, my 
 friend, at such a moment as the present, sit with your arms 
 folded, and your heart at ease, waiting a solution of your 
 doubts, and a definition of your powers? Do you wait for 
 special instructions from the secretary at war, \\hich it is 
 impossible for you to receive in time for the danger that 
 threatens? How did the venerable Shelby act, under simi- 
 lar circumstances; or rather, under circumstances by no 
 means so critical? Did he wait for orders to do what 
 every man of sense knew — what every patriot felt — to be 
 right? He did not; and yet how highly and justly did 
 the government extol his manly and energetic conduct I 
 and how dear has his name become to every friend of his 
 country! 
 
 " You say, that an order to bring the necessary quota of 
 men into the field has been given, and that of course your 
 
CHAPTER IV. 67 
 
 power ceases; and, althoug;h you are made sensible that 
 the order has b;;en whoUy negiectedv you can take no 
 measure to remedy the omission. Widely different, in- 
 djed, is my opinion. I consider it your imperious duty, 
 when the men, cafled i'ov by your authority, founded upon 
 that of the go ernment, are kno.vn not to be in the field, 
 to see that they be brought there; and to take immediate 
 measures with the officer, who, charged with the execu- 
 tion of your order, o^nits or neglects to do it. As the 
 executive of tlie state, it is your duty to see that the full 
 quota of troops be constantly kept in the fi^ld, for the time 
 they have been reVjuired. You are responsible to the go- 
 vernment; your officer to you. Of what avail is it to give 
 an order, if it be never executed, and may be disobeyed 
 with impunity? Is it by empty mandates that we can 
 hope to conquer our enemies, and save our defenceless 
 frontiers fom bitchery and devastation? Believe me, 
 my valued friend, there are times when it is'highly crimi- 
 nal to shrink from responsibility, or scruple about the 
 exercise of our powers. Theie are times when we must 
 disregard punctilious etiquette, and think only of serving 
 our country. What is really our presenc situation? The 
 enemy we have been sent to subdue, may be said, if we 
 stop at this, to be only exasperated. The commander in 
 chief, General Pinckney, who supposes me by this time, 
 prepared for renewed operations, has ordered me to ad- 
 vance, and form a junction with the Georgia army; and, 
 upon the expectation that I will do so, are all his arrange- 
 ments formed for the prosecution of the campaign. Will 
 it do to defeat his plans, and jeopardize the safety of the 
 Georgia army? The general government, too, believe, 
 and have a right to believe, that we have now not less 
 than five thousand men in the heart of the enemy's country; 
 and on this opinion are all their calculations bottomed; 
 and must they all be frustrated, and I become the instru- 
 ment by which it is done? God forbid! 
 •■ " You advise me to discharge or dismiss ftom service, 
 until the will of the president can be known, such portion 
 of the militia as have rendered three months' service. 
 This advice astonishes me even more than the former. I 
 have no such discretionary power; and if I had, it would 
 be impolitic and ruinous to exercise it. I believed, the 
 militia who were not specially received for a shorter pe- 
 riod, were engaged for six months, unless the objects of 
 
63 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSOK. 
 
 the expedition should be sooner attained; and in this opi- 
 nion 1 was greatly strengthened by your letter of the I5th, 
 in which you say, when answering my inquiry upon this 
 subject, " the militia are detached for six months' service;'* 
 nor did I know, or suppose, you had a' different opinion, 
 until the arrival of your last letter. I have laboured hard 
 to reconcile these men to a continuance in service until 
 they could be honourably discharged, and had hoped I 
 had, in a great measure, succeeded; but your opinion, ope- 
 rating with their own prejudices, will give a sanction to 
 their conduct, and render useless any further attempts. 
 They will go; but I can neither discharge nor dismiss 
 them. Shall I be told, that as they will go, it may as well 
 be peaceably permitted; can that be any good reason why 
 I should do an unauthorized act? Is it a good reason why 
 I should violate the order of my superior ofHcer, and 
 evince a willingness to defeat the purposes of my govern- 
 ment.'' And wherein does the 'sound policy' of the mea- 
 sures that have been recommended consist? or in vt^hat 
 way are they Mikely to promote the public good?' Is it 
 sound policy to abandon a conquest thus far made, and de- 
 liver up to havoc, or add to the number of our enemies, 
 those friendly Creeks and Cherokees, who, relying on our 
 protection, have e'spoused our cause, and aided us with 
 their arms? Is it good policy to turn loose on our de- 
 fenceless frontiers, five thousand exasperated savages, to 
 reek their hands once more in the blood of our citizens ? 
 Whatl retrograde under such circumstances! I will perish 
 first- No, I will do my duty: I will hold the posts I have 
 established, until ordered to abandon them by the com- 
 manding general, or die in the struggle; — long since have 
 I determined not to seek the preservation of life at the sa- 
 crifice of reputation. 
 
 "But our frontiers, it seems, are to be defended, and 
 by whom? By the very force that i^ now recommended 
 to be dismissed: for I am first told to retire into the settle- 
 ments and protect the frontiers;, next to discharge my 
 troops; and then, that no measures can be taken for rais- 
 ing others. No, my friend, if troops be given me, it is 
 not by loitering on the frontiers that I will seek to give 
 protection; — they are to be defended, if defended at all, in 
 a very different manner; by carrying the war into the 
 heart of the enemy's country. All other hopes of defence 
 are more visionary than dreams. What then is to be 
 
CHAPTER lY. 69 
 
 done? I'll tell you what. You have only to act with the 
 energy and decision the crisis demands, and all will be 
 well. Send me a force engaged fur six months, and I will 
 answer for the result, — but withhold it, and all is lost, — 
 the reputation of the state, and your's, and mine along 
 with it." 
 
 This letter had considerable effect with the governor. 
 On receiving it, he immediately det;irmined on a course of 
 greater efficiency, and ordered from the second division 
 twenty-five hundred of the militia, for a tour of three 
 months, to rendezvous at Fayette ^iile on the 28th of Janu- 
 ary. The command was gi en to Brigadier-General 
 Johnston, with orders to proceed without delay, by de- 
 tachments or otherwise, to Fort Strother. He instructed 
 General Cocke to execat-e .he order he had received from 
 Jackson, for raising froai his di-ision his required quota 
 of troops, and to bi-ing them to the field as early as possi- 
 ble. ' - 
 
 These measures v/ere taken by the governor in opposi- 
 tion to his first views of their impropriety — without any 
 special directions f..-dm the government. If any doubts, 
 however, remained of the correctness of the course adopted, 
 they were soon after dispelled by a letter from the secre- 
 tary of war, stating that he was "authorized to supply, by 
 militia drafts or volunteers, any deficiency that might 
 arise, and without referring on that head to the depart- 
 ment of war." 
 
 The day had arrived, when that portion of the militia 
 which had continued in service, claimed to be discharged; 
 and insisted, that whether this were given to them or not, 
 they would abd,ndon the campaign and return home. Jack- 
 son believed them not entitled to it, and hence, that he 
 had no right to give it; but since Governor Blount had 
 said differently, and his opinion, as was requested, had 
 been promulgated, he f:lt it to be improper that he should 
 atteaipt any exercise of authority to detain them. Never- 
 theless, believing it to be his duty to keep them, he issued 
 a general order, commanding all persons in the service of 
 the United States, under his command, not to leave the 
 encampment without his written permission, under the 
 penalties annexe 1 by the rules and articles of war, to the 
 crime of desertion. This was accompanied by an address, 
 in which they weri ex.horted, by all those motives which 
 he supposed would be most likely to have any influence. 
 
70 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 to remain at their posts until they could be legally dis- 
 charged. Neither the order nor the address availed any 
 thing. On the morning of the 4th of January, the officer 
 of the day reported, that on visiting his guard, half after 
 ten o'clock, he found neither the officer, (Lieutenant 
 Kearley,) nor any of the sentinels at their posts. Upon 
 this information, General Jackson ordered the arrest of 
 Kearley, who refused to surrender his sword, alleging it 
 should protect him to Tennessee; that he was a freeman, 
 and not subject to the orders of General Jackson, or any 
 body else. This being made known to the General, he is- 
 sued, immediately, this order to the adjutant-general: 
 "You will forthwith cause the guards to parade, with 
 Captain Gordon's company of spies, and arrest Lieutenant 
 Kearley; and, in case you shall be resisted in the execu- 
 tion of this order, you are commanded to oppose force to 
 force, and arrest him at all hazards. Spare the effusion 
 of blood, if possible; but mutiny must, and shall be put 
 down." Colonel Sitler, with the guards and Gordon's 
 company, immediatly proceeded in search, and found him 
 at the head of his company, on the lines, which were 
 formed, and about to be miarched off. He was ordered 
 to halt, but refused. The adjutant-general, finding it ne- 
 cessary, directed the guards to stop him; and again de- 
 manded his sword, which he again refused to deliver. 
 The guards were commanded to fire on him if he did not 
 immediately deliver it, and had already cocked their guns. 
 At this order, the lieutenant cocked his, and his men fol- 
 lowed the example. General Jackson, informed of what 
 was passing, had hastened to the scene, and arriving at 
 this moment, personally demanded of Kearley his sword, 
 which he still obstinately refused. Incensed at his con- 
 duct, and viewing the example as too dangerous to be 
 passed in silence, he snatched a pistol from his holster, 
 and was already levelling it at the breast of Kearley, when 
 the adjutant-general interposing between them, urged him 
 to surrender his sword. At this moment, a friend of the 
 lieutenant, who was present, drew it from the scabbard, 
 and presented it to Colonel Sitler, who refused to receive 
 it. It was then returned to Kearley, who now delivered it, 
 and was placed under guard. During this crisis, both 
 parties remained with their arms ready, and prepared for 
 firing; and a scene of bloodshed was narrowly escaped. 
 Kearley being confined, and placed under guard, be- 
 
CHAPTER IV. 71 
 
 came exceedingly penitent, and earnestly supplicated the 
 General for a pardon. He stated that the absence of the 
 guards and sentinels from their post had been owing to 
 the recommendation and advice of the brigade-major; that 
 his not delivering his sword, when it was first demanded, 
 was attributable to the influence and arguments of others, 
 who had persuaded him it was not his duty ta do so; that 
 he had afterwards come to the determination to surrender 
 himself, but was dissuaded by those who assured him it 
 would be a sacrifice of character, and that they would 
 share in his disobedience and protect him in the hour of 
 danger; why he still resisted, in the presence of the Gene- 
 ral, was, that being at the head of his company, and hav- 
 ing undertaken to carry them home, he was restrained, at 
 the moment, by a false idea of honour. This application 
 "was aided by certificates of several of the most respectable 
 officers then in camp, attesting his previously uniform 
 good behaviour, and expressing a belief that his late mis- 
 conduct was wholly to be attributed to the interference of 
 others. Influenced by these reasons, but particularly by 
 an apprehension of the seductions which he believed had 
 been practised upon him, by older and more experienced 
 officers in his regiment, the General thought proper to 
 order his liberation from arrest, and his sword to be re- 
 stored to him. Never was a man more sensible of the fa- 
 vour he had received, or more devoted to his benefactor, 
 than he afterwards became. 
 
 While .these proceedings were taking place, the rest of 
 the brigade, with the exception of Captain Willis's com- 
 pany, and twenty-nine of his men, continued their march 
 towards home, leaving behind, for the further prosecution 
 of the campaign, and the defence of Fort Strother, a single 
 regiment of militia, whose term of service was within a 
 few weeks of expiring; two small companies of spies, and 
 one of artillery. As this regiment had often professed a 
 desire to be led against the enemy, and to contend in bat- 
 tle, before they quitted the service, Jackson flattered him- 
 self with the hope, that they would, for this purpose, wil- 
 lingly remain in the field a few days beyond the period of 
 their engagements. On the next day, therefore, with a 
 view to test their patriotism and to detain them if possi- 
 ble, he caused to be read to that regiment the following 
 address. 
 
 "Your general, having reported that your term of ser- 
 
72 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 vice will expire on the 14th, I assume no claim on you 
 beyond that period. But, althou.i^h I ciii not demand as a 
 right, the continuance of your senicts, I do not despair 
 of being able to obtain them through your patriotism. 
 For what purpose was it that you quitted your homes, 
 and penetrated the heart of the enemy's country? Was 
 it to avenge the blood of your fellow ciiii'ens, inhumanly 
 slain by that enemy; to give security in future to our ex- 
 tended and unprotected frontie!", and to signalize the va- 
 lour by which you were aniriated? Will any of these 
 objects be attained if you abandon the campaign at the 
 time you contemplate r Not one 1 Yet an opportunity 
 shall be afforded you, if you desire it. If you have been 
 really actuated by the feelings, and goveined by the mo- 
 tives, which your commanding general supposes in- 
 fluenced you to take up arms, and enter the field in de- 
 fence of your rights, none of you will resist the appeal he 
 now makes, or hesitate to embrace with eagerness, the 
 opportunity he is about to afford you. 
 
 "The enemy, more than half conquered, yet deriving 
 encouragement and hope from the tardiness of our opera- 
 tions, and the distractions which have unhappily prevailed 
 in our camp, are again assembling below us. Another 
 lesson of admonition must be furnished them. They 
 must again be made to feel the weight of that power which 
 they have, without cause, provoked to war; and to know, 
 that although we have been slow to take up arms, we will 
 never lay them from our hands until we have secured the 
 objects that impelled us to the resort. In less than eight 
 days, I shall leave this encampment to meet and fight 
 them. Will any of you accompany me? Are there any 
 amongst you, who, at a moment like this, will not think 
 it an outrage upon honour, for her feelings to be tested by 
 a computation of time ? What if the period for which you 
 tendered your services to your country has expiied — is 
 that a consideration with the valiant, the patriotic, and the 
 brave, who have appeared to redress the injured rights of 
 that country, and to acquire for themselves the name of 
 glory? Is it a consideration with them, when those ob- 
 jects are still unattained, and an opportunity of acquiring 
 them is so near at hand ? Did such men enter the field 
 like hirelings — to serve for pay? Does all regard for their 
 country, their families, and themselves, expire with the 
 time for which their services were engaged ? Will it be 
 
CHAPTER IV. 73 
 
 a sufficient gratification to their feelings, that they served 
 three months, without seeing the enemy, and then aban- 
 doned the campaign when the enemy was in the neighbour- 
 hood, and could be seen and conquered in ten days ? Any 
 retrospect they can make of the sacrifices they have en- 
 countered, and the privations they have endured, will af- 
 ford but little satisfaction under such circumstances; — 
 the very mention of the Creek war, must cover them with 
 the blushes of shame, and self abasement. Having en- 
 gaged for only three months, and that period having ex- 
 pired, you are not bound to serve any longer: — but are 
 you bound by nothing else ? Surely, as honourable and 
 high-minded men, you must, at such a moment as the 
 present, feel other obligations than the law imposes. A 
 fear of the punishment of the law, did not bring you into 
 camp; — that its demands are satisfied, will not take you 
 from it. You had higher objects in view,— some greater 
 good to attain. This your general believes,— nor can he 
 believe otherwise, without doing you great injustice. 
 
 " Your services are not asked for longer than tv/enty 
 days; and who will hesitate making such a sacrifice, 
 when the good of his country and his ov\^n fame are at 
 stake? Who, under the present aspect of aflfairs, will 
 even reckon it a sacrifice ? When we set out to meet the 
 enemy, this post must be retained and defended; if any of 
 you will remain, and render this service, it v/ill be no less 
 important than if you had marched to the battle; nor will 
 your general less thankfully acknowledge it. Tuesday 
 next, the line of march will be taken up: and in a few days 
 thereafter, the objects of the excursion will be effected. 
 As patriotic men, then, I ask you for your services; and 
 thus long, I have no doubt you will cheerfully render them. 
 I am well aware, that you are all anxious to return to your 
 families and homes, and that you are entitled to do so ; 
 yet stay a little longer, — go v/ith me, and meet the enemy, 
 and you can then return, not only with the consciousness 
 of having performed your duty, but with the glorious 
 exultation of having done even more than duty required." 
 
 What was hoped and expected from this address, did 
 not result Difficulties were constantly pressing; and 
 whilst one moment gave birth to expectation, the next 
 served but to destroy it. Jackson had been advised, and 
 was buoyed by the hope, that adequate numbers would 
 shortly come to his relief; and until this could be accom- 
 
 G 
 
74 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 plished, it was desirable to retain those who then were 
 with him, to give to his posts increased protection. 
 Whilst measures were adopting in Tennessee, to effect 
 this fully, about a thousand volunteers were moving out, 
 to preserve an appearance of opposition, and keep secure 
 what had been already gained. With this force, added to 
 what he already had, if in his power to keep them, he be- 
 lieved he would be able to advance on the enemy, make a 
 diversion in favour of the Georgia army, and obtain other 
 important advantages. With this view, he had addressed 
 this regiment, and brought before them such considera- 
 tions as might be supposed calculated to excite a soldier's 
 ardour. But, in answer to his address, the commanding 
 officer replied, that having called upon the several officers 
 in his regiment, to make a statement of those in their re- 
 spective companies who were willing to remain beyond 
 the period of their engagement, it appeared that with the 
 exception of Captain Hamilton and three of his men, none 
 would consent to do so. 
 
 Meantime, the volunteers, lately raised, had arrived at 
 Huntsville, where they had been directed to remain until 
 sufficient supplies could be had at head-quarters. Could 
 they have proceeded directly on, they would have reached 
 the General sufficiently early to have enabled him to pro- 
 ceed against the enemy before the period at whieh the 
 remnant of his troops would have been entitled to a dis- 
 charge. * His exertions to have in readiness the arrange- 
 ments necessary to the accomplishment of this end, had 
 been indefatigable. The more certainly to effect his ob- 
 ject, he had, on the 20th of December, despatched his own 
 quarter-master and adjutant-general to Deposit and Hunts- 
 ville, to push on what supplies should be collected and on 
 hand at those places; and had, at the same time, despatch- 
 ed one of the sub-contractors from camp, with directions to 
 examine the situation of the different depots; and, if found 
 insufficient to meet the requisition he had made, to pro- 
 ceed immediately to the settlements in Tennessee, and 
 procure the necessary supplies. To the contractors them- 
 selves, he had addressed orders and exhortations almost 
 without number; and, indeed, from every source, and 
 through every channel that the hope of relief could be dis- 
 cerned, had he directed his exertions to obtain it. 
 
 Having thus strained every nerve, and unceasingly di- 
 rected all his efforts towards the accomplishment of this 
 
CHAPTER IV. 75 
 
 object, he had, for awhile, flattered himself with the hope 
 that his multiplied endeavours would enable him to bring; 
 on his new troops in time for that combined movement 
 with the East Tennessee militia v>hich he so much desir- 
 ed. So important did he consider this measure, that he 
 was willing to subject himself to considerable hazard, ra- 
 than not effect it To Colonel Carroll he wrote, on learn- 
 ing that he was on his way with the newly raised troops — 
 " I am happy to hear of your success in procuring volun- 
 teers. I shall receive, with open arms, those who, in this 
 hour of need, so gallantly come forth to uphold the sink- 
 ing reputation of their state. I am exceedingly anxious to 
 re-commence operations, and indeed they have become 
 more necessary than ever; yet I cannot move without sup- 
 plies. As this will meet you near where the contractors 
 are, you will be better able to ascertain than I can inform 
 you, when that happy moment will arrive : and I pray you, 
 use your best exertions to have it brought about with the 
 least possible delay. Until supplies, and the means of 
 transportation can be furnished, to justify another move- 
 ment from this place, it will be better that you remain 
 where your horses can be fed. I say this, upon the sup- 
 position and hope, that it may shortly be effected ; but 
 were it certain that the same causes of delay which have 
 so long retarded our operations, were still to continue, I 
 would, at every risk, and under every responsibility, take 
 up the march so soon as the troops now with you could 
 arrive. For such a measure, I should seek my justifica- 
 tion in the imperiousness of the circumstances by which I 
 am surrounded; and rely for success upon heaven, and 
 the enterprise of my followers. 
 
 " Partial supplies have arrived, for my use, at Fort 
 Armstrong, which will be ordered on to-morrow. This, 
 with the scanty stock on hand, will at least keep us from 
 starving a few weeks, until we can quarter upon the ene- 
 my, or gain assistance from the country below. General 
 Claiborne, who is encamped eighty-five miles above Fort 
 Stoddart, writes me, that arrangements are made to send 
 supplies up the Alabama, to the junction of the Coosa 
 and Tallapoosa. Upon such resources will I depend, 
 sooner than wait until my army wastes away, or through 
 inaction becomes mutinous and unfit for service." 
 
 The hopes, however, which had been cherished, of com- 
 bined operations, with all the forces at that time under his 
 
76 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSOV. 
 
 control, he was compelled, by the late events in the camp, 
 to relinquish; but although these were highly discourag- 
 ing, they were far from inducing him to despond. He was 
 strongly persuaded of the necessity of proceeding; and de- 
 termined, that as soon as it were possible, he would prose- 
 cute the campaign with the feeble force he had at his 
 command, deferring the period for more active operations, 
 until the expected reinforcements, collecting in Tennes- 
 see, could be brought into the field.* 
 
 On the second of January, Colonel Carroll and Mr. 
 Blackburn, having proceeded from Huntsville, arrived at 
 head-quarters, to receive instructions as to the manner in 
 which the volunteers should be organized ; and to learn 
 the time when they would be required to be brought up. 
 Having reported their strength to be eight hundred and 
 fifty, they were directed to have them formed, as had been 
 desired, into two regiments, under officers of their own 
 choice; and an order was put into their hands, requiring 
 General Coffee, who was then at Huntsville, to march 
 them to Fort Strother, by the 10th instant. Their arrival, 
 however, was not effected until the 13th. 
 
 Every preparation was now made to hasten an accom- 
 plishment of the objects in view. The Avhole effective 
 force consisted, at tliis time^ by the reports, of little more 
 than nine hundred men, and was, in reality, below that 
 number. 
 
 Being addressed by the General, on the occasion, on the 
 15th, the mounted troops commenced their march, and 
 moved to Wehogee creek, three miles from the fort. Jack- 
 son, with his staff, and the artillery company, joined them 
 next morning at that place, and continued the line of 
 march to Talladega, where about two hundred friendly In- 
 dians, badly armed, and much discouraged at the weak- 
 
 • There was no law, either of the state or general government, for a 
 period so limited as sixty days, which was the tender made by those 
 volunteers. The General was in doubt, therefore, whether or not to 
 receive them; but, believing he might make a partiiJ excursion, and 
 thei-eby produce a diversion favourable to the Geoigia troops, who, 
 relying on liis co-operation, might be perhaps greatly endangered with- 
 out it; and considering that their rejection might tend to the injury of 
 the campaign, lie finally concluded to accept them. Previously to 
 doing so, he stjited his objections, and the difficulties he felt; and en- 
 deavoured to preva'.l on them to enlarge their term of service: to this 
 they v/ould not agree; when, rather than lose them entirely, he con- 
 sented to receive them. 
 
CHAPTER IV. 77 
 
 ness of his force, were added to his numbers, without in- 
 creasing much his strength. Seldom, perhaps, has there 
 been an expedition undertaken, fraught with greater peril 
 than this. Nine hundred new recruits, entirely unac- 
 quainted with the duties of the field, were to be marched 
 into the heart of an enemy's country, without a hope of 
 escape, but from victory, and that victory not to be ex- 
 pected, but from the wisest precaution, and most deter- 
 mined bravery. Although so obviously pregnant with 
 danger, to march was the only alternative that could be 
 prudently adopted. No other could afford a diversion 
 favourable to General Floyd, who was advancing with the 
 army from Georgia, or give favourable results to the cam- 
 paign, without which it must soon have been abandoned, 
 for want of men to prosecute it. Another reason rendered 
 such a movement proper, and indispensable. The officer 
 commanding at Fort Armstrong had received intelligence, 
 on v/hich was placed the utmost reliance, that the v/arriors 
 from fourteen or fifteen towns on the Tallapoosa, were 
 about to unite their forces, and attack that place; which 
 was in a weak and defenceless situation. Of this. Gene- 
 ral Jackson had been advised. The present movement 
 then, hazardous as it was, under all circumstances, was 
 indispensable, and could alone prevent the execution of 
 such a purpose, if it were in truth intended. On reaching 
 Talladega, he received a letter from the commandant at 
 Fort Armstrong, confirmatory of the first information that 
 had been obtained, and which left it no longer a matter of 
 doubt but an attack would be speedily waged against that 
 depot. One also from General Pinckney, by express, ar- 
 rived, advising him that Floyd, on the 10th instant, would 
 move from Coweta, and in ten days thereafter, establish a 
 position at Tuckabatchee; and recommended, if his force 
 would allow him to do no more, that he should advance 
 against such of the enemy's towns as might be within con- 
 venient distance; that, by having his troops employed, he 
 might keep disaffection from his ranks, and be, at the 
 same time, serviceably engaged in harassing the ene- 
 my. If, therefore, he could have hesitated before, there 
 was no longer any room to do so. By an expeditious 
 movement, he might save Fort Armstrong, and render an 
 essential service to General Floyd, by detaching a part of 
 the clans destined to proceed against him. The force 
 which might act against either, was understood to be then 
 
 G 2 
 
78 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 collected in a bend of the Tallapoosa, near the mouth of 
 a creek called Emuckfaw, and thither he determined, by 
 the nearest route, to direct his course. 
 
 As he progressed on the march, a wan^^^ of the necessary 
 knowledge in his pilots, of subordination in his troops, and 
 skill in the officers who commanded them, became more 
 and more apparent; but still their ardour to meet the ene-^ 
 my was not abated. Troops unacquainted with service 
 are oftentimes more sanguine than veterans. The imagi- 
 nation too frequently portraying battles in the light of a 
 frolic, keeps danger at a distance, until, suddenly spring- 
 ing into view, it becomes a nmonster too hideous to be 
 withstood. 
 
 On the evening of the 21st, sensible, from the trails 
 fallen in upon, fresh, and converging to a point, that he 
 must be in the neighbourhood of the enemy, Jackson en- 
 camped his little army in a hollow square, on a eligible 
 site, upon the eminences of Emuckfaw, sent out his spies, 
 posted his piquets, doubled his sentinels, and made the ne- 
 cessary arrangements to guard against attack. About 
 midnight the spies came in and reported they had disco- 
 vered a large encampment of Indians, at about three miles 
 distance, who, from, their whooping and dancing, their 
 usual precursors to battle, were no doubt apprised of his 
 arrival. Every thing was ready for their reception, if they 
 meditated an attack, or to pursue in the morning, if they 
 did not. At the dawn of day, the alarm guns of our sen- 
 tinels, succeeded by shrieks and savage yells, announced 
 their presence. They commenced a furious assault on the 
 left flank, commanded by Colonel Higgins, which was met 
 and opposed with great firmness. General Coffee and 
 Colonels Carroll and Sitler, instantly repaired to the point 
 of attack, and, by example and exhortation, encouraged 
 the men to a performance of their duty. The action raged 
 for half an hour; the brunt of which being against the left 
 wing, it had become considerably weakened. It being 
 now sufficiently light to ascertain, correctly, the position 
 of the enemy, and Captain Ferril's company having come 
 up and reinforced the left wing, the whole charged under 
 General Coffi^e, and a rout immediately ensued. The 
 friendly Indians joining in the pursuit, they were chased 
 about two miles, with considerable loss. We had five 
 killed, and twenty wounded. Until it became light enough 
 
CHAPTER IV. 79 
 
 to discern objects, our troops derived considerable advan- 
 tage from their camp fires; thise ha iag been placed at 
 some distance without the line of the encampment, aftbrd- 
 ed a decided superiority in a night attack, by enabling 
 those within to fire with great accuracy on an approach- 
 ing enemy, whilst they themselves remained invisible in 
 the dark. 
 
 The pursuit being over, Jackson detached General Cof- 
 fee, with the Indians, and four hundred men, to destroy 
 the enemy's encampment, unless he shoald find it too 
 strongly fortified; in which event, he was to give informa- 
 tion immediately, and wait the arrival of the artillery. 
 Cofi*ee, having reconnoitred this position, and found it 
 too strong to be assailed with the force he commanded, 
 returned to camp. The propriety of this determination 
 was soon perceived. He had not returned more than half 
 an hour, when a severe fire was made upon the piquets, 
 posted on the right, accompanied with prodigious yelling. 
 General Coffee, having obtained permission, proceeded to 
 turn the left flank of the assailants. This detachment be- 
 ing taken from different corps, he placed himself at their 
 head, and moved briskly forward. Those in the rear, 
 availing themselves of this circumstance, continued to drop 
 off, one by one, without his knowledge, until the whole 
 number left with him did not exceed fifcy. It was fortunate 
 that the force of the enemy he had first to attack was not 
 greater. He found them occupying a ridge of open pine 
 timber, covered with low underwood, which afforded them 
 many opportunities for concealment. To deprive them of 
 this advantage, which they are very dexterous in taking. 
 Coffee ordered his men to dismount and charge them. 
 This order was promptly obeyed, and some loss sustained 
 in its execution; the general himself was wounded, and 
 his aid. Major Donelson killed; — three of his men also 
 fell. The enemy, driven back by the charge, took refuge 
 on the margin of a creek, covered with reeds, where they 
 lay concealed. 
 
 The savages having intended the attack on the right as 
 a feint, now, with their main force, which had been con- 
 cealed, made a violent onset on our left line, which they 
 hoped to find weakened, and in disorder. General Jack- 
 son, however, who had apprehended their design, was pre- 
 pared to meet it: this line had been ordered to remain 
 
80 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 firm in its position; and when the first g-un was heard in 
 that quarter, he repaired thither in person, and strength- 
 ened it by additional forces. The first advance of the 
 enemy, though sudden and violent, was sustained with 
 firmness, and opposed with great gallantry. The battle 
 was now maintained on the part of the assailants, by quick 
 and irregular firing, from behind logs, trees, shrubbery, 
 and whatever could afford concealment: behind these, 
 prostrating themselves after firing, and, reloading, they 
 would rise and again discharge their guns. After sus- 
 taining their fire in this way for some time, a charge, to 
 dislodge them from their position, was ordered : and the 
 whole line under Colonel Carroll, by a most brilliant and 
 steady movement, broke upon, and threw them into con- 
 fusion, and they fled precipitately away. The pursuit 
 commenced, and they were overtaken and destroyed in 
 considerable numbers : their loss was great, but never cer- 
 tainly ascertained. 
 
 In the mean time, Gene^'al Coffee had been endeavouring, 
 as far as prudence would permit, to drive the savages on 
 the right from the fastnesses into which they had retired; 
 but finding that this could not be done, without much ha- 
 zard, and considerable loss, he began to retire towards 
 the place where he had first dismounted. This expedient, 
 designed for stratagem, produced the desired effect. 
 The enemy, inspirited by the movement, presuming it a 
 retreat, and to have been adopted in consequence of the 
 severe firing they had heard on the left wing, now forsook 
 their hiding places, and rapidly advanced upon him. 
 That officer immediately availed himself of the opportunity 
 thus afforded, of contending with them again on eqi'.;.l 
 terms; and a severe conflict commenced, and continued 
 about an hour, in which the loss on both sides was nearly 
 equal. At this critical juncture, when several of the de- 
 tachment had been killed, many wounded, and the whole 
 ereatly exhausted with fatigue; a reinforcement despatched 
 by General Jackson, making its appearance on the enemy's 
 left flank, put an end to the contest. General Coffee, al- 
 though severely wounded, still continued the fight, and 
 availing himself cf the arrival of this additional strength, 
 instantly ordered a charge; when the enemy, foreseeing 
 their doom, fled in consternation, and were pursued v.ith 
 dreadful slaughter. It is believed that at this place none 
 
CHAPTER IV. 81 
 
 escaped. Thus drew to a close, a day of almost continual 
 fighting.* 
 
 Having buried the dead^ and dressed the wounded, pre- 
 parations were made to guard against an attack at night, 
 should one be attempted, by ordering a breast-work of 
 timber around the encampment; a measure the more ne- 
 cessary, as the spirits of our troops, m^st of v\hom had 
 never before been in collision with an enemy, were ob- 
 served visibly to flag, towards the evening. Indeed, du- 
 ring the night, it was with the utmost difficulty the senti- 
 nels could be retained at their posts, who, expecdng every 
 minute the appearance of the enemy, would, at the least 
 noise, fire, and run in. The enemy, however, whose spies 
 were around our encampment all night, did not think pro- 
 per to attack us in this position, and the morning broke 
 without disturbance. The next dav, General Jackson, 
 having effected, as he believed, so far as he could, the 
 main objects of the expedition, a diversion in favour of 
 General Floyd, who was, at this juncture, supposed to be 
 carrying on his operations lower down on the Tallapoosa, 
 and the relief of Fort Armstrong, began to think of return- 
 ing to the Ten Islands. Many reasons concurred to ren- 
 der such a measure proper, and indeed indispensable. He 
 had not set out prepared to make any permanent establish- 
 ment in advance of this present post; his provisions were 
 growing extremely scarce, and the country iiself uffji ded 
 no means of subsistence, either for his men or their horses. 
 His wounded, many of whom were exceedingly dangerous, 
 required to be speedily taken care of; whilst the present 
 temper of his soldiery precluded all hope that he should be 
 able to effect any thing of material consequence, beyond 
 what had been already accomplished. Besides, if the ob- 
 ject were still further to cripple the enemy, this, by com- 
 mencing a return, which, ha . ing the appearance of re- 
 treat, would probably induce a pursuit, might be more 
 certainly attained, than by attacking them in their strong 
 holds; in which event, too, the diversion contemplated 
 
 * The Indians had designed to bring on the attac': from three dif- 
 ferent points at the same time; but a ji^Tty of th^ Cseak^grcius, one of 
 the tribes which compose the Creek conf^dcrucv, who n«d bten or- 
 dered to assail the rigat extrem ty of our f ont line, ms'ead cf doing 
 so, thought it more prudent to pioceed to their villag.s, h ppy to huve 
 passed, undiscovered, the point thty had bL-m cidtred to utti-ck. 
 But for this, the contest might have terminated kss udvun::ugv;ou.4y. 
 
82 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 would be the more complete, by drawing them in a differ- 
 ent direction. Determined by these considerations, Jack- 
 son ordered litters to be formed for the transportation of 
 the sick and wounded, and other necessary preparations to 
 be made for a return march. Every thing being ready, 
 it was commenced at ten o'clock the next morning, and 
 continued, without interruption until nearly the close of 
 the evening, when the army was encamped a quarter of a 
 mile on the south side of Enotichopco creek, in a direction 
 to the ford, at which it had been passed in proceeding out 
 
 As it was pretty evident that the enemy had been in 
 pursuit during the day, a breast-work was thrown up, with 
 the utmost expedition, and every arrangement made to re- 
 pel their attempts, should they meditate an attack, during 
 the course of the night, or on the succeeding morning. 
 The night, however, was permitted to pass away without dis- 
 turbance, and without any appearance of an enemy. From a 
 knowledge that they had been hanging on his rear during the 
 march of the preceding day, and having suffered the night to 
 "wear through without attempting any assault upon his camp, 
 the General was led to conjecture that an ambuscade had 
 been prepared, and that an attack would be made on him 
 •whilst crossing the creek in his front; which, being deep, 
 and the banks rugg&d, and thickly covered with reeds, af- 
 forded many advantages for such a design. Near the 
 crossing place, was a deep ravine, formed by the projec- 
 tion of two hills, overgrown with thick shrubbery and 
 brown sedge, which afforded every convenience for con- 
 cealment, whilst it entirely prevented pursuit. Along this 
 route, the army, in going out, had passed; through it, as 
 might have been expected, it would again return; and at 
 this defile, it was believed, an ambuscade would be formed, 
 if any where intended. Acting under these impressions, 
 and with a view to guard against them, Jackson determin- 
 ed to take a different route. He secretly despatched, early 
 next morning, a few pioneers, to ascertain and designate 
 another crossing place below. A suitable one was pre- 
 sently discovered, at about six hundred yards distance 
 f'om the old one; and thither the General now led his 
 army; having previously to commencing the march, form- 
 ed his columns, and the front and rear guards, that he 
 might be in an attitude for defence. 
 
 A beautiful slope of open woodland led down to the 
 newly discovered ford, where, except immediately on the 
 
CHAPTER IV. 83 
 
 margin of the creek, which was covered with a few reeds, 
 there was nothing to obstruct the view. The front guards, 
 and part of the columns, had passed; — the wounded were 
 also over, and the artillery just entering the creek, when 
 an alarm gun was heard in the rear. The Indians, unex- 
 pectedly finding the route changed, quitted the defile where 
 they had expected to commence the assault, and advanced 
 upon a company, under the command of Captain Russell, 
 which marched in the rear. Though assailed by greatly 
 superior numbers, it returned the fire, and gradually re- 
 tired, until it reached the rear guard, who, according to 
 express instructions given, were, in the event of an attack, 
 to face about, and act as the advance, whilst the right and 
 kft columns should be turned on their pivots, so as com- 
 pletely to loop the enemy, and render his destruction sure. 
 The right column of the rear guard was commanded by 
 Colonel Perkins, the left by Lieutenant-Colonel Stump, 
 and the centre column by Colonel Carroll. Jackson was just 
 passing the stream, when the firing and yelling commenc- 
 ed. Having instructed his aid-de-camp to form a line for 
 the protection of the wounded, who were but a short dis- 
 tance in advance, and afterwards to turn the left column, 
 he himself proceeded to the right, for a similar purpose. 
 What was his astonishment, when, resting in the hope of 
 victory, he beheld the right and left columns of the rear 
 guard, after a feeble resistance, precipitately give Avay, 
 bringing with them confusion and disn'iay, and entirely ob- 
 structing the passage, over which the principal strength 
 of the army was to be re-crossed I This shameful flight 
 was well nigh being attended with the most fatal conse- 
 quences; which were alone averted by the determined 
 bravery of a few. Nearly the whole of the centre column 
 had followed the example of the other two, and precipi- 
 tated themselves into the creek; an inconsiderable number 
 remained to oppose the violence of the first assault. The 
 artillery company, commanded by Lieutenant Armstrong, 
 and composed of young men of the first families, who had 
 volunteered their services at the commencement of the 
 campaign, formed with their muskets before the piece of 
 ordnance they had, and hastily dragged it from the creek 
 to an eminence, from which they could use it to advantage. 
 Here an obstinate conflict ensued; the enemy endeavour- 
 ing to charge and capture it, whilst this company formed 
 with their muskets, and resolutely defended it. These 
 
84 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON'. 
 
 young men, the few who remained with Colonel Carroll, 
 and the gallant Captain Quarles, who fell at their head, 
 wiJi Russeii's spies, not exceeding in the whole one hun- 
 dred, maintained with the utmost firmness, a contest, for 
 many mmutes, against a force five times greater than their 
 own, and checked the advance of a foe already greatly in- 
 spirited f. om the consternation which his first shock had 
 pi-oduced. Every man who there fought, manifested a de- 
 termination to prefer death to flight. The brave Lieute- 
 nant Armstrong fell at the side of his piece, by a wound in 
 the groin, and exclaimed, as he lay, "Some of you must 
 peiish; bjt don't lose the gun." By his side, fell, mor- 
 tally wounded, his associate and fiiend. Bird Evans, and 
 the gallant Captain Hamilton; who, having been abandoned 
 by his men, at Fort Strother, with his two brothers and 
 his aged father, had attached himself to the artillery com- 
 pany,, as a private, and, in that capacity, showed how de- 
 servedly he merited to command, by the fidelity with 
 which he obeyed. Perilous as the hour was, this little he- 
 roic band evinced themselves cool and collected, as they 
 were brave in battle. In the hurry and confusion of the 
 moment, the rammer and pricker of the cannon could not 
 bj disengaged from the carriage; in this situation and at 
 such a time, the invention of most young soldiers might 
 have fij-iled; but nothing fearing. Craven Jackson and 
 Cunstantine Perkins, drove home the cartridges with a 
 musket, and with the ramrod prepared them for the 
 match. In the mean time, while the conflict was thus 
 iine:}ually sustained. General Jackson and his staff" had 
 been enabled, by great exertions, to restore something like 
 orc'iLM', from confusion. The columns were again formed, 
 t-nd put in motion; and small detachments sent across the 
 creek, to support the little band that there maintained 
 their ground. The enemy perceiving a strong force ad- 
 vancing, and being warmly assailed on their left flank, by 
 Captain Gordon, at the head of his company of spies, who 
 had advanced from the front, and re-crossed the creek, in 
 turn were stricken with alarm, and fled away, leaving be- 
 hind their blankets, and whatever was likely to retard 
 their flight. Detachments were ordered on the pursuit, 
 who, in a chase of two miles, destroyed many and wholly 
 dispersed them. 
 
 In despite of the active exertions made by General Jack- 
 son, to restore order, they were, for some time, unavailing, 
 
CHAPTER IV. 85 
 
 and the confusion continued. In addition to the assistance 
 received from his staff, who were every where encouraging, 
 and seeking to arrest the disordered flight of the columns, 
 he derived much from the aid of General Coifee. That 
 officer, in consequence of the severe wound lately received 
 at Emuckfaw, had, the day before, been carried on a litter. 
 From the apprehensions indulged, that an attack would 
 probably be made upon them that morning, he had pro- 
 ceeded from the encampment on horseback, and aided, 
 during the action, with his usual calm and deliberate 
 firmness. Indeed, all the officers of his brigade, who, 
 having been abandoned by their men, had formed them- 
 selves into a corps, and followed the army without a com- 
 mand, rendered manifest, now, the value of experience. 
 This was not a moment for rules of fancied etiquette. The 
 very men, who, a little time before, would have disdained 
 advice, and spurned an order from any but their own 
 commanders, did not scruple amidst the peril that sur- 
 rounded them, to be regulated by those who seemed to be 
 so much better qualified for extricating them from their 
 present danger. The hospital surgeon, Dr. Shelby, ap- 
 peared in the fight, and rendered important services. The 
 adjutant-general, Sitler, hastened across the creek in the 
 early part of the action, to the artillery company, for which 
 he felt all the e-^prit de corps^ having been once attached to 
 it; and there remained, supporting them in their duties, 
 and participating in their dangers. Captain Gordon, too, 
 contributed greatly to dispel the peril of the moment, by 
 his active sally on the left flank of the savages. Of the 
 General himself, it is scarcely necessary to remark, that 
 but for him every thing must have gone to ruin. On him 
 all hopes were rested. In that moment of confusion, he 
 was the rallying point even for the spirits of the brave. 
 Firm and energetic, and at the same time perfectly self- 
 possessed, his example and his authority alike contributed 
 to arrest the flying and give confidence to those who main- 
 tained their ground. Cowards forgot their panic, and 
 fronted danger, when they heard his voice and beheld his 
 manner; and the brave would have formed round his body 
 a rainpart with their own. In the midst of showers of 
 balls, of which he seemed unmindful, he was seen per- 
 forming the duties of the subordinate officers, rallying the 
 alarmed, halting them in their flight, forming his columns, 
 and inspiriting them by his example. An army suddenly 
 
 H \ 
 
86 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 dismayed, and thrown into confusion, was thus happily 
 rescued from a destruction which lately appeared inevita- 
 ble. Our total loss, in the several engagements, on the 
 22d and to-day, was only twenty killed, and seventy-five 
 wounded, some of whom, however, afterwards died. That 
 of the enemy cannot be accurately stated. The bodies of 
 one hundred and eighty-nine of their warriors were found; 
 this, however, may be considered as greatly below the real 
 number; nor can their wounded be even conjectured. As 
 had been generally the case, the greatest slaughter was in 
 the pursuit. Scattered through the heights and hollows, 
 many of the wounded escaped, and many of the killed were 
 not ascertained. It is certain however, as was afterwards 
 disclosed by prisoners, that considerably more than two 
 hundred of those, who on this occasion went out to battle, 
 never returned; but those who did return, unwilling it 
 should be known their comrades were killed, and feeling it 
 might dispirit the nation, endeavoured to have it believed, 
 and so represented it, that they had proceeded on some 
 distant expedition, and would be for some time absent. 
 
 After this battle, in which had been anticipated certain 
 success, the enemy, tired of conflicts so disastrous, no 
 more thought of harassing our march. Having continued 
 it, without interruption, over high, broken, and, for the 
 miost part, barren land, we encamped, on the night of the 
 26th, within three miles of Fort Strother. Thus termi- 
 nated an expedition replete with peril, but attended with 
 effects highly beneficial. Fort Armstrong was relieved; 
 General Floyd enabled to gain a victory at Autossee, where, 
 but for this movement, which had diverted much of the 
 enemy's strength, he would most probably have met defeat; 
 a considerable portion of the enemy's best forces had been 
 destroyed; and an end put to the hopes they had founded 
 on our previous delays. Discontent had been kept from 
 our ranks; the troops had been beneficially employed; and 
 inactivity, the bane of every army, had been avoided. But 
 perhaps the greatest good that resulted from the expedi- 
 tion, was the effect produced on the minds of the people 
 at home, from whom was to be collected a force suffi- 
 cient to terminate the war. Experience has often proved 
 the facility with which numbers are brought to a victorious 
 standard ; whilst the ranks of a defeated arm.y are ever with 
 difficulty filled. Any result, therefore, that was calculated 
 
CHAPTER V. ST' 
 
 to bring an efficient force into the field, was highly im- 
 portant and beneficial. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 The volunteers are discharged. — New troops arrive. — Want of sup- 
 plies. — Mutiny mththe East Tennessee brigade. — General Jackson 
 marches against the Indians. — Battle of Tohopeaka. — Returns to 
 Fort Williams. — Expedition to Hoithlewalee; its failure, and the 
 causes.— Forms a junction witli the Georgia troops, and proceeds 
 to tlie Hickory gi'ound. — Indians sue for peace. — Weatherford sur- 
 renders liimself — Arrival of General Pinckney at head-quarters. — 
 Tennessee troops are ordered to be marched home, and discharged 
 from service. 
 
 The troops having reached, in safety, the post whence 
 they had set out, and their term of service being within a 
 short time of expiring, the General determined to dis- 
 charge them. The information from Tennessee was, 
 that there would soon be in the field a considerable force, 
 and enlisted for a period sufficient to effect a termination 
 of the Indian war. He was desirous of having every 
 thing in readiness by the time of their arrival, that they 
 might be carried without delay into active service. De- 
 taining his late volunteers, therefore, a short time, to com- 
 plete boats for the transportation of his camp equipage 
 and provisions down the Coosa, he directed them to be 
 marched home, and there to be honourably dismissed. 
 The further service of his artillery company was also dis- 
 pensed with. Although he would gladly have retained 
 them, yet he vras too well convinced of the many sacrifices 
 these young men had made; of the bravery they had dis- 
 played, and the patience with which they had submitted to 
 those moments of scarcity that had raised up discontents 
 and mutiny in his camp, not to feel a desire to gratify 
 their wishes, and permit them, honourably, to retire from 
 a service, which they had already so materially benefited. 
 
 A letter from Jackson to Governor Blount, heretofore 
 noticed, added to his own sense of the importance of the 
 crisis, had induced him to issue an order on the 3d, di- 
 recting twenty-five hundred of the militia of the second 
 
88 LIFE or GENERAL JACKSOK. 
 
 division, to be detached, organized, and equipped, in con- 
 formity to an act of Congress of the 6th of April, 1812. 
 These were to perform a tour of three months, to be com- 
 puted from the time of rendezvous, which was appointed 
 to be on the 28th instant. He had also required General 
 Cocke to bring into the field, under the requisition of the 
 secretary of war, the quota he had been instructed to 
 raise at the opening of the campaign. Although many 
 difficulties had been feigned in the execution of the order, 
 he was enabled to muster into service, from his division, 
 about two thousand men. These, however, as well as 
 those called out from West Tennessee, were but indiffe- 
 rently armed. 
 
 The thirty-ninth regiment of regular troops, had also 
 received orders to proceed to Jackson's head-quarters, and 
 act under his command in the prosecution of the war. It 
 arrived on the 5th or 6th of the month, about six hundred 
 strong. Most of the men were badly armed; this evil, 
 however, was shortly afterwards remedied. 
 
 The quarter-masters and contractors were already ac- 
 tively engaged, endeavouring to procure provisions and 
 the necessary transportation for the army. The failures, 
 in regard to former enterprises, are to be ascribed to these 
 two departments; to the constant endeavour of the con- 
 tractors to procure provisions at a reduced price, in order 
 to enhance their profits, and to fears entertained, lest, if 
 they should lay in any large supply it might spoil or waste 
 on their hands. Evils of this kind, growing out of the 
 very nature of the establishment, ought, long since, to 
 have convinced the government of the propriety of resort- 
 ing to some other and better mode for supplying its armies 
 in times of war. The inconveniences in the quarter-mas- 
 ter's department, were, indeed, less chargeable to the in- 
 cumbents than to causes which they could not control; 
 for, to the extreme ruggedness of the way over which 
 wagons had to pass, was to be added the real difficulty of 
 obtaining a sufficient number on the frontiers. That evils 
 so severely felt, might, for the future, be avoided, every 
 facility was aflforded these two departments, that the re- 
 quisition now made upon them might be promptly com- 
 plied with. 
 
 To give, however, sufficient time, and to prevent any 
 unnecessary press, the troops advancing from East and 
 West Tennessee, were directed to be halted in the rear of 
 
CHAPTER V. 89 
 
 the depots, until ample stores, in advance, to justify imme- 
 diate operations, should be provided, and the requisite 
 transportations procured. 
 
 About the middle of the month, (March) in expectation 
 from the numerous and strong assurances he had receiv- 
 ed, that all things were in a state of readiness, Jackson or- 
 dered the troops to advance, and form a union at head- 
 quarters, then at Fort Strother. Greatly to his surprise 
 and mortification, he soon after learned that the contrac- 
 tor from East Tennessee had again failed to comply Avith 
 his engagement, notwithstanding the ample means he pos- 
 sessed, and the full time that had been allowed him for that 
 purpose. The troops, however, agreeably to the order receiv- 
 ed, proceeded on their march. Those from the second di- 
 vision, under Brigadier-General Johnson, arrived on the 
 14th; which, added to the force under General Doherty, 
 from East Tennessee, constituted about five thousand ef- 
 fectives. Composed, as this army was, of troops entirely 
 raw, it was not to be expected that any thing short of the 
 greatest firmness in its officers could restrain that course 
 of conduct and disorder which had hitherto so unhappily 
 prevailed. 
 
 The execution of a private (John Vv'oods,) sentenced by 
 a court martial, on a charge of mutiny, produced at this 
 time some excitement, and a salutary effect. On a similar 
 charge he had before been found guilty, and pardoned. 
 That mutinous spirit, so prejudicial to an army, and which 
 frequently had broken into the camp, was necessary to be 
 checked. This second offence, in the same individual, 
 afforded a fit occasion for example; and to evince, that al- 
 though militia when at their fire sides at home, might 
 boast exemption from control, yet in the field those high 
 notions were to be abandoned and subordination preserv- 
 ed. Painful as it was to the feelings of General Jackson, 
 he viewed it as a sacrifice essential to the preservation of 
 good order, and left the sentence of the court to be inflict- 
 ed without interposing his pardoning power. 
 
 Nothing was wanting now to put the troops in motion, 
 and actively to prosecute the war, but the want of ne- 
 cessary supplies. Remonstrance, entreaty, and threats, 
 had long since been used and exhausted. Every mean 
 had been resorted to, to impress on the minds of the con- 
 tractors, the necessity of urging forward in faithful dis- 
 charge of their duty; but the same indifference and 
 H 2 
 
90 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 neglect were still persisted in. To ward off the effects of 
 such great evils — evils which he foresaw must again even- 
 tuate in discontent and revolt, Jackson resolved to pursue 
 a different course, and no longer depend on persons who 
 had so frequently disappointed him, and whose only ob- 
 ject was the acquirement of wealth. He accordingly des- 
 patched messengers to the nearest settlements, with direc- 
 tions to purchase provisions, at whatever price they could 
 be procured. This course, to those incumbents, afforded 
 an argument infinitely stronger than any to which he had 
 before resorted. Unexpectedly assailed in away they hud 
 not previously thought of, by being held and made liable 
 for the amount of purchases, which by their neglect was 
 rendered necessary, they exerted themselves in discharge of 
 a duty they had hitherto so shamefully neglected. Every 
 expedient had been practised to urge them to a compliance 
 of the obligations they were imder to their government; 
 until the present, none had proved effectual. In one of his 
 letters, about this time, the General remarks: "I have no 
 doubt but a combination has been formed to defeat the 
 objects of the campaign; but the contractor ought to have 
 recollected that he had disappointed and starved my army 
 once; and now, in return, it shall be amply provided for 
 at his expense. At this point he was to have delivered 
 the rations — and whatever they may cost, at this place, he 
 will be required to pay: any price that will ensure their 
 delivery, I have directed to be given." The supplying an 
 army by contractors, he had often objected to as highly ex- 
 ceptionable and dangerous. His monitor, on this subject, 
 was his own experience. Disappointment, mutiny, and 
 abandonment by his troops, when in the full career of suc- 
 cess, and an unnecessarily protracted campaign, were 
 among the evils already experienced, and which he desir- 
 ed, if possible, might be in future avoided. The difficukies 
 — the pei-plexities he had met; and the constant dissrttis- 
 faction which had rendered his troops inefficient, were 
 wholly to be attributed to those, who, in disregard of the 
 public good, had looked alone to their ov/n immediate be- 
 nefit. It was high time that the feelings and interest of 
 such men should be disregarded, and a sense of duty en- 
 forced, by that sort of appeal which sordid minds best can 
 understand — an appeal to profit and the purse. 
 
 Under these and other circumstances, which seemed to 
 involve the most serious consequences, the General had 
 
CHAPTER V. 91 
 
 but little time for repose or quietness. Every thing was 
 moving in opposition to his wishes. The East Tennessee 
 brigade, under the command of Doherty, having been in- 
 structed to halt, until adequate supplies should be received 
 at head-quarters, had already manifested many symptoms 
 of revolt, and with difficulty was restrained from abandon- 
 ing the field, and returning immediately home. Added to 
 their own discontents, and unwillingness to remain in ser- 
 vice, much pains had been taken by a personage high in 
 authority, to scatter dissention, and to persuade them that 
 they had been improperly called out, and without sufficient 
 authority ;•— that the draft was illegal, and that they were 
 under no necessity to remain. Arguments like these, 
 when urged by a man of standing and in office, were 
 well calculated to answer the end desired ; what the go- 
 verning motive was, that gave rise to a course of conduct 
 so much at war with the public interest, and the duty of 
 a soldier, is difficult to be imagined; none was ever avowed, 
 and certainly none can be offered that will account for it 
 satisfactorily. On the morning that General Doherty was 
 about to proceed to head-quarters, he was astonished to 
 hear the drums beating, for volunteers, to' abandon his 
 camp and return home. Notwithstanding all efforts to 
 prevent this injurious measure, one hundred and eighty 
 deserted. He was surprised, on receiving information in 
 which he confided, that instructions by General Cocke, 
 had been given, that in the event any number of the troops 
 would march back, he would take upon himself to dis- 
 charge them from all responsibility on their return to 
 Knoxville. 
 
 General Jackson having at length, by constant and un- 
 remitted exertions, obtained such supplies as he believed, 
 would be necessary to enable him to proceed, determined 
 to set out and pursue his course still further into the ene- 
 my's country. A fear of the consequences to an army 
 from inaction; a wish that time might not be loitered 
 away uselessly; and a consciousness that a sufficiency of 
 provisions was on the way, and could be forwarded to 
 him from the post maintained in his rear, prompted him 
 to do so. On the 14th he commenced his march, and 
 crossing the river, arrived on the 21st at the mouth of 
 Cedar creek, which had been previously selected for the 
 establishment of a fort. At this place it became necessary 
 to delay a day or two, with a view to detail a sufficient 
 
92 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 force for the protection and safety of the post, and to await 
 the coming of the provision boats -which were descend- 
 ing the Coosa, and which, as yet, had not arrived. 
 
 On the 22d of January, the day of the battle of Emuck- 
 faw, General Coffee, as has been already stated, had been 
 detached to destroy the Indian encampment on the Talla- 
 poosa; having reconnoitred their position, and believing 
 them too strongly posted to be advantageously assailed by 
 the force Avhich he then commanded, he had retired with- 
 out making the attempt. The position they had chosen 
 was at a bend of the Tallapoosa, called by the Indians To- 
 hopeaka, which interpreted into our language, means 
 Horse Shoe, not far from New Youcka, and near the Oak- 
 fusky villages. Fortified as it was by nature, and the skill 
 and exertions of the savages, no other conjecture was- en- 
 tertained, than at this place was intended a defence of the 
 most desperate and determined kind. Learning that the 
 Indians were still embodied there, Jackson resolved, so 
 soon as the necessary arrangements could be made to 
 keep open a communication, and preserve in safety his 
 rear, to make a descent on it, and destroy the confede- 
 racy; thence*, returning to Fort Williams for provisions, 
 to urge forward to the Hickory ground, where he hoped 
 he would be able finally to terminate the war. 
 
 On the 24th March, leaving a sufficient force under 
 Brigadier-General Johnston for the protection of the post, 
 with eight days' provisions he left Fort Williams and set 
 out for the Tallapoosa, by the way of Emuckfaw. His 
 whole force amounted to less than three thousand effective 
 men; being considerably reduced by the necessity of leav- 
 ing behind him detachments for garrisons at the different 
 forts. At ten o'clock on the morning of the 27th, after a 
 march of fifty-two miles, he reached the village Toho- 
 peaka. The enemy, having gained intelligence of his ap- 
 proach, had collected in considerable numbers, with a viev/ 
 to give him battle. The warriors from the adjacent towns, 
 Oakfusky, Hillabee, Eufalec, and New Youcka, amount- 
 ing to a thousand or twelve hundred, were here collected 
 ready, and waiting his approach. They could have se- 
 lected no place better calculated for defence; for, inde- 
 pendent of the advantages bestowed on it by nature, their 
 own exertions had greatly contributed to its strength. 
 Surrounded almost entirely by the river, it was accessible 
 only by a narrow neck of land, of three hundred and fifty 
 
CHAPTER V. 93 
 
 yards width, which they had taken much pains to secure 
 and defend, by placing large timbers and trunks of trees 
 horizontally on each other, leaving but a single place of 
 entrance. From a double row of port holes formed in it, 
 they were enabled to give complete direction to their fire, 
 whilst they lay in perfect security behind. 
 
 General Coffee, at the head of the mounted infantry and 
 friendly Indians, had been despatched early in the morning 
 from camp, with orders to gain the southern bank of the 
 river, encircle the bend, and make some feint, or manoeu- 
 vring, by which to divert the enemy from the point where 
 the attack was intended principally to be waged. He was 
 particularly instructed so to arrange and dispose the force 
 under his command, that the savages miight not escape by 
 passing to the opposite side in their canoes, with which, it 
 was represented, the whole shore was lined. Jackson, with 
 the rest of the army, proceeded to take a position in front 
 of the breast-work. Having planted his cannon on an 
 eminence, about two hundred yapds from the front of the 
 enemy's line, with a view to break down his defence, a 
 brisk fire commenced. The musketry and rifles, which 
 occupied a nearer position, were used as the Indians occa- 
 sionally showed themselves from behind their works. The 
 artillery was well served by Major Bradford, and the fire 
 kept up for some minutes without making any impression; 
 time, however, was gained for complete readiness. The 
 signals having now announced that General Coffee had 
 reached in safety his point of destination, on the opposite 
 side of the river, had formed his line, and was ready to act, 
 the order was given to charge. " Never were troops more 
 eager to be led on than were both regulars and militia. 
 They had been waiting with impatience for the order, and 
 hailed it with acclamations. The spirit that animated 
 them was a sure augury of the success that was to follow.'* 
 Between them there was no difference; both advanced with 
 the intrepidity and firmness of veteran soldiers. The thirty- 
 ninth regiment, led on by their commander, Colonel Wil- 
 liams, and the brave but ill-fated Major Montgomery, and 
 the militia under the command of Colonel Bunch, moved 
 forward amidst a destructive fire that continually poured up- 
 on them, and were presently at the rampart. Here an obsti- 
 nate and destructive conflict ensued, each contending for 
 the port holes, on different sides. Many of the enemy's 
 balls were welded between the muskets and bayonets of 
 
94 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 our soldiers. At this moment, Major Montgomery, leap- 
 ing on the wall, called to his men to mount and follow 
 him; he had scarcely spoken when, shot through the head, 
 he fell lifeless to the ground. Our troops eagerly followed 
 the example he had set and scaled their ramparts. Find- 
 ing it no longer tenable, the savages abandoned their 
 position, and retiring from their works concealed them- 
 selves amidst the brush and timber that lay thickly scat- 
 tered over the peninsula; whence they continued resistance, 
 and kept up a galling and constant fire, until they were 
 again charged, and forced back. Driven to despair, not 
 knowing whither to flee, and resolving not to surrender, 
 they saw no other alternative, than an effort to effect their 
 escape, by passing in their canoes to the opposite bank of 
 the river; from this they were, however, prevented, by 
 perceiving that a part of the army already lined the oppo- 
 site shore. Under these circumstances, the remaining 
 "warriors, who yet survived the severity of the conflict, 
 betaking themselves to flight, leaped down the banks, and 
 concealed themselves along the cliffs and steeps, which 
 ivere covered by the trees that had been felled from their 
 margin. Many had betaken themselves to the west angle 
 of their line of defence, where, under cover and protection 
 of heaps of brush, a spirited fire was kept up upon those 
 of our troops who had gained their line, and those who 
 were advancing on the outer side. From these secreted 
 places they would fire and disappear. General Jackson 
 perceiving that further resistance must involve them in 
 utter destruction; and entertaining a desire that they 
 should yield a contest which now evidently was a hopeless 
 one, ordered the interpreter to advance with a flag, under 
 cover of some trees which stood in front, until he should 
 reach a position sufficiently near to be heard. He did so, 
 and having arrived within forty yards of the spot where 
 the Indians were concealed, in an- audible voice, and in 
 their own language, addressed them; told them of the 
 folly of further resistance, and that he was commanded by 
 General Jackson to say, that if disposed to surrender, they 
 should be received and treated as prisoners. They waited 
 patiently until he had finished, and heard what he had to 
 say ; — a pause ensued ! and at the moment when he was 
 expecting to receive an answer, and to learn that a surren- 
 der would at once be made, a fire was opened upon the 
 flag, and the interpreter severely wounded in the breast. 
 
CHAPTER V. 95 
 
 Finding they would not yield, nor abandon the course of 
 desperation on which they had resolutely fixed their minds, 
 orders were given to dislodge them. To accomplish this 
 the artillery was first turned against them ; but being from 
 its size incapable of producing any efl*ect, a charge was 
 made, in which several valuable lives were lost; it however 
 succeeded, and the enemy were dislodged from their 
 covert place on the right angle of their line of defence. 
 Lighted torches were now thrown down the steeps, which, 
 communicating with the brush and trees, and setting them 
 on fire, drove them from their hiding places and brought 
 them to view. Still did they refuse to surrender, and still 
 maintained the conflict. Thus the carnage continued 
 until night separated the combatants, when the few mis- 
 guided savages who had avoided the havoc and slaughter 
 of the day, were enabled, through the darkness of the 
 night, to make their escape. 
 
 Whilst the attack was thus waged in front of the line, 
 the friendly Indians in general Coffee's detachment, under 
 the command of colonel Morgan, with captain Russell's 
 company of spies, were effecting much; and no doubt, to 
 the course pursued by them, on the opposite side, was 
 greatly owing the facility with which the breast-work 
 was scaled, and its possession obtained. The village stood 
 on the margin of the river, and on that part of the penin- 
 sula most remote from the fortification. At the line were 
 all their warriors collected. Several of theCherokees and 
 Russell's spies having swam across, unobserved, and pro- 
 cured their canoes, a considerable number passed over, 
 entered the toAvn, and fired it. No sooner was this dis- 
 covered, than their attention and opposition was neces- 
 sarily divided, and drawn to the protection of a point which 
 they had hitherto believed secure, and where they had not 
 apprehended an attack. Thus assailed from an unexpected 
 quarter— a force in their rear, and another still stronger, 
 advancing on their front, the invading army was afforded 
 a less hazardous opportunity of succeeding in the assault 
 and securing the victory. 
 
 This battle gave a death blow to their hopes; nor did 
 they venture, afterwards, to make a stand. From their 
 fastnesses in the woods they had tried their strength, 
 agreeably to their accustomed mode of warfare; in ambus- 
 cade, had brought on the attack; and, in all, failure and 
 disaster had been met. None of the advantages incident 
 
96 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 on surprise, and for which the red men of our forests have 
 been always so characterized, had they been able to obtain. 
 The continual defeats they had received, were, doubtless, 
 the reason of their having so strongly fortified this place, 
 where they had determined to p>erish or to be victorious. 
 That such a resolution had been taken, is conclusive, 
 from the circumstance of their having permitted their 
 women and children to remain: these they are always 
 careful to remove far from danger, and their scenes of 
 action. The assurance of success which they indulged, 
 arising from the security their position and defence pre- 
 sented, had prevented their adhering to this precautionary 
 measure, which, hitherto, they had never overlooked. In 
 this action, the best and bravest of their warriors were 
 destroyed; and a greater loss was sustained than had been 
 met with in any of their previous contests. Few escaped 
 the carnage Of the killed, many by their friends were 
 thrown into the river, whilst the battle raged ; — many, in 
 endeavouring to pass it, were sunk by the steady fire of 
 Coffee's brigade; and five hundred and fifty-seven were 
 left dead on the ground. Among the number of the slain, 
 were three of their prophets. Decorated in the most fan- 
 tastic manner — the plumage of various birds about their 
 heads and shoulders; with savage grimaces, and horrid 
 contortions of the body, they danced and howled their 
 cantations to the sun. Their dependents already believed 
 a communion with heaven sure, which, moved by entreaty, 
 and their offered homage, would aid them in the conflict, 
 and give a triumph to their arms. Fear had no influence; 
 and when they beheld our army approaching, and already 
 scaling their line of defence, even then, far from being 
 dispirited, hope survived, and victory was still anticipated. 
 Monohoe, one of the most considerable of their inspired 
 ones, and who had cheered and kept alive the broken 
 spirit of the nation by his pretended divinations, fell, mor- 
 tally wounded, by a cannon shot in the mouth, while ear- 
 nestly engaged in his incantations, and in urging and 
 encouraging his troops resolutely to contend. 
 
 Three hundred prisoners were taken, most of whom 
 were women and children. That so few warriors should 
 have sought and obtained safety, by appealing to the 
 clemency of the victors, to persons acquainted with the 
 mode of Indian warfare will not appear a matter of sur- 
 prise. It seldom happens that they extend or solicit quar- 
 
CHAPTER V. 97 
 
 ter: faithless themselves, they place no reliance on the faith 
 of others; and, when overcome in battle, seek no other 
 protection than dexterity and haste in retreat afford. In 
 this contest they maintained resistance, fighting" and firing 
 from their covert places, long after the hope either of 
 success or escape was, or should have been at an end, and 
 after the proposal had been submitted to spare the further 
 useless waste of blood. A few, who had lain quiet, and 
 concealed under the cliffs, survived the severity of the 
 conflict, and effected their retreat under cover of the night. 
 
 Our loss, although considerable, was small, when com-^ 
 pared with that of the enemy; the whole estimate was but 
 fifty-five killed, and one hundred and forty-six wounded. 
 Of the former was major Montgomery, a brave and enter- 
 prising young officer, of the thirty-ninth regiment, and 
 lieutenants Moulton and Somerville, who fell early in the 
 action. 
 
 The object of the present visit being answered, the gene- 
 ral, in pursuance of the plan with which he had set out, 
 concluded to return to Fort Williams. Having sunk his 
 dead in the river, to prevent' their being scalped by the 
 savages, and made the necessary arrangements for carry- 
 ing off his wounded, he commenced his return march for 
 the fort, and in a few days reached it in safety.* 
 
 His first object, on his arrival, was to excite, in the 
 breasts of his soldiers, a sense of pride commensurate 
 with the achievements they had performed, and the valour 
 they had displayed. He was impelled to it from a con- 
 sciousness that feeling, once subsided, could with difficulty 
 
 * Sinking them in the river, in preference to barring them, was 
 adopted, fi'omthe cons' deration, that those of our troops who had pre- 
 viously fallen, had been raised, stripped, and scalped. Many of the 
 Indians at Tohopeka were found in the clothes of those who had been 
 killed and buried at Emuckfaw. This could operate no injury to the 
 dead; yet was it impoitant, that for the future this should be prevented. 
 It was well ascertained, that the Creek nation, g(;nerat]y, were igno- 
 rant of the extent and number of their defeats; and so long as they 
 could be induced to believe, by those who undertook to account for it 
 in that v>'ay, that their missing warriors were ahve, and on some dis- 
 tant enterprise; or could see the scalps of the killed, which tliey always 
 consider evidences of victory, the war would continue. It was thouglit, 
 tlierefore, better to sink them in the river than to bury them, as the 
 enemy would be thereby deprived of those badges of national and 
 individual distinction, the effect of which would be to shorten the 
 period of tlie wai\ 
 I 
 
98 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 be again aroused; and from a desire to ward off that des- 
 pondency from his ranks which had once proved so fatal 
 to his hopes. With a view to these objects, the next day 
 on parade, before the fort, he published to them this 
 address: 
 
 "You have entitled yourselves to the gratitude of your 
 country and your general. The expedition, from which 
 you have just returned, has, by your good conduct, been 
 rendered prosperous, beyond any example in the history 
 of our warfare: it has redeemed the character of your state, 
 and of that description of troops of which the greater part 
 of you are. 
 
 •* You have, within a few days, opened your way to the 
 Tallapoosa, and destroyed a confederacy of the enemy, 
 ferocious by nature, and who had grown insolent from 
 impunity. Relying on- their numbers, the security of 
 their situation, and the assurances of their prophets, they 
 derided our approach, and already exulted in anticipation 
 of the victory they expected to obtaiL. But they were 
 ignorant of the influence and effect of government on the 
 human powers, nor knew what brave men, and civilized, 
 could effect. By their yells, they hoped to frighten us, 
 and with their woodlen fortifications to oppose us. Stupid 
 mortals! their yells but designated their situation the more 
 certainly; whilst their walls became a snare for their own 
 destruction. So will it ever be, when presumption and 
 ignorance contend against bravery and prudence. 
 
 "The fiends of the Tallapoosa will no longer murder 
 our women and children, or disturb the quiet of our bor- 
 ders. Their midnight flambeaux will no more illumine 
 their council-house, or shine upon the victim of their 
 infernal orgies. In their places, a new generation will 
 arise, who will know their duty better. The weapons of 
 warfare will be exchanged for the utensils of husbandry; 
 and the wilderness, which now withers in sterility, and 
 mourns the desolation which overspreads her, will blossom 
 as the rose, and become the nursery of the arts. But 
 before this happy day can arrive, other chastisements 
 remain to be inflicted. It is indeed lamentable, that the 
 path to peace should lead through blood, and over the 
 bodies of the slain : but it is a dispensation of Providence, 
 and perhaps a wise one, to inflict partial evils, that ulti- 
 mate good may be produced. 
 
 "Our enemies are not sufficiently humbled, — they do 
 
CHAPTER V. 99 
 
 not sue for peace^ A collection of them await our 
 approach, and remain to be dispersed. Buried in igno- 
 rance, and seduced by the false pretences of their prophets, 
 they have the weakness to believe they will still be able to 
 make a decided stand against us. They must be unde- 
 ceived, and made to atone their obstinacy and their 
 crimes, by still further suffering. Those hopes which have 
 so long deluded them, must be driven from their last 
 refuge. They must be made to know, that their prophets 
 are impostors, and that our strength is mighty, and will 
 prevail. Then, and not till then, may we expect to make 
 with them a peace that shall be permanent." 
 
 Understanding that the enemy was embodied, in con- 
 siderable numbers, at Hoithlewalee, a town situated not far 
 from the Hickory ground, he was anxious to re-commence 
 his operations as early as possible, that the advantages he 
 had gaii\ed, and the impression he had made, might not 
 be lost. The forces under his command, from sickness, 
 the loss which had been sustained in the late battle, and 
 numerous discharges given, had been too much reduced in 
 strength, to permit him to act as efficiently as the impor- 
 tance of the crisis required. It was desirable, therefore, 
 to effect a junction with the southern army as speedily as 
 possible, that, from an increase and concentration of his 
 numbers, greater efficiency might be had. The North 
 Carolina troops, under the command of general Graham, 
 an experienced officer of the revolutionary war, and those 
 of Georgia, under colonel Milton, were ascertained to be 
 somewhere south of the Tallapoosa, and could be at no 
 great distance. To unite with them was a circumstance 
 greatly desired, as well with a view to push his operations 
 more actively, as to be able to procure for the army those 
 supplies which he feared the resources within his own 
 camp might not sufficiently afford; for hitherto, he had 
 received from General Pinckney strong assurances that all 
 complaints on this subject would be at an end so soon as 
 his and the southern division could unite. No time was 
 to be lost in effecting a purpose so essential. General 
 Jackson accordingly determined to leave his sick and 
 wounded, and the fort, to the care and command of briga- 
 dier Johnson, and to set out again for the Tallapoosa. On 
 the 7th, with all his disposable force, he commenced his 
 march, with the double view of effecting a union with the 
 army below, and of attacking on his route the enemy's 
 
100 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 force which were collected at Hoithlewalee. His greatest 
 difficulty was in conveying to Colonel Milton intelligence 
 of his intended operations. The friendly Indians, who, 
 from their knowledge of the country, had been always se- 
 lected as expresses, were with difficulty to be prevailed on 
 now for any such undertaking. Believing their nation to 
 be embodied in larger numbers than any which had been 
 yet encountered, and that, confiding in their strength, they 
 would be better enabled to go forth, searching and spying 
 through the surrounding country, they at once concluded 
 that any enterprise of this kind would be attended with too 
 great peril and danger, and the difficulty of eluding ob- 
 servation too much increased, for them to adventure. 
 This circumstance had as yet prevented the arrangement 
 of such measures as were best calculated to bring the dif- 
 ferent divisions to act in general concert. The necessity, 
 however, of such co-operation, was too important, at this 
 moment, not to be effected, if it were possible. Should it 
 be possible, ai the point they now occupied, to bring the 
 enemy to battle, and a decisive advantage to be obtained 
 over them, dispirited and broken, they might be induced 
 to submit to any terms, and the conflict be ended; but if 
 suffered to escape, they might again collect, give battle at 
 some fortunate and unexpected moment, and thereby pro- 
 tract the war a considerable time. To prevent this was 
 desirable; and in no other way could it so certainly be ef- 
 fected, than that while the Tennessee troops under the 
 command of Jackson advanced from the north, the Caroli- 
 nians and Georgians might make such a "disposition as 
 would prevent any escape of the enemy, by their crossing 
 the river, and passing off in the direction of Pensacola and 
 the Escambia. 
 
 Having at length succeeded in procuring" confidential 
 messengers, previously to setting out on this expedition, 
 Jackson addressed Colonel Milton, and advised him of his 
 intended movement. To guard against any accident or 
 failure that might happen, different expresses were des- 
 patched, by different routes. He informed him, that with 
 eight days' provisions, and a force of about two thousand 
 men, he should, on the 7th, take up the line of march, and 
 proceed directly for Hoithlewalee; which he expected 
 certainly to reach and attack on the 11th. He urged the 
 necessity of a proper concert being established in their 
 movements ; and either that he should proceed against the 
 
CHAPTER V, 101 
 
 same place, about the same time, or, by making some fa- 
 vourable diversion in the neighbourhood, contribute to the 
 successful accomplishment of the objects of the expedi- 
 tion. 
 
 The point of destination, owing to the torrents of rain 
 which had fallen, and raised the streams to considerable 
 heights, he was not able to reach until the 13th. This 
 delay, unavoidable, and not to be prevented, gave the In- 
 dians an opportunity of fleeing from the threatened danger. 
 On arriving at an usually inconsiderable stream which 
 skirted the town, it was so swollen as to be rendered im- 
 passable. The savages, gaining intelligence of an ap- 
 proach that was thus unavoidably retarded, were enabled 
 to effect an escape by passing the river in their canoes, 
 and gaining the opposite shore. Had Colonel Milton for- 
 tunately made a different disposition of the troops under 
 his command, and by guarding the southern bank of the 
 river, co-operated with the Tennessee division, their escape 
 would have been prevented, and the whole force, col- 
 lected, either have been destroyed or made prisoners. Al- 
 though Jackson, in his letter of the 5th, had given intelli- 
 gence that he would reach the enemy on the 11th; and 
 when prevented by high waters and rotten roads, had 
 again notified him that he would certainly arrive and 
 commence the attack by the morning of the 13th, and 
 urged him to guard the south bank of the Tallapoosa, still 
 was the request disregarded, and the savages permitted to 
 escape. Learning they were abandoning their position, 
 and seeking safety in flight, Jackson filed to the right, 
 and overtaking the rear of the fugitives, succeeded in 
 making tv*^enty-five prisoners. At this time, nothing was 
 heard of Colonel Milton; but on the same day, having 
 marched about five miles from his encampment at Fort 
 Decatur, and approached within four of Hoithlewalee, he, 
 the next morning, gave notice of an intention to attack the 
 village that day; at this moment the inhabitants and war- 
 riors had fled, and the town was occupied and partly des- 
 troyed by a detachment from Jackson's army that had suc- 
 ceeded in passing the creek. 
 
 The Georgia army being so near at hand, was a source 
 of some satisfaction, although the escape of the enemy had 
 rendered their presence of less importance than it other- 
 wise would have been. The stock of provisions, with 
 ■which the march had been commenced from Fort Wil- 
 i2 
 
102 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 liams, was now nearly exhausted. Assurances, however, 
 having been so repeatedly given, that abundant supplies 
 would be had on uniting with the southern army, and that 
 event being now so near at hand, all uneasiness upon the 
 subject was at once dispelled. Colonel Milton was imme- 
 diately applied to, the situation of the army disclosed, and 
 such aid as he could extend, solicited. He returned an 
 answer to the General's demand, observing, he had sent 
 provisions for the friendly Indians, and would, the ncx-t 
 day, lend some for the remainder of the troops; but felt 
 himself under no obligation to furnish any. Jackson, fully 
 satisfied of its being in his power to relieve him, and that 
 this apparent unwillingness did not, and could not proceed 
 from any scarcity in his camp, assumed a higher ground, 
 and instead of asking assistance, now demanded it He 
 stated, that his men were destitute of supplies, and that 
 he had been duly apprised of it; and concluded by order- 
 ing, not requesting, him to send five thousand rations im- 
 mediately, for present relief; and for himself and the 
 forces under his command, to join him at Hoithlewaleeby 
 ten o'clock the next day. "This order," he remarked, 
 "must be obeyed without hesitation." — It was obeyed. 
 The next day, a junction having been effected, the neces- 
 sary steps were taken to bring down the provisions de- 
 posited at Fort Decatur, and for the first time, since the 
 commencement of the Creek war, inconveniencies for the 
 want of supplies, and an apprehension of suffering, were 
 removed. 
 
 Appearances seemed now to warrant the belief, that the 
 war would not be of much longer continuance; the prin- 
 cipal chiefs of the Hickory ground tribes were coming in, 
 making professions of friendship, and giving assurances 
 of their being no longer disposed to continue hostilities. 
 The General had been met, on his late march, by a flag 
 from these clans, giving information of their disposition to 
 be at peace. In return, they received this answer; that 
 those of the war party who were desirous of putting an 
 end to the contest in which they were engaged, and of be- 
 coming friendly, should evince their intention of doing so 
 by retiring in the rear of the army, and settling themselves 
 to the north of Fort Williams; that no other proof than 
 this, of their pacific dispositions, Avould be received. 
 Fourteen chiefs of these tribes had arrived, to furnish 
 still further evidence of their desire for peace. They as- 
 
CHAFIER V. 103 
 
 sured the General that their old king, Fous-hatchee, was 
 anxious to be permitted to visit him in person, and was 
 then on his way, with his followers, to settle above Fort 
 Williams, agreeably to the information he had received. 
 
 Detachments were out scouring the country to the south, 
 with orders to break up any collection of the enemy that 
 might be heard of in convenient distance. The main body 
 was prepared to advance to the junction of the two rivers, 
 where, until now, it had been expected the Indians would 
 make a last and desperate stand.* Every thing was in 
 readiness to proceed on the march, when it was announced 
 to the General, that Colonel Milton's brigade, which had 
 lately united with him, was not in a situation to move. 
 During the previous night some of his wagon horses 
 having strayed off, persons had been sent in pursuit, and 
 were expected shortly to return with them; when, it was 
 reported, he would be ready to take up the line of march. 
 To Jackson, this was a reason for delaying the operations of 
 an army, which he had never learned, and by which he had 
 never been influenced. He had, indeed, been frequently 
 made to halt, though from very different causes; from 
 murmurs, discontents, and starvation in his camp. He 
 replied to the colonel's want of preparation, by telling him, 
 that in the progress of his own difficulties, he had dis- 
 covered a very excellent mode of expediting wagons, even 
 without horses; and that if he would detail twenty men 
 from his brigade, for every wagon deficient in horses, he 
 would guarantee their safe arrival at their place of desti- 
 nation. Rather than subject his men to such drudgery, he 
 preferred to dismount some of his dragoons, and thus 
 avoided the necessity of halting the army until his lost 
 teams should arrive. 
 
 The army continued its march without gaining intelli- 
 gence of any embodied forces of the enemy; and without 
 the happening of any thing of importance, reached old 
 Toulossee Fort, on the Coosa river, not far from the con- 
 fluence, at which another was determined to be erected, 
 
 * The Hickory gi'ound, or that part of the Creek nation lying in the 
 forks, neai- where the Coosa and Tallapoosa unite, was called by the 
 Indians Holy Ground, from a tradition prevailing among them, that it 
 never had been pressed by the foot of a white man. Acting under the 
 influence of their prophets, and a religious fanaticism, it was supposed 
 they would make greater exertions to defend this than any other por^^ 
 tion of their country. 
 
104 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 to be called Fort Jackson, after the commanding general 
 Here the rivers approach within one hundred poles of 
 each other, and, again diverging, unite six miles below. 
 At this place, the chiefs of the different tribes were daily 
 arriving, and offering to submit on any terms. They all 
 concurred in their statements, that those of the hostile 
 party who were still opposed to asking for peace, had fled 
 from the nation, and sought refuge along the coast of Flo- 
 rida, and in Pensacola. General Jackson renewed the de- 
 claration, which he had previously made to them; that 
 they could find safety in no other way, than by repairing to 
 the section of country already pointed out to them; where 
 they might be quiet and free of any sort of molestation. 
 
 To put their friendly professions, which he distrusted, 
 at once to the test, he directed them to bring Weatherford 
 to his camp, confined, that he might be dealt with as he 
 deserved. He was one of the first chiefs of the nation, 
 and had been a principal actor in the butchery at Fort 
 Mimms. Justice well demanded retaliation against him. 
 Learning from the chiefs, on their return, what had been 
 required of them by Jackson, he was prevailed upon, as 
 perhaps the safer course, to proceed to his camp, and 
 make a voluntary surrender of himself. Having reached 
 it, without being kjiown, and obtained admission to the 
 General's quarters, he fearlessly stood in his presence and 
 told him he was Weatherford, the chief who had com- 
 manded at fort Mimms, and, that desiring peace for him- 
 self and for his people, had come to ask it. Somewhat 
 surprised that one v. ho so richly merited punishment 
 should so sternly demand the protection which had been 
 extended to others, Jackson replied to him, that he was 
 astonished he should venture to appear in his presence; 
 that he was not ignorant of his having been at Fort 
 Mimms, nor of his inhuman conduct there, for which he 
 well deserved to die. "I had directed," continued he, 
 "that you should be brought to me confined; and had 
 you appeared in this way, I should have known how to 
 have treated you." Weatherford replied, "I am in your 
 powei' — do with me as you please. I am a soldier. I 
 have done the white people all the harm I could; I have 
 fought them, and fought them bravely: if I had an army, 
 I would yet fight, and contend to the last: but I have none ; 
 my people are all gone. I can now do no more than 
 weep over the misfortunes of my nation." Pleased at 
 
CHAPTER V. 105 
 
 the firm and high-toned manner of this child of the forest, 
 Jackson informed him, that he did not solicit him to lay 
 down his arms, or to become peaceable: "The terms on 
 which your nation can be saved, and peace restored, has 
 already been disclosed: in this way, and none other, can 
 you obtain safety." If, however, he desired still to con- 
 tinue the war, and felt himself prepared to meet the con- 
 sequences, although he was then completely in his power, 
 no advantage should be taken of that circumstance; that 
 he was at perfect liberty to retire, and unite himself with 
 the war party, if he pleased; but when taken, his life 
 should pay the forfeit of his crimes; if this were not de- 
 sired, he might remain where he was, and be protected. 
 
 Nothing dismayed, Weatherford answered, he desired 
 peace, that his nation might, in some measure, be relieved 
 from their sufferings ; that, independent of other misfor- 
 tunes, growing out of a state of war, their cattle and grain 
 were all wasted and destroyed, and their women and chil- 
 dren left destitute of provisions. "But," continued he, 
 " I may be well addressed in such language now. There 
 w as a time when I had a choice, and could have answered 
 you: I have none now — even hope has ended. Once I 
 could animate my warriors to battle; but I cannot animate 
 the dead. My warriors can no longer hear my voice: 
 their bones are at Talladega, Tallushatchee, Emuckfaw, 
 and Tohopeaka. I have not surrendered myself thought- 
 lessly. Whilst there were chances of success, I never left 
 my post, nor supplicated peace. But my people are gone, 
 and I now ask it for my nation, and for myself. On the 
 miseries and misfortunes brought upon my country, I look 
 back with deepest sorrow, and wish to avert still greater 
 calamities. If I had been left to contend with the Georgia 
 army, I would have raised my corn on one bank of the 
 river, and fought them on the other; but your people have 
 destroyed my nation. You are a brave man: I rely upon 
 your generosity. You will exact no terms of a conquered 
 people but such as they should accede to: whatever they 
 may be, it would now be madness and folly to oppose. It 
 they are opposed, you shall find me amongst the sternest 
 enforcers of obedience. Those who would still hold out, 
 can be influenced only by a mean spirit of revenge; and to 
 this they must not, and shall not sacrifice the last remnant 
 of their country. You have told our nation where we 
 
106 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 might go, and be safe. This is good talk, and they ought 
 to listen to it. They shall listen to it." 
 
 The earnestness and bold independence of his conduct 
 left no doubt of the sincerity of his professions, and full 
 confidence was reposed in his declarations. The peace 
 party became reconciled to him, and consented to bury all 
 previous a^^imosities. In a few days afterwards, having 
 obtained permission, he set out from camp, accompanied 
 by a small party, to search through the forest for his fol- 
 lowers and friends, and persuade them to give up a con- 
 test, in which hope seemed to be at an end, that by timely 
 submission, they might save their nation from further dis- 
 asters. 
 
 The present was a favourable moment for preventing 
 all further opposition. The enemy, alarmed and panic 
 struck, were dispersed, and fleeing in different directions. 
 To keep alive apprehension, and prevent their recovering 
 from the fears with which they were now agitated, was oi 
 the utmost importance. If time were given them to rally, 
 and form further resolutions, some plan of operation might 
 be concerted; and although it might not be productive of 
 any serious or alarming consequences, yet it might have a 
 tendency to protract the war, and involve those deluded 
 people in still greater wretchedness. Detachments, suffi- 
 ciently strong, were accordingly ordered out, to range 
 through the country, prevent their collecting at any point, 
 and to scatter and destroy any who might be found con- 
 certing offensive operations. Wherever they directed 
 their course, submission, and an anxious desire for peace, 
 were manifested by the natives. Those who were still 
 resolved upon a continuance of the war, and trusted for 
 relief to the aid which by their British allies was promis- 
 ed, and which they had been for some time expecting, had 
 retired out of the country towards the sea coast, not doubt- 
 ing but the assistance looked for would shortly arrive, 
 enable them to re-commence hostilities with better hopes 
 of success, and regain their country, which they now con- 
 sidered lost. Many of the chiefs and warriors, looking to 
 the defeats they had continually met with in. all their bat- 
 tles, viewing it as impracticable with any expectation of 
 better fortune, to resist the numerous forces that were col- 
 lecting, and threatening at different points, and anxious to 
 have spared to them yet a portion of their country, deter- 
 mined to discard all ideas of further resistance, and to 
 
CHAPTER V. 107 
 
 throw themselves for safety on the mercy of their con- 
 querors. To this end, the chief men, from the different 
 tribes, were daily arriving, and asking for peace, on con- 
 dition only, that their lives might be spared. 
 
 General Jackson was not ignorant of the faithlessness 
 of these people, and how little confidence was to be repos- 
 ed in the professions of an enemy, who, prompted by fear, 
 could be controlled by its influence only whilst those fears 
 were continued. He well knew they had been too severely 
 chastised for their friendship or promises to be implicitly 
 relied on, and too much injured not to feel a disposition to 
 renew the conflict with the first flattering hope that dawn- 
 ed. Too many difliculties had been encountered, and too 
 many dangers overcome, in bringing those savages to a 
 sense of duty, to leave them now with no better security 
 than miere professions. Some arrangement was necessary 
 to be made^ that should prove lasting, and ensure certainty. 
 None seemed better calculated for these ends, than what 
 had been already announced ; that those disposed to throw 
 away the war club, and renew their friendly relations with 
 the United States, should retire in rear of the advance of 
 the anny, and occupy the country about the fort he had 
 established, and east of the Coosa river. The effect of 
 such an arrangement, it was calculated, would be this; 
 that by the line of posts already established, he would be 
 able to cut them off* from any communication with Florida; 
 while, by being placSd in that part of the nation inhabited 
 by the friendly Indians, whose fidelity was not doubted, 
 the earliest intelligence would be had of their hostile in- 
 tentions, should any be manifested. The conditions pro- 
 posed w^ere most cheerfully accepted: and the different 
 tribes forthwith sat out to occupy a portion of their country, 
 which alone seemed to promise protection and safety^ 
 Proctor, the chief of the Owewoha war tow-ns, to whom 
 this promised security from danger had first been made, 
 was reported to be still at home, and to have abandoned 
 all intention of removing, in consequence of permission 
 extended by the United States' agent to the Creeks, for 
 him and his warriors to remain where they were. On re- 
 ceiving this information, the General despatched a mes- 
 senger, with information, that whether he or the agent 
 were to be obeyed, was for him to decide; but that he 
 should treat as enemies all who did not immediately re- 
 tire to the section of country which had been pointed out. 
 
108 LIFE OF GENER.\L JACKSON. 
 
 The chief of Owewoha found no difficulty in deciding the 
 question, and without delay prepared to retire where he 
 had been previously ordered. 
 
 By the establishment of Fort Jackson, a line of posts was 
 now formed from Tennessee and from Georgia to the 
 Alabama river. The subdued spirit of the Indians clearly 
 manifesting that they were sincere in their desire for peace, 
 nothing remained to be done but to arrange and organize 
 the different garrisons in such a manner, that should any 
 hostile intention be hereafter discovered, it might be sup- 
 pressed before it could assume any very threatening 
 aspect. What final steps should be taken, and what plans 
 adopted, for permanent security, were to be deferred for 
 the arrival of Major-general Pinckney, who, being in the 
 neighbourhood, would, it was expected, on the next day 
 reach Fort Jackson. 
 
 On the 20th General Pinckney arrived, and assumed, in 
 person, the command of the army. The course pursued 
 by Jackson, towards satisfying the Indians, that to be 
 peaceable was all that war required of them, meeting his 
 approbation, and understanding that Ihe chiefs and war- 
 riors of the nation were retiring, with their families, 
 whither they had been directed to go, he was satisfied hos- 
 tilities must now cease. Independent of professions, here- 
 tofore made, much of the property plundered at Fort 
 Mimms, and along the frontiers, having been brought in 
 and delivered, no doubt was entertained but that all further 
 national opposition would be withdrawn. There being no 
 necessity, therefore, for maintaining an army longer in the 
 field, orders were issued, on the 21st April, for the troops 
 from Tennessee to be marched home and discharged ; tak- 
 ing care, on the route, to leave a sufficient force for gar- 
 risoning and protecting the posts already established. 
 
 To troops who had been engaged in such hasty and 
 fatiguing marches, who had been so much exposed to 
 hardships and dangers, and who had now, by their zealous 
 exertions in the cause of their country, brought a war to 
 a successful termination, and severely chastised the sava- 
 ges for unprovoked outrages upon their defenceless fron- 
 tiers, it was a pleasure to retire to their homes from the 
 scenes of wretchedness they had witnessed, and from a 
 contest, where every thing being performed, nothing 
 remained to be done. It was a cheering reflection to those 
 Iwave men, that, their trials being over, they were retiring 
 
CHAPTER V. 109 
 
 to their families and homes, and carrying with them that 
 sweetest and happiest of all consolations to a war-worn 
 soldier's mind, that, in the trying and difficult situations 
 in which they had been placed, they had acted with 
 honour to themselves, and with usefulness and fidelity to 
 their country. 
 
 Whilst these arrangements were progressing, the friend- 
 ly Creeks were engaged in pursuing and destroying their 
 fugitive countrymen with the most unrelenting rigour. 
 To have been at the destruction of Fort Mimms, was a 
 ground of accusation against a warrior, v, hich at once 
 placed him without the pale of mercy.^ They viewed, or 
 affected to view, this unwarranted and unprovoked ofience 
 with sentiments of deeper inveteracy than did even our 
 own troops. Meeting a small party who were on their 
 way to camp, to submit themselves on the terms that had 
 been previously offered, and understanding they had 
 accompanied Weatherford, in his attack on this fort, they 
 arrested their progress, and immediately put them to 
 death. To permit a course of conduct like this, was vrell 
 calculated to keep alive the timid apprehensions of the 
 Indians, and induce them to consider the proffered terms 
 of peace which Jackson had presented, as a stratagem to 
 hire them into danger, and effect their destruction: sensi- 
 ble of this, prompt and immediate steps were taken by the 
 commanding general to prevent its again recurring. 
 
 That people of the same nation should be found mar- 
 shalled in opposition to each other, is not a matter of sur- 
 prise, on the principles and practice of modern warfare, 
 which affects to prove it right to seize on any circum- 
 stance that may operate prejudicially to an enemy; but the 
 patriot, whose bosom swells with love of country, must 
 ever view it with abhorrence: and although, from necessity 
 or policy, he may be compelled to avail himself of the 
 advantages afforded by such a circumstance, he can never 
 be induced either to approve or justify it. Although the 
 war had been commenced in opposition to the views and 
 wishes of the friendly party, yet it was their duty to have 
 united. Entering the ranks of an invading army, and 
 figiiting for the extermination of their people, and the 
 destruction of their nation, is a circumstance which pre- 
 sents them in the character of traitors to their country, 
 and meriting the severest punishment. 
 
 In two hours after receiving General Pinckney's order, 
 
 K 
 
I 10 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 the troops commenced their return march, and reached 
 Fort Williams on the evening of the 24th. Immediate 
 measures were adopted for carrying into effect what had 
 been ordered; to send out detachments to assail and dis- 
 perse any collections of the war party that might be found 
 on the route, and within striking distance. 
 
 The East Tennessee troops having a longer period to 
 serve, were, on that account, selected to garrison the 
 different posts. General Doherty was accordingly directed 
 to detail from his brigade seven hundred and twenty-five 
 men, for the defence of those points, with a view to an 
 open communication being preserved with Fort Jackson, 
 and to secure more effectually, a peace, which, being sup- 
 posed for the present to be founded on the fears and dis- 
 tresses of the war party, was perhaps not so securely and 
 firmly established as that any necessary and precautionary 
 measure should be omitted. 
 
 General Jackson being now about to separate from his 
 army, did not omit to disclose to them the high sense he 
 entertained of their conduct, and how well they had deserv- 
 ed of their country. " Within a few days," said he, " you 
 have annihilated the power of a nation that for twenty years 
 has been the disturber of your peace. Your vengeance has 
 been satisfied. Wherever these infuriated allies of our 
 archenemy assembled for battle, you pursued and dispersed 
 them. The rapidity of your movements, and the brilliancy 
 of your achievements, have corresponded with the valour 
 by which you have been animated. The bravery you have 
 displayed in the field of battle, and the uniform good con- 
 duct you have manifested in your encampment, and on your 
 line of march, will long be cherished in the memory of 
 your general, and will not be forgotten by the country 
 which you have so materially benefited." 
 
 The constant and rapid movements of the troops for the 
 time they had been in service, had greatly exposed them; 
 and although many hardships had been encountered, yet 
 their duty had been performed without murmuring. A 
 retrospect of the last month will show, that more could 
 scarcely have been done. Fort Williams was reached just 
 four weeks from the time they had left it, on the expedition 
 to Tohopeka, where they had met and conquered the 
 enemy; whence, retuniing, not v/ith a view to obtain rest, 
 but to recruit the exhausted state of their provisions, in 
 one week was this same army on its way to Hoithlcwalee, 
 
CHAPTER V. I 1 I 
 
 where, supported and encouraged by their prophets, was 
 collected the strength of the nation. To this point did they 
 urge forward, over mountains, and through torrents of 
 continual rain, that rendered the route almost impassable; 
 and reached and destroyed, on the 14th, a town which the 
 inspired men of the nation had declared was consecrated, 
 and on which*no white man was ever to be permitted to 
 tread with impunity. On the 17th, they are found at the 
 confluence of the Coosa and Tallapoosa, treading still this 
 consecrated soil, and driving the panic-struck savages 
 before them; and again, on the 24th, are at Fort Williams, 
 retiring to their homes, from the labours they had encoun- 
 tered, and from the conquests they had gained. In such 
 celerity of movement, is to be found the cause which 
 secured to Jackson and his army the imiform successes 
 they obtained. So rapid were his marches, that not 
 unfrequently was he in the neighbourhood of the enemy 
 before they had received any intelligence of his approach ; 
 in addition to this, was attached to him the quality, that 
 few generals ever possessed in a higher degree, of inspir- 
 ing firmness in his ranks, and making even the timid brave. 
 An entire confidence of success, a full assurance of victory, 
 and a fearlessness and disregard of danger, were the feel- 
 ings displayed by himself in all difficult situations, and 
 those feelings he possessed the happy faculty of inspiring 
 to others, and of diffusing through his army. 
 
 Whether any of the hostile party were yet on the Co- 
 hawba, or had fled for safety to the British and Spaniards 
 at Pensacola, was uncertain. To ascertain this, to dis- 
 perse them, and destroy their villages. General Johnson 
 was despatched, at the head of five hundred men, with 
 orders to proceed along this river to its head branches, 
 effect the object so far as it was practicable, and re-unite 
 with the main army at Deposit Jackson reported to 
 General Pinckney, that his orders had been complied with; 
 .that four hundred troops had been detailed for the protec- 
 tion of Fort Williams, and that he would leave at the other 
 points a force correspondent to their exposed situations. 
 "The remainder of my troops," he continues, "I shall 
 march to Tennessee, where I shall discharge them : after 
 which, I shall no longer consider myself accountable for 
 the manner in which the posts may be defended, or the 
 line of communication kept open; — happy that the time 
 for which I offered my services to my government, and 
 
1 12 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 the duties which they assigned me to perform, will hava 
 terminated together." 
 
 The army proceeded on its march, and crossing Ten- 
 nessee river, in safety reached Camp Blount, near Fayette- 
 viHe, where they were discharged from further service, 
 Johnston, who had previously fallen in, had destroyed 
 some of the enemy's towns; but had learned nothing of a 
 force being any where embodied along the route he had 
 taken. 
 
 At parting with his troops, the general again brought 
 before them the recollection he retained of their faithful 
 and gallant conduct, and the patience with which they had 
 borne the privations and hardships of war. On his return, 
 wherever he passed, the plaudits of the people were liber- 
 ally bestowed. The ardent and extraordinary zeal he had 
 manifested in the service of his country, the difficulties he 
 had surmounted, with the favourable termination, which, 
 by his exertions, had been given to a contest that had kept 
 alive the anxieties and fears of the frontier settlers, excited 
 a general feeling of gratitude and admiration; all were 
 ready to evince the high sense they entertained of the 
 success with which every effort had been crowned, and 
 with one accord united in manifesting their confidence and 
 respect for him, who^ by his zealous exertions, able man- 
 agement, and fidelity to the cause in which he had embarked, 
 had so essentially contributed to the safety, the happiness, 
 and quiet of the country. 
 
 ■■•••*♦© ^5 O^*" •■ ' 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Jackson h appointed a major-general in the service of the United 
 States. — Is directed to open a negotiation with the Indians. — Speech 
 of the Big Waiiior, a chief of the nation. — Concludes a treaty with , 
 the Creek Indians. — His views against Pensacola and Florida. — 
 General Araistiong^s letter. — The Spanish governor is called on for 
 an explanation of his conduct. — His answer, and General Jackson's 
 reply. — The adjutant-general is despatclied to Tennessee to r^se 
 volunteei-s. — Jackson sets ovit for Mobile. — Orders the Tennessee 
 troops to advance. 
 
 If Jackson had been enabled, after his first battle with 
 the enemy, to prosecute the campaign, it might have had a 
 
CHAPTER VI. 113 
 
 much earlier conclusion ; but although he had, at the onset, 
 obtained advantages from which benefits might have arisen, 
 yet, from the want of proper exertions on the part of the 
 contractors, he was halted, and compelled to retrace his 
 steps back to his first position. From the delays here 
 unavoidably met with, flowed those grievances which gave 
 a check to further active operations. The winter, against 
 which his troops were ill provided was fast approaching; 
 hardships, and hunger, which were already pressing, with 
 a long fatiguing campaign in prospect, presented imagi- 
 nary difficulties, and excited discontents, which presently 
 broke out into open mutiny; and although the intention of 
 the volunteers, to desert the service, and retire home, had 
 been prevented by the stern and resolute conduct of the 
 general, yet were they thereby unfitted for the dutiife of 
 the field, because entire confidence was no longer to be 
 reposed. To venture v, ith such troops, Avho, whilst the 
 tomahawk and scalping knife were uplifted, to wreak 
 vengeance on our devoted frontiers, w^ere coolly construing 
 the effect and meaning of laws, was too unsafe a reliance 
 for a commander whose first object was to impress on the 
 minds of the savages the determination and strength of the 
 government he represented. It was adventuring too largely; 
 ifor, should defeat result, the difficulty of drawing a nev/ 
 army to the field, would be increased; whilst that self-con- 
 fidence in troops, so necessary to complete success, would 
 essentially be lost. It was believed to be the safer course, 
 to permit his discontented volunteers to depart, and await 
 the arrival of another force. These circumstances had a 
 tendency to encourage the Indians, and protract the war. 
 Had the volunteers proceeded with the animation and 
 bravery which characterized them in the battle they had 
 just fought, they would have gradually acquired a confi- 
 dence calculated to render them an overmatch for Indian 
 valour and cunning; whilst by one further successful effort, 
 they might have dispirited the enemy, and ended the cam- 
 paign. But the arrival of a different description of troops, 
 and the confusion into which they w^ere thrown at the 
 battle of Enotichopco, had encouraged the savages, and 
 induced them to think the contest by no means hazardous. 
 The despondency which had resulted from, their previous 
 defeats, was from that moment forgotten; and, again 
 inspirited, they looked to the accomplishment of their 
 object with hopes of certainty even greater than before. 
 K 2 
 
114 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 Perhaps, however, it was fortunate that events transpired 
 in the way they did. Had peace been restored in conse- 
 quence of early fears excited, it might have lasted only un- 
 til a favourable opportunity occurred of again breaking it; 
 but the war having continued, until the hopes, the strength, 
 and spirit of the nation were exhausted, nothing serious is 
 now to be apprehended from any hostile disposition that 
 mav hereafter be manifested. Other advantages will also 
 result. The uniform and uninterrupted successes obtain- 
 ed over them in all our battles, may impress the Indiana 
 generally within our limits, with a higher reverence for 
 the character of our nation than they have hitherto been 
 disposed to entertain; give protection to our citizens, and 
 ensure that security to the government, which the mild- 
 nesa^it has practised, and the tribute it has constantly 
 given for their peace^ has, heretofore, never been able to 
 effect; they will tend to destroy the influence held over 
 them by other nations, and bring them to a conviction, that 
 the United States is the only power whose hostility they 
 should fear, or whose friendship they should prize. 
 
 It w as now eight months since General Jackson had left 
 his home, to arrest the progress of the Indian war; during 
 most of which time he had been in a situation of bodily in- 
 firmity, that would have directed a prudent man to his 
 bed, instead of advancing to the field. During this period, 
 he had never seen his family, or been absent from the 
 army, except to visit the posts in his rear, and arrange 
 with his contractors some certain plan to guard against a 
 future failure of supplies. His health was still delicate, 
 and rendered retirement essential to its restoration; but 
 his uniformly successful and good conduct, and the essen- 
 tial advantages he had produced, had brought him too con- 
 spicuous4y before the public, for any other sentiment to be 
 indulged, than that he should be placed, with an impor- 
 tant command, in the service of the United States. 
 
 The resignation of General Hampton enabled the govern- 
 ment, in a short time, to afford to him an evidence of the 
 respect it entertained for his services and character. A 
 notice of his appointment as brigadier and brevet major- 
 general, was forwarded on the 22d of May, from the war 
 department. General Harrison having, about this time, 
 become dissatisfied with the conduct of the government, 
 refused to be longer considered one of her military actors; 
 to supply which vacancy, a commission of major-general 
 
CHAPTER VI. 115 
 
 was forwarded to Jackson, which reached him the day after 
 the notification of his first appointment, and before he had 
 been enabled to return an answer whether or not it would 
 be accepted. The important services which he had ren- 
 dered, added to the rank which, under the authority of his 
 state, he held, might well induce a doubt whether the ap- 
 pointment first conferred, was at all complimentary, or 
 one which, in justice to his own character, he could have 
 accepted. Whatever of objection could have arisen, on 
 this subject, was removed by the subsequent appointment 
 of major-general, made on the resignation of Harrison, and 
 which was accepted. • 
 
 The contest with the Indians being ended, the first and 
 principal object of the government was, to enter into some 
 definitive arrangement which should deprive of success 
 any effort that might hereafter be made, by other powers, 
 to enlist those savages in their wars. None was so well 
 calculated to answer this end, as that of restricting their 
 limits, so as to cut off their communication with British 
 and Spanish agents in East and West Florida. 
 
 No treaty of friendship or of boundary had yet been en- 
 tered into with the Indians: they remained a conquered 
 people, and within the limits of the United States, subject 
 to the regulations rnd restrictions which had been pre- 
 scribed in March, by General Jackson, when he retired 
 from their country. He was by the government, now 
 called upon to act in a new and different character, and to 
 negotiate the terms upon which an amicable understand- 
 ing should be restored between the United States and the 
 conquered Indians. But for the government to proceed 
 on the principles of equal and reciprocal treaty stipula- 
 tion, was, in reference to the expensive war imposed on 
 them, and the unprovoked manner in which it had been 
 begun, not to be expected. The Indians had broken, 
 without cause, the treaty they had made, outraged huma- 
 nity, and murdered our unoffending citizens. Under such 
 circumstances, by the peace to be concluded, to negotiate 
 with, and as heretofore recognize them as an independent 
 and sovereign people, comported not with propriety, nor 
 was it demanded by any, the ties of moral duty. General 
 Jackson, therefore, was directed to treat with them as a 
 conquered people, and to prescribe, not negotiate, the 
 terms and conditions of a peace. Colonel Hawkins, who, 
 
1 16 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 for a considerable time past, had been the agent to this 
 nation, was also associated in the mission. 
 
 On the 10th of July, the General, with a small retinue, 
 reached the Alabama; and on the 10th of August, after 
 some difficulty, succeeded in procuring the execution of a 
 treaty, in which the Indians pledged themselves no more 
 to listen to foreign emissaries,-^to hold no communication 
 with British or Spanish garrisons; guaranteed to the 
 United States the right of erecting milkary posts in their 
 country, and a free navigation of all their waters. They 
 stipulated also, that they would suffer no agent or trader to 
 pass among them, or hold any kind •f commerce or inter- 
 course with their nation, unless specially deriving his au- 
 thority from the president of the United States. 
 
 The exactions of this treaty were in conformity with in- 
 structions issued from the department of war, and differ in 
 expression from what has been usually contained in instru- 
 ments of a similar kind. It breathes the language of de- 
 mand, not contract and agreement; and hence has General 
 Jackson been censured for the manner after which the ne- 
 gotiation was concluded. The course, however, which 
 was pursued, is really justified by the terms and expres- 
 sions of the order under which he acted, and which pre- 
 vented the exercise of discretion. General Armstrong, 
 who at that time was in the cabinet, and spoke the senti- 
 ments of the president, in a letter addressed to Jackson on 
 the 24th of March, uses the following remarks. "It has 
 occurred to me, that the proposed treaty with the Creeks, 
 should take a form altogether military, and be in the na- 
 ture of a capitulation; in which case, the whole authority 
 of making and concluding the terms, will be in you exclu- 
 sively as commanding general.'* Accompanying which 
 were instructions formally drawn up, and v/hich were to 
 constitute the basis on which the negotiation was to resu* 
 
 • Mr. Clay, speaker of the house, in 1819, pending the General's 
 controversy, severely assailed Generul Jackson, on account of the au- 
 thoritative tone contained in the ti'eaty of Fort Jackson. Having Litcly 
 returned from his Client mission, his opinion was, tliat there was not 
 enough of courtly etiquette employed in the phraseolog)' of the 
 treaty; and that towards these murdering, scalping, and conquered sa- 
 vages, every thing of friendly reciprocity sliould have been employed, 
 as with the most civilized nations of the world. The censure thus im- 
 posed v/as ill-placed, and knowingly so. What General Jackson mig-ht 
 have done, acting upon his own responsibility, c;mnot be known, and 
 
CHAPTER VL [If 
 
 Without violence to those feelings benevolence excites, 
 the United States might have demanded their country, 
 and either have treated the Indians as vassals, and subjected 
 them to legislative control, or admitted them into their 
 national compact, with such rights of citizenship, as, from 
 their peculiar habits of life, they were calculated safely to 
 enjoy; but the humane and generous policy which had 
 been maintained in all transactions with the savages with- 
 in their limits, induced the government to require in the 
 cession, only such portion of their country as might have a 
 tendency to bar every avenue to foreign intrigue, and give 
 additional strength to those sections of the union, which, 
 from their limited extent of territory, and limited popula- 
 tion, were unable to afford sufficient supplies for the sub- 
 sistence of an army, or give a partial check to the inroads 
 of an invading enemy. The lines defined by the treaty 
 were so arranged as fully to meet these objects. Sufficient 
 territory was acquired on the south to give security to the 
 Mobile settlements, and to the western borders of Georgia, 
 which had often felt the stroke of Indian vengeance and 
 cruelty ; while at the same time, was effected, the impor- 
 tant purpose of separating them from the Seminole tribes 
 and our unfriendly neighbours in Florida. To the fron- 
 tiers of Tennessee, an assurance of safety was given by 
 
 need not be inquired after, inasmuch as he had no discretion; and be- 
 cause the orders of General Armstrong, then secretary of war, not 
 merely authorised, but dii'ected him to treat with the Indians as a con- 
 quered people, and not upon terms of reciprocity. The instructions 
 given by the secretary of war, as to die conditions after which a treaty 
 should be concluded, arc as follows: 
 
 1st. An indemnification for expenses incurred by the United States 
 in prosecuting the war, by such cession of land as may be deemed an 
 equivalent for said expenses. 
 
 2d. A stipulation on their part that they will cease all intercourse 
 with any Spanish port, garrison, or town; and that they will not admit 
 amongst them any agent or trader who does not derive his authority or 
 license from the United States, 
 
 3d. An acknowledgment of the right of the United States to open 
 roads through their temtory; and also to establish such military posts 
 and trading houses as may be deemed necessary' and proper; and 
 
 *4tli. A surrender of the prophets and other instigators of the war, to 
 be held subject to the order of the preadent. 
 
 You are authorized, in conjunction with Colonel Hawkins, to open 
 and conclude a treaty of peace with the hostile Creeks, as soon as 
 they shall express a desire to put an end to the war. 
 
 J. ARMSTRONG, 
 
I 18 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 the settlements which would be afforded on the lands 
 stretching along the Tennessee river ; whilst the extent of 
 the cession, west of the Coosa, would effectually eject all 
 communication with the Chickasaws and Choctaws, and 
 prevent the passage of those emissaries from the north- 
 western tribes, who, during the present war, had so in- 
 dustriously fomented the discontents of the Creeks, and 
 excited them to hostility. It is a happy consideration, 
 that while these advantages were obtained, no material in- 
 jury Avas done those vanquished people. Their country 
 presented none of those inducements to the hunter, which 
 could, as heretofore be relied on with certainty; while, for 
 all the purposes of agriculture, the part reserved for them, 
 was more than sufficient for fifty times the population 
 which their nation contained. It may appear plausible in 
 theory, but practice will always disprove the idea, that the 
 civilization of Indians can be effected, wl)ilst, scattered 
 through an immense wilderness, they are left to pursue 
 their vagrant, wandering, habits of life. Inured to pecu- 
 liar manners, from their earliest period, it certainly would 
 not answer to innovate at once upon their ancient customs; 
 but, were their extensive wilds gradually reduced, so, in 
 proportion, would the benefits resulting from hunting, 
 and wandering through the forest, subside, until prompted 
 by necessity, they* would resort to industry and agricul- 
 ture, as the only certain and lasting mean of support, and 
 thus imperceptibly be forced into a different and more ad- 
 vantageous course of life. 
 
 Unwilling to resort to any other mode of living than that 
 to which they had been always accustomed; and satisfied 
 that the means of subsistence would be lost in the surren- 
 der of their country, they remained obstinately opposed 
 to every arrangement. Before being finally acted upon, 
 the treaty had been fully debated in council, and the voice 
 of the nation pronounced against it. Jackson had sub- 
 mitted the views of his government, and now met them in 
 council, to learn their determination. He was answered 
 by the Big Warrior, a friendly chief, and one of the first 
 orators of the nation, who declared the reluctance that was 
 felt, in yielding to his demand, from a conviction of th£ 
 consequences involved, and the distresses it must inevi- 
 tably bring upon them. The firm and dignified eloquence 
 of this untutored orator, evinced a nerve and force of ex- 
 pression, that might not have passed unnoticed, had it 
 
CHAPTER VI. 419 
 
 been exhibited before a more highly polished assembly: 
 the conclusion of his speech is given, for the satisfaction 
 of such as can mark the bold display of savage genius, and 
 admire it when discovered. Having unfolded the causes 
 which produced the war, told of their sufferings, and 
 admitted that they had been preserved alone by the army 
 which had hastened to their assistance, he urged, that 
 although in justice, it might be required of them to defray, 
 by a transfer of a portion of their country, the expenses 
 incurred, yet was the demand premature, because the war 
 was not ended, nor the war party conquered; they had 
 only fled away, and might yet return. He portrayed the 
 habits of the Indians, and how seriously they would be 
 affected by the required surrender, and thus concluded: 
 
 "The president, our father, advises us to hone&ty and 
 fairness, and promises that justice shall be done: I hope 
 and trust it will be ! I made this war, which has proved 
 8o fatal to my country, that the treaty entered into a long 
 time ago, with father Washington, might not be broken. 
 To his friendly arm I hold fast. I will never break that 
 bright chain of friendship we made together, and which 
 bound us to stand to the United States. He was a father 
 lo the Muscoga people; and not only to them, but to all 
 the people beneath the sun. His talk I now hold in my 
 hand. There sits the agent he sent among us. Never 
 has he broken the treaty. He has lived with us a long 
 time. He has seen our children born, who now have chil- 
 dren. By his direction, cloth was wove, and clothes were 
 made, and spread through our country; but the JRed Sticks 
 came, and destroyed all, — we have none now. Hard is 
 our situation, and you ought to consider it. I state what 
 all the nation knows : nothing will I keep secret. 
 
 "There stands the Little Warrior. While we were 
 seeking to give satisfaction for the murders that had been 
 committed, he proved a mischief-maker; he went to the 
 British on the lakes; he came back, and brought a package 
 to the frontiers, which increased the murders here. This 
 conduct has already made the war party to suffer greatly: 
 but, although almost destroyed, they v/ill not yet open 
 their eyes, but are still led away by the British at JPcnsa- 
 cola. Not so with us: we were rational, and had our 
 senses — we yet are so. In the war of the revolution, 
 our father beyond the waters encouraged us to join him, 
 and Vie did so. We had no sense then. The promises he 
 
120 tlFE OF GENERAL JACKSON 
 
 made were never kept We were young and foolish, and 
 fought with him. The British can no more persuade us 
 to do wrong: they have deceived us once, and can deceive 
 us no more. You are two great people. If you go to 
 war, we will have no concern in it; for we are not able to 
 fight. We wish to be at peace with every nation. If they 
 offer me arms, I will say to them, You put me in danger, 
 to war against a people born in our own land. They shall 
 never force us into danger. You shall never see that our 
 chiefs are boys in council, who will be forced to do any 
 thing. I talk thus, knowing that father Washington 
 advised us never to interfere in wars. He told us that those 
 in peace were the happiest people. He told us, that if an 
 enemy attacked him, he had warriors enough, and did not 
 wish his red children to help him. If the British advise 
 us to any thing, I will tell you — not hide it from you. If 
 they say we must fight, I will tell them. No!'* 
 
 The war party being not entirely subdued, was but a 
 pretext to avoid the demands which were made; presum- 
 ing that if the council could break up, without any thing 
 being definitely done, they might, in part, or perhaps 
 altogether, avoid what v/as now required of them to do; but 
 the inflexibility of the person with whom they were treating, 
 evinced, that hov/ever just and well founded might be their 
 objections, the policy under which he acted was too clearly 
 defined, for any abandonment of his demands to be at all 
 calculated upon. Shelocta, a chief, v/ho had united with 
 our troops at the commencement of the war; marched and 
 fought with them in all their battles; and who had attached 
 to himself strongly the confidence of the commanding 
 general, now addressed him. He told him of the regard 
 he had ever felt for his white brothers, and with what zeal 
 he had exerted himself to preserve peace, and to remain in 
 friendship; when his efforts had failed, he had taken up 
 arms against his country, and fought against his own peo- 
 ple; that he was not opposed to yielding the lands lying on 
 the Alabama, v.hich would answer the purpose of cutting 
 off any intercourse with the Spaniards; but the country 
 west of the Coosa he v/ished to be preserved to the nation.* 
 To effect this, he appealed to the feelings of Jackson; told 
 him of the dangers they had passed together; and of his 
 
 ' This country west of the Coosa now loirns the respectable stale 
 of Alabaitia, admitted into the U:iion in the year 1829 
 
CHAPTER VI. 121 
 
 faithfulness, in the trying scenes through which they had 
 gone. 
 
 There were, indeed, none whose voice ought sooner to 
 have been heard than Shelocta's. None had rendered 
 greater services, and none had been more faithful. He had 
 claims, growing out of his fidelity, that few others had : 
 but his wishes were so much at variance with what Jack- 
 son considered the interest of his country required, that he 
 was answered without hesitation. *' You know," said he, 
 " that the portion of country which you desire to retain, is 
 that through which the intruders and mischief-makers from 
 the lakes reached you, and urged your nation to those acts 
 of violence that have involved your people in wretchedness, 
 and your country in ruin. Thrpugh it leads the path 
 Tecumseh trod, when he came to visit you: that path must 
 be stopped. UntiJ this be done, your nation cannot expect 
 happiness, nor mine security. I have already told you the 
 reasons for demanding it; they are such as ought not — can- 
 not be departed from. This evening must determine 
 whether or not you are disposed to become friendly. By 
 rejecting the treaty you will show that you are the enemies 
 of the United States— enemies to yourselves." He admit- 
 ted it to be true, that the war was not ended, yet that this 
 v/as an additional reason why the cession should be made; 
 that then a line would be drawn, by which his soldiers 
 would be enabled to distinguish and know their friends. 
 "When our armies," continued he, "came here, the hostile 
 party had even stripped you of your country : we retook it, 
 and now offer to restore it; — theirs we propose to retain. 
 Those who are disposed to give effect to the treaty, will 
 sigpii it. They will be within our territory; will be protected 
 and fed; and no enemy of theirs, or oui*s, shall molest them. 
 Those who are opposed to it shall have permission to 
 retire to Pensacola. Here is the papier: take it, and ijiaqi- 
 fest who are his friends. Consult, and this evening let 
 mel:now who will assent, and who will not. Act as you 
 think proper." 
 
 They proceeded to deliberate and re-examine the course 
 they should pursue, which terminated in their assent to 
 the ti-eaty, and the extension of those advantages that had 
 been insisted on.* 
 
 • It was agreed that the line should begin where the Cherokee 
 southern boundary crossed the Coosa, to run down that river to Woe- 
 L 
 
122 LIFE OF GEKERAL JACKSOK. 
 
 In the progress of this business another difficulty arose: 
 the council insisted that there should be inserted in the 
 treaty a reservation of certain tracts of land; one for 
 Colonel Hawkins, in consideration of his fidelity as an 
 agent; and another to Jackson, because of the gratitude 
 felt towards him for his exertions in their favour against 
 the hostile Creeks. To this the geii^ral objected. It was 
 personal as it regarded himself, and he was unwilling to 
 appear in any point of view, where suspicion could attach, 
 that he had availed himself of his official situation to obtain 
 personal benefits; fully aware, that however the facts in 
 reality might be, selfish considerations would be imputed 
 as an inducement to what was done. He refused, there- 
 fore, to have it inserted ; and for a further reason, that the 
 instructions under which he was acting, required it to be 
 a capitulation and not a treaty. The next morning, how- 
 ever, when they met in council to sign the instrument, the 
 chiefs delivered to the general a paper, expressing a wish, 
 and disclosing their reasons, that a reservation to himself, 
 —Colonel Hawkins, and Mayfield, who being made a pri- 
 soner in his youth, had always resided in the nation, might 
 be assented to; and requested it to be forwarded on and 
 made known to the government. Jackson consented to do 
 so, and to recommenid its adoption; but that the reserva- 
 tion they had thought proper to request, if assented to, he 
 would accept of on no other terms than that the president 
 should dispose of it, and apply the proceeds to those of 
 the nation on whom distress and poverty had been brought 
 by the war. Mr. Madison subsequently brought this mat- 
 ter to the consideration of the Senate of the United States, 
 and in recommending its adoption highly complimented 
 the delicacy with which the proposition had been met by 
 General Jackson: it was, however, never acted on by 
 (Ibngress. 
 
 Every attention had been given, during the negotiation, 
 to impress on the minds of the savages the necessity of 
 remaining at peace and friendship with the United States; 
 for, although all apprehensions of their acting in concert 
 as a nation had subsided, yet it was important to leave 
 
 tum-ka, and thence eastwardly to Georgia. East and north of thig 
 line, containing upwards of one hundred and fifty thousand square 
 miles, remained to the Indians. West and south was »ec\u^ to the 
 United States. 
 
CHAPTER VI. 123 
 
 their minds favourably impressed, lest the wandering fugi- 
 tives, scattered in considerable numbers towards the Escam- 
 bia and Pensacola, might, by continuing hostile, associate 
 others of their countrymen, — attach themselves to the 
 British, should they appear in the south, aid them by 
 their numbers, and pilot them through the country. 
 
 This retreat of the savages in East Florida, had been 
 always looked upon as a place whence the United States 
 might apprehend serious difficulties. Thei-e v/as no doubt, 
 but that the British, through this channel, with the aid of 
 the governor, had protected the Indians, and supplied theffn 
 with arms and ammunition; nor was it less certain, but 
 that through the art and address practised on them, they 
 had been excited to the outrages which had been hereto- 
 fore committed. It was an idea entertained by Jackson 
 at the commencement of the Creek war, that the most 
 effectual and proper mode of procedure would be to push 
 his army through the nation; gain this den, where vege- 
 tated so many evils; and, by holding it, effectually cut off 
 their intercourse, and means of encouraging the war: but 
 the unexpected difficulties which v/c have before noticed, 
 had repressed the execution of his v/ell digested plans, and 
 left him to pursue his course as circumstances, and the 
 obstacles met with, would permit- The assistance which^ 
 during the war, had been continually afforded these people 
 from Pensacola, induced him once more to turn his atten- 
 tion there; and he now strongly urged on government the 
 propriety of attacking and breaking down this strong hold, 
 whence so many evils had flowed, and whence greater ones 
 were yet to be expected. His busy mind, actively engaged, 
 while employed in settling all differences at Fort Jackson, 
 had sought through every channel that could afford it, infor- 
 mation as to the designs of the British against the southern 
 parts of the Union. The idea had been prevalent, and gene- 
 rally indulged, that, so soon as the severity of approach- 
 ing winter should put a stop to active operations on the 
 Canada frontier, with ail their disposable force, they would 
 turn their attention against the southern states, and there 
 attempt to gain some decisive advantage. New Orleans, 
 with one consent, was fixed upon as the point that most 
 probably would be assailed. The circumstance of there 
 being so many persons there who had never been supposed 
 to entertain any well-founded regard for the country in 
 
124 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 which they lived, together with a large black population, 
 which it was feared might be excited to insurrection and 
 massacre, through the persuasions of an enemy, were rea- 
 sons which strongly led to this conclusion. 
 
 General Jackson having understood, that comfort and 
 aid was still afforded by the Spanish governor to the hos- 
 tile Indians, who had fled from the ravages of the Creek 
 war, cherished the belief that his conduct was such as de- 
 servedly to exclude him from that protection to which, 
 under other circumstances, he would be entitled, from the 
 pfbfessed neutrality of Spain. At all events, if the impro- 
 per acts of the Spanish agents would not authorize the 
 American government openly to redress the unprovoked 
 injuries it had received, they were such, he believed, as 
 would justify any course which had for its object to arrest 
 their continuance and give safety to the country. In this 
 point of view he had already considered it, when on his 
 way to the treaty at Fort Jackson, he received certain 
 information, that about three hundred English troops had 
 landed; were fortifying themselves at the mouth of the 
 Apalachicola; and were endeavouring to excite the Indians 
 to war. No time was lost in giving the government no- 
 tice of what was passing, and of the course deemed most 
 advisable to be pursued. The advantages to be secured 
 from the possession bf Pensacola he had frequently urged. 
 Whether it was that the government beheld things in a 
 point of view different from himself, or that being at peace 
 with Spain, was disposed to encounter partial inconvenien- 
 ces, rather than add her to the number of our enemies, no 
 order to that effect was given. In detailing to the secretary 
 of war the information that had been communicated to him, 
 he remarks: "If the hostile Creeks have taken refuge in 
 Florida, and are there fed, clothed, and protected ; if the 
 British have landed a large force, munitions of war, and 
 are fortifying and stirring up the savages; will you only say 
 to me, raise a few hundred militia, which can be quickly 
 done, and with such regular force as can be conveniently 
 collected, make a descent upon Pensacola, and reduce it? 
 If so, I promise you the war in the south shall have a speedy 
 termination, and English influence be forever destroyed 
 with the savages in this quarter." 
 
 Notwithstanding this and other information communi- 
 cated to the government, yet, to his repeated and pressing 
 applications, he was unable to obtain any answer: nothing 
 
( 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 125 
 
 was returned that could be construed into a permission of, 
 or command to abstain from the execution of his project. 
 At length, on the I7th of January, 1815, after the British 
 army had been repulsed at New Orleans, and the descent 
 on Florida almost forgotten, through the post office depart- 
 ment, dated at Washington city, the 18th of July, 1814, he 
 received the following letter from General Armstrong, then 
 
 ae£jC^t>y::jL.aLL3Sfli' : 
 
 f'The case you put is a very strong one: and if all the 
 circumstances stated by you unite, the conclusion is irre- 
 sistible. It becomes our duty to carry our arms where 
 we find our enemies. It is believed, and I am so directed 
 by the president to say, that there is a disposition on the 
 part of the Spanish government, not to break with the 
 United States, nor to encourage any conduct on the part of 
 her subordinate agents, having a tendency to such rup- 
 ture. We must, therefore, in this case, be careful to as- 
 certain facts, and even to distinguish what, on the part of 
 the Spanish authorities, may be the effect of menace and 
 compulsion, or of their choice and policy: the result of 
 this inquiry must govern. If they admit, feed, arm, and 
 co-operate with the British and hostile Indians, wc must 
 strike on the broad principle of self-preservation : — under 
 other and different circumstances, we must forbear." 
 
 That the state of things, here suggested by the secretary, 
 did actually exist; that the British were favourably re- 
 ceived, and every assistance necessary to a continuance of 
 hostilities extended to the Indians, the government had 
 been already apprised, by the frequent communications 
 made to them on the subject. The facts were too well as- 
 certained for any reasonable doubt to attach. To deter- 
 mine then upon a proper course, no postulata were neces- 
 sary, or should have been required by the government. 
 Had this letter reached him in time, it would at once 
 have determined General Jackson in the course proper to 
 be pursued; how it was so long delayed, we knov/ not, 
 nor shall we pretend to conjecture; for on such a subject, 
 conjeclure alone could be indulged. We would, however, 
 recorftmend in all cases, where a measure is to be proceed- 
 ed in, either from necessity, or a well founded apprehen- 
 sion of its propriety, that the government should adopt it 
 without fear or trembling, and from no regard to the con- 
 sequences involved; nor leave to be determined by the 
 success or failure of the design, whether an officer acting 
 I. 2 
 
126 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 upon his own responsibility, and for the good of his 
 country, shall become the subject of commendation or re- 
 proof. 
 
 "If" remarked the General, speaking of this transac- 
 tion, " this letter, or any hint that such a course would 
 have been even winked at by the government, had been re- 
 ceived, it would have been in my power to have captured 
 the British shipping in the bay. I would have marched at 
 once against Barrancas, and carried it, and thus prevented 
 an escape; but, acting on my own responsibility against a 
 neutral power, it became essential to proceed with more 
 caution than my judgment or wishes approved, and conse- 
 quently important advantages were lost, which might 
 have been secured." The delay of this letter is inexplicably 
 strange. Did General Armstrong detain it? He could 
 not, because his efficiency of character and decision stand 
 in opposition to the idea; and, besides, after the burning of 
 Washington, in August IS 14, he ceased to have any agency 
 in the affairs of the government. It is a circumstance, 
 which, during this time, could not have remained under 
 the control of accident: it must have been the effect of 
 management somewhere, and of a design intended for 
 some important purpose; if any mishaps occurred, and 
 a question arose where responsibility should rest, the ab- 
 sence of authority would readily affix it on Jackson. If 
 our cause had proved disastrous at New Orleans, it would 
 have been an easy and plausible matter to have ascribed it 
 to the time lost in waring operations agamst a neutral and 
 friendly power, without the sanction of the government. 
 
 On reaching Fort Jackson, his first attention had been 
 directed to a subject which he believed to be of greater im- 
 portance than making Indian treaties — to establish a plan 
 by which to be constantly advised, during his stay, of those 
 schemes that were in agitation in the south: believing that 
 every passing event might be readily obtained through the 
 Indians, who could go among the British without in the 
 least exciting suspicion, he had required Colonel Haw- 
 kins to procure some who were confidential, and might be 
 certainly relied on, to proceed to the Apalachicoluf and 
 towards the coast, and to return as early as they could ob- 
 tain correct information of the strength, views, and situa- 
 tion of the enemy. In about fifteen days they came back, 
 confirming the statement previously received, that a con- 
 siderable English force had arrived, and was then in the 
 
CHAPTER VI. 127 
 
 bay of St. Rose ; that muskets and ammunition had been 
 given to the Indians, and runners despatched to the dif- 
 ferent tribes to invite them to the coast 
 
 Satisfied that such permissions, by a neutral power, were 
 too grievous to be borne, he immediately addressed a let- 
 ter to the governor of Pensacola, apprising him of the in- 
 formation received; and inquiring why and wherefore it 
 happened that every protection and assistance was furnish- 
 ed the enemies of the United States, within his territory; 
 requested him to state whether or not the facts were as 
 they had been represented; and demanded to have surren- 
 dered to him such of the chiefs of the hostile Indians as 
 were with him. "I rely," continued he, "on the existing ' 
 friendship of Spain, her treaties, and that neutrality which 
 she should observe, as authority for the demand I make.** 
 The governor's answer, which shortly afterwards was re- 
 ceived, evinced nothing of a conciliatory temper, and left 
 no hope of procuring any other redress than that which 
 might be obtained through some different channel. It was 
 a subject, however, which required to be managed with 
 considerable caution. 
 
 Spain and the United States were in amity and at peace; 
 to reduce any portion of her territory, and take possession 
 of it, in exclusion of her authority, might be construed 
 such an aggression, as to induce her into the war. On 
 the other hand, for her, with open arms, to receive our 
 enemies, and permit them to make every preparation 
 within her ports, for invading and attacl^ng our country, 
 were outrages too monstrous to be borne, and, in the 
 opinion of Jackson, required to be remedied, let the con- 
 sequences in prospective be what they might. Although 
 these things had been earnestly pressed upon the conside- 
 ration of the war department, no answer to his repeated 
 solicitations on the subject had been received. On his 
 own responsibility, to advance to the execution of a mea- 
 sure, which involved so much, when his government was, 
 and had for some time been, in possession of all the cir- / 
 cumstances, was risking too much. Yet, were it delayed NT 
 longer, every day might give to Pensacola additional 
 strength, and increase the danger attendant on its reduc- 
 tion. Undetermined, under considerations like these, he 
 resolved upon another -expedient — to despatch a messen- 
 ger, to lay open to the governor the ground of his com- 
 plaint—obtain from him a declaration of his intention, as 
 
128 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 regarded the course he meant to pursue — and ascer* 
 tain whether he designed to make subsisting treaties 
 between the two nations, the basis of his conduct, or to 
 adopt a strange and concealed course, which, under the 
 garb of pretended friendship, cloaked all the realities of 
 war. The propriety of delivering up the hostile Indians, 
 who were with him, to atone for the violation of existing 
 treaties, and the rights of humanity, and the murders they 
 had committed, was again pressed and solicited. 
 
 A reply was not concluded on by the governor for some 
 time, awing to a very considerable doubt that harassed his 
 mind, whether it would not be more proper to return it 
 without an answer, "in imitation of the conduct of Gene- 
 ral Flournoy, who, acting in conformy to the orders of 
 Mr. Madison, heretofoi-e had omitted to answer a des- 
 patch of his." But having considered the matter quite 
 maturely and deliberately, he at length came to the con- 
 clusion, to wave the example set him by the president, and 
 in replying, to act in obedience to those "high and gene- 
 rous feelings peculiar to the Spanish character." 
 
 In answer to the demand made upon him, that the hos- 
 tile Indians should be delivered up, he denied that they 
 were with him, "at that time," or that he could, on the 
 ground of hospitality, refuse them assistance, at a moment 
 when their distresses were so great; nor could he surren- 
 der them, as he believed, without acting in open violation 
 of the laws of nations, — laws, to which his sovereign had 
 ever strictly adhered, and of which he had already afford- 
 ed the United States abundant evidence, in omitting to de- 
 mand of them " the traitors, insurgents, incendiaries, and 
 assassins of his chiefs, namely, Guiterres, Toledo, and 
 many others, whom the American g-oveniment protected 
 and maintained in committing hostilities, in fomenting the 
 revolution, and in lighting the flames of discord in the in- 
 ternal provinces of the kingdom of Mexico." 
 
 To the inquiry, why the English had been suffered to 
 land in his province arms and ammunition, vvith a view to 
 encourage the Indians in their acts of hostility, he pro- 
 ceeded with his same "national characteristic," and de- 
 manded to be infoifncd if the United States were ignorant, 
 that at the conqu^t oPFlorid-.u there was a tiTaty between 
 •Great Britain and the Creek Indians, and whether they 
 did not know, that it still existed betsveen Spain and those 
 tribes? " But," continued he, " turn your eyes to the island 
 
CHAPTER VI. 129 
 
 of Barrataria, and you will there perceive, that within the 
 very territory of the United States, pirates are sheltered 
 and protected, with the manifest design of committing 
 hostilities by sea, upon the merchant vessels of Spain; 
 and with such scandalous notoriety, that the cargoes of 
 our vessels, have been publicly sold in Louisiana." 
 
 It is difficult to discover how, or by what system of 
 logic it was, that Governor Manrequez was enabled to 
 trace any kind of analogy between the United States af- 
 fording to a few of the patriots of South America, an asy- 
 lum from the oppressions and persecutions that were 
 threatened to be imposed on them by Spanish tyranny, 
 and his permitting within the limits of Florida, comfort, 
 aid, and assistance to be given the savages, that they might 
 the better be enabled to indulge in cruelty towards us. 
 Nor can it be perceived how it was, that the piracies of 
 Lafite and his party at Barrataria, and the successful 
 smuggling which brought their plundered wealth into port, 
 in open defiance of our laws, could operate as a sufficient 
 pretext for giving protection and indulgence to an enemy 
 entering the territory of Spain, and continuing there, with 
 the avowed intention of waging war against a power with 
 which she not only professed to be in friendship, but was 
 bound by treaty to be so, and at the very time too, when 
 she claimed to be neutral. Nor can we see the force of 
 the argument, because England had a treaty with the 
 Creek Indians, which afterwards devolved on Spain, that 
 the agents of his Catholic majesty were in consequence, 
 justified in pi*otecting the savages in their murders, or as- 
 sisting covertly, as they didj in the war against us: how 
 the conclusions were arrived at, the governor can decide 
 at some moment, when relieved from those high and 
 honourable feelings, " peculiar to the Spanish character,'* 
 reason may re-assert her empiry over him, and point the 
 manner he was enabled to produce his strange results. 
 
 The governor, however, had evidenced rather too high a 
 state of feeling, and taken his ground without suffering his 
 reflections to go to their full extent He had placed arms 
 in the hands of the savages, "for the purpose of self-de- 
 fence;'* many of them were hastening to him, — more were 
 yet expected. The British had already landed a partial 
 force, and a greater one was shortly looked for. Against 
 this certain and expected strength, added to what his own 
 resources could supply, he believed an American general 
 
-130 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 would not venture to advance. These considerations had 
 led him to assume a proud and lofty tone, — to arraign the 
 conduct of the United States, in extinguishing the Indian 
 title on the Alabama, — to accuse them of disregarding and 
 violating their treaties, and to point out the danger to 
 which the restoration of peace in Europe might shortly 
 expose them. As yet, he was ignorant of the energy of 
 the man already near his borders, and who, to march 
 against and break down his fancied security, did not de« 
 sire to be ordered, but only to be apprised by his country 
 that it might be done. Jackson, in no wise pleased with 
 the boldness of his remarks, proceeded again to address 
 him, and exhibited fully the grounds of accusation and 
 complaint in behalf of his country, and in a style at least as 
 courtly as his own. 
 
 " Were I clothed," he remarks," with diplomatic powers, 
 for the purpose of discussing the topics embraced in the 
 wide range of injuries of which you complain, and which 
 have long since been adjusted, I could easily demonstrate 
 that the United States have been always ftiithful to their 
 treaties, steadfast in their friendships, nor have ever 
 claimed any thing that was not warranted by justice. 
 They have endured many insults from the governors and 
 other officers of Spain, which, if sanctioned by their sove- 
 reign, would have amounted to acts of hostility, without 
 any previous declaration on the subject They have ex- 
 cited the savages to war, and afforded them tke means of 
 waging it: the property of our citizens has been captured 
 at sea, and if compensation has not been refused, it has at 
 least been withheld. But as no such powers have been de- 
 legated to me, I shall not assume them, but leave them to 
 the representatives of our respective governments. 
 
 "I have the honour of being entrusted with the com- 
 mand of this district Charged with its protection, and 
 the safety of its citizens, I feel my ability to discharge 
 the task, and trust your excellency will always find me 
 ready and willing to go forward, in the performance of 
 that duty, whenever circumstances shall render it neces- 
 sary. I agree with you, perfectly, that candour and po- 
 lite language should, at all times, characterize the commu- 
 nications between the officers of friendly sovereignties; 
 and I assert, without the fear of contradiction, that my 
 former letters were couched in tei-ms the most respectful 
 and unexceptionable. I only requested, and did not de- 
 
CHAPTER VI. 131 
 
 mand, as you have asserted, that the ringleaders of the 
 Creek confederacy might be delivered to me, who had 
 taken refuge in your town, and who had violated all laws, 
 moral, civil, and divine. This I had a right to do, from 
 the treaty which I sent you, and which I now again en- 
 close, with a request that you will change your transla- 
 tion; believing, as I do, that your former one was wrong, 
 and has deceived you. What kind of an answer you re- 
 turned, a reference to your letter will explain. The whole 
 of it breathed nothing but hostility, grounded upon as- 
 sumed facts, and false charges, and entirely evading the 
 inquiries that had been made. 
 
 "I can but express my astonishment at your protest 
 against the cession on the Alabama, lying within the ac- 
 knowledged limits and jurisdiction.of the United States, 
 and which has been ratified in due form, by the principal 
 chiefs and warriors of the nation. But my astonishment 
 subsides, when, on comparison, I find it upon a par with 
 the rest of your letter and conduct; taken together, they 
 afford a sufficient justification for any course on my part 
 or consequences that may ensue to yourself. My govern- 
 ment will protect every inch of her territory, her citizens 
 and their property, from insult and depredation, regardless 
 of the political revolutions of Europe; and although she has 
 been at all times sedulous to preserve a good understand- 
 ing with all the world, yet she has sacred rights, that can- 
 not be trampled upon with impunity. Spain had better 
 Jook to her own intestine commotions, before she walks 
 forth in that majesty of strength and power, which you 
 threaten to draw down upon the United States. 
 
 "Your excellency has been candid enough to admit your 
 having supplied the Indians with arms. In addition to 
 this, I have learned that a British flag has been seen flying 
 on one of your forts. All this is done while you are pre- 
 tending to be neutral. You cannot be surprised, then, but 
 on the contrary will provide a fort in your town for my 
 soldiers and Indians, should I take it in my head to pay 
 you a visit 
 
 " In future, I beg you to withhold your insulting charges 
 against my government for one more inclined to listen to 
 slander than I am; nor consider me any more as a diplo« 
 matic character, unless so proclaimed to you from the 
 mouths of my cannon, " 
 
 Captain Gordon, who had been despatched to Pensa- 
 
132 LIFE OP GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 cola, had been enabled, during the time he remained there, 
 to obtain much more full and satisfactory information than 
 it had pleased the governor to communicate. Appear- 
 ances completely developed the schemes which were in 
 agitation, and convinced him that active operations were 
 intended shortly to be commenced somewhere in the lower 
 country. On his return, he reported to 'the General that 
 he had seen from one hundred and fifty to two hundred 
 officers and soldiers, a park of artillery, and about five 
 hundred Indians, under the drill of British officers, armed 
 with new muskets, and dressed in the English unifoi-m. 
 
 Jackson directly brought to the view of the government 
 the information he had received, and again urged his fa- 
 vourite scheme, the reduction of Pensacola. " How long," 
 he observed, " will the United States pocket the reproach 
 and open insults of Spain? It is alone by a manly and 
 dignified course, that we can secure respect from other 
 nations, and peace to our own. Temporizing policy is 
 not only a disgrace, but a curse to anyna.ion. It is a fact 
 that a British captain of marines is, and has for some time 
 past been engaged in drilling and organizing the fugitive 
 Creeks, under the eye of the governor; endeavouring, by 
 his influence and presents, to draw to his standard as well 
 the peaceable as thje hostile Indians. If permission had 
 been given me to march against this place twenty days 
 ago, I would, ere this, have planted there the American 
 Eagle; now, we must trust alone to our valour, and to the 
 justice of our cause. But my present resources are so li- 
 mited—a sickly climate, as well as an enemy to contend 
 with, and without the means of transportation to change 
 the position of my army, that, resting on the bravery of 
 my little phalanx, I can only hope for success." 
 
 Many difficulties v.ere presented ; and, although anxious 
 to carry into execution a purpose which seemed so strongly 
 warranted by necessity, he saw that he was wholly with- 
 out the power of moving, even should he be directed to do 
 so. Acting in a remote corner of the Union, which was de- 
 tached and thinly inhabited, the credit of his government 
 was inadequate to procure those things necessary and es- 
 sential to his operations; while the poverty of his quarter- 
 master's department presented but a dreary prospect for re- 
 liance. But to have all things in a state of readiness for 
 action, when the time should arrive to authorize it, he was 
 directing his attention in the way most likely to effect it 
 
CHAPTER VI. 133 
 
 The warriors of the different tribes of Indians were order- 
 ed to be marshalled, and taken into the pay of the govern- 
 ment. He addressed himself to the governors of Tennes- 
 see, Louisiana, and Mississippi, and pressed them to be 
 vigilant in the discharge of their duties. Information, he 
 said, had reached him, which rendered it necessary that 
 all the forces allotted for the defence of the seventh mili- 
 tary district, should be held in a state of perfect readiness, 
 to march at any notice, and to any point they might be re- 
 quired. "Dark and heavy clouds hover around us. The 
 energy and patriotism of the citizens of your states must 
 dispel them. Our rights, our liberties, and our free con- 
 stitution, are threatened. This noble patrimony of our 
 fathers must be defended with the best blood of our 
 country: to do this, you must hasten to carry into effect 
 the requisition of the secretary of war, and call forth your 
 troops, without delay." 
 
 On the day after completing the treaty of Fort Jackson, 
 he had departed for Mobile, to place the country in a pro- 
 ])er state of defence. The third regiment, a part of the 
 forty-fourth and thirty-ninth, constituted the entire regu- 
 lar force he could at this time command. Many reasons 
 concurred to render it necessary that a sufficient force 
 should be brought into the field as early as possible. His 
 appeals to the people of Tennessee had been generally 
 crowned with success; and he had no doubt but that he 
 might thence obtain such assistance as would enable him, 
 should any unexpected emergency arise, to act at least de- 
 fensively, until the states already applied to, should have 
 their quotas ready for the field. On the citizens of Loui- 
 siana and Mississippi he believed he might securely rely, 
 and that their ardour would readily excite them to con- 
 tend with an enemy at their very doors. Well knowing 
 the delay incident to bringing militia requisitions expedi- 
 tiously forth, and fearing that some circumstance might 
 arise to jeopardize the safety of the country, before the 
 constituted authorities could act, he had already despatch- 
 ed his adjutant-general, Colonel ' Butler, to Tennessee, 
 with orders to raise volunteers, and have them in readi- 
 ness to advance to his relief, whenever it should be re- 
 quired. 
 
 Every day's intelligence tended to confirm the belief 
 that a descent would be made, — most probably on New 
 Orleans. Anonymous letters, secretly forwarded from 
 
 M 
 
134 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSOK. 
 
 Pensacola, and which found their way into the American 
 camp, suggested this as the point of assault; and many of 
 the settlers were apprised by their friends, of the fears en- 
 tertained for their safety, and entreated to retire from the 
 gathering storm, which, it was feared, would soon burst 
 and entirely involve the lower country in wo and ruin. 
 Where, certainly, to expect attack, was as yet unknown. 
 The part of the country bordering on Mobile, might be 
 assailed; yet, taking into consideration that no very im- 
 mediate or decided advantages could be obtained there, 
 it was an event not much to be apprehended. The neces- 
 sity, however, of being prepared at all points, so far as 
 the means of defence could be procured, was at once ob- 
 vious; for, as the General in one of his letters remarked, 
 " there was no telling where or when the spoiler might 
 come." 
 
 There were now many reasons to expect an early visit, 
 and too many causes to apprehend danger, not to desire 
 that an efficient force might be within convenient distance. 
 Colonel Butler was accordingly ordered to hasten forward 
 with the volunteers he could procure, and to join him 
 without delay. The order reached him at Nashville, on 
 the 9th of September, and he forthwith engaged actively 
 in its execution. He directly applied to General Coffee, 
 to advance with the 'mounted troops. A general order 
 was at the same time issued, bringing to view the dangers 
 that threatened, and soliciting those who were disposed 
 to aid in protecting their country from invasion, to unite 
 with him at Fayetteville, by the 28th instant. The ap- 
 peal was not ineffectual: although the scene of operation 
 was at least four hundred miles from the point of rendez- 
 vous, the call was promptly obeyed; and two thousand 
 able-bodied men, well supplied with rifles and muskets, 
 appeared at the appointed time and place, to march with 
 the brave General Coffee, who had so often led his troops 
 to victory and honour. By proper exertions every thing 
 was presently in complete readiness; and the troops col- 
 lected for the campaign, in high spirits, set out for the 
 point to which danger, duty, and their country called 
 them. 
 
CHAPTER VII. 135 
 
 CHAPTER \ai. 
 
 Colonel Nicholls arrives at Pensacola and issues his proclamation to 
 the southern inhabitants.— Attack on Fort Bowyer, and loss of the 
 Hermes frigate.— Jackson determines to reduce Pensacola.— De- 
 mands of the Governor an explanation of his conduct; his answer. 
 —Enters and takes possession of Pensacola.— Conduct and perfidy 
 of the Govei-nor.— Destruction by the British of Barrancas Fort — 
 Our troops return to Mobile.— Expedition against the Indians.— 
 General Winchester arrives, aixl Jackson proceeds to take com- 
 mand of New Orleans. 
 
 Whether a force were thus concentrating to act de- 
 fensively against an invading enemy, or were intended to 
 attack and reduce the rallying point of the Indians and 
 British in the Spanish territory, whence they had it in 
 their power to make sudden inreads on any part of our 
 coast, as yet all was conjecture. It was a trait in Jackson's 
 character, to lock closely in his bosom all his determina- 
 tions: it was only to a few, on whom he reposed with un- 
 limited confidence, that the least intimation was at any 
 time given of his intentions. The idea could scarcely be 
 entertained, that at this time any hostility was meditated 
 against Pensacola. The frequent applications he had 
 made to the war department, to be indulged in the execu- 
 tion of this purpose, without having obtained any direc- 
 tions or permission to do so, had placed a veto on the pro- 
 ject, unless he should venture to risk it on his own respon- 
 sibility. 
 
 It was impossible he should remain long in doubt, as to 
 the course best calculated to assure defence, or to the ul- 
 terior objects of the enemy. Colonel Nicholls, with a 
 small squadron of his Britannic majesty's ships, had ar- 
 rived the latter part of August, and taken up his head- 
 quarters with Governor Manrequez. He had been sent m 
 advance to sov/ dissensions among our people, and to 
 draw around his standard the malcontents and traitors of 
 the countrv. His proclamation, issued to the western and 
 southern inhabitants, full of false statements, and high 
 sounding promises, it was hoped would lead them to a 
 belief, that the government under which they lived was 
 forging for them chains: that, not to redress any injuries 
 of its own, but through the mere dictum of the French 
 
136 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 emperor, it had declared war against a power, the freest, 
 the happiest, the most moral and religious on earth. He 
 stated, that he was at the head of a force amply sufficient 
 to reinstate them in those liberties and enjoyments of 
 which they had been bereaved, by the designs of "a con- 
 temptible few." That such as were disposed to imbrue 
 their hands in the blood of their countrymen, might not 
 quietly rest, doubting of the assurances proffered them, 
 he concluded by tendering, as security for all he had said 
 and promised, "the sacred honour of a British officer."* 
 
 He had waited about two weeks, that his proclamation 
 might take effectual hold, and prepare the inhabitants to 
 open their bosoms to receive him, when, aided by his In- 
 dian and Spanish allies, he set out to ascertain the effect 
 it had wrought His first visit was to Fort Bowyer, 
 situated on the extreme end of a narrow neck of land, 
 about eighteen miles below the head of Mobile bay, and 
 which commanded the entrance. With the loss of one of 
 his ships, and an eye, he had the mortification to learn, 
 that he had been addressing an incorrigible race, who 
 could be neither duped, flattered, nor forced into submis- 
 sion. 
 
 Fort Bowyer had been heretofore abandoned; and, until 
 the arrival of General Jackson in this section of the 
 country, was indeed ill calculated for serious resistance. 
 On perceiving its importance, he immediately caused it 
 to be placed in the best possible state of defence. So ef- 
 fectual was its situation in a military point of view, as 
 commanding the passes of those rivers which discharged 
 themselves into the bay, and opened directly to the Indian 
 country, that it was with him a matter of surprise it had 
 not been more regarded by the United States, and even 
 better attended to by our enemies. 
 
 Major Lawrence had the honour to command this spot, 
 the gallant defence of which has given it celebrity, and 
 raised him to an elevated stand in the estimation of his 
 country. That at Pensacola, plans of operation were di- 
 gesting, which had for their object an invasion of our coast 
 somewhere, was a fact to which Lawrence was not a 
 stranger. A disposition to have his little fortress in such 
 
 • See note A, at the end of the volume, where will be foimd this 
 most cxtraoidinarj' production of a British officer, who acted, no doubt, 
 under instructions from his government. 
 
CHAPTER VII. 137 
 
 a state of readiness, as would place it in his power, should 
 that be their object, to make a successful and brave de- 
 fence, had prompted him to the most vigorous exertions. 
 His whole strength was but one hundred and thirty men. 
 By this Spartan band was evinced a confidence in each 
 other, and an unshaken resolution, which left their brave 
 commander no room to* apprehend dishonour to his flag, 
 should even defeat result. 
 
 The 1 2th of September determined all doubt of the ob- 
 ject which the British had in view. The sentinels brought 
 intelligence that a considerable force, consisting of In- 
 dians, marines, and Spaniards, had landed; and the same 
 day, two brigs and sloops hove in sight, and anchored not 
 far distant from the fort. 
 
 For a few days, nothing definitive took place. Early on 
 the morning of the 15th, the signals passing from the 
 ships to the shore, led Lawrence to believe an assault 
 would shortly be made. At half after four o'clock in the 
 evening, every thing being arranged, the Hermes, in the 
 van, commanded by Sir W. H. Percy, and the other ves- 
 sels close in the rear, anchored within musket shot fire of 
 the fort. From her near position, supported by the Caron, 
 and brigs Sophia and Anaconda, mounting in all ninety 
 guns, she opened a broadside. Colonel Nicholls and 
 Captain Woodbine at the head of their detachment, com- 
 menced a simultaneous attack by land, with a twelve 
 pound howitzer, at point blank distance; but, from their 
 sand bank fortifications, they were so quickly driven, as to 
 be unable to produce the slightest injury. 
 
 The action raged with considerable violence. From 
 the fort and ships was pouring a continual fire. The 
 Hermes having at length received a shot through her 
 cable, was driven from her anchorage and floated with the 
 stream. In this situation she was thrown into a position, 
 where, for twenty minutes, she received a severely raking 
 fire, which did her considerable damage. It was no longer 
 possible to control her, whence, drifting with the current, 
 she ran upon a sand bank about seven hundred yards dis- 
 tant, where, until late at night, she remained exposed to 
 the guns of the fort. Her commander, finding it imprac- 
 ticable to be relieved, set her on fire, and abandoned her. 
 She continued burning until eleven o'clock, v/hen she blew 
 up. The Caron, next in advance to the Hermes, was 
 considerably injured, and with difficulty went out to sea. 
 m2 
 
138 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 It is worthy of remark, as evidencing the difference in 
 battle, between the two combatants, to mark the conduct 
 of British and American officers, under circumstances pre- 
 cisely similar. Whilst the battle raged, the flag of the 
 van ship was carried away, and at this moment she ceased 
 to fire. What had caused its disappearance, none could 
 tell : no other opinion could with propriety be entertained, 
 than that it had been hauled down, with a view to yield the 
 contest, and surrender. Influenced by this belief, Law- 
 rence, with a generosity characteristic of our officers, im- 
 mediately desisted from further firing. The appearance 
 of a new flag, and a broadside from the ship next the 
 Hermes, was the first intelligence received that such 
 was not the fact; and the contest again raged with renew- 
 ed violence. It was but a few minutes, however, before 
 the flag staff of the fort was also carried away: but so far 
 from pursuing the same generous course, that had just 
 been witnessed, the zeal of the enemy was increased, and 
 the assault more furiously urged. At this moment Ni- 
 cholls and Woodbine, at the head of their embattled train, 
 perceiving what had happened, that our " star-spangled 
 banner'* had sunk, at once presuming all danger to have 
 subsided, made a most courageous sally from their strong 
 hold; and, pushing towards their vanquished foes, were 
 already calculating on a rich harvest of blood and plun- 
 der; but a well-directied fire checked their progress, dissi- 
 pated their expectations, and drove them back, with a ra- 
 pidity even surpassing the celerity of their advance. 
 
 Taking into consideration the inequality of force em- 
 ployed on opposite sides of this contest, it will appear a 
 matter of surprise, that the attack should have terminated 
 in the way it did ; — that it was not attended with success 
 to our enemy. This circumstance would be a sufficient 
 evidence of the bravery and correct conduct of its gallant 
 defenders, were there a total absence of all other facts; but 
 a belief, that the best way to avoid disaster was to be in a 
 state of readiness to meet it, and a constant assiduity, 
 which urged them forward day and night, that they might 
 be in a situation calculated for successful defence, are facts 
 remembered, and entitle them to the highest commenda- 
 tion. From the bay, the attack was waged with a force 
 of six hundred men, and ninety guns, of larger caliber 
 than any opposed to them; whilst upwards of four hun- 
 dred Indians and other troops were on the shore, in rear 
 
CHAPTER VII. 139 
 
 of the fort. Lawrence's strength was scarcely a tenth of 
 the enemy's. His fort, hastily prepared for defence, with 
 not more than twenty guns, was ill calculated for stubborn 
 resistance; most of these were of small caliber, whilst 
 many, from being badly mounted, were incapable of ren- 
 dering any essential service in the action; yet, with this 
 inequality, he well maintained the honour of his flag, and 
 compelled the enemy, resting in full confidence of success, 
 to retire, with the loss of their best ship, and two hundred 
 and thirty men killed and wounded; whilst the loss sus- 
 tained by the Americans did not exceed ten. 
 
 Very different were the feelings of the leaders of this 
 expedition, from those which had been entertained on set- 
 ting out from Pensacola, where every thing had been pre- 
 pared for giving success to their plans, arid where scarcely 
 a doubt was entertained of the result. Numerous benefits 
 were expected to arise from a victory, not in expectancy, 
 but already looked to as certain — as an event that could 
 not fail. From it, greater facility would be given to their 
 operations ; while Mobile, it was expected, would fall of 
 course. This being effected, independent of the strong 
 hold already possessed in Florida, an additional advantage 
 would be acquired, calculated to prevent all intercourse 
 with New Orleans, from this section of the country, enable 
 them more easily to procure supplies, and, having ob- 
 tained expected reinforcements, to proceed, piloted by the 
 Indians, across to the Mississippi, and cut off all communi- 
 cation with the western states. To render the blow effec- 
 tual, was important; that, by impressing at once the inha- 
 bitants with an idea of their prowess, the proclamations 
 already disseminated might claim a stronger influence on 
 doubting minds. The force employed, and its disposition, 
 was calculated to attain these wished for results. While 
 the attack should be furiously waged by the ships from 
 the bay, and the forces on the shore, the yells of three or 
 four hundred savages in the rear, it was calculated would 
 strike the defenders of this fort with such panic, as to make 
 them, at the first onset, throw down their arms, and cla- 
 mour for mercy. This belief was so sanguinely entertain- 
 ed, that obstinate resistance had never been thought of. 
 Different was the reality — instead of triumph, they had met 
 defeat. The only badges of victory they could present 
 their friends, with whom, but a few days before,* with flat- 
 tering promises they had parted, were shattered hulks, 
 
140 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSONi 
 
 that could scarcely keep above the water, and decks co- 
 vered with the dead and wounded. 
 
 The three vessels that retired from the contest were 
 considerably injured, and with difficulty proceeded to sea, 
 leaving Nicholls and Woodbine, with their friends and 
 allies on shore, to make good their retreat, as circum- 
 stances and their own discretion should permit 
 
 On the morning of the 14th, Jackson, fearing, from 
 every thing he had learned, that an attack would be made, 
 had set out in a boat from Mobile, to visit Fort Bowyer, 
 to examine its situation, and have such arrangements 
 made as would add to its strength, and obtain that secu- 
 rity which its re-establishment had been designed to ef- 
 fect. He proceeded down the bay, and had arrived within 
 a few miles of the place, when he met an express from 
 Lawrence, bringing intelligence of;; the enemy's arrival, 
 and requesting that assistance might be immediately sent 
 to his relief. The General hastened back, and reaching 
 Mobile late at night, despatched a brig with eighty men, 
 under the command of Captain Laval. Not being able 
 to reach his point of destination, until the next day, and 
 finding every place of entrance blocked up by the besiegers, 
 he ran his brig to the land, determined to remain there 
 until night, when, under cover of its darkness, he hoped to 
 succeed in throwing* into the fort himself and the rein- 
 forcement under his command. The battle, however, 
 having in the mean time commenced, presented new dif- 
 ficulties, and restrained the execution of his purpose, 
 unless he should venture to encounter greater hazard than 
 prudence seemed to sanction. The Hermes, on being 
 driven from her anchorage, had, at the time of her explo- 
 sion, floated and grounded in a direction, which, from the 
 position she occupied, placed her immediately in the rear 
 of the fort. This circumstance well accounted for the 
 mistake with which he was impressed, and led Captain 
 Laval to suppose, that the fort had been blown up, and 
 that his brave countrymen had all perished. He imme- 
 diately set out for Mobile, and reported to the command- 
 ing general ,the destruction and loss that had happened. 
 Jackson declared it was impossible; that he had heard the 
 explosion, and was convinced it was on the water — not on 
 the shore. Perhaps his great anxiety, more than any re- 
 ality, had constituted this refined and essential difference 
 in sound. If, however, the disaster communicated were 
 
CHAPTER VII. 14! 
 
 as reported, his own situation being thereby rendered pre- 
 carious, something was necessary to be done to repair the 
 loss, and regain a place, for many reasons too important 
 to be yielded. His principal fears were, lest the strength 
 of the enemy should be greatly increased, before his ex- 
 pected reinforcements could arrive, who would be thereby 
 enabled to extend his inroads, and paralyze the zeal of the 
 country. It was not a time for deliberation as to the 
 course most i. ■'<?able to be pursued. He determined at 
 every hazard to ixtake the fort; and to that end a general 
 order was issued for the departure of the troops. Every 
 thing was nearly in readiness, when a despatch arrived 
 from Lawrence, proclaiming the pleasing intelligence, that 
 all was safe, and that the enemy, beaten and vanquished, 
 had retired. 
 
 The British had now retired to Pensacola, to dispose of 
 the wounded, refit their vessels, and be ready, as soon as 
 circumstances would permit, to make another descent, on 
 some less guarded point. So long as this, their only 
 place of refuge and retreat on the southern coast, was left 
 in their possession, it was impossible to calculate on the 
 consequences that might arise. The commanding gene- 
 ral entertained a suspicion that this was merely a feint, 
 and that the object of their wishes and designs, so soon as 
 a sufficient force should arrive, would be New Orleans. At 
 this place, he believed his presence most material, to as- 
 certain and guard the important passes to the city, and to 
 concert some system and plan of general defence. His 
 feelings, however, would not permit him to depart, and 
 leave the settlements on the Mobile open to an attack, 
 from forces immediately in the neighbourhood, which 
 might reduce them, and thereby gain a position whence 
 they might obtain supplies, and be placed nearer the ulti- 
 mate point, against which, most probably, their views 
 were intended to be directed. His regret was indeed 
 great, that time after time, without the least success, he 
 had urged and entreated his government for permission 
 to take possession of a place where so many dangers 
 threatened, and where every assistance and encourage- 
 ment was afforded the British; and that regret was in- 
 creased, now, when he saw the very evils springing into 
 existence, to which he had so often endeavoured to draw 
 their attention, and which were jeopardizing the safety of 
 the entire lower country. To him, the defence of this 
 
142 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 district had been entrusted: it was incunnbent on him to 
 render a just account of his stewardship, and zealously to 
 support his well-earned reputation. Unless Pensacola 
 were reduced, it was vain to think of defending the 
 country: it would be involved in ruin. Anxiously con- 
 cerned for the general good, he could discern no other 
 channel through which safety was to be effected, than by 
 hazarding, on his own responsibility, the reduction of 
 this place, — a rendezvous for the enemy. 
 
 Jackson and his government had ever viewed this sub- 
 ject in very different lights : they were not willing to risk 
 an act which might involve the possibility of a contest 
 with Spain, for the sake of removing what they considered 
 an unimportant grievance: he thought it of more serious 
 import, and did not believe it could afford even a pretext 
 for rupture between the two nations. If Spain, through 
 her agents, gave assistance and aid to our enemy, or per- 
 mitted and encouraged a power with whom she was at 
 peace to be thus harassed and annoyed, she deserved to 
 be placed on the list of enemies, and treated accordingly. 
 If, however, Great Britain, taking advantage of the de- 
 fenceless state of her province, claimed to have free egress, 
 in exclusion of her authority, she could have no well- 
 founded cause of .complaint against the injured power, 
 v/hich should claim to hold it, until such time as, by 
 bringing a sufficient force, she might be in a situation to 
 support her neutrality, and enforce obedience to her laws. 
 Upon either ground, he thought it might b.e sufficiently 
 justified. There was one, however, on which it could be 
 placed, where he well knew nothing could result, beyond 
 his own injury; and on this issue he was willing to trust 
 it. If complaint should be made, his government, having 
 jiever extended to him an authority, might, with pro- 
 priety, disavow the act; and, by exposing him to censure 
 and punishment, would offer an atonement for the outrage, 
 and Spain, in justice, could demand no more. The at- 
 tack on Mobile point was a confirmation of his previous 
 conjectures, as to the views of the enemy; and, from that 
 moment, he determined to advance against, and reduce 
 Pensacola, throw a sufficient force in the Barrancas, hold 
 them until the principles of right and neutrality were 
 better respected, and rest the measure on his own respon- 
 sibility. Believing this the only course calculated to as- 
 sure ultimate security, he decided with firmness, and re- 
 
 41 .7 
 
CHAPTER VII. 143 
 
 solved to execute his intentions so soon as General Coffee 
 should arrive with the volunteers from Tennessee. 
 
 It was now rumoured, and generally accredited, that a 
 very considerable force would shortly sail from England, 
 destined to act against some part of the United States; 
 where, none could tell; rumour, and public opinion, fixed 
 its destination for New Orleans. The importance of this 
 place was well known to our enemy; it was the key to the 
 entire commerce of the western country. Had a descent 
 been made a few months before, it might have been easily 
 taken; but the British had confidently entertained the be- 
 lief, that they could possess it at any time, without diffi- 
 culty. England and France having ended their long 
 pending controversy, it was presumed that the French 
 people of Louisiana, sensibly alive to the great benefits the 
 English had conferred upon their native country, would, 
 on their first appearance, hail their deliverers, and at once 
 become their vassals. Independent of this, they imagined 
 the black population would afford the means of exciting 
 insurrection and massacre, and deluging the country in 
 blood. Whether a resort to this kind of warfare, which 
 involves the deepest wretchedness, and equally exposes to 
 ruin the innocent as the guilty, — the female as the soldier, 
 — should be sanctioned by a nation professing a high sense 
 of moral feeling; or whether a nation that adopts such a 
 system, merits countenance from the civilized world, are 
 questions on which we should not fear the decision even 
 of an Englishman, could he but divest himself of that ani- 
 mosity and hatred, which, from infancy, he learns to enter- 
 tain towards the Americans. To this, and many other 
 acts equally in violation of the rules that should govern 
 honourable warfare, may be traced the cause of those deep- 
 rooted inveteracies in the breasts of our citizens, towards 
 those of England, which time, and a different course of 
 conduct, can alone remove. Why such hostility has been 
 indulged towards us, it is difficult to determine; unless 
 the crime of our revolution, has disposed them to visit the 
 sins of the father upon the child, with a determination 
 they shall never be forgiven or forgotten. Certain it is, 
 that the United States have received a greater number of 
 insults and injuries from this power, than from all the na- 
 tions of the earth together: the hoary locks of a father, 
 torn off by the merciless Indian, — the innocent, helpless 
 female, bleeding by savage torture, — and the unoffending 
 
\ 
 
 144 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 babe, dragged from the beating bosom of its mother, and 
 butchered in her sight, are cruelties that can be traced to 
 British influence: yet these people and ourselves are de- 
 scended from the same fathers — speak the same language 
 — are governed by the same laws — rand are similar in man- 
 ners and customs. But to inquire into the causes of na- 
 tional feeling, belongs not to the historian; it is his duty 
 only to detail facts. The- war is over; peace is restored; 
 and the two nations, and their citizens, by a mutual re- 
 spect, and forbearance towards each other, should endea- 
 vour to promote that friendship and intercourse, which it 
 is evidently the interest of both to preserve, and which, we 
 hope, may be lasting. 
 
 The expected reinforcements were now announced. 
 General Coffee, with his brigade, had arrived at the cut 
 q^, not far from Fort St. Stephens, on the Mobile river. 
 In addition to the force with which he commenced his 
 march, he had been strengthened by the arrival of others, 
 who had followed and overtaken him at this place; so that 
 his whole number was now about twenty-eight hundred. 
 To make the necessary arrangements for an immediate 
 march, General Jackson, on the 26th day of October, re- 
 paired to Coffee's camp. A dependence on himself to 
 further the objects ,of the government and the cause of the 
 country, had been his constant lot from the commence- 
 ment of his military career; and a similar resort, or failure 
 to the enterprise, was now to be assayed. Money was 
 wanted — the quarter-masters were destitute of funds; and 
 the government credit was insufficient to procure the ne- 
 cessary means to change the position of an army: thus 
 situated, -with his limited funds, and loans effected on his 
 own credit and responsibility, he succeeded in carrying his 
 plans into effect, and in hastening his army to the place of 
 its destination and usefulness. 
 
 The difficulty of subsisting cavalry on the route, render- 
 ed it necessary that part of the brigade should proceed on 
 foot. Although Coffee's brigade had volunteered in the 
 service as mounted men, and expected no different dispo- 
 sition would be made of them, yet they cheerfully acqui- 
 esced in the order; and one thousand, abandoning their 
 horses to subsist as they could on the reeds that grew 
 along the river bottoms, prepared to commence the 
 march. Being supplied with rations for the trip, on the 
 2d day of November the line of march was taken up, and 
 
V 
 
 • CHAPTER VII. 145 
 
 Pensacola reached on the 6th. The British and Spaniards 
 had obtained intelligence of the approach and intended at- 
 tack; and every thing was in readiness to dispute their 
 passage to the town. The forts were garrisoned, and pre- 
 pared for resistance; batteries formed in the principal 
 streets; and the British vessels moored within the bay, 
 and so disposed as to command the main entrances which 
 led into Pensacola. 
 
 The American army, consisting of part of Coffee's bri- 
 gade, the regulars, and a few Indians, in all about three 
 thousand men, had arrived within a mile and a half of this 
 rallying point for our enemies, and formed their encamp- 
 ment. Before any final step was taken, the General con- 
 cluded to make a further application to the governor, and 
 to learn what course, at the present moment, he would 
 make it necessary for him to pursue. To take possession 
 of Pensacola, and dislodge the British, was indispensable: 
 to do it under such circumstances, however, as should im- 
 press the minds of the Spaniards with a conviction, that 
 the invasion of their territory was a measure resorted to 
 from necessity, not choice, and from no disposition to in- 
 fringe or violate their neutral rights, was believed to be 
 essential. It was rendered the more so, on the part of 
 Ja.ckson, because a measure of his own, and wanting the 
 sanction of his government. Previously, therefore, to 
 having recourse to any act of open hostility, he determined 
 once more to try the effect of negotiation, that he might 
 ascertain certainly and correctly, how far the governor 
 felt disposed to preserve a good understanding between 
 the two governments. 
 
 Major Piere was accordingly despatched with a flag, to 
 disclose the objects intended to be attained by the visit, 
 and to require that Forts Barrancas, St. Rose, and St. 
 Michael, should be immediately surrendered to the United 
 States, until Spain, by furnishing a sufficient force, might 
 be able to preserve unimpaired her neutral character. He 
 v/as charged by the General with a candid and explicit 
 statement of his views, and instructed to require of the 
 governor a decisive and positive declaration of the course 
 he intended to pursue. 
 
 This mission experienced no very favourable result. 
 On approaching St. Michael's, Major Piere was fired 
 upon and compelled to return. Whether this were done 
 by the Spaniards, or by their allies and friends who were 
 
 N 
 
146 LIFE OF GENERAL JAdksON. 
 
 sojourning with them, was not a material inquiry. The 
 Spanish flag was displayed on the fort, and under it the 
 outrage was committed: though it was a fact well ascer- 
 tained, that until the day before the British flag had been 
 also associated : this, on the arrival of Jackson, had been 
 removed, and the colours of Spain left, which were de- 
 signed to aff*ord protection to our enemies, and a pretext 
 for every injury. This conduct, so unprovoked, and 
 withal so directly in opposition to the principles and prac- 
 tice of civilized warfare, might have well determined the 
 General to abstain from further forbearance, and to pro- 
 ceed immediately to the accomplishment of his views: but 
 a consciousness, that although the reduction of this place 
 was required by circumstances of the highest necessity, 
 yet fearing it might become a cause of national difficulty, 
 he was prompted to act with every possible deliberation 
 and caution. A sense of humanity, too, towards these 
 people, who, he was satisfied, were acting not from any 
 choice or discretion of their own, but by the authority of 
 the British, induced a wish that the objects of his visit 
 might be effected without material injury to them. De- 
 termining, therefore, to understand the governor fully, pre- 
 viously to proceeding to extremities, he again despatched 
 a letter to him, not "by any of his officers, for after such 
 perfidy he was unwilling, and felt it unsafe to risk them, 
 but by a Spanish corporal, who had been taken on the 
 route the day before. By him, it was required to be 
 known, why the former application which had been made, 
 instead of being met with a becoming spirit of concilia- 
 tion, had been insulted. In answer, he received from the 
 governor a confirmation of the opinion he had previously 
 entertained, that what had been done was not properly 
 chargeable on him, but the English; that he had no 
 agency in the transaction of which he complained, and as- 
 sured him of his perfect willingness to receive any over- 
 tures he might be pleased to make. This was joyful 
 tidings; and no time was to be lost in meeting the offer. 
 If negotiation should place in his hands the different for- 
 tresses, before information of it could be had by the Bri- 
 tish shipping lying in the bay, the outward channel might 
 be effectually stopped, and the means of escape entirely 
 cut off. Major Piere was accordingly sent off, at a late 
 hour of the night, to detail to the governor the reasons 
 which had rendered the present descent proper; and to in- 
 
CHAPTER VII. 147 
 
 sist on the conditions already noticed, as alone calculated 
 to assure safety to the United States, and give protection 
 to the provinces of Florida. He was particularly instruct- 
 ed to impress on his consideration the most friendly senti- 
 ments, ^nd to assure him that a re-surrender would be 
 made so soon as Spain, by the arrival of a sufficient force, 
 could protect her territory from the inroads of a power at 
 war with the United States; and which, through an 
 opening thus afforded to a violation of the neutrality of 
 Spain, was enabled, and had already produced to her con- 
 siderable injury. In his communica.tion to the governor, 
 he remarks, "I come not as the enemy of Spain; not to 
 make war, but to ask peace; to demand security for my 
 country, and that respect to which she is entitled and 
 must receive. My force is sufficient, and my determina- 
 tion taken, to prevent a future repetition of the injuries 
 she has received. I demand, therefore, the possession of 
 the Barrancas, and other fortifications, with all your mu- 
 nitions of war. If delivered peaceably, the whole v/ill be 
 receipted for, and become the subject of future arrange- 
 ment by our respective governments; while the property, 
 laws, and religion of your citizens shall be respected. But 
 if taken by an appeal to arms, let the blood of your sub- 
 jects be upon your own head. I will not hold myself re- 
 sponsible for the conduct of my enraged soldiers. One 
 hour is given for your deliberation, vrhen your determina- 
 tion must be had." 
 
 The council was called, and the propositions made, con- 
 sidered, when the conclusion was taken that they could 
 not be acceded to. Soon as the answer was received, 
 evincing that nothing peaceably could be effected, Jackson 
 resolved to urge his army forward; and, immediately 
 commencing his march, proceeded to the accomplishment 
 of his object, determined to effect it, in despite of danger, 
 and of consequences. 
 
 Early on the morning of the 7th, the army was in mo- 
 tion. To foster the idea, that he would march and reach 
 the town along the road, on which he was encamped, a 
 detachment of five hundred men was sent forward, with 
 orders to show themselves in this direction, with a view 
 to amuse and deceive the enemy; while, urging rapidly 
 on, with the strength of his army, he reached Pensacola 
 at a different and unexpected point. This stratagem suc- 
 ceeded: the British, looking for his appearance where the 
 
148 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 detachment was seen, had formed their vessels across the 
 bay, and were waiting his approach, with their guns pro- 
 perly bearing: nor had they an intimation to the contrary, 
 until our troops were descried upon the beach, on the 
 east side, where they were at too great a distance to be 
 annoyed from the flotilla; and whence, pushing forward, 
 they were presently in the streets, and under cover of the 
 houses. 
 
 One company, from the third regiment of infantry, with 
 two field pieces, formed the advance, led by Captain La- 
 val, who fell, severely wounded, while, at the head of his 
 command, he was charging a Spanish battery, formed in 
 the street. The left column, composed of the regular 
 troops, the third, thirty-ninth, and forty-fourth regiments, 
 headed by Majors Woodruff and Piere, formed the left, 
 next the bay. The dismounted volunteers proceeded 
 down the street, next the regulars : Coffee's brigade next, 
 on their right: the Mississippi dragoons, commanded by 
 CoJonel Hinds, and the Choctaw Indians by Major Blue, 
 of the thirty-ninth, advanced on the extreme right of all. 
 Captain Laval's party, although deprived of their leader, 
 mioved forward, and, at the point of the bayonet, took pos- 
 session of the battery in their front. So quickly was this 
 effected, that the Spaniards had it in their power to make 
 but three fires, before they were forced to abandon it. 
 From behind the houses and garden fences, were constant 
 volleys of musketry discharged, until the regulars arriving, 
 met the Spaniards, and drove them from their positions. 
 The governor, panic struck, trembling for the safety of 
 his city, and remembering the declaration of the General, 
 that, if driven to extremes, he should not attempt to re- 
 strain, or hold himself responsible for his enraged soldiers, 
 hastened, bearing a flag in his hand, to find the com- 
 mander, and seek to stay the carnage. He was met by 
 Colonels Williamson and Smith, at the head of the dis- 
 mounted troops, when, with faltering speech, he entreated 
 that mercy might be extended, and promised to consent to 
 whatever terms might be demanded. 
 
 General Jackson had stopped for a moment at the spot 
 where Laval had fallen, and was at this time in the rear. 
 Receiving information that an offer had been made by the 
 governor to comply with every demand heretofore made, 
 he hastened to the intendant house, and obtained a confir- 
 mation of what had previously been communicated to him, 
 
CHAPTER VII 149 
 
 that the town, arsenals, and munitions of war, and in fact, 
 whatever was required, should immediately and without 
 delay be surrendered. 
 
 No time was lost by General Jackson in procuring what re 
 was considered by him, of vital importance — the surren- ^ 
 der of the forts. Although greater benefits wo:^ld have 
 been derived, had the success of negotiation placed them 
 privately in his hands, without its being previously known 
 to his enemies, yet even now their possession was not to 
 be neglected. Their occupancy was necessary still to his 
 own security — to check any design that might be in agita- 
 tion. What was the force opposed to him; at what mo- 
 ment reinforcements might appear off Pensacola, and 
 thereby give an entire change to things, as they at present 
 existed, were matters of which no certain idea could be 
 formed. To possess the Barrancas, which lay fourteen 
 miles to the west, was a consideration of the first impor- 
 tance; still, until the town and its fortresses were se- 
 cured, it was improper to withdraw the army to so great a 
 distance. 
 
 Notwithstanding the assurances given by the governor, 
 that all differences would be accommodated, and every thing 
 insisted on agreed to. Fort St. Michael w^as still withheld. 
 Captaipi Dinkins was ordered to take post on Mount St. 
 Bernard, form his batteries, and reduce it. He was in 
 a situation to act, when the commandant, Colonel Sotto, 
 ordered his flag taken down, and the fort to be surren- 
 dered. 
 
 It is curious to observe the treachery of the Spaniards, 
 and the unpardonable method they took to indulge their 
 rancour and spleen. Previously to striking his colours, 
 the commandant at St. Michael asked permission to dis- 
 charge his guns; to this. there could be no objection, and 
 the i^idulgence was readily extended; but, faithless and 
 cowardly, he levelled and fired his pieces, charged with 
 grape, at a party of dragoons and Choctaw Indians, w'ho 
 were at a small distance, v.hich killed three horses and 
 wounded two men. Such unpardonable conduct, inde- 
 pendent of other wrongs and injuries already noticed, 
 might have justified any treatment; the destruction of the 
 garrison would not have been an unmerited chastisement. 
 The General was on his way to Mount St Bernard, where 
 his artillery was planted, when he received intelligence of 
 what had been done. He determined no longer to con- 
 
 N 2 
 
150 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 fide in persons so faithless, and whose only object seemed 
 to deceive, but at once to make the sword the arbiter be- 
 tween them. His cannon were already turned towards the 
 fort, the resolution taken to batter it down, and carry it 
 by storm, when it was announced by the officer he had left 
 in command at Pensacola, that the capitulation had been 
 agreed on, and a surrender would be made in half an hour. 
 Sensible of the delicate situation in which he was placed, 
 and desirous to spare the effusion of blood, he forebore to 
 obey the impulse their unwarrantable conduct had so 
 justly excited, and forthwith despatched captain Dinkins 
 to insist on an immediate delivery; at the same time giving 
 him directions to carry it by storm if the demand was not 
 instantly complied with. 
 
 Difficulties promised thus peaceably to terminate. The 
 day being far spent, and the General greatly indisposed, 
 until the next morning, no step could be taken to obtain 
 possession of the Barrancas. On the credit of the go- 
 vernor's promises, made first on their entrance to the 
 town, the principal part of the army had been ordered a 
 short distance without. Understanding, at St. Bernard, 
 that what had been required would be done, and that no 
 further delay met with, the General had set out to the en- 
 campment, leaving Major Piere behind, with a sufficient 
 force to preserve every' thing in safety and quietness. He 
 was astonished, early in the morning, to learn that the 
 officer despatched to St. Michael, the preceding evening, 
 had, on his arrival, been threatened to be fired on by Colo- 
 nel Sotto: possession, however, was yielded, on being 
 made to understand, that if the fort were not delivered 
 instantly, and without further parley, it would be carried 
 forcibly, and the garrison put to the sword. A capitula- 
 tion was now agreed on: Pensacola, and the different for- 
 tresses, were to be retained, until Spain could better piain- 
 tain her authority; while the rights and privileges of her 
 citizens were to be respected. 
 
 Every thing was in readiness, on the following day, to 
 march and take possession of Barrancas fort. The faith- 
 less conduct of yesterday had determined Jackson on the 
 execution of his plans, nor longer to confide in Spaniards' 
 promises; but on reaching the place, to carry it by force, 
 if it were not immediately surrendered. Major Piere was 
 ordered to give the command of the city to Colonel Hayne, 
 and report himself at camp; previously, however, to re- 
 
CHAPTER VII. 151 
 
 tiring, to require of the governor to execute an authority 
 to the commandant of the fort, to deliver it; and, in the 
 event he would not comply immediately, to arrest him, 
 and every public officer, and hold them as prisoners. The 
 order for its delivery had been signed, and the line of 
 inarch ready to be taken up, to advance and receive it, — 
 peaceably, if the order would effect it — forcibly, if not — 
 when a tremendous explosion in that direction, followed 
 by two others, in quick succession, excited the apprehen- 
 sion that all was destroyed. To ascertain, certainly, 
 whence the noise had proceeded, one of his aids was des- 
 patched, with two hundred men, to reconnoitre and obtain 
 intelligence. He presently returned, and confirmed what 
 had been previously apprehended, that the fort was blown 
 up, and that the British shipping had retired from the 
 bay. 
 
 Although the repairing this place might be productive 
 of numerous advantages, as keeping the enemy, during 
 the expected descent on the lower country, from having in 
 their possession a point where they might prepare their 
 expeditions, and where, in despite of every vigilance that 
 could be used, they might obtain ample supplies; yet, in- 
 asmuch as the act was unauthorized by his government, 
 Jackson felt himself restrained from incurring any expense 
 for the re-establishment of what had been thus treacher- 
 ously destroyed. Though disappointed in the object he 
 had principally in view, he nevertheless believed that 
 some of the benefits intended and expected would result. 
 This strong hold, which had so long given protection to 
 the hostile savages, and where they had been excited to 
 acts of war and cruelty, was assailed, and the Indians 
 taught, that even here, safety was not to be found. The 
 valour and good conduct of his troops had impressed on 
 the minds of the Spaniards a respect for the character of 
 his country, which, hitherto, they had not entertained ; 
 and the British, by being dislodged, were prevented from 
 maturing and settling those plans which were to give ef- 
 ficacy to their future operations against the southern sec- 
 tion of the Union: but, as the means of maintaining and 
 defending it had been destroyed, it was unnecessary to 
 think of garrisoning and attempting to hold it. It was 
 accordingly concluded to re-deliver all that had been sur- 
 rendered, and retire to Fort Montgomery. Jackson was 
 the more disposed to adopt this course from a belief that 
 
152 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 the British, who had sailed from Pensacola, would proba- 
 bly make their way to Fort Bowyer, and, with a know- 
 ledge of the principal strength of the army being away, 
 seek to aim a blow somewhere on the Mobile. An ex- 
 press was immediately hastened to Colonel Sparks, who 
 had been left in command at this place, announcing what 
 had transpired, suggesting apprehensions for his safety, 
 and notifying him, in the event of an attack, to parry the 
 danger until the regular troops, who would be urged for- 
 ward with every industry, should arrive to support him. 
 
 Two days after entering the town, he abandoned it.^ 
 Previously to retiring, he wrote to Governor Manrequez; 
 and, after stating to him the causes which had induced him, 
 justifiably, as he believed, to enter his territory, he thus 
 concluded; "As the Barrancas and the adjacent fortresses 
 have been surrendered to and blown up by the British, 
 contrary to the good faith I had reposed in your pro- 
 mises, it is out of my power to protect and guard your 
 neutrality, as otherwise I should have done. The enemy 
 has retreated; the hostile Creeks have fled for safety to 
 the forest; and I now retire from your town, leaving you 
 to re-occupy your forts, and protect the rights of your 
 citizens." 
 
 Much is due to the calmness and intrepidity of conduct 
 displayed by the troops in their advance on the town, 
 against the batteries that were formed in the streets, the 
 fort, and the fleet lying in the bay, but more for their or- 
 derly, open, and generous conduct towards a people who 
 had wholly outraged every principle of correct conduct; 
 and who, even at the moment when the sword was made 
 the appeal, and the blow they merited only stayed by hu- 
 manity, were still pursuing a course of faithlessness and 
 treachery, and clearly evincing a disposition to aid and as- 
 sist our enemies: yet, under such circumstances, which 
 certainly would have warranted a less lenient course, not 
 a single irregularity was committed, or the rights of indi- 
 viduals at all molested. So exemplary was the deport- 
 ment of our officers, and the conduct of our soldiers, as to 
 extort high compliments from the Spaniards, and to induce 
 the declaration that our Indians had behaved with more 
 decency and propriety than their friends, with whom they 
 had just parted. When we remember, what is undeniably 
 the fact, that the British had been always well received by 
 the inhabitants of Florida, who had rendered them every 
 
CHAPTER VII. 153 
 
 assistance^ and protection in their power ; and who, from 
 their disposition to aid them, had even brought difficulties 
 upon themselves, ingratitude and injustice may be well 
 charged, when it is recollected that these friends, who 
 had been so well regarded, on retreating from Pensacola, 
 carried off three or four hundred slaves, not their own, in 
 despite of the remonstrances and repeated demands of the 
 owners to have them restored. 
 
 Our loss in this expedition was quite inconsiderable. 
 The left column alone met resistance, and had fifteen or 
 twenty wounded — none killed. It appears, indeed, strange, 
 that three heavy pieces of artillery, charged with grape 
 and cannister, and three times fired against a column ad- 
 vancing through a narrow street, should not have effected 
 greater injury. Of the number wounded, was Lieutenant 
 Flournoy, a promising young man, who, having gone out 
 as a volunteer, was, on account of his merit, promoted to 
 a lieutenancy in the forty-fourth United States' regiment. 
 By a cannot shot, he lost his leg. Captain Laval being 
 too dangerously injured to be removed, was confided by 
 the General to the clemency of the governor of Pensacola, 
 who humanely gave him that attention his situation re- 
 quired. 
 
 The Indian warriors, who had taken refuge in Pensa- 
 cola, finding themselves abandoned by the British, fled 
 across the country, and sought safety on the Appalachico- 
 la: many were afforded shelter on board the shipping, from 
 which they were shortly afterwards re-landed, to prosecute 
 the war after their own manner ; and in their own way. 
 Jackson determined they should have no rest, or respite 
 from danger, so long as a warlike attitude was preserved. 
 Recent events had shown them, that neither the valour of 
 their allies, nor their own exertions, could afford them 
 protection. He believed it an auspicious moment to pur- 
 sue them in their retreat; increase still further their fears 
 and apprehensions ; and effectually cut up that misplaced 
 confidence, which had already well nigh proved their ruin. 
 Understanding that those who were carried off from Pen- 
 sacola had been landed on the Appalachicola, and a depot 
 of all necessary supplies there established. Major Blue, of 
 the thirty-ninth regiment, was sent off, on the 16th, at the 
 head of a thousand mounted men, with orders to follow 
 and attack them, and destroy any of their villages he might 
 find on his route. General Mcintosh, of the Georgia mi- 
 
154 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 litia, then in the Creek country, was apprised of the des- 
 tination, and directed to co-operate, that the savages 
 might be assailed and dispersed, before they should have 
 it in their power to attempt hostilities against the fron- 
 tiers. Having effected this object, they were ordered to 
 repair to Mobile, to aid in its defence. 
 
 Shortly after the American army had retired, the 
 Spaniards commenced rebuilding Forts Barrancas and 
 St. Rose, which they had lost through the impjroper inter- 
 ference of their friends. Anxious to regain that confidence 
 they had justly forfeited, the British offered their services 
 to assist in the re-establishment This offer was refused, 
 and an answer returned by the governor, that when as- 
 sistance was in fact needed, he would make application 
 to his friend General Jackson. 
 
 There was nothing now so much desired by the Gene- 
 ral, as to be able to depart for New Orleans, where he ap- 
 prehended the greatest danger, and where he believed his 
 presence was most material. He had already effected a 
 partial security for Mobile, and the inhabitants on its bor- 
 ders; and such as he believed might be preserved, by pro- 
 per vigilance and activity in those who were left in com- 
 mand. He determined to set out on the 22d for the 
 Mississippi; and, by his exertions, seek to place the 
 country in such a situation for defence as the means within 
 his reach would permit. His health was still delicate, 
 which almost av holly unfitted him for the duties he had to 
 encounter: but his constant expectation of a large force 
 appearing soon on the coast, impelled him to action. 
 Added to the fatigues incident to his station, he as yet 
 had no brigadier-general to relieve him of many of those 
 duties which he had neither time nor strength to meet. 
 General Winchester had been ordered to Join him. He 
 had not yet arrived, but was daily looked for. In expec- 
 tation of his speedy approach, Jackson was making every 
 necessary arrangement for investing him with the com- 
 mand of Mobile, and for his own departure. Colonel 
 Hayne, the inspector-general, was despatched to the mouth 
 of the Mississippi to examine whether in that direction 
 there was any eligible site, where, by erecting batteries, 
 the river might be commanded, and an ascent prevented, 
 if through this route attempted. General Coffee and 
 Colonel Hinds, with the dragoons from the territory, were 
 ordered to march with their commands, and take a posi- 
 
CHAPTER VIII. 1 55 
 
 tion as convenient to New Orleans as they could obtain a 
 sufficiency of forage to recruit their horses; having regard 
 to some central point, whence they might, without loss of 
 time, proceed wherever danger should be most imminent. 
 Every thing being arranged, and intelligence received that 
 General Winchester had reached the Alabama river, and 
 was near at hand, Jackson, on the 22d day of November, 
 left Mobile for the city of New Orleans, where he arrived 
 on the 1st of December; and where his head-quarters 
 were, for the present, established. 
 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 Jackson's correspondence with the governor of Louisiana. — His ad- 
 dress to the citizens. — Militia from Tennessee and Kentucky ad- 
 vance; and general plans adopted for defence. — Plan for filling de- 
 linquencies in the army. — British shipping arrive on the coast. — ' 
 Loss of the Sea Horse. — Battle on the lake, and loss of the gun 
 boats. — Jackson reviews the militia. — His address to them. — Deten- 
 tion of his flag. — Anecdote. — Expresses sent to Generals Coffee and 
 Carroll. — Declaration of Mailial law at New Orleans. — The British 
 effect a landing, and Jackson prepares to meet them. 
 
 General Jackson was now on a new theatre, and soon 
 to be brought in collision with an enemy different from 
 any he had yet encountered: the time had arrived to call 
 forth all the energies he possessed. His military career, 
 from its commencement, had been obstructed by innume- 
 rable difficulties, but far greater were now rising to his 
 view. His body worn down by sickness and exhaustion, 
 with a mind constantly alive to the apprehension, that, 
 with the means given him, it would not be in his power 
 to satisfy his own wishes, and the expectations of his 
 country, were circumstances well calculated to depress 
 him. He was as yet without sufficient strength or prepa- 
 ration, to attempt successful opposition against the nume- 
 rous and well-trained troops which were expected shortly 
 at some unprepared point, to enter and lay waste the lower 
 country. What was to be hoped from the clemency and 
 generous conduct of such a foe, their march to the city of 
 Washington already announced; while the imagination 
 portrayed in lively colours a repetition in the south of 
 
156 LIFK OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 scenes of desolation, eyen surpassing what had previously 
 been witnessed. 
 
 No troops, arms, or ammunition had yet descended 
 from the states of Kentucky and Tennessee. His only re- 
 liance for defence, if suddenly assailed, was on the few re- 
 gulars he had, the volunteers of General Coffee, and such 
 troops as the state itself could furnish. What might be 
 the final result of things, under prospects gloomy as the 
 present, should an enemy shortly appear, was not a matter 
 of difficult conjecture. His principal fears were, that 
 Mobile might fall, the left bank of the Mississippi be 
 gained, all communication with the western states cut 
 off, and New Orleans thus unavoidably be reduced. Al- 
 though continually agitated by such forebodings, he 
 breathed his fears to none. Closely locking all apprehen- 
 sions in his own breast, he appeared constantly serene, 
 and as constantly endeavoured to impress a general belief, 
 that the country could and would be successfully defended. 
 The manifestation of such tranquillity, and his avoAved 
 certainty of success, under circumstances so unpropitious, 
 excited strong hopes, dispelled every thing like fear, and 
 impressed all with additional confidence. 
 
 With the remnant force he had at command, and the ad- 
 ditional strength to be afforded from Kentucky and Ten- 
 nessee, uncertain in its arrival, undisciplined and unarmed, 
 to oppose an enemy who might be already on the coast, 
 and of whose exceeding valour great and wondrous stories 
 had been told, might have sunk into inaction a mind not 
 gifted with uncommon and extraordinary energy, and 
 made it to retire from a contest, where seemingly insur- 
 mountable difficulties but rendered delusive every hope of 
 resistance: yet, firm and resolute, an increase of difficul- 
 ties but occasioned an increase of exertion, and Jackson 
 entered on his forlorn undertaking w4th no other determi- 
 nation, than to leave nothing unassayed that might enable 
 him to ride out the threatening storm in safety. 
 
 While engaged on the Mobile, and even while at Fort 
 Jackson, he had kept up a correspondence with the go- 
 vernor of Louisiana, persuading and urging him to the 
 adoption of such measures as might be calculated to give 
 security to the state. From the information derived 
 through this source, he felt assured that little reliance 
 was to be placed on the great body of the citizens; and 
 that to gain anv decisive advantages from their services, 
 
CHAPTER VIII. 157 
 
 it would be necessary to abandon every thing like tempo- 
 rizing policy, and pursue a course at once steady and un- 
 wavering. Some of the inhabitants, entertaining a belief 
 that Florida would shortly be restored to Spain; and a 
 still greater number being tremblingly alive to the opinion 
 that the country could not be successfully defended, had 
 led many well designing men astray; while Englishmen, 
 Spaniards, and innumerable other foreigners, feeling no 
 attachment to the government, were, at any time, ready to 
 surrender it to any power that might venture to invade. 
 The requisition made, had been badly filled ; many had 
 absolutely refused, even after being drafted, to enter the 
 ranks. At so eventful a crisis as that which was fast ap- 
 proaching, it was painful to discover so great a want of 
 union and disregard of duty, in those very persons upon 
 whom he would be compelled to rely, on any sudden emer- 
 gency. This reluctance to entering the field, there was a 
 propriety in putting down, that the good might not be led 
 astray from privileges usurped by the designing; and to 
 convince the disaffected that those who shared the care 
 and protection of the government, should defend it Avhen 
 required. 
 
 Governor Claiborne had been addressed on this subject; 
 and, while the necessity of discouraging every improper 
 temper of mind among the citizens was insisted upon, he 
 was exhorted to use his exertions in guarding every pass 
 from the city, that the enemy, hovering in the gulf, might 
 not obtain supplies from the shore. "I regret," said he, 
 " to hear of the discontents of your people : they must not 
 exist. Whoever is not for us, is against us. Those who 
 are drafted must be compelled to the ranks, or punished: 
 it is no time to balance: the country must be defended; 
 and he who refuses to aid, when called on, must be treated 
 with severity. To repel the danger with which we are 
 assailed, requires all our energies, and all our exertions. 
 With union on our side, we shall be able to drive our in- 
 vaders back to the ocean. Summon all your energy, and 
 guard every avenue with confidential patroles, for spies and 
 traitors are swarming around. Numbers will be flocking 
 to your city, to gain information, and corrupt your citi- 
 zens. Every aid in your power must be given to prevent 
 vessels sailing with provisions. By us, the enemy must 
 not be fed. Let none pass ; for on this will depend our 
 safety, until we can get a competent force in the field to 
 
 o 
 
158 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 oppose attack, or to become the assailants. We have more 
 to dread from intestine, than open and avowed enemies: 
 but, vigilance on our side, and all will be safe. Remem- 
 ber, our watch word is victory or death. Our country 
 must and shall be defended. We will enjoy our liberty, 
 or perish in the last ditch." 
 
 He forwarded, at the same time, an address to the peo- 
 ple of Louisiana, and endeavoured to excite them to a de- 
 fence of their rights and liberties, and to raise in their 
 minds an abhorrence of an enemy, who, by proclamation, 
 and dishonourable stratagem, had sought to promote dis- 
 union, and to draw the disaffected to their standard. He 
 pointed out the course the present crisis required to be 
 adopted, and entreated them not to be lured from their 
 fidelity to a country, of all others, the freest and happiest, 
 by uniting with a foe, who sought a furtherance of his 
 views, by the most disreputable pretences — by courting 
 the friendship and aid of even traitors, pirates, and rob- 
 bers. 
 
 "Your government, Louisianians, is engaged in a just 
 and honourable contest, for the security of your individual, 
 and her national rights. The only country on earth, 
 where man enjoys freedom, where its blessings are alike 
 extended to the poor and rich, calls on you to protect her 
 from the grasping usui^pation of Britain: — she will not call 
 in vain. I know that every man, whose bosom beats high 
 at the proud title of freeman, will promptly obey her 
 voice, and rally round the eagles of his country, resolved 
 to rescue her from impending danger, or nobly to die in 
 her defence. He who refuses to defend his rights, when 
 called on by his government, deserves to be a slave — de- 
 serves to be punished, as an enemy to his country — a 
 friend to her foes." 
 
 The minds of the people were thus gradually turned 
 to consider of the contest, in which it was certainly ex- 
 pected they were shortly to be engaged, that they might 
 be ready and prepared to meet it, when the period should 
 arrive to render it necessary. Preparations for collecting, 
 in sufficient strength, to repel an invasion, when it should 
 be attempted, had been carried actively forward. The 
 fiat of the secretary of war had been issued to the gover- 
 nors of the adjoining states; and Jackson had long since 
 anxiously pressed them to hasten the execution of the 
 order, and push their forces to the place of danger, with- 
 
CHAPTER VIII. 159 
 
 out delay. The ardour felt by the governor of Tennessee 
 rendered any incentive unnecessary. He was well aware 
 of the importance of activity and exertion, and had used 
 all the authority of his office, to call the requisition forth, 
 and have it in readiness, speedily as possible. 
 
 Governor Shelby, of Kentucky, had been vigilant in 
 discharge of the duty required of him. The necessity of 
 despatch, in military matters, in youth and more advanced 
 age, he had studied and learned in the field of battle. The 
 troops from his state were organized ; — placed under the 
 command of Major General Thomas, and directed to pro- 
 ceed and resist the inroads of the enemy. It may be 
 esteemed a circumstance of good fortune, that at a time so 
 perilous as that in which the United States were placed, 
 during the period of his services, Shelby should have been 
 the chief magistrate of Kentucky; a state possessing ample 
 resources, and which might have slumbered in inaction, 
 but for the energy of him who filled her executive chair. 
 He did not remain contented with a discharge merely of 
 those duties which were imposed by his office; but, feeling 
 the ardour of his youth revived, excited his citizens by 
 manly appeals, and inspirited them by his example. The 
 government had never called upon the patriotism of this 
 state that it had not been met with a becoming zeal, and 
 cheerfully and promptly acquiesced in by the people. The 
 bravery, and promptitude, with which they crowded to the 
 American standard, at the onset of danger, where they 
 firmly supported the honour of the nation, enduring cold, 
 and hunger, and every privation, merit to be remembered, 
 and entitle her citizens to the gratitude of the country. 
 
 General Carroll had issued orders to his division, 'and, 
 on the 19th of November, the day appointed for their ren- 
 dezvous, twenty-five hundred of the yeomanry of the state 
 appeared at Nashville; and, in eight days, embarked on 
 board their boats, and directed their way to the place of 
 their destination. To the industry of General Carroll, in 
 hastening those arrangements, which enabled his division 
 so promptly to depart, every respect is due; for, to his for- 
 tunate arrival, is greatly to be attributed the reason that 
 success did not result to the enemy. 
 
 The militia, from those two states, were highly respec- 
 table for their numbers, and were commanded by officers 
 who carried with them entire confidence. In bravery, they 
 were not surpassed by any troops ; yet were they without 
 
160 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 experience or discipline, and indifferently armed. Many 
 had procured muskets and bayonets; though the greater 
 part of them had arms capable of rendering little or no 
 service. To remedy their want of discipline was attend- 
 ed with some difficulty, on account of the slender means 
 afforded for instruction, while, in boats, they were de- 
 scending the river. Carroll's anxiety for the respectable 
 appearance of his troops, and a still stronger desire enter- 
 tained, that they might be in a situation for immediate 
 action, if necessity, on his arrival, should require it, led 
 him to seize even on the limited opportunities for improve- 
 ment that were within his reach. Whenever, from ad- 
 verse winds, K'^ was compelled to stop, his men were im- 
 mediately brought to receive every information that could, 
 under such circumstances, be communicated; and often, 
 while floating with the stream, the decks of the boats 
 formed a field for their manoeuvres. Although in this 
 way, partial progress was made, and some advantages 
 gained, yet were they inconsidertible ; for still were they 
 but militia-men, and unqualified to meet the veteran troops 
 v/ith which they were going to contend. 
 
 Although General Jackson had obtained his successes 
 heretofore with troops of this description, yet he was far 
 from entertaining a belief that they could be relied on for 
 manoeuvring in an open field, against troops who where 
 skilled, and inured to war. None knew better the point 
 of exertion to which militia could be strained; that while 
 successful and resting with confidence in themselves, none 
 could effect more; but when dispirited, they became a 
 useless mass. Taught by a recollection of the difficulties 
 he had heretofore encountered, and a knowledge that 
 forces of this description are ever capricious and refrac- 
 tory, he had brought to the notice of the secretary of war, 
 a new and different course from what had been before pur- 
 sued, as more efficient, less expensive, and better calcu- 
 lated for the purposes of defence. In a letter to him, of 
 the 20th of November, 1814, he observes, "Permit me to 
 suggest a plan, which, on a fair experiment, will do away 
 or lessen the expenses, under the existing mode of calling 
 militia forces into the field. Whenever there happens to 
 be a deficiency in the regular force, in any particular 
 quarter, let the government determine on the necessary 
 number: this should be apportioned among the different 
 states, agreeably to their respective representations, and 
 
CHAPTER VIII. 161 
 
 called into service for, and during the war. The quota 
 •wanted will, in my opinion, be soon raised from premiums 
 offered by those who are subject to militia duty, rather 
 than be harassed by repeated drafts.. In the mean time, 
 let the present bounty, given by the government, be also 
 continued. If this be done, I will ensure that an effective 
 force shall soon appear in every quarter, amply sufficient 
 for the reduction of Canada, and to drive all our enemies 
 from our shores." 
 
 Such was the course of things, and such the plans which 
 were in progress for the security and safety of the country, 
 when the General reached New Orleans. The period was 
 too momentous to afford a respite from business; and he 
 immediately adopted such measures as could be earliest 
 effected, and which were best calculated for resistance and 
 defence. 
 
 The legislature of Louisiana were in session; and, 
 through the governor, had been informed of the situation, 
 condition, and strength of the country, and of the necessity 
 of calling all its resources into active operation: but, ba- 
 lancing in their decisions, and uncertain of the best course 
 to be pursued to assure protection, they, as yet, had re- 
 solved upon nothing promising certainty and safety, or 
 calculated to infuse tranquillity and confidence in the pub- 
 lic mind. The arrival of Jackson, however, produced a 
 new aspect in affairs. His activity and zeal in prepara- 
 tion, and his reputation as a brave and skilful commander, 
 had turned all eyes towards him, and inspired even the 
 desponding with a confidence they had not before felt. 
 
 The volunteer corps of the city were reviewed, and a 
 visit, in person, made to the different forts, to ascertain 
 their situation and capability for defence, and the reliance 
 that might be had on them, to repel an enemy's advance. 
 Through the lakes large vessels could not pass: should an 
 approach be attempted through this route, in their barges, 
 it might be met and opposed by the gun boats which al- 
 ready guarded thio passage; but if, unequal to the con- 
 test, they should be captured, it would, at any rate, give 
 timely information of a descent, which might be resisted 
 at their landing, and before an opportunity could be had 
 of executing fully their designs. The Mississippi was 
 looked upon as the most probable pass through which 
 might be made an attempt to reach the city; and here 
 were in progress suitable preparations for defence. 
 o 2 
 
162 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 We have already noticed that Colonel Hayne had been 
 despatched from Mobile with directions to view the Mis- 
 sissippi near its mouth, and report if any advantageous 
 position could be found for the erection of batteries; and 
 whether the re-establishment of the old fort at the Balize 
 would command the river, in a way to prevent its being 
 ascended. That it could not be relied on for this purpose, 
 the opinions of military men had already declared. Ge- 
 neral Jackson was always disposed to respect the decisions 
 of those, who, from their character and standing, were en- 
 titled to confidence; yet, in matters of importance, it 
 formed no part of his creed to attach faith to the state- 
 ments of any, where, the object being within his reach, it 
 was in his power to look to the fact, and satisfy himself. 
 Trusting implicitly in Colonel Hayne as a military man, 
 who, from proper observation, could infer correct conclu- 
 sions, he had despatched him thither to examine how far 
 it was practicable to obstruct and secure this channel 
 The report was confirmatory of previous information re- 
 ceived, that it was incapable, from its situation, of effect- 
 ing any such object. 
 
 Fort St. Philip was now resorted to as the lowest point 
 on the river where the erection of a fortification could be 
 at all serviceable. The General had returned on the 9th, 
 from a visit to this place, which he had ordered to be re- 
 paired and strengthened. The commanding officer was 
 directed to remove every combustible material without 
 the fort; to have two additional platforms raised; and the 
 embrasures so enlarged that the ordnance might have the 
 greatest possible sweep upon their circles, and be brought 
 to bear on any object wdthin their range that might ap- 
 proach either up or down the river. At a small distance 
 below, the Mississippi, changing its course, left a neck of 
 land in the bend, covered with timber, and which ob- 
 structed the view. From this point down to where old 
 Fort Bourbon stood, on the west side, the growth along 
 the bank was directed to be cut away, that the shot from 
 St. Philip, ranging across this point of land, might reach 
 an approaching vessel before she should be unmasked 
 from behind it. On the site of Bourbon was to be thrown 
 up a strong work, defended by five twenty-four pounders, 
 which, with the fort above, would be calculated to expose 
 an enemy to a cross fire, for half a mile. A mile above 
 St Philip was to be established a work, which, in con- 
 
CHAPTER VIII. 16S 
 
 junction with the others, would effectually command the 
 river for two miles. At Terre au Boeuf, and at the En- 
 glish turn, twelve miles below the city, were also to be 
 taken measures for defence; Avhere it was expected by 
 Jackson, with his flying artillery and fire ships, he would 
 be able certainly to arrest the enemy's advance. This 
 system of defence, properly established, he believed, 
 would ensure security from any attack in this direction. 
 Fort St. Philip, with the auxiliary batteries above and be- 
 low it, would so concentrate their fires, that an enemy 
 could never pass without suffering greatly, and perhaps 
 being so shattered that they would fall an easy prey to 
 those defences which were still higher up the river. The 
 essential difficulty was to have them commenced and 
 speedily finished. On returning, he hastened to apprize 
 the governor of his views, and of his arrangements, and 
 entreated him to aid in their furtherance. It was propos- 
 ed to submit it to the consideration of the legislature, and 
 to prevail, if possible, with the planters, to furnish their 
 slaves, by whom, alone, such work could, in so insalu- 
 brious a climate, be safely executed. " If what is proposed 
 be performed," said he, "I will stand pledged that the in- 
 vaders of your state shall never, through this route, reach 
 your city." He desired to be informed, early, of the suc- 
 cess of the application, and to know how far the legislature 
 would be disposed to extend their fostering care to the ob- 
 jects suggested; that, in the event of failure, he might 
 have recourse to such resources as were within his reach. 
 "But," added he, "not a moment is to be lost. With 
 energy and expedition, all is safe: — -delay, and all is lost'* 
 
 Aware of approaching danger, the views of the General 
 had been met with becoming zeal, and necessary measures 
 taken, to have the selected points for defence completed in 
 the shortest possible time. 
 
 On Lakes Borgne and Pontchartrain, an equally strong 
 confidence was had, that all would be safe from invasion. 
 Commodore Patterson, who commanded the naval forces, 
 had executed every order with promptness and activity. 
 Agreeably to instructions received from the commanding 
 general, to extend to all the passes on the lakes, every 
 protection in his power, Captain Patterson had sent 
 out the gun boats, under Lieutenant Jones. From their 
 vigilance and capability to defend, great advantages were 
 calculated to arise ; added to which, the Rigolets, the com- 
 
164 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 munication between the two lakes, was defended by Petit 
 Coquille Fort, a strong work, under the command of Cap- 
 tain Newman, which, when acting in conjunction with the 
 gun boats, it was supposed would be competent to repel 
 any assault that might there be waged. The prospects of 
 defence had been improved by detachments sent, with or- 
 ders to fell timber across every bayou and creek, that led 
 out of the lakes, and through which a passage for boats 
 and barges could be afforded ; and to increase the obstruc- 
 tion, by sinking frames in their beds, and filling them 
 with earth. Guards and videttes were posted in different 
 directions to give the earliest information of every thing 
 that passed. In despite, however, of these precautionary 
 measures, treachery opened a way, and pointed the en- 
 trance of the enemy to a narrow pass, through which they 
 effected a landing, and reached previously to being disco- 
 vered, the banks of the Mississippi. 
 
 Such were the measures adopted for the protection of 
 Louisiana against an attack, which, although hitherto 
 resting in conjecture, was supported by too many strong 
 circumstances to admit of doubt. Information of a con- 
 siderable force having left England, filled with high hopes 
 and expectations — the attack on Fort Bowyer, and the in- 
 flammatory proclamations already published, with anony- 
 mous letters received from persons in the West Indies 
 and Pensacola, known, and to be relied on, all tended io- 
 unfold the views of the enemy, and dissipate every thing 
 of doubt as to their designs.* But the time was at hand 
 when conjecture was giving place to certainty; when the 
 intentions of the invaders were fully developing them- 
 selves; and the fact fairly presented, that New Orleans 
 must fall, unless the brave men associated should stand 
 firmly in her defence, resolved to justify the high expecta- 
 tions which had been formed of their valour. Certain in- 
 formation was at hand, of an English fleet being now off 
 Cat and Ship Island, and within a short distance of the 
 American lines, where their strength and numbers were 
 daily increasing. 
 
 Lieutenant Jones, in command of the gun boats on 
 Lake Borgne, was directed to reconnoitre, and ascertain 
 their disposition and force; and, in the event they should 
 attempt, through this route, to effect a disembarkation, 
 
 • See Note B. 
 
CHAPTER VIII. J 65 
 
 to retire to the Rigolets, and there, with his flotilla, make 
 an obstinate resistance, and contend to the last. He re- 
 mained off Ship Island, until the 12th of December, when, 
 understanding the enemy's forces were much increased, 
 he thought it advisable ^.o change his anchorage, and retire 
 to a position near Malheureux Island. This was rendered 
 the more necessary, because affording a safer position; 
 and in the event of being attacked, a better opportu'nity of 
 making good his retreat to the Rigolets, where alone he 
 was instructed to attempt opposition. Whoever looks 
 upon a map of the country, will at once discover the im- 
 portance of this place if driven into action with a greatly 
 superior force. By reaching it, the gun boats would be 
 enabled to present as formidable an opposition as could 
 be waged by any force that could be brought against them. 
 On the iSth December, Jones discovered the enemy's 
 barges directing their way towards Pass Christian. He 
 was not long in doubt, as to the object probably in view; 
 for, although at first it was supposed to be " a disembarka- 
 tion, intended to be landed there, yet, on passing it, and 
 pursuing their course still further westwardly, he at once 
 concluded an attack on the gun boats was designed." His 
 orders left him no discretion as to the place he should 
 meet and fight them. Indeed, his flotilla, although quite 
 inconsiderable in numbers, was of too much consequence, 
 at this juncture, to be inadvertently risked, or in fact risked 
 at all, unless under circumstances affording a decided su- 
 periority. In no other way was this to be obtained, than 
 by reaching the point to which he had been ordered: 
 this he endeavoured to effect, as soon as he became satis- 
 fied of what was intended by their present movement. 
 Weighing his anchors, with the design of reaching the 
 position referred to in his orders, he soon discovered it to 
 be wholly impracticable. A strong wind having blown for 
 some days to the east, from the lake to the gulf, had so 
 reduced the depth of water, that the best and deepest 
 channels were insufficient to float his little squadron. 
 The oars were resorted to, but without rendering the least 
 assistance: it was immoveable. Recourse was now had 
 to throwing every thing overboard that could be spared, 
 to lighten and bring them off; all, however, was ineffec- 
 tual, — nothing could afford relief. At this moment of ex- 
 treme peril and danger, the tide coming suddenly in, 
 relieved from present embarrassment, and lifting them 
 
166 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 from the shoal, they bore away from the attack meditated ; 
 directed their course for the Rigolets, and came to anchor 
 at one o'clock the ntxt morning on the west passage of 
 Malheureux isle; where, at day dawn, they discovered the 
 pursuit had been abandoned. 
 
 Early on the morning of the 14th, the enemy's barges, 
 lying nine miles to the east, suddenly weighed their an- 
 ch'ors; and, getting under way, proceeded westwardly to 
 the pass, where our gun boats still lay. The same diffi- 
 culty experienced yesterday was now encountered. Per- 
 ceiving the approach of the enemy, an attempt was made 
 to retreat; but in vain. The wind was entirely lulled, and 
 a perfect calm prevailed; while a strong current setting to 
 the gulf, rendered every effort to retire unavailing. No 
 alternative was at hand; but a single course was left; to 
 meet and fight them. At once the resolution was adopted, 
 to avail themselves of the best position they could obtain, 
 wait their approach, and defend themselves, whilst there 
 "was a hope of success. The line was formed, with springs 
 on the cables, and all were waiting, composedly, the ar- 
 rival of a foe, who imagined himself advancing to an easy 
 conquest The contest, in so open and unfavourable a 
 situation, and against so superior a force, promised, in- 
 deed, to be an unequal one: yet the firmness and bravery 
 which had always characterized our fearless tars in battle, 
 were, on this occasion, not to be tarnished. An unfortu- 
 nate state of things, which they could not control, had 
 brought them into battle at a moment, and under circum- 
 stances, their discretion did not approve: but, being 
 inevitable, every mind was determined on a desperate 
 stand; and still, though beaten, to preserve unsullied their 
 reputation, — their flag from dishonour. 
 
 Forty-three boats, mounting as many cannon, with 
 twelve hundred chosen men, well armed, constituted the 
 strength of the assailants. Advancing in extended line, 
 they were presently in reach : and, at half after eleven 
 o'clock, the action became general. Owing to a strong 
 current, two of the boats, 156 and 163, were unable to 
 keep their anchorage, and floated about a hundred yards 
 in advance of the line. This circumstance was unfortu- 
 nate; for although it was by no means to be calculated, 
 that victory could be attendant on a conflict, where 
 strength and numbers were so disproportionate, yet, 
 could the line have been preserved, the chances for de- 
 
CHAPTER VIII. 167 
 
 fence would have been increased — the opportunity more 
 favourable for inflicting injury, and crippling the foe, while 
 the period of contest would have been protracted. Every 
 moment this could be prolonged would have proved ad- 
 vantageous; for soon as the wind should spring up, which 
 yet continued lulled, the boats would be rendered more 
 manageable, and an opportunity afforded of retiring from 
 the battle, whenever the result promised to become disas- 
 trous. 
 
 The enemy advanced in three divisions. Our gun boats 
 formed in a line, were under command of Lieutenant Jones, 
 who, on board, No. 156, occupied the centre. No 162 
 and 163 rested on his left, under the direction of Lieu- 
 tenant Spedden and Sailing-master Ulrich; on his right 
 was No. 5 and ^.'J, commanded by Sailing-master Ferris 
 and Lieutenant M*Iver. The centre division of the 
 enemy, led by the senior officer of the expedition. Captain 
 Lockyer, bore down on No. 156, the centre of our line, 
 and twice attempting to board, was twice repulsed with 
 an immense destruction of both officers and crew, and the 
 loss of two of their boats which were sunk: one a seventy- 
 four's launch, crowded with men, went down immediately 
 along side of the gun boat. Jones being too severely 
 wounded longer to maintain the deck, retired, leaving the 
 command with George Parker, who no less valiantly de- 
 fended his flag, until badly wounded, he was also com- 
 pelled to leave his post; and soon after the boat was 
 carried. No. 163, though ably defended, was also taken ; 
 and the guns of both turned on No. 162, and 5, which 
 also surrendered; and last of all No. 23, commanded by 
 Lieutenant M'lver. Thus in detail was our little squadron, 
 after a conflict of nearly an hour, lost; a conflict in which 
 every thing was done that gallantry could do, and nothing 
 unperformed that duty required; but it was a disaster 
 which, under all the circumstances, could not be avoided. 
 The calm which prevailed, and the unwieldly condition of 
 the boats which prevented any management by the oars, 
 took away all opportunity of their aiding and sustaining 
 each other; while the enemy's barges, with great facility, 
 were able to avail themselves of the advantages of position: 
 besides this, from our centre gun boat, much aid was ob- 
 tained; having carried her, the flag was kept flying, and 
 under it, her guns Avere used against the other boats, a 
 circumstance which was not discovered for some time, 
 
168 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 nor until after repeated discharges of her cannon had been 
 made, and material injury produced. 
 
 The commandant was ably supported by the officers as- 
 sociated with him. Lieutenants Spedden and M'lver 
 "were wounded; the former in both arms, and in one so 
 severely, as to be compelled to have it amputated: yet 
 this valiant officer to the last continued his orders; nor 
 did the latter quit for a moment his post. Midshipmen 
 Cauley and Reynolds, young men of spirit and promise, 
 fell victims to the wounds received in this contest. But it 
 is unnecessary to take up the time of the reader in com- 
 mendation of this Spartan band : their bravery and good 
 conduct will be long remembered and admired, and excite 
 emotions much stronger than language can paint. The 
 great disparity of force between the combatants, added to 
 the advantages the enemy derived from the peculiar con- 
 struction of their boats, which gave them an opportunity 
 to take any position that circumstances and safety directed, 
 while the others lay wholly unmanageable, presents a cu- 
 rious and strange result; that, while the American loss 
 was but ten killed, and thirty-five wounded, that of their 
 assailants was not less than three hundred. The British 
 have never presented any report upon this subject: but, 
 from every information, and from all the attendant cir- 
 cumstances of the battle, it was even believed to have 
 exceeded this number; of which, a large proportion was 
 ^officers.* 
 
 The British returned to their shipping, at Cat Island, 
 with their prisoners, carrying with them a convincing ar- 
 gument, to do away the belief with which they had arrived, 
 that, in this section of country, the inhabitants were wait- 
 ing, with open arms, to receive them. 
 
 This disaster was announced to General Jackson, while 
 on a visit to the lakes, whither he had gone to examine the 
 situation of the different works, there erected and in pro- 
 gress. He heard it with much concern; for on it impor- 
 tant considerations depended. The means of watching 
 the enemy, and ascertaining his projects, were now cut 
 
 Boats. Men. Guns. 
 
 The British had 43 1200 43 
 
 The Americans 5 182 23 
 
 Difference 38 1018 20 
 
CHAPTER VIII. 169 
 
 off, and the necessity imposed of resorting for defence and 
 safety, in this direction, to entirely different means. 
 
 Aided by ours, and the great number of their own boats, 
 his fears for the safety "of Mobile were much increased. 
 The apprehension which he had constantly entertained for 
 this place were of the most lively kind. Although he 
 had every confidence in the gallant officer who commanded 
 at Fort Bowyer, yet he well knew how inefficient were the 
 exertions of a brave man, when assailed by superior 
 strength and numbers. The importance of the place and 
 its security, was to him a matter of the greatest concern. 
 It seems to have been an object that never sufficiently 
 fastened itself on the consideration of the enemy, or in- 
 deed our own government. His own apprehensions of an 
 invasion here, as affecting much more seriously the inte- 
 rest of the lower country, was to him a cause of constant 
 uneasiness. He felt confident, that while this point re- 
 mained safe, so might the country adjacent; but if it fell, 
 the Indians jnight again be excited, — the settlements on 
 the Mobile and Alabama rivers become tributary, and 
 New Orleans be involved in the general ruin. Deeply 
 impressed with the inaportance of properly defending this 
 place, he had heretofore brought to the view of the secre- 
 tary of war, the propriety and necessity of adopting such 
 a course as should place it entirely out of the reach of 
 danger. To effect this, he proposed that a large frigate, 
 mounting forty-four guns, which, for some cause, to him 
 unknown, had been left on the stocks, at Tchifonte, in an 
 unfinished state, should be completed, and applied to this 
 purpose. "Let her," he remarked, "be placed in the 
 Navy Cove, which will protect the rear of the fort; and 
 my life upon it, ten thousand troops, and all the British 
 fleet, cannot take the place, nor enter the bay. This will 
 be their point of attack; if carried, they will penetrate the 
 Indian nation, — there make a stand, and incite the savages 
 to war, and the slaves to insurrection and massacre; — 
 penetrate, if they can, to the left bank of the Mississippi, 
 and arrest all communication. If they succeed in this, 
 the lower country falls of course." No notice, however, 
 was ever taken of his admonition, and nothing done to 
 effect the object proposed. His entire defence and safety 
 rested on the means which he himself could reach. An 
 express was immediately despatched to General Win- 
 chester, apprising him of what had happened; that all 
 
170 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 communication being cut off, he must look to the pro- 
 curing supplies for his army through the posts established 
 in the Creek country. "The enemy," he continues, "will 
 attempt, through Pass Huron, to reach you: watch, nor 
 suffer yourself to be surprised ; haste, and throw sufficient 
 supplies into Fort Bowyer; and guard vigilantly the com- 
 munication from Fort Jackson, lest it be destroyed. Mo- 
 bile point must be supported and defended, at every ha- 
 zard. The enemy has given us a large coast to guard; 
 but I trust, with the smiles of heaven, to be able to meet 
 and defeat him at every point he may venture His foot 
 upon the land." 
 
 Increased vigilance and enlarged exertions were now 
 required to guard the different routes through which they 
 might seek to make good their progress, and reach the 
 object of their visit. Major Lacoste, commanding the 
 battalion of coloured troops, was ordered, with two pieces 
 of cannon and a sufficient force, to take post on and de- 
 fend the Chef Menteur road, that led from the head of 
 Lake Borgne to New Orleans. In fact, wherever an 
 inlet or creek, of the smallest size, putting in, justified 
 the belief, that through it an entrance might be effected, 
 arrangements were made to obstruct the passage, and 
 prevent approach. Through the Rigolets was presumed 
 the most probable route the enemy would adventure, that, 
 by gaining Lake Pontchartrain, a landing might be made 
 above or below the city, or at bayou St. John, directly op- 
 posite; and, by a division of their forces, and assaulting 
 different points, make such a diversion, as, with raw 
 troops, could not be resisted under any circumstances of 
 advantage. 
 
 This place had been confided to Captain Newman, of 
 the artillery. It was an important point, as well for the 
 purposes already named, as being a position whence any 
 movement on the lakes could be discovered. On the 2?d, 
 it was reinforced by several heavy pieces of cannon, and 
 an additional supply of men. He was advised by the Ge- 
 neral of the consequence attached to it, and that it was 
 not to be inconsiderately yielded; but that, in the event of 
 his being compelled to abandon it, every thing being pro- 
 perly secured, he was to make good his retreat to Chef 
 Menteur, where he would be covered by an additional 
 force: "But," added he, "you are not to retreat until your 
 
CHAPTER VIII. 171 
 
 judgment is well convinced that it is absolutely necessary 
 to the very salvation of your command." 
 
 On the 1 6th the militia were reviewed by Jackson. He 
 had perceived, on his arrival at New Orleans, such des- 
 pondency manifested, that to remove it had called forth 
 all his exertions. His active and incessant endeavours to 
 have defended every accessible point, and a confidence, 
 constantly evinced, that his resources were commensurate 
 with all the purposes of successful resistance, had com- 
 pletely undermined those fears, at first so generally in- 
 dulged. I^est, from the loss which had lately happened 
 on the lakes, doubt and despondency might be again pro- 
 duced, was the principal cause of his appearing to-day, on 
 review; to convince them, by his deportment, that the 
 safety of the city was not to be despaired of. He directed 
 an address to be read, which he had previously prepared 
 for the purpose. It was drawn in language breathing the 
 warmth of his own feelings, and calculated to communicate 
 and inspire the same glow to olhers. He told them they 
 were contending for all that could render life desirable; 
 ^For your property and lives; — for that which is dearer 
 than all, your wives and children; — for liberty, without 
 which, country, life, and property are not worth possessing. 
 Even the embraces of wives and children are a reproach 
 to the wretch who would deprive them, by his cowardice, 
 of those inestimable blessings. You are to contend with 
 an enemy who seeks to deprive you of the least of these — 
 who avows a war of vengeance and desolation, carried on 
 and marked by cruelties, lusts, and horrors, unknown to 
 civilized nations. 
 
 •^ " Natives of the United States ! the enemy you are to 
 contend with are the oppressors of your infant political 
 existence — they are the men your fathers fought and con- 
 quered, whom you are now to oppose. Descendants of 
 Frenchmen ! natives of France ! they are English, the he- 
 reditary, the eternal enemies of your ancient country, the 
 invaders of that you have adopted, who are your foes. 
 Spaniards! remember the conduct of your allies at St. 
 Sebastian, and recently at Pensacola, and rejoice that you 
 have an opportunity of avenging the brutal injuries in- 
 flicted by men who dishonour the human race. Loui- 
 sianians ! your general rejoices to witness the spirit that 
 animates you, not only for your honour, but your safety; 
 for whatever had been your conduct or wishes, his duty 
 
172 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 would have led, and yet will lead I ir^io confound the citi- 
 zen, unmmdful of his rights, with ^le enemy he ceases to 
 oppose. Commanding men who know their rights, and 
 are determined to defend them, he salutes you as brethren 
 in arms; and has now a new motive to exert all his facul- 
 ties, which shall be strained to the utmost in your defence. 
 Continue with the energy you have begun, and he promises 
 you not only safety, but victory over an insolent foe, who 
 has insulted you by an affected doubt of your attachment 
 to the constitution of your country. Your enemy is near; 
 his sails already cover the lakes: but the brave are united; 
 and if he find us contending among ourselves, it will be 
 for the prize of valour, — and fame, its noblest reward." 
 
 Resistance on the lakes being at an end, no doubt was 
 entertained but that the moment for action would be as early 
 as the enemy could make his preparations to proceed. At 
 what point, at what time, and with a force how greatly 
 superior to his own, were matters wholly resting in uncer- 
 tainty, and could not be known until they should actually 
 transpire. The means for opposition, therefore, were to 
 be seized on without delay, or resistance would be useless. 
 
 That the hour of attack was not far distant, was con- 
 firmed by a circumstance which reflects no considerable 
 honour on the officer in command of the fleet. The day 
 subsequent to the contest on the lakes, Mr. Shields, pur- 
 ser in the navy, had been despatched with a flag, to Cat 
 island, accompanied by Dr. Murrell, for the purpose of 
 relieving our wounded, and to effect a negotiation, by which 
 they should be liberated on parole. We are not aware 
 that such an application militated against the usages and 
 customs of war; if not, the flag of truce should have been 
 respected; nor ought its bearer to have been detained as a 
 prisoner. Admiral Cochrane's pretended fear that it was 
 a wile, designed to ascertain his strength and situation, 
 are far from presenting any sufficient excuse for so wanton 
 an outrage on propriety and the rules of war. If this 
 were apprehended, could not the messengers have been 
 met at a distance from the fleet, and ordered back with- 
 out a near approach ? Had this been done, no informa- 
 tion could have been gained, and the object designed to be 
 secured by the detention would have been answered, with- 
 out infringing that amicable intercourse between contend- 
 ing armies, which, when violated or disregarded, opens a 
 
CHAPTER viir. 173 
 
 door to brutal and savage warfare. Finding they did not 
 return, the cause of it was at once correctly divined. 
 
 The British admiral was solicitous, and resorted to 
 various means to obtain from these gentlemen information 
 of the strength and disposition of our army; but so cau- 
 tious a reserve was maintained, that from them nothing 
 could be elicited. Shields was perceived to be deaf, and 
 calculating on some advantage to be derived from this cir- 
 cumstance, he and the Doctor were placed at night in the 
 green room, where any conversation which occurred could 
 readily be heard. Suspecting, perhaps, something of the 
 kind, after having retired, and every thing was seemingly 
 still, they began to speak of their situation — the circum- 
 stance of their being detained, and of the prudent caution 
 with which they had guarded themselves against commu- 
 nicating any information to the British admiral. But, 
 continued Shields, how greatly these gentlemen will be 
 disappointed in their expectations, for Jackson with his 
 twenty thousand troops, and the reinforcements from 
 Kentucky, which must speedily reach him, will be able to 
 destroy any force that can be landed from these ships. 
 Every word was heard, and treasured, and not supposing 
 there was any design, or that he presumed himself over-" 
 heard, they were beguiled by it, and at once concluded our 
 force to be as great as it was represented ; and hence no 
 doubt arose that prudent care and caution with which the 
 enemy afterwards proceeded; for, as was remarked by a 
 British officer, the actual strength of General Jackson's 
 army, though repeatedly sought after, could never be pro- 
 cured; it was a desideratum not to be obtained. 
 
 Early on the 15th, expresses were sent off up the coast, 
 in quest of General Coffee, — to endeavour to procure in- 
 formation of the Kentucky and Tennessee divisions, which 
 it was hoped were not far distant, and to urge their speedy 
 approach. In his communication to Coffee, the general 
 observes, *' You must not sleep, until you reach me, or 
 arrive within striking distance. Your accustomed activi- 
 ty is looked for. Innumerable defiles present themselves, 
 where your services and riflemen will be all important 
 An opportunity is at hand, to reap for yourself and brigade 
 the approbation of your country." 
 
 In obedience to the order he had received at Mobile, to 
 occupy some central position, where his horses could be 
 subsisted, and whence he might act as circumstances 
 p 2 
 
174 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 should require, Coffee had proceeded as far as Sandy 
 creek, a small distance above Baton Rouge, where he had 
 halted. His brigade, on its march, had been greatly ex- 
 posed, and many and various hardships encountered. The 
 cold season had set in; and, for twenty days it had rained 
 incessantly. The waters were raised to uncommon 
 heights, and every creek and bayou was to be bridged or 
 swam. Added to this, their march was through an un- 
 cultivated country, but thinly settled, where little subsist- 
 ence was to be had, and that procured with much diffi- 
 culty. He had been at this place eight or ten days, when, 
 late on the evening of the 17th, the express despatched 
 from head-quarters reached him. He lost no time in exe- 
 cuting the order; and, directing one of his regiments, 
 which, for the greater convenience of foraging, had en- 
 camped about six miles off, to unite with him, he was 
 ready in the morning, and proceeded on his march the 
 instant it arrived. In consequence of innumerable expo- 
 sures, there were, at this time, three hundred on the sick 
 list. These being left, he commenced his advance with 
 twelve hundred and fifty men. The weather yet continued 
 extremely cold and rainy, which prevented their proceed- 
 ing with the celerity the exigency of the moment so much 
 required. Coffee, perceiving that the movement of his 
 whole force in a body, might occasion delays, ruinous to 
 the main object in view, ordered all who were well mount- 
 ed, and able to proceed, to advance with him; while the 
 rest of his brigade, under suitable officers, were left to 
 follow as fast as the weak and exhausted condition of their 
 horses would permit. His force, by this arrangement, 
 was reduced to eight hundred men, with whom he moved 
 with the utmost industry. Having marched seventy miles 
 the last day, he encamped on the night of the 19th, within 
 fifteen miles of New Orleans, making in two days a dis- 
 tance of one hundred and twenty miles. Continuing his 
 advance, early next morning, he halted within four miles 
 of the city, to examine the state and condition of his arms, 
 and to learn, in the event the enemy had landed, the rela- 
 tive position of the two armies. 
 
 These brave men, without murmuring, had now tra- 
 versed an extent of country nothing short of eight hundred 
 miles, and under trials sufficiently severe to have appalled 
 the most resolute and determined. They had enrolled 
 themselves, not as volunteers sometimes do, to frolic, and 
 
CHAPTER VIII. 175 
 
 by peaceable campaigns to gain a name in arms — they 
 had done it, knowing that an enemy, if not already at hand, 
 was certainly expected, with whom they would have to 
 contend, and severely. Great reliance was had on them 
 by the commanding general; and their good conduct, in 
 the different situations in which they had acted was a 
 proof how much they deserved it On inspecting their 
 arms, which consisted principally of rifles, two hundred 
 were discovered to be so materially injured by the wea- 
 ther, as to be unfit for service. 
 
 The advance of colonel Hinds, from Woodville, with 
 the Mississippi dragoons, was no less prompt and expedi- 
 tious; an active and brave officer, he was, on this, as on 
 all other occasions, at his post, ready to act as circum- 
 stances should require. Having received his orders, he 
 hastened forward, and effected in four days, a march of 
 two hundred and thirty miles. 
 
 On the 16th, colonel Hynes, reached head-quarters, 
 with information from general Carroll, that he would be 
 present as early as possible; but that the state of the wea- 
 ther, and contrary winds, greatly retarded his progress. 
 To remedy this, a steam boat was put in requisition, and 
 ordered to proceed up the river to aid him in reaching 
 his destination, without loss of time. He was advised oi 
 the necessity of hastening rapidly forward; that the lakes 
 were in possession of the enemy, and their arrival daily 
 looked for: ** But," continued Jackson, "I am resolved, 
 feeble as my force is, to assail him, on his first landing, 
 and perish sooner than he shall reach the city." 
 
 Independent of the large force which was descending 
 with general Carroll, his approach was looked to with ad- 
 ditional pleasure, from the circumstance of his having 
 with him a boat laden with arms, destined for the defence 
 of the country, and which he had overtaken on passing 
 down the Mississippi. His falling in with them was for- 
 tunate; for, had their arrival depended on those to whom 
 they had been confided, they might have arriver* too late, 
 and after all danger had subsided; as was indeed the case 
 with others, forv/arded from Pittsburg, which, through 
 the unpardonable conduct of those who had been entrusted 
 with their transportation, did not reach New^ Orleans until 
 after all difficulties had terminated. Much inconvenience 
 was sustained, during the siege, for want of arms to place 
 in the hands of the militia: great however as it was, it 
 
176 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 would have been increased, even to an alarming extent, 
 but for the accidental circumstance of this boat having 
 fallen in with the Tennessee division, which impelled it 
 on, and thereby produced incalculable advantage.* 
 
 This division, had left Nashville on the 19th of Novem- 
 ber. Their exertions, without which they could not have 
 arrived in time to afford that assistance and protection 
 which the peril of the moment so much required, entitle 
 them and their commander to every gratitude. But above 
 all is our gratitude due to that benign Providence, who, 
 having aided in the establishment of our glorious inde- 
 pendence, again manifested his goodness and power in 
 guarding the rights of a country rendered sacred by the 
 blood of the virtuous, heretofore shed in its defence. It 
 rarely, if ever happens, that the Cumberland river admits 
 a passage for boats so early in the season; but torrents of 
 
 * On the first intimation that tlxe British intended a descent on this 
 section of the United States, General Jackson sug-gested to the secre- 
 tary of war the scarcity of both arms and ordnance, and the necessity 
 of having the deficiency remedied as soon as possible. Mr. Monroe, 
 then secretary of war, had given the earliest attention to the subject, 
 and ordered an ample supply to be embarked from Pittsburg, suffi- 
 ciently eaiiy to have reached head-quarters pre>iously to the enemy's 
 landing. Their transportation down the western waters liad been 
 confided to those who felt not sufficient concern for tlieir speedy ar- 
 rival to use the necessary diligence. Whether the government had 
 g^ven any such oi-ders, or that it were a piece of penny-wise economy 
 suggested by the quarter-master, we do not know. The fact, how- 
 ever, is, that a steam vessel, sailing with much expedition, proposed 
 to carry and deliver them at New Orleans in eighteen days, which 
 would have been in time for all the purposes afterwai'ds needed. Bat 
 the officer who had the management of this business, because it was 
 in his power to save an inconsiderable sum in freight, prefeiTcd deli- 
 vering them to the captain of a large flat bottomed boat, v/hich moved 
 slowly, and which, withal, it was understood, would occasionally stop 
 on the way to traffic and trade oft' the different articles with which 
 she was laden. On all occasions, we would commend economy, when 
 founded on correct principles : but that minister or agent of the 
 government, who, to save a partial expense, hazards the loss of thou- 
 sands; or who, through parsimonious views of any kind whatever, 
 risks the loss of a whole country, evidences so weak and narrow- 
 sighted a policy, as can on no ground be justified. The general, in 
 a letter to the secretary of war, after tlie battle of the 8th, remarks, 
 that if he had had a sufficiency of anns, he would have captured or 
 destroyed the whole British army; and tl/is lie might have had, if the 
 agents of the government had executed the duties confided to them 
 on a scale enlarged and liberal as the crisis demanded. 
 
CHAPTER VIII. 177 
 
 rain descending, swelled the stream, and wafted our troops 
 safely to tne Mississippi, where all obstructions were at 
 an end. An apprehension entertained lest the blow might 
 be stricken, and the injury done, before they could reach 
 their destined point, had inspired our troops with an alac- 
 rity and exertion which brought them rapidly to the place 
 of danger and usefulness. 
 
 While these preparations were progressing, to concen- 
 trate the forces within his reach, the General was turning 
 his attention to ward off any blow that might be aimed, 
 before his expected reinforcements should arrive. Every 
 point, capable of being successfully assailed, was receiving 
 such additional strength and security as could be given. 
 Patroles and videttes were ranged through the country, 
 that the earliest intelligence might be had of any intended 
 movement The militia of the state were called out en 
 niasse; and, through the interference of the legislature, an 
 embargo on vessels at the port of New Orleans was de- 
 clared, to afford an opportunity of procuring additional 
 recruits for the navy. General Villery, because an inha- 
 bitant of the country, and best understanding the several 
 points on the lakes susceptible of defence, was ordered, 
 with the Louisiana militia, to search out, and give protec- 
 tion to the different passes, where a landing might be 
 effected. 
 
 To hinder the enemy from obtaining supplies on the 
 shore, a detachment was sent to Pearl River, to prevent 
 any parties from landing until the stock could be driven 
 from the neighbourhood. The precaution, for some time 
 used, of restricting the departure of any vessel with pro- 
 visions, under the operation of the embargo imposed by 
 the legislature, had greatly disappointed the expectations 
 of the British, and even introduced distress into Pensa- 
 cola, whence the Spaniards had been in the habit of pro- 
 curing their supplies. The governor had solicited the 
 opening a communication, for the relief of the suffering 
 inhabitants of his province. Although he had given no 
 flattering evidence, either of friendship, candour, or sin- 
 cerity, yet the statement offered by him might be correct; 
 and if so, the neutrality of his country established a well- 
 founded claim to the benevolence of the Americans. Jack- 
 son, aware that this appeal to his humanity might be a 
 stratagem designed to aid the enemy, and balancing be- 
 tween a desire that these people should not be seriouslj 
 
178 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 injured, and a fear that the application was intended for a 
 different purpose than was avowed, he determined to err 
 on the side of mercy, and, as far as possible, to relieve 
 their wants. This he directed General Winchester, at 
 Mobile, to effect, provided his stock of provisions would 
 permit it. It was particularly enjoined on him that the 
 quantity of provisions sent should be small, and to be 
 conveyed by water: " For," said he, "if the Spaniards are 
 really in distress, and the supply sent shall be taken by 
 the British, it will excite their just indignation towards 
 them, and erase all friendship, while they will be afforded 
 an additional proof of ours: the supply too being incon- 
 siderable, even if captured, will prove of no great benefit 
 to our enemy." 
 
 Jackson's arrangements were well conceived, and ra- 
 pidly progressing; but they were still insufficient; and his 
 own forebodings assured him, that, to obtain security, 
 something stronger than had been yet resorted to, re- 
 quired to be adopted. That there was an enemy in the 
 midst of his camp, more to be feared than those who were 
 menacing from abroad, was indeed highly probable; while 
 an apprehension indulged, that there were many fo- 
 reigners, who, feeling no attachment for the country, and 
 having nothing to defend, would not scruple to avail them- 
 selves of every opportunity to give intelligence of the 
 Strength, situation, a'nd arrangement of his camp, excited 
 his fears, and induced a wish to apply the earliest possible 
 corrective. A stranger himself, his own conjectures might 
 not have led to the conclusion; but information received, 
 before and soon after his arrival, through different chan- 
 nels, and particularly from the governor of the state, had 
 awakened a belief, that the country was filled with disaf- 
 fected persons, who, if not closely guarded, might occa- 
 sion the worst of consequences. Although he had been in 
 possession of data^ sufficiently strong to confirm him in 
 the opinion, that the facts and circumstances disclosed 
 were of a character truly as had been represented, until 
 now, no urgent necessity had arisen, rendering a resort to 
 rigid measures essential to the general safety. Abundant 
 evidence of prevailing disaffection had been already ob- 
 tained, through Governor Claibonie. In a letter to Gene- 
 ral Jackson, after his return from Pensacola, he observed, 
 "Enemies to the country may blame your prompt and 
 energetic measures; but in the person of every patriot. 
 
CHAPTER VIII. 179 
 
 you will find a supporter. I am well aware of the lax po- 
 lice of this city, and indeed of the whole state, with re- 
 spect to strangers. I think, with you, that our country is 
 filled *with traitors and spies.' On this subject, I have 
 written pressingly to the city authorities and parish 
 judges. Some regulations, I hope, will be adopted by 
 the first, and greater vigilance be exercised, in future, by 
 the latter. '* 
 
 Never, perhaps, all the circumstances considered, did 
 any general advance to the defence and protection of a 
 people situated in his own country, where greater room 
 was had to distrust the success of the event, and believe 
 all efforts hopeless. That there should be found, at all 
 times, and in all places, an inconsiderable few who would 
 not withhold their assent to a change in the form of any 
 government, under which they might live, is not a circum- 
 stance to excite surprise. Some could be induced to it, 
 if for no other reason, to alter a condition in life, which if 
 not improved, might not be rendered worse: and in our 
 country particularly, where foreigners are freely and 
 readily admitted to all our rights and privileges, many of 
 whom have been allured, not by attachment, but from 
 motives of cupidity, may we have cause to regret a want 
 of union and energy at those periods when they shall be 
 mostly needed. That disaffection, however, should be 
 found in our national councils, is a source of increased 
 regret, and causes it to assume a character of deeper dan- 
 ger. When, therefore. General Jackson was informed by 
 the governor, that the legislature, instead of discharging 
 with alacrity, diligence, and good faith, the duties which 
 had been confided to them by their constituents, had, 
 under the garb of privilege, endeavoured to mar the exe- 
 cution of measures the most salutary, he might well con- 
 clude the country in danger, and suspect a want of fidelity 
 in her citizens. Upon the yeomanry alone must every 
 country depend for its liberty: they are its sinews and its 
 strength. Let them continue virtuous, and they will 
 cheerfully, nay, fearlessly, maintain themselves against 
 aggression; but if they become corrupted, or through the 
 intrigue or misconduct of their rulers lose confidence in 
 their government, forthwith their importance and value is 
 impaired. While the people of Rome felt themselves 
 freemen, and proud of the name of citizens, Rome was in- 
 vincible: and to descend to times more modern the 
 
180 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 Strength of France was an overmatch for combined Eu- 
 rope, only while Frenchmen had confidence in, and regard 
 for their government, and felt that they were a constituent 
 part of it 
 
 Although we would gladly draw a veil over the conduct 
 of the legislature of Louisiana, and forgive their error, yet 
 it is difficult, nor is it necessary, to forget, that on a former 
 occasion, at a moment of threatened and expected danger, 
 they exerted themselves against the establishment of any 
 system of defence. General Flournoy then commanded. 
 Apprehending invasion, he applied to the governor for 
 whatever aid the state could aff'ord. Constitutional re- 
 sources were attempted, and efforts made to draw out the 
 militia; they resisted the requisition: and that resistance 
 so far from being discountenanced by the legislature then 
 in session, was promoted and encouraged, by their as- 
 suming to themselves the right of declaring the demand 
 to be illegal, unnecessary, and oppressive. When popu- 
 lar resentment is once awakened, and opposition to mea- 
 sures once begun, the slightest encouragement impels it 
 forward; but when the authorities of a state become 
 abettors, and by their conduct and expressions give it 
 sanction, the delusion is increased, and forthwith it swells 
 beyond the bounds where reason can control. Thus sup- 
 ported, the militia, as might have been expected, stood 
 their ground, and resolutely resisted the call to defend 
 their country. The example thus established had already 
 induced the conviction that they were privileged, and had 
 reserved to them, on all occasions, when called for, the 
 right of determining if the call were regular, why and 
 wherefore made, where they would prefer to act, and to 
 be governed accordingly. When, therefore, the first re- 
 quisition made by Jackson was attempted to be filled, a 
 number made a tender of their services as volunteers; but 
 upon condition, that they were not to be marthed from 
 the state. The reply made, showed they were to act with 
 a general who knew nothing of temporizing policy, and 
 who would go the entire length that safety and necessity 
 required, and his powers permitted. They were assured 
 his object was to defend the country, and that he should do 
 it at every hazard; that soldiers who entered the ranks 
 with him to fight the battles of their country, must forget 
 the habits of social life, and be willing and prepared to go 
 
CHAPTER VIII. 181 
 
 wherever duty and danger called ; such were the kind of 
 troops he wanted, and none others would he have. 
 
 Influenced by these and other considerations, which 
 were daily disclosed; sensible of the danger that sur- 
 rounded him; and from a conviction founded, as he 
 thought, not upon light considerations, that the country 
 without a mo'st decisive course could not be saved, he 
 brought to the view of the legislature the propriety and 
 necessity of suspending the writ of habeas corpus. To at- 
 tempt himself so new and bold a course, he was satisfied 
 might draw to him the reproofs and censures of the or- 
 thodox politicians of the day, and involve him in many 
 and various reproaches. The legislature had already in- 
 terrupted the commerce by declaring and enforcing an 
 embargo; and the exercise of this subsequent authority, 
 equally necessary with the first, could involve, he sup- 
 posed, no higher exercise of power than the enactment of 
 an embargo law. He was solicitous, therefore, to relieve 
 himself of the responsibility, by prevailing on the legisla- 
 tifi-e to do that which necessity and the security of the 
 country seemed imperiously to require. They proceeded 
 slowly to the investigation, and were deliberating, with 
 great caution, upon their right, authority, and constitu- 
 tional power to adopt such a measure, when the General, 
 sensible that procrastination was dangerous, and might 
 defeat the objects intended to be answered, assumed all 
 responsibility, and superseded their deliberations by de- 
 claring the city ?ta! environs of New Orleans under mar- 
 tial law. 
 
 All persons entering the city were required imme- 
 diately to report themselves to. the adjutant- general; and 
 on failing to do so, were to be arrested and detained for 
 examination. None v/cre to depart from it, or be suffered 
 to pass beyond the chain of sentinels, but by permission 
 from the commanding general, or one of the staff": nor 
 vy'^s any vessel or craft t-o be permitted to sail on the 
 river, or the lakes, but by the same authority, or a pass- 
 port signed by the commander of the naval forces. 
 
 The lamps were to be extinguished at nine o'clock at 
 night; after v,'hich time, all persons found in the streets, 
 or from their respective homes, without permission in 
 writing, signed as above, were to be arrested as spies, and 
 detained for examination. 
 
 At a crisis so important, and from a persuasion that the 
 
182 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 country in its menaced situation, could not be preserved 
 by the exercise of any ordinary powers, he believed it 
 best to adopt a course that should be efficient, even if it 
 partially endangered the rights and privileges of the citi- 
 zen. He proclaimed martial law, believing necessity and 
 policy required it: "Under a solemn conviction that the 
 country, committed to his care, could by such a measure 
 alone be saved from utter ruin; and from a religious be- 
 lief, that he was performing the most important and sacred 
 duty. By it, he intended to supersede such civil powers, 
 as, in their operation, interfered with those he was 
 obliged to exercise. He thought that, at such a moment, 
 constitutional forms should be suspended, for the preser- 
 vation of constitutional rights; and that there could be no 
 question, whether it were better to depart, for a moment, 
 from the enjoyment of our dearest privileges, or to have 
 them wrested for ever." 
 
 This rigid course was by no means well received. 
 Whether it had for its object good or evil: whether 
 springing from necessity or a spirit of oppression in its 
 author, with many, was not a material question: it was suf- 
 ficient that they considered it an infraction of the law, to 
 excite their w^armest opposition; whilst the long approved 
 doctrine of 7iecessitas rei afforded no substantial argument 
 to induce a conviction of its propriety. Whether the 
 civil should yield to military law, or w^hich should have 
 control, with those whose anxious wishes were the safety 
 of the state, was not a matter of deep or serious concern;, 
 but to busy politicians, and lukewarm breasts, it opened a 
 field for investigation: and many a fire-side patriot had 
 arguments at command, to prove it an usurpation of 
 power, an outrage upon government, and a violation of 
 the constitution. During the invasion, and while affairs 
 of major importance impended, no occasion was presented 
 of testing its correctness; but soon as the enemy had re- 
 tired, and before it was ascertained, whether, at some 
 more fortunate and less guarded point, .they might not 
 return to renew those efforts which had so lately failed, 
 Dominick A. Hall, judge of the United States' court for 
 the district, determined to wage a war of authority, and to 
 have decided, if, in any event, the civil power could be 
 deprived of supremacy. Jackson presumed his time of 
 too great importance, at so momentous a period, to be 
 wasted in the discussion of such matters. He gave to it. 
 
CHAPTER VIII. 183 
 
 therefore, the only attention which he believed its officious- 
 ness merited, and instead of obeying the command, arrest- 
 ed, and ordered the judge to leave the city. Peace being 
 presently restored, and danger over, the judge renewed 
 the contest; and causing the general to appear before him, 
 on a process of contempt, for detaining and refusing to 
 obey a writ of habeas corpus, amerced him in a fine of a 
 thousand dollars. How far he was actuated by correct 
 nxotives, in exclusion to those feelings which sometimes 
 estrange the judgment, his own conscience can determine; 
 and how far his proceedings were fair and liberal, will 
 appear hereafter, when, in proper order, we shall be 
 brought to examine this prosecution. For the present, 
 we are confident, that if ever there was a case that could 
 justify or excuse a departure from the law, its features 
 were not stronger than those which influenced General 
 Jackson, in suspending the rights of the citizens. If judge 
 Hall were impelled to the course he took, in defence of the 
 violated dignity of the constitution, and to protect the 
 rights of a government, whose judicial powers he repre- 
 sented, whether right or wrong, he deserves not censure; 
 although it might be well replied, that a more glorious 
 opportunity of showing his devotedness to his country 
 had just passed, when he might truly have aided in de- 
 fence of her honour, nor left even room for his motives to 
 have been unfairly appreciated. 
 
 This strong and efficient measure had not been resorted 
 to from the mere anticipation of danger; already sufficient 
 causes existed; and intrigue and stratagem were busily 
 winding their way into our camp: they were either to be 
 put down, or every hope of successful resistance aban- 
 doned. England, never at a loss for varnished statements, 
 to give plausibility to her views, not only held forth the 
 idea that she .had come to restore the inhabitants to higher 
 privileges than they enjoyed, but, to render the delusion 
 more complete, through her emissaries, propagated the 
 belief, that, as the friend of Spain, she had come to re- 
 store West Florida to its rightful owner, and the citizens 
 to their lawful sovereign. Composed, as our army at 
 this time was, of heterogeneous materials. Frenchmen, 
 Spaniards, and natives, it required constant effi)rts to keep 
 alive excitement, and ward off despondency. Learning 
 the rumours that had been propagated, and fearing lest 
 they might have an injurious tendency, Jackson imme- 
 
184 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 diately circulated an address to his troops, in which he 
 sought to counteract the effect, and preserve their ardour 
 and devotion to their country. 
 
 '' Believe not," he observed, ** that the threatened in- 
 vasion is with a view to restore the country to Spain. It 
 is founded in design, and a supposition that you would be 
 willing to return to your ancient goveniment. Listen not 
 to such incredible tales: your government is at peace 
 with Spain. It is your vital enemy, the common enemy 
 of mankind, the highway robber of the world, that has 
 sent his hirelings among you, to put you from your guard, 
 that you may fall an easier prey. Then look to your li- 
 berty, your property, the chastity of your wives and daugh- 
 ters. Take a retrospect of the conduct of the British 
 army at Hampton, and at other places where it has enter- 
 ed our country — and every bosom, which glows with pa- 
 triotism and virtue, will be inspired with indignation, and 
 pant for the arrival of the hour when we shall meet and 
 revenge those outrages against the laws of civilization and 
 humanity." 
 
 With the exception of the Kentucky troops, which 
 were yet absent, the forces expected had arrived. Gene- 
 ral Carroll had reached Coffee's encampment, four miles 
 above the city, on the 21st, and immediately reported to 
 the commanding general. The officers were busily en- 
 gaged in drilling, manoeuvring, and organizing the troops, 
 and in having every thing ready for action, the moment it 
 should become necessary. No doubt was entertained, but 
 the British would be able to effect a landing at some point: 
 the principal thing to be guarded against was not to pre- 
 vent it; for, since the loss of the gun-boats, any attempt 
 of that kind could only be regarded as hopeless : but, by 
 preserving constant vigilance, and thereby having the 
 earliest intelligence of an approach, they might be met at 
 the very threshold, and opposed. Small guard boats 
 were constantly plying on the lakes, to watch, and give 
 information of every movement. Some of these had 
 come in, late on the evening of the 22d, and reported that 
 all was quiet, and that no unfavourable appearance por- 
 tended in that direction. With such vigilance, constant- 
 ly exercised, it is truly astonishing that the enemy should 
 have effected an invasion, and succeeded in disembarking 
 so large a force, without the slightest intimation being 
 had, until they were accideiltally discovered emerging 
 
CHAPTER VIII. 185 
 
 from the swamp and woods, about seven miles below the 
 city: why it so happened, treason may conjecture, al- 
 though the truth is yet unknown. The general impres- 
 sion is, it was through information given by a party of 
 Spanish fishermen, that so secret a disembarkation was 
 effected. Several of them had settled at the mouth of 
 this bayou, and supported themselves by fish which they 
 caught, and vended in the market at New Orleans. Ob- 
 structions, as we have already stated, were ordered to be 
 made on every inlet, and the Louisiana militia had been 
 despatched for that purpose. This place had not received 
 the attention its importance merited : nor was it until the 
 22d, that General Villery, charged with the execution of 
 this order, had placed here a small detachment of men. 
 Towards day, the enemy, silently proceeding up the bayou, 
 landed, and succeeded in capturing the whole of this 
 party, except two, who fleeing to the swamp, endeavour- 
 ed to reach the city; but, owing to the thick undergrowth 
 of the forest, which rendered it almost impervious, they 
 did not arrive until after the enemy had reached the banks 
 of the Mississippi. 
 
 Bayou Bienvenu, through *which the British effected a 
 landing, is an arm of considerable width, stretching to- 
 wards the Mississippi from lake Borgne, and about fifteen 
 miles south-east of New Orleans. It had been reported 
 to General Jackson on the 23d, that, the day before, seve- 
 ral strange sail had been descried off Terre au Boeuf. To 
 ascertain correctly the truth of the statement. Majors Ta- 
 tum and Latour, topographical engineers, had been sent 
 off, with orders to proceed in that direction, and learn if 
 any thing were attempting there. It was towards noon 
 of the 2od, when they started. Approaching General 
 Villery's plantation, and perceiving at a distance, soldiers 
 and persons fleeing hastily away, they at once supposed 
 the enemy had arrived. What, however, was but sur- 
 mise, was presently, and on nearer observation, rendered 
 certain; and it was now no longer a doubt, but that the 
 British had landed, in considerable force, and actually 
 gained, unobserved, the house of General Villery, on the 
 bank of the Mississippi, where they had surprised and 
 made prisoners, a company of militia who were there 
 posted. 
 
 Major Tatum, hastening back, announced the disco- 
 verv. Preparations to act were immediately made by 
 q2 
 
186 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 General Jackson, believing that to act speedily, was of the 
 highest importance. Signal guns were fired, and ex- 
 presses sent forward, to concentrate his forces, resolving 
 that night to meet the invaders ancf to try his own and 
 their firmness. 
 
 ^■ " ♦O^O** " ** 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 General Jackson concentrates his forces, and marches to fight the 
 enemy. — Alarms of the city. — Anecdote. — Mode of attack, and 
 battle of the 23d of December. — British reinforcements arrive du- 
 ring the action. — Arrival of General Carroll's division. — Our army 
 retires from the field. — Effects of this battle. — Jackson establishes 
 a line of defence. — General Morgan is ordered on the right bank 
 of the Mississippi. — Destruction and loss of the Caroline schooner. — 
 Battle of the 28th December. — Conduct of the legislature of Loui- 
 siana ; their deliberations suspended. — Scarcity of arms in the 
 American camp 
 
 • 
 
 The hour to test the bravery of his troops had arrived. 
 The approach of the enemy, flushed with the hope of vic- 
 tory, was announced to Jackson a little after one o'clock 
 in the afternoon. There were too many reasons, assuring 
 him of the necessity of acting speedily, to hesitate a mo- 
 ment on the course proper to be pursued. Could he as- 
 sail them, and obtain even a partial advantage, it might 
 be beneficial — it might arrest disaffection — buoy up the 
 despondent — determine the wavering, and bring within 
 his reach resources for to-morrow, which might wholly 
 fail, should fear once take possession of the public mind. 
 It was a moment, too, of all others, most propitious to 
 success. He v/ell knew the greater part of his troops 
 were inured to marching and fatigue, while those opposed 
 to him had just been landed from a long voyage, and were 
 as yet without activity, and unfitted for bodily exertion. 
 Moreover, a part only might have arrived from the ship- 
 ping, while the remainder would be certainly disembarked 
 as early as possible. These circumstances seemed to 
 augment the chances of victory, if now sought; but 
 which if deferred, might, in a little time, disappear. He 
 resolved, at all events, to march, and that night give them 
 
CHAPTER IX. 187 
 
 battle. Generals Coffee and Carroll were ordered to pro- 
 ceed immediately from their encampment, and join him, 
 with all haste. Although four miles above, they arrived 
 in the city in less than two hours after the order had been 
 issued. These forces, with the seventh and forty-fourth 
 regiments, the Louisiana troops, and Colonel Hinds' dra- 
 goons, from Mississippi, constituted the strength of his 
 army, which could be carried into action against an enemy 
 whose numbers, at this time, could only be conjectured. 
 It was thought advisable that General Carroll and his di- 
 vision should be disposed in the rear, for the reason that 
 there was no correct information of the force landed 
 through Villery's canal, and because Jackson feared that 
 this probably might be merely a feint intended to divert 
 his attention, while a stronger and more numerous divi- 
 sion, gaining some point higher on the lake, might, by 
 advancing in his absence, gain his rear, and succeed in 
 their designs. Uncertain of their movements, it was es- 
 sential he should be prepared for the worst, and, by diffe- 
 rent dispositions of his troops, be ready to resist, in what- 
 ever quarter he might be assailed. Carroll, therefore, at 
 the head of his division, and Governor Claiborne, with the 
 state militia, were directed to take post on the Gentilly 
 road, which lead from Chef Menteur to New Orleans, and 
 to defend it to the last extremity. 
 
 Alarm pervaded the city. The marching and counter- 
 marching of the troops — the proximity of the enemy — 
 with the approaching contest, and uncertainty of its issue, 
 had excited a general fear. Already might the British be 
 on their way, and at hand, before the necessary arrange- 
 ments could be made to oppose them. To prevent this, 
 Colonel Hayne, with two companies of riflemen, and the 
 Mississippi dragoons, was sent forward to reconnoitre 
 their camp, learn their position and numbers; and, in the 
 event they should be found advancing, to harass and op- 
 pose them at every step, until the main body of the army 
 should arrive. 
 
 Every thing being ready, General Jackson commenced 
 his- march, to meet and fight the veteran troops of En- 
 gland. An inconsiderable circvimstance, at this moment, 
 evinced what unlimited confidence was reposed in his skill 
 and bravery. As his troops were marching to battle 
 through the city, his ears were assailed with screams and 
 cries of innumerable females, who had collected on the 
 
188 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 way, and seemed to apprehend the worst of consequences. 
 Feeling for their distresses, and anxious to quiet them, 
 he directed Mr. Livingston, one of his aids-de-camp, to ad- 
 dress them in the French language. " Say to them," said 
 he, "not to be alarmed: the enemy shall never reach the 
 city." It operated like an electric shock. To know that 
 he himself was not apprehensive of any fatal result, in- 
 spired them with altered feelings; sorrow forthwith was 
 ended, and grief converted into hope and confidence. 
 
 The General arrived in view of the enemy a little before 
 dark. Having previously ascertained from Colonel Hayne, 
 who had been sent in advance, their position, and that 
 their strength was about two thousand men,* he imme- 
 diately concerted the mode of attack, and hastened to 
 execute it. Commodore Patterson, who commanded the 
 naval forces on this station, with Captain Henly, on board 
 the Caroline, had been directed to anchor in front of their 
 line, and open upon them from the guns of the schooner; 
 this being the appointed signal, when given, the attack 
 was to be waged simultaneously on all sides. The fires 
 from the camp disclosed their position, and showed their 
 encampment, formed with the left resting on the river, 
 and extending at right angles into the open field. General 
 Coffee, with his brigade. Colonel Hinds' dragoons, and 
 Captain Beal's company of riflemen, was ordered to 
 oblique to the left, and, by a circuitous route, avoid 
 the pickets, and endeavour to turn their right wing; 
 having succeeded in this, he was directed to form his line, 
 and press the enemy towards the river, where they would 
 be exposed more completely to the fire of the Caroline. 
 The rest of the troops, consisting of the regulars, Plau- 
 che's city volunteers, Daquin's coloured troops, the ar- 
 tillery under Lieutenant Spotts, supported by a company 
 of marines commianded by Colonel M'Kee, advanced on 
 the road along the bank of the Mississippi, and were com- 
 manded by Jackson in person. 
 
 General Coffee with silence and caution had advanced 
 beyond their pickets, next the swamp, and nearly reached 
 the point to which he was ordered, when a broadside from 
 
 • This opinion, as it afterwards appeared, was incoiTect. The 
 number of the enemy, at the commencement of the action, was three 
 thousand, and was shortly afterwai'ds increased by additional forces. 
 our strength did not exceed two thousand. 
 
CHAPTER IX. 1 8^ 
 
 the Caroline announced the battle begun. Patterson had 
 proceeded slowly, giving time, as he believed for the exe- 
 cution of those arrangements contemplated on the shore. 
 So sanguine had the British been .in the belief that they 
 would be kindly received, and little opposition attempted, 
 that the Caroline floated by the sentinels, and anchored 
 before their camp, without any kind of molestation. On 
 passing the front picket, she was hailed in a low tone of 
 voice, but not returning an answer, no further question 
 was made. This, added to some other attendant circum- 
 stances, confirmed the opinion that they believed her a 
 vessel laden with provisions, which had been sent out from 
 New Orleans, and was intended for them. Having reached 
 what, from their fires, appeared to be the centre of their 
 encampment, her anchors were cast, and her character 
 and business disclosed from her guns. So unexpected an 
 attack produced a momentary confusion; but, recovering, 
 she was answered by a discharge of musketry, and flight 
 of congreve rockets, which passed without injury, while 
 the grape and canister from her guns, were pouring de- 
 structively on them. To take away the certainty of aim 
 afforded by the light from the fires, these were immediately 
 extinguished, and they retired two or three hundred yards 
 into the open field, if not out of reach of the cannon, at 
 least to a distance, where, by the darkness of the night, 
 they would be protected. 
 
 Coffee had dismounted his men, and turned his horses 
 loose, at a large ditch, next the swamp, in the rear of La- 
 rond's plantation, and gained, as he believed, the centre 
 of the enemy's line, when the signal from the Carolinie 
 reached him. He directly wheeled the columns in, and 
 extending his line parallel with the river, moved towards 
 their camp. He had advanced scarcely more than a hun- 
 dred yards, when he received a heavy fire, from a line 
 formed in his front; this was an unexpected circumstance, 
 as he supposed the enemy posted principally at a distance, 
 and that the only opposition he should meet, until he ap- 
 proached the levee,* would be from their advanced pickets, 
 
 • Banks on the margin of the river to confine the stream to its bed; 
 and which are extended along the Mississippi on both sides, fi-om the 
 termination of the highlands, near Baton Rouge. Frequently the 
 river, in its vernal floods, rises above the elevation of the plains, and 
 then the security of the country is dependent on the streng^ of thc^e 
 
190 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 The circumstance of his coming in contact \jtith them so 
 soon, was owing to the severe attack of the schooner, 
 which had compelled the enemy to abandon their camp, 
 and form without the reach of her guns. The moon shone, 
 but reflected her light' too feebly to discover. objects at a 
 distance. The only mean, therefore, of producing certain 
 effect, with the kind of force engaged, which consisted 
 chiefly of riflemen, was not to venture at random, but to 
 discharge their pieces only when there should be a cer- 
 tainty of felling the object. This order being given, the 
 line pressed on, and having gained a position near enough 
 to distinguish, a general fire was given; it was well di- 
 rected, and too severe and destructive to be withstood ; 
 the enemy gave way, and retreated, — rallied, — formed,-— 
 were charged, and again retreated. Our gallant yeomanry, 
 led by their brave commander, urged fearlessly on, and 
 drove their invaders from every position they attempted 
 to maintain. Their general was under no necessity to 
 encourage and allure them to deeds of valour: his own 
 example was sufficient to excite them. Always in the 
 midst, he displayed a coolness and disregard of danger, 
 calling to his troops, that they had often said they could 
 fight — now was the time to prove it. 
 
 The enemy, driven by the resolute firmness and ardour 
 of the assailants, had reached a grove of orange trees, 
 with a ditch running past it, protected by a fence on the 
 margin. Here they were formed for battle. It was a fa- 
 vourable position, promising security, and was occupied 
 with a confidence they could not be forced to yield it. 
 Coffee's dauntless yeomanry, strengthened in their hopes 
 of success, moved on, nor discovered the advantages 
 against them, until a fire from the British line discovered 
 their position and defence. A sudden check was given; 
 but it was only momentary, for gathering fresh ardour, 
 they charged across the ditch, gave a deadly and de- 
 structive fire, and forced them to retire. The retreat con- 
 tinued, until gaining a similar position, the enemy made 
 another stand, and were again driven from it with con- 
 siderable loss. 
 
 The battle raged on the left wing, until the British 
 reached the bank of the river, ; where a determined stand 
 
 levees ; they not unfrequently break, when incalculable injury is the 
 consequence. 
 
CHAPTER IX. 191 
 
 was made, and further encroachments resisted : for half an 
 hour the conflict was extremely violent on both sides. 
 The American troops could not be driven from their pur- 
 pose, nor the British made to yield their ground; at 
 length, having suffered greatly, the latter were under the 
 necessity of taking refuge behind the levee, which afforded 
 a breast-work, and gave protection from the fatal fire of 
 our riflemen. Coffee, unacquainted with their position, 
 for the darkness had greatly increased, already contem- 
 plated again to charge them; but one of his officers, who 
 had discovered the advantage their situation afforded, as- 
 sured him it was too hazardous; that they could be driven 
 no further, and must, from the point they occupied, resist 
 with the bayonet, and would repel, with considerable loss, 
 any attempt that might be made to dislodge them. The 
 place of their retirement was covered in front by an em- 
 bankment, which had been extended into the field, to ex- 
 clude theriver, in consequence of the first being encroached 
 upon, and undermined in several places ; the former, how- 
 ever, was entire, in many parts, which, interposing be- 
 tween them and the Mississippi, afforded security from 
 the broadsides of the schooner, which lay off at some dis- 
 tance. An apprehension, lest, by moving nearer the 
 river, he might greatly expose himself to the fire of the 
 Caroline, which was yet spiritedly maintaining the con- 
 flict, induced Coffee to retire until he could hear from the 
 commanding general, and receive his further orders. 
 
 During this time, the right wing, under Jackson, had 
 been no less prompt and active. A detachment of artil- 
 lery, under Lieutenant Spotts, supported by sixty marines, 
 and constituting the advance, had moved upon the road, 
 next the levee. On the left was the seventh regiment of 
 infantry, led by Major Piere. The forty-fourth, com- 
 manded by Major Baker, was formed on the extreme left; 
 while Plauche's and Daquin's battalions of city guards, 
 were directed to be posted in the centre, between the 
 seventh and forty-fourth. The General had ordered 
 Colonel Ross, who, during the night, acted in the capacity 
 of brigadier-general, for he was without a brigadier, on 
 hearing the signal from the Caroline, to br^^^ off by heads 
 of companies, and, on reaching the enemy's line, to de- 
 ploy, and unite the left wing of his command with the 
 right of General Coffee's. This order was omitted to be 
 executed ; and the consequence was an early introduction 
 
192 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 of confusion in the ranks, whereby was prevented the im- 
 portant design of uniting the two divisions. 
 
 Instead of moving in column from the first position, the 
 troops, with the exception of the seventh regiment, next 
 the person of the General, which advanced agreeably to 
 the instructions given, were formed and marched in ex- 
 tended line. Having sufficient ground to form on at first, 
 no inconvenience was at the moment sustained; but this 
 advantage presently failing, the centre became compress- 
 ed, and was forced without the line in the rear. The 
 river, from where they were formed, gradually inclined 
 to the left, and diminished the space originally possessed: 
 farther in stood Larond's house, surrounded by a grove 
 of clustered orange trees: this pressing the left, and the 
 river the right wing to the centre, formed a curve, which 
 presently threw the principal part of Plauche's and Da- 
 quin's battalions without the line. This inconvenience 
 might have been remedied, but for the briskness of the 
 advance, and the darkness of the night. A heavy fire 
 from behind a fence, immediately before them, had brought 
 the enemy to view. Acting in obedience to orders, not 
 to waste their ammunition at random, our troops pressed 
 forward against the opposition in front, and thereby threw 
 those battalions in the rear: 
 
 A fog rising fr6m the river, and which, added to the 
 smoke from the guns, was covering the plain, gradually 
 diminished the little light shed by the moon, and greatly 
 increased the darkness of the night : no clue was left to 
 ascertain how or where the enemy were situated. There 
 W9S no alternative but to move in the direction of their 
 fire, which subjected the assailants to material disadvan- 
 tages. The British, driven from their first position, had 
 retired, and occupied another, behind a deep ditch, that 
 ran c>ut of the Mississippi towards the swamp, on the 
 margin of which was a wood railed fence. Here, strength- 
 ened by increased numbers, they again opposed the ad- 
 vance of our troops. Having waited until they had ap- 
 proached sufficiently near to be discovered, from their 
 lastnesses they discharged a fire upon the advancing army. 
 Instantly our battery was formed, and poured destructive- 
 ly upon them; '\fhile the infantry, pressing forward, aided 
 in the conflict, which at this point was for some time spi- 
 ritedly maintained. At this moment, a brisk sally was 
 made upon our advance, when the marines, unequal to 
 
CHAPTER IX. 193 
 
 the assault, were already giving way. The adjutant-ge- 
 neral, and Colonels Piatt and Chotard, with a part of the 
 seventh, hastening to their support, drove the enemy, and 
 saved the artillery from capture. General Jackson, per- 
 ceiving the decided advantages which were derived from 
 the position they occupied, ordered their line to be charged. 
 It was executed with promptness. Pressing on, our troops 
 gained the ditch, and, pouring across it a well aimed fire, 
 compelled them to retreat, and to abandon their entrench- 
 ment. The plain, on which they were contending, was 
 cut to pieces by races from the river, to convey the water 
 to the swamp. The enemy were, therefore, very soon 
 enabled to occupy another position, equally favourable 
 with the one whence they had been just driven, where 
 they formed for battle, and, for some time, gallantly main- 
 tained themselves; but which, at length, and after stub- 
 born resistance, they were forced to yield. 
 
 The enemy, discovering the firm and obstinate advance 
 inade by the right wing of the American army, and pre- 
 suming perhaps that its principal strength was posted on 
 the road, formed the intention of attacking violently the 
 left. Obliquing, for this purpose, an attempt was made 
 to turn it. At this moment, Daquin's and the battalion 
 of city guards, being marched up, and formed on the left 
 of the forty-fourth regiment, met and repulsed them. 
 
 The particular moment of the contest prevented many 
 of those benefits which might have been derived from the 
 artillery. The darkness of the night was such, that the 
 blaze of the enemy's musketry was the only light afforded 
 by which to determine their position, or be capable of 
 taking our own to advantage; yet, notwithstanding, it 
 greatly annoyed them, whenever it could be brought to 
 bear. Directed by Lieutenant Spotts, a vi-gilant and skil- 
 ful officer, with men to aid him who looked to nothing 
 but a zealous discharge of their duty, the most essential 
 and important services were rendered. 
 
 The enemy hB.A been thrice assailed and for nearly a 
 mile compelled to yield their ground. They had now re- 
 tired, and, if found, were to be sought for amidst the 
 darkness of the night. The General determined to halt, 
 and ascertain Coffee's position and success, previously to 
 waging the battle further; for as yet no communication 
 had passed between them. He entertained no doubt, 
 from the brisk fi.ring in that direction, that he had been 
 
 R 
 
194 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 warmly engaged; but this had now nearly subsided; the 
 Caroline, too, had almost ceased her operations; it being 
 only occasionally, that the noise of her guns disclosed the 
 little opportunity she possessed of acting efficiently. 
 
 The express despatched to General Jackson, from the 
 left wing, having reached him, he determined to prose- 
 cute the successes he had gained, no further. The dark- 
 ness of the night — the confusion into which his own divi- 
 sion had been thrown, and a similar disaster communicat- 
 ed on the part of Coffee, all pointed to the necessity of 
 retiring from the field, and abandoning the contest. The 
 bravery and firmness already displayed by his troops, had 
 induced with him a belief that by pressing forward he 
 might capture the whole British army: at any rate, he 
 considered it but a game of venture and hazard, which, if 
 unsuccessful, could not occasion his own defeat. If in- 
 competent to its execution, and superior numl^rs, or su- 
 perior discipline, should compel him to recede from the 
 effort, he well knew the enemy would not have temerity 
 eiiough to attempt pursuit The extreme darkness — their 
 entire ignorance of the situation of the country, and an 
 apprehension lest their forces might be greatly outnum- 
 bered, afforded sufficient reasons on which to ground a 
 belief, that although beaten from his purpose, he would 
 yet have it in his 'power to retire in safety: but on the 
 arrival of the express from General Coffee, learning thence 
 the strong position to which the enemy had retired, and 
 that a part of the left wing had been detached, and were 
 m all probability captured, he determined to retire from 
 the ,contest, nor attempt a further prosecution of his suc- 
 cesses. General Coffee Vvas accordingly directed to with- 
 draw, and take a position, where the line had been first 
 formed: and thither the troops on the right were also 
 ordered to be marched. 
 
 Colonel Dyer, who commanded the extreme left of Cof- 
 fee's brigade, on clearing the grove, after the enemy had 
 retired, vras marching in a direction where he expected 
 to find the General; he very soon discovered a force in 
 front, and halting his men, hastened towards it; arriving 
 within a short distance, he was hailed, ordered to stop, 
 and report to whom he belonged: Dyer, and Gibson, his 
 lieutenant-colonel, advanced, and stated they were of Cof- 
 . fee's brigade; by this time they had arrived within a shor: 
 distance of the line, and perceiving that the name of the 
 
CHAPTER IX. 195 
 
 brigade they had stated was not understood, their appre- 
 hensions were awakened, lest it might be a detachment of 
 the enemy; in this opinion they were immediately con- 
 firmed, and wheeling to return, were fired on and pur- 
 sued. Gibson had scarcely started when he fell; before 
 he could recover, a soldier, quicker than the rest, had 
 reached and pinned him to the ground with his bayonet; 
 fortunately the stab had but slightly wounded him, and he 
 was only held by his clothes: thus pinioned, and perceiv- 
 ing others to be briskly advancing, but a moment was 
 left for deliberation; — making a violent exertion, and 
 springing to his feet, he tlirew his assailant to the ground, 
 and made good his retreat. Colonel Dyer had retreated 
 about fifty yards, when his horse dropped dead; entan- 
 gled in the fall, and being slightly wounded in the thigh, 
 there was little prospect of relief, for the enemy were 
 briskly advancing: his men being near at hand, he order- 
 ed them to advance and fire, which checked the approach, 
 and enabled him to escape. Being now at the head of 
 his command,— -perceiving an enemy in a direction he had 
 not expected, and uncertain how or where he might find 
 General Coffee, he determined to seek him to the right, 
 and moving on with his little band, forced his way through 
 the enemy's lines, with the loss of sixty-three of his men, 
 who were killed and taken. Captain Beal of the rifle 
 corps, with equal bravery, charged through the enemy, 
 carrying off some prisoners, and losing several of his own 
 company. 
 
 This reinforcement of the British had arrived from 
 Bayou Bienvenu, after night. The boats that landed the 
 first detachment, had proceeded back to the shipping, and 
 having returned, were on their way up the bayou, when 
 they heard the guns of the combatants ; moving hastily on 
 to the assistance of those who had debarked before them, 
 they reached the shore, and knowing nothing of the situa- 
 tion of the tv/o armies, during the engagement advanced 
 in the rear of General Coffee. Coming in contact with 
 Colonel Dyer and Captain Beal, they filed off to the left, 
 and reached the British lines. Dyer and Beal retreating 
 back to where the brigade had first dismounted, united 
 with General Coffee again. 
 
 Jackson had gone into this battle confident of success; 
 and his arrangements were such as would have ensured 
 it, even to a much greater extent, but for the intervention 
 
196 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 of circumstances that could not be foreseen. The Caroline 
 had given her signals, and commenced the battle, a little 
 too early, before Coffee had reached and taken his position, 
 and before every thing was fully in readiness, to attain the 
 objects designed : but it was chiefly owing to the confusion 
 introduced at first into the ranks, which checked the ra- 
 pidity of his advance — gave the enemy time for prepara- 
 tion, and prevented his division from uniting with the 
 right wing of General Coffee's brigade. 
 
 Colonel Hinds, with one hundred and eighty dragoons, 
 was not brought into action during the night. Interspersed 
 as the plain was, with innumerable ditches, diverging in 
 diff*erent directions, it was impossible that cavalry could 
 act to any kind of advantage: they were now formed in 
 advance, to watch, until morning, the movements of the 
 enemy. 
 
 From the experiment just made General Jackson be- 
 lieved it would be in his power, on a renewed attack, to 
 capture the British army: he concluded, therefore, to 
 order down to his assistance General Carroll with his di- 
 vision, and to assail them again at the da"\vn of day. Di- 
 recting Governor Claiborne to remain at his position, for 
 defence of an important pass to the city, the Gentilly road, 
 he despatched an express to Carroll, stating to him, that, 
 in the event there had been no appyearance of a force 
 during the night, in the direction of Chef Menteur, to 
 hasten and join him with the troops under his command : 
 this order was executed by one o'clock in the morning. 
 Previously, however, to his arrival, a different determina- 
 tion was made. From prisoners who had been brought 
 in, and through deserters, it was ascertained that the 
 strength of the enemy, during the battle, was four thousand, 
 and,, with the reinforcements which had reached them, 
 after its commencement, and during the action, their force 
 could not be less than six: — at any rate, it would greatly 
 exceed his own, even after the Tennessee division should 
 be added. Although very decided advantages had been 
 obtained, yet they had been procured under circumstances 
 that might be wholly lost in a contest waged in open day, 
 between forces so disproportionate, and by undisciplined 
 troops, against veteran soldiers. Jackson well knew it 
 was incumbent upon him to act a part entirely defensive: 
 should the attempt to gain and destroy the city succeed, 
 numerous difficulties would present themselves, which 
 
CHAPTER IX. 197 
 
 might be avoided, so long as he could hold the enemy in 
 check, and halt him in his designs. Prompted by these 
 considerations — that it was important to pursue a course 
 calculated to assure safety ; and believing it attainable in 
 no way so effectually, as in occupying some point, and by 
 the strength he might give it, compensate for the infe- 
 riority of his numbers, and their want of discipline, he de- 
 termined to forbear all further offensive efforts until he 
 could more certainly discover the views of the enemy, and 
 until the Kentucky troops, which had not yet arrived, 
 should reach him. Pursuing this idea, at four o'clock in 
 * the morning, having ordered Colonel Hinds to occupy the 
 ground he was then abandoning, and to observe the enemy 
 closely, he fell back, and pitched his encampment behind 
 a deep ditch that stretched to the swamp at right angles 
 from the river. There were two circumstances strongly 
 recommending the importance of this place: the swamp, 
 which, from the high lands at Baton Rouge, skirts the 
 river at irregular distances, and is in many places almost 
 impervious, had here approached within four hundred 
 yards of the Mississippi, and hence, from the narrowness 
 of the pass, was more easily to be defended; added to 
 which, there was a deep canal, w^hence the dirt being 
 thrown on the upper side, already formed a tolerable 
 work of defence. Behind this, his troops were formed, 
 and proper measures adopted for increasing its strength, 
 with a determination never to abandon it; but there va- 
 liantly to defend those rights which were sought to be 
 outraged and destroyed by our enemy. 
 
 Promptitude in decision, and activity in execution, con- 
 stitute the leading traits of Jackson's character. No 
 sooner resolved on the course deemed necessary to be pur- 
 sued, than with every possible despatch he hastens its com- 
 pletion. Before him was an army proud of its name, and 
 distinguished for deeds of valour. Opposed to which was 
 his own unbending spirit, and an inferior, undisciplined, 
 and unarmed force. He conceived, therefore, his to be a 
 defensive policy; that by prudence and caution he might 
 be able to preserve, what offensive operation would have a 
 tendency to endanger. Hence, with activity and industry, 
 based on a hope of ultimate success, he commenced his 
 plan of defence, determining to fortify himself effectually, 
 as the peril and pressure of the moment would permit. 
 When to expect attack he could not tell; preparation and 
 R 2 
 
198 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 readiness to meet it, was for him to determine, all else was 
 for the enemy. Promptly, therefore, he proceeded with 
 his system of defence; and with such thoughtfulness and 
 anxiety — that until the night of the 27th, when his line 
 was completed, he never slept, or for a moment closed his 
 eyes. Resting- his hope of safety here, he was every 
 where, through the night, present, encouraging his 
 troops, and hastening a completion of the work. The 
 concern and excitement produced by the mighty object 
 before him, were such as to overcome the demands of 
 nature, and for four days and three nights, he was witii- 
 out sleep, and constantly employed. His line of defence 
 being completed on the night of the 27th, he, for the first 
 time since the arrival of the enemy, retired to rest and re- 
 pose. 
 
 The soldier who has stood the shock of battle, and 
 knows what slight circumstances oftentimes produce de- 
 cided advantages, will be able, properly to appreciate the 
 events of this night. Although the dreadful carnage of 
 the 8th of January, was in fact the finishing blow, that 
 struck down the towering hopes of those invaders, and 
 put an end to the contest, yet in the battle of the 23d, is 
 there to be found abundant cause why success resulted to 
 our arms, and safety was given to the country. The Bri- 
 tish had reached the Mississippi without the fire of a gun, 
 and encamped upon its banks as composedly as if they 
 had been seated on their own soil, and at a distance from 
 all danger. These were circumstances which awakened 
 a belief that they expected little opposition, — were certain 
 of success, — and that the troops with whom they were to 
 contend v/ould scarcely venture to resist: resting thus con- 
 fidently, they would the next day have moved forward, 
 and succeeded in the accomplishment of their designs. 
 Jackson, convinced that an early impression was essential 
 to ultimate success, had resolved to assail them at the mo- 
 ment of their landing, and " attack them in their first po- 
 sition:" we have, therefore, seen him, with a force inferior 
 one half, to that of the enemy, at an unexpected moment, 
 break into their camp, and with his undisciplined yeo- 
 manry, drive before him the pride of England, and the 
 conquerors of Europe. It was an event that could not 
 fail to destroy all previous theories, and establish a con- 
 clusion, which our enemy had not before formed, 'that 
 they were contending against valour inferior to none they 
 
CHAPTER IX. 199 
 
 had seen ; — before which their own bravery had not stood, 
 nor their skill availed them : it had the effect of satisfying^ 
 them, that the quantity and kind of troops it was in our 
 power to wield, must be different from any thing that had 
 been represented; for much as they had heard of the 
 courage of the man with whom they were contending, they 
 could not suppose, that a general having a country to de- 
 fend, and a reputation to preserve, would venture to attack, 
 on their own chosen ground, a greatly superior army, and 
 one, which, by the numerous victories it had achieved, 
 had already acquired a fame in arms ; they were convinced 
 that his force must greatly surpass what they had expected, 
 and be composed of materials different from what they had 
 imagined. 
 
 The American troops, which were actually engaged, 
 did not amount to two thousand men: they consisted of 
 part of 
 
 Coffee's brigade and Captain Beal's company, 648 
 The 7th and 44th regiments, 763 
 
 Company of marines and artillery, 82 
 
 Plauche's and Daquin's battalions, 488 
 
 1981* 
 These, for more than one hour, maintained a severe con- 
 flict with a force of four or five thousand, and retired in 
 safety from the ground, with the loss of but twenty-four 
 killed, one hundred and fifteen wounded, and seventy-four 
 made prisoners ; while the killed, wounded, and prisoners, 
 if the enemy, were not less than four hundred. 
 
 Our officers and soldiers executed every order with 
 promptitude, and nobly sustained their country's cha- 
 racter. Lieutenant-colonel Lauderdale, of Coffee's bri- 
 gade, an officer of great promise, and on whom every re- 
 liance was placed, fell at his post, and at his duty : he had 
 entered the service, and descended the river with the vo- 
 lunteers under General Jackson, in the winter of 1812 — 
 passed through all the hardships and difficulties of the 
 Creek war, and had ever manifested a readiness to act 
 when his country needed his services. Young, brave, and 
 
 • This statement was furnished to tlie author by Colonel Robert 
 Butler, adjutant-general of the southern division, who assured him it 
 was correct. Colonel Hinds' dragoons from Mississippi, amounting to 
 186 men, were not in the action. 
 
200 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 skilful, he had already afforded evidences of a capacity, 
 which might, in future, have become useful; his exem- 
 plary conduct, both in civil and military life, had acquired 
 for him a respect, that rendered his fall a subject of gene- 
 ral regret. Lieutenant M'Lelland, a valuable young officer 
 of the 7th, was also among the number of the slain. 
 
 Coffee's brigade, during the action, imitating the 
 example of their commander, bravely contended, and 
 ably supported the character they had previously esta- 
 blished. The unequal contest in which they were en- 
 gaged, never occurred to them; nor, for a moment, 
 checked the rapidity of their advance. Had the British 
 known they were merely riflemen, and without bayonets. 
 a firm stand would have arrested their progress, and de- 
 struction or capture would have been the inevitable con- 
 sequence; but, this circumstance being unknown, every 
 charge they made was crowned with success, producing 
 discomfiture, and routing and driving superior numbers 
 before them. Officers, from the highest to inferior grades, 
 discharged what had been expected of them. Ensign 
 Leach, of the 7th regiment, being wounded through the 
 body, still remained at his post, and in the performance 
 of his duty. Colonel Kemper, enterprising and self-col- 
 lected, amidst the confusion introduced on the left wing, 
 found himself at»the head of a handful of men, detached 
 from the main body, and in the midst of a party of the 
 enemy: never did any man better exemplify the truth of 
 the position, that discretion is sometimes the better part 
 of valour: to attempt resistance was idle, and could only 
 eventuate in destruction: with a mind unclouded by the 
 peril that surrounded him, he sought and procured his 
 safety through stratagem. Calling to a group of soldiers 
 who were near, in a positive tone, he dem.anded of thera 
 where their regiment was: lost themselves, they were un- 
 able to answer: but supposing him to be one of their o-vvn 
 officers, they assented to his orders, and followed on to his 
 own line, where they were made prisoners. 
 
 The 7th regiment, commanded by Major Piere, and the 
 44th, under Major Baker, aided by Major Butler, gallantly 
 maintained the conflict — forced the enemy from every se- 
 cure position he attempted to occupy, and drove him a 
 mile from the first point of attack. Confiding in them- 
 selves, and their general, who was constantly with them, 
 exposed to danger, and in the midst of the fight, inspiring 
 
CHAFIER IX. 201 
 
 by his ardour, and encouraging by his example, they ad- 
 vanced to the conflict, nor evinced a disposition to leave 
 it until the prudence of their commander directed them to 
 retire. 
 
 From the violence of the assault already made, the fears 
 of the British had been greatly excited; to keep that ap- 
 prehension alive was considered important, with a view 
 partially to destroy the overweening confidence with which 
 they had arrived on our shores, and to compel them to 
 act, for a time, upon the defensive. To effect this, Gene- 
 ral Coffee, with his brigade, was ordered down on the 
 morning of the 24th, to unite with Colonel Hinds, and 
 make a show in the rear of Lacoste's plantation. The 
 enemy, not yet recovered of the panic produced by the 
 assault of the preceding evening, already believed it was 
 in contemplation to urge another attack, and immediately 
 formed themselves to repel it; but Coffee having succeed- 
 ed in recovering some of his horses, which were wander- 
 ing along the margin of the swamp, and in regaining part 
 of the clothing which his troops had lost the night before, 
 returned to the line, leaving them to conjecture the ob- 
 jects of his movement. 
 
 The scanty supply of clothes and blankets that remain- 
 ed to the soldiers, from their long and exposed marches, 
 had been left where they dismounted to meet the enemy. 
 Their numbers were too limited, and the strength of their 
 opponents too well ascertained, for any part of their force 
 to remain and take care of what was left behind: it was 
 so essential to hasten on, reach their destination, and be 
 ready to act when the signal from the Caroline should an- 
 nounce their co-operation necessary, that no time m as af- 
 forded to secure their horses; — they were turned loose, 
 and their recovery trusted entirely to chance. Although 
 many were regained, many were lost; while most of the 
 men remained but with a single suit, to encounter, in the 
 open field, and in swamps covered with water, the hard- 
 ships of camp, and the severity of winter. It is a cir- 
 cumstance which entitles them to much credit, that under 
 privations so severely oppressive, complaints or murmurs 
 were never heard. This state of things fortunately was 
 not of long continuance. The story of their sufferings 
 and misfortunes was no sooner known, than the legisla- 
 ture appropriated a sum of money for their relief, which 
 was increased by subscriptions in the city and neighbour- 
 
202 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON, 
 
 hood. Materials being purchased, the ladies, with that 
 Christian charity and warmth of heart characteristic of 
 their sex, at once exerted themselves in removing their 
 distresses: all their industry was called into action, and 
 in a little time, the suffering soldier was relieved. Such 
 generous conduct, in extending assistance at a moment 
 when it was so much needed, while it conferred on those 
 females the highest honour, could not fail to nerve the , 
 arm of the brave with new zeal for the defence of their 
 benefactresses. This distinguished mark of their patriot- 
 ism and benevolence, is still remembered; and often as 
 these valiant men are heard to recount the dangers they 
 have passed, and with peculiar pride to dwell on the 
 mingled honours and hardships of the campaign, they 
 breathe a sentiment of gratitude to those who conferred 
 upon them such distinguished marks of kindness, and 
 who, by timely interference, alleviated their misfortunes 
 and their sufferings. 
 
 To present a check, and keep up a show of resistance, 
 detachments of light troops were occasionally kept in 
 front of the line, assailing and harassing the enemiy's ad- 
 vanced posts whenever an opportunity was offered of act- 
 ing to advantage. Every moment that could be gained, 
 and every delay that could be extended to the enemy's at- 
 tempts to reach the city, was of the utmost importance. 
 The works were rapidly progressing, and hourly increas- 
 ing in strengtii. The militia of the state were every day 
 arriving, and every day the prospect of successful opposi- 
 tion was brightening. 
 
 The enemy still remained at his first encampment. To 
 be in readiness to repel an assault when attempted, the 
 most active exertions were made on the 24th and 25th. 
 The canal, covering the front of our line, was deepened 
 and widened, and a strong mud wall formed of the earth 
 that had been originally thrown out To prevent any ap- 
 proach until his system of defence should be in a state of 
 greater forwardness, Jackson ordered the levee to be cut, 
 about a hundred yards below the point he had occupied. 
 The river being high, a broad stream of water passed ra- 
 pidly through the plain, of the depth of thirty or forty 
 inches, which prevented any approach of troops on foot. 
 Embrasijires were fonned, and two pieces of artillery, early 
 on the morning of the 24th, were Dlaced in a position to 
 rake the road leading up the levee. 
 
CHAPTER IX. 203 
 
 The General was under constant apprehensions, lest, in 
 spite of his exertions below, the city might, through some 
 Other route, be reached and destroyed; and those fears 
 were increased to-day, by a report that a strong force had 
 arrived-— debarked at the head of lake Borgne, and com- 
 pelled an abandonment of the defence at Chef Menteur. 
 This, however, proved to be unfounded : the enemy had 
 not appeared in that direction, nor had the officer, to 
 whom was entrusted the command of this fort, so much 
 relied on, forgotten his duty, or forsaken his post. Act- 
 ing upon the statement that Major Lacoste had retired 
 from the fort, and fallen back on bayou St. John, and in- 
 censed that orders, which, from their importance, should 
 have been faithfully executed, had been thus lightly re- 
 garded, he hastened to inform him what he had under- 
 stood, and to forbid his leaving his position. •' The bat- 
 tery I have placed under your command, must be defend- 
 ed at all hazards. In you, and the valour of your troops, 
 I repose every confidence; — let me not be deceived. 
 With us, every thing goes on well : the enemy has not 
 yet advanced. Our troops have covered themselves with 
 glory: it is a noble example, and worthy to be followed 
 by all. Maintain your post, nor ever think of retreat- 
 ing." To give additional strength to a place deemed so 
 important — inspire confidence, and ensure safety. Colonel 
 Dyer, and two hundred men, were ordered to assist in its 
 defence, and act as vldettes, in advance of the occupied 
 points. 
 
 General Morgan, who, at the English turn, command- 
 ed the fort on the east bank 'of the river, was instructed 
 to proceed as near the enemy's camp as prudence and 
 safety would permit, and, by destroying the levee, to let 
 in the waters of the Mississippi between them. The exe- 
 cution of this order, and a similar one, previously made, 
 below the line of defence, had entirely insulated the enemy, 
 and prevented his march against either place. On the 
 26th, however, the commanding general fearing for the 
 situation of Morgan, who, from the British occupying 
 the intermediate ground, was entirely detached from his 
 camp, directed him to abandon his encampment, carry 
 off such of the cannon as might be wanted, and throw the 
 remainder into the river, where they could be again reco- 
 vered when the waters receded ; to retire to the other side 
 of the river, and assume a position on the right bank. 
 
204 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 nearly opposite to his line, and have it fortified. This 
 movement was imposed by the relative disposition of the 
 two armies. Necessity, not choice, made it essential that 
 St. Leon should be abandoned. 
 
 From intelligence, obtained through deserters and pri- 
 soners, it was evident that the British fleet would make 
 an effort to ascend the river, and co-operate with the 
 troops already landed. Lest this, or a diversion in a diffe- 
 rent quarter, might be attempted, exertions were made to 
 be able to resist at all points, and to interpose such de- 
 fences on the Mississippi as might assure protection. 
 The forts on the river, well supported with brave men, 
 and heavy pieces of artillery, might, perhaps, have the 
 effect to deter their shipping from venturing in that di- 
 rection, and dispose them to seek some safer route, if any 
 could be discovered. Pass Barrataria was best calculat- 
 ed for this purpose, and here, in all probability, it was 
 expected the effort might be made. The difficulty of as- 
 cending the Mississippi, from the rapidity of the current, 
 its winding course, and the ample protection already given 
 at forts St. Philip and Bourbon, were circumstances to 
 which, it was not to be inferred, the British were stran- 
 gers: nor was it to be expected, that, with a knowledge 
 of them, they would venture here the success of an enter- 
 prise on which sor much depended. It was a more ra- 
 tional conjecture that they would seek a passage through 
 Barrataria — proceed up the right bank of the river, and 
 gain a position whence, co-operating with the forces on 
 the east side, they might drive our troops from the line 
 they had formed, and, at less hazard, succeed in the ac- 
 complishment of their designs. Major Reynolds was ac- 
 cordingly ordered thither, with instructions to place the 
 bayous, emptying through this pass, in the best possible 
 state of defence — to occupy and strengthen the island — 
 to mount sufficient ordnance, and draw a chain, within 
 cannon-shot, across, the more efTcctually to guard the 
 route, and protect it from approach. Lafite, who had 
 been heretofore promised pardon for the outrages he had 
 committed against the laws of the United States, and who 
 had already shown a lively zeal in behtilf of his adopted 
 country, was also despatched with Reynolds. He was 
 selected, because, from the proofs already given, no doubt 
 was entertained of his fidelity, and because his knowledge 
 of the topography and precise situation of this section of 
 
CHAPTER IX. 20$ 
 
 the state, was remarkably correct: it was the point where 
 he had constantly rendezvoused, during the time of cruis- 
 ing against the merchant vessels of Spain, under a com- 
 mission obtained at Carthagena, and where he had be- 
 come perfectly acquainted with every inlet and entrance 
 to the gulf through which a passage could be effected. 
 
 With these arrangements — treason apart — all anxious- 
 ly alive to the interest of the country, and disposed to 
 protect it, there was little room to apprehend or fear dis- 
 aster. To use the General's own expression, on another 
 occasion, " the surest defence, and one which seldom 
 failed of success, was a rampart of high-minded and brave 
 men." That there were some of this description with 
 him, on whom he could safely rely, in moments of ex- 
 treme peril, he well knew; but that there were many, 
 strangers to him and danger, and who had never been 
 called to act in those situations where death, stalking in 
 hideous round, appals and unnerves even the most reso- 
 lute, was equally certain; whether they wouhS- contend 
 v.ith manly firmness — support the cause in which they 
 had embarked, and realize his anxious wishes on the sub- 
 ject, could be only knov/n in the moment of conflict and 
 trial; when, if disappointed in his expectations, the means 
 of retrie\ing the evil would be fled, and every thing lost 
 in the result. 
 
 As yet the enemy were uninformed of the position of 
 Jackson. What was his situation — what was intended — 
 whether offensive or defensive operations v.ould be pur- 
 sued, were circumstances on which they possessed no 
 correct knowledge, nor could it be obtained; still their 
 exertions were unremitting to have all things prepared, 
 and in readiness to urge their designs whenever the mo- 
 ment for action should arrive. They had been constant- 
 ly engaged, since their landing, in procuring from their 
 shipping every thing necessary to ulterior operation. A 
 complete command on the lakes, and possession of a point 
 on the margin, presented an uninterrupted ingress and 
 egress, and afforded the opportunity of conveying what- 
 ever was wanted, in perfect safety to their camp. The 
 height of the Mississippi, and the discharge of water 
 through the openings made in the levee, had given an in- 
 creased depth to the canal, from v/hich they had first de- 
 barked — enabled them to advance their boats much fur- 
 ther, in the direction of the encampment, and to. transport 
 s 
 
306 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 with greater convenience, their artillery, bombs and mu- 
 nitions. Thus engaged, during the first three days after 
 their arrival, early on the morning of the 27th, a battery 
 was discovered on the bank of the river, which had been 
 erected during the preceding night, and on wkich were 
 mounted several pieces of heavy ordnance; from this po- 
 sition a fire was opened on the Caroline schooner, lying 
 under the opposite shore- 
 After the battle of the 23d, in which this vessel so ef- 
 fectually aided, she passed to the opposite side of the ri- 
 ver, where she had since lain. Her services were too 
 highly appreciated not to be again desired, in the event 
 the enemy should endeavour to advance. The situation 
 occupied was considered an unsafe one, but it had been 
 essayed in vain to advance her higher up the stream. 
 No favourable breeze had arisen to aid in stemming the 
 current; while towing, and other expedients had been al- 
 ready resorted to, but without success. Safety might 
 have been ensured by floating this vessel down the river 
 and placing her under cover of the guns of the fort, though 
 it was preferred as matter of policy, to risk her where 
 she was, still, hourly, calculating that a favourable wind 
 might arise, rather than by dropping her with the cur- 
 rent, lose those benefits which, against an advance of the 
 enemy, it might be; in her power so completely to extend. 
 Commodore Patterson on the 26th, by the orders of the 
 commanding general, left the schooner, when Capiain, 
 Heiily made a further, but ineffectual, effort to force her 
 up the current, near to the line, for the double purpose of 
 its defence and her own safety. 
 
 These attempts at removal being discovered, at day- 
 light, on the morning of the 27th, a battery, mounting 
 five guns opened, discharging bombs and red hot shot; 
 it 'was spiritedly answered, but without affecting the bat- 
 tery; thei^ being but a long twelve pounder that could 
 reach. The second fire had lodged a hot shot in the hold, 
 directly under her cables, whence it could not be removed, 
 and where it immediately communicated fire to the schoo- 
 ner. The shot from the battery were constantly taking 
 effect, firing her in different places, and otherwise pro- 
 ducing material injury; while the blaze already kindled 
 under the cables, was rapidly extending its ravages. A 
 well grounded apprehension, that she could be no longer 
 defended — the flames bursting forth in different parts, and 
 
CHAPTER IX. 207 
 
 fast increasing, induced a fear lest the magazine should 
 be reached, and every thing destroyed. One of the crew 
 being killed, and six wounded, and not a glimmering of 
 hope entertained that she could be preserved, orders were 
 given to abandon her. The crew in safety reached the 
 shore, and in a short time afterwards she blew up. 
 
 Although thus unexpectedly deprived of so material a 
 dependence, for successful defence, an opportunity was 
 soon presented of using her brave crew to advantage. 
 Gathering confidence from what had been just effected, 
 the enemy left their encampment, and moved in the di- 
 rection of our line. Their numbers had been increased, 
 and Major-general Sir Edward Packenham now com- 
 manded in person. Early on the 28th, his columns com- 
 menced their advance to storm our works. At the dis- 
 tance of half a mile, their heavy artillery opened, and 
 quantities of bombs, balls and congreve rocketg, were diit- 
 charged. It was a scene of terror and alarm, which they 
 had calculated would excite a panic in the minds of the 
 raw troops of our army, and compel them to surrender 
 at discretion, or abandon their strong hold. But our sol- 
 diers had afforded abundant proof, that whether disciplin- 
 ed or not, they well knew how to defend the honour and 
 interest of their country; and had sufficient valour not to 
 be alarmed at the reality — still less the semblance of dan- 
 ger. Far from exciting apprehension, and driving them 
 from their ground, their firmness remained unchanged; — 
 still was manifested a determination not to tarnish a reputa- 
 tion they had hardly earned; and which had become too 
 dear, from the difficulties and dangers they had passed to ac- 
 quire it now, for it tamely to be surrendered. Their con- 
 greve rockets, though a kind of instrument of destruction to 
 which our troops, unskilled in the science of desolating war- 
 fare, had been hitherto strangers, excited no other feeling 
 than that which novelty inspires. At the moment, there- 
 fore, that the British, in different columns, were moving 
 up, in all the pomp and parade of battle, preceded by those 
 insignia, of terror, more than danger, and were expecting to 
 behold their " Yankee foes" tremblingly retire and flee be- 
 fore them, our batteries opened, and halted their advance. 
 
 In addition to the two pieces of cannon mounted on our 
 works, on the 24th, three others, of heavy caliber, ob- 
 tained from the navy department, had been formed along 
 the line: these opening on the enemy, checked their pro- 
 
208 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 gress, and disclosed to them the hazard of the project 
 they were on. Lieutenants Crawley and Norris with the 
 crew of the Caroline rendered important services, and 
 maintained, at the guns they commanded, that firmness 
 and decision for which, on previous occasions, they had 
 been so highly distinguished. They had been selected by 
 the General, because of their superior skill in gunnery; 
 and, on this occasion, gave evidence of a disposition to 
 act in any situation where they could be serviceable. 
 
 Lieutenant Thompson, v/ho commanded the Louisiana 
 sloop, which lay nearly opposite the line of defence, no 
 sooner discovered the columns approaching, than warping 
 -her around, he brought her guns to bear, and produced 
 such an effect as to force a retreat: but, from their heavy 
 artillery, the enemy maintained the conflict with great 
 spirit, constantly discharging for seven hours bombs and 
 rockets, when, unable to make a breach, or silence the 
 fire from the sloop, they abandoned a contest where few 
 advantages seemed to be presented. In this engagement, 
 which lasted for seven hours, we received little or no in- 
 jury. The Louisiana sloop, against which the most vio- 
 lent exertions were made, had but a single man wounded, 
 by the fragments of a shell, which bursted over her deck. 
 Our entire loss did not exceed nine killed, and eight or 
 ten wounded. The enemy, being more exposed, acting 
 in the open field, and in range of our guns, suffered, from 
 information afterwards procured, considerable injury; at 
 least one hundred and twenty were killed and wounded. 
 Amongst the killed, on our side, was Colonel James Hen- 
 derson, of the Tennessee militia. 
 
 During the time that this assault was made, a column 
 of the enemy threatened an attack on our extreme left ; to 
 counteract which. Coffee was ordered with his riflemen 
 to hasten through the woods, and check their approach. 
 The enemy, although greatly superior to him in numbers, 
 no sooner discovered his movement than they retired, and 
 abandoned the attack they had previously meditated. 
 
 A supposed disaffection in New Orleans, and an enemy 
 in front, were circumstances well calculated to excite un- 
 pleasant forebodings. General Jackson believed it neces- 
 sary and essential to his security, while contending with 
 avowed foes, not to be wholly inattentive to dangers lurk- 
 ing at home; but, by guarding vigilantly, to be able to 
 suppress any threatening purpose the moment it should 
 
CHAPTER IX. 20$ 
 
 be developed, and before it should have time to mature. 
 Previously to departing- from the city, on the evening of 
 the 23d, he had ordered Major Butler, his aid^ to remain 
 with the guards, and be vigilant that nothing transpired 
 in his absence calculated to operate injuriously. His 
 fears that there were many of the inhabitants who felt no 
 attachment to the government, and would not scruple to 
 surrender, whenever, prompted by interest, it should be- 
 come necessary, has been already noticed. In this belief, 
 subsequent circumstances evinced there was no mistake, 
 and showed that to his assiduity and energy is to be as- 
 cribed the cause the country was protected and saved. 
 It is a fact, which was disclosed, on making an exchange 
 of prisoners, that, in despite of every effort to prevent it, 
 the eneniy were constantly apprized of every thing that 
 transpired in our camp. Every arrangement, and change 
 of position, was immediately communicated. " Nothing"^'* 
 remarked a British officer, at the close of the invasion, 
 *' was kept a secret from us, except your numbers: this, 
 although diligently sought after, could never be procured. " 
 Between the 23d and 28th, Major T. Butler, who still 
 remained at his post in the city, was applied to by Fuhvar 
 Skipwith, speaker of the senate, to ascertain the cora- 
 manding general's views, provided he should be driven 
 from his line of encampment, and compelled to retreat 
 through the city; would he, in that event, destroy it? It 
 was, indeed, a curious inquiry: one who, having spent his 
 life in serving his country in different capacities, might 
 better have understood the duty of a subordinate officer; 
 and that even if, from his situation, the aid had so far ac- 
 quired the confidence of the General as to become ac- 
 quainted with his vievr's and designs, he was not at liberty 
 to divulge them, without destroying confidence and acting 
 criminally. On asking the cause of the inquiry, Mr. Skip- 
 with replied, it was rumoured, and so understood, that if 
 driven from his position, and made to retreat upon the 
 city. General Jackson had it in contemplation to lay it in 
 ruins; the legislature, desired information on this subject, 
 that if such were his intentions, they might, by offering 
 terms to the enemy, avert so serious a calamity. That a 
 sentiment having for its object a surrender of the city, 
 should be entertained by this body, was scarcely credible; 
 yet a few days brought the certainty of it more fully to 
 view, and showed that they were already devising plans 
 s 2 
 
210 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 to ensure the safety of themselves and property, even at 
 any sacrifice. While the General was hastening along 
 the line, from ordering Coffee, as we have just observed, 
 against a column of the British on the extreme left, he 
 was hailed by Mr. Duncan, one of his volunteer aids, and 
 informed, that already it was agitated, secretly, by the 
 members of the legislature, to offer terms of capitulation 
 to the enemy, and to proffer a surrender; and that Gover- 
 nor Claiborne awaited his orders on the subject. Poised 
 as was the result, the safety or fall of the city resting in 
 uncertainty, although it was plainly to be perceived, that, 
 with a strong army interposed, no such resolution could 
 be carried into effect, yet it might be productive of evil, 
 and, in the end, bring about disasterous consequences. 
 Even the disclosure of such a wish on the part of the le- 
 gislature, might create parties — excite opposition in the 
 army, and inspire the enemy with renewed confidence. 
 The volunteers, it was not feared would be affected by the 
 measure; yet it might detach the Louisiana militia, and 
 even extend itself to the ranks of the regular troops. 
 Jackson was greatly incensed, that those whose safety he 
 had so much at heart, should be seeking, under the au- 
 thority of office, to mar his best exertions. He was too 
 v.'armly pressed, at the moment, for the battle was rag- 
 ing, to give it the .attention its importance merited; but, 
 availing himself of the first respite from the violence of the 
 attack waged against him, he apprized Governor Clai- 
 borne of what he had heard; — ordered him closely to 
 watch the conduct of the legislature, and the moment the 
 project of offering a capitulation to the enemy should be 
 lully disclosed, to place a guard at the door and confine 
 them to their chamber. The Governor in his zeal to exe- 
 cute the command, and from a fear of the consequences 
 involved in such conduct, construed as imperative, an 
 order which was merely contingent; and, placing an armed 
 force at the door of the capitol, prevented the members 
 from convening, and their schemes from maturing. 
 
 The purport of this order was essentially misconceived 
 by the Governor; or, perhaps, with a view to avoid sub- 
 sequent inconveniences and complaints, was designedly 
 mistaken. Jackson's object was not to restrain the legis- 
 lature in the discharge of their official duties; for although 
 he thought, when the sound of the cannon constantly peal- 
 ed in their ears, Avas a moment inauspicious to wholesome 
 
CHAPTER IX. 21! 
 
 legislation, and that it would better comport with the 
 state of the times for them to abandon their civil duties 
 and appear in the field, yet was it a matter indelicate to 
 be proposed; and it was hence preferred, that they should 
 adopt whatever course might be suggested by their own 
 notions of patriotism and propriety. This sentiment 
 would have been adhered to; but when through the com- 
 munication of Mr. Duncan, they were represented as en- 
 tertaining opinions and schemes adverse to the general 
 interest and safety of the country, the necessity of a new 
 and different course of conduct was at once obvious. But 
 he did not order Governor Claiborne to interfere with, or 
 prevent them from proceeding with their duties; on the 
 contrary, he was instructed, so soon as any thing hostile 
 to the general cause should be ascertained, to place a guard 
 at the door, and keep the members to their post and to 
 their duty. My object in this, remarked the General, 
 wa^, that then they would be able to proceed with their 
 business without producing the slightest injury : whatever 
 schemes they entertained would have remained with them- 
 selves, without the power of circulating them to the pre- 
 judice of any other interest than their own. I had intend- 
 ed to have had them well treated and kindly dealt by; and 
 thus abstracted from every thing passing without doors, 
 a better opportunity would have been afforded to enact 
 good and wholesome laws; but Governor Claiborne mis- 
 took my order, and instead of shutting them in doors, 
 contrary to my wishes and expectation, turned them out. 
 Previous to this, General Jackson had been called on 
 by a special committee of the legislature to know what 
 his course would be should necessity compel himi from his 
 position? If, replied the General, I thought the hair of 
 my head could divine what I should do, forthwith I would 
 cut it off: go back with this answer; say to your honour- 
 able body, that if disaster does overtake me, and the fate 
 of war drives me from my line upon the city, they may 
 expect to have a very warm session. And what did you 
 design to do, I inquired, provided you had been forced 
 to retreat. I should, he replied, have retreated on the 
 city, fired it, and fought the enemy amidst the surround- 
 ing flames. There were with me men of wealth, owners 
 of considerable property, who, in such an event, would 
 have been amongst the foremost to have applied the torch 
 to their own buildings; and v/hat they had left undone, I 
 
212 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 should have completed. Nothing for the comfortable 
 maintenance of the enemy would have been left in the 
 rear. I would have destroyed New Orleans — occupied a 
 position above on the river — cut off all supplies, and in this 
 way compelled them to depart from the country. 
 
 We shall not pretend to ascribe this conduct to disaf- 
 fection to the government, or to treasonable motives. 
 The impulse that produced it was, no doubt, interest — 
 a principle of the human mind which strongly sways, and 
 often destroys its best conclusions. The disparity of the 
 two armies, in numbers, preparation, and discipline, had 
 excited apprehension, and destroyed hope. If Jackson 
 were driven back, and little else was looked for, rumour 
 fixed his determination of devoting the city to destruc- 
 tion: but even if such were not his intention, the wrath 
 and vengeance of the enemy might be fairly calculated to 
 be in proportion to the opposition they should receive. 
 Although these considerations may somewhat palliate,- 
 they do not justify. The government was represented in 
 the person of the commanding general, on whom rested 
 all responsibility, and whose voice on the subject of re- 
 sistance or capitulation, should alone have been heard. 
 In the field were persons who were enduring hardships, 
 and straining every nerve, for the general safety. A few 
 of the members of , the legislature too, were there, who did 
 not despond.* Might not patriotism, then, have admo- 
 nished the members, honoured as they were with the con- 
 fidence of the people, rather to have pursued a course, 
 having for its object to keep alive excitement, than to 
 have endeavoured to introduce fear, and paralyze exertion. 
 Such conduct, if productive of nothing worse, was well 
 calculated to excite alarm. If the militia, who had been 
 hastily drawn to the camp, and who were yet trembling 
 for the safety of their families, had been told, that a few 
 private men, of standing in society, had expressed their 
 opinions, and declared resistance useless, it would, with- 
 out doubt, have occasioned serious apprehensions; but, 
 in a much greater degree would they be calculated to 
 arise, when told that the legislative council, chosen to 
 preside over the safety and destinies of the state, after d ic 
 
 * But four of the legislature appeared in the ficl<l, to defend the 
 country. We rei^rct not knowing the name of one of these persons: 
 those ^ve have ascertained arc, General Garrignc Flojack, Major Ezicl» 
 and Mr. BuforU 
 
CHAPTER IX. 213 
 
 deliberation, had pronounced all attempts at successful 
 opposition, vain and ineffectual. 
 
 Here was an additional reason why expedients should 
 be devised, and every precaution adopted, to prevent any 
 communication, by which the slightest intelligence should 
 be had of our situation, already, indeed, sufficiently de- 
 plorable. Additional guards were posted along the swamp, 
 on both sides of the Mississippi, to arrest all intercourse; 
 while on the river, the common highway, watch boats 
 were constantly plying during the night, in different di- 
 rections, so that a log could scarcely float upon the stream 
 unperceived. Two flat-bottomed boats, on a dark night, 
 were turned adrift above, to ascertain if vigilance were 
 preserved, and whether there would be any possibility of 
 escaping the guards and passing in safety to the British 
 lines. The light boats discovered them on their passage, 
 and on the alarm being given, they were opened upon by 
 the Louisiana sloop^ and the batteries on the shore^ and ill 
 a few minutes sunk. In spite, however, of every precau- 
 tion, treason still discovered avenues through which to 
 project and execute her nefarious plans, and through them 
 was constantly afforded information to the enemy; carried 
 to them, no doubt, by adventurous friends, "Vvho sought 
 and effected their nightly passage through the deepest 
 parts of the swamp, where it was impossible for sentinels 
 to be stationed.* 
 
 Great inconvenience was sustained for the want of arms, 
 and much anxiety felt, lest the enemy, through their faith- 
 ful adherents, might, on this subject also, obtain informa- 
 tion; to prevent it, as far as possible, General Jackson 
 endeavoured to conceal the strength and situation of his 
 army, by suffering his reports to be seen by none but him- 
 self and the adjutant-general. Many of the troops in the 
 field were supplied with common guns, which were of 
 little service. The Kentucky troops, daily expected, 
 were also understood to be badly provided with arms. 
 Uncertain but that the city might yet contain many arti- 
 cles that would be serviceable, orders were issued to the 
 mayor of New Orleans, directing him to take possession 
 of all the muskets, bayonets, spades, and axes he could 
 find in the city. Understanding there were many young 
 men, who, from different pretexts, had not appeared in 
 
 * See note C, 
 
214 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 the field, he was instructed to obtain a register of every 
 man in the city, under the age of fifty, that measures 
 might be concerted for drawing forth those who had hi- 
 therto appeared backward in engaging in the pending 
 contest 
 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 Attack of the 1st of January. — General Jacksons's line of defence, — 
 Kentucky troops arrive at head-quarters. — British army reinforced; 
 their preparations for attack. — Battle of the 8th of January, and 
 repulse of the enemy. — American redoubt carried, and retaken. — 
 Colonel Thornton proceeds against General Morgan's line, and takes 
 possession of it. — Letter of Captain Wilkinson. — British watch 
 ijvord.— Generouft conduct of the Anrcrican soldiers. — Morgan's 
 line regained. — General Lambert requests a suspension of hostili- 
 ties. — Armistice concluded. — Execution of an American soldier by 
 the British. 
 
 The British were encamped two miles below the Ame- 
 rican army, on a perfect plain, and in full view. Although 
 foiled in the attempt to carry our works by the force of 
 their batteries, on the 28th, they yet resolved upon ano- 
 ther attack, and one which they believed would be more 
 successful. Presuming the failure to have arisen from 
 not having sufficiently strong batteries, and heavy ord- 
 nance, a more enlarged arrangement was resorted to, 
 with a confidence of silencing opposition, and effecting 
 such breaches in our entrenchment as would enable their 
 columns to pass, without being exposed to any considera- 
 ble hazard. The interim between the 28th of December 
 and 1st of January was accordingly spent in preparing to 
 execute their designs. Boats had been despatched to the 
 shipping, and an additional supply of heavy cannon ob- 
 tained through Bayou Bienvenu, whence they had first de- 
 barked. 
 
 During the night of the 31st, they were busily engaged. 
 An impenetrable fog, next morning, which was not dis- 
 pelled until nine o'clock, by concealing their purpose, 
 aided in the plans they were projecting, and gave time for 
 the completion of their works. This having disappeared, 
 
CHAPTER X« SrS 
 
 several heavy batteries, at the distance of six hundred 
 yards, mounting eighteen and twenty-four pound carro- 
 nades, were presented to view. No sooner was it suffi- 
 ciently clear to distinguish objects at a distance, than these 
 were opened, and a tremendous burst of artillery com- 
 menced, accompanied with congreve rockets, that filled 
 the air in all directions. Our troops, protected by a de- 
 fence, which, from their constant labours and exertions, 
 they believed to be impregnable, unmoved and undisturb- 
 ed, maintained their ground, and, by skilful management, 
 in the end, succeeded in dismounting and silencing the 
 guns of the enemy. The British, through the friendly 
 interference of some disaffected citizens, having been ap- 
 prized of the situation of the General's quarters, that he 
 dwelt in a house at a small distance in the rear of his line 
 of defence, against it directed their first and principal ef- 
 forts, with a view to destroy the commander. So great 
 was the number of balls thrown, that, in a little while, its 
 porticos were beaten down, and the building made a com- 
 plete wreck. In this dishonourable design, they were, 
 however, disappointed; for, with Jackson it was a con- 
 stant practice, on the first appearance of danger, not to 
 wait in his quarters, watching events, but instantly to pro- 
 ceed to the line, and be ready to form his arrangements 
 as circumstances might require. Constantly in expecta- 
 tion of a charge, he was never absent from the post of 
 danger; and thither he had this morning repaired, at the 
 first sound of the cannon, to aid in defence, and inspire 
 his troops with firmness. Our guns, along the line, now 
 opened, to repel the assault, and a t;onstant roar of can- 
 non, on both sides, continued until nearly noon; when, 
 by the superior skill of our engineers, the two batteries 
 formed on the right, next the woods, were nearly beaten 
 down, and many of the guns dismounted, broken, and 
 rendered useless. That next the river still continued its 
 fire, until three o'clock; when, perceiving all attempts to 
 effect a breach ineffectual, the enemy gave up the contest, 
 and retired. Every act of theirs discovers a strange de- 
 lusion, and unfolds on what wild and fanciful grounds, all 
 their expectations vrere founded. That the American 
 troops were well posted, and strongly defended by pieces 
 of heavy ordnance mounted along their line, was a fact 
 well known; yet a belief was confidently indulged, that 
 the undisciplined collection which constituted the strength 
 
216 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSOX. 
 
 of our army, would be able to derive little benefit from 
 such a circumstance; and that artillery could produce but 
 slight advantages in the hands of persons who were stran- 
 gers to the manner of using it. That many who, from 
 necessity, were called to the direction of the guns, were 
 at first unacquainted with their management, is indeed 
 true; yet the accuracy and precision with which they 
 threw their shot, afforded a convincing argument, either 
 that they possessed the capacity of becoming, in a short 
 time, well acquainted with the art of gunnery, or that it 
 was a science, the acquiring of which was not attended 
 with incalculable difficulty. 
 
 That they would be able to effect an opening, and march 
 through the strong defence in their front, was an idea so 
 cherished by our assailants, that an apprehensipn of fai- 
 lure had scarcely ever occurred. So sanguine were they 
 in this belief, that, early in the morning, their soldiers 
 were arranged along the ditches, in rear of their batteries, 
 prepared and ready to advance to the charge, the moment 
 a breach could be made. Here, protected from danger, 
 they remained, waiting the result that should call them to 
 act. But their efforts not having produced the slightest 
 impression, nor their rockets the effect of driving our mi- 
 litia away, they abandoned the contest, and retired, leav- 
 ing their batteries materially injured — well nigh de- 
 stroyed. 
 
 Perceiving their attempts must fail, and that such an 
 effect could not be produced, as would warrant an ad- 
 vance, another expedient was resorted to, but with no bet- 
 ter success. It occiTrred to the British commander, an 
 attack might be made to advantage next the woods, and 
 a force was accordingly ordered lo penetrate in this direc- 
 tion, and turn the left of our line, which was supposed not 
 to extend further than to the margin of the swamp. In 
 this way, it was expected a diversion could be made, 
 while the reserve columns, being in readiness, and wait- 
 ing, were to press forward the moment this object could 
 be effected. — Here, too, disappointment resulted. Cof- 
 fee's brigade, already extended into the swamp, far as it 
 was possible for an advancing party to penetrate, brought 
 unexpected dangers into view, and occasioned an aban- 
 donment of the project. That to turn the extreme left 
 of the line might be practicable and be attempted, was a 
 subject of early consideration; and necessary precaution 
 
CHAPTER X. 217 
 
 had been taken to prevent it. — Although cutting the levee 
 had raised the waters in the swamp, and increased the 
 difficulties of keeping troops there, yet a fear lest this 
 pass might be sought by the enemy, and the rear of the 
 line thereby gained, had determined the General to extend 
 his defence even here. This had been exitrusted to Gene- 
 ral Coffee; and surely a more arduous duty can scarcely 
 be imagined. To form a breast-work, in such a place, 
 was attended with many difficulties, and considerable ex- 
 posure. A slight defence, however, had been thrown up, 
 and the underwood, for thirty or forty yards in front cut 
 down, that the riflemen, stationed for its protection, might 
 have a complete view of any force, which, through this 
 route, might attempt a passage. When it is recollected, 
 that this position was to be maintained night and day, 
 uncertain of the moment of attack ; and that the only op- 
 portunity afforded our troops for rest, was on logs and 
 brush, thrown together, by which they were raised above 
 the surrounding water, it may be truly said, that seldom 
 has it fallen to the lot of any to encounter greater hard- 
 ships: but, accustomed to privation, and alive to those 
 feelings which a love of country inspires, they obeyed 
 without complaining, and cheerfully kept their position 
 until all danger had subsided. Sensible of the importance 
 of the point they defended, and that it was necessary to be 
 maintained, be the sacrifice what it might, they looked to 
 nothing but a zealous and faithful discharge of the trust 
 confided to them. 
 
 Our loss, in this affair, was eleven killed, and tv/enty- 
 three wounded: that of the enemy was never correctly 
 known. The only certain information is contained in a 
 communication of the 28th instant from General Lambert 
 to Earl Bathurst, in which the casualties and losses, from 
 the 1st to the 5th, are stated at seventy-eight. Many al- 
 lowances, however, are to be made for this report. It 
 was v/ritten at a time, when, from numerous disasters en- 
 countered, it was not to be presumed the General's mind 
 was in a situation patiently to remember, or minutely to 
 detail facts. From the great precision of our fire, and the 
 injury visibly sustained by their batteries, their loss was, 
 doubtless considerable. The enemy's heavy shot having 
 penetrated our entrenchment, in many places, it Avas dis- 
 covered not to be as strong as had at first been imagined. 
 Fatigue parties were again employed, and its strength 
 
 T 
 
218 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 daily increased: an additional number of bales of cotton 
 were taken to be applied to strengthening and defending 
 the embrasures along the line. A Frenchman, whose 
 property had been thus, without his consent, seized, fear- 
 tul of the injury it might sustain, proceeded in person to 
 General Jackson, to reclaim it, and to demand its deli- 
 very. The General heard his complaint, and having as- 
 certained from him that he was unemployed in any mifi- 
 tary service, directed a musket to be brought to him, and 
 placing it in his hand, ordered him on the line, remarking 
 that as he seemed to be a man possessed of property, he 
 knew of none who had a better right to fight, and to de- 
 fend it. 
 
 The British had again retired to their encampment. 
 It was well understood by Jackson, that they were in 
 daily expectation of considerable reinforcements; though 
 he rested with confidence in the belief, that a few more 
 days would also bring to his assistance the troops from 
 Kentucky. Each party, therefore, was busily and con- 
 stantly engaged in preparation, the one to wage a vigorous 
 attack, the other bravely to defend, and resolutely to op- 
 pose it. 
 
 The position of the American army was in the rear of 
 an entrenchment formed of earth, and which extended in 
 a straight line fi'onnf the river to a considerable distance 
 in the swamp. In front was a deep ditch, which had been 
 formerly used as a mill-race. The Mississippi had re- 
 ceded and left this dry, next the river, though in many 
 places the water still remained. Along the line, and at 
 unequal distances, to the centre of General Carroll's com- 
 mand, were guns mounted, of different caliber, from six 
 to thirty-two pounders. Near the river, and in advance 
 of the entrenchment, was erected a redoubt, with embra- 
 sures, commanding the road along the levee, and calculat- 
 ed to rake the ditch in front. 
 
 General Morgan had been ordered, on the 24th of De- 
 cember, to cross to the wTSt bank of the Mississippi. 
 From an apprehension entertained that an attempt might 
 be made through Barrataria, and the city reached from 
 the right bank of the river, the General had extended his 
 defence there likewise: in fact, unacquainted with the ene- 
 my's views, — not knowing the number of their troops, 
 nor, but that they might have sufiicient strength to wage 
 an attack in various directions; and solicitous to be pre- 
 
CHAPTER X- 219 
 
 pared at all points, he had carefully divided out his forces, 
 that he might guard, and be able to protect, in whatever 
 direction an assault should be waged. His strongest de- 
 fence, next to the one occupied by himself, was on the 
 Chef Menteur road, where Governor Claiborne, at the 
 head of the Louisiana militia, was posted. The position 
 on the right was formed on the same plan with the line 
 on the left, — lower down than that on the left, and extend- 
 ing to the swamp at right angles to the river. Here Ge- 
 neral Morgan commanded. 
 
 To be prepared against every possible contingency that 
 might arise, Jackson had established another line of de- 
 fence, about two miles in the rear of the one at present 
 occupied, which was intended as a rallying point, in the^ 
 event he should be driven from Jiis first position. With 
 the aid of his cavalry, to give a momentary check to the 
 advance of the enemy, he expected to be enabled, with in- 
 considerable injury, to reach it; where he would again 
 have advantages on his side — be in a situation to dispute 
 a further passage to the city, and arrest their progress. 
 To inspirit his own soldiers, and to exhibit to the enemy 
 as great a show as possible of strength and intended re- 
 sistance, his unarmed troops, which constituted no very 
 inconsiderable number, were here stationed. All inter- 
 course between the lines, but by confidential officers, was 
 prohibited, and every precaution and vigilance employed, 
 not only to keep this w^ant of pi-eparation concealed from 
 the enemy, but even from being known on his own lines. 
 
 Occasional firing at a distance, which produced no- 
 thing of consequence, was all th^t marked the interim from 
 the 1st to the 8 th. 
 
 On the 4th of this month, the long-expected reinforce- 
 ment from Kentucky, amounting to twenty-tv/o hundred 
 and fifty, under the command of Major-general Thomas, 
 arrived at head-quarters; but so ill provided with arms, 
 as to be incapable of rendering any considerable service. 
 The alacrity with which the citizens of this state had 
 proceeded to the frontiers, and aided in the north-western 
 campaigns, added to the disasters which ill-timed policy 
 or misfortune had produced, had created such a drain, 
 that arms were not to be procured. They had advanced, 
 however, to their point of destination, with an expectation 
 of being supplied on their arrival. About five hundred of 
 them had muskets; the rest were provided with guns, 
 
220 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 from which little or no advantage could be expected. 
 The mayor of New Orleans, at the request of General 
 Jackson, had already examined and drawn from the city 
 every weapon that could be found ; while the arrival of 
 the Louisiana militia, in an equally unprepared situation, 
 rendered it impossible for the evil to be remedied. A 
 boat, laden with arms, was somewhere on the river, in- 
 tended for the use and defence of the lower country ; but 
 where it was, or when it might arrive, rested alone on 
 hope and conjecture. Expresses had been despatched up 
 the river, for three hundred miles, to seek and hasten it 
 on; still there were no tidings of an approach. That so 
 many brave men, at a moment of such anxious peril, 
 should be compelled to stand with' folded arms, unable, 
 from their situation, to render the least possible service 
 to their country, was an event greatly to be deplored, and 
 did not fail to excite the feelings and sensibility of the 
 commanding general. His mind, active, and prepared 
 for any thing but despondency, sought relief in vain; — 
 there was none. No alternative was presented, but to 
 place them at his entrenchment in the rear, conceal their 
 actual condition, and by the show they might make, add 
 to his appearance and numbers, without at all increasing 
 his strength. 
 
 Information was now received that Major-general Lam- 
 bert had joined the British commander-in-chief, with a 
 considerable reinforcement. It had been heretofore an- 
 nounced in the American camp, that additional forces were 
 expected, and something decisive might be looked for, so 
 soon as they should arrive*. This circumstance, in con- 
 nexion with others, no less favouring the idea, led to the 
 conclusion that a few days more would, in all probability, 
 bring on a struggle which would decide the fate of the 
 city. It was more than ever necessary to keep concealed 
 the situation of his army; and, above all, to preserve se- 
 cret as possible, its unarmed condition. To restrict all 
 communication, even with his own lines, was, as danger 
 increased, rendered more important. None were permit- 
 ted to leave the line, and none from without to pass into 
 his camp, but such as were to be implicitly confided in. 
 The line of sentinels was strengthened in front, that none 
 might pass to the enemy, should desertion be attempted : 
 yet, notwithstanding this precaution, his plans and situa- 
 tion were disclosed. On the night of the 6th, a soldier 
 
CHAPTER X. 221 
 
 from the line, by some means, succeeded in eluding the 
 vigilance of our sentinels. Early next morning, his de- 
 parture was discovered: it was at once correctly conjec- 
 tured he had gone over to the enemy, and would, no 
 doubt, afford all the information in his power to commu- 
 nicate. This opinion, as subsequent circumstances dis- 
 closed, was well-founded; and dearly did he atone his 
 crime. He unfolded to the British the situation of the 
 American line; the late reinforcements we had received; 
 and pointing to the centre of General Carroll's division, 
 as a place occupied by militia alone, recommended it as 
 the point where an attack might be most prudently and 
 safely made. 
 
 Other intelligence was received confirmatory of the be- 
 lief of impending attack. From prisoners taken on the 
 lake, it was ascertained the enemy were busily engaged 
 in deepening Villery's canal, with a view of passing their 
 boats and ordnance to the MississippL During the 7tb, 
 a constant bustle was perceived in the British camp. 
 Along the borders of the canal, soldiers were continually 
 in motion, marching and manceuvring, for no other pur- 
 pose than to conceal those who busily at work were eiv 
 gaged in the rear. To ascertain the cause of this uncom- 
 mon stir, and to learn their -designs, far as practicable. 
 Commodore Patterson proceeded down the river, on the 
 opposite side, and having gained a favourable position, in 
 front of their encampment, discovered them to be actually 
 engaged in deepening the passage to the river. It was 
 no difficult matter to divine their purpose. No other 
 "conjecture could be entertained, than that an assault wa?i 
 intended to be made on the line of defence commanded bv 
 General Morgan; which, if successful, would expose our 
 troops 071 the left bank to the tire of the redoubt erected 
 on the right; and in this way compel an abandonment of 
 their position. To counteract this scheme was impor- 
 tant; and measures were inrniediately taken to prevent 
 the execution of a plan, which, if successful, might be at- 
 , tended' with incalculable dangers. An increased strength 
 was given to this line. The second regiment of Louisia- 
 na militia, and four hundred Kentucky troops, were di- 
 rected to be crossed over, to reinforce and protect it. 
 Owing to some delay and difficulty in armmg them, the 
 latter, amounting, instead of four hundred, to but one 
 hundred and eighty, did not arrive until the morning of 
 T 3 
 
222 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON, 
 
 the 8th. A little before day, they were despatched to aid 
 an advanced party, which under the command of Major 
 Arnaut, had been sent to watch the movements of the 
 enemy, and to oppose their landing. The hopes indulged 
 from their opposition were not realized; and the enemy, 
 unmolested, reached the shore. 
 
 Morgan's position, besides being strengthened by seve- 
 ral brass twelves, was defended by a strong battery, mount- 
 ing twenty-four pounders, directed by Commodore Pat- 
 terson, which afforded additional strength and security. 
 The line itself was not strong; yet, if properly maintain- 
 ed by the troops selected to defend it, was believed fully 
 adequate to the purposes of successful resistance. Late 
 at night, Patterson ascertained that the enemy had suc- 
 ceeded in passing their boats through the canal, and im- 
 mediately communicated his information to the General. 
 For the purpose of attack, he had already formed the idea 
 of dropping the Louisiana schooner down. This thought, 
 though well conceived, was abandoned, from the danger 
 involved, and from an apprehension, lest the batteries 
 erected on the river, with which she would come in colli- 
 sion, might, by the aid of hot shot, succeed in blowing 
 her up. It was preferred patiently to await their arrival, 
 believing it would be practicable, with the bravery of 
 more than fifteen hundred men, and the slender advanta- 
 ges possessed from tlie line of defence, to maintain their 
 position, and repel the assailants. 
 
 On the left bank, where the General in person com- 
 manded, every thing Vr as in readiness to meet the assault 
 when it should be made. The redoubt on the levee was 
 defended by a company of the seventh regiment, under 
 the command of Lieutenant Ross. The regular troops 
 occupied that part of the entrenchment next the river. 
 General Carroll's division was in the centre, supported by 
 the Kentucky troops, under General John Adair; while 
 the extreme left, extending«for a considerable distance in- 
 to the swamp, was protected by the brigade of General 
 Coffee. How soon the attack should be waged, was un- 
 certain; at what moment, rested with the enemy, — with 
 us, to be in readiness for resistance. There were many 
 circumstances, however, favouring the belief, that the 
 hour of contest was not far distant, and indeed fast ap- 
 proaching; the bustle of to-day, — the efforts to carry their 
 boats into the river, — the fascines and scaling-ladder?, that 
 
CHAPTER X. 223 
 
 were preparing, were circumstances pointing to attack, 
 and indicating the hour to be near at hand. General 
 Jackson, unmoved by appearances, anxiously desired a 
 contest, which he believed would give a triumph to his 
 arms, and terminate the hardships of his suffering sol- 
 diers. Unremitting in exertion, and constantly vigilant, 
 his precaution kept pace with the zeal and preparation ot 
 the enemy. He seldom slept: he was always at his post, 
 performing the duties of both general and soldier. His 
 sentinels were doubled, and extended as far as possible in 
 the direction of the British camp; while a considerable 
 portion of the troops were constantly at the line, with arms 
 in their hands, ready to act, when the first alarm should 
 be given. 
 
 For eight days had the two armies Iain upon the same 
 field, and in view of each other, without any thing deci- 
 sive being on either side effected. Twice, since their 
 landing, had the British columns essayed to effect by storm 
 the execution of their plans, and twice had failed — been 
 compelled to relinquish the attempt, and retire from the 
 contest. It was not to be expected that things could long 
 remain in this dubious state. Soldiers, the pride of Eng- 
 land, — the boasted, conquerors of Europe, were there; 
 distinguished generals were their leaders, who earnestly 
 desired to announce to their country, and the world, their 
 signal achievements. The high expectations which had 
 been indulged of the success of this expedition, were to 
 be realized, at every peril, or disgrace would follow the 
 failure. 
 
 The never to be forgotten 8th of January at length ar- 
 rived. The day dawned; and signals, intended to pro- 
 duce concert in the enemy's movements, were descried. 
 On the left, near the swamp, a^ sky-rocket was perceived 
 rising in the air; and presently another ascended from 
 the right, next the river. They were intended to an- 
 nounce that all was prepared and ready, to proceed and 
 carry by storm a defence which had twice foiled their ut- 
 most efforts. Instantly the charge was made, and with 
 such rapidity, that our soldiers, at the out posts, with dif- 
 ficulty fled in. 
 
 The British batteries, which had been demolished on 
 the 1st of the month, had been re-established during the 
 preceding night, and heavy pieces of cannon mounted, to 
 aid in their intended operations. These nov/ opened, and 
 
224 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSOV. 
 
 showers of bombs and balls were poured upon our line ; 
 while the air was lighted with their congreve rockets. 
 The two divisions, commanded by Sir Edward Packen- 
 ham in person, and supported by Generals Keane and 
 Gibbs, pressed forward; the right against the centre of 
 General Carroll's command, — the left against our redoubt 
 on the levee. A thick fog, that obscured the morning, 
 enabled them to approach within a short distance of our 
 entrenchment, before they were discovered. They were 
 now perceived advancing, with firm, quick, and steady 
 pace, in column, with a front of sixty or seventy deep. 
 Our troops, who had for some time been in readiness, 
 and waiting their appearance, gave three cheers, and in- 
 stantly the whole line was lighted with the blaze of their 
 fire. A burst of artillery and small arms, pouring with 
 destructive aim, mowed down the front, and arrested 
 their advance. In our musketry there was not a mo- 
 ment's intermission; .as one party discharged their pieces, 
 another succeeded : alternately loading and appearing, no 
 pause could be perceived, — it was one continued volley. 
 The columns already perceived their dangerous and ex- 
 posed situation. Battery No. 7, ably served by Lieuten- 
 ant Spotts, galled them with incessant and a destructive 
 fire. Nos. 6 and 8 were no less actively employed, and 
 no less successful in felling them to the ground. Not- 
 withstanding the severity of our fire, which few troops 
 could for a moment have withstood, some of those brave 
 men pressed on, and succeeded in gaining the ditch, in 
 front of our works, where they remained during the ac- 
 tion, and were afterwards made prisoners. The horror 
 before them was too great to be withstood; and already 
 were the British troops seen wavering in their determina- 
 tion, and receding from the conflict. At this moment. 
 Sir Edward Packenham, hastening to the front, endea- 
 voured to encourage and inspire them with renewed zeai. 
 His example was of short continuance: he fell, mortally 
 wounded, in the arms of his aid-de-camp, not far from 
 our line. Generals Gibbs and Keane also fell, and were 
 borne from the field, dangerously wounded. At that mo- 
 ment, General Lambert, who with the reserve was ad- 
 vancing at a small distance in the rear, met the columns 
 precipitately retreating, and in great confusion. His ef- 
 forts to stop them were unavailing, — they continued re- 
 treating, until they reached a ditch, at the distance of 
 
CHAPTER X. 225 
 
 four hundred yards, where safety being found, they were 
 rallied, and halted. 
 
 The field, over which they had advanced, was strewed 
 with the dead and dying. Danger hovered still around; 
 yet, urged and encouraged by their officers, they again 
 moved to the charge. They were already near enough 
 to deploy, and were endeavouring to do so; but the same 
 constant and unremitted resistance that caused their first 
 retreat, continued yet unabated. Our batteries had never 
 ceased their fire; a constant discharge of grape and can- 
 ister, and the fatal aim of our musketry, mowed down the 
 front of the columns as fast as they could be formed. Sa- 
 tisfied nothing could be done, and that certain destruction 
 awaited all further attempts, they forsook the contest and 
 the field in disorder, leaving it covered with the dead and 
 wounded. It was in vain their officers endeavoured to 
 animate them to further resistance, and equally vain to 
 attempt coercion. The panic produced from the dread- 
 ful repulse they had experienced ; the plain, on which they 
 acted, being covered with innumerable bodies of their 
 countrymen; while, with their most zealous exertions, 
 they had been unable to obtain the slightest advantage, 
 were circumstances calculated to make even the most sub- 
 missive soldier oppose the authority that would have 
 controled him. 
 
 The light companies of fusileers; the forty-third and 
 ninety-third regiments, and one hundred men from the 
 West India regiment, led on by Colonel Rennie, were or- 
 dered to proceed under cover of some chimneys, standing 
 in' the field, until having cleared them, to oblique to the 
 river, and advance, protected by the levee, against our 
 redoubt. This work, having been but lately commenced, 
 was in an unfinished state. The detachment ordered 
 against this place, formed the left of General Kean's com- 
 mand. Rennie executed his orders with great bravery; 
 and, urging forward, arrived at the ditch. His advance 
 %vas greatly annoyed by Commodore Patterson's battery 
 on the right bank, and the cannon mounted on the redoubt; 
 but reaching our works, and passing the ditch, Rennie, 
 sword in hand, leaped on the wall, and calling to his 
 troops, bade them follow; he had scarcely spoken, when 
 he fell by the fatal aim of our riflemen. Pressed by the 
 impetuosity of superior numbers, who were mounting the 
 wall, and entering at the embrasures, our troops retired 
 
226 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 to the line, in rear of the redoubt. A momentary pause 
 ensued, but only to be interrupted with increased horrors. 
 Captain Beal, with the city riflemen, cool and self-possess- 
 ed, perceiving the enemy in his front, opened upon them, 
 and at ev^ry discharge brought the object to the ground. 
 To advance, or maintain the point gained, was equally 
 impracticable for the enemy: to retreat or surrender was 
 the only alternative; for they already perceived the divi- 
 sion on the right thrown into confusion, and hastily leav- 
 ing the field. 
 
 General Jackson being informed of the success of the 
 enemy on the right, and of their being in possession of 
 the redoubt, pressed forward a reinforcement to regain it. 
 Previously to its arrival they had abandoned the attempt, 
 and were retiring. They were severely galled by such 
 of our guns as could be brought to bear. By Commo- 
 dore Patterson's battery, on the right bank, they suffered 
 greatly. Enfiladed by this, on their advance, they had 
 been greatly annoyed, and now, in their retreat, were no 
 less severely assailed. Numbers found a grave in " the 
 ditch, before our line; and of those who gained the re- 
 doubt, not one, it is believed, escaped ;— they were shot 
 down as fast as they entered. The route, along which 
 they had advanced and retired, was strewed with bodies. 
 Affrighted at the carnage, they moved from the scene 
 hastily and in confusion. Our batteries were still continu- 
 ing the slaughter, and cutting them down at every step: 
 safety seemed oftly to be attainable when they should re- 
 tire without the range of our shot; which, to troops gall- 
 ed severely as they were, was too remote a relief. Press- 
 ed by this consideration, they fled to the ditch, whither 
 the right division had retreated, and there remained until 
 night permitted them to retire. 
 
 Here was a period, the most auspicious that had ap- 
 peared during the war, to have gained a complete triumph 
 to our arms. What important events, in a nation's his- 
 tory, are often the result of slight occurrences! and how 
 often are they prevented by causes no less inconsiderable! 
 This truth is apparent in the fate of this grand expedition, 
 which had been fitted out to humble our national pride; 
 and which would have been captured or destroyed but for 
 the ill-timed policy of the government, or its agents, who 
 prevented the arrival of the arms destined for this place, 
 because an inconsiderable sum was thereby saved to the 
 
CHAPTER X. 227 
 
 nation. A considerable portion of our troops were inac- 
 tive and useless for the want of arms. If this had not 
 been the case — had they been in a situation to act effi- 
 ciently, the whole British army must have submitted. 
 But, situated as Jackson was, pursuit would have been 
 rashness; though, with the additional force which a suf- 
 ficiency of arms would have placed at his command, much 
 might have been effected against an enemy whose ranks 
 were thinned by the unparalleled slaughter of the day; 
 and who, panic-struck, and fleeing from the danger before 
 them, were incompetent to resistance, and already believ- 
 ed themselves conquered: but prudence, under existing 
 circumstances, opposed the idea of pursuit, and suggest- 
 ed to the commanding general, that although he had 
 thus signally achieved even more than he had expected, 
 yet with the kind of troops it had been effected, inferior 
 in number and discipline, to attempt, even under present 
 advantages, a contest on the plain, was hazarding too 
 greatly, and too much. 
 
 Colonel Hinds in person, applied to the commanding 
 general for leave to pursue, at the head of his dragoons, 
 the fleeing and. broken columns of the enemy: Jackson 
 would not permit it. " My reason for refusing," he re- 
 marked, " was, that it might become necessary to sus- 
 tain him, and thus a contest in the open field be brought 
 on: the lives of my men were of value to their country, 
 and much too dear to their families, to be hazarded vvhere 
 necessity did not require it; but above all, from the nu- 
 merous dead and wounded stretched out on the field be- 
 fore me, I felt a confidence that the safety of the city was 
 most probably attained, and hence, that nothing calculat- 
 ed to reverse the good fortune we had met should b6 at- 
 tempted." 
 
 His reasoning on this subject was certainly correct, 
 and such as feeling and policy sanctioned. If an attack 
 had been urged, and the effort crowned with success, 
 enough having been done, the splendour of the late trans- 
 action could be but partially increased, and little addition- 
 al lustre reflected on the American character: if, how- 
 ever, unsuccessful, the object of the expedition was then 
 secured to the enemy; and all that had, for so many days, 
 and under such weighty privations, been contended for, 
 would, at the instant, have been sacrificed and lost. In 
 addition to this, his soldiers were most of them owners of 
 
228 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 the soil, who had families anxiously concerned for their 
 safety, and whose happiness depended upon their return; 
 such men would have proven a loss to the community, 
 too great to warrant their being risked for the mere gra- 
 tification of pride; in opposition, too, to those whose 
 trade was war; and who, wholly abstracted from every 
 thing like principle, contended in battle without knowing 
 why, or for what they fought The lives of his soldiers 
 were too valuable to their families and the community, to 
 be risked upon a venture not warranted by necessity, nor 
 required by the interest and honour of the country. He 
 preferred, therefore, to adopt what seemed the safer course; 
 to continue his position, which assured protection to the 
 city, and the inhabitants, rather than by endeavouring to 
 obtain more, to endanger the loss of every thing. 
 
 The efforts of the enemy to carry our line of defence or. 
 the left, were seconded by an attack on the right bank of 
 the river, with eight hundred chosen troops, under th? 
 command of Colonel Thornton. Owing to the difficulty 
 of passing the boats from the canal to the river, and the 
 strong current of the Mississippi, the troops destined for 
 this service were not crossed, nor the opposite shore 
 reached for some hours after the expected moment of attack. 
 By the time he had effected a landing, the day had dawned, 
 and the flashes of the guns announced the battle begun. 
 Supported by three gun-boats, he hastened forward, with 
 his command, in the direction of Morgan's entrenchment- 
 Some time during the night of the 7th, two hundred 
 Louisiana militia had been sent off, to watch the move- 
 ments of the enemy, and oppose him in his landing: this 
 detachment, under the command of Major Arnaud, had 
 advanced a mile down the river and halted ; either suppos- 
 ing the General incorrect, in apprehending an attack, or 
 that his men, if refreshed, would be more competent to 
 exertion, he directed them to lie down and sleep: one 
 man only was ordered to be upon tlie watch, lest the ene- 
 my should approach undiscovered. Just at day, he called 
 upon his sleeping companions, and bade them rise and 
 be ready, for he had heard a considerable bustle, a little 
 below. No sooner risen, than confirmed in the truth*f 
 what had been stated, they moved off in the direction 
 they had come, without even attempting an execution of 
 their orders. The Kentucky troops, having reached Mor- 
 gan's line at five o'clock in the morning, were immediate- 
 
CHAPTER X. 229 
 
 ly sent to co-operate with the Louisianians. Major Da- 
 vis, who commanded, had proceeded about three quarters 
 of a mile, and met those troops hastily retreating up the 
 road; he ascertained from them that the enemy had made 
 the shore; had debarked, and were moving rapidly up 
 the levee. He informed them for what purpose he had 
 been despatched, — to oppose an approach as long as prac- 
 ticable, and with their assistance, he would endeavour to 
 execute his orders. 
 
 The two detachments acting together, formed behind a 
 saw-mill-race, skirted with a quantity of plank and scant- 
 ling, which afforded a' tolerable shelter. Davis, with his 
 detachment of Kentuckians, formed on the road next the 
 river, supported by the Louisiana militia on the right. 
 The enemy appearing, their approach was resisted, and a 
 warm and spirited opposition for some time maintained: 
 a momentary check was given. The British again ad- 
 vanced, and again received a heavy fire. At this moment, 
 General Morgan's aid-de-camp, who was present, perceiv- 
 ing the steady advance of the enemy, and fearing for the 
 safety of the troops, ordered a retreat. Confusion was 
 the consequence — order could not be maintained, and the 
 whole fled, in haste, to Morgan's line. Arriving in safe- 
 ty, though much exhausted, they were immediately di- 
 rected to form, and extend themselves to the swamp; that 
 the right of the entrenchment might not be turned. 
 
 Colonel Thornton having reached an orange grove, 
 about seven hundred yards distant, halted; and examin- 
 ing Morgan's line, found it to " consist of a formidable 
 redoubt on the river," with its weakest and most vulnera- 
 ble point towards the swamp. He directly advanced to 
 the attack, in two divisions, against the extreme right 
 and centre of the line; and, having deployed, charged the 
 entrenchment, defended by about fifteen hundred men. 
 A severe discharge, from the field pieces mounted along 
 our works, caused the right division to oblique, which, 
 uniting with the left, pressed forward to the point occu- 
 pied by the Kentucky troops. Perceiving themselves 
 thus exposed, and having not yet recovered from the emo- 
 tions produced by the first retreat, they began to give 
 way, and very soon entirely abandoned their position. 
 The Louisiana militia gave a few fires and followed the 
 example. Through the exertions of the officers, a mo- 
 mentary halt was effected; but a burst of congreve rockets 
 u 
 
230 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 falling thickly and setting fire to the sugarcane, and other 
 combustibles around, again excited their fears, and they 
 moved hastily away; nor could they be rallied, until at the 
 distance of two miles, having reached a saw-mill-race, 
 they were formed, and placed in an attitude of defence. 
 
 Commodore Patterson, perceiving the right flank about 
 to be turned, had ceased his destructive fire against the 
 retreating columns on the opposite shore, and turned his 
 guns to enfilade the enemy next the swamp; but, at the 
 moment when he expected to witness a firm resistance, 
 and was in a situation to co-operate, he beheld those, with- 
 out whose aid all his efforts were unavailing, suddenly 
 thrown into confusion, and forsaking their posts. Disco- 
 vering he could no longer maintain his ground, he spiked 
 his guns, destroyed his ammunition, and retired from a 
 post where he had rendered the most important services. 
 
 In the panic that produced this disorderly retreat, at a 
 moment when manly resistance was expected, are to be 
 found circuiT^stances of justification, which might have 
 occasioned similar conduct even in disciplined troops. 
 The weakest part of the line, and which was protected 
 but by a slight ditch, was assailed by the greatest strength 
 of the enemy ; this was defended by one hundred and eighty 
 Kentuckians, who were stretched out to an extent of three 
 hundred yards, and unsupported by any pieces of artillery. 
 Thus openly exposed to the attack of a greatly superior 
 force, and weakened by the extent of ground they cover- 
 ed, it is not to be wondered at, or deserving of reproach, 
 that they should have considered resistance ineffectual, 
 and forsaken a post, which they had strong reasons for 
 believing they could not maintain. General Morgan re- 
 ported to General Jackson the misfortune and defeat he 
 had met, and attributed it to the flight of those troops, who 
 had also drawn along with them the rest of his forces. 
 It is true, they were the first to flee; and equally true, 
 that their example may have had the effect of producing 
 general alarm; but in point of advantageous situation, the 
 troops materially differed: the one, as we have shown, 
 were exposed, and enfeebled by the manner of their ar- 
 rangement; the other, though considerably superior in 
 numbers, covered no greater extent of ground, and were 
 defended by an excellent breast-work, and several pieces 
 of cannon: with this difference, the loss of confidence of 
 the former was not without sufficient cause. Of these 
 
CHAPTER X. 231 
 
 facts, Commodore Patterson was not apprized — General 
 Morgan was: both, however, attributed the disaster to 
 the flight of the Kentucky militia. Upon their informa- 
 tion, General Jackson founded his report to the secretary 
 of war, by which those troops were exposed to censures 
 they did not merit. Had all the circumstances, as they 
 existed, been disclosed, reproach would have been pre- 
 vented. At the mill-race, no troops could have behaved 
 better: they were well posted, and bravely resisted the 
 advance of the enemy, nor, until an order to that effect 
 was given, had entertained a thought of retreating. 
 
 The heart-felt joy at the glorious victory achieved on 
 one side of the river, was clouded by the disaster witness- 
 ed on the other. A position was gained which secured to 
 the enemy advantages the most important; and whence 
 our whole line, on the left bank, could be severely annoy- 
 ed. But for the precaution of Commodore Patterson, in 
 spiking his guns, and destroying the ammunition, it would 
 have been in the power of Colonel Thornton to have com- 
 pletely enfiladed our line of defence, and rendered it un- 
 tenable. Fearful lest the guns might be unspiked, and 
 brought to operate against him, General Jackson hasten- 
 ed to throw detachments across, with orders to regain the 
 position at every hazard. To the troops on the right 
 bank, he forwarded an address, with a view to excite 
 them to deeds of valour, and inspirit them to exertions 
 that should wipe off the reproach they had drawn upon 
 themselves.* Previously, however, to their being in rea- 
 diness to act, he succeeded through management in re- 
 obtaining his lost position, and thus spared the effusion 
 of blood which would have been necessary to its accom- 
 plishment. 
 
 The loss of the British, in the attack, on the left bank, 
 has been, at different times, variously stated. The kill- 
 ed, wounded, and prisoners, ascertained, on the next day 
 after the battle, by Colonel Hayne, the inspector-general, 
 places it at twenty-six hundred. General Lambert's re- 
 port to Lord Bathurst makes it but two thousand and se- 
 venty. From prisoners, however, and information and 
 circumstances derived through other sources, it must 
 have been even greater than is stated by either. Among 
 them was the Commander-in-chief, and Major-General 
 
 < 
 * See note D. 
 
232 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 Gibbs, who died of his wounds the next day, besides 
 many of their most valuable and distinguished officers; 
 while the loss of the Americans, in killed and wounded, 
 was but thirteen.* 
 
 It appears to have been made a question by the British 
 officers, if it would not be more advisable to carry Gene- 
 ral Morgan's line, and refrain from any attempt on this 
 side the river. It was believed, that if successful in the 
 attack, they would be able to force General Jackson from 
 his entrenchment, and pass with the main body of the 
 army, in safety, to the city. A letter found in the pos- 
 session of Captain Wilkinson, a British officer, who fell 
 in the battle, to a friend at home, in the war department, 
 speaking on this subject, shows that a difference of opinion 
 prevailed, and confesses his own as being decidedly in fa- 
 vour of a vigorous attack on both sides. It bears date 
 late on the night of the 7th, nor does it appear, although 
 he was a captain and brigade-major, that he, at that time, 
 knew whether an assault was seriously intended against 
 Jackson's line, or was designed as a feint, to aid the ope- 
 rations of Colonel Thornton. With the true spirit of a 
 British officer, however, he indulged in entire confidence 
 a hope of success,— entertained no fears for the result, 
 nor doubted but that the Americans would at once retire 
 before their superior skill and bravery. A general order, 
 which must have been communicated after he had writ- 
 ten, disclosing the manner of attack, on the left, where he 
 acted, was also found with the letter. In that the fusi- 
 leers and light troops were instructed, after reaching our 
 line, to act as a pursuing squadron, and keep up alarm, 
 while the army on the right should press closely in the 
 rear and support them. It breathes an assurance of suc- 
 cess, and shows with what anxiety they looked to the ap- 
 proaching morn, as likely to bring with it a successful ter- 
 mination of their labours, and a triumph over a foe, whose 
 
 * Our effective force, at the line, on the left bank, was three thou- 
 sand seven hundred; that of the enemy at least nine thousand. The 
 force landed in Louisiana has been variously reported: the best infor- 
 mation places it at about fourteen thousand. A part of this acted 
 with Colonel Thornton; the climate had rendered many unfit for the 
 duties of the field; while a considerable number had been killed and 
 wounded in the different contests since their arrival. Their strength, 
 therefore, may be fairly estimated, on the 8th, at the number we have 
 stated; at any rate, not less. 
 
CHAPTER X. 233 
 
 advantages, more than bravery, they supposed, had so long 
 baffled their utmost efforts. 
 
 That it was considered, however, an imdertaking of 
 greater magnitude and hazard than they were disposed 
 openly to admit, is obvious, from one circumstance. The 
 officer who leads his troops on a forlorn attempt, not un- 
 frequently places before them allurements stronger than 
 either authority or duty. On the present occasion, this 
 resort was not omitted; and inducements were held out, 
 than which nothing more inviting could be offered to an 
 infuriated soldiery.* Let it be remembered of that gal- 
 lant but misguided general, who has been so much de- 
 plored by the British nation, that, to the cupidity of his 
 soldiers, he promised the wealth of the city, as a recom- 
 pense for their gallantry and desperation; while, with bru- 
 tal licentiousness, they were to revel in lawless indulgence, 
 and triumph, uncontrolled, over female innocence. Scenes 
 like these, our nation, dishonoured and insulted, had al- 
 ready witnessed; she had witnessed them at Hampton and 
 Havre-de-Grace : but it was reserved for her yet to learn 
 that an officer of the character and standing of Sir Ed- 
 ward Packenham, polished, generous, and brave, should, 
 to induce his soldiers to acts of daring valour, permit 
 them, as a reward, to insult, injure, and debase those whom 
 all mankind, even savages, reverence and respect. The 
 history of Europe, since civilized warfare began, is chal- 
 lenged to afford an instance of such gross depravity, — 
 ,Buch wanton outrage oa the morals and dignity of society. 
 English writers may deny the correctness of the charge; 
 it certainly interests them to do so: but its authenticity is 
 too well established to admit of doubt, while its criminali- 
 ty is increased, from being the act of a people who hold 
 themselves up to surrounding nations as examples of every 
 thing that is correct and proper. The facts and circum- 
 stances which were presented at the time of this transac- 
 tion left no doubt on the minds of our officers, but that 
 ** Beauty and Booty" was the watchword of the day. The 
 information was obtained from prisoners, and confirmed 
 by the books of two of iheir orderly-sergeants taken in 
 battle, which contained record proof of the fact. 
 
 The events of this day afford abundant evidence of the 
 liberality of the American soldiers, and show a striking 
 
 • " Booty and Beauty y** was the watch-word of Sir Eklward Pack- 
 enham's army, in the battle of the 8th. 
 u 2 
 
234 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 difference in the troops of the two nations. While one 
 were allured to acts of bravery and duty, by the promised 
 pillage and plunder of the inhabitants, and the commis- 
 sion of crimes abhorrent in the sight of earth and heaven, 
 the other fought but for his country, and, having repelled 
 her assailants, instantly forgot all enmity, viewed his fallen 
 foe as a brother, and hastened to assist him, even at the 
 hazard of his own life. The gallantry of the British sol- 
 diers, and no people could have displayed greater, had 
 brought many of them even to our ramparts, where, shot 
 down by our troops, they were lying badly wounded. 
 When the firing had ceased, and the columns retired, our 
 troops, with generous benevolence, advanced over the line, 
 to assist and bring in the wounded, which lay under and 
 near the walls ; when, strange to tell, the enemy, from the 
 ditch they occupied, opened a fire upon them, awd, though 
 at a considerable distance, succeeded in wounding several. 
 It was enough for our generous soldiers, that they were 
 doing an act which the benevolence of their hearts ap- 
 proved, and, with charitable perseverance, they continued^ 
 to administer to the wants of these suffering men, and to 
 carry them within their lines, although, in their efforts, 
 they were continually exposed to danger. Let the apolo- 
 gist for crime say, wherefore were acts thus unpardonable 
 committed against men, who were administering to the 
 wants and relieving the sufferings of the dying country- 
 men of those who thus repaid the most laudable humanity 
 with wanton and useless cruelty. - 
 
 A communication, shortly after, from Major-general 
 Lambert, on whom, in consequence of the fall of Generals 
 Packenham, Gibbs, and Keane, the command had devolv- 
 ed, acknowledges to have witnessed the kindness of our 
 troops to his wounded. He solicited of General Jackson 
 permission to send an unarmed party to bury the dead, 
 lying before his lines, and to bring off such of the wounded 
 as were dangerous. Though, in all probability, it was un- 
 known to General Lambert what had been the conduct of 
 his troops on this occasion, and unquestionably not au- 
 thorized by him, yet Jackson, in answer to his despatch, 
 did not omit to bring it to his view, and to express his ut- 
 ter abhorrence of the act. The request to bury the dead 
 was granted. General Jackson, though, refused to per- 
 mit a near approach to his line, but consented that the 
 wounded who were at a greater distance than three hun- 
 
CHAPTER X. 2S5 
 
 dred yards from the entrenchment should be relieved, and 
 the dead buried : those nearer were, by his own men, to be 
 delivered over, to be interred by their countrymen. This 
 precaution was taken, that the enemy might not have an 
 opportunity to inspect, or know any thing of his situation. 
 General Lambert, desirous of administering to the re- 
 lief of the wounded, and that he might be relieved from 
 his apprehensions of attack, proposed, about noon, that 
 hostilities should cease until the same hour the next day. 
 General Jackson, cherishing the hope of being able to se- 
 cure an important advantage, by his apparent willingness 
 to accede to the proposal, drew up an armistice, and for- 
 warded it to General Lambert, with directions for it to be 
 immediately returned, if approved. It contained a stipu- 
 lation to this effect — that hostilities, on the left bank of the 
 river, should be discontinued from its ratification, but on 
 the right bank they should not cease; and, in the interim, 
 that under no circumstances were reinforcements to be 
 sent across, by either party. This was a bold stroke at 
 stratagem; and, although it succeeded, even to the extent 
 desired, was yet attended with considerable hazard. Re- 
 inforcements had been ordered over to retake the position 
 lost by Morgan in the morning, and the General presumed 
 they had arrived at their point of destination, but, at this 
 time, they had not passed the river, nor could it be ex- 
 pected to be retaken with the same troops who had yielded 
 it the day before, when possessed of advantages which 
 gave them a decided superiority: this the commanding 
 general well knew; yet, to spare the sacrifice of his men, 
 which, in regaining it, he foresaw must be considerable, 
 he was disposed to venture upon a course to excite alarm, 
 and which, he felt assured, could not fail of success. It 
 was impossible his object could be discovered; while he 
 confidently believed the British commander would infer, 
 from the prompt and ready manner in which his proposal 
 had been met, that such additional troops were already 
 thrown over, as would be fully adequate to the purposes 
 of attack, and greatly to endanger, if not wholly to cut off. 
 Colonel Thornton's retreat. General Lambert's construc- 
 tion was such as had been anticipated. Although the ar- 
 mistice contained a request that it should be immediately 
 signed and returned, it was neglected to be acted upon 
 until the next day; and Thornton and his command were, 
 in the interim, under cover of the night, re-crossed, and 
 
236 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 the ground he occupied left to be peaceably possessed by 
 the original holders. The opportunity thus afforded of 
 regaining a position on which, in a great degree, depend- 
 ed the safety of those on the opposite shore, was accepted 
 with an avidity its importance merited, and immediate 
 measures taken to increase its strength, and prepare it 
 against any future attack that might be made. This de- 
 lay of the British commander was evidently designed, that, 
 pending the negotiation, and before it was concluded, an 
 opportunity might be had of removing Colonel Thornton 
 and his troops from a situation apparently extremely peri- 
 lous. Early the next morning. General Lambert, returned 
 his acceptance of what had been proposed, with an apo- 
 logy for having failed to reply sooner: he excused the 
 -omission, by pleading a press of business, which had occa- 
 sioned the communication to be overlooked and neglected. 
 Jackson was at no loss to attribute the delay to the correct 
 motive: the apology, however, was as perfectly satisfac- 
 tory to him as any thing that could have been offered; be- 
 yond the object intended to be effected, he felt unconcern- 
 ed, and having secured this, rested perfectly satisfied. It 
 cannot, however, appear otherwise than extraordinary, 
 that this neglect should have been ascribed by the British 
 general to accident, or a press of business, when it must 
 have been of greater importance, at that moment, than 
 any thing which he could possibly have had before hinv. 
 
 The armistice was this morning, (9th of January) con- 
 cluded, and agreed to until two o'clock in the evening. 
 The dead and wounded were now removed from the field, 
 which for three hundred yards in front of our line of de- 
 fence, they almost literally covered. For the reason 
 already suggested, our soldiers, within the line of demar- 
 kation between the two camps, delivered over to the Bri- 
 tish, who were not permitted to cross it, the dead for 
 burial, and the wounded on parole, for which it was sti- 
 pulated, an equal number of American prisoners should 
 be restored. 
 
 It has seldom happened that officers were more de- 
 ceived in expectation than were the British in the result of 
 this battle, or atoned more severely their error: their rea- 
 soning had never led them to conclude that militia would 
 maintain their ground when warmly assailed: no other 
 belief was entertained, than that alarmed at the appear- 
 ance and orderly firm approach of veteran troops, they 
 
CHAPTER X. 237 
 
 would at once forsake the contest, and in flight seek for 
 safety. At what part of our line they were stationed, 
 was ascertained by information derived through a deser- 
 ter, on the 6th; and influenced by a belief of their want 
 of nerve, and deficiency in bravery, at this point the main 
 assault was urged. They were indeed militia; but the 
 enemy could have assailed no part of our entrenchment 
 where they would have met a warmer reception, or where 
 they would have found greater strength: it was indeed the 
 best defended part of the line. The Kentucky and Ten- 
 nessee troops, under Generals Carroll, Thomas and Adair, 
 were here, who had already, on former occasions, won a 
 reputation too dear*to be sacrificed. These divisions, al-* 
 ternately charging their pieces, and mounting the plat- 
 form^, poured forth a constant fire, that was impossible to 
 be withstood, repelled the advancing columns, and drove 
 them from the field, with prodigious slaughter. 
 
 There is one fact told, to which general credit seems 
 attached, and which clearly shows the opinion had by the 
 British of our militia, and the little fear which was enter- 
 tained of any determined opposition from them. When 
 repulsed from our line, the British officers were fully per- 
 suaded that the information given them by the deserter, on 
 the night of the 6th, was false, and that instead of point- 
 ing out the ground defended by the militia, he had refer- 
 red them to the place occupied by our best troops ; he was 
 a Spaniard. Enraged at what they believed an intentional 
 deception, they called their informant before them, to ac- 
 count for the mischief he had done. It was in vain he 
 urged his innocence, and, with the most solemn protesta- 
 tions, declared he had stated the fact truly as it was. 
 They could not be convinced, — it was impossible that they 
 had contended against any but the best disciplined troops; 
 and, without further ceremony, the poor fellow, suspend- 
 ed, in view of the camp, expiated, on a tree, not his 
 crime, for what he had stated was indeed true, but their 
 error, in underrating an enemy who had already afforded 
 abundant evidences of valour. In all their future trials 
 with our countrymen, may they be no less deceived, and 
 discover in our yeomanry a determination to sustain with 
 firmness, a government which knows nothing of oppres- 
 sion; but which, on an enlarged and liberal scale, aims to 
 secure the independence and happiness of man. If the 
 people of the United States, unfettered almost as the air 
 
'238 LIFE OF OENEILVL JACKSOX, 
 
 they breathe, shall at any time omit to maintain their pri- 
 vileges, their constitutional rights ' and free government, 
 then indeed will it be idle longer to speak of the capacity 
 of man to govern himself: the dream of liberty must fade 
 away and perish for ever, no more to be thought of, or re- 
 membered; for under auspices promising better success, 
 the attempt of self-government can never again be made. 
 
 
 CHAPTER XL. 
 
 Bombardment of Fort St. Philip. — British army retire to their ship- 
 ping. — General Jackson, with his troops, returns to New Orleans. 
 — Day of thanks^ving. — Reduction of Fort Bowyer. — Legislature 
 of Louisiana recommence their session. — Discontents fomented 
 among the American troops. — Ai'rest of LouailHer, — of Judge Hall. 
 — Peace annoimced. — General Jackson is prosecuted for contempt 
 of court — his appearance in court. — Speech at the Coffee-House.^^ 
 His own opinion of martial law. — Troops are discharged, and the 
 General returns to Nashville. — His person and character. — Conclu- 
 sion. 
 
 The conflict had ended, and each army occupied its 
 former position. In appearance the enemy were visibly 
 altered: menace was sunk into dejection, and offensive 
 measures yielded for those which promised safety. Their 
 bold attitude so long preserved, was now lain aside; and 
 they were perceived to be erecting partial defences, to 
 guard against expected attack. It had been already an- 
 nounced, upon good authority^ that a considerable force 
 had succeeded in passing the Balize — made prisoners of 
 a detachment there, and was proceeding up the Mississip- 
 pi, to co-operate with the land forces. It was intended 
 to aid in the battle of the 8th, but failing to arrive, the 
 attack had been made without it. Whether the enemy, 
 chagrined and mortified at the failure of an effort, into 
 which the idea of disappointment had never entered, might 
 not again renew the attack, on the arrival of this force, 
 was a probable event, and every preparation was in pro- 
 gress to be again in readiness to repel it. 
 
 Of this formidable advance, no certain intelligence was 
 received until the night of the llth, when a heavy canno- 
 
CHAPTER XI. 239 
 
 nading, supposed to be on Fort St. Philip, was distinctly 
 heard. The advantages in defence, which the precaution 
 and vigilance of the General had early extended to this 
 passage, added to an entire confidence in the skill and 
 bravery of the officer to whom it had been confided, led 
 him to believe there was nothing to be apprehended; and 
 that every thing which duty and bravery could effect, 
 would be done. The enemy's squadron, consisting of two 
 bomb vessels, a brig, sloop, and schooner, were -discover- 
 ed by the videttes, from Fort Bourbon, on the morning 
 of the 9th, directing their course up the river; signals 
 were made, — information communicated, and every thing 
 was in readiness to receive them. About ten o'clock, 
 having approached within striking distance, an assault 
 was commenced on the fort, and an immense quantity of 
 bombs and balls were discharged against it. A severe and 
 well-directed fire from our water battery soon compelled 
 them to abandon the attack, and retire about two miles. 
 At this distance, the enemy was possessed of decided ad- 
 vantages, — having it in their power to reach the fort, with 
 the shot from their large mortars, while they were en- 
 tirely without the range of ours. • The assault continued, 
 without much intermission, from the 9th until the night 
 of the 17th. They had hitherto lain beyond the effective 
 range of our shot, and although from their large mortars 
 the fort had been reached, and pierced in innumerable 
 places, still, such an effect had not been produced, as to 
 justify a belief, that they could now, more than at the mo- 
 ment of their arrival, venture to pass. 
 
 Major Overton, who commanded at this place, his 
 officers, and soldiers, distinguished themselves by their 
 activity and vigilance. To arrest the enemy's passage, 
 and prevent them from uniting with the forces below the 
 city, was of great importance; and to succeed in this was 
 as much as could be expected. So long, therefore, as 
 they kept at a distance, nor attempted a final accomplish- 
 ment of their object, no other concern was felt than to 
 watch their manoeuvres, and adopt such a course as should 
 afford security to the troops in the garrison. During the 
 period of the bombardment, which lasted with little inter- 
 mission for nine days, sleep was almost a stranger in the 
 fort. The night was the time when most of all it was 
 feared that the enemy, aided by the darkness, and assisted 
 by some fortunate breeze, would have it in their power to 
 
240 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 ascend the river, in despite of every opposition : the con- 
 stant activity which was necessary, prevented all oppor- 
 tunities for repose. On a tempestuous night, the wind 
 setting fair, an attempt was made to pass: to divert the 
 attention of the fort, and favour the chances for ascent, 
 their boats were sent forward to commence an attack. In 
 this, however, they were disappointed, and compelled to 
 abandon the undertaking. At length, after many fruitless 
 etforts, ^jid an immense waste of labour and ammunition, 
 on the morning of the 18th they retired without effecting 
 their purpose, or producing, to us, a greater injury than 
 the loss of nine of the garrison, who were killed and 
 wounded. 
 
 The failure of this squadron to ascend the river, per- 
 haps, determined General Lambert in the course which 
 he adopted. His situation before our line was truly an 
 unpleasant one. Our batteries, after the 8th, were con- 
 tinually throwing balls and bombs into his camp; and 
 wherever a party of troops appeared, they were greatly 
 annoyed. Thus harassed, — perceiving that all assistance 
 through this channel had failed, and being constantly in 
 apprehension lest an attack should be made upon him, he 
 resolved on availing himself of the first favourable oppor- 
 tunity for departing, and to forsake a contest where every 
 effort had met disappointment, and where an immense 
 number of his troops had found their graves. The more 
 certainly to effect a retreat in safety, detachments had 
 been sent out to remove every obstruction that could re- 
 tard their progress through the swamp; while, to give 
 greater facility to his departure, strong redoubts were 
 erected on the way, and bridges thrown across every creek 
 and bayou that obstructed the passage. Every thing be- 
 ing thus prepared, on the night of the 18th, General Lam- 
 bert silently decamped, and, proceeding towards the lake, 
 embarked for his shipping, leaving, and recommending 
 to the clemency and hospitality of the American general, 
 eighty of his soldiers, who were too severely wounded to 
 be removed. With such silence and caution was this 
 decampment managed, that not the slightest intelligence 
 was communicated, even to our sentinels occupying the 
 out posts. Early the next morning, the enemy's camp 
 was perceived to be evacuated; but what had become of 
 them, and whither they had gone, could only be conjec- 
 tured: no information on the subject was possessed. To 
 
CHAPTER XI. 241 
 
 ascertain the cause of this new and sudden appearance 
 of things, detachments weVe in readiness to proceed and 
 reconnoitre their camp, when Surgeon Wadsdale, of the 
 Btaff, arrived at our line, with a letter to General Jackson, 
 from the British commander, announcing his determina- 
 tion to suspend, " for the present, all further operations 
 against N-ew Orleans," and requesting his humanity to- 
 wards the wounded he had left, and whom necessity had 
 compelled him to abandon. 
 
 Detachments were now sent out to ascertain the cause 
 of this unexpected state of things; with orders to harass 
 their rear, if a retreat were really intended. But the pre- 
 caution taken by the enemy, and the ground oyer which 
 they were retreating^ prevented pursuit in sufficient num- 
 bers to secure any valuable result. The system of opera- 
 tions which Jackson had prescribed for himself, was such 
 he believed as policy sanctioned, nor to be abandoned but 
 for advantages evidently certain, and which admitted not 
 of question. To pursue on a route protected and defend- 
 ed by canals, redoubts, and entrenchments, would, at least, 
 have been adventuring upon an uncertain issue, where 
 success was problematical, and where injury and loss 
 might result. 
 
 Thus, at last, in total disappointment, terminated an 
 invasion from which much had been expected. Twenty- 
 six days ago, flushed v/ith the hope of certain victory, 
 had this army erected its standard on the banks of the 
 Mississippi. At that moment, they would have treated 
 with contempt an assertion, that in ten days they would 
 not enter the city of New Orleans. How changed the 
 portrait, from the reality! But a few days since, and they 
 were confident of a triumph, and a successful termination 
 of their labours; now, vanquished, beaten, and cut to 
 pieces, at midnight, under cover of its darkness, they are 
 found silently abandoiiing their camp,-^breaking to pieces 
 their artillery, — fleeing from an enemy, wlio, but a little 
 while before, they had held in utter contempt, and sub- 
 mitting their wounded to his clemency. A demonstration 
 is given, which, short of absolute proof, a Briton would 
 have been among the last to have admitted, that fourteen 
 thousand troops, who, oftentimes, against the sternest op- 
 position, had signalized themselves in battle, and marched 
 to victory, could, under any circumstances, be beaten, 
 and one-third of them destroyed, by an inferior number 
 
242 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 of 'men, who scarcely knew how to form in column, of 
 deploy into line: yet did they know that which was of in- 
 finitely more service in nerving with strength the soldier's 
 arm, and dispelling every thing of fear, — that they were 
 contending for their rights, against a power which was 
 causelessly seeking their destruction, — for privilege 
 against usurpation, — for liberty, in opposition to oppres- 
 sion: — that they were fighting for a country they loved, 
 and for enjoyments, which, once lost, could never be re- 
 gained. Prompted by these considerations, they had en- 
 tered the field, and under their influence had acted. For 
 their toils and privations, they were amply remunerated; 
 they had met their own and country's expectations — had 
 saved a city from destruction — its inhabitants from cruelty 
 and dishonour, and were carrj^ing with them the lofty 
 consolation which the recollection of a faithful discharge 
 of duty never fails to inspire. 
 
 There was no certainty that the contest was finally end- 
 ed. The enemy had indeed retired, and, *' for the pre- 
 sent, relinquished all further operations against New Or- 
 leans:" but of what continuance their forbearance would 
 be, whether they might not avail themselves of the first 
 flattering opportunity, to renew the struggle, and wipe off 
 the stain of a defeat so wholly unexpected, could not be 
 doubted. The hopfes and expectations indulged, in Eng- 
 land, of the success of this expedition, had inspirited the 
 whole army; and failui-e had never been anticipated* 
 They had now retired; yet, from their convenient situa- 
 tion, and having command of the surrounding waters, it 
 '.vas in their power, at a short notice, to re-appear, at the 
 same, or some more favourable point— rcause a repetition 
 of the hardships already encountered, and, perhaps, suc- 
 ceed in the accomplishment of their views. These con- 
 siderations led General Jackson to conclude, that, although, 
 for the present, there v.as an abandonment of the enter- 
 prise, still it behoved him not to relax in his system of 
 defence; but be in constant readiness to maintain the ad- 
 vantages he had gained; and not to risk a loss of the 
 country by a careless indifference, growing out of the 
 belief that danger had subsided. To prevent such a re- 
 sult, vigilance and caution were essentially necessary. 
 
 With entire control of the lakes and gulf, it could not 
 be known at what point the enemy might venture on a se- 
 cond attack. General Jackson determined now, to with- 
 
CHAPTER XI. 243 
 
 draw his troops from the position they had so long occu* 
 pied, and place them about the city, whence, to repel any 
 further attempt that should be made, they might be ad- 
 vanced wherever it should become necessary. The se- 
 venth regiment of infantry remained to protect the point 
 he was leaving; while, further in advance, on Villery's 
 canal, where a landing had first been effected, were posted* 
 a detachment of Kentucky and Louisiana militia. To 
 secure this point more effectually, orders were given, on 
 the 22d, to throw up a strong fortification, at the junction 
 of Manzant and Bayou Bienvenu; which order was again 
 attempted to be executed on the 25th. On both occasions, 
 failure was the result, the enemy having, on their retreat^' 
 left a strong guard at this place, which, from its situation," 
 defied approach by a force competent to its reduction. 
 Their occupying this position was looked to as a circum- 
 stance which afforded strong evidence that further hosti- 
 lities were not wholly abandoned. To counteract, how- 
 ever, any advantages which might thence be derived, 
 different points, along* the swamp, and in the direction of 
 Terre au Boeuf, were occupied, and strong works erected, 
 to prevent their again reaching in this direction the shores 
 of the Mississippi. 
 
 These arrangements being made, calculated, if not to' 
 prevent, at least to give intelligence of an approach in 
 time to be resisted, on the 20th of January, General Jack- 
 Bon, with his remaining forces, commenced his march to 
 New Orleans. The general glow excited, at beholding 
 his entrance into the city, at the head of a long suffering 
 and victorious army, was manifested by all those feelings 
 which patriotism and sympathy inspire. The windows 
 and streets were crowded, to view the man, who, by vigi- 
 lance, decision, and energy, had preserved the country 
 from the fate to which it had been devoted. It was a 
 scene well calculated to excite the tenderest emotions. 
 But a few weeks since, and every bosom throbbed for de- 
 liverance and safety. Fathers, sons, and husbands, urged 
 by the necessity of the times, were toiling in defence of 
 their wives and children. A ferocious soldiery, nume- 
 rous, and skilled in the art of war, and to whom every in- 
 dulgence had been promised, were straining exertion to 
 effect their object. Every cannon that echoed from the 
 line was, perhaps, the signal of approach, and the com- 
 mencement of indescribable horrors. But those feelings 
 
244 LIFE OP GENERAL JACKSOK. 
 
 had subsided: the painful anticipations which had lasted 
 so long, were gone. The tender female, relieved from 
 the anguish of danger and suspense, no longer trembled 
 for her safety and her honour: a new order of things had 
 arisen: joy sparkled in every countenance; while scarcely 
 a widow or an orphan was seen, to cloud the general trans- 
 port. The commanding general, under whose banner 
 every thing had been achieved, deliberate, cool, and spar- 
 ing of the lives of the brave defenders of their country, 
 had dispelled the storm which had so long threatened to 
 involve the ruin of thousands; and was now restoring, 
 safe and unhurt, those who had with him maintained the 
 contest. His approach was hailed with acclamations: it 
 was not the kind of applause, which, resulting from fear, 
 is oftentimes extended by the subject, to some conqueror 
 or tyrant returning in triumph, but that which was ex- 
 tended by citizens to a citizen soldier, springing from af- 
 fection, and founded in an honest sincerity of heart All 
 greeted his return, and hailed him as their deliverer. 
 
 But, amidst the warm expression of their thanks, and . 
 the honours and congratulations heaped upon him, he was 
 not unmindful, that to an energy superior to his own, and 
 a wisdom which controls the destiny of nations, was he 
 indebted for the gloHous triumph of our arms. Respited 
 from the arduous duties of the field, his first concern was 
 to draw the minds of all in thankfulness and adoration to 
 that sovereign mercy, without whose aid, and inspiring 
 counsel, vain would be all earthly efforts. The 23d hav- 
 ing been appointed a day of prayer and thanksgiving for 
 the happy deliverance effected by our arms, Jackson re- 
 paired to the cathedral. The churcji and altar were splen- 
 didly decorated, and more than could obtain admission 
 had crowded to witness the ceremony. A grateful recol- 
 lection of his exertions to save the country, was cherished 
 by all; nor did the solemnity of the occasion, even here, 
 restrain a manifestation of their regard, or induce them 
 to withhold the honour he had so nobly earned. Chil- 
 dren, robed in white, and representing the different states, 
 were employed in strewing the way with flowers; while, 
 as he passed, a flattering ode produced for the occasion 
 saluted his ears. — 
 
 Hail to the chief ! who hied at war's alarm*. 
 To save our threaten'd land from hostile arms; 
 
CHAPTER XI. 245 
 
 Preserv'd, protected by his gallant care, 
 Be his the grateful tribute of each fair: 
 With joyful tiiumph swell the chorul lay — 
 Strew, strew with flow'rs the hero's welcome way. 
 Jackson, all hail! our country's pride and boast, — 
 Wliose mind's a council, and his arm a host; 
 Welcome, blest chief ! accept our grateful lays. 
 Unbidden homage, and spontaneous praise; 
 Remembrance, long, shall keep alive thy fume. 
 And future infants leai-n to lisp thy name. 
 
 When the General reached the church, Dubour^, the 
 reverend administrator of the diocese, met him at the 
 door. Addressing him in a strain of pious eloquence, he 
 entreated him to remember, that his splendid achieve- 
 ments, which were echoed from every tongue, were to be 
 ascribed to Him to whom all praise was due. ** Let the 
 votary of blind chance," continued he, "deride our cre- 
 dulous simplicity. Let the cold-hearted atheist look for an 
 explanation of important events, to the mere concatenation 
 of human causes; to us, the whole world is loud in pro- 
 claiming a Supreme Ruler, who, as he holds the destiny of 
 man in his hands, holds also the thread of all contingent 
 occurrences; from his lofty throne, he moves every scene 
 below, — infuses his wisdom into the rulers of nations, and 
 executes his uncontrollable judgments on the sons of men, 
 according to the dictates of his own unerring justice." 
 He concluded his impressive address, by presenting the 
 General with a wreath of laurel, woven for the occasion, 
 and which he desired him to accept as *' a prize of vic- 
 tory." 
 
 General Jackson accepted the pledge, presented as a 
 mark of distinguished favour by the reverend prelate, and 
 returned him a reply no less impressive than the address 
 he had received. He was now conducted in, and seated 
 near the altar, vv'hen the organ and church ceremonies' 
 were commenced, and inspired every mind with a solemn 
 reverence for the occasion * These being ended, he re- 
 tired to his quarters, to renew a system of defence, which 
 would ensure entire safety, and ward off any future danger 
 that might arise. The right bank of the Mississippi was 
 now strengthened by additional reinforcements, and a 
 strong position taken on La Fourche, to prevent any pas- 
 sage in that direction. Suitable arrangements for secu- 
 
 • See note E. 
 X 2 
 
246 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 rity having been already made below the city, Generals 
 Coffee andCarroll were instructed to resume their former 
 encampment, four miles above, where they had been sta- 
 tioned previously to the landing of the enemy. The rest 
 of the troops were arranged at different points, where ne- 
 cessity seemed most, to require it, and where they might 
 be convenient, and concentrated for action, on the first 
 appearance of danger. 
 
 Previously to General Lambert's departure, articles of 
 agreement had been entered into by the commanders of 
 the two armies, for an exchange of prisoners; in pursu- 
 ance of which, sixty-three Americans, taken on the night 
 of the 23d, from the left \ying of General Coffee's bri- 
 gade, had been delivered up: the remainder, principally 
 those who had been taken at the capture of our gun boats, 
 were shortly afterwards surrendered by Admiral Cochrane, 
 and an equal number of British prisoners, inipur posses- 
 sion, sent off to be delivered at the Balize. ; . 
 
 The enemy had now. withdrawn from the shore the 
 troops which had been landed, and occupied their former 
 position at Cat and Ship Island. , Moriified at their unex- 
 pected disaster, they were projecting a plan, by which it 
 was expected a partial advantage might, perhaps, be se- 
 cured, and the stigma of defeat somewhat obliterated. 
 
 On the 6th of February, the British shipping appeared 
 off Dauphin Island, fronting the point on whjch stood Fort 
 Boyer, garrisoned with three hundred and sixty men^i 
 Having made the necessary arrangements, on the 8th an 
 attack was commenced, both from the land and water. 
 The fleet was formed in two divisions; and approached 
 within one and two miles, bearing south and south-west. 
 But the principal attack, and that whic^ compelled a sur- 
 render, was from the shor<e, where Colonel Nicholls .and 
 Woodbine carried on their operations in September; Five 
 thousand troops, aided by pieces of heavy ordnance, and 
 secured from the fire of our guns by large embankments, 
 urged the assault. Under cover of the two succeeding 
 nights, redoubts had been thrown up, and trenches cut 
 through the sand, which enabled them to approach gra- 
 dually, and without being exposed to the fire of our guns. 
 Twice, on the 8th, were detachments sent out to effect by 
 storm the accomplishment of their purpose; but the fire 
 from the fort compelled an abandonment of their course. 
 Aid drove them to the necessity of approaching by trench- 
 
^ CHAPTER XI. 247 
 
 es, protected by strong redoubts. To demolish these from 
 the fort was impracticable ; and to attempt to prevent their 
 erection, by any sortie, with so weak a force, would have 
 been rash and imprudent. Thus situated, and every thing 
 being ready to attack and carry the fort, if opposition 
 were still intended, about ten o'clock on the Uth the ene- 
 my hoisted a flag: Major Lawrence raised another. Hos- 
 tilities ceased, and General Lambert required a surrender. 
 The ofiicers being convoked, with one consent agreed that 
 further resistance would be ineffectual, and could only lead 
 to the unnecessary loss of many valuable lives. A capitu- 
 lation was agreed on, and the fort forthwith yielded to the 
 enemy. 
 
 Previous to this attack, an alarming and threatening 
 disturbance appeared amongst the troops at Fort Jackson, 
 and which, on the 22d JanfUary, resulted in six of them be- 
 ing found guilty and sentenced to execution at Mobile, on a 
 charge of mutiny and desertion. On the 24th of May, 
 1814, Governor Blount, acting under instructions from 
 the Secretary of War, required one thousand men, for a 
 tour of six iTionths^ to be drawn from the division of Gene- 
 ral Jackson, who at that time was a militia general in the 
 service of the state; not the United States. Acting upon 
 the order, the requisition was made, and on the 20th of the 
 succeeding month (June) the required quota was rende-^ 
 vouzed, and marched to garrison the different forts in the 
 Creek Country, bordering on Mobile. Between the 18th 
 and 20th of September, before half the period for which 
 they were mustered had expired, and for which by the 
 government they subsequently were paid, a portion of this 
 regiment becoming weary of the service, an alarming 
 mutiny arose, which resulted in the desertion of two hun- 
 dred. They claimed to be entitled to a discharge, for the 
 reason, that the term was but for three months. Prepa- 
 ratory to a departure, and to strengthen themselves in 
 their mutinous design, a paper was circulated to obtain 
 the signatures of those who should be willing to act in 
 concert, and depart together. To obtain supplies for the 
 return march, the bake house in which was deposited the 
 contractor's stores, was broken open and demolished. 
 The cattle, procured with great difficulty and expense for 
 the subsistence of the troops, were taken and killed. Suf- 
 ficient supplies for their return being thus obtained, and 
 the authority of officers in command placed at open defi- 
 
248 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON, 
 
 • 
 
 ance, on the morning of the 20th of September, in a tu- 
 multuous manner, about two hundred abandoned their 
 post and their duty, and set out for home. Early as news 
 of this act of insubordination reached head quarters, a pro- 
 clamation was issued commanding an arrest of the muti- 
 neers: some were taken and forcibly brought back; others 
 voluntarily returned. For their trial a court martial was 
 organized; and which, with one exception, was composed 
 exclusively of officers from their own regiment, and who 
 of course could not be presumed to entertain any feelings 
 of unkindness or prejudice. 
 
 The court, consisting of five regular and two supernu- 
 merary members, proceeded to an examination and trial 
 of these offenders, and sentenced six of them to be shot: 
 the rest were condemned to a humiliating, though less se- 
 vere punishment; part of theil^ pay was to be stopped— 
 their lost time to be made up by further service; their 
 heads to be shaved; and at the expiration of their term to 
 be drummed out of camp. Because of age and inexperi- 
 ence, some were recommended to the clemency of the 
 General, and accordingly were pardoned. The residue of 
 these offenders never received any other punishment than 
 having their term of service enlarged, correspondent to 
 the loss occasioned by the desertion. Pay during the 
 period of the desertion was afterwards withheld by the 
 government, who thereby recognized, and adopted the 
 proceedings of the court. In behalf of those condemned to 
 death, nothing of request or negotiation being presented 
 from the court, they were left to their fate, without an exei'- 
 cise on the part of the General, of his respiting or par- 
 doning power. The session of this court was at Mobile, 
 nearly two hundred miles from New Orleans, where Gene- 
 ral Jackson, from the 1st of December, had been actively 
 and busily engaged. Of the merits of the cases, and the 
 extent of the imputed guilt, he could know nothing, un- 
 less as presented by the court, where rested both the fact 
 and., the law. To the recommendation of the court the 
 General assented at once, and gave pardon and forgiveness 
 to those thus presented to his consideration and clemency. 
 
 The course pursued towards these offenders was impe- 
 riously demanded by justice. The British army, to be 
 sure, had on the 19th abandoned the siege of New Or- 
 leans, but they were yet a strong and powerful foe, and 
 entirely in command of the water. When and where an 
 
CHAPTER XI. 249 
 
 effort might be made to strike a further blow could not be 
 known; all the information possessed upon this subject, 
 was a communication from General Lambert to the com- 
 inanding general of the American army, made at leaving 
 his position before New Orleans, that he had determined 
 ** to suspend for the present all further operations." For 
 General Jackson to be on the alert, — to guard every as- 
 sailable point, and to protect from disaffection and mutiny 
 the army, was required by every consideration of neces- 
 sity to himself, and interest to the country. At such a 
 moment of uncertainty and peril, to permit the army to 
 be wasted and destroyed through riot and desertion, 
 must have resulted in consequences most disastrous. 
 Who pardoneth the guilty, murdereth the innocent, is a 
 remark no less trite than true. If feeling apart from judg- 
 ment had been exercised, these men might have lived to 
 atone their error, or else again to set prejudicial and inju- 
 rious examples. In doubtful cases, or where example may 
 be dispensed with, mercy may plead successfully, but her 
 voice ought never to be heard where the demands of jus- 
 tice are clearly ascertained, and the safety of a whole 
 country warns against it. The enemy had retired, though 
 they were yet powerful ; and although " for the present 
 all further operations were suspended," it was in their 
 power to renew assault at any time. Official intelli- 
 gence of peace, through an express from the government, 
 was not, communicated to General Jackson until the 13th 
 of February, two days after the capture of Fort Bowyer; 
 nor until the J 9th, when similar information was received 
 by General Lambert, did hostilities between th^ two ar- 
 mies terminate. At such time, and under such circum- 
 stances, justice, not mercy, should have claimed control. 
 Had thos^ offenders been pardoned, with no propriety af- 
 terwards could an effort have been made to arrest mutiny and 
 insubordination, no matter to what untoward length both 
 might have proceeded. Mercy so mistaken, at a period 
 so threatening, might have carried with it consequences 
 highly pernicious, and furnished an example, the force 
 and effect of which might not afterwards have been pro- 
 vided against. 
 
 The legislature of Louisiana had re-commenced the 
 session. The necessity which had induced a suspension 
 of their deliberations, having been removed, by the de- 
 parture of the enemy, they were no longer restricted in 
 
250 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSOH, 
 
 the exercise of their constitutional privileges. Some of 
 the members, during the past struggle, had forsaken their 
 official duties, and repaired to the field, where more im- 
 portant services were to be rendered, and where they had 
 manifested a zeal and devotion to the country worthy of 
 imitation. A much greater part, however, had pursued a 
 very opposite course, and stood aloof from impending dan- 
 ger. The disposition shown, on the 28th of December, 
 to propose a capitulation with the enemy, has been ad- 
 verted to : how far it was calculated to estrange public 
 sentiment from 'a conviction, which the commanding gene- 
 ral, throughout, had endeavoured to rivet and impress, 
 " that the country could and would be successfully de- 
 fended,** can be easily imagined. But he had sinned be- 
 yond forgiveness. The course adopted — his arresting all 
 proceedings, and suspending deliberation by placing an 
 armed force at the door of the capitol, were viewed as in- 
 tolerable infringements upon legislative prerogative — de- 
 nounced as an abuse of powcx, and hence the first Oppor- 
 tunity was seized to exhibit their resentment agamst the 
 man who had stood forth in opposition, and defeated their 
 designs.* Whether it were better to indulge them in a 
 heedless course, or, by interposing a remedy, arrest the 
 purpose intended, 'preserve the nation from dishonour, and 
 avert the dangerous consequences involved, was not a mat- 
 ter requiring much deliberation; nor was it a circumstance 
 to justify the legislature in treating with disrespect, him 
 "who was the efficient cause of all that had been achieved. 
 No sooner had the members resumed the exercise of 
 legislative duties, than their first concern was to pass in 
 review, the incidents of the last month. * To those who 
 had acted vigilantly in the defence of the state, and who, 
 by their toils and exertions, had contributed to its safety, 
 they officially tendered their thanks; but of Jackson, no- 
 thing was said. We are not disposed to censure or call 
 in question the conduct of this body, though the circum- 
 stances present no very favourable appearance. When 
 danger threatened, they were disposed to make terms with 
 the enemy, and obtain safety by a surrender of the city: 
 from this they were prevented. Incensed at being thus 
 unexpectedly restrained in the execution 'of their designs, 
 no sooner did they resume the duties of their station, than 
 
 • See page 210. 
 
CHAPTER XI. 251 
 
 they became lavish in the praise of those who adopted and 
 pursued a course directly contrary to their own; while in 
 that commendation and approval, they intentionally neg- 
 lected the very man to whom the country was indebted 
 for its salvation. To Jackson, this was an immaterial 
 circumstance; he had a mind incapable of being inflated 
 by applause, or depi-essed by unmerited censure. He 
 knew, full well, that his countrymen would duly appreciate 
 his conduct, trace all his actions to their proper motives, 
 and extend '* honour to whom honour was due." Huma' 
 num est errare, was a maxim from which he claimed no 
 exemption ; but a conviction rested on his mind that ne- 
 cessity had prompted him to the course he had taken, and 
 that if he had erred, it was for the general good : if legisla- 
 tive prerogative had been invaded, it was to save the 
 actors from themselves; if constitutional forms and provi- 
 sions had been violated, the country had been thereby pro- 
 tected from outrage, dishonour, and ruin. These afforded 
 consolatory reflections, which the neglect or censures of 
 none, could disturb, or take away. Mindful of what he 
 owed to his country, and what was expected at his hands, 
 he continued a course calculated to preserve the advanta- 
 ges he had secured, regardless of the cabal, the murmur- 
 ing and intrigue of party. 
 
 Appearances in the American camp were about this 
 time assuming an unfavourable aspect: present danger and 
 alarm being removed, confusion was arising, and disaffec- 
 tion spreading through the ranks. Pretexts were sought 
 to escape the drudgery of the field. Many naturalized 
 citizens, who had been brought into the service, and made 
 to aid in the general defence, where seeking exemption from 
 further control, and claiming to be subjects of the king of 
 France. Some vv^ere indeed foreigners : but most of them 
 had become citizens of the United States; yet, notwith- 
 standing, as French subjects, they were seeking, and actu- 
 ally procuring, exonerations through Monsieur Toussard, 
 the consul resident at New Orleans. No applicant ever 
 went away unsupplied, and hundreds, for the price of a 
 consular certificate, obtained protections which were to 
 relieve them from the drudgery of the field, and the ties 
 due to their adopted country. A flag was displayed from 
 the consul's residence, and a rumour circulated, that un- 
 der it every Frenchman would find protection. Five dol- 
 lars, the price of the certificate, was all that was required 
 
252 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 of any applicant to assure, through the consul, the pro- 
 tection of the French government. Harassed by such 
 evils, which were every day increasing, and having strong 
 and satisfactory reasons to believe that the enemy, then 
 within a few hours' sail of the shore, were constantly ad- 
 vised of his situation, Jackson determined to adopt such 
 measures as would at once put down the machinations of 
 the guilty and designing. Toussard, thus manifesting, 
 what could be considered in no other light, a warmth 
 of attachment to the English, and a desire to aid them, 
 was ordered to leave the city — retire to the interior of the 
 country, nor venture to return, until peace was restored. 
 His countrymen, also, who were disposed to claim his pro- 
 tection, and abandon the service, were ordered to follow 
 him, and, at their peril, not to appear again about New 
 Orleans. The General did this with a view to his owa 
 security, and from a conviction that those who could thus 
 shamefully seek to avoid a contest, threatened against a 
 country which they had adopted, and whose privileges 
 and benefits they had enjoyed, would not scruple, if occa- 
 sion offered, to inflict any injury in their power; — he be- 
 lieved his camp, or its vicinity, by no means a proper 
 place where such characters should be permitted to loiter. 
 Particular care and caution had been early taken that 
 embarrassments 'on the score of citizensliip might not 
 arise. Danger threatening, it was no difficult matter to 
 perceive, that on the ground of being subjects of a foreign 
 power, and owing no allegiance to the United States, 
 many would assert a neutrality and exemption from the 
 fatigues and dangers of the field. If entitled to this cha- 
 racter, ther. was it fair they should receive whatever of 
 immunity could attach to their claim; yet if in prosperous 
 times they had asserted their right to be citizens, — parti- 
 cipated in our privileges, and drawn to themselves the be- 
 nefits appertaining to that relation, then was there every 
 Justice in demanding of them those military servicer 
 which were exacted of others; but as the language spok- 
 en was not vernacular, any inquiry on this subject, cal- 
 culated to result in certain>y, was attended with difficulty. 
 Fortunately, however, a warmly contested election, the 
 preceding summer, had taken place at New Orleans, and 
 a register of the votes on the occasion had been pre- 
 served. To this document then. General Jackson resort- 
 ed, and with this unanswerable argument, that those v,ho 
 
CHAPTER XI. 253 
 
 had voted, and thereby participated in the highest privi- 
 leges of the country, should not now be permitted to deny, 
 or throw off, a relation and citizenship thus established. 
 By this mean, he rendered in a great degree, inoperative, 
 the French consul's certificates, and compelled to the field, 
 spite of their consular protection, every man M'hosename 
 could be traced on the election roster. 
 
 Our own citizens, too, were giving rise to difficulties, 
 and increasing the danger of the moment. Mr. Living- 
 ston had arrived on the 10th of March from the British 
 fleet, whither he had gone to effect a general cartel: 
 through him. Admiral X^ochrane had announced the arrival 
 of a vessel from Jamaica, with news, that a treaty of peace 
 had been agreed on and signed by the two countries. This 
 information was immediately caught at by the news-mon- 
 gers, and from intention, or the want of correct intelli- 
 gence, appeared in the Louisiana Gazette, in an entirely 
 different shape: it communicated the arrival of a flag at 
 head-quarters, with news of the conclusion of peace, and 
 requesting a suspension of hostilities. It was evident, 
 the effect of such a declaration must be, to introduce 
 lassitude, or perhaps disaffection among the troops, and 
 induce a belief that their accustomed vigilance was no 
 longer necessary. Sensible of this. General Jackson sent 
 for the editor, and instructed him to alter what he had 
 stated, and exhibit the facts, which he now communicated 
 truly as they were. He adopted this course, through fear of 
 the consequences to be produced. One thing he well knew, 
 that the enemy had retired, u^'ler circumstances of mortifi- 
 cation and humbled feeling, al their complete discomfiture; 
 nor Vf-hile it remained not an improbable conjecture, that 
 they might yet seek an accomplishment of their view5^ 
 through any channel a hope of success cov.Id be discerned. 
 Might not this annunciation of peace, and pretended request 
 for a suspension of hostilities, introduced through the pub- 
 lic journals, be a device of the enemy to induce a relaxation 
 in his system of operation and defence : to divert his ofli- 
 cers and soldiers from that attention and activity so essen- 
 tial to security, — to excite discontents and murmurings, 
 and alternately a desire to be discharged from the further 
 drudgery of a camp? All these dangers he saw lurking be- 
 neath the rumour if false; and whether true or false, it 
 was foreign to his duty to be influenced by any thing, un- 
 til it should be officially comniunicated by his govern- 
 
tSA LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 menL Fearful of the effect it might produce, he lost no 
 time in addressing his army: *' how disgraceful," he re- 
 marked, " as well as disastrous, would it be, if, by sur- 
 rendering ourselves credulously to newspaper publications, 
 often proceeding from ignorance^ but more frequently 
 from dishonest design, we should permit an enemy, whom 
 we have so lately and so gloriously beaten, to regain the 
 advantages he has lost, and triumph over us in turn." A 
 general order, at the same time, announced that no publi- 
 cation relating to the army, was to be published in any 
 newspaper, without first obtaining permission. It has 
 been objected, that this prohibition, going to restrict the 
 exercise of a constitutional right, was an outrage on the 
 feelings and liberty of the country: but if the press be of 
 so sacred and intactible a character, that it may adopt and 
 pursue a course, calculated to scatter dissentions, and ex- 
 cite mutiny in the ranks of an army, when in the verf 
 face of an enemy, without the power of control, it is a 
 circumstance to be regretted. Reflecting minds will de- 
 termine, if an interposition of power were not necessary 
 to restrain so dangerous a freedom, and to avert injury 
 from a country, whose protection the press, when it seeks 
 to injure, ceases to deserve- ■ 
 
 Notwithstandiug'this salutary and innocent prohibition, 
 shortly afterwards an anonymous publication appeared ia 
 the Louisiana Courier, calculated by its inflammatory 
 character to excite mutiny among the troops, and afford 
 the enemy intelligence of the situation, condition and dis- 
 position of the army. It waj^^now high time, the General 
 believed, to act with decision, and prove by the exercise 
 of authority, that such conduct militated against the po- 
 lice, the safety of his camp and country, and required not 
 to be passed with impunity. The enemy had heretofore 
 effected a landing, secretly, and without opposition; and 
 although beaten, might again return. If spies were to be 
 nestled in his camp, and permitted to stand forth to the 
 vrorld with the gleanings of their industry, it was folly to 
 believe the enemy would not profit by the information. 
 Martial law yet prevailed in New Orleans, and he resolved 
 to put it in execution against those who manifested such 
 evident disregard of the public good. The editor was 
 immediately sent for to the General's quarters; he stated 
 
 the author of the piece to be Louaillier, a member 
 
 of the legislature, and he was thereupon discharged. 
 
CHAPTER XI- 255 
 
 Louaillier was arrested, and detained for trial. This 
 circumstance afforded civilians a fair opportunity of test- 
 ing if it were in the power of a commanding general to 
 raise the military above the civil authority, and render it 
 superior by any declaration of his. Application was made 
 to Judge Hall, for a writ of habeas corpus, which was im- 
 mediately issued. The General, to render the example as 
 efficacious as possible, and from information that the 
 Judge had been much more officious than duty required: 
 and believing it a combination and concert to test his 
 power, determined to arrest the Judge also, and thereby 
 at once to settle the question of authority. On a matter 
 involving such important consequences, he believed it 
 best to have it determined in a way to silence opposi- 
 tion, and show that he was resolved to put down every 
 effort to thwart the measures he had adopted for defence, 
 or which was calculated to destroy the police he had es- 
 tablished for the tranquillity of his camp, and safety of the 
 country. 
 
 Instead of surrendering Louaillier, and acting in obe- 
 dience to the writ issued for his relief, he arrested the 
 person of the Judge, and, on the 1 1th of March, sent him 
 from the city, with these instructions — **I have thought 
 proper to send you beyond the limits of my encampment, 
 to prevent a repetition of the improper conduct with which 
 you have been charged. You will remain v. ithout the line 
 of my sentinels until the ratification of peace is regularly 
 announced, or until the British shall have left the southern 
 coast." He did this, believing he was right in the decla- 
 ration of martial law, and that the good sense of Judge 
 Hall, at so momentous a period, should have taught him 
 a different course. He did it, because di^pgsed to give 
 complete effect to his measures — to silence opposition, and 
 satisfy the refractory and designing, that judicial interfe- 
 rence should not mar the execution of his plans, or af- 
 ford a screen, behind which treason might stalk unmo- 
 lested. He did it, to make the example effectual, and to 
 obtain, through fear, that security which could not be had 
 through love of country. 
 
 I The mind coolly calculating, in the closet, cannot fairly 
 appreciate the merits of this question. Proper inferen- 
 ces can be only drawn, by bearing in recollection all those 
 circumstances which existed at the moment. That a zeal 
 
256 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 suited to the occasion was not felt, the events ah'eady ad- 
 verted to abundantly prove. The course pursued by the 
 legislature had evidenced a feeling and conduct which had 
 forfeited reliance; while the enemy being, as we have 
 heretofore shown, constantly advised of every thing trans- 
 acted in the American camp, plainly evinced, that safety 
 and success were to be attained in no other way than by 
 pursuing a course at once firm and determined. 
 
 The militia had already grown tired of the field, and 
 sighed to be discharged from their toils. To impress on 
 their minds a conviction, that, peace being restored, they 
 were unnecessarily detained in service, when it rested on 
 rumour alone; or to attempt, Jby any course of conduct, 
 to render them more disaffected, carried with it such a de- 
 gree of criminality and guilt, as could not be permitted, 
 without endangering the safety of the country. This spirit 
 of discontent had become extensively diffused. The differ- 
 ent posts -which had been established, could with diffi- 
 culty be maintained. The Kentucky troops, and two hun- 
 of the Louisiana miilitia, stationed in defence of Villery's 
 canal, had abandoned their post. Chef Menteur, too, 
 a point no less important, had been forsaken by one huiH 
 dred and fifty of the Louisianians, spite of the remoit- 
 strances and exeitions of officers to detain them. Go- 
 vernor Claiborne had been heard to declare, in words of 
 mysterious import, that serious difficulties would be short- 
 ly witnessed in New Orleans. For the commanding gene- 
 ral, at a time like this, when disaffection was spreading 
 like contagion through his camp, patiently to have stood 
 and witflessed mutiny fomented and encouraged by per- 
 sons who, from their standing in society, were calculated 
 to possess a d^igerous influence, would have been a crime 
 he wever could have sufficiently atoned, had injury result- 
 ed. He thought it time enough to relax in operations, 
 and ground his arms, when the conclusion of peace should 
 be announced through the proper authorities. Until then, 
 believing imperious duty required it, he resolved to main- 
 lain his advantages, and check opposition, at every hazard. 
 To have obeyed the writ would have been idle. He had 
 declared the existence of military authority, and thereby 
 intended to supersede all judicial power. If he had obey- 
 ed the mandate, it would have been an acknowledgment of 
 civil supremacy, and a virtual abandonment of the course 
 
CHAPTER XI. 257 
 
 he had adopted. It was not an improbable event, that the 
 petitioner would be discharged, on a hearing, because 
 guilty of no offence cognizable by the civil courts. He 
 had not levied war against the country, nor directly aided 
 the enemy; but had done that which was paralyzing exer- 
 tion, scattering dissension, introducing mutiny, and thin- 
 ning the ranks of the army. Either judicial interference 
 should have been disregarded, or the arrest was wholly 
 unnecessary. But whether the course pursued were right 
 or wrong, the effect was important and salutary, for good 
 order was restored, and disorganizers forthwith were 
 hushed to silence. 
 
 On the 13th of March, an express from the city of 
 Washington arrived at head-quarters, bearing intelligence 
 of the conclusion and ratification of a treaty between Great 
 Britain and the United States, and directing a cessation of 
 hostilities. The information was altogether of defective 
 character, for by some strange fatality, the communication 
 from the government had been interchanged on the road, 
 or at starting, and instead of a despatch declarative of the 
 conclusion of a peace, there was borne to him an order 
 for calling additional troops into service. Enough, how- 
 ever, besides verbal information from the messenger, v/as 
 received, to satisfy General Jackson, and forthwith, an 
 order was promulgated, announcing the certain return of 
 peace, and revoking the operation of martial lav/. A 
 similar annunciation was directly thereafter received from 
 his governmelit by General Lambert, commander of the 
 British forces before New Orleans; and on the I9th, mili- 
 tary operations by the two armies entirely ceased. The 
 aspect of affairs was now changing; the militia were dis- 
 charged from service; bustle was subsiding; and joy and 
 tranquillity every where appearing. A proclamation was 
 immediately issued, proclaiming to offenders pardon and 
 forgiveness for all offences committed. 
 
 Judge Hall, being restored to the exercise of those func- 
 tions, of which he had been lately bereaved, by military 
 arrest, proceeded, without loss of time, to an examina- 
 tion of v/hat had passed, and to become the arbiter of his 
 own wrongs and injuries. Accordingly, on the 21st, he 
 granted a rule of court for General Jackson to appear, 
 and show cause why an attachment for contempt should 
 not be awarded, on the ground that he had refused to obey 
 Y 2 
 
258, LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 . a writ issued to him, — detained an original paper belong- 
 ing to the court, and imprisoned the judge.* 
 
 In this case, there was certainly too much latitude for 
 an improper indulgence of feeling, for the judge, the com- 
 plaining party, to claim any kind of interference : it would 
 have been more advisable to have appealed to a jury of 
 his country, and thus brought before a dispassionate tri- 
 bunal, the question of the illegality of his arrest and de- 
 tention. But, by becoming the prosecutor and arbiter of 
 his own grievances, he placed himself in a situation where 
 reason could have but little agency, calculated to do in- 
 justice, and attach to-4iis decision suspicion and censure. 
 It would have been more satisfactory to Jackson, to have 
 met the inquiry before a less partial tribunal; yet, al- 
 though he was well convinced of its being an extra-judi- 
 cial proceeding, he did not hesitate to appear, and sub- 
 mit the grounds which he believed ought fully to acquit 
 him of all alleged guilt. The trial by jury was secured, 
 generally, in criminal prosecutions, and in all others, ex- 
 cept where the law, from conceived necessity, had expli- 
 citly directed a more summary course. Inasmuch, then, 
 as the indignity complained of, and the right to punish 
 for contempt, was not clearly within the provisions of any 
 existing law, but mferely a right incidental to judicial pow- 
 er, it was believed the court possessed no jurisdiction of 
 the case, — that it deserved to be classed with general in- 
 juries, and inquired into by a jury. Claiming to himself 
 this and other exceptions to the jurisdiction, he met the 
 investigation. He was the more disposed to do so, be- 
 cause the busy politicians of the city had condemned his 
 acts, without seeking for the reasons which had induced 
 them. An opportunity was now presented of developing 
 them fully, and of bringing to the view of his country, 
 the weighty considerations that had influenced his mind, 
 and to which, in a great measure, were to be ascribed the 
 protection and safety the country had experienced. 
 
 On the 24th, his appearance being entered, he stood re- 
 presented at the bar by John Reid, his aid-de-camp, and 
 Messrs. Livingston and Duncan. Major Reid address- 
 
 * The writ had been detained, and a certified copy given, on account 
 of its having been altered by Judge Hall, in a material part. The Ge- 
 neral's reasons for the detention will be found in his answer, at the end 
 of the volume. 
 
CHAPTER XI. 259 
 
 ing himself to the court, remarked, that he appeared with 
 the General's answer, supported by an affidavit, which 
 went to show, that the rule should be discharged, and no 
 further proceeding had. A curious course of judicial 
 proceeding was now witnessed. Cause, why the rule 
 should not be made absolute^ was to be shown, and yet the 
 judge would determine whether the reasons were excep- 
 tionable or not, previously to their being heard. The 
 counsel urged in vain, the propriety of his hearing first, 
 before he decided, if the answer were consonant with pro- 
 priety. This was over-ruled. He would first determine 
 what it should be. If within any of the rules laid down, 
 it should be heard, — not else. 
 
 "If," remarked the judge, "the party object to the 
 jurisdiction, he shall be heard. 
 
 *' If it be a denial of facts; or that the facts charged 
 do not amount to a contempt, he shall be heard. 
 
 "If it be an apology to the court; or an intention to 
 show, that by the constitution and laws of the United 
 States, or in virtue of his military commission, he had a 
 right to act as charged, the court will hear him. " 
 
 Hear what it does contain, and you can then decide if 
 it come under any of the general rules laid down, was re- 
 plied and argued at length by his counsel, as the correct 
 and proper course. The ears of the court however were 
 closed against every thing of argument or reason, and 
 without hearing the defence, the rule was rendered abso- 
 lute, and the attachment sued out. 
 
 The process was made returnable the 31st: and on that 
 day the General appeared. Public feeling was excited; 
 and the crowd, on the tiptoe of expectation, were anx- 
 iously waiting to know what punishment the judge would 
 think due to acts which all agreed had mainly contributed 
 to the success of our cause. Jackson, previously ap- 
 prized of the popular fervor towards him, and solicitous 
 that nothing on his part should be done calculated to give 
 it impulse, practised more than usual caution: and now 
 when it became necessary to appear in public, to ward 
 himself from crimes imputed, he threw off his military 
 costume, and assuming the garb of a citizen, the better to 
 disguise himself, entered alone the hall, where the court 
 was sitting. Undiscovered amidst the concourse which 
 was present, he had nearly reached the bar, when, being 
 perceived, the room instantly rung with the shouts of a 
 
260 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 thousand voices. Raising himself on a bench and waiving 
 his hand to procure silence, a pause ensued. He then ad- 
 dressed himself to the crowd; told them of the duty due 
 to the public authorities; for that any impropriety of theirs 
 would be imputed to him, and urged, if they had any re- 
 gard for him, that they would, on the present occasion, 
 forbear those feelings and expressions of opinion. Si- 
 lence being restored, the Judge rose from his seat, and re- 
 marking, that it was impossible, nor safe, to transact 
 business at such a moment, and under such threatening 
 circumstances, directed the marshal to adjourn the court- 
 
 The General immediately interfered, and requested that 
 it might not be done. " There is no danger here; there 
 shall be none — the same arm that protected from out- 
 rage this city, against the invaders of the country, will 
 shield and protect this court, or perish in the effort"' This 
 declaration had the effect to tranquillize the feelings and 
 apprehensions of the Judge; and the business of the court 
 was proceeded with. It was now demanded of him to an- 
 swer nineteen interrogatories, drawn up with much labour, 
 and in studied form, which were to determine as to his 
 guilt or innocence. He informed the court he should not 
 be interrogated; that, on a former occasion, he had pre- 
 sented the reasons which had influenced his conduct, 
 without their producing an effect, or being even listened 
 to. '* You would not hear my defence, although you were 
 advised it contained nothing improper, and ample reasons 
 why no attachment should be awarded. Under these cii^ 
 cumstances, I appear before you, to receive the sentence 
 of the court, having nothing further in my defence to 
 offer. 
 
 ''Your honour will not understand me as intending any 
 disrespect to the court: but as no opportunity has been 
 afforded me of explaining the reasons and motives by 
 which I was influenced, so it is expected, that censure or 
 reproof will constitute no part of that sentence which you 
 may imagine it your duty to pronounce.*' 
 
 The Judge proceeded to a final discharge of what he 
 conceived clue to the offended majesty of the laws, and 
 fined the Genei-al a thousand dollars. 
 
 The hall in which this business was transacted was 
 greatly crowded, and excitement every where prevailed. 
 No sooner was the judgment of the court pronounced, 
 than again v/ere sent forth shouts of the people. He was 
 
CHAPTER XI. 261 
 
 now seized and forcibly hurried from the hall to the 
 streets, amidst reiterated cries of huzza for Jacksori, from 
 the immense concourse that surrounded him. They pre- 
 sently met a carriage in which a lady was riding-, when, 
 politely taking her from it, the General was made, spite of 
 entreaty, to occupy her place: the horses being removed, 
 the carriage was drawn on, and halted at the coffee-house, 
 into which he was carried, and thither the crowd follow- 
 ed, huzzaing for Jackson, and menacing violently the 
 Judge. Having succeeded in procuring silence, he ad- 
 dressed them with great feeling and earnestness; implored 
 themi to run into no excesses; that if they had the least 
 gratitude for his services, or regard for him personally, 
 they could evince it in no way so satisfactorily, as by as- 
 senting, as he most freely did, to the decision which had 
 just been pronounced. He conceded that the civil was the 
 paramount and supreme authority of the land, and that he 
 had never pretended to any thing else, or advocated a dif- 
 ferent doctrine. He had departed from its rules, because 
 they were too feeble for the state of the times. By a re- 
 sort to martial law, he had succeeded in defending and 
 protecting a country, which, without it, must have been 
 lost; yet under its provisions he had oppressed no one, 
 nor extended the declaration to any other purpose than de- 
 fence and safety; objects which alone it was intended to 
 effect." *' I feel," continued he, *' sensible for those 
 marks of personal regard which you have evinced towards 
 me; and with pleasure remember those high efforts of va- 
 lour and patriotism which so essentially contributed to the 
 defence of the country. If recent events have shown you 
 what fearless valour c^ effect, it is a no less important 
 truth to learn, that submission to the civil authority is the 
 first duty of a citizen. In the arduous necessity imposed 
 on me, of defending this important and interesting city, 
 imperious circumstances compelled me, either to jeopar- 
 dize those important interests which were confided to me, 
 or to take upon myself the responsibility of measures 
 which have been termed high handed^ but which, I thought 
 absolutely essential for defence. Thus situated, I did not 
 hesitate — I could not. I risked all consequences; and you 
 have seen me meet the penalty of nny aggression, and bow 
 with submission to the sentence of the law. Had the pe- 
 nalty imposed reached the utmost extent of my ability to 
 meet it, I should not have murmured or complained; nor 
 
262 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSOK. 
 
 now, when it is ended, would I forbear a similar course 
 were the same necessity and circumstances again to recur. 
 If the offence with which I am charged had not been com- 
 mitted, the laws by which I have been punished would not 
 now exist: Sincerely do I rejoice in their maintenance and 
 safety, although the first vindication of their violated su- 
 premacy has been evinced in the punishment of myself! 
 The order and decorum manifested by you, amidst vari- 
 ous circumstances of strong excitement, merits my warm- 
 est acknowledgments. I pray you, permit that modera- 
 tion to continue. If you have any regard for me, you 
 will not do otherwise than yield respect to the justice of 
 the country, and to the character of its ministers; thai 
 feeling and disposition will, I trust, always characterize 
 you; and evince on your part, as firm a disposition to 
 maintain inviolate and unimpaired the laws of the coun- 
 try, as you have recently shown to defend yourself against 
 invasion and threatened outrage," Mr. Davasac, who had 
 acted in the capacity of volunteer aid, being requested to 
 do so by the General, rose, and in the French language, 
 repeated the substance of the remarks previously deliver- 
 ed by Jackson. He urged zealously the maintenance of 
 peace and good order, and thus throughout the crowd 
 was produced tranquillity to excited feeling. 
 
 Relieved from this warm display of gratitude and re- 
 gard towards him, for the exertions he had made in their 
 defence, Jackson retired to his quarters, and giving a 
 check to his aid-de-camp, sent him to discharge the fine 
 imposed, and to terminate his contest with the civil autho- 
 rity. He was greatly consoled at learning, through vari- 
 ous respectable channels, that all^as tranquil, and that 
 against the Judge nothing of indignity or unkindness was 
 longer thought of. 
 
 So riveted was the impression, that the course pursued 
 by the commanding general was correct, and the conduct 
 of Judge Hall more the result of spleen than any thing else, 
 that the citizens of New Orleans determined to ward off 
 the effect of intended injury, by discharging themselves 
 the fine imposed. It was only necessary to be thought of, 
 and it was done. So numerous were the persons, enter- 
 taining the same feelings on the subject, that in a short 
 time the entire sum was raised by voluntary contribution. 
 The General understanding what was in agitation, de- 
 spatched his aid-de-camp to seek the marshal, and thereby 
 
CHAPTER XI. 263 
 
 avoided the necessity of refusing a favour, intended to be 
 offered, and which he could not accept. Without, however, 
 any knowledge of his wishes, or consulting him at all on 
 the subject, they proceeded in the arrangement, and by 
 subscription, the entire amount in a short time was raised, 
 and deposited to his use in bank, and notice thereof given. 
 It was not accepted, though refused in a manner the most 
 delicate. In reply, he declared the obligations felt for this 
 renewed evidence of regard; and although he could not 
 accept it, yet as it was the result of the most generous feel- 
 ing, he solicited that the amount might be applied to the 
 assistance and relief of those whose relatives, during the 
 siege, had fallen in battle. The proposition made was ac- 
 ceded to, and the amount subscribed, and which had been 
 designed expressly for his relief, was disposed of for the 
 benefit of the widow and fatherless. 
 
 Those who are disposed to be informed further upon 
 this subject, and to know, if in declaring martial law he 
 acted correctly, or whether, short of the stern and deter- 
 mmed course adopted, he could have effected the impor- 
 tant ends which were accomplished; and preserved from 
 dishonour, wretchedness and ruin, the country and its in- 
 habitants, can refer to the able and eloquent answer, sub- 
 mitted to the court, and which was refused to be heard. 
 It will be found replete with reasons calculated to satisfy 
 the mind that the course he took was required by every 
 principle of propriety and necessity.* 
 
 To suspend the writ of habeas corpus, belongs to con- 
 gress, by the constitution. It restricts any interference, 
 except in cases of invasion or insurrection. To say that 
 it is a privilege which must be continued to the citizen 
 until discharged by a law, embracing the particular cir- 
 cumstances of every case that may arise, is to suppose a 
 something that never can happen. An invasion might be 
 made, a thousand miles from the seat of government, or 
 in the recess of congress, v,hen no authority, competent to 
 its suspension, did exist. The Roman maxim, inter arma 
 silent leges^ had its origin in the necessities of the repub- 
 lic, and must occasionally apply to the condition and cir- 
 cumstances of every country. In all governments there 
 are moments of danger and distress, when, no matter how 
 cautiously protected be the rights of the citizens, those 
 
 * See note F. 
 
264 LIFE OF GEJiEKAL JACKSON. 
 
 rights must be disregarded, not for the purpose of being 
 destroyed, but that they may be more permanently secured. 
 Certainly none but an officer, acting upon an enemy s hne, 
 privy to all his intrigues, stratagems, and wiles, can so 
 correctly judge of the emergency, requiring the exercise 
 of such power. He assumes a weighty responsibility; 
 but, with an intelligent world, hazards no more, than to 
 be able to show, that threatening danger, and unavoidable 
 necessity, required him to act. Cases have occurred 
 where the constitution has been violated without reproach, 
 A previous appropriation by congress is required, or mo- 
 nies are forbidden to be drawn from the treasury ; and yet 
 this rule has been disregarded when circumstances made 
 it necessary; and sometimes too, violated even when the 
 necessities of the country did not demand it. Few Gene- 
 rals have, in all situations, respected private property; 
 when the country afforded provisions, and their armies 
 were in want, they have wrested them from the owner. 
 Here, it may be said, compensation and atonement can 
 be offered, but none for the violation of personal liberty ; 
 this, however, is a distinction wi^thout a difference, because 
 both rights are equally sacred, and abstractedly, the in- 
 fringement of one is no less a constitutional violation than 
 the other. We would have but little cause to applaud the 
 prudence, energy, or good sense of a commanding gene- 
 ral, who should suffer distress and want in his camp, mu- 
 tiny in his army, and ruin to his country, when he possess- 
 ed the means of preventing them, yet omitted their exer- 
 cise^ because the constitution forbade him to act. Highly 
 as we may appreciate the man, who, when clothed with 
 authority, avoids infringing this sacred sinckl of our liocr- 
 tv, vet, to hesitate, when surrounded by peril and danger, 
 nou'ld deservedly attach to him the censures of the patrio- 
 tic and the good. Whenever individual rights shall be 
 trampled on, and personsl liberty disregarded and vio- 
 lated, merited reproach will pursue him whose only 
 justification mav be, that he possessed the power: but, 
 when founded on necessity,— demanded by the exigency 
 of the moment, and obviously resorted to for the pro- 
 tection and safety of the country, it will be excused, ap- 
 proved, nav, even commended: nor will the act be punish, 
 ed, unless some victim to it should chance to sit m judg- 
 ment. . . r. . , 
 
 Much as has been said of this declaration of martial 
 
CHAPTER XI. 265 
 
 law, and greatly as it has been complained of, yet is it dif- 
 ficult to conceive what other course for safety could, with 
 equal effect, have been resorted to. None can seriously 
 entertain a belief, under all the circumstances, that impe- 
 rious necessity and the situation of the country, did not 
 demand the introduction of some similar, if not precisely- 
 such a measure. Although so much has been said and 
 Avritten of this imputed aggression on the rights of the 
 citizen; and, although it has so often been denounced as a 
 high handed act of outrage, yet when the measure itself, 
 and all its incidents are fully examined, nothing of oppres- 
 sion or injustice can be traced. Jackson alone was the 
 sufferer; he suffered by the fine imposed, and by torrents 
 of abuse, vrhich ever since have been lavishly poured upon 
 him. A member of the legislature, who had not merely 
 attempted, but in fact succeeded in exciting mutiny and 
 insubordination in the army, when in the very face of an 
 enemy, and the arrest of the judge, who, by a too offi- 
 cious interference, seemed to stand forth a participant in 
 the offence, constitutes the whole of what took place un- 
 der the declaration of martial lavr. Judge Hail was not 
 imprisoned; it was simj^ly an arrest. During the siege, 
 he had absented himself from the city, and gone to Baton 
 Rouge. He had afforded neither by example or advice, 
 any assistance to our cause, while the enemy was present; 
 but had retired on the first appearance of danger, nor re- 
 turned until it had disappeared. Whether they would re- 
 appear, and where, could not be told; and hence, what- 
 ever necessity may have induced the declaration, that same 
 necessity imperiously demanded its continuance. On his 
 arrest, he was merely sent to a distance, and placed at 
 liberty under an order containing no other restriction, than 
 that he should not approach the city nearer than twelve 
 miles. 
 
 Louaillier, on being arrested, was brought before a 
 court-martial, of v/hich General Gaines was president, 
 charged under the second section of the rules and articles 
 of war, as one "owing allegiance to the United States of 
 America, and found lurking as a spy about the encamp- 
 ment:" for the reason, ho-vvever, that the inflammatory and 
 mutinous publication which had occasioned his arrest, 
 could not be shown to have been conveyed to the enemy, 
 he was acquitted — the quo animo being from this circum- 
 stance in the proof not sufficiently apparent. That none 
 z 
 
266 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 might be uninformed of the law, the following official no- 
 tice had been circulated through the public journals. 
 
 Head Quarters 7 th Military District, 
 Sect. 2. And be it further enacted, that in time of war, 
 all persons riot citizem of, or owing allegiance to the Uni- 
 ted States of America, who shall be found lurking as 
 spies in or about the fortifications or encampments of the 
 armies of the United States, or any of them, shall suffer 
 death, according to the law and usage of nations, by sen- 
 tence of a general court-martial. 
 
 The city of New Orleans and its environs being under 
 martial law, and the several encampments and fortifica- 
 tions within its limits, it is necessary to give publicity to 
 the above section for the information of all concerned. 
 By command. 
 
 Robert Butler, Mjutant- General. 
 
 Conversing with General Jackson, once, concerning the 
 declaration of martial law, he expressed himself after the 
 following manner. '' I very well knew the extent of my 
 powers, and that it was far short of that which necessity 
 and my situation required. I determined, therefore, to 
 venture boldly, and pursue a course correspondent to the 
 difficulties that pressed upon me. I had an anxious soli- 
 citude to wipe off the stigma cast upon my country by the 
 destruction of the capital. If New Orleans were taken, 
 I well knew that new difficulties would arise, and every 
 effort be made to retain it; and that if regained, blood and 
 treasure would be the sacrifice. My determination, there- 
 fore, was formed, not to halt at trifles, but to lose the city 
 only at the boldest sacrifice; and to omit nothing that 
 could assure success. I was well aware that calculating 
 politicians, ignorant of the difficulties that surrounded 
 me, would condemn my course; but this was not material. 
 What became of me, was of no consequence. If disaster 
 did come, I expected not to survive it; but if a successful 
 defence could be made, I felt assured that my country, in 
 the objects attained, would lose sight of, and forget the 
 means that had been employed.'' 
 
 The war being now ended, it was indispensable to has- 
 ten the necessary arrangements to relieve from the toils of 
 the field those brave men who had so long been struggling 
 in their country's defence. The necessary measures to 
 
CHAPTER XI. 267 
 
 effect this were adopted. The Tennessee, Kentucky, and 
 Mississippi troops had taken their departure. General 
 Gaines being invested with the command, in a few days 
 General Jackson left New Orleans for Nashville. The 
 friendship and good wishes of the people followed him: 
 there were a few, however, who rejoiced at his departure; 
 but they were those, v/ho, in moments of peril, had stood 
 aloof from danger, or sought to increase it; and who, in 
 the censures to be cast upon him, expected to palliate 
 their own misdeeds. They had no unpleasant sensations 
 at being relieved from the presence of one who, they be- 
 lieved was fully acquainted with the abandoned course they 
 had pursued : but the great body of the citizens, mindful of 
 his vigilance, and of the weighty privations he had en- 
 countered for their safety and protection, fondly cherished 
 a recollection of what he had done, and felt every grati- 
 tude towards him. Previously to breaking up his encamp- 
 ment, he addressed his army, and declared the high sense 
 he entertained of those valiant men, who, with him had 
 toiled in the field, and who, by perseverance and fidelity, 
 had obtained safety for their country, and distinguished 
 honour for themselves.* 
 
 On his return, the respect of all was manifested in his 
 behalf; — all evinced a partiality for the man whose signal 
 achievements had raised his country to a high and digni- 
 fied standing, and whose unremitting exertions had closed 
 the war with a lustre that enlightened even the cloud of 
 its commencement He carried with him a conscious- 
 ness of having discharged his duty; and although, from 
 necessity, he had been compelled to the exercise of a rigid 
 severity, which he would gladly have avoided, yet now, 
 when feeling was lulled, and danger past, he beheld no- 
 thing to excite regret or convince him he was wrong. 
 If, however, he could before have doubted, this general 
 manifestation of public regard was sufficient to quiet his 
 apprehensions. The citizens of the United States were 
 yet too virtuous, merely because of his battle achieve- 
 ments, to bestow such unqualified approbation, could they 
 have believed, that, when invested with power, he had 
 wantonly trampled on the rights of individuals, and out- 
 raged the sacred principles of the constitution : and yet 
 this approval of his conduct was evinced not onlv bv the 
 
 • See note G. 
 
26S LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 citizens of the country where he passed, but by congress, 
 and the legislatures of different states — all bore testimony 
 to the propriety of his measures, by the commendations 
 and approvals which were bestowed. 
 
 The annunciation of the triumphant defence of New 
 Orleans, was, in every section of the country, hailed with 
 acclamation; in all our cities and principal towns, illumi- 
 nations and fetes followed; and in all was it agreed, that 
 by none other, than the decided course adopted by Jackson, 
 could so auspicious a result have been attained. The 
 legislatures of many of the states voted their approbation 
 and thanks for what he had done. The congress of the 
 United States did the same, and directed a gold medal to 
 be presented to him, commemorative of the event Ad- 
 dresses from numerous societies and meetings of the people 
 were forwarded, expressive of their great regard, and 
 proclaiming him the deliverer and second saviour of the 
 country. 
 
 A tedious journey of eight hundred miles brought him 
 to Nashville, where he was gratified with a further evi- 
 dence of a people's regard. An immense concourse was 
 collected, to greet his return, and welcome his arrival. 
 They had long known him as among the number of their 
 best and most respectable citizens; but curiosity had a new 
 incentive: until now, they had not beheld him as one, who, 
 to protect his country, knew no difficulty too great to be 
 encountered — Avho, by his firmness and unconquerable 
 perseverance, amidst surrounding dangers, had shielded 
 and saved her from foreign and intestine foes. An address, 
 previously prepared, and delivered at the court-room, in 
 behalf of the citizens, welcomed his return. Relieved 
 from this further display of public confidence, the more 
 grateful, because proceeding from those who were his 
 acquaintances, neighbours, and friends, he retired home, 
 to repair a broken constitution, and to enjoy that repose, 
 to which, for eighteen months, he had been a stranger. 
 
 In the person of General Jackson is perceived nothing 
 of the robust or elegant. He is six feet and an inch high, 
 remarkably straight and spare, and weighs not more than 
 a hundred forty-five pounds. His conformation appears 
 to disqualify him for hardship; yet, accustomed to it from 
 early life, few are capable of enduring fatigue to the same 
 extent, or with less injury. His dark blue eyes, with 
 brows arched and slightly projecting, possess a marked 
 
CHAPTER XI. 269 
 
 expression; "but when, from any cause, excited, they spar- 
 kle with peculiar lustre and penetration. In his manners 
 he is pleasing^— in his address commanding; while his 
 countenance, marked with firmness and decision, beams 
 with a strength and intelligence that strikes at first sight. 
 In his deportment, there is nothing repulsive. Easy, affa- 
 ble, and familiar, he is open and accessible to all. Influ- 
 enced by the belief, that merit should constitute the only 
 difference in men, his attention is equally bestowed on 
 honest poverty as on titled consequence. No man, how- 
 ever inconsiderable his standing, ever approached him on 
 business, that he did not patiently listen to his story, and 
 afford him all the information in his power. His moral 
 character is without reproach, and by those who know 
 him most intimately, he is most esteemed. With him be- 
 nevolence is a prominent virtue. He was never known to 
 pass distress without seeking to assist and to relieve it. 
 
 It is imputed to him, that he derives from his birth a 
 temper irritable and hasty, which has had the effect to 
 create enemies, and involve him in disputes. In a world 
 like this, exemption from fault is not to be expected; to a 
 higher destiny is perfection reserved! For purposes wiser 
 than man can conjecture, has it been ordained, that vice 
 and virtue shall exist together in the human breast, tending 
 like the happy blending of light and shade in a picture, to 
 reflect each other in brighter contrast. Some of the 
 foibles and imperfections therefore, which heaven mingles 
 in the composition of man, are to be looked for, and must 
 be found with every one. In Jackson, however, those 
 defects of character exist to an extent limited as with most 
 ~men; and the world is in error in presuming him under a 
 too high control of feeling and passion. A fixed devotion 
 to those principles which honour sanctions, peculiarly 
 attaches to him, and renders him scrupulously attentive to 
 his promises and engagements of every description. Pre- 
 serving system in his transactions, his fiscal arrangements 
 are made to correspond with his resources, and hence his 
 every engagement in relation to such subjects, is met with 
 marked punctuality, not for the reason that he is a man of 
 extraordinary wealth, but rather, because he has method, 
 and with a view to his resources, regulates properly his 
 balance of trade. 
 
 No man has been more misconceived in character. 
 Many on becoming accuainted with him have been heard 
 z 2 
 
270 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSOK. 
 
 to admit the previous opinions which they had«entertained, 
 and to admit how great had been their mistake. Rough 
 in appearance— ^positive and overbearing in his manner, 
 are what all upon a first introduction expect to find; and 
 yet none are possessed of milder manners, or of more con- 
 ciliating address. The public situations in which he has 
 been placed, and the circumstances which surrounded him, 
 are doubtless the cause that those opinions have become 
 so prevalent; but they are opinions which an acquaintance 
 with him tends speedily to remove. The difficulties and 
 embarrassments under which he laboured at New Orleans, 
 were such as might well have perplexed, and thrown the 
 mind aside from every thing of mildness. Arms and am- 
 munition were wanted; the country was in an unprepared 
 and defenceless situation: whatever could be done was to 
 be decided on promptly, and executed speedily. Mutiny, 
 through designing men was introduced, and disaffection 
 stalked about. Night or day there was no respite from 
 duties of the most important and responsible kind; and 
 yet, under all these circumstances, embarrassing as they 
 were, the evidence of temper and impropriety charged by 
 his enemies, to use their own language, is, that he turned 
 the legislature out of doors, and arrested and detained one 
 of its members, with the judge who interposed for his 
 relief.* 
 
 If it be true, that his principles and sentiments on some 
 subjects, be at variance with those practised upon, and 
 deemed correct by others, it is the effect of education, and 
 of early impressions upon his mind, by which a particular 
 bent has been produced. Speaking once of his mother, 
 he observed, " one of the last injunctions given me by her, 
 was never to institute a suit for assault and battery, or for 
 defamation; never to wound the feelings of others, nor 
 suffer my own to be outraged; these were her words of 
 admonition to mie; I remember them well, and have never 
 failed to respect them; my settled course through life has 
 been, to bear them in mind, and never to insult or wantonly 
 to assail the feelings of any one; and yet many conceive 
 me to be a most ferocious animal, insensible to moral duty, 
 and regardless of the laws both of God and man.'' 
 
 Controlled by a rule so golden, as always to respect the 
 
 * See the circumstances of this transaction and refutation of the 
 charge, at page 210. 
 
CHAPTER XI. 271 
 
 feelings of others, mankind would doubtless seldom err, 
 and seldom would disputes and differences in society arise- 
 It is a misfortune, however, incident to the very nature of 
 man, occasionally to be under the influence of excitement; 
 and then error of conclusion may be the consequence. 
 Wise is the man, peculiarly blest, and greatly to be envied, 
 who, in every situation, before he acts, can deliberately 
 think, and correctly determine. It was this received im- 
 pression respecting General Jackson, which, on his entering 
 the army, induced many to fear he would prove too rash 
 for a safe commander; that occasions might arise, when 
 he would suffer his judgment to be estranged, through an 
 improper exercise of feeling. Events early proved the 
 fallacy of the conjecture, and showed that there were none 
 who reasoned more dispassionately on the fitness and pro- 
 priety of measures, — none more cautious where caution 
 was necessary, or more adventurous, when daring efforts 
 were required. Few Generals had ever to seek for order, 
 amidst a higher state of confusion, or obtained success 
 through more pressing difficulties. The effects he pro- 
 duced, under circumstances gloomy and inauspicious — 
 now through his eloquence and persuasion, and again by 
 his firmness, portrays a character for decision, and a mind 
 intimate and familiar with human nature. That the hire- 
 ling soldier, prodigal of life, because his sovereign orders 
 it, should entertain respect for his commander, is too conv- 
 monly the case to excite surprise: of such materials, Gen- 
 eral Jackson's army was not composed; they were freemen, 
 -—citizens; yet, with the exception of those who abandoned 
 him in his first advance against the Indians, there was 
 scarcely one in his ranks, officer or soldier, that was not 
 particularly and warmly attached to him; ready to serve 
 him under any and all circumstances. The best evidence 
 of private worth, is to be derived from those who knov/ 
 us most intimately, — from our acquaintances and neigh- 
 bours, those who see and know us, stripped of that conceal- 
 ment which surrounds character when surveyed at a dis- 
 tance. Tested by this rule. General Jackson stands well, 
 for by. those who know him most intimately he is most 
 esteemed. 
 
 Light and trifling pleasantries often mark character as 
 distinctly as things of consequence. General Jackson one 
 day during the siege of New Orleans, was approached by 
 a subordinate officer of the militia, who stated his desire 
 
272 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON*. 
 
 to leave the service, and return home; for that he was made 
 game of^ and was called by the company Pewter Foot. He 
 manifested great concern, and an anxious desire to be re- 
 lieved from his unpleasant situation. The General, with 
 much apparent sympathy for him, replied, that he had as- 
 certained there was a practice in the camp of giving nick- 
 names: and had understood that very many had dared to 
 call him Old Hickory: now, said he, if you prefer mine, I 
 am willing to exchange; if not, remain contented, and 
 perform your duty faithfully, and as spon as we can get 
 clear of those troublesome British, our wrongs shall be 
 inquired into, and the authors punished : for then, and not 
 till then, shall we have an end of those insults. The 
 effect was happy, and induced the complaining officer to 
 retire, perfectly satisfied to learn, that his grievance would 
 be united with the General's, and both presently effectually 
 be redressed. 
 
 General Jackson possesses ambition, but it rests on vir- 
 tue; an ambition, which, regulated by a high sense of 
 honourable feeling, leads him to desire *' that applause 
 which follows good actions — not that which is run after." 
 No man is more ready to hear and to respect the opinions 
 of others; and none where much is at stake, and at con- 
 flict with his own/ less disposed to be under their influ- 
 ence. He has never been known to call a council of war, 
 whose decisions, when made, should shield him from re- 
 sponsibility or censure. His council of war, if doubting 
 himself, was a few officers in whom he fully confided, 
 whose advice was regarded, if their reasons were conclu- 
 sive; but these not being satisfactory, he at once adopted 
 and pursued the course suggested by his own mind. 
 
 Much as we may delight to range through the field of 
 battle, in quest of acts, to fix a hero's character, yet in- 
 considerable circumstances oftentimes mark it more dis- 
 tinctly; it is then that the mind, retiring from every thing 
 like motive, gives a loose to impulse, and acts from feel- 
 ing. The General, who meets and repels his country's 
 foes, is not unfrequently impelled by ambition, and the 
 recollection that a nation's gratitude may succeed his 
 efforts: but when, amidst the battle's carnage, he is seen 
 acting as a christian, and sympathizing in others' woes, 
 his character is marked by virtue, and more truly enno- 
 bled. At Tohopeka, an infant was found, pressed to the 
 bosom of its lifeless mother. This circumstance being 
 
CHAFFER XI. 273 
 
 communicated to General Jackson, he became interested 
 for the child, directed it to be brought to him, and sought 
 to prevail on some of the Indian women to take care of 
 and rear it. They signified their unwillingness to do so, 
 stating that, inasmuch as all its relations had fallen m 
 battle, they thought it best, and would prefer, it should be 
 killed. The General, after this disclosure, determined he 
 would not entrust it with them, but would become himselt 
 the protector and guardian of the child. Bestowmg on 
 the infant the name of Lincoier, he adopted it into his 
 family, and has ever since manifested the liveliest zeal to- 
 wards it, prompted by benevolence, and because, perhaps, 
 its fate bore a strong resemblance to his ovvn, who, m early 
 life, and from the ravages of war, was left in the world, 
 forlorn and wretched, without friends to assist, or near re- 
 lations to direct him on his course. 
 
 Of the two great parties, which have distracted our 
 country. General Jackson is attached to the republican. 
 In his first political career, he rallied on the side of the 
 people During Mr. Adams' administration, when the 
 party was few ' and inconsiderable, he appeared on the 
 side of the rights of man, espousing and advocating the 
 principles of tolerance and free will; until disgusted with 
 the mode of administering the government, he retired 
 from the legislative councils of the nation. He is not, 
 however, one of those blind infatuated parUzans, who 
 holds the opinion of others in derision, and determines 
 on the good or bad qualities of a man, according as he 
 belongs to this or the other political sect; but influenced 
 by higher and nobler sentiments, acts on the liberal prmci* 
 
 pie, that 
 
 " Honour and shame from no condition rise, 
 
 Act well your part, there all the honour lies-- ^^ 
 
 Worth makes the man, and want of it the fellow. 
 
 Could such sentiments be generally diffused, of what 
 importance would they not prove to our country .We are 
 aware of the opinion entertained by many wise pohticians, 
 that parties, by acting as spies on, and correctors ot, each 
 other's conduct, more effectually ensure a nation s safety 
 Such an idea may answer in a country where individuals 
 rights are merged in the exaltation of a few, and ^vllere the 
 contest is for the loaves and fishes, and not m relation to 
 
274 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 honest differences of opinion; but in ours, whose govern- 
 ment is derived from the people, and where law is, or 
 should be, the paramount rule, so long as we may continue 
 virtuous and intelligent, and duly appreciate our rights, no 
 such auxiliary can be essential, either for happiness or 
 tranquillity. Already have we witnessed innumerable 
 evils to spring from the acerbity and intemperance of par- 
 ty: but for the hopes and expectations of a designing 
 power, which through our dissensions and domestic broils, 
 believed she would be able seriously to affect us, we might 
 have remained at peace, and preserved the lives of many 
 a valuable citizen. 
 
 That there should be a contrariety of opinion among 
 us, is certainly nothing remarkable: it is only in govern- 
 ments absolutely despotic, that the oppressed and trem- 
 bling subject imbibes the sentiments of the sovereign and 
 his ministers, and appears to think with them, for the 
 reason that he dare not assert his own opinions. Our con- 
 stitution, on this subject, bars every check, and leaves our 
 conduct, words, and actions, free; yet, were our prudence 
 consulted and regarded, it would long since have told us, 
 that party rancour was carried too far, for our own, and 
 the honour of our country. We are far, however, from 
 assenting to what is often urged, that it is a circumstance 
 whence foreign powers will be ever able to derive an ad- 
 vantage, by which materially to endanger our rights. 
 Although we may differ, as to the best mode of adminis- 
 tering the government, a circumstance which happens to 
 all countries in proportion as liberty is enjoyed; and al- 
 though, as has been the case, party may be pressed beyond 
 the bounds where reason or prudence should give sanction, 
 yet against the invaders of our rights, our union will prove 
 strong, and all parties be the same. Should the period 
 ever arrive, when our nation shall be vitally assailed, it 
 will be perceived that all advantages calculated to arise 
 from our jarrings are delusive; that then there will be but 
 one party, all rallied in defence of a country believed by 
 them to be the freest and happiest in the world, resolved 
 to swim or sink together. It is very true, that the history 
 of the late war presents some melancholy facts, at variance 
 with this opinion; but such has been the odium and just 
 indignation of the country towards its actors, that any 
 future recurrence of such acts should not be anticipated. 
 Involved in war, every citizen of the country is bound in 
 
CHAPTER XI. 275 
 
 some form or other, to yield assistance, and steadily to 
 maintain it; and that man, or combination of men, who, 
 in such a time of peril, shall stand opposed to the consti- 
 tuted authorities, in any other manner than the constitu- 
 tion authorizes, should be considered the enemy, or at 
 least, not the friend of the country. 
 
 The proclamations disseminated by Great Britain dur- 
 ing the war, to the people of the United States, were an 
 insult to our understandings, and a reflection on her own. 
 The divisions she saw prevailing among us, were, no doubt, 
 the inducement. If ever there was a time, when she 
 could have even partially effected the disorganization she 
 so industriously endeavoured to foment, and reached us 
 through our differences, it was befoi'e she had, by an unu- 
 sual, unpractised system of warfare, destroyed all confi- 
 dence, and excited our just indignation against her; and 
 before she had aided to subvert the liberty of France, 
 and plunge her in a state of absolute vassalage. When 
 such an example, with all its wretched and fatal conse- 
 quences, is held up to view, well should a warning voice 
 teach nations to spurn every external interference, how- 
 ever plausibly it may be offered. 
 
 The principles of our government are at opposition 
 with war — those of her citizens no less so. If, amidst the 
 general confusion of the world, we were forced into a 
 struggle, let it be remembered, it was for the preservation 
 of our rights, and to resist aggressions which had become 
 too numerous and grievous to be longer borne. With na- 
 tions, as with individuals, a submission to insult serves 
 but to authorize a repetition; and forbearance under inju- 
 ries is frequently construed into an inability to redress 
 them. We boast not of any thing acquired by our con- 
 test. Conquest and power were not the inducements to 
 its commencement: what was sought, has been attained. 
 We have evinced a determination not to submit to repeat- 
 ed wrongs, and secured from other nations that respect 
 which our peaceful habits had forfeited. We have brought 
 more closely into view our strength, and our resources; 
 and shown our enemies, that however we may be solici- 
 tous for peace, and 'opposed to war, there is a point where 
 even patience ceases to be a virtue, and where it may 
 become exhausted. But, above all, our contest has had 
 the eff*ect of drawing closer the cords of our union, quiet- 
 ing party opposition, and allaying discontents. In future, 
 
^76 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 therefore, when vauntingly told we have gained nothing 
 by the war, laying aside all minor considerations, we will 
 point to our union, which it has more strongly and indis- 
 solubly cemented, as a matter of greater importance than 
 any thing that has happened, since the all-glorious hour 
 when our Independence was declared: — we will point to 
 the deeds performed by our naval and military chieftains. 
 
 *♦ They have toiled, and in their country's cause, 
 Bled nobly, and their deeds as they deserve 
 Receive proud recompense. We give in charge, 
 Their names, to the sweet 13're. The historic muse, 
 Proud of her treasure, marches with it down 
 To latest times? and sculpture in her turn 
 Gives bond, in.stone, and ever during brass. 
 To guard them, and immortalize her trust." 
 
277 
 
 BRIEF CONTINUATION 
 
 OF 
 
 SEMINOLE WAR, 
 
 At the close of the war, General Jackson's desire was 
 to retire from the army, that he might retrieve a constitu- 
 tion impaired by the arduous service in which he had so 
 constantly been engag-ed. The disasters of the conflict, 
 through which the country had passed, revived a recollec- 
 tion of that wholesome ancient rule, that to avoid war, a 
 nation should be prepared for it. At its commencement, 
 our frontier and coast exhibited an almost guardless front, 
 without protection, either to the commerce of the coun- 
 try, or to the country itself. With a view to better secu- 
 rity, and to place in proper attitudes, the essential defen- 
 ces, that might be considered material, Mr. Madison 
 expressed a desire that General Jackson would yet con- 
 tinue in the army; he consented reluctantly to do so, deter- 
 mining, the interest of the country considered, to avail 
 himself of the earliest opportunity to leave the service, 
 and again retire into private life. 
 
 In March 1817, Mr. Monroe, between whom and Ge- 
 neral Jackson, strong friendship existed, and v»ho recent- 
 ly were more closely cemented, from the circumstance 
 that they had acted together during the arduous struggle 
 which had just passed, became chief magistrate of the 
 United States. He was desirous, and expressed to the 
 General a wish that he should become a member of his 
 cabinet, and at large, solicited his opinion as to the per- 
 sons who should compose it. The advice asked was freely 
 given, but the proffered situation to the cabinet declined. 
 Their correspondence on the subject, altogether private 
 and confident, for particular reasons already known, was 
 A a 
 
278 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON 
 
 drawn before the public in 1824. It proved not only curi- 
 ous, but interesting, as well in reference to men as mea- 
 sures; Mr. Monroe insisting, that a portion of the fede- 
 ralists in the early history of the country, were monarchical 
 in their precepts, and General Jackson maintaining that 
 those of them who had stepped fortli during the war, to 
 maintain the country by their acts, or to fight her battles, 
 deserved to be considered in the light of friends and 
 patriots; but that those fireside patriots, who brawled in 
 lavour of liberty, without ever making an effort to sustain 
 her cause, no matter by what name they were called, de- 
 served to be distrusted. Subsequent to this, the appoint- 
 ment of minister to Mexico, was with the unanimous 
 consent of the senate, tendered to Jackson; this he also 
 declined, for the reason stated by himself, that he would not 
 by his presence at the court of the Emperor Iturbide, con- 
 tribute to the countenance and support of one, whom he 
 looked to as the usurper of his country's rights and liberty. 
 
 Actively engaged during this period, in general superin- 
 tendence of the frontiers — in selecting suitable positions 
 for defence, and negotiating, under orders of the govern- 
 ment, arrangements and treaties with different Indian 
 tribes, for the general purpose of security and safety, he 
 was again in the winter of 1817, called upon for active 
 enterprise, and again required to take the field. 
 
 The termination of the Creek v/ar, a contest in which 
 that nation had been greatly divided, found many of the 
 hostile party, who though subdued and conquered, were 
 yet unwilling to abide the provisions of the treaty con- 
 cluded at Fort Jackson, in August, 1814. Repugnant 
 to its stipulations, and to its provisions, to which they 
 were not parties, they had betaken themselves into the 
 territory of Spain, (Florida) where with the Seminole 
 tribe, they remained without the limits of their own nation, 
 and the jurisdiction of the United States, harmless, though 
 dissatisfied, and anxiously disposed to mischief and war. 
 Secret and sudden inroads upon our frontier, and occasion- 
 ally, the murdering of an inhabitant along the southern 
 line of Georgia, were practised, until, from a want of no- 
 tice and adequate opposition, bolder confidence in them- 
 selves, and in their prowess, was inspired. 
 
 At length. General Jackson was directed to take the 
 field, and an order from the department of war, contain- 
 ing full, ample and general powers, was issued. In it was 
 
SEMINOLE WAR. 279 
 
 no restriction, no limitation; he was commanded to ad- 
 vance agains^t, and punish the enemy, for the wanton, un- 
 provoked offences they had practised; and to bring the 
 war to a speedy termination. The cruelties of these In- 
 dians were of marked and vengeful character: beneath 
 their murderous propensity, women, and even children, 
 had fallen, after the most savage and brutal manner. The 
 provincial authorities of Spain had not interposed to pre- 
 vent or restrain their cruelties, but within the limits of 
 Florida, uninterruptedly, had suffered English traders, 
 now, as formerly, to minister to their propensities, and 
 to excite them to rapine and murder. 
 
 During the war, a number of negroes, fugitives from 
 the southern states, had taken refuge in Florida; and at its 
 termination, through the aid of Nicholls and Woodbine^ 
 were left in possession of a strong and well supplied fort 
 on the Apalachacola river. The discontent and resent- 
 ment of the Indians had been aroused through informa- 
 tion pressed upon them, by these, and other British agents, 
 that in the concluded treaty of peace between the United 
 States and Great Britain, stipulations were contained for 
 a surrender of their lands, as they had remained anterior 
 to the war. The fort thus established by these emissa- 
 ries, had, in 1816, by an American vessel, been destroyed, 
 and the negroes dispersed, who there had been protected 
 and supplied; but the discontent seen among the savages, 
 was yet kept alive, which in the end resulted in open rup- 
 ture. Arbuthnot and Ambrister, two subjects of Great 
 Britain, were the exciters and instigators of the distur- 
 bances that arose. Either from inclination to encourage, 
 or inability to prevent them, the Spanish authorities in 
 Florida gave no attention to the excitement produced 
 within the province, by the subjects of another power; 
 and open assault, in its most angry forms, was presently 
 the consequence of that inattention. Emboldened by 
 persuasions extended, and trusting to the security afford- 
 ed, under cover of a neutral territory, they ventured upon 
 the execution of their murderous and daring deeds. In 
 addition to numerous outrages which had been practised, 
 a public boat ascending the Apalachacola river, was as- 
 sailed, and its crew inhumanly butchered. Seven women 
 who were along, shared the fate of their massacred hus- 
 bands, brothers and friends: even the little children on 
 board found nothing of pity or mercy; but taken by the 
 
280 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 heels, were beaten and bruised to death against the sides 
 of the captured boat. To the perpetrators of such deeds 
 of outrage and horror, what was there of mercy due? but 
 little, certainly, and less indeed to any civilized man, who 
 had excited them to so foul a perpetration. Forbearance^ 
 kindly offerings, and entreaty for their pacification, had 
 by the government been resorted to in vain: trusting to 
 the fancied security afforded from their position in a neu- 
 tral territory, they readily believed all inroads and outrages 
 on our borders would find protection, under the ideal line, 
 separating the territory of Spain from the United States, 
 
 An additional circumstance to inspirit them in the be- 
 lief they entertained, was, what already their own obser- 
 vation had disclosed, that General Gaines had not ventured 
 beyond the line separating Florida from the United States: 
 that, although an imaginary boundary was looked to now, 
 as affording in their favour protection and safety, while 
 beyond it, at pleasure, their own inroads and incursions, 
 might uninterruptedly be prosecuted. With entertained 
 impressions like these, it was idle to expect any benefit to 
 result from the operations of our army. So General 
 Gaines considered, and so he found it to be. Acting un- 
 der orders, which from courtesy to the authorities of 
 Spain, forbade him to pass beyond the limits of his own 
 country, he could but fold his arms, and hear of ag- 
 gressions and murders, which in consequence of his limit- 
 ed and restricted powers, were beyond his ability to con- 
 trol and punish. Of all this the government was apprized ; 
 forbearance had abided long enough, and justice, and 
 even mercy, forbade its further indulgent exercise. 
 
 At this moment, and under these circumstances, the 
 known decision and efficiency of Jackson was looked to, 
 and he was forthwith commanded to the field. Whether 
 the restriction imposed on General Gaines to forbear an 
 advance beyojid the limits of the Spanish territory, was 
 found inutile, or that the discretion of Jackson, under all 
 the apprehended circumstances of responsibility and dif- 
 ficulty, was conceived essentially to be relied on, does not 
 appear material to inquiry: at any rate, the limited and 
 restricted orders issued to the one, constituted no part of 
 the command directed to the other. Jackson, with a 
 seeming carte blanche from the department of war, was 
 required to proceed against the Seminole tribe of Indians 
 —punish them for the wrongs they had committed, and 
 
SEMINOLE WAR. 28 1 
 
 bring the war to a speedy termination. Authority was at 
 the same time extended, to call out such portions of the 
 militia as might be considered necessary to the contem- 
 plated objects of the campaign. 
 
 The promptitude with which demands upon the patriot- 
 ism of the state of Tennessee had been met, induced a 
 belief that the objectionable and tardy process by draft, 
 need not be resorted to: accordingly, with consent of the 
 governor, an appeal was made to the citizens, and volun- 
 teers solicited to appear. A general order was issued, 
 and directly the required number came forth, when ar- 
 ranging and appointing their officers, they were presently 
 in a situation to march to v/hatever point they might be 
 ordered. Solicitous to have every thing ready for imme- 
 diate operation, the General in advance, hastened to the 
 southern borders of Georgia, leaving the troops thus col- 
 lected, to be moved rapidly to Fort Hawkins, by Colonel 
 Hayne, the inspector general. Owing to the scarcity of 
 provisions and forage along the intended route, a circui- 
 tous course became necessary, which delayed greatly their 
 arrival. Solicitous not to waste time unnecessarily, the 
 General, with the remnant of regular troops, commanded 
 by Colonel King, and nine hundred Georgia militia, de- 
 termined to advance upon the enemy, and endeavour 
 speedily to conclude the war. Supplies were scarce, and 
 with difficulty to be had; he was, however, one of those 
 generals, who, for a course like this, never yet had stayed 
 active operations. The swamps and wilds of Florida were 
 before him, and little of subsistence was to be procured 
 from the wandering, plundering savages that were there. 
 Taking such partial subsistence as the post at Fort Scott 
 afforded, consisting of only three days' rations of meat, 
 and a quart of Indian corn to each soldier, the 9th of 
 March he took up the line of advance, on a calculation, 
 that by pressing througli Florida, he might fall in with 
 those provisions, which the quarter master. Colonel Gib- 
 son, had assured him, would, on the 12th of February, 
 depart from New Orleans. With this very limited and 
 scanty allowance, the army proceeded, and subsisted until 
 the 13th, when a provision boat being met with, afforded 
 partial relief. — ^"In my march from Fort Early to Fort 
 Scott," remarked the General, "I subsisted my troops on 
 ground peas, corn, and some pork, that I could occasion- 
 ally procure of the Indians, with some that I had on foot: 
 A a 2 
 
282 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 the whole subsistence for man and horse, not costing five 
 hundred dollars." 
 
 On his line of inarch, he was united with by some ol 
 the Creek warriors, under General M*Intosh, and a de- 
 tachment of the Tennessee troops, commanded by Colo- 
 nel Elliot; and on the same day, (1st of April,) attacked 
 one of their principal towns, Mickasuckee, where, under 
 cover of a deep and impenetrable morass, were embodied 
 a considerable party of the enemy. A spirited resistance 
 with our advanced guards, was for some time kept up, but 
 coming presently in contact with the main army, the In- 
 dians precipitately gave way, and betook themselves for 
 safety to the morass, where pursuit was impracticable. 
 Thus, their only embodied force met with, being encoun- 
 tered and dispersed, and the town destroyed, the army ad- 
 vanced upon St. Marks, whither, as was understood, the 
 enemy had retreated, and whence also it was understood, 
 munitions of war, and supplies by the enemy, had re- 
 peatedly been obtained. 
 
 Here were found evidences of that murderous spirit, 
 which had impelled forward those ignorant and misguided 
 wretches: — Proceeding under their own savage impulses, 
 and encouraged jyy the persuasions of those, who being 
 civilized and better informed, should have proven much 
 more merciful counsellors, they ventured on acts open and 
 violent, inconsiderate and cruel. In the village thus des- 
 troyed, were found the freshly torn off scalps of our mur- 
 dered citizens, placed for the purpose of being dried on a 
 red pole, the symbolic type of war : more than three hun- 
 dred scalps, the bloody badges of triumph and victorvt 
 and savage distinction, were ascertained at different pla- 
 ces in the nation, of all sizes and ages, the proud trophies 
 of a causelessly waged contest, excited by the more civi- 
 lized, and persevered in from a confidence reposed, that 
 their positions in a neutral territory, would give protec- 
 tion and safety. It was thus the Indians had been encou- 
 raged, and lured along, and their angry feelings kept alive, 
 without regard, from their instigators, to the consequen- 
 ces that might ensue: our forbearance served but to pro- 
 duce greater confidence to them, their abettors and advi- 
 sers. Dispersed and routed at Mickasuckee, they fled 
 into the swamps, and towards the Spanish parts of St. 
 Marks and Pensacola, and thither they were immediately 
 pursued. 
 
SEMXNOLE WAR. 283 
 
 It was idle to expect, after the language of the order 
 issued, that a speedy termination could be given to the 
 war, if when driven from their fastnesses, and strong posi- 
 tions in the wilderness of Florida, the Indians could find a 
 safe retreat under the guns of a Spanish fortress, and 
 thereby confidence be produced, and the means of recom- 
 mencing active operations afforded. The presence of an 
 army, under such circumstances, might partially operate 
 on the fears of such an enemy, but by no means could have 
 a tendency to subdue them. Influenced by these consi- 
 derations, the determination was taken to move in '* fresh 
 pursuit," and to treat as hostile those places which should 
 succour their retreat, and those too where it could be as- 
 certained, means of prosecuting the war had been aflbrd- 
 ed. A communication was forwarded by General Jackson 
 to the commandant of the Spanish post of St. Marks, dis- 
 closing fully the inducement which had prompted him to 
 the course he was about to take. Rather than harass and wear 
 down, his army in pursuing the enemy through the swamps 
 and forests of Florida, it seemed preferable to strike at 
 once at those strong holds, on which he well knew their 
 "eliance must be, and would be, for buoyancy to their 
 hopes, and for obtaining the means necessary to a prose- 
 cution of their designs. Understanding, on a near ap- 
 proach to St. Marks, that the Indians and fugitive 
 negroes had demanded of the commandant (Luengo) a 
 surrender of the fort, Jackson brought to his considera- 
 tion the wrongs and injuries they had practised towards 
 the United States, — their lawless and wanton course, and 
 the great number of scalps he had ascertained, in the 
 towns through which he had passed. '*I have," said he, 
 ** discovered in the council houses of Kenhagee, [king of 
 the nation] more than fifty fresh scalps, suspended on a pole, 
 of all ages, from the infant to the aged matron: in addi- 
 tion to these, upwards of three hundred scalps were found 
 in the dwellings of the different chiefs, settled on the 
 Mickasuckee pond. I am also informed, that the hostile 
 Indians and negroes obtained their supplies of ammuni- ~ 
 tion from St. Marks." 
 
 The commandant, however, was at the same time told, 
 that in the approach thus made to his fort, it was not in 
 character of an enemy to Spain; but as a friend, to protect 
 Florida in maintaining that neutrality, which, from posi- 
 tion and inability she could not of herself secure; that 
 
284 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 everj .hiiig should be taken in inventory, and accounted 
 for fully; but that a surrender of the post must be made, 
 inasmuch, as without it, peace and security could not be 
 attained. The fort was surrendered, and garrisoned by 
 our troops. Facts here ascertained, present the conduct 
 of the commandant of St Marks, in a point of view highly 
 exceptionable. Here the Indians had been received kind- 
 ly, and protection afforded them : it was a mart for many 
 of their plundered goods: indeed, a contract was shown 
 to have been made, for supplying a certain quantity of 
 cattle, which it was understood at the time, were to be 
 procured from the confines of Georgia, and which, being 
 actually thence clandestinely obtained, were subsequently 
 delivered at the post. Arms and ammunition had there 
 been furnished; while there too, some of the clothing of 
 those who had perished in the assault and massacre of 
 lieutenant Scott and his party, were discovered to have 
 been sold. This course and policy of the Spaniards, had 
 proceeded, as they alleged, from apprehension and fears 
 of the Indians, and the feeble condition of the garrison. 
 General Jackson, apart from any intention to war against 
 the Spanish authorities of Florida, urged in justification 
 of his course, that their admitted inability and weakness 
 was the entire cause of his proceeding — to deprive the 
 mutual enemy of the United States and Spain of the 
 means of conveyance; and that every thing should be again 
 surrendered when a force adequate to defence, and the 
 maintenance of authority, should appear. 
 
 The army proceeded from this point, east to Suwannee 
 river, about eighty miles, dispersing and intimidating the 
 enemy: it thence returned, and by the way of Fort Gads- 
 den, advanced upon Pensacola, distant from St. Marks 
 nearly two hundred miles to the west, where it was un- 
 derstood protection and safety was also afforded the In- 
 dians. That they had here been favourably received, was 
 clearly ascertained, while from the position and strength 
 of the place, the same exteniiating causes which had been 
 urged by the commandant of St Marks, could not be ad- 
 mitted: the conclusion therefore was more readily a/rived 
 at, that this proffered extenuation was mere pretence, and 
 that a disposition to aid, rather than an inability to de- 
 fend, was in fact the moving, governing consideration. 
 From this place protection had been given. The passing 
 
SEMINOLE WAR. 283 
 
 of our provision vessels, through the waters of Florida, 
 coming in aid of the army, had been objected to, while an 
 angry menace from the governor, warning against the ad- 
 vance of the American troops within his jurisdiction, and 
 threatening to oppose force with force, had been very foiv 
 mally presented. Pursuing his original design, derived 
 through the order under which he acted, of putting a speedy 
 termination to the war, and convinced, that while the im- 
 portant posts of St. Marks and Pensacola were retained, 
 subject to Spanish authority, such a result was not to be 
 effected, General Jackson, from considerations of prudence 
 and safety, determined to occupy both positions, that by 
 cutting off those subsidiary and relief points, the chances 
 of assistance and encouragement to the Indians might be 
 effectually removed. 
 
 The peaceable surrender of Fort Barancas was denied, 
 and measures taken to resist the approach of our army, by 
 Masat, who at that time was governor of Pensacola. The 
 neutrality of the place had been heretofore, in 1814, dis- 
 regarded by the British, when Jackson, on his own respon- 
 sibility, advanced against, and reduced it; his character 
 for decision and energy was still recollected in Florida. 
 The governor, of course, could not be a stranger to the 
 determined enterprise of him who was once more ap- 
 proaching his capital. Intimidated by appearances, he left 
 the town, and sought protection and defence within the 
 fort. Our troops, on the 25th of May, being placed be- 
 fore it, a summons to surrender issued: it was refused. 
 Preparations were now made on both sides, the one to 
 defend, and the other to press forward. Defences were 
 thrown up; scaling ladders prepared to advance over 
 the wall, and martial preparations sternly manifested. 
 At daylight, on the morning of the 27th, a battery clothed 
 with one small field piece, within three hundred and eighty 
 yards of the fort, was presented. Firing commenced; a 
 parley ensued, and the garrison was required to surrender, 
 and further resistance urged as unnecessary and useless. 
 This morning, a Spanish non-commissioned officer, found 
 loitering around, was taken and brought a prisoner to our 
 line. Seemingly, as by accident, a view was afforded him 
 of every arrangement, and of the scaling ladders, which 
 were ready and prepared. The General informed him, 
 if the place was not delivered before the dawn of day, he 
 
286 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 would enter it, when if resistance were kept up, he was 
 determined to put every soul to the bayonet: in the after- 
 noon he was dismissed on his parole, but pretending an 
 apprehension that he might communicate to the governor 
 and commandant of the fort his preparation and. deter- 
 mination, the General stated to him, he could not be dis- 
 charged, except to go to Pensacola, not Barancas; accord- 
 ingly, a guard was sent to accompany him thither, distant 
 about 14 miles. "I very well knew," remarked the Gene- 
 ral, "that he would be deceived; my wish was for him 
 to give information of every thing he had seen ; and as the 
 distance to Fort Barancas by water across the bay, was 
 but seven miles, I was satisfied, on reaching town, he 
 would hasten to communicate all the information he had 
 received." He was watched, and found to do exactly as had 
 been expected; the consequence of which was, that very 
 evening, a flag proceeded to the American camp, an armi- 
 stice was concluded, and early the next morning a surren- 
 der was made. With this, and the fortress of St. Marks, 
 added to Fort Gadsden, which had previously been esta- 
 blished on the Apalachacola, it was believed, positions 
 enough, and strength sufficient would be required, to hold 
 the savages in check, and future outrages be avoided. 
 The General now' concluded to return his army home, and 
 to discharge it from further service. The Georgia troops, 
 under General Glascock, had previous to this time, 
 (20th of April,) been relieved from the campaign, and re- 
 tired home, there to be mustered from service. Since 
 the conclusion of the assault on Pensacola, General Jack- 
 son has been heard to remark, that he had not intended to 
 scale the walls, and thus attempt by force to carry the 
 fort: — *' My object," said he, ^ was to alarm, fully calcu- 
 lating, that in this way, possession would be obtained. 
 The enterprise was hazardous; and although I should 
 have carried it, yet many of my men must have fallen: 
 in this view, the object to be attained, was not at all wor- 
 thy the risk; besides, it would have been rather too bold a 
 measure, as against a neutral power. The preparation I 
 had made — the battery erected, and scaling ladders pre- 
 pared, were alone intended for effect, and to intimidate; 
 had they failed, I should have withdrawn my army, and 
 relied for preservation of peace with the Indians, on St. 
 Marks and Fort Gadsden, posts already occupied." 
 
Seminole war. 287 
 
 Arbuthnot and Ambrister. 
 
 At the capture and destruction of one of the Indian vil- * 
 lages, (Bowlecks) a British lieutenant of marines, Ambris- 
 ter, was taken prisoner: subsequently, at St. Marks, 
 another subject of Great Britain, Arbuthaot, acting and 
 associating with the Indians, was also taken. Shortly after- 
 wards, a court of inquiry, of which Major General Gaines 
 being president, was by order of the commanding General, 
 coiivened, when the one was decreed to be shot, and the 
 other to be hanged. In the case of Ambrister, after the pro- 
 ceedings and finding of the court had closed, a reconsidera- 
 tion was applied for, and obtained; when instead of being 
 subjected to death, he was decreed if not to as severe, yet to 
 a more humiliating punishment — ''to receive fifty stripes 
 on his bare back, and to be confined to a ball and chain to 
 hard labour, for twelve months." Such was the decree of 
 the court. This latter sentence being by the General re- 
 jected, and the first approved, it was shortly afterwards 
 carried into execution. Arbuthnot was also executed. It 
 is to the interference of others, rather than the Indians, 
 that we are indebted for the massacres and cruelties prac- 
 tised on our citizens. During our late war, Nicholls and 
 Woodbine, English adventurers, through their practised 
 arts, and assistance promised, caused dissatisfaction and 
 discontent with our Indians. Departing from the coun- 
 try, they left them in possession of a strong defence (Ne- 
 gro Fort) with assurances of support Avhenever it might be 
 needed ; in the mean time, these two adventurers, doomed 
 to death, were, in the absence of Nicholls and Woodbine, 
 sent to the country to associate with savages, keep bright 
 their enmity, and to be engaged in the same ministry of 
 blood and mischief in which they themselves had so lately 
 been employed. Not a council was held, a letter written, 
 or an act done, preparatory to v/ar, or to encourage its 
 prosecution, that they were not the grand directors and 
 agents. Arms and ammunition were applied for! The 
 provincial governors" of Britain were addressed; and the 
 chief, Hillishadjo, lately returned from a visit to England, 
 was pledged as authority, that the Prince Regent, through 
 him, had ordered their applications to be attended to, and 
 supplies furnished, when he should require them. Letters 
 to this effect were addressed by Ambrister to Governor 
 Cameron of the Bahamas, and the most urgent importu- 
 
288 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 nity, pressed for the application speedily to be met. Two 
 letters written in March, breathe the same earnest entrea- 
 ty, confessing in both, that he had already sent a party of 
 Indians to oppose the advance of the American troops. 
 Arbuthnot, too, his coadjutor, was alike concerned, in 
 arousing the slumbering spirits of the natives, and inci- 
 ting them to acts of savage cruelty, of bloodshed and war. 
 The policy pursued by General Jackson, in advancing 
 upon Florida — occupying posts in the territory of a neu- 
 tral power, and especially for executing those two Eng- 
 lish subjects, have proved matters for repeated animad- 
 version and remark. Foes have censured, friends have 
 approved. In 1818-19, congress undertook its investiga- 
 tion. Before the Senate, where an illiberal and incorrect 
 report from a committee was made, no discussion was 
 had, or decision pronounced ; for although the subject was 
 taken up at a very early period, nothing was heard from 
 the examining committee until very nearly the close of 
 the session, when no opportunity was presented for exami- 
 nation and discussion : the entire proceeding carried with 
 it, on the part of the chairman, the impress of manage- 
 ment and design. But in the House of Representatives, 
 where, for three .weeks, the discussion with great ability 
 progressed, a final exculpatory decision was had ; and the 
 course pursued throughout by the General, received the 
 approval and sanction of that body. Learning, research 
 and elocution, were displayed on the occasion; while strong 
 excitement pervaded the country at an attempt thus made 
 to tarnish the reputation of one of her best and greatest 
 benefactors. Directly after this decision, and notwith- 
 standing it had been pronounced, the chairman of the 
 committee in the Senate, came forth with his gleanings, 
 censuring, reproving and condemning, under most as- 
 sumed facts, every thing to which the representative 
 branch of the government had extended a most unquali- 
 fied approval. The end and object was, to preserve pub- 
 lic opinion in doubtful suspgnsc. Pending this discussion, 
 and when variant and contrarious opinions had been ad- 
 vanced, and the whole matter argued at length, a dis- 
 tinguished and respectable member from Pennsylvania, 
 Mr. Baldwin, remarked in progress of the debate, that 
 even in the wilderness of Florida, apart from any access to 
 books. General Jackson appeared better to understand 
 national laws and its principles, than members who were 
 
SEMINOLl-, v.ar. 289 
 
 ill reach of the library, and afforded every facility to in- 
 quiry. The result proved the observation correct; for 
 after three weeks'* assiduous controversy and examination 
 — after that Puffendoi-ff, \'attel, and a host of international 
 authors had been resorted to, and consulted, although in- 
 dividual differences in opinion prevailed, any concentration 
 of opinion as lo a single imputed error, could not be agreed 
 u.pon. The course the General had pursued was approved 
 and sanctioned throughout, by evei y vote whichwas taken. 
 The Creek vrar being over, many of the chiefs and war- 
 riors fled into Florida from their ovni comutry, rejecting 
 the conditions of the treaty concluded at Fort Jcickson, and 
 refusing its terms. Francis Hillishadjo, one of Tecumsah's 
 commissioned prophets, was of the number: he had exert- 
 ed all his influence to keep alive the discontents of the 
 Indians. Honicithiemico,- another chief, proved him.self an 
 equally active and zealous agent: he had acted as a chief 
 and associate of the clan, v.hich had destroyed Lieutenant 
 Scott and his party. The former having passed over to 
 England, came back with a thorough understanding of 
 the construction and foi-ce v.hich was to be given to the 
 treaty of Ghent — that by it, the United States were bound, 
 and would be conipelled to re-surrender the Creek coun- 
 try, as it had remained in the year ISll ; besides this poi- 
 sonous infection, Hillishadjo. when in England, received 
 the commission of a bi-igadier general, the better to add 
 to his consequence, and to give effect to his councils, with 
 •j.n assurance, that ammunition whenever wanted should 
 iie furnished. Representing the interest of Woodbine and 
 N'icliolis. in *.heir. absence, Arbuthnot and Ambrister 
 '.vere actively engaged in keeping alive a spirit of enmity 
 and discontent, and hostility on the part of the Indians. 
 This distinguished British brigadier, and his coadjutor 
 chief, being niade prisoners, were also executed. 
 
 The jealousy of Arbuthnot and Ambrister towards two 
 citizens resident in Florida, Hambly and Doyle, had been 
 excited. It was coiVceived, intelligence had been afforded by 
 them to the Americans of passing events, while it was open- 
 ly charged, that the destruction of the negro fori, establish- 
 ed by Xicholls, had been effected throiigh information which 
 they had affbrded of its position and strength. Operated 
 upon by these suspicions, and a belief of their warm attach- 
 ment to the United States, a party of Indians were despatch- 
 ed for the purpose, andthev were seized on their own farms, 
 B b ' 
 
290 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 hurried to Suwannee, and thence to Kenhagees town, 
 where, under the fiat of Arbuthnot, they were condemned 
 to torture: from this they were preserved for the moment, 
 by the interference of the negro chief Nero, and were 
 thence removed to St. Marks, where they were placed for 
 safe keeping, with an understanding, that being prisoners 
 of the Indians, the commandant should deliver them on 
 application. While in confinement, and apprehending 
 their situation in the interior was by no means a secure 
 one from danger, application was made to their friends in 
 Pensacola, and a vessel despatched to their relief. Having 
 gotten on board of it, they proceeded for St. Marks, when 
 falling in with Lieutenant M'lver of the navy, then cruising 
 in aid of General Jackson's advance, they sought safety on 
 board his boats. The Indians, in the mean time, had 
 concluded to demand, and take tljem from Fort St. Marks, 
 and with a view to that object, Hillishadjo and Homathle- 
 mico had arrived at that place. Finding they had proceeded 
 down the bay, pursuit was commenced : Avhen descrying 
 M'lver's vessel, to which was appended at the time Eng- 
 lish colours, they approached with confidence, and were 
 made prisoners. They were brought to St. Marks, and 
 there executed, on board the vessel in which they had been 
 captured. The sentence dooming them to death, being by 
 its infliction discharged, the officer to whom the duty had 
 been assigned, approached General Jackson and announced 
 it done: he then inquii-ed the disposition that should be 
 made of their lifeless bodies — "Shall they be thrown over- 
 board?" Jackson, with eyes suffused with tears, looked 
 sternly at him, then said, "Recollect, sir, they are no lon- 
 ger our enemies: justice is satisfied! Let their bodies be 
 decently interred."* 
 
 •Francis, the prophet, had been \n England : the following short 
 sketch of him is taken from Niles's Register : the first paragraph of the 
 account is an extract from a British paper: 
 
 " The double sound of trumpet announced the approacli of the pa- 
 triot Francis, who foug'ht so gloriously in our cause in Ainci'lca ; he was 
 dressed in a most splendid suit of red and gold, and by his side he wore 
 a tomahawk mounted in gold, presented to him by the Prince Hegent." 
 
 " The wretch, it seems, was also the prime mover of the unprovoked 
 and infernal massacre of the garrison, widi the women and cliildren, of 
 Fort Minmis, before the Creek war — a massacre o/ untold horrors. It 
 was he, too, wdio slaughtered Lieutenant Scott and his party, on Flint 
 River. He had been outlawed by his countr}'men for his savage pro- 
 pensides ; was a murderer by trade ; a favourite at court : and die ally 
 of England.-' — Begittcr, vol. 4, page 269. 
 
SEMINOLE WAR. 29 I 
 
 Mr. Adams, then secretary of state, in his despatch of 
 November 28th, 1818, to our minister at Madrid, details 
 at large, the just ground of accusation against those exe- 
 cuted Indians, and English emissaries, who were the exci- 
 ters of the war, and promoters of the numerous unprovoked 
 cruelties, of which the United States, in behalf of her 
 citizens, had to complain. A letter written by Arbuthnot*s 
 clerk to a friend at Nassau, detailing the incidents of the 
 time, speaks of the capture and destruction of Lieutenant 
 Scott and his companions, and contains the following re- 
 mark, which is quoted in that official despatch. "There 
 was a boat that was taken by the Indians, that had in thirty 
 men, seven women, and four small children. There were six 
 of the men got clear, and one woman saved, and all the rest 
 of them got killed. The children were taken by the heels, 
 and their brains dashed out against the boat." Upon this, 
 and other quoted matter, Mr. Adams proceeds to remark, 
 as follows: 
 
 "If the bare recital of scenes like these cannot be pe-^ 
 rused without shuddering, what must be the agonized feel- 
 ings of those whose wives and children are from day to 
 day, and from night to night, exposed to be the victims 
 of the same barbarity? Has mercy a voice to plead for 
 the perpetrators and instigators of deeds like these? Should 
 inquiry hereafter be made, why, within three months after 
 this event, the savage Homathlemico, upon being taken 
 prisoner by the American troops, was by order of their 
 commander, immediately hung — let it be told, that that 
 savage was the commander of the party, by which those 
 women were put to death, and those helpless infants were 
 thus dashed against the boat. Contending with such ene- 
 mies, although humanity revolts at entire retaliation upon 
 them, and spares the lives of their feeble and defenceless 
 women and children, yet mercy herself surrenders to re- 
 tributive justice, the lives of their leading warriors taken 
 in arms, and still more, the lives of the foreigners, white 
 incendiaries, who, disowned by their own government, 
 and disowning their own natures, degrade themselves be- 
 neath the savage character, by voluntarily descending to 
 its level. Is not this the dictate of common sense? Is it 
 not the usage of legitimate warfare ? Is it not con- 
 sonant to the soundest authorities of national law? 
 'When at war,' says Vattel, ' with a ferocious nation, 
 which observes no rules, and grants no quarter, they may 
 
292 LIFE OF GEXERAI. JACKSON. 
 
 be chastised in the persons of those of them who may be 
 taken^ they are of the number of the guilty, and by this 
 rigour the attempt may be made of bringing them to a 
 sense of the hnvs of humanity.* And again: *As the 
 General has the right of sacrificing the lives of his ene- 
 mies to his own safety, oi^ that of his people, if he has 
 to contend with an inhuman enemy, often guilty of such 
 excesses, he may take the lives of some of his prisoners, 
 and treat them as his own people have been treated.' The 
 justification of these principles is found in their salutary 
 efficacy for terror, and for example. 
 
 '' It is thus only that the barbarities of Indians can be 
 successfully encountered. It is thus only that the worse 
 than Indian barbarities of the European, impostors, pre- 
 tending authority from their governments, bui always dis- 
 avowed, can be punished and arrested. From the period 
 of our established independence to this day, all the Indian 
 wars with which v/e have been afflicted, have been dis- 
 tinctly traceable to the instigation of English traders or 
 agents. Always disavowed, yet ahvays felt; more than 
 once detected, but never before punished; tv/o of them, of- 
 fenders of the deepest dye, have fallen, Jiagratite delicto^ into 
 the hands of an .-Vmerican general, and the punishment 
 inflicted upon them has fixed them on high as an example, 
 awful in its exhibition, but we trust auspicious in its re- 
 sults, of that which awaits unauthorized pretenders of Eu- 
 ropean agency, to stimulate and interpose in wars between 
 the United States and the Indians within their control." 
 
 These executions afforded the happiest themes for fan- 
 ciful and enlarged declamation, and consequently, most 
 strongly have attracted public attention. Reason then, as 
 now, maintained her ground, and insisted, that Spain, so far 
 from having any well established cause for complaint, 
 should have been required to hold her ov^n officers liable 
 for the outrages and murders committed within her juris- 
 diction, and for the violation of subsisting treaties between 
 the United States and herself. Those ofienders suffered 
 deservedlv: congress so pronounced, and the country ap- 
 proved. Great Britain, ever prompt and ready in protect- 
 ing and defending the rights of her subjects, came not 
 forth, in any form whatever, to inquire wherefore had they 
 suffered. She could not but know, and did know, that by 
 abjuring their native land, and uniting in destiny with a 
 murderous and savage race, they became identified in the 
 
SEMINOLE WAR. 293 
 
 association, and were without the pale of national rule. 
 Acting with savages, they were to be considered as such. 
 ''A ferocious nation," says Vattel, "which observes no 
 rules, and grants no quarter, may be chastised in the per- 
 sons of those of them who may be taken. " Civilized asso- 
 ciates, contending with, and fighting by their side, or 
 impelling them forward, are alike to be considered within 
 the rule: nay, they stand in a more criminal point of view; 
 because, with education and refined habits on their side, 
 they become infinitely more criminal and culpable, for 
 being connected with a cruel and bloody enemy, who re- 
 spects no age, and spares no sex. The proofs evidenced 
 on the trial, disclose the fact, that these men were the aid- 
 ers, abettors and counsellors of the Indians, procuring 
 supplies, and applying for means of protection against the 
 American government; while at the same time they were 
 encouraged to a belief, that the United States would be 
 constrained to restore their lands, agreeably to the provi- 
 sions of the Ghent treaty. A course of conduct like this, 
 had roused their vengeful feelings into action, and produced 
 the massacres that have been committed, wherein no differ- 
 ence was made between the contending soldier, the female, 
 and the helpless child; all were made to perish together. 
 
 This campaign consisted rather in rapidity of move- 
 ment, and hardships encountered, than of , battles fought 
 and won. The name of Jackson, from the previous con- 
 flicts in which he had been engaged, had produced upon 
 the minds of the Indians, a timidity, which drove them to 
 the swamps, avoiding any other contests than occasional 
 skirmishing, brought on under such circumstances as to 
 position, that they could return at pleasure, and find 
 refuge in the numerous morasses of their country. The 
 service was arduous in the extreme; besides the limited 
 supplies already spoken of, which subjected our troops to 
 suffering, the country was flat, and, from continual rains, 
 covered with watei*. For eighteen days, our officers, and 
 the army, including the Generak who, to every extent en- 
 countered the same fatigue with his soldiers, were without 
 even the comfort which dry clothes afford. Swamps inter- 
 posing, and which constantly were to be waded, denied 
 this comfort; yet, notwithstanding, during the whole cam- 
 paign, from battle and from sickness combined, the loss of 
 the army did not exceed half a dozen persons. 
 
 This Seminole war v/ith the Indians gave rise in the Uni- 
 B b 2 
 
294 LIKE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 ted States, to some questions, which previously were alto- 
 gether new, and unacted upon in this country. Florida 
 •was the province of Spain : By treaty stipulations, that pow- 
 er was bound to hold in check, and preserve at peace the 
 tribes of Indians within the limitsof her jurisdiction ;but her 
 provincial agents had declared their inability to effect this 
 object, while the savages, confiding in security from the po- 
 sition they occupied, within the confines of a neutral terri- 
 tory, conceived from the admonitions of the more designing, 
 that inroads on the frontiers of the United States, might, 
 at any time, with impunity, be made. The circumstance 
 of General Gaines not attempting to advance into their 
 country, for the length of time he had commanl^ed along 
 the frontiers of Georgia, produced from the reason, that 
 he was inhibited to do so by positive orders from the war 
 department, tended greatly to confirm them in opinion, 
 that their locality of position afforded the most ample secu- 
 rity. When General Jackson came into the field, with an 
 unconditional order to put a speedy termination to the 
 war; and when apart from that restraint of the depart- 
 ment, which so effectually had restricted the operations of 
 General Gaines, he determined forthwith to carry the war 
 into the enemies' country, nor leave them longer reposing 
 in the belief, that an ideal imaginary line could afford pro- 
 tection ag^ainst their causeless and unprovoked outrages. 
 He dreamed not that Vattel's doctrine of "fresh pursuit," 
 which, with civilized nations, seemed necessary to justify 
 an entrance upon the territory of a neutral power, could be 
 made applicable to the condition of savages, who were not 
 parties to the law, and who per force claimed the mastery 
 of the invaded territory. Whatever effect such doctrine 
 might be entitled to, betvveen refined nations, controlled by 
 established lav.s, it did not occur to him as being applica- 
 ble between a civilized and savage enemy, inhabiting too 
 a country, whose sovereign, by treaty, was bound to pre- 
 serve the relations of peace, and whose agents had ackno^^- 
 ledged an utter inability to do so. The entire inapplica- 
 bility of international law, as derived from European 
 constructions, in reference to such a case, contains a suf- 
 ficient answer to all the refinements and subtleties to be 
 adduced from such irrelative sources. An army of ten 
 thousand men would scarcely have power sufficient to form 
 a cordon of protecting posts, along aline stretching through 
 a wilderness, for more than three hundred miles. Either 
 
SEMINOLE WAR. 295 
 
 then the sanctity attached by some to that line should have 
 been disregarded, or the inhabitants left to the mercy of 
 the savages, apart from any attempted interference and 
 protection from the government. 
 
 By these energetic and bold acts, good order was rein- 
 stated, the enemy subdued, and peace restored, through the 
 intimidation produced: in the language of the command^ 
 ii^sued from the Avar department, "a speedy termination was 
 given to the war, and the enemy punished for their unpro- 
 voked cruelties/' General Jackson now returned home, 
 having, in about sixty days, not merely put an end to the 
 war, but altogether removed the means of again reviving it. 
 
 Notwithstanding the strong defence of the course pui^ 
 sued, made by the secretary of state, Mr. Adams, to our 
 minister at Madrid, Spain complained. The arguments 
 replied to her were, your provinces were incompetent to 
 resistance, and a maintenance of your treaty engagements ^ 
 you could not preserve your Indians at peace. To aid in 
 the execution of that stipulation, and not to make war, 
 was the purpose of marching an army into Florida, and 
 garrisoning the forts of the country. But to afford an evi- 
 dence of the amicable and good feelings still entertained, 
 St. Marks and Pensacola v/ere re-delivered, v.hile Fort 
 Gadsden, on the Apalachacola, v»'ithin the jurisdiction of 
 Spain, was retained by our government, that every hold on 
 the awed submission of the savages, might not be yielded. 
 If the consideration of sovereignty, and respect to it, con- 
 stituted the inducement for not retaining possession of St. 
 Marks and Pensacola, it is rendered matter of surprise, 
 why the retention of Fort Gadsden, was not equally to be 
 considered an infringement of that sovereignty. There 
 rests upon it but this shade of difference, that this latter 
 post was erected by General Jackson, the others not; it is 
 difficult to perceive, how that circumstance could make 
 any very material difference, on the principles of comity 
 and right between nations: while, however, the other two 
 posts were delivered back to the authorities of Spain, 
 Fort Gadsden was retained : thus the amende honorable be- 
 ing made, the matter terminated. The circumstances and 
 incidents of this campaign, discovering to his Catholic 
 Majesty, that his provinces of Florid:i were altogether in- 
 secure, most likely induced a determination to part with 
 both the soil and the sovereignty; and in the following 
 year, by a new treaty entered into by th(^ two governments* 
 
296 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSOX. 
 
 the United States obtained possession of both East and 
 West Florida, for a stipulated sum, to be disbursed amongst 
 her own citizens, for violations committed by Spain on the 
 commerce of the United States. 
 
 Court of Inquiry — change of Ambrister's sentence — 
 
 AND CONDUCT OF CaPTAIN WrIGHT. 
 
 The execution of these two Englishmen, whose fate, so 
 frequently, has been actually or pretendedly deplored, pro- 
 ceeded from the existence of facts, ascertained by a respec- 
 table court organized for that purpose, especially and 
 alone. It has frequent and oft been made a ground of ex- 
 ception and charge, that the sentence pronounced against 
 Ambrister, was improperly altered by the commanding 
 general, who caused to be inflicted a different one from 
 that which was ordered. This distinction is necessary to 
 be borne in mind — a distinction that exists, and which is 
 necessary to a proper understanding of the matter. Am- 
 brister, it will be recollected, was, in the first place, con- 
 demned to be shot; a reconsideration having been proposed 
 and agreed to, the subsequent decree was, that he should 
 "receive fifty stripes on his bare back, and be confined 
 with a ball and ckain, at hard labour, for twelve months." 
 General Jackson's inversion of this sentence, and decreeing 
 him to death, to one of honourable feeling, would certain- 
 ly be preferable. The coward heart, that would cleave to 
 life under any and all circumstances, might perhaps 
 prefer to survive even under the disgrace of the first; but 
 the soldier of any feeling would not fail to choose death 
 in preference, and conceive himself abundantly a gainer. 
 But apart from this consideration, the court was without 
 power to ordain a sentence or award a judgment; and it 
 was on this ground Jackson proceeded, when taking the 
 course he did. The authority conferred on this organized 
 tribunal, consisting of men of capacity, judgment, and 
 proper feelings, was simply that of inquiry — to ascertain 
 facts — the circumstances and extent of the guilt — and not 
 an assessment of the required retribution of that guilt.* 
 
 * The court of inquhy consisted of the following persons : 
 Major General E. P. Gaines, President. 
 Colonel William King, 4th Infantry. 
 Lieutenant Colonel Lindsay, Corps of Artillery. 
 Major Mulilcnburg', 4th Infantry. 
 
SEMINOLE WAR. 29 T 
 
 There is a wide, a material difference, between a court 
 of inquiry and a court martial; the one merely ascertains 
 facts, and records them, to aid the judgment of some su- 
 perior, who, upon the details presented, is to make a!! 
 application of the law, and adjudge and award its penalty; 
 the other holds control both of facts and law, and having 
 ascertained the one, the other imposes its own decree, so 
 far as penalty is concerned. Courts martial and their 
 powers are merely and altogether creatures of the law; 
 when, therefore, our troops proceeded beyond the limits' 
 of the United States, our laws, to be sure, went with 
 them, and were still in force, operative as to them, but as 
 it affected others, not connected with us, but acting in 
 character of enemies, they could have no effect, no opera- 
 tion. Arbuthnot and Ambrister being in a country, 
 foreign as to us, could not be amenable to our rules, ordi- 
 nances, and regulations ; and of course, were beyond the 
 interference of a court martial, which apart from our own 
 laws, could have no jurisdiction whatever. Their offences 
 and their crimes could not be known to any thing of mu- 
 nicipal, but alone to the law of nations, and were liable to 
 be judged and punished by none other than the command- 
 ing general, in v/hom only the government was represented. 
 Why, then, was a court organized at all ? The answer is 
 plain and obvious ; to record the facts, the circumstances 
 and the testimony, to be laid before the government he 
 represented, that in the event complaints should be m,ade, 
 it might appear to be a case properly and justly decided. 
 When, therefore, the court had recorded all the facts, 
 their duty was discharged: the law gave them no further 
 power, and they could rightfully execute nothing beyond 
 it; and it was right and proper in the General, their de- 
 cree not according with his opinion, to set it aside, and act 
 upon his own judgment of the case. A jury in this coun- 
 try are judges of law and fact; so also is a court martial 
 
 Major Montgomer}-, 7th Infantrj*. 
 
 Major Fanning, Coi'ps of Artillery. 
 
 Captain Vashon, 7th Inf:\ntry. 
 
 Colonel Williamson, Tennessee volunteers. 
 
 Lieutenant Colonel Gibson, do. do. 
 
 Colonel Dyer, do. do. 
 
 Lieutenant Colonel Elliott, do. do. 
 
 Major Minton, Geor^a militia. 
 
 Captain Crittenden, Kentucky volunteers. 
 
298 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSOK. 
 
 possessed of similar rights; but ^ court of inquiry differs 
 from both; it can do no more than examine into facts, 
 and record them; for there all authority terminates. 
 
 The very phraseology of the order creating this court, 
 shows the extent of its powers, and is in conformity to set- 
 tled usage. The official order is in these words: ''The 
 following detail will compose a special court, to convene 
 at this post, [St. Marks] for the purpose of investigating 
 charges exhibited against A. Arbuthnot, and Robert 
 Christy Ambrister. The court will record all the docu- 
 mients and testimony in the cases, and their opinion as to 
 the guilt or innocence of the prisoners, and what punish- 
 ment, if any, should be inflicted. '^ The phraseology of 
 an order creating a court martial, is entirely different: its 
 commands are, that 2l general, garrison, or regimental coxxrt 
 martial, (as the case may be) shall convene for the trial of, 
 Sec. It is styled by its own particular name, and leaves 
 no room for question as to its powers. When convened, 
 it has all the rights and authority of a court and jury, to 
 ascertain facts, apply the law, and award sentences cor- 
 respondent to the crime committed. But it is only for the 
 infraction of such laws as the congress of the United 
 States have specially enacted, that such a court can exer- 
 cise jurisdiction; for in relation to all offences known only 
 to the code of nations, it can claim no jurisdiction what- 
 ever: in such cases the commanding general, representing 
 the sovereignty, must himself act. He may, to be sure, 
 call on others to aid him in the ascertainment of facts: and^ 
 may ask an opinion as to the quantum of punishment pro- 
 per and right to be imposed; yet it being a jurisdiction 
 exclusively his own, he could not delegate its exercise to 
 others, even were he disposed to do so. In our revolu- 
 tion, a court of inquiry, by order of General Washington, 
 sat in the case of Major Andre, who was tried and execu- 
 ted as a spy. Even without the intervention of a court, 
 the General could have decreed his death, because his of- 
 fence arose not under any municipal regulation of ours, 
 but from the usages of war, and the laws of nations. 
 
 General Washington submitted this matter to the deci- 
 sion of a board of officers, for the facts to be considered of 
 and recorded. The authority conferred, was to determine 
 upon the nature of the offence imputed against the prison- 
 er, and the kind and description of the punishment due 
 to the offence with which he stood charged. The courts 
 
SEMINOLE WAR. 299 
 
 upon mature deliberation, pronounced him a spy, and that 
 he ought to be punished with death — and it was so done; 
 not in virtue of this proffered suggestion and opinion of the 
 board, but by the commanding general, in whose hands 
 abided a power to decree execution. What Washington 
 did, in the case of Andre, with a view to caution, and 
 that the world, the facts being accurately preferred, might 
 correctly judge, the same did Jackson towards the less 
 distinguished, but no less guilty Arbuthnot and Ambrister. 
 The proceedings in both those just and merited tragedies, 
 are of similar import and character. Not fancy can draw 
 a line of difference between them, save that in the case of 
 Andre, the opinion of the court and the commanding Gene- 
 ral being in perfect accord, both obtained execution; where- 
 as, in the other, Jackson's, whose decision and judgment 
 being different, though paramount to the court, became the 
 executed opinion. Neither of the parties offending had vio- 
 lated any law of ours: in fact, the latter being within a fo- 
 reign territory, were hence beyond the legal jurisdictional 
 limits of the United States. A court martial, then, whose 
 powers of acting exclusively pertain to infractions of our 
 own enacted laws, could, in these cases, have effected no- 
 thing: the authority to punish rested alone in the com- 
 manding general; yet in justification and from caution, he 
 constituted this court, with no other viev/, and for no other 
 purpose, than to examine and record the facts; this being- 
 done, all authority on the part of the court ceased. 
 
 After General Jackson had passed the frontiers of 
 Georgia, and penetrated the Indian country, an unfortu- 
 nate circumstance arose, which led to a warm and feeling 
 correspondence with the Governor of that state, (Rabun.) 
 Passing through an Indian town, Cheraw, the warriors of 
 the village, headed by Howard, their aged chief, came 
 forth to meet the General, avowed a desire for peace; 
 and as evidence of their earnestness and sincerity, proffer- 
 ed to join and march with the army. Their services were 
 not wanted, but fearing, if rejected, they might become 
 restless and mischievous, they were received. To the old 
 men, and to the women, w^ho were left behind, protection 
 and safety were promised. Shortly after, Captain Wright, 
 under an order from Governor Rabun, at the head of a 
 militia force of two hundred and seventy men, detached 
 from Fort Early, advanced upon this village, and there 
 cruelly assailed, and put to death, its inhabitants. Their 
 
300 LIFE OF .GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 chief, the aged Howard, was shot down, while bearing in 
 his hand a white flag: his grandson shared the same 
 fate. In two hours after the attack commenced, the 
 town was in flames, and the whole *Maid completely 
 desolate." General Jackson had passed Fort Gadsden, 
 on his march from St. Marks to Pensacola, where by ex- 
 press, a letter reached him from General Glascock of 
 the Georgia militia, detailing the particulars of this me- 
 lancholy transaction. At the instant, under the impulse 
 of a high and generous feeling, and indignant at what he 
 conceived a wanton, unnecessary and unprovoked act, to- 
 wards those who had confided in his assurances, and sent 
 forth with him their warriors to battle, he addressed him- 
 .self to Governor Rabun, and a warm and spirited corres- 
 pondence resulted. The Governor was told that he had 
 outraged every thing of law and right; that nothing of in- 
 vasion or insurrection existed, of consequence he had no 
 authority to order a force into the field, and to commit 
 ravages in his rear, where all was peace and quietness. 
 Captain Davis was immediately ordered to proceed to 
 Hartford, arrest Wright, and deliver him to the officer in 
 command at Fort Hawkins, until the pleasure of the pre- 
 sident could be known; or if not found there, to call upon 
 the Governor of Georgia, to have the order carried into 
 efl'ect. Davis succeeded, and having arrested him, pro- 
 ceeded on his journey towards Fort Hawkins, when at a 
 small town, through" which he was passing, the civil 
 authority interposed, and the prisoner, on a habeas cor- 
 pus, Mas released. Subsequently, on the 29th of May, by 
 orders from the executive of Georgia, he was again arrest- 
 ed ; but so far from taking any precautionary step to retain, 
 and subject him to trial, for the wrongs he had committed, 
 he v.as simply placed on his ;;f/ro/e of honour, under a 
 promise to surrender himself when he should be required 
 lo do so. In the mean time, the President directed him 
 to be placed in possession of the civil authority for trial; 
 intelligence of which reaching Captain Wright, on the 
 •27th of Julv he fled, and has not since been seen in the 
 United States. He retired to the island of Cuba, an exile 
 from his country. 
 
 Governor oi- Florida, and evknis thehk. 
 Si'AiN and the United States, early in 1819, concluded a 
 
SEMINOLE WAR. 301 
 
 treaty, by the provisions of which, their boundary of sepa- 
 ration, west of the Mississippi river, was agreed on, and 
 both the Floridas, East and West, ceded to the United 
 States. ' A ratification between the two governments 
 did not take place until Febi-uary, 1821, nor did the ceded 
 territory, until the summer of that year, come under the 
 jurisdiction of the United States. By the President and 
 Senate, General Jackson was appointed in the double capa- 
 city of Commissioner to receive, and Governor to organize 
 and manage the aifairs of the country, with powers granted 
 by congress, more enlarged and more extensive, than under 
 the provisions of our constitution, had ever been granted to 
 any one before. Either through want of time to enact en- 
 larged and defined rules in detail, or of the confidence re- 
 posed, congress conceded powers so unrestricted, as to ren- 
 der it questionable whether they did not even step beyond 
 the range of all constitutional sanction and propriety. In 
 one sweeping clause, apart from all restriction, the entire 
 and unlimited power which the Governor-general of Cuba 
 could exercise, constituted the legislative enactment of con- 
 gress. It was in reference to this circumstance, previously 
 to resigning the government of Florida, a situation which 
 he held only about seven months, when the General express- 
 ed a wish that powers so unlimited and so undefined, might 
 under a republican government, ne^er again be confided 
 into the hands of any man; that they were dangerous to 
 liberty, and should be given to no one. In virtue of this 
 high behest, an authority to exercise whatever power the 
 Governor-general of Cuba could, he might, to say nothing 
 of minor matters, have conceded and granted away every 
 foot of the soil, while the rights and privileges of the citi- 
 zens rested, and were dependant, on his mere will and 
 pleasure. Under this undefined, uncertain grant of pow- 
 er, his authority was executive, legislative and judicial, 
 apart from all restraint, save that which himself might 
 prescribe to himself. Under this carte blanche^ the earliest 
 act of his administration was to place the judiciary of the 
 territory on some certain basis, both as to the authority 
 it might exercise, and the manner after which it could be 
 done, with a view to an amicable and speedy adjustment 
 of all subsisting differences amongst the people. 
 
 Acts of oppression and injustice lor.g exercised over the 
 subjects of Spain within this province, now when the go- 
 vernment was changed, began to be developed, and some 
 c c 
 
302 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 of them brought before the consideration of the Govern- 
 or, in his judicial capacity. A subject of Spain in Florida, 
 (Vidal) had some years since, as far back as 1807, died, 
 leaving- children, to whom estates of considerable value 
 had been devised. Fruitless and frequent attempts to pro- 
 cure an adjustment of his affairs had been made; and 
 although repeated decrees could be traced, none of them 
 had ever been carried into effect. The government 
 changed, and the province transferred, the claim of these 
 heirs was brought before the newly constituted authori- 
 ties, for examination and decision, when the records ne- 
 cessary to a full and complete understanding of the case 
 were wanted. A most important and material paper, the 
 testament of the father, to ascertain the rights of his chil- 
 dren, did not appear, and to procure it became a matter 
 of the first necessity. 
 
 Preparatory to decision, an affidavit was filed by the 
 Alcade, alledging the original will to be in the hands of a 
 certain Spaniard, (Sousa) at Pensacola; a rule was grant- 
 ed for him to produce it; but instead of complying with 
 the demand, it was carried over to the steward of Colonel 
 Callava, the former Governor of Florida, by whom it was 
 directly placed amongst the Governor's papers. Being 
 now by the showing- of the original possession, and by the 
 steward, traced to the occupancy of Colonel Callava, under 
 whose protection, and in whose custody, the persons in 
 adverse interest conceived it would be inviolate, a rule was 
 had, to show cause why an attachment should not be sued 
 out against the Colonel, in whose possession it was. He 
 was required to produce the paper, that the rights of these 
 children might be ascertained. Compliance was positively 
 refused, and an entire inability to determine the judicial 
 question was thus presented. Conciliatory measures were 
 resorted to, but without any beneficial result. By a stipu- 
 lation contained in the treaty concluded between the United 
 States and Spain, the public archives were to be surren- 
 dered; and if this will of Vidal, on which depended the 
 rights of property in his children, and which should have 
 been entered on the public records, did not merit to be 
 classed under this head, it is difficult to conceive what was 
 indeed intended by the inserted clause of the treaty con- 
 cluded between the two governments. 
 
 The belief entertained by Callava was, that under the 
 garb' of privilege, and his late office, his papers, and more 
 
SEMINOLE WAR. 303 
 
 especially his person, would be altogether sacrld — not to 
 be interfered with. He had been too long governor, ex- 
 empted from any thing of control, to be able to forget his 
 now altered condition, and bring his mind to the conclu- 
 sion, that any authority could disturb the privileged dig- 
 nity which he conceived rightfully attached to his situa- 
 tion. General Jackson, at his office, for two hours, endea- 
 voured to impress on his mind the propriety and necessity 
 of the records being delivered, suggesting to him that a 
 refusal could be viewed in no other light than a contempt 
 of his authority. It failed of success — Callava refused, 
 insisting, that "being a commissioner, he was privileged, 
 and therefore answerable to no one." This reasoning, and 
 supposed privilege, was lost upon Jackson. It was enough 
 for him, that the required paper was in his hands, and 
 that upon it depended the rights of others. Although 
 Governor Callava had been charged with the delivery of 
 the territory of Florida, now that the trust had been exe- 
 cuted, and new forms and a nev.' .government established, 
 he could no longer be considered a diplomatic functionary, 
 surrounded with privileges, but as the citizen of a foreign 
 country, and liable and subject to all the judicial applica- 
 tions of our own. Under the mandate of the court he re- 
 fused to deliver the will. Lenient and persuasive measures 
 were resorted to, but without effect: he would not deliver 
 them; when, for the contempt thus offered to the authority 
 of the court, Jackson, sitting as judge, directed an attach- 
 ment to be issued, and Callava, in pursuance of the man- 
 date, was arrested. That the will might not be secreted, 
 or made away with, which v/as clearly ascertained to be in 
 his possession, a guard, consisting of a corporal and three 
 men, was placed at his door, with orders to permit nothing 
 to pass from the house, or any thing to be interrupted; in 
 the mean time, three commissioners, with the Alcade, 
 were appointed to examine the public boxes, and particu- 
 larly that in which the paper wanted by the court was said 
 to be deposited. The examination being made, it was 
 found and delivered over to the court, and thereupon Cal- 
 lava was discharged from his arrest and imprisonment. 
 It is difficult to conceive what could have induced this ob- 
 stinate and perverse course: that something of motive and 
 interest was the inducing cause, may, when all the attend- 
 ant circumstances are considered, be well conjectured. The 
 will being obtained, and a final hearing of the matter had, a 
 
304 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 decree w^ pronounced in favour of Vidal's heirs. Without 
 it, they must and ^vould have been deprived of the estate in- 
 tended to be devised to them by their ancestor. They were 
 children, whose rights had been long withheld; they were 
 at length restored to their possessions, alone by the ener- 
 getic course pursued by Jackson; mild and lenient mea- 
 sures could not have secured the end and object desired, 
 and which justice required to be extended. 
 
 To this pursued course, many without an accurate 
 knowledge of the circumstances, have been opposed, and 
 the act decried through the country as contrary to that 
 courtesy which wt.s due to a diplomatic functionary. The 
 defence to this suggestion is, what Jackson himself has 
 urged. He w^as not an accj-edited diplomatic character. 
 It is true. Colonel Callava, a military officer, had, by the 
 Governor-general of Cuba, been appointed a commission- 
 er to deliver over the country to the United States. The 
 stipulations of the treaty were, that in six months, or 
 earlier, from the ratification, the officers and soldiers of 
 Spain should be withdrawn from the territory of Florida, 
 and possession given of all occupied places. The moment, 
 then, that the duties assigned him to perform, were exe- 
 cuted, his official character was merged ; while continuing 
 beyond the period stipulated in the treaty for his depar- 
 ture, he was to be considered amenable to the laws, to the 
 extent that any other foreign citizen or subject would be. 
 Jackson, accordingly, refused to consider him entitled to 
 the personal rights, privileges and courtesies of a minis- 
 ter, especially when by doing so, it necessarily placed at 
 hazard the interest and rights of unprotected orphan chil- 
 dren. Considering Callava entitled to none of those pri- 
 vileges pertaining to foreign ministers or agents, he com- 
 pelled forcibly a surrender of the papers, and having 
 obtained them, directly ordered his discharge from arrest. 
 General Jackson, in a communication made to the secre- 
 tary of state, details the particulars of this transaction, 
 and employs the following language:^'! could not view 
 Colonel Callava in any other light than that of a private 
 individual, charged with violating the rights of others, 
 and setting my authority at defiance. I did believe, and 
 ever will believe, that just laws can make no distinction of 
 privilege between the rich and the poor: and that when 
 men of high standing attempt to trample on the rights of 
 the weak, they are the fittest objects for example and pu- 
 
SEMINOLE WAR. 305 - 
 
 nishment. In general, the great can protect themselves; 
 but the poor and humble require the arm and the shield of 
 the law. Colonel Callava's powers having closed here 
 with the surrender of the country, it was only a display, 
 and so considered by me, of pompous arrogance, in his 
 claiming the privileges of diplomacy, which in fact he never 
 possessed; and his powers having ceased, his commission 
 accomplished, the pretension which he set up was an in- 
 sult to the weakest understanding. There are other and 
 many complaints by Spanish subjects here of documents 
 relating to private property being missing from the Ai- 
 cade's office. If proof is had, where they are, demands 
 will be made; and I hope the precedent set, will prevent 
 the necessity of again exercising those painful measures 
 to coerce their production. But should such occur, I 
 shall not shrink from my duty, however painful it may be 
 to my feelings to exercise such authority for the security 
 of those individuals, who, under the treaty, look to our 
 government for the protection of their rights. '' 
 
 Incensed at what v/as conceived an outrage on their 
 chief and former governor, on the 22d of September, the 
 Spanish officers remaining at Pensacola, issued an angry 
 and insulting bulletin to the public, impugning and arraign- 
 ing the proceedings of the court, and the conduct of the 
 Judge. In consequence of this act of impropriety to the 
 judicial department, and because being officers of Spain, 
 they should by the treaty have withdrawn themselves from 
 the country in six months, which limitation had already 
 expired, Jackson issued an official order, ordering and com- 
 manding them to depart from the territory by the 3rd of 
 October. Owing nothing of allegiance to the country, and 
 concerned not for its harmony or good government, but 
 disposed to disturb it, he conceived it proper for them to 
 depart, especially, as by the provisions of the treaty, it 
 was imposed on them as a duty to do so. At the appoint- 
 ed day they took their departure from the country. Sub- 
 sequently, however, and after that General Jackson had 
 left Florida for Tennessee, and indeed resigned his com- 
 mission of Governor, some of those officers, in defiance 
 of the proclamation, yet unrevoked, returned to Pensacola 
 from Cuba. Mr. Walton, of Georgia, the acting secre- 
 tary, who had been left in discharge of the executive 
 duties, immediately had them arrested, or rather issued 
 an order, restricting them to their houses, and requiring 
 c c 2 
 
306 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 them not to appear at large in the city, until the Govern- 
 or's opinion, who was then in Tennessee, or that of the 
 President, could be ascertained. In the mean time, Jack- 
 son had resigned his office, while from Washington city, 
 through the Secretary of State, an order was returned, to 
 liberate those officers from their qualified arrest. Here 
 the matter ended. General Jackson retired a private citi- 
 zen to his own residence near Nashville, and the govern- 
 ment of the territory, now organized, was confided to Mr. 
 Duval of Kentucky, with powers regulated and restricted by 
 the congress which convened in the following winter, 1822» 
 Colonel Callava, highly displeased at the treatment he 
 had received from Governor Jackson, left Pensacola, and 
 proceeded immediately to the city of Washington. No- 
 thing certainly is known as to the design of his visit to 
 our capital, though the inference readily arises that his 
 object was, through Vives, the resident minister of Spain, 
 to make known his complaints and his grievances. What 
 course was pursued, remains amongst the executive secrets 
 of the times: nothing upon that subject has yet been dis- 
 closed. At any rate, if the object of his visit to the city was 
 to obtain redress for conceived indignities, failure was the 
 consequence. Tl\at such was his object is rendered pro- 
 bable, apart from any positive information on the subject, 
 by the tenor of the President's communication to congress, 
 ■which shortly afterwards convened. The language of 
 the message relative to the archives to be surrendered by 
 the treaty, and for a violation of which, the i-upture between 
 Jackson and Callava was produced, is this: *' Possession 
 of East and West Florida has been given to the United 
 States; but the officers charged with that service, have noi 
 only omitted, in contravention of the orders of their Sove- 
 reign, the performance of the express stipulation, to deli- 
 ver over the archives and documents relating to the proper- 
 ty and sovereignty of these provinces, all of which, it was 
 expected would have been delivered, either before or when 
 the troops were withdrawn, but defeated since, every effi^rt 
 of the United States to obtain them." This opinion of 
 the President seems to be in exact conformity to that 
 which Jackson entertained and practised upon. Callava 
 was evidently wrong, and acted entirely from a mistaken 
 belief as to his rights. Being an official character for the 
 mere purpose of delivering over the country, his imagina- 
 tion had conjured to him that he had authority to carry off 
 
SEMINOLE WAR. 307 
 
 at his mere pleasure, any and every record upon which de- 
 pended the rights and property of others, and that no autho- 
 rity adequate to its prevention existed. The common 
 sense doctrines of Jacksort's mind told him differently, and 
 that over and above other persons he had no privilege 
 superior to the treaty and the law ; and of consequence he 
 compelled him to do what a sense of right, and his own 
 notions of justice ought to have dictated to him as correct 
 and proper. 
 
 Such is a brief sketch of the proceedings of General 
 Jackson in Florida, which have been reprobated by some 
 from an honest conviction that his measures were too de- 
 cided and strong: and by others, either from a proneness 
 to censure him in all things, or that they were ignorant 
 of all the attendant facts and circumstances. One thing 
 may be said of him with greater truth than any other now 
 living, that whatever objections may have been raised at 
 any time as to the manner of working to his results, even 
 his enemies have always conceded that the end he had in 
 view was honest, and his motives ever pure and correct. 
 If to any of his public acts, error has at any time been 
 attributed, the admission both from friends and foes ever 
 has been, that his intentions were good, and his way through 
 the paths that justice pointed. Such justification is ample 
 acquittal. Than this no better defence can be offered 
 against the constant frailties and imperfections to which 
 human nature is every where subjected. 
 
 Besides the extensive and unlimited authority confided 
 by congress to Jackson as Governor of Florida, a salary of 
 five thousand dollars was attached to the office. Whether, 
 therefore, power or pecuniary advantage was looked to, 
 the situation could not but prove a desirable one. He was 
 entirely supreme. No legislation had taken place in refer- 
 ence to what he should do, or what omit. The revenue 
 and slave laws had by act of congress alone been extended 
 to the territory, none other: even the constitution of the 
 United States, and all the rights v/hich it secures, was 
 wholly inoperative, because by no legislative exercise of 
 authority had its provisions been extended thither : to 
 Jackson, and to his discretion, every thing, civil and mili- 
 tary, had been confided; and yet, with all these high pri- 
 vileges and powers, with the exception of Judge Fromen- 
 tin, no complaint was made against his government, save 
 what arose from enforcing justice against the former 
 
308 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 governor, Callava, who would have relied upon the sup- 
 posed dignity and elevation of his character to inflict 
 wrong and injury on a parcel of unprotected orphans. It 
 was during the examination of this case of Vidal's heirs, 
 and after that so fierce and unpleasant a struggle for secu- 
 ring the records of their rights had taken place, that Go- 
 vernor Jackson, sitting in his judicial character, declared 
 the regret he felt at being clothed with authority so unli- 
 mited and undefined, and so inconsistent with every thing 
 of republican usage and propriety. Notwithstanding the ex- 
 tensive powers thus conferred, in the possession of which, 
 as is averred by those opposed to him, he so much delights, 
 no sooner was the government of Florida properly or- 
 ganized, and placed upon a secure basis, than he retired 
 from it to his own farm : than this, '* ambition should be 
 made of sterner stuff." To a little mind, proud of brief 
 authority, here was a field presented where it might have 
 wantoned and revelled to the extent of ambition's desire : 
 superior to such matters, Jackson's disposition and judg- 
 ment roused, and led him to prefer his own quiet and in- 
 dependent habitation. 
 
 Besides the cases adverted to, one other arose by which 
 some slight, though momentary excitement, was occa- 
 sioned. Mr. Fromentin, a creole Frenchman, and lately 
 a senator from Louisiana, was appointed by the president 
 a judge in Florida. It is questionable whether he should 
 have been placed there. The constitution declares *' that 
 a member of congress shall not be eligible to an office 
 which may be created, or the emoluments of which may 
 be increased during the time for which he was elected; 
 the object of this inhibitory provision, doubless was, to 
 preserve the purity of the body, and to guard the mem- 
 bers from every thing of inducement for the sale of office. 
 Mr. Fromentin was a member of the United States senate, 
 before whom the treaty came, and by whose vote it was 
 ratified. To be appointed to any office arising under the 
 known operation of that treaty when ratified, if not within 
 the letter, was certainly within the spirit and meaning of 
 the inhibitions of the constitution. He was, however, 
 appointed a judge of the territory. When Callava, for 
 the causes before shown, was committed for his conduct, 
 this gentleman, claiming in virtue of his judicial trust, to 
 be superior to the governor, who had all the powers of 
 ^the captain general of Cuba, issued a writ of habeas cor- 
 
SEMINOLE WAR. 309 
 
 pus, commanding- the prisoner to be brought before him, 
 that the judgment of his superior might be inquired into, 
 and set aside. 
 
 Mr. Fromentin on reaching Florida, to enter on a dis- 
 charge of his duties, sought an interview with General 
 . Jackson, to determine as to the extent of the authority he 
 could claim under his commission. The information 
 given, and the conclusion arrived at, was, that as the legis- 
 lation of congress had neither extended the provisions of 
 the constitution nor of any of the laws, to Florida, save 
 those which appertained to the revenue, and to the impor- 
 tation of slaves, in his character of judge he could assert 
 the exercise of no other authority; and so the matter 
 seemed to be agreed and understood. When under this 
 understanding, and these circumstances, he undertook to 
 call, by writ of habeas corpus, before him, one committed 
 for contempt by the highest tribunal known to the laws, 
 it was calculated to excite surprise. The officer charged 
 with the execution of the order relative to Callava, before 
 aciing upon the writ which was issued, almost correspond- 
 ently with the commitment, carried it to Governor Jack- 
 son, to inquire and ascertain the course he should pursue. 
 He was directed to disregard it, and he did so. Judge 
 Fromentin was immediately cited to appear before the 
 Governor. He pleaded in reply, indisposition — an attack 
 of rheumatism. The next day he came. He was now in- 
 formed again of the conceived extent of his powers, as 
 before they had been explained, and that he must keep 
 within their pale, nor venture beyond them. This posi- 
 tive course was pursued by Jackson, because he well knew 
 that the extent of Mr. Fromentin's authority had previ- 
 ously been a subject of conversation and understanding, 
 and because from the impetration of the writ so speedily 
 after the arrest, the obstinacy of Callava, and bther cir- 
 cumstances disclosed, he presumed the whole matter of 
 contest had previously been agreed on, and concerted. 
 The judge apologised for his conduct, and was dis- 
 charged; but conceiving this exercised authority a high in- 
 dignity to himself and to his office, shortly afterwards pub- 
 lished some angry letters, complaining in most intempe- 
 rate language, of the conduct practised by the governor 
 towards him. That Jackson, possessed of unrestrained 
 and unlimited power, should question his brief authority, 
 and, under the existing circumstances of this particular 
 
310 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 case, place it at naught, was conceived by Mr. Fromen- 
 tin, a high exercise of tyranny, and an outrage of judi- 
 cial countenance. Because he held the commission of 
 judge, the conclusion was arrived at, that he carried with 
 him to the territory the constitution of the United States, 
 and each and every of their statutes; although those re- 
 lating to the revenue, and to the importation of slaves, 
 had alone been extended. 
 
 The 6th of October, being on the eve of departing from 
 Florida for Tennessee, General Jackson, through the pub- 
 lic journals at Pensacola, addressed himself to the people 
 of the territory, explaining to them the reasons and the 
 motives under v/hich he had acted. He referred to the 
 collision in which he had been placed with Colonel Cal- 
 lava, late governor of Florida, and satisfactorily, though 
 concisely explained, the nature and origin of the contest. 
 Adverting to this, which he declared an unpleasant cir- 
 cumstance, he employed this language: 
 
 "The American government, at the same time that it 
 is the freest, is perhaps the strongest in the world; be- 
 cause the most wealthy and most powerful in society are 
 as weak in opposition to it as* the most humble and ob- 
 scure: it knows no distinction between an ex-governor and 
 a peasant. In the course of my short administration, one 
 case has unfortunately occurred, which required the exer- 
 tion of that authority, which is no respecter of persons. 
 That the necessity should have existed, has occasioned 
 me pain and regret. It was my duty, under the treaty, 
 exercising the government of the Florid as, to secure to 
 the inhabitants all the evidences of their right of property. 
 The improper conduct of the captain general at Havanna, 
 in withholding documents of this nature from an agent 
 sent expressly to receive them, increased the necessity of 
 vigilance on my part, that the inhabitants might be secured 
 in their rights of property. Whatever diplomatic privile- 
 ges he (Callava) might have been entitled to, these had 
 ceased upon the surrender of the territory, and he was 
 then not known to me, or recognised as having any 
 other rights than those of a common individual. It was 
 not enough for him to consider himself a public agent of 
 the king of Spain, and to reside here for the purpose of 
 transacting official business with the agents of the United 
 States, but it was necessary he should have made known 
 the object and purpose of his stay; had he done so, he 
 
SEMINOLE WAR. 3 I 1 
 
 would have been informed at once by me, that my own 
 functions had ceased as commissioner, and that no one 
 but the president of the United States had any power to 
 give him permission to remain as a diplomatic agent, en- 
 joying the privileges of a foreign minister." 
 
 In the same publication, he submitted to the considera- 
 tion of the public in justification of the measures he had 
 adopted, the reasons which had induced him to proceed 
 towards the Spanish officers after the manner he had, in 
 requiring and directing those at Pensacola to depart the 
 territory within four days. At this produced disturbance 
 with Callava and his officers, Jackson expresses his re- 
 gret, though great satisfaction that no other cases had 
 arisen to interrupt the harmony of the government; but, 
 that the measure was imposed upon him, as necessary and 
 essential to the maintenance of respect to the judicial 
 character of the country. "This respect," he remarked, 
 *'is due from foreign officers in all countries; for what 
 tends to bring the judiciary into disrepute, shakes the 
 public confidence in that part of the government that is 
 looked upon as the most sacred depository of individual 
 rights. Had I consulted my personal feelings, having en- 
 tertained a favourable opinion of some of them, and enmity 
 to none, I should have been disposed to have suffiired the 
 act to sink into oblivion; but the dignity and honour of 
 the government forbade that conduct so outrageous, 
 should pass unnoticed. I might appeal to those very per- 
 sons, to ask, what would be the consequence if a band of 
 American officers should offer such an insult to the govern- 
 ment of a Spanish province." 
 
 General Jackson, on accepting the appointment of go- 
 vernor of Florida, did so with an avowal, that he would 
 consent to retain it only until the government of the terri- 
 tory could be placed under a system of proper organiza- 
 tion; this being effected, he retired from the bustle of 
 office, and again sought upon his farm retirement and ease. 
 Shortly after this, the United States having recognised the 
 independence of the South American states, a solicitude 
 was felt by Mr. Monroe to place Jackson in the character 
 of minister, with full powers, representing the interest of 
 this country at the republic of Mexico. This, however, 
 he refused to accept: the reason presented by him was, 
 that the Emperor Iturbide, having usurped the liberty of 
 his country, he, as the republican minister of a republican 
 
312 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSOX. 
 
 country, by his presence could not yield a sanction to that 
 usurpation, and thus afford to him encouragement in the 
 career he was pursuing. The history and the events of 
 that period prove his forebodings to have been correct, 
 for very shortly afterwards, the people of Mexico, wearied 
 with the actual or conceived strides at power of Iturbide, 
 deposed him from office, and banished him from the coun- 
 try: again returning to it in disguise, in opposition to the 
 edict that had been promulgated, he was sentenced to 
 death, and executed : thus perished a man, who, at the on- 
 set of his career, had filled every where the friends of 
 freedom and reform with brilliant hope and expectation. 
 But the repeated demands of his state upon him to of- 
 fice were yet not satisfied, and again was proffered a desire 
 that he would consent to accept a seat in the senate of the 
 United States. A letter on this subject was despatched 
 to his residence, containing an assurance that the legisla- 
 ture desired his services, and expressing a wish that he 
 would consent to serve. The answer returned to this 
 application was, that he greatly desired retirement from 
 the fatigues and cares of office: that there were others, 
 who from age would be better than himself calculated to 
 meet the distance and fatigues of the journey; yet, if 
 under full consideration, the members insisted on his ser- 
 vices, he knew not how to refuse, and could not. "It 
 might be thought," said he, " and would be said, that the 
 appointment had been conferred by his state,- and sought 
 for by him, v/ith a view to other objects and ("or other pur- 
 poses, at present pending before the nation. I have, 
 therefore, (continues he,) earnestly to request of my friends, 
 not to press me to an acceptance of the appointment cf 
 senator: if appointed, I could not decline: and yet in ac- 
 cepting I should do great violence to my feelings and my 
 wishes." In two or three days afterwards, the legislature 
 proceeded to an election, and Jackson was chosen. In 
 December, 1823, he took his seat, and during that and the 
 succeeding session continued faithfully and industriously 
 to execute the duties of his station. In the autumn of 1 824, 
 the legislature of Tennessee being again in session, he 
 gave back into their hands the appointment they had con- 
 ferred, when Hugh L. White was chosen to fill the va- 
 cancy. The assigned reason for doing this was, that 
 placed before the American people for the office of Pre- 
 sident, having been again nominated, he could not consent 
 
SEMINOLE WAR. 313 
 
 to retain a situation, where his every act might be as- 
 cribed to personal and selfish considerations. According- 
 ly, he once more retired to private life, remaining on his 
 own farm, and attending exclusively to his own affairs. 
 With the exception of a visit recently made to New 
 Orleans, through an invitation from the legislature of 
 Louisiana to celebrate the glorious victory of the 8th, he 
 has never ventured abroad, notwithstanding the pressing 
 solicitations that have been extended. The inducing cause 
 with him to this course, and perhaps with some of the 
 great men of the country it may appear peculiar, and 
 exclusively pertaining to himself, is, that the office of 
 President of the United States when intrigued after, or 
 electioneered for, stands stripped of its honours, its con- 
 sequence and character; and above all, that such a course, 
 in quest of such an object, is of injurious and demorali- 
 zing tendency. The chief magistracy of a free country is 
 altogether valueless, and of empty import, save when it is 
 conferred freely — the gift of freemen, unbiased and_un- 
 corrupted, apart from the fear of office to be lost, or the 
 hope of office to be obtained : when thus obtained, no 
 prouder station is known to man; differently procured, it 
 is mere empty pageantry, an idle no'thing, a post of dis- 
 trust, disrespect, suspicion and trouble — its cares survive, 
 while the blooming honours that hang around must lie 
 withered, and sickly, and blighted. Who thus succeeds, 
 
 ** Much sorrow shall he feel, and even more 
 Than any « lave, who labours at the oar." 
 
 This visit to New Orleans was of soul inspiring charac- 
 ter. Thousands had convened, specially to welcome the 
 man who, in the darkest peril, had stood by the side of his 
 country, "to shield her, and save her, or perish." Com- 
 panions in arms, who at the siege had borne privations and 
 in continued dangers, and side by side, met and resisted 
 the enemy, crowded to the battle ground, the scene of 
 their former danger, there to welcome, and again to grasp 
 the hand of their defender and chieftain. It was as ** the 
 memory of past joys, soft soothing and pleasant to the 
 soul;" it was the rapid, fervid trace of the imagination 
 back to those hours of watchfulness and exertion, when dan- 
 gers were met, privations encountered, an enemy foiled, a 
 country defended, and the hallowed principles of liberty 
 D d 
 
314 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 preserved, protected and saved. A number of steam 
 boats, decorated after the most tasteful manner, represent- 
 ing the different states of the union, on the morning of the 
 8th, ^t the firing of a signal gun, united and formed a 
 procession to the battle ground, below the city. The re- 
 ception and ceremonies being there ended, they returned 
 in the same order to the city, where the state authorities 
 received and welcomed as their guest, him, who on that 
 day thirteen years, had proved their deliverer. 
 
 While in the senate of the United States, General 
 Jackson was ever found ardent in his course, free from 
 every thing of motive, and faithful in discharge of the 
 duties before him : zeal for the despatch of business, and 
 persevering industry, with him were of marked and evi- 
 dent character. He did not wear out the time of legisla- 
 tion with frequent or long discourses: save to explain, 
 and to present in detail matters proceeding from the Mili- 
 tary Committee, of which he v/as chairman, he seldom 
 offered any remarks to the senate. On two occasions, 
 however, during the first session, when important matters 
 impended, he participated in the presented discussions; 
 and to those who previously had considered him a mere 
 soldier, an unskilled statesman, he afforded evidences of a 
 mind and capacity no less fitted for the cabinet than the 
 field. One of the presented questions v.as in reference to 
 the policy proper to be pursued by the government in re- 
 lation to the Indians of this country, who in the anoma- 
 lous capacity of distinct and independent sovereignties, 
 within the limits of our own territorial jurisdiction, are 
 treated with as such, and recognised as independent of our 
 laws. In this discussion no senator appeared save him- 
 self and Mr. Rufus King of New York. The importance 
 given to it by both speakers, was of a character peculiarly 
 to interest all who were present, and to induce other mem- 
 bers to forbear all participation: to them alone was the 
 matter yielded, apart from the interference of others; 
 Jackson maintaining, with his own personal observation 
 introduced to prove the accuracy of the assertion, that the 
 treaty making power as applicable to Indians, was a sys- 
 tem of demoralizing effect — of bribery and corruption, 
 wherein a few leading men and chiefs became possessed 
 of all the favours and benefits of the government, to the en- 
 tire exclusion of the poorer classes of the tribes: justice 
 could alone be produced to them by some more fostering 
 
SEMINOLE WAR. 315 
 
 and paternal care on the part of the general government, 
 by some system to be resorted to different from that which 
 prevailed. This being in executive session, at a time 
 when all persons are excluded from the senate, no report 
 of what passed has been preserved. 
 
 The other subject on v/hich his views v.ere disclosed, 
 ■vVas a bill granting an annual appropriation for clothing, 
 as military men term it, the fortifications — for procuring 
 and placing ordnance for the defence of our fortified posi-. 
 tions. On this occasion General Jackson delivered to the 
 senate, and to a crowded auditory in the gallery and in the 
 lobby, an able exposition of his views. He proceeded to 
 show the reliance which even of necessity, at the onset of 
 war, this country would have to repose on the militia; and 
 of the importance of our fortifications in holding an ene- 
 my in check until the force of the country could be pre- 
 pared and concentrated, and her resources called efficient- 
 ly forth. He occupied the floor for about thirty or forty 
 minutes, and during that time commanded the marked at- 
 tention of the senate, many of whom were afterwards 
 heard to pronounce what he had said to be full of elocu- 
 tion and practical illustration. He concluded his remarks 
 with the following beautiful expression : " Do these things, 
 Mr. President, and hereafter, my life on it, the combined 
 fieets of Europe shall float in your M-aters as harmless as 
 the sw'an that sw4ms around their ships." This speech 
 never appeared — it was lost: it was delivered at a time 
 when those who acted as reporters, operated upon perhaps 
 by political considerations, felt no_ solicitude to present 
 Jackson in any other aspect than a meritorious and gallant 
 soldier on the battle field, without the qualities and qua- 
 lifications of a citizen or statesman : even now it is argued 
 and maintained," there all his merit lies." Who relies upon 
 this as correct, disregards facts, or else is ignorant of the 
 man. With a mind that stops not to consult the minor 
 arrangements and order of orthography to the extent that 
 others do, of more scholastic and synthetically trained 
 habits, he moves industriously and onward to his purpose 
 and to his conclusions, while for strength of thought and 
 expression, and with a method so plain and lucid that all 
 who read can understand, it is believed he has few supe- 
 riors. Equivocal or ambiguous in nothing, he writes and 
 speaks so clearly and plainly, as that none to comprehend 
 him are compelled to a second reading, or to ask a further 
 
316 LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
 repetition of his remarks. All who are acquainted with him 
 admit his superior powers of perception and judgment, 
 with a quickness and despatch in business, equalled by 
 few, and surpassed by none; while his manners are of the 
 most easy, familiar and polished cast : and yet such is the 
 present politically excited state of the times, that he is re- 
 presented, and many believe it, of a very converse charac- 
 ter, of different deportment — *' a military chieftain,'* and 
 jnere soldier, fit only for the battle strife. A successful ge- 
 neral at the head of an army m^st be gifted with intelligence 
 and a mind of a superior order ; for without these it is con- 
 fidently believed, no man ever did, or ever can make a dis- 
 tinguished commander. There is no situation, which than 
 this, requires a higher exercise of the mental faculties, 
 especially where the forces to be commanded consist of 
 militia, always uninformed in the science of war, and not 
 unfrequently insubordinate and dissatisfied. It was with 
 troops of this description that General Jackson, during 
 his whole career, was almost exclusively compelled to ope- 
 rate ; and yet no general was ever niore successful, or lost 
 fewer men, considering the numerous battles by him fought 
 and won. Ever cautious, and sparing of the lives of his 
 soldiers, this curious and strange fact is presented, that in 
 all his campaigns and different battles fought, the number 
 of his killed and wounded is less than five hundred, while 
 that of the different enemies he contended with, savage and 
 civilized, could have been nothing short of five or six thou- 
 sand. This could never have been effected apart from the 
 exercise of superior caution, mind and judgment, and a 
 vigilance most unremitting. 
 
 Andrew Jackson is no military chieftain. He was not 
 bred a soldier, or reared to the profession of arms: the 
 eclat he acquired, and the success which uniformly has at- 
 tended him, and which eminently has redounded to the 
 honour and advantage of his country, resulted from his 
 alertness and untiring industry, and from that intuitive 
 superiority of mind and judgment which in any other situa- 
 tion where he might be placed, would equally carry him 
 to similar prosperous results. In war, the dependance of 
 our country must be upon her citizens ; and the greatest 
 incentive to action is, that posts and places of the first dis- 
 tinction are open to all ; merit is the alone passport; and this 
 being possessed, the road to preferment lies unobstructed. 
 Let it, however, be understood, that he, who amidst the din 
 
SEMINOLE WAR. 317 
 
 and strife of war, by energy and perseverance, and conti- 
 nued success, attains to high distinction, shall in conse- 
 quence, afterwards be rejected from places of trust in civil 
 life, and if the tendency of such decision be not to destroy, 
 it must at least paralyze exertion in our future contests. The 
 sweetest solace to a soldier for the privations and dangers 
 encountered in war, is that his acts will be appreciated, 
 and gratefully remembered by his countrymen. It is this 
 emulation and pride of feeling which constitutes a citadel 
 impregnable to the rudest assaults of despotism. Take it 
 away; let the name of citizen soldier become a term of re- 
 proach, a species of ostracism, a disqualification to office, 
 and liberty and the rights of man will presently be known 
 *' no more for ever. " While the lofty spirit of Roman citi- 
 zens remained, Rome knew no conqueror, no superior. 
 While posts of honour and office in France stood open and 
 accessible to merit, from whatever quarter arising, and 
 every citizen felt himself a component part of the govern- 
 ment, the name of Frenchman was but another term for 
 invincible : and so must it ever be ! For all time to come 
 will it be found, that while freemen are giants, slaves and 
 dependants are but mere dwarfs in their country's de- 
 fence. But that man is without freedom and privilege, 
 who is denied the possession of a right through want of 
 any qualification other than what the constitution and laws 
 require ; and still more is he without them when the dis- 
 qualification sought to be imposed, shall be the result of 
 motive — of prejudice towards him, produced from efforts 
 made in the cause of his country, for defending her against 
 aggression, and in rescuing her from the grasp of an inva- 
 ding and powerful foe. Establish the principle : let the 
 term successful commander become one of reproach, pro- 
 scription, of disqualification to office, and civil trust, and 
 who shall be found to fight our future battles ? Love of 
 country will then abate, and brave, and gallant, and enter- 
 prising men, that only safe rampart, where liberty can 
 securely repose, will in moments of trial, in vain be sought 
 for. 
 
 D d 2 
 
KOTSS. 
 
 (A) 
 Proclamation of colonel NichoUs to the soutliern and western inhabitants. 
 
 Natives of Louisiana! on you the first call is made, to assist in 
 liberating" from a faithless, imbecile government, your paternal soil: 
 Spaniai-ds, Frenchmen, Italians, and British, whether settled, or re., 
 siding for a time in Louisiana, on you, also, I call, to aid me in thig 
 just cause : the American usurpation in this country must be abolish- 
 ed, and the lawful owners of the soil put in possession. I am at the 
 head of a large body of Indians, well armed, disciplined, and com- 
 manded by British officers— a good tr^n of artillery, with every 
 requisite, seconded by the powerful aid of a numerous British and 
 Spanish squadron of ships and vessels of war. Be not alarmed, in- 
 habitants of the country, at our approach; the same good faith and 
 disinterestedness, which has distinguished the conduct of Britons in 
 Europe, accompanies them here; you will have no fear of litigious 
 taxes imposed on you for the purpose of carrying on an unnatural and 
 unjust war; your property, your laws, the peace and tranquillity of 
 your country, wiU be guaranteed to you by men who will suffer no 
 infringement of theirs; rest assured that these brave red men only 
 burn with an ardent desire of satisfaction for the wrongs they have 
 suffered from the Americans; to join you in liberating these southern 
 provinces from their yoke, and drive them into those limits formerly 
 prescribed by my sovereign. The Indians have pledged themselves, 
 in the most solemn manner, not to injure, in the slightest degree, the 
 persons or properties of any but enemies. A flag over any door, 
 whether Spanish, French, or British, will be a certain protection; 
 nor dare any Indian put his foot on the threshold thereof, under 
 penalty of death from his own countrymen; not even an enemy will 
 an Indian put to death, except resisting in arms; and as for injuring 
 helpless women and children, the red men, by their good conduct, 
 and treatment to them, will (if it be possible) make the Americans 
 blush for their more inhuman conduct, lately on the Escambia, and 
 within a neutral territory. 
 
 Inhabitants of Kentucky, you hav« too long borne with grievous 
 impositions — the whole brunt of the war has fallen on your brave 
 sons; be imposed on no longer, but either range yourselves under the 
 standard of your forefathers, or observe a strict neutrality. If you 
 comply with either of these offers, whatever provisions you send 
 down, will be paid for in dollars, and the safety of the persons bring- 
 ing it, as well as the free navigation of the Mississippi, guaranteed 
 to you. 
 
320 NOTES. 
 
 Men of Kentucky, let me call to your view (and I trust to your 
 abhorrence) the conduct of those factions which hurried you into 
 this civil, unjust, and unnatural war, at a time when Great Britain wa3 
 straining- every nerve, in defence of her own, and the liberties of the 
 world — when the bravest of her sons were fighting and bleeding- in 
 so sacred a cause — when she was spending milhons of her treasure 
 in endeavouring to pull down one of the most foraiidable and danger- 
 ous tyrants that ever disgraced the form of man — when groaning 
 Europe was almost in her last gasp — when Britons alone showed an 
 imdaunted front — basely did those assassins endeavour to stab her 
 from the rear; she has turned on them, renovated from tlie bloody, 
 but successful struggle — Eiu-ope is happy and free, and she now 
 hastens, justly, to avenge the unprovoked insult. Show tliem that 
 you are not collectively unjust: leave that contemptible few to shift for 
 themselves; let those slaves of the tyrant send an embassy to Elba, 
 and implore his aid; but let every honest, upright American spurn 
 them with united contempt. After the experience of twenty-one 
 years, can you longer support those bi-awlers for iibci-ty, who call it 
 freedom, when themselves are free i* Be no longer their dupes — ac- 
 cept of my offers — ever}" thing 1 have promised in this paper, I 
 gxiarantee to you, on the sacredhonour of a British officer. 
 
 Given under my hand, at my hecul-quarters, 
 Pensacola, this 29th day of August, 181 1. 
 
 EDWATin NTCHOI.LS. 
 
 (B) 
 
 Letter to commodore Daniel T. Patterson. 
 
 Pensacola, Ath December, 1814. 
 
 SiK — ^I feel it a duty to apprise }ou of a very large force of the 
 enemy off this port, and it is generally understood New Orleans is 
 the object of attack. It amounts, at present, to about eighty vessels, 
 and more than double that number are momentarily looked for, to 
 form a junction, when an immediate commencement of their opera- 
 tions will take place, I am not able to learn how, when, or where 
 the attack will be made; but I understand that they have vessels of 
 all descriptions, and a large body of troops. Admiral Cochrane com- 
 mands; and his ship, the Tonnant, lies, at this moment, just outside 
 the bar. They certainly appear to have swept the West Indies of 
 troops, and probably no means will be left untried to obtain their ob- 
 ject. The admiral arrived only yesterday noon. 
 
 I am yours, 8cc. 
 
 N • * *. 
 
NOTES. 321 
 
 (C) 
 
 Letter from Charles K. Blanchard to general Jackson. 
 
 New Orlxajjs, March, 20, 1814. 
 Sir — I have the honour, agreeably to your request, to state to your 
 excellency, in writing", the substance of a conversation that occurred 
 between quarter-master Peddie, of the British army, and myself, on 
 tlie 11th instant, on board his Britannic Majesty's ship Hei-ald. Quar- 
 ter-master Peddie observed, that the commanding officers of the Bri- 
 tish forces were daily in the receipt of every information from the 
 city of New Orleans, which they might require, in aid of their ope- 
 rations, for the completion of the objects of the expedition; — that 
 they were perfectly acquainted with the* situation of every part of 
 our forces, the manner in which the same was situated, the number 
 of om* fortifications, their strength, position, &c. As to the battery 
 on the left bank of the Mississippi, he described its situation, its dis- 
 tance from the main post, and promptly offered me a plan of the 
 works. He fuilhermore stated, that the above information was re- 
 ceived from seven or eight persons, in the city of New Orleans, from 
 whom he could, at any hour, procure every infoniiation necessary to 
 promote his majesty's interest. 
 
 (D) 
 
 Address of major-generalJacksoii, on the 8th of January, to the troops on 
 the right bank of the river. 
 
 While, by the blessing of heaven, one of the most brilliant victo- 
 ries was obtained by the troops under my immediate command, no 
 words can express the mortification I felt, at witnessing the scene 
 exhibited on the opposite bank. I will spare your feehngs and my 
 own, nor enter into detail on the subject. To all who reflect, it must 
 be a source of eternal regret, that a few moments' exertion of that 
 courage you certainly possess, was alone wanting to have rendered 
 your success more complete tlian that of your fellow-citizens in this 
 camp. To what cause was the abandonment of your lines owing ^ 
 To fear? No! You are the countrymen, the friends, the brothers of 
 those who have secured to themselves, by their courage, the grati- 
 tude of their country? who have been prodigal of their blood in its 
 defence, and who are strangers to any other fear than disgi-ace. To 
 disaffection to our glorious cause ? No, my countrymen, your gen- 
 eral does justice to the pure sentiments by which you are inspired. 
 How then could brave men, firm in the cause in which they were 
 enrolled, neglect their first duty, and abandon the post committed to 
 their care? The want of discipUne, the want of order, a total disre- 
 gard to obedience, and a spirit of insubordination, not less destinictive 
 than cowardice itself, are the causes which led to this disaster, and 
 they must be eradicated, or I must cease to command. I desire to 
 
322 NOTES. 
 
 be distinctly understood, that every breach of orders, sJl want of 
 discipline, every inattention to duty, will be seriously and promptly 
 punished ; that the attentive officers, and good soldiers, may not be 
 mentioned in the disgrace and danger which the negligence of a few 
 may produce. Soldiei*s! you want only the will, in order to emulate 
 the glory of your fellow-citizens on tliis bank of the river — you have 
 the same motives for action; the same interest, the same country to 
 protect; and you have an additional interest, from past events, to wipe 
 off reproach, and show that you will not be inferior, in the day of 
 trial, to any of your countrymen. 
 
 But remember! witliout obedience, without order, without disci- 
 phne, all your efforts are vain. The brave man, inattentive to his 
 duty, is worth little more to liis country than the coward who deserts 
 her in the hour of danger.^ Private opinions, as to the competency 
 of. officers, must not be indulged, and still less expressed; it is impos- 
 sible that the measures of those who command should satisfy all who 
 are bound to obey; and one of the most dangerous faults in a soldier, 
 is a disposition to criticise and blame the orders and characters of his 
 superiors. Soldiers! I know that many of you have done your duty; 
 and I trust, in future, I shall have no reason to make any exception. 
 Officers! I have the fullest confidence that you will enforce obedi- 
 ence to your commands; but, above all, that by subordination in 
 your different grades, you will set an example to your men; and that, 
 hereafter, the army of the right will yield to none in the essential 
 quaUties which characterize good soldiers; — that they will earn their 
 share of those honours and rewards which their country will prepare 
 for its deliverers. , 
 
 ANDREW JACKSON, 
 
 Major- General commmanding 
 
 (E) 
 
 Address delivered to major-general Andreic Jackson, by the 7'everend fV 
 Duhourg, administrate apostolic of the diocess of Louisiana. 
 
 General, — While tlie slate of Louisiana, in the joyful transports 
 of her gratitude, hails you as her deliverer, and the nsserter of her 
 menaced hberties — whDe grateful America, so lately wrapped up in 
 anxious suspense, for the fate of this important city, is re-echoing from 
 shore to shore yoiu* splendid achievements, and preparing to Inscribe 
 your name on her immortal rolls, among those of her Washingtons — 
 while liistoiy, poetry, and the monumental arts, will vie in consigning 
 to the admiration of the latest posterity, a triumph perhaps unparal- 
 leled in their records — while thus raised, by universal acclamation, 
 to the very pinnacle of fame, how easy had it been for you, general, 
 to forget the Prime Mover of your wonderful successes, and to as- 
 sume to yourself a praise, which must essentially return to that ex- 
 alted source whence every merit is derived. But, better acquainted 
 with the nature of true glory, and justly placing the summit of your 
 
NOTES. 323 
 
 ambition, in approving yourself the worthy instrument of Heaven's 
 merciful desigiis, the first impulse of your religious heart was to ac- 
 knowledge the. signal interposition of Providence — your first step, a 
 solemn display o^ your humble sense of his favours. 
 
 Still agitated at the remembrance of those dreadful agonies, from 
 wliich we have been so mii'aculously rescued, it is our pride to ac- 
 knowledge, that the Almighty has truly had the principal hand in our 
 deliverance, and to follow you, general, in attributing to his infinite 
 goodness, the homage of our unfeigned gratitude. Let the infatuated 
 votary of a blind chance deride our credulous simplicity; let the cold- 
 hearted Atheist look for the explanation of important events to the 
 mere concatenation of human causes: to us, the whole universe is 
 loud in proclaiming a Supreme Ruler, who, as he holds the hearts of 
 men in his hands, holds also the thread of all contingent occurrences. 
 "Whatever be His intermediate agents," says an illustrious prelate, 
 " still on the secret orders of His all-ruling providence, depend the 
 rise and prosperity, as well as the decline and downfall of empires. 
 From His lofty throne, he moves every scene below, now curbing, 
 now letting loose, the passions of men; now infusing His own wisdom 
 into the leaders of nations; now confounding their boasted prudence, 
 and spreading upon their councils a spirit of intoxication ; and thus 
 executing His uncontrollable judgments on the sons of men, accord- 
 ing to the dictates of His own unerring justice." 
 
 To Hiniy therefore, our most fervent thanks are due, for our late 
 Unexpected rescue. It is Him we intend to praise, when considering 
 you, general, as the man of his right hand, whom he has taken pains 
 to fit out for the important commission of our defence. We extol 
 that fecundity of genius, by which, under the most discouraging dis- 
 tress, you created unforeseen resources, raised, as it were, from the 
 ground, hosts of intrepid warriors, and provided every vulnerable 
 point with ample means of defence. To Him we trace that instinc- 
 tive superiority of your mind, which at once rallied around you uni- 
 versal confidence; impressed one irresistible movement to all the 
 jarring elements ofwhichthispohtical machine is composed; aroused 
 their slumbering spu-its, and diffused through eveiy rank the noble 
 ardour which glowed in your own bosom. To Him, in fine, we ad- 
 dress our acknowledgments for that consummate prudence which 
 defeated all the combinations of a sagacious enemy, entangled him in 
 the very snared which he had spread for us, and succeeded in effect- 
 ing his utter destruction, without exposing the lives of our citizens. 
 Immortal thanks be to His Supreme Majesty, for sending us such an 
 instrument of His bountiful designs! A gift of that value is the best 
 token of the continuance of His protection — the most solid encour- 
 agement to sue for new favours. The first which it emboldens us 
 humbly to supplicate, as nearest our throbbing hearts, is, that you 
 may long enjoy the honour of your grateful country; of which you 
 will permit us to present you a pledge, in this wreath of laurel, the 
 prize of victory, the symbol of immortality. The next is a speedy 
 and honourable termination of the bloody contest in which we are 
 engaged. No one has so efficaciously laboxired as you, general, for 
 the acceleration of that blissful period; may we soon reap that sweet- 
 est fruit of your splendid and uninterrupted victories. 
 
^'»24 NOTES. 
 
 General Jackson^s Reply. 
 
 Reveuestd Sin, — I receive, with gi-atitude and pleasure, the sym- 
 bolical crown which piety has prepared. I receive it in the name 
 of the brave men who have so effectually seconded my exertions; — 
 they well deserve the laiu-els which their country will bestow. 
 
 For myself, to have been instrumental in the delivei*ance of such a 
 country, is the greatest blessing- that heaven could confer. That it 
 has been effected with so little loss— that so few tears should cloud 
 the smiles of our triumph, and not a cypress 4eaf be interwoven in 
 the wreath which you present, is a source of the most exquisite 
 pleasure. 
 
 I thank you, reverend sir, most sincerely, for the prayers which 
 you offer up for my happiness. May those j'our patriotism dictates, 
 for our beloN'ed country, be first heard: and may mine, for your in- 
 dividual prosperity, as well as that of the congregation committed to 
 your care, be favoui-ably received — the prosperity, wealth, and hap- 
 piness of this city, will then be commensurate with the coui*age and 
 other qualities of its inhabitants. 
 
 (F) 
 
 f.i7i.nver submitted by major-geniral Jackson, on a rule to show cause why 
 an attachment for contempt should twi issue against him. 
 
 Without submitting to the jurisdiction of the com-t, or acknow- 
 ledging the regularity of its proceedings, but expressly denying the 
 same — in order to give a fair and true exposition of his conduct, on 
 every occasion in which it may be drawn into question — This Re- 
 spondent saith. 
 
 That previously to, and soon after, his arrival in this section of the 
 seventh military district, he received several letters and communica- 
 tions, putting him on his guard against a portion of the inhabitants of 
 the state, the legislature, and foreign emissaries in the city. Tlie 
 population of the country was represented as divided by political 
 parties and national prejudices: a gi-eat portion of them attxiched to 
 foreign powers and disaffected to the government of tlieir own coun- 
 try, and some, as totally unwortliy of confidence. The militia was 
 described as resisting the authority of their commandei'-in-cliief, and 
 encouraged intheir disobedience by the legislature of the state. Tiiat 
 legislature characterized as politically rotten, and the whole st;\te in 
 such a situation as to make it necessary to look for defence princi- 
 pally from the regular troops, and the militia from other st;ites. 
 Among those representations, the most important, from the official 
 station of the writer, were those of the governor. On the 8th of 
 August, 1814, he says — 
 
 "On a late occasion I had the mortification to acknowledge my 
 inability to meet a requisition from general Flournoy; the corps of 
 this city having, for the most part, resisted my orders, being encour- 
 
NOTES, 325 
 
 aged in their disobedience by the legislature of the state, then in ses- 
 sion; one branch of which, the senate, having declared the requisi- 
 tion illegal and oppressive, and the house of representatives having 
 rejected a propositon to approve the measure. How far I shall be 
 supported in my late orders, remains yet to be proved. I have rea- 
 son to calcidate upon the patriotism of the interior and western 
 countries. 1 know also that there are many faithful citizens in Nev/ 
 Orleans; but there are others, in whose attachment to the United 
 States I ought not to confide. Upon tlie whole, sir, I cannot disguise 
 the fact, that if Louisiana should be attacked, we must principally 
 depend for security upon the prompt movement of the regular force 
 under your command, and the militia of the western states and terri- 
 tories. At this moment, we are in a very unprepared and defenceless 
 condition: several impoi-tant points of defence remain unoccupied, 
 and in case of a sudden attack, this capital would, I fear, fall an 
 easy sacrifice." 
 
 On the 12th of the same month, the respondent was told — 
 ** On the native Americans, and a vast majority of the Creoles of 
 the country, I place much confidence, nor do I doubt the fidelity of 
 many Europeans, who have long resided in the country; but there 
 are others, much devoted to the interest of Spain, and whose par- 
 tiality to the English is not less observable than their dislike to the 
 American government." 
 
 In a letter of the 24th, the same ideas are repeated — 
 " Be assured, sir, that no exertions shall be wanting, on my part; 
 but I cannot disguise from you, that 1 have a very difl[icult people to 
 manage: to this moment, no opposition to the requisition has mani- 
 fested itself, but I am not seconded with that ardent zeal, which, in 
 my opinion, the crisis demands. We look with gi-eat anxiety to your 
 movements, and place our greatest reliance for safety, on the energy 
 and patriotism of the western states. In Louisiana, there are many 
 faithful citizens; these last persuade themselves, that Spain vv'ill soon 
 repossess herself of Louisiana, and they seem to beUeve, that a com- 
 bined Spanish and English force will soon appear on our coast. 
 If Louisiana is invaded, I shall put myself at the head of such of my 
 militia as will follow me to the field, and, o'a receiving, shall obey your 
 orders. I need not assure you of my entire confidence in you, as a 
 commander, and of the pleasure I shall experience in supporting all 
 your measures for the common defence; but, sir, a cause of inde- 
 scribable chagrin to me is, that I am not at the head of a willing and 
 united people: native Americans, native Louisianians, Frenchmen, 
 and Spaniards, with some Englishmen, compose the mass of the popu- 
 lation — among them, there exists much jealousy, and as great differ- 
 ences in political sentiments as in their language a)id habits. But, 
 nevertheless, sir, if we are supported by a respectable body of regu- 
 lar troops, or of western militia, I trust I shall be able to bring to 
 your aid, a v^aliant and faithful corps of Louisiana militia: but if we 
 are left to rely principally on our own resources, I fear existing jea- 
 lousies will lead to a distrust so general, that we shall be able to 
 make but a feeble resistance." 
 
 On the 8th of September, the governor remarks, the spirit of dis 
 
 EC 
 
326 NOTES. 
 
 affection is said to be ^eater than was supposed — the country is said 
 to be filled with ^pies and traitors. " Enclosed you have copies of my 
 late general orders. They may, and I trust will be obeyed; but to 
 this moment my fellow-citizens have not manifested all that union and 
 zeal the crisis demands, and their own safety requires. There is in 
 this city a much greater spirit of disaffection than I hud anticipated; 
 and among- the faithful Louisianians there is a despondency which 
 palsies all my preparations; they see no strong regular force, around 
 which they could i-ally with confidence, and they seem to think 
 themselves not within the reach of seasonable assistance from the 
 western states. I am assured, sir, you will make the most judicious 
 disposition of the forces under your command; but excuse me for 
 suggesting, that the presence of the seventh regiment, at or near 
 New Orleans, will have the most salutary effect. The garrison here 
 at present is alarmingly weak, and is a cause of much regret: from 
 the great mixture of persons, and characters, in this cit}% we have 
 as much to apprehend fi-cm within as from without. In arresting the 
 intercourse between New Orleans and Pensacola, you have done 
 right. Pensacola is, in fact, an enemy's post, and had our commer- 
 cial intercourse with it continued, the supplies furnished to the ene- 
 my would have so much exhausted our own stock of provisions, as to 
 have occasioned the most serious inconvenience to oui-selves. I was 
 on the point of taking on myself the prohibition of the trade with 
 Pensacola: I had prepared a proclamation to that effect, and would 
 have issued it the very day I heard of your interposition. Enemies 
 to the country may blame you for your prompt and energetic mea- 
 sures; but, in the pers'on of every patriot, you will find a supporter. 
 I am very confident of the very lax police of this city, and indeed 
 throughout the state, with respect to the visits of strangers. I think, 
 with you, that our country is filled with spies and traitors: I have 
 written pressinglyon the subject to the city authorities and parish 
 judges. — I hope some efficient regulations will speedily be adopted 
 by the first, and more vigilance exerted for the future by the latter.'* 
 
 On the 19th of September, speaking of the drafts of militia, he 
 says — 
 
 " The only difficulty I have hitherto experienced in meeting the 
 requisition, has been in this city, and exclusively from some European 
 Frenchmen, who, after giving their adhesion to Louis XVIII, have, 
 through the medium of the French consul, claimed exemption from 
 the drafls, as French subjects. The question of exemption, however, 
 is now under discussion, before a special court of inquiry, and ! am 
 not without hopes, that these ungrateful men may yet be brought to 
 a discharge of their duties." 
 
 On the necessity of securing the coimtry against the machinations 
 of foreigners, he, on the 4th of November, infoi-med the respondent — 
 
 *' You have been infoi-med of tlie contents of an intercepted letter, 
 written by colonel Colicl, a Spanish officer, to captain Morales, of 
 Peneacola. — This letter was submitted for the opinion of the attorney- 
 general of the state, as to measures to be pursued against the writer. 
 The attorney-general was opinion, th.at the courts could take no 
 cognizance of the same: but that the governor might order the 
 
NOTES. 327 
 
 writer to leave the state, and in case of refusal, to send him cflT by 
 force. I accordingly, sir, ordered colonel Colielto take his departure, 
 in forty -eight hours, for Pensacola, and g-ave him the necessary pass- 
 ports. I hope this measure may meet your approbation. It is a just 
 retaliation for the conduct lately observed by the govei'nor of Pensa- 
 cola, and may induce the Spaniards, residing among us, to be less 
 communicative upon those subjects which relate to our mihtary 
 movements. 
 
 With the impressions this correspondence was calculated to pro- 
 duce, the respondent amved in this city, where, in different conver- 
 sations, the same ideas were enforced, and he was advised, not only 
 by the governor of the state, but very many influential persons, to 
 proclaim martial law, as the only means of producing union, over- 
 coming disaffection, detecting treason, and calling forth the energies 
 of the country. This measure was discussed and recommended to 
 the respondent, as he well recollects, in the presence of the judge 
 of this hononi-able court, who not only made no objection, but seem- 
 ed, by his gestures and silence, to approve of its being adopted. 
 These opinions, respectable in themselves, derived greater weight 
 from that which the govei-nor expressed, of the legislature then in 
 session. He represented their fidelity as ver\' doubtful; ascribed de- 
 sign to their prolonged session; and appeared extremely desirous that 
 they should adjourn. 
 
 The respondent had also been informed that, in the house of re- 
 presentatives, the idea that a very considerable part of the state be- 
 longed to the Spanish government, and ought not to be represented, 
 had been openly advocated, and favourably heard. The co-operation 
 of the Spaniards with the English, was, at that time, a prevalent 
 idea. — This information, therefore, appeared highly important. He 
 determined to examine, \vith the utmost care, aU the facts that had 
 been communicated to him; and not to act upon the advice he had 
 received, until the clearest demonstration should have determined its 
 propriety. He v.'as then ahnost an entire stranger in the place he 
 was sent to defend, and unacquainted with the language of a majori- 
 ty of its inhabitants. While these circumstances were unfavourable 
 to his obtaining information, on the one hand, they precluded, on the 
 other, a suspicion that his measures were dictated by personal friend 
 ship, private animosity, or party views. Uninfluenced by such mo- 
 tives, he began his observations. He sought for information, and tp 
 obtain it, com-municated with men of every description. He believed 
 that even then he discovered those high qualities, which have since 
 distingnished those brave defenders of their country: — that the 
 variety of language, the difference of habit, and even the national 
 prejudices, which seemed to divide the inhabitants, might be made, 
 if properly directed, the source of the most honourable emidation. 
 DeUcate attentions were necessary to foster this disposition; and the 
 highest energy, to restrain the effects that such an assemblage was 
 calculated to produce; he determined to avail himself of both, and 
 with this view called to his aid the impulse of national feeling, the 
 higher motives of patriotic sentiment, and the noble enthusiasm of 
 valour. They operated in a manner which history will record; all 
 
328 NOTES. 
 
 who could be influenced by those feelings, rallied without delay, 
 round the standard of their country. Their efforts, however, would 
 have been unavaiUng-, if the disaffected had been permitted to coun- 
 teract them by their treason, the timid to paralyze them by their 
 example, and both to stand aloof in the hour of danger, and enjoy 
 the fruit of victoi-y, without participating in the danger of defeat. 
 
 A disciplined and powerful army was on our coast, commanded by 
 officers of tried valour and consiunmate skill; their fleet had already 
 destroyed the feeble defence, on which, alone, we could rely to pre- 
 vent their landing on our shores. Their point of attack was uncer- 
 tain — a himdred inlets were to be guarded, by a force not sufficient 
 in number for one; we had no lines of defence; treason lurked 
 among us, and only waited the moment of expected defeat to show 
 itself openly. Our men were few, and of those few, not all were 
 anned; our prospect of aid and supply was distant and uncertain; our 
 utter ruin, if we failed, at hand, and inevitable; everything depend- 
 ed on the prompt and energetic use of the means we possessed — on 
 calling the whole force of the community into action; it was a con- 
 test for the veiy existence of the state, and every nerve was to be 
 strained in its defence. The physical force of every individual, his 
 moral faculties, his property, and the energy of his example, were 
 to be called into action, and instant action. No delay — no hesitation, 
 — no inquiry about rights, or a// was lost: and every thing dear to 
 man, his property, life, the honour of his family, his country, its con- 
 stitution and laws, were swept away by the avowed principles, the 
 open practice of the enemy with whom we had to contend. Fortifi- 
 cations were to be erected, supphes procured, arms sought for, re- 
 quisitions made, the erfussaries of the enemy watched, lurking trea- 
 son overawed, insubordination punished, and the contagion of cow- 
 ardly example to be stopped. 
 
 In this crisis, and under a firm persuasion that none of those ob- 
 jects could be effected by the exercise of the ordinary powers con- 
 fided to him — under a solemn conviction that the country committed 
 to his care could be saved by that measure only from utter ruin — 
 under a religious belief, that he was performing the most important 
 and sacred duty, the respondent proclaimed martial law. He intend- 
 ed, by that measure, to supersede such civil powers as, in their ope- 
 ration, interfered with those he was obliged to exercise. He thought, 
 in such a moment, constitutional forms must be suspended, for the 
 permanent preservation of constitutional rights, and that there could 
 be no question, whether it were best to depart for a moment, from 
 the enjoyment of our dearest privileges, or have them wrested from 
 us for ever. He knew, that if the civil magistrates were permitted 
 to exercise their usual functions, none of the measures necessary to 
 avert the awful fate that threatened us, could be expected. Personal 
 liberty cannot exist at a time when every man is required to become 
 a soldier. Private property cannot be secured when its use is indis- 
 pensable to the public safety. Unlimited liberty of speech is incom- 
 patible with the discipline of a camp ; and that of the press more 
 dangerous still, when made the vehicle of conveying intelligence to 
 the enemy, or exciting mutiny among the troops. To have suffered 
 
NOTES. 329 
 
 the uncontrolled enjoyment of any of those rights, during the time 
 of the late invasion, would have been to abandon the defence of the 
 country: the civil magistrate is the guardian of those rights; and the 
 proclamation of martial law was therefore intended to supersede the 
 exercise of his authority, so far as it interfered with the necessary 
 resti'ictions of those rights; but iw further. 
 
 The respondent states these principles explicitly, because they 
 are the basis of his defence, and because a mistaken notion has been 
 circulated, that the declaration of martial law only subjected the 
 militia hi senice to its operation. This would, indeed, have been a 
 very useless ceremony, as such persons v/ere already subject to it, 
 without the addition of any other act. Besides, if the proclamation 
 of martial law were a measure of necessity, — a measure, without the 
 exercise of which the country must unquestionably have been con- 
 quered, then does it form a complete justification for the act. If it do 
 not, in what manner will the proceeding by attachment for contempt 
 be justified? It is undoubtedly and strictly a criminal prosecution; and 
 the constitution declares, that in all criminal prosecutions, the accused 
 shall have the benefit of a trial by jiu"y; yet a prosecution is even 
 now g'oing on in this court, where no benefit is allowed. Why^ 
 From the alleged necessity of the case, because courts could not, it 
 is said, subsist without a power to punish promptly by their own act„ 
 and without the intervention of a jury. Necessity then, may, in some 
 cases, justify a departure from the constitution: and if, in the doubt- 
 ful case of avoiding confusion in a court, shall it be denied in the se- 
 rious one of preserving a country from conquest and ruin'* The re- 
 spondent begs leave to explain, that in using this argument, he does 
 not mean to admit the existence of necessity in the case of attach- 
 ment; but to show that the principle of a justification from necessity 
 is admitted, even in the weaker case. If the legislature of the Unit- 
 ed States have given to courts the pov.er to punish contempt, it is 
 no answer to this defence, for the reason — first, because the woi-ds 
 of the law do not necessarily exclude the interventionof a jury; and 
 secondly, if they do, the law itself is contrary to the words of the 
 constitution, and can only be supported on the plea of necessity; to 
 which head it is referred by the English writers on tlie subject. 
 
 The only responsibility which has been incurred in the present 
 case is that which arises from necessity. This, the respondent 
 agrees, m.ust not be doubtful; it must be apparent, from the circum- 
 stances of the case, or it forms no justification. He submits all his 
 acts, therefore, to be tested by this rule. 
 
 To the forcible reasons which he has detailed, as impelling him 
 to this measure, he ought to add, that he has since, by the confession 
 of the enemy himself, received aconfinnaticn of the opinions, which 
 he had then good reason to believe; that there were men among" us 
 so depraved, as to give daily and exact information of our movements, 
 and our forces; that the number of those persons was considerable, 
 and their activity unceasing. The names cf those wretches will 
 probably be discovered; and the respondent persuades himself, that 
 this tribunal will employ itself, with greater satisfaction, in inflicting 
 
 E e 2 
 
^^^ NOTES. 
 
 the punishment due to their crimes, than it now does in investigating 
 the measures that were taken to counteract them. 
 
 If example can justify, or the practice of others sen'e as a proof 
 of necessity, the respondent has ample materials for his defence; not 
 from analogous construction, but from the conduct of all the differ- 
 ent departments of the state government, in the very case now under 
 discussion. 
 
 The legislature of the state, having no constitutional power to 
 
 regulate or restrain commerce, on the day of December inst 
 
 passed an act laying an embargo — the executive sanctioned it, and, 
 from a conviction of its necessity, it was acquiesced in. The samd 
 legislatiu-e shut up the courts of justice for four months, to all civil 
 suitors — the same executive sanctioned that law, and the judiciar\' 
 not only acquiesced, but solemnly approved it. 
 
 The governor, as appears by one of the letters quoted, undertook 
 to inflict the punishment of exile upon an inhabitant, without any form 
 of law, merely because he thought that an individual's presence 
 might be dangerous to the public safety. 
 
 The judge of this very court, duly impressed with the emergency 
 of the moment, and the necessity of employing ever}"^ means of de- 
 fence, consented to the discharge of men committed and indiated for 
 capital crimes, without bail, and without recognizance : and probably 
 under an impression that the exercise of his functions would be use- 
 less, absented himself from the place where his court was to be hold- 
 en, and postponed its session, during a regular term. 
 
 Thus the conduct of the legislative, executive, and judiciary 
 branches of the government of this state, have borne the fullest tes- 
 timony of the existence of the necessity, on which the respondent 
 relies. 
 
 The unqualified approbation of the legislature of the United States, 
 and such of the individual states as were in session, ought also to be 
 admitted, as no slight means of defence; inasmuch as all these re- 
 spectable bodies were fully apprised of his proclamation of martial . 
 law, and some of them seem to refer to it, by thanking him for the 
 energy of his measures. 
 
 The respondent, therefore, believes he has established the neces- 
 sity of proclaiming martial law. He has shown the effects of that 
 declaration; and it only remains to prove, in answer to the inile, that 
 the power assumed from necessity, was not abused in its exercise, 
 nor improperly protracted in its duration. 
 
 All the acts mentioned in the rule, took place after the enemy 
 had retired from the position they had at first assumed — after they had 
 met with a signal defeat, and after an unofficial account had been re- 
 ceived of the signature of a treaty of peace. Each of these circura- 
 stances might be, to one who did not see the whole ground, a suffi- 
 cient reason for supposing that further acts of energy' and vigour 
 were unnecessary. On the mind of the respondent, they had a dif- 
 ferent effect. The enemy had retired from their position, it is tnie; 
 but they were still on the coast, and within a few hours' sail of the 
 city. They liad been defeated, and with loss; but that loss was to 
 
NOTES» 331 
 
 be repaired by expected reenforcements: Their numbers still much 
 more than quadrupled all the regular forces which the respondent 
 could command; and the term of service of his most efficient milita 
 force was about to expire. Defeat, to a powerful and active enemy, 
 was more likely to operate as an incentive to renewed and increased 
 exertion, than to inspire them with despondency, or to paralyze their 
 efforts. A treaty, it is true, had been probably signed; yet it might 
 not be ratified. Its contents had not transpired, and no reasonable con- 
 jecture could be formed, that it would be acceptable. The influence 
 which the account of its signature had on the army, was deleterious 
 in the extreme, and showed a necessity for increased energy, instead 
 of a relaxation of discipline. Men, who had shown themselves zeal- 
 ous in the preceding part of the campaign, now became lukewarm 
 in the service. Those whom no danger could appal, and no labour 
 discourage, complained of the hardships of the camp. When the 
 enemy were no longer immediately before them, they thought them- 
 selves oppressed, by being detained in service. Wicked and weak 
 men, who, from their situation in life, ought to have furnished a bet- 
 ter example, secretly encouraged this spirit of insubordination. They 
 affected to pity the hardships of those w^ho were kept in the field; 
 they fomented discontent by insinuating that the merits of those to 
 whom they addressed themselves, had not been sufficiently noticed 
 or applauded; and to so high a degree had the disorder at length 
 risen, that at one period, only fifteen men and one officer, out of a 
 whole regiment, stationed to guard the very avenue through which 
 the enemy had penetrated into the country, were found at their post. 
 At another point equally important, a whole corps, on which the 
 greatest reliance had been placed, operated upon by the acts of a 
 foreign agent, suddenly deserted their post. 
 
 If, trusting to an uncertain peace, the respondent had revoked his 
 proclamation, or ceased to act under it, the fatal security by which 
 we were lulled, might have destroyed all discipline, have dissolved 
 all his force, and left him without any means of defending the countiy 
 against an enemy, instructed, by the traitors within our own bosom, 
 of the time and place at which he might safely make his attack. In 
 such an event, his life might have been offered up; yet it would have 
 been but a feeble expiation, for the disgi-ace and misery, into which, 
 by his criminal negligence, he had permitted the country to be 
 plunged. 
 
 He thought peace a probable, but by no means a certain event. If 
 it had really taken place, a few days must bring the official advice of 
 it; and he beheved it better to submit, during tliose few days, to the 
 salutary restraints imposed, than to put every thing dear to ourselves 
 and country at risk upon an uncertain contingency. Admit the chances 
 to have been a hundred or a thousand to one in favour of the ratifi- 
 cation, and against any renewed attempts of the enemy; what should 
 we say or think of the prudence of the man, who would stake his 
 life, his fortune, his country, and his honour, even with such odds in 
 his favour, against a few days' anticipated enjoyment of the blessings 
 of peace ? The respondent could not bring himself to play so deep a 
 hazard; uninfluenced by the clamours of the ignorant and the design- 
 
332 NOTES. 
 
 ing, he continued the exercise of that law which necessity had compel- 
 led him to proclaim ; and he still thinks himself justified, by the situation 
 of affairs, for the course which he adopted and pursued. Has he 
 exercised tliis power wantonly or improperly^ If so, he is liable; 
 not, as he believes, to this bono irable court for contempt, but to his 
 government for an abuse of power, and those individuals whom he 
 has injured, in damages proportioned to that injury. 
 
 About the period last described, the consul of France, who ap- 
 pears, by governor Claiborne's letter, to have embarrassed the first 
 drafts by his claims in favour of pretended subjects of his king, re- 
 newed his interference; his certificates were given to men in the 
 ranks of the army; to some who had never applied, and to others 
 who wished to use them as the means of obtaining an inglorious ex- 
 emption from danger and fatigiie. The immunity derived from these 
 certificates not only tl^nned the ranks, by the withdrawal of those to 
 whom they were given, but produced the desertion of othei-s, who 
 thought themselves equally entitled to the privilege; and to this 
 cause must be traced the abandonment of the important post of Chef 
 Menteur, and the temporary refusal of a rehef ordered to occupy it. 
 
 Under these circumstances, to remove the force of an example 
 which had already occasioned such dangerous consequences, and to 
 punish those who were so unwilling to defend what they were so 
 ready to enjoy, the respondent issued a genei-al order, directing those 
 French subjects, who had availed themselves of the consul's certifi- 
 cates, to remove out of the lines of defence, and far enough to avoid 
 any temptation of intercourse with our enemy, whom they were so 
 sci-iipulous of oppo.siftg. This measure was resorted to, as the mild- 
 est mode of proceeding against a dangerous and increasing evil; and 
 the respondent had the less scruple of his power, in this instance, as 
 it was not quite so strong as that which governor Claiborne had ex- 
 ercised, before the invasion, by the advice of his attorney -general, 
 in the case of colonel Cliel. 
 
 It created, however, some sensation; — discontents v.'ere again fo- 
 mented, from the source that had first produced them. Aliens and 
 strangers became the most violent advocates of constitutional inghts, 
 and native Americans were taught the value of their privileges, by 
 those who formally disavowed any title to their enjoyment. The 
 order was particularly opposed, in an anonymous publication. In 
 this, the author deliberately and wickedly misrepresented tlie order, 
 as subjecting to removal all Frenchmen whatever, even those who 
 had gloriously fought in defence of tlie country; and, after many 
 dangerous and unwarrantable declarations, he closes, by cdling upon 
 all Frenchmen to flock to the standard of their consul — thus advisin^- 
 and producing an act of mutiny and insubordination, and publishing 
 the evidence of our weakness and discord to the enemy, who were 
 still in our vicinity, anxious, no doubt, before the cessation of hostili- 
 ties, to wipe away the late stain upon tlieir arms. To have silently 
 looked on such an offence, without making any attempt to punish it, 
 would have been a formal surrender of all discipline, all order, all 
 pcnional dignity, and public safety. This could not be done; and the 
 respondent immediately ordered the arrest of the offender. A v/rit 
 
NOTESo 333 
 
 of habeas corpus was directed to issue for his enlargement. The very 
 case which had been foreseen, the very contingency on which mar- 
 tial law was intended to operate, had now occurred. The civil niag^s- 
 trate seemed to think it liis duty to enforce the enjoyment of civil 
 rig-hts, although the consequences which have been described, would 
 probably have resulted. An unbending sense of what he seemed to 
 think his station required, induced him to order the liberation of the 
 prisoner. This, under the respondent's sense of duty, produced a 
 conflict wliich it was his wish to avoid. 
 
 No other course remained, than to enforce the principles which he 
 had laid down as his guide, and to suspend the exercise of this judicial 
 power, wherever it interfered with the necessary means of defence. 
 The only way efPectually to do this, was to place the judge in a situa- 
 tion in which his interference could not counteract the measures of 
 defence, or give countenance to the mutinous disposition that had 
 shown itself in so alarming a degree. Merely to have disregarded 
 the writ, would but have increased the evil, and to have obeyed it, 
 was wholly repugnant to the respondent's ideas of the public safety, 
 and to his own sense of duty. The judge was therefore confined, 
 and removed beyond the lines of defence. 
 
 As to the paper mentioned in the rule, which the respondent is 
 charged with taking and detaining, he answers, that when the wrk 
 was produced by the clerk of this honourable court, the date of its 
 issuance appeared to have been altered from the 5th to the 6th. He 
 was questioned respecting the apparent alteration, and acknowledged 
 it had been done by judge Hall, and not in the presence of the party 
 who made the affidavit. This material alteration, in a paper that 
 concerned him, gave the respondent, as he thought, a right to detain 
 it for further investigation, which he accordingly did; but gave a 
 certified copy, and an acknowledgment that the original was in his 
 possession. 
 
 The respondent aVows, that he considered this alteration in the 
 date of the affidavit, as it was then explained to him by the clerk, to 
 be such evidence of a personal, not judicial interference, and activity, 
 in behalf of a man charged with the most serious offence, as justified 
 the idea then formed, that the judge approved his conduct, and sup- 
 ported liis attempts to excite disaffection among the troops. 
 
 This was the conduct of the respondent, and these the motives 
 which prompted it. They have been fairly and openly exposed to 
 this tribunal, and to the world, and would not have been accompanied 
 by any exception or waver of jurisdiction, if it had been deemed ex- 
 pedient to give him that species of trial, to which he thinks himself 
 entitled, by the constitution of his country. The powers which the 
 exigency of the times forced liim to assume, have been exercised 
 exclusively for the public good; and, by the blessing of God, they 
 have been attended with unparalleled success. They have saved 
 the country; and whatever may be the opinion of that country, or 
 the decrees of its courts, in relation to the means he has used, he 
 can never regret that he employed them. 
 
 ANDREW JACKSON, 
 
334 NOTES. 
 
 Address to the troops at New Orleans^ after the annunciation of pea 
 
 The major-general is at length enabled to perform the pleasi.ig 
 task of restoring- to Tennessee, Kentucky, Louisiana, and the territcuy 
 of the Mississippi, the brave troops who have acted such a distinguish- 
 ed part in the war which has just terminated. In restoring these 
 brave men to their homes, much exertion is expected of, and great 
 responsibility imposed on, the commanding- officers of the different 
 corps. It is required of major-g"enerals Carroll and Thomas, and 
 brigadier-g-eneral Coffee, to march their commands, without unne- 
 cessary delay, to their respective states. The troops from the Mis- 
 sissippi territory and state of Louisiana, both militia and volunteers, 
 v.ill be immediately mustered out of service, paid, and discharg-ed. 
 
 The major-generalhas the satisfaction of announcing- the approba- 
 tion of the president of the United States to the conduct of the troops 
 under his command, expressed, in flattering- terms, throug-h the ho- 
 nourable the secretary at war. 
 
 In parting w ith those brave men, whose destinies have been so 
 long united with his own, and in whose labours and glories it is his 
 happiness and his boast to have participated, the commanding general 
 can neither suppress his feelings, nor give uttemnce to them as he 
 ought. In what terms can he bestow suitable praise on merit so ex- 
 traordinary, so unparalleled? Let him, in one burst of joy, gratitude, 
 and exultation, exclaim — " These are the saviours of their countrv' — 
 these the patriot soldiers, who triumphed over the invincibles of 
 "VVellington, and conqafered the conquerors of Europe!" With what 
 patience did you submit to privations — with what fortitude did 'you 
 endure fatigue— what valour did you display in the day of battle! 
 You have secured to America a proud name among the nations of the 
 earth — a glory which will never perish. 
 
 Possessing those dispositions, which equally adorn the citizen and 
 the soldier, the expectations of your country will be met in peace, as 
 her wishes have been gratified in war. Go, then, my brave com- 
 panions, to your homes; to those tender connexions, and blissful 
 scenes; which render life so dear — full of honour, and crowned with 
 laurels which will never fade. When participating in the bosoms of 
 your families, the enjoyment of peaceful life, with what happiness 
 will you not look back to the toils you have borne — to the dangers you 
 have encountered' how will all your past exposures be converted 
 into sources of inexpressible delight? Who, that never experienced 
 your sufferings, will be able to appreciate your joys i* The man who 
 slumbered ingloriously at home, during your painful marches, your 
 nights of watchfulness, and your days of toil, will envy you the hap- 
 piness which these recollections will afford — still more will he envy 
 the gratitude of that country, which you have so eminently contri- 
 buted to save. 
 
 Continue, fellow soldiers, on your passage to your several destina- 
 tions, to preserve that subordination, that dignified and manly deport- 
 ment, which have so ennobled your character. 
 
NOTES. 335 
 
 While the commanding general is thus giving indulgence to his 
 elings, towards those brave companions, who accompanied him 
 n-ough difficulties and dangers, he cannot permitthe names of Blount, 
 and Shelby, and Holmes, to pass unnoticed. With what generous 
 dixlour and patriotism have these distinguished governors contributed 
 all their exertions, to provide the means of victory! The recoUeci 
 tiou of then* exertions, and of the success which has resulted, will be 
 to them a reward more grateful than any which the pomp of title, or 
 the splendour of wealth, can bestow. 
 
 What happiness it is to the commanding general, that while dan- 
 ger was before him, he was, on no occasion, compelled to use to- 
 wards his companions in arms, either severity or rebuke ! If, after 
 the enemy had retired, improper passions began their empire in a 
 few unworthy bosoms, and rendered a resort to energetic measures 
 necessary for their suppression, he has not confounded the innocent 
 with the guilty — the seduced with the seducers. Towards you, fellow- 
 soldiers, the most cheering recollections exist; blended, alas! with re- 
 gret, that disease and war should have ravished from us so many 
 worthy companions. But the memory of the cause in which they 
 perished, and of the virtues which animated them while Hving, must 
 occupy the place where sorrow would claim to dwell. 
 
 Farewell, fellow-soldiers. The expression of your general's thanks 
 is feeble; but the gratitude of a country of freemen is yours — ^yours 
 the applause of an admiring world. 
 
 ANDREW JACKSON, 
 
 Mc^or- General commanding. 
 
 THE END, 
 
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