OF THE 
 
 faparg mh ©I|? fap^s 
 
 Condensed from the Large Book of 
 LOUIS DeCORMENIN 
 
 BY THOS. E. WATSON 
 
 (^C.W ' 
 
 Published by 
 
 THE TOM WATSON BOOK COMPANY, INC. 
 
 Thomson, Ga. 
 
A Short History of the Papacy and the Popes 
 
 Condensed from the Large Work of Louis DeCormenin 
 
 We begin at the epoch when Constantine placed Chris- 
 tianity upon the throne. 
 
 Constantius Chlorus had a Christian concubine, the mother 
 of Constantine, and known as Saint Helena. Caesar Constan- 
 tius Chlorus died at York, in England, at a time when the 
 children, whom he had by the daughter of Maximilian Her- 
 cules, his legitimate wife, could make no pretensions to the 
 empire. Constantine, the son of his concubine, was chosen 
 emperor by six thousand German, Gallician, and British sol- 
 diers. This election, made by the soldiery, without the con- 
 sent of the senate and Roman people, was ratified by his 
 victory over Maxentius, (A. D. 313) chosen emperor at Rome, 
 — and Constantine mounted a throne soiled with murders. 
 
 An execrable parricide, he put to death the two Licinii, the 
 husband and son of his sister; he did not even spare his own 
 children, and the Empress Fausta, the wife of this monster, 
 was strangled by his orders, in a bath. He then consulted the 
 pontiffs of the empire, to know what sacrifices he should 
 offer to the gods in order to make expiation for his crime. 
 The sacrificing priests refused his offerings, and he was re- 
 pulsed with horror by the high priest, who exclaimed, "Far 
 from hence be parricides, whom the gods never pardon." 
 After this, a priest promised him pardon for his crimes, if he 
 should become purified in the water of baptism, and the 
 emperor became a Christian. 
 
 He then left Rome, and founded his new capital of Con- 
 stantinople. During his reign the ministers of the Christian 
 religion commenced showing their ambition, which had been 
 concealed durng three centuries. Assured of immunity, they 
 cast the wife of Maxentius into the Orontes, murdered his 
 relatives, massacred the magistrates in Egypt and Palestine, 
 drew from their retreat the widow and daughter of Diocle- 
 tian, and threw them into the sea. 
 
 Constantine assembles the council of Nice, exiles Arius, re- 
 calls him, banishes Athanasius, and dies in the arms of 
 Eusebius, the chief of the Arians, having been baptized on 
 the bed of death, in order to escape the torments of hell. 
 
 589152 
 
Constans, the son and successor of Constantine, imitates 
 all his barbarity; like him, he assembles councils, which pro- 
 scribe and anathematise. Athanasius sustains his party in 
 Europe and Asia by combined skill and force; the Arians 
 overwhelmed him. Exiles, prisons, tumults and assassina- 
 tions signalize the termination of the abominable life of Con- 
 stans. 
 
 Jovian and Valentinian guarantee entire liberty of con- 
 science. The two parties exercise against each other hatred 
 and merciless rage. 
 
 Theodosius declares for the council of Nice. The empress 
 Justine, who reigned in Illyria and Africa, as the tutoress of 
 the young Valentian, proscribes him. 
 
 The Goths, Vandals, Burgundians and Franks, hurl them- 
 selves upon the provinces of the empire; they find the opin- 
 ions of Arius established in them, and the conquerors em- 
 brace the religion of the conquered. 
 
 The pope Anastasius calms, by his justice and toleration, 
 the religious quarrels which separate the churches of the 
 East and the West; but the hatred of the priests soon termi- 
 nated, by crime, a life which had been glorious for religion, 
 and dear to humanity. 
 
 Mahomet appeared in the seventh century. A skilful im- 
 postor, he founds a new religion, and the greatest empire of 
 the world. Banished from Mecca, he re-assembles his disci- 
 ples, establishes the foundation of his theogony, and marches 
 to the most surprising conquests. 
 
 The Christians were divided by gross heresies. The Per- 
 sians made a trrible war on the empire of the east, and pur- 
 sued Jews and Catholics with an implacable hatred. All was 
 confusion in church and state. 
 
 The bishops had not yet arrogated to themselves temporal 
 jurisdiction; but the weakness of the empire of the west gave 
 rise to this scandalous usurpation, which has covered Europe 
 with butcheries, disasters, and ruin. 
 
 ORIGIN OF THE TEMPORyVL POWER. 
 
 Pepin, King of France, allies himself in succession with 
 Popes Zachary and Stephen. In order to- cloak from the eyes 
 of the people his usurpation of the crown of France, and the 
 murder of his brother, he surrenders to the Holy Sec the 
 domains in Romagna, taken from the Lombards. 
 
 Stephen the Third, an hypocritical priest, does not delay 
 to signalize his new power, b}" the excess of the most fright- 
 ful ambition. 
 
 Under Stephen the Sixth, fury is at its height. The clcrg\' 
 
 Southern Pamphlets 
 
 R^e Boole Collection 
 
 U^C-Chapel mu 
 
are divided into factions, and the pope is chosen in the midst 
 of the carnage. The pontiff, after his victory, put out the 
 eyes, and tore out the tongue, of Constantine the Second, his 
 predecessor. 
 
 Charlemagne invades Lombardy; deprives his nephews of 
 their inheritance; despoils his brother-in-law to punish him 
 for having undertaken their defense, carries him to Lyons in 
 chains, and condemns him to terminate his days in prison. 
 Then Leo the Third placed a crown of gold upon his head, 
 and a mantle of purple on his shoulders. But the descend- 
 ants of Charlemagne could not preserve at Rome the influ- 
 ence this usurper had acquired, by granting to the popes the 
 land he had taken from the Lombards. 
 
 Paschal the First, by a criminal boldness, put out the eyes 
 and cut off the heads, in the patriarchal palace of the Late- 
 ran, of Theodorus, a high officer of the Roman church, and 
 of Leo, his son-in-law% because they had remained faithful to 
 Lothaire. On the death of this pope the people endeavored 
 to prevent his burial, and wished to drag his body through 
 the streets of Rome. 
 
 Eugenius, his successor, occupies himself in transporting 
 from the sepulchres of Italy putrefied bones, the frightful 
 vestiges of human nature. He sent them into France, Ger- 
 many and England, and sold them to Christian Europe. 
 
 Leo the Fourth has the impudence to assure the bishops 
 of immunity for the most frightful crimes. 
 
 THE FEMALE POPE, JOAN. 
 
 After the death of Leo, a woman mounts the chair of St. 
 Peter, celebrating mass, creating bishops, and giving her feet 
 to be kissed by princes and people. The popess Joan be- 
 comes enciente by a cardinal, and dies in the pangs of child- 
 birth, in the midst of a religious ceremony. 
 
 In the ninth century, the Greek and Latin churches sepa- 
 rate. Ridiculous differences cause five centuries of murders, 
 carnage, and frightful wars; and twenty-five bloody schisms 
 in the west soil the chair of Rome. 
 
 The Arabs and Turks overwhelm the Greek and African 
 churches, and elevate the Mahommedan religion upon the 
 ruins of Christianity. 
 
 The Roman church maintains itself, amid troubles, dis- 
 cords and ruin. During this epoch of anarchy, the bishops 
 and abbots in Germany became princes, and the popes ob- 
 tain absolute power in Rome. 
 
A LIVING POPE TRIES A DEAD ONE. 
 
 Stephen the Seventh, driven on by a pitiless rage, orders 
 the sepulchre of Forinosus to be despoiled, causes them to 
 take out from it the dead body, and, horrible to relate, has 
 it brought into the synod assembly to degrade him. Then 
 this frightful body, covered with the pontifical habits, is in- 
 terrogated in the midst of scandalous and infuriate clamour. 
 "Why hast thou, being bishop of Portus, usurped, through 
 ambition, the universal See of Rome?" Then the pope, 
 pushed on by an execrable barbarity, orders his three fingers 
 and head to be cut of!', and his dead body to be cast into the 
 Tiber. 
 
 Sergius invades the pontifical chair. He leads publicly a 
 life, soiled with debaucheries, wath the famous courtezan 
 Marozia. Their son becomes pope, under the name of John 
 the Twelfth, and surpasses them by his monstrous crimes. 
 Cardinals and bishops accused him of incest with his mother 
 — of violating the holy virgins — of adultery, homicide, pro- 
 fanity, and blasphemy. 
 
 Gregory the Fifth cuts off the hands, tongue and ears of 
 John and Crescentius, and makes them walk, thus mutilated, 
 through the streets of Rome. 
 
 THE BOY POPE. 
 
 Benedict the Ninth is raised to the Holy See at twelve 
 years of age, by the intrigues and gold of the Count of Tus- 
 canclla. He immediately surrenders himself to excess of de- 
 pravity, and the most shameful debaucheries. The Romans, 
 worn out by his outrages, drive him from Rome, and name 
 another pope, Sylvester the Third. Benedict, by the assist- 
 ance of his relatives, seats himself anew in the Holy See; but 
 perceiving himself to be an object of universal execration, 
 and fearing a terrible fall, he, by an infamous simony, sells 
 the Holy See, and consecrates a third pope, John the Twen- 
 tieth. He then retires into the palace of his father, in order 
 to surrender himself to the most infamous pleasures. 
 
 After having made this odious traffic, the desire of ruling 
 re-enters his soul, and places him a third time in his dishon- 
 oured chair. Alone, against the Romans, who held him in 
 horror — alone, against two popes, producing a triple schism 
 — he proposes to his adversaries to divide between them the 
 revenues of the church — -. 
 
 THREE POPES AT ONCE. 
 
 These three anti-popes, by a shameful traffic, divide into 
 three jKirls [hv i)atriniony of the poor, and boldly rule; the 
 
one at Saint Peter's, the other at St. Mary Majeura, and the 
 third at the palace of the Lateran; an execrable triumvirate. 
 
 A bold, avaricious and dissolute priest, purchases from the 
 three popes their infamous titles to the papacy, and succeeds 
 them under the name of Gregory the Sixth. 
 
 Hildebrand, the monk of Cluny, the poisoner ot popes, 
 the most deceitful of priests, usurps the pontifical see, under 
 the name of Gregory the Seventh. He launches his anathe- 
 mas against kings; excites public wars; fills Germany and 
 Italy with disorder, carnage and murder. He excommuni- 
 cates the emperor of Germany; takes from him the title of 
 king; frees his people from the oath of obedience; excites 
 princes against him, and at last reduces him to such a state 
 of misfortune that the force of his mind is shattered. At 
 length— extreme of pride and degradation— the king sought 
 the pope "in the depth of winter, fasting, with naked feet 
 and in his shirt, having a pair of scissors and a hair-brush in 
 his hand." 
 
 THE ONLY ENGLISH POPE. 
 
 Adrian, the son of an English friar, causes the emperor 
 Barbarossa to hold the stirrup of his palfrey; and in order to 
 add barbaritv to his triumph, demands that the famous Ar- 
 nold of Brescia should be delivered up to him to be burned 
 alive, because he had preached against the luxui^y of priests, 
 and the abominations of pontiffs. 
 
 Alexander pushes still further than his predecessors his 
 outrages against kings. The emperor Frederick, in order to 
 free his son Otho, who was a prisoner in the hands of the 
 Romans, supplicates the pope to absolve him from excom- 
 munication. The inflexible Alexander demands that the em- 
 peror should come in person to ask for his pardon, in the 
 presence of the assembled people, without his robes or his 
 crown, having the rod of a beadle in his hand, and that he 
 should prostrate his face to the earth. When he was ex- 
 tended on the ground at the entrance of the church, Alex- 
 ander put his foot on his neck and trampled on him, ex- 
 claiming, "Thou shalt tread upon the serpent and the cock- 
 atrice, and shalt crush the lion and the dragon." 
 
 Celestin the Third affords a frightful example of insatiable 
 avarice. Alexander had trampled under his feet Frederick 
 Barbarossa, who demanded the liberation of his son. This 
 new pope, for money, crowned the emperor Henry the 
 Fourth, an execrable monster, who renewed the impious sac- 
 rilege of Stephen the Seventh, by exhuming the body of Tan- 
 cred, that his head should be cut off by the pubhc execu- 
 tioner. He put out the eyes of William, the young son of 
 
8 
 
 Tancred, after having made him an eunuch. He condemned 
 the count Jourdan to an horrible punishment, having caused 
 him to be affixed to a chain of heated iron, and to be crown- 
 ed by a circle of hot iron, which they fastened on his head. 
 
 POPE INNOCENT MASSACRES THE ALBIGENSES AND THE WALDENSES. 
 
 Innocent the Third preached the crusades against the in- 
 fidel, and increased his treasury from the riches of the peo- 
 ple. This crafty, sacrilegious pope, established the monstrous 
 tribunal of the inquisition. Then he preached a crusade 
 against the Albigenses, and despoiled the estates of Ray- 
 mond the Sixth, count of Toulouse. He sent forth St. Domi- 
 nick with powder to persecute with fire, sword, and unheard- 
 of torments, the unfortunate Waldenses. The crusaders 
 stormed the city of Beziers. The frightful Dominick, Christ 
 in one hand and a torch in the other, creates the carnage, and 
 sixty thousand dead bodies were buried under the ruins of 
 that city, which was reduced to ashes. Toulouse, Carcas- 
 sonne, Alby, Castlenaudary, Narbonne, Aries, Marseilles, Aix, 
 Avignon, were devastated by the armies of the pope. 
 
 Gregory the Ninth, in order to maintain his ambitious 
 projects and the unbridled luxury of his court, levies imposts 
 on France, England and Germany. He excommunicates 
 kings, frees people from their allegiance, and is driven from 
 Rome by his subjects. Raymond the Seventh, though a 
 Catholic, but the son of a heretic, is pursued by him and de- 
 spoiled of his estates. The pope sends a legate into France, 
 to sustain this abominable war in Languedoc and Provence. 
 Raymond defends himself gallantly; and the people, tired of 
 the insatiable avarice of Gregory the Ninth, refuse to pay the 
 imposts, and force the pope to conclude a peace. 
 
 The pontiff, arrested in his progress, condemns Raymond 
 to pay ten thousand marks of silver to his legate, two thou- 
 sand to the abbey of Citeaux, a thousand to that of Grand 
 Ligne, and three hundred to that of Pelle Pouche, all for the 
 remission of his sins, as the treaty signed at the door of the 
 cathedral of Paris witnesses. 
 
 Innocent the Fourth, in the midst of his crimes performed 
 a generous action, which reconciles humanity to him. He 
 undertakes the defence of the Jews of Germany, whom the 
 princes and priests persecuted, in order to enrich themselves 
 with their spoils. In that barbarous age, a false zeal for re- 
 ligion served as a pretext for the most revolting injustice. 
 They invented calumnies against the Jews, accused them of 
 eating the heart of a new-born infant at the passover supper; 
 and, when they found the body of a dead man, they put them 
 
to the torture, and condemned them to perish by the most 
 frightful torments. -.u c* t 
 
 Uran the Fourth signs a shameless treaty with ^)t. l^ouis 
 and Charles of Anjou, to enrich themselves with the kmgdom 
 of Naples, and divide the estates of the young Conradm. The 
 pope overcomes the scruples of the king of France, and 
 causes the duke of Anjou to swear that he will abandon to 
 the Holy See the domains to which he laid pretensions, and 
 pay eight thousand ounces of gold every year. 
 
 Clement the Fourth continues the policy of his predeces- 
 sor. The young Conradin returns to his estates, and fights a 
 decisive battle, and is made prisoner, together with Frede- 
 risk of Austria. After a rigorous captivity, Charles of Anjou, 
 bv the order of the pope, condemns them to perish by the 
 hand of the executioner. The young duke of Austria was the 
 first executed. Conradin seized the head of his friend, and 
 received the mortal blow holding it in his embrace. 
 
 Martin the Fourth mounts the chair of St. Peter, and makes 
 a sacrilegious agreement with Charles of Anjou; the one a 
 political typrant; the crafty usurper of Sicily; the other the 
 consecrated tyrant of Rome. Their cruelties excite general 
 indignation. A vast conspiracy is formed; John of Procida, 
 a Sicilian gentleman, is the soul of it. He engages Michael 
 Paleologus to join it; goes to Spain to obtain the aid of Peter 
 of Arragon, and hastens through the cities of Sicily to excite 
 their minds to vengeance. 
 
 "the SICILIAN VESPERS." 
 
 On the third day of Easter, 1282, at the hour of vespers, 
 is the signal for the carnage given. At the sound of the bell, 
 a cry of death resounds through all the cities of Sicily. The 
 French are massacred in the churches, in the public places, 
 and in private houses; everywhere is murder and vengeance 
 Ten thousand dead bodies are the trophies of the Sicihan 
 vespers. 
 
 Boniface the Eighth becomes pope, after having assassi- 
 nated his predecessor. He outrages the people, defies kings, 
 pursues with hatred the Ghibehns, the partizans of the em- 
 peror of Germany, invents the jubilee to draw the wealth of 
 the nations into his treasury, and excites so profound a ha- 
 tred against himself that the states assemble at Paris, by 
 order of Philip the Handsome, to judge the pope. The arch- 
 bishop of Narbonne accuses him of being a simoniac, an as- 
 sassin, and an usurper; of not believing in the eucharist, nor 
 the immortality of the soul; of employing force to cause the 
 secrets of the confessional to be revealed; of living in con- 
 cubinage with his two nieces, and of having children by 
 
10 
 
 them; and, last of all, of having employed the riches ac- 
 quired by the sale of indulgences to pay the Saracens to in- 
 vade Sicily. 
 
 POPE BONIFACE ASSAULTED: DIES OF RAGE. 
 
 Nogaret and Sciara Colonna are charged to carry to the 
 pope the order to appear at Lj^ons to be judged by a general 
 council. They arrive, at the head of three hundred horse- 
 men, at the city of Anagni, the residence of Boniface. Meeting 
 with resistance they force an entrance into the palace, and 
 present to the pope the accusations against him. Boniface, 
 transported by fury, charges Nogaret with injuring him, and 
 curses the king of France and his descendants to the fourth 
 generation. Then Sciara Colonna struck him in the face 
 with his iron gauntlet, until the blood flew. 
 
 Clement the Fifth and Philip the Handsome accuse the 
 Templars of enormous crimes, and condemn them to the 
 most frightful punishments, in order to enrich themselves 
 with their immense wealth. By the order of the king, the 
 grand master of the Templars, accompanied by his knights, 
 is conducted to punishment, to be burned alive in the pres- 
 ence of cardinals and priests, who cruelly contemplate these 
 bloody stakes. 
 
 After having divided with the king the spoils of the Tem- 
 plars, Clement the Fifth established his court at Avignon, 
 and publicly abandoned himself to the most depraved de- 
 bauchery, with his nephew and the daughter of the Count de 
 Foiy. He preached a new crusade against the Turks, sold 
 indulgences, and, joining ridicule to infamy, gave to each 
 crusader the right of delivering four souls from purgatory. 
 
 John the Twenty-second seized the tiara, seated himself 
 on the pontifical throne, and said, "I am pope." In order to 
 strengthen this usurpation, he launched his anathemas 
 against the emperor of Germany and the king of France, 
 persecuted sectarians, burned heretics, freed people from 
 their allegiance, armed princes, innudated kingdoms with his 
 monks, preached new crusades, sold benefices, and drew 
 into his treasury twenty-five millions of florins, collected 
 from all parts of the Christian world. 
 
 Benedict the Twelfth stops the depredations, arrests the 
 imposts which his predecessor had levied upon the people, 
 practises a severe mortality, reforms the morals of the clergy 
 and dies in the midst of his apostolical labours. 
 
 Clement the Sixth buys from the celebrated Joanna of 
 Naples the country of Avignon, promises therefor three hun- 
 dred thousand florins of gold, which he never paid, and de- 
 clares her innocent of the murder of Andreas, her husband. 
 
11 
 
 whom she had caused to be assassinated. 
 
 TWO POPES AT ONCE. 
 
 Under Urban the Sixth commenced the great schism which 
 divided the west; two popes were elevated to the pontifical 
 chair. 
 
 Urban the Sixth ruled at Rome; Clement the Seventh, the 
 anti-pope, at Avignon. During a period of fifty years the 
 two popes and their successors excited cruel wars, and ex- 
 comnmnicated each other. Italy, Naples, Hungary and Spain 
 espoused the cause of Urban; France sustained Clement the 
 Seventh. Everywhere brigandage and cruelty abounds, pro- 
 duced by the order of Clement, or the fanaticism of Urban. 
 
 The unfortunate and guilty Joanna sent forty thousand 
 ducats to the pope, in order to strengthen her cause. By way 
 of thanks. Urban caused her to be strangled at the foot of 
 the altar. The pontiff had induced Charles de Duras, the 
 adopted son and heir of Joanna, to commit this horrible 
 parricide. 
 
 The prince, having refused to divide with the pope the 
 spoils of Joanna, the fury of Urban was turned against six 
 cardinals, whom he supposed to form the party of Charles. 
 They were thrown, laden with chains, into offensive dun- 
 geons; their eyes were put out, the nails of their feet and 
 hands wrenched off, their teeth broken, their flesh pierced 
 with rods of heated iron, and at length their bodies, fright- 
 fully mutilated, were tied up in sacks, whilst still alive, and 
 thrown into the sea. 
 
 THE POPES AT AVIGNON. 
 
 Clement the Seventh held his seat at Avignon, and levied 
 enormous imposts on the church of France, in order to en- 
 rich the cardinals and satisfy the unbridled luxury of his 
 court. His conduct was not at all inferior to that of his com- 
 petitor in violence, deceit and crime. 
 
 The two popes desolated Europe by their armies and those 
 of their partisans; fury had blotted out the sentiments of 
 humanity; everywhere were treason, poisoning, massn-^re. 
 An endeavor was made to remedy the public calamities, but 
 the two popes opposed all propositions which could restore 
 peace to the church. 
 
 The schism continued under their successors; the cardinals 
 not being able to overcome the obstinacy of the two popes, 
 cited Benedict the Thirteenth and Gregory the Twelfth to 
 appear before a general council, convened at Pisa; and, when 
 
12 
 
 they refused to do so, the patriarch of Alexandria, assisted 
 by those of Antioch and Jerusalem, pronounced, with a loud 
 voice in the church, whose doors were opened, and in the 
 presence of the assembled multitude, the definite sentence of 
 deposition against them. 
 
 Alexander the Fifth endeavored to strengthen the union 
 of the church, to reform the morals of the clergy, to give the 
 sacred charges to virtuous men, and died of a poisoned clys- 
 ter, administered by the orders of the cardinal Baltheazar 
 Cossa. This base assassin assembled the conclave, and, seiz- 
 ing the pontifical mantle, placed it on his shoulders, exclaim- 
 ing, "I am the pope." 
 
 The affrighted cardinals confirmed the election of John 
 the Twenty-third; but the deposed popes, Benedict the Thir- 
 teenth and Gregory the Twelfth, revived their pretensions to 
 th See of Rome; an horrible war, excited by anathemas, fills 
 Prussia and Italy with blood. The empire has three em- 
 perors, as the church has three popes, or rather the church 
 and the empii-e have no heads. 
 
 A general council assembles, and proceeds to the deposi- 
 tion of Pope John the Twenty-third. The bishops and car- 
 dinals accuse him of murders, incest, poisoning and sodomy; 
 of having seduced and carried on a sacriligious intercourse 
 with three hundred religious women; of having violated 
 three sisters; and of having confined a whole family, in or- 
 der to abuse the mother, son and father. 
 
 THE COUNCIL OF CONSTANCE: HUSS AND JEROME BURNED. 
 
 Martin the Fifth burned alive John Huss and Jerome of 
 Prague, the leaders of a new sect, which preached against 
 the disorders of the priests and the ambition of the pontiffs, 
 and led men back to sentiments of humanity. He then or- 
 ganizes a crusade against Bohemia; but the inhabitants of 
 this wold country, exalted by generous principles of liberty, 
 contend with courage against fanaticism. Ambassadors are 
 sent to Prague, with proposals for peace, and the Bohemians 
 reply "that a free people have no need of a king." 
 
 The legates of the pope and the emperor command in per- 
 son the armies sent against the Bohemians, to prevent their 
 communing in the two kinds, bread and wine. Frightful 
 madness. For a subject so trifling Germany is given up to 
 the horrors of a civil war; but the'cause of the people is tri- 
 umphant. The troops of the emperor are defeated in many 
 engagements, and the army of the legates is cut to pieces. 
 
 Rugenius the Fourth mounts the Holy See; he confirms 
 as legate in Germany Julian Caesar, in order to exercise 
 cruel persecutions against the Hussites. During his reign an 
 
important act transpires; a struggle takes place between the 
 powers of the church, the council of Basle endeavors to 
 bring under subjection the power of the popes, and the pope 
 declares that his see is beyond the reach of councils. The 
 fathers make a terrible decree, declare Eugenius th Fourth 
 a profanator, incorrigible, and a scandal to the church, and 
 depose him from the papacy. 
 
 Felix the Fifth is nominated as pope, and Eugenius be- 
 comes the anti-pope. The councils of Florence and Basle 
 excommunicate each. Depositions, violence, cruelty suc- 
 ceed. Vitteleschi, archbishop of Florence, is assassinated by 
 the order of Eugenius; divided kingdoms take the part of 
 one or the other, and a schism is renewed which lasts until 
 the death of Eugenius the Fourth. 
 
 During the pontificate of Nicholas the Fifth, took place 
 the celebrated capture of Constantinople by the Turks; the 
 pontiff, solicited by the Grecian ambassadors to grant them 
 succors of men and money, harshly refused, and we must 
 attribute the loss of this powerful city to the perfidy of the 
 Roman court, which sacrificed the rampart of Christianity, 
 and basely betrayed a people whom they should have suc- 
 cored. 
 
 The merits and the piety of CaHxtus the Third, elevated 
 him to the pontifical throne, which he honors by his genius. 
 
 Sextus the Fourth employs all his care and solicitude in 
 increasing his wealth. He augments the imposts, invents 
 new charges, and sells them at auction to satisfy the avarice 
 of Peter Riere, of Savana, and of his brother Jerome, whom 
 he had created cardinals, and who ministered to his horrid 
 pleasures. 
 
 THE POPE LICENSES RROTHELS, FOR PAY. 
 
 This shameless pope established at Rome a brothel, the 
 courtezans of which paid him a golden Julius weekly. This 
 revenue amounted to twenty thousand ducats a year. An 
 execrable act committed by him is alone sufficient to render 
 his memory forever odious. The family of the cardinal of 
 Saint Lucia having presented to him a petition, that he (the 
 cardinal) should be permitted to commit sodomy during the 
 three warmest months of the year, he wrote at the bottom of 
 the petition, "Let it be as desired." 
 
 He then formed a conspiracy against Laurent and Julian 
 de Medicis, sends Raphael Riere to Florence, and during a 
 solemn mass, an whilst the cardinal was elevating the host, 
 the conspirators stabbed Julian de Medicis. Laurent cour- 
 ageously defends himself, and, although wounded, gains the 
 sacristy. The people precipitate themselves upon the con- 
 
14 
 
 spirators, disarm them, and hang them from the wii dows of 
 the church, as well as Salviato, archhishop of Pisa, in his 
 sacerdotal robes. 
 
 Innocent the Eighth succeeds Sextus. His election cost 
 him more than all the treasures of the Holy See; the re- 
 sources were exhausted, but the genius of the pope remain- 
 ed. He appointed fifty-two venders of bulls, whom he 
 charged to squeeze the people, and joined to them twenty-six 
 secretaries, who each lodged with him two thousand five hun- 
 dred marks of gold. His private life was defiled by the vilest 
 scandals. Educated at the court of King Alphonso, of Sicily, 
 he had contracted the frightful vice of sodomy. His re- 
 markable beauty had procured him admission into the fam- 
 ily of Philip, cardinal of Bolonga, as the minister to his 
 monstrous pleasures. On the death of his protector he be- 
 came the minion of Paul the Second, and of Sextus, who 
 elevated him to the cardinalship. 
 
 The grand master of Rhodes delivered to Pope Innocent 
 the young prince Zizimus, to protect him from the pursuit of 
 his brother Bajazet. The sultan of Egypt sends ambassadors 
 to offer to the pope four hundred thousand ducats and the 
 city of Jerusalem in exchange for Prince Zizimus, whom he 
 wishes to place at the head of his troops, in order to march 
 against Constantinople, and engages to restore that city to 
 the Christians; but the sultan Bajazet bid higher, and the 
 pontiff retained Zizimus a prisoner in his states. 
 
 THE WORST POPE OF ALL. 
 
 We enter now upon the reign of a pope who, by the ad- 
 mission of all historians, is the most dreadful of all men who 
 have affrighted the world. A depravity hitherto unknown, 
 an insatiable cupidit3% an unbridled ambition, a cruelty more 
 than barbarous — such were the horrid qualities of Roderick 
 Borgia, chosen pope, by the title of Alexander the Sixth. His 
 passions were so unbridled that, having become enamoured 
 of a widow who had two daughters, not content with the 
 mother, he bent the daughters also to his desires; he caused 
 one of them to be placed in a convent, and continued his 
 incest with the most beautiful, whom they call Rosa Van- 
 ozza. 
 
 She bore him five children, one of whom was the famous 
 Caesar Borgia, who would have surpassed the crimes of his 
 father, if the devil himself could have equaled them. 
 
 During the pontificate of Innocent, assassins and bandits 
 had so increased in number, that the cardinals, before enter- 
 ing the conclave, fortified their dwellings with musketry, and 
 pointed cannon along the streets. Rome was become a pub- 
 
15 
 
 lie market, where all holy charges were for sale; Roderick 
 Borgia pubhcly bought the suffragees of twenty-two cardi- 
 nals, and was proclaimed pope. 
 
 Armed with the sacerdotal power, his execrable vices daily 
 increased; he delivered himself up to the most monstrous 
 incest, and horrible to relate, the two brothers, Francis and 
 Caesar, mingled their infamous pleasures with their father's 
 in the embraces of their sister Lucretia. 
 
 The immoderate ambition of the pope knew no bounds; 
 all laws, human and divine, were trampled under foot. He 
 forms alliances and breaks them; he preaches crusades, 
 levies imposts in Christian kingdoms, inundates Europe with 
 his legions of monks, enriches himself with the wealth they 
 carry to him, and calls Bajazet into Italy to oppose the king 
 of France. Later, his pohcy causes him to seek the aid of 
 Charles; and, protected by the French, he undertakes the 
 ruin of the petty sovereigns of Romagna. He puts some to 
 death by the dagger, others by poison, fills all minds with 
 dread, and prepares for Caesar Borgia the absolute domin- 
 ion of Italy. 
 
 His insatiable avarice invented the most sacriUgious means 
 of enriching itself; he sold the sacred charges, the altars, 
 even Christ himself, and then took them back again to sell 
 again the second time. He nominated the cardinal of Mo- 
 dena as distributor of his graces and dispensations; in the 
 name of this minister of iniquity he sold honors, dignities, 
 marriages, divorces; and as the simony of the cardinal did 
 not bring in sums sulliciently large to sustain the extrava- 
 gance of the family of Alexander, he administered to him 
 the fatal poison of the Borgias, to obtain for himself the im- 
 mense riches which he had amassed. 
 
 He made promotions to cardinalships, receiving payment 
 therefor; then declaring the Holy See the heir of the prop- 
 erty of prelates, he poisoned them, in order to enrich him- 
 self with their spoils. All these crimes still did not afford 
 him sufficient money, and he published that the Turks were 
 about to wage war against Christianity, and under the veil 
 of religion he extorted sums so enormous that they surpass 
 beUef. At last Alexander the Sixth, soiled with murders, 
 debaucheries and monstrous incests, having invited to sup 
 two cardinals, whose heirs he wished to become, took the 
 poison destined for them, and rendered up his execrable soul 
 to the devil. 
 
 LUTHER IS RAISED UP. 
 
 The people, tired of the insupportable yoke of the bishops 
 of Rome, and ruined by the insatiable avidity of the priests. 
 
16 
 
 commenced waking from the lethargic sleep into which they 
 had been pkmged. Luther, a monk of the Order of the Au- 
 gustines, sallies from his retreat, rises against Lea the Tenth 
 and the indulgencies, draws people and rulers to his new 
 doctrine, strengthens it with all the power of his genius, and 
 snatches from the tyranny of the popes the half of Europe. 
 
 Clement the Seventh, by his perfidy, excites the wrath of 
 the emperor, Charles the Fifth. Rome is delivered up to pil- 
 lage during two entire months; houses are sacked, females 
 violated. The army of the Catholic king committed more 
 atrocities than the pagan tyrants had invented against the 
 Christians during three hundred years. The unfortunate 
 Romans were suspended by the feet, burned, beaten with 
 leather straps in order to compel them to pay ransom; in 
 fine, they were exposed to the most frightful punishments, in 
 order to expiate the crimes of their pontiff. 
 
 Catholics and Protestants cover Germany with embarrass- 
 ments, murders and ruin. 
 
 The mass is judicially abolished at Strasburg. 
 
 Paul the Third had obtained a cardinal's hat by surren- 
 dering Julia Farnese to the monster Alexander the Sixth; 
 became pope — he poisoned his mother, in order to enrich 
 himself as her heir, and joining a double incest to a second 
 parricide, he put to death one of his sisters through jealousy 
 of her other lovers, and poisoned Bosa Sforza, the husband 
 of his daughter Constance, whom he had corrupted. 
 
 He launches anathemas against the unfortunate Lutherans. 
 His nephews became the executioners of his cruelties, and 
 they boasted publicly of having caused rivers of blood to 
 flow, in which their horses could swim. During their butch- 
 eries the pope was plunged in his monstrous debaucheries 
 with his daughter Constance. 
 
 JESUITS ORGANIZED. 
 
 During his reign Ignatius Loyola founds the order of the 
 Jesuits. 
 
 Calvin, sublime spirit, causes his powerful voice to be 
 heard, and continues the progress of the religious reforma- 
 tion. 
 
 Julius the Third fulminates his nnathemas against the 
 Lutherans, and puts them to death in the most cruel manner. 
 Joining depravity to cruelty, he elevates to the cardinalate a 
 young lad employed about his palace in the double capacity 
 of keeper of the monkeys and minion to the pope. 
 
 Paul the Fourth excites the fury of the king of France 
 against the Protestants, forms an execrable league for their 
 destruction, and fills all Europe with his ravages. At his 
 
17 
 
 death the Roman people, freed from his frightful yoke, force 
 the dungeons of the Inquisition, set fire to the prisons, knock 
 down the statue of the pope, break off tlie head and the right 
 hand, drag them during three days through the streets of 
 Rome, and cast them into the Tiber. 
 
 COUNCILS OF TRENT CLOSED, 1563. 
 
 Pius the Fourth terminates the Council of Trent, and this 
 great event does not produce any sensation among tlie peo- 
 ple. This pontiff, desirous of arresting the downfall of the 
 Holy See, excites the fanaticism of Charles the Ninth and 
 Phillip of Spain, and these two princes meet at Bayonne to 
 devise means to exterminate the Calvinists. 
 
 The beginning of the pontificate of Gregory the Thirteenth 
 was signalized by the most horrible of all crimes, the mas- 
 sacre of Saint Bartholomew, an execrable plot, brought 
 about by the counsels of Spain and the suggestions of Pius 
 the Fourth. Persecutions, butcheries, and wars had increas- 
 ed astonishingly the number of Calvinists; Catherine de 
 Medicis, that cruel and infamous Jezebel, not being able to 
 exterminate them by force, had resource to perfidy. Charles 
 the Ninth, accustomed to cruelty, and furiously violent, 
 adopted the criminal desires of his mother, and a general 
 massacre of the Protestants was decreed. 
 
 MASSACRE OF ST. BARTHOLOMEW. 
 
 At midnight, on the eve of Saint Bartholomew, the clock 
 of the palace gives the signal; the tocsin is rung at St. Ger- 
 main's, and at its doleful sound, soldiers surround the dwell- 
 ings of the Protestants, and kill in their beds children and 
 old men. They seize the females, and after having violated 
 them, open their wombs and draw out half-formed children, 
 tear out their hearts, and with savage ferocity rend them 
 with their teeth and devour them. 
 
 A thing almost incredible, so horrible is the action, oc- 
 curred: this Charles the Ninth— this king, to be execrated to 
 all ages, armed with an arquebuss, fired from one of the 
 windows of the Louvre upon the unfortunate who saved 
 themselves by swimming the river. One window still re- 
 mains, an imperishable monument of the barbarity of kings. 
 Gregory the Thirteenth addressed his felicitations to Charles 
 on the remarkable success of the enterprise. 
 
 On the death of the pope, the cardinal of Montalto entered 
 the conclave, old, broken down, and supported upon a 
 crutch. The ambition of the cardinals concentrated their 
 suffrages upon this old man, who appeared so nigh to death. 
 
18 
 
 They summed up the votes, and scarcely had half of them 
 voted, when, without waiting for the conclusion, Montalto 
 cast his crutch into the midst of the hall, drew himself up to 
 his full height, and thundered forth the Te Deum with a 
 voice so loud and clear that the vault of the chapel resound- 
 ed with it. 
 
 He becomes pope, under the name of Sextus the Fifth. 
 Hypocritical and inflexible, he allies himself secretly with 
 Queen Elizabeth, the launches anathemas against her king- 
 dom; he then excommunicates the king of Navarre and the 
 prince of Conde, in order to revive in France the forms of 
 fanaticism. 
 
 Clement the Seventh renews the proud scenes of his pre- 
 decessors; he wishes to compel Henry the Fourth to come to 
 him in person, with naked feet, in order to undergo a proper 
 discipline, and to learn that he held his crown as a gift from 
 the pope. But ambassadors were received in his stead, and 
 this humiliating ceremony took place in the church of St. 
 Peter's, at Rome, in the presence of the people. 
 
 Gregory the Fifteenth excites Louis the Thirteenth to per- 
 secute the Protestants. He renews the war in Bohemia, and 
 not bing able to corrupt the people of Geneva, orders the 
 duke of Savoy to destroy them. 
 
 Under Urban the Eighth, the celebrated Galileo, that old 
 man who had passed seventy years in the study of the secrets 
 of nature, is brought before the inquisition, condemned, cast 
 into prison, and forced to retract this great truth, "that the 
 earth moves around the sun." 
 
 Clement the Ninth, of a lofty soul and prodigious know^l- 
 edge, encourages the arts, recompenses savans, and sur- 
 rounds the pontifical throne with all the lustre of the age. 
 He diminishes the imposts, employs his treasures in succour- 
 ing the Venetians and the Isle of Candia against the infidels; 
 he suppresses the religious orders which pressed heavily on 
 the people, and who under the guise of piety, abandoned 
 themselves to idleness and debauchery. 
 
 By his eloquence and moderation he appeased the inter- 
 minable quarrels of the Jansenists and Mollcnists, and ar- 
 rested the ill-regulated ambition of Louis the Fourteenth, 
 who was desolating Europe by his destructive wars. The in- 
 trigues of the Jesuits give up to the Turks the Isle of Candia; 
 this generous pope, struck to the heart by the treason of these 
 unworthy priests, launches an anathema upon them, and 
 dies, after a reign of three years. The Holy See has never 
 been occupied by a more virtuous man than Clement the 
 Ninth; his memory should be dear to Christianity, and the 
 mind reposes in contemplating it from the long catalogue 
 
19 
 
 of crimes which the history of the popes oti'ers to us. 
 
 Under Innocent the Eleventh, the persecutions against the 
 Lutherans and Calvinisls recommence; churches are demol- 
 ished, cities destroyed, eighteen thousand Frenchmen are put 
 to death, and the Protestants driven from the kingdom. 
 
 Innocent the Eleventh, as Gregory the Thirteenth had done 
 on the occasion of Saint Bartholomew, addresses his congrat- 
 ulations to the king of France, and commands public re- 
 joicing to be made in his honor at Rome. 
 
 The reign of Clement the Eleventh is agitated by religious 
 quarrels. The Jesuits in China are accused of offering there 
 the same worship to Confucius as to Jesus Christ. The pope 
 sends the cardinal Journon to Pekin, charged to reform this 
 culpable idolatry. This virtuous prelate dies, a victim to his 
 zeal, in the midst of the cruel persecutions which the Jesuits 
 excite against him. 
 
 This terrible congregation, encouraged by the pope, ex- 
 tends its odious power over kingdoms, and inspires terror 
 among all people. 
 
 Clement the Eleventh publishes the famous bull Urigenitiis 
 which excites general indignation and continues religious 
 quarrels up to his death. 
 
 Benedict the Thirteenth wishes to renew the scandal occa- 
 sioned by this bull of disorder; but philosophy now com- 
 mences to make progress, and his pretensions, which at other 
 times would have caused torrents of blood to flow, only ex- 
 cites contempt. 
 
 The moderation of Benedict the Fourteenth repairs the 
 evils occasioned by his predecessors. He terminates the re- 
 ligious quarrels, repulses the Jesuits, moderates the bull 
 Unigenitiis, and puts an end to the troubles which were af- 
 flicting France. This pope, one of the luminaries of the 
 church, carries into the chair of the pontiffs a spirit of tol- 
 eration, which extends a salutary influence everywhere. The 
 religion of Christ is no longer imposed on the world by per- 
 secution and fanaticism. Benedict exhibits, in the high func- 
 tions of the priesthood, an enlightened mind, great maturity 
 of judgment, a profound wisdom which no passions trouble, 
 a perfect disinterestedness, and an extreme love of justice. 
 
 He reforms the morals of the clergy, suppresses orders of 
 monks who were odious to all, employs his treasures in 
 founding hospitals, establishing public schools, and reward- 
 ing magnificently the arts. He calls upon all to profit by the 
 advantages of science, and to come forth from the shades 
 of ignorance. 
 
 Clement the Thirteenth imitates neither the virtues nor the 
 moderation of his predecessor; he openly protects th Jesuits, 
 
20 
 
 launches forth anathemas, and prepares the ruin of the 
 Holy See. 
 
 The excesses of the Jesuits had tired out the people, their 
 crimes and their ambition affrighted kings, universal hatred 
 demands their expulsion; they are driven from France. They 
 are banished from the states of the king of Spain in Europe, 
 Asia and America; driven from the two Sicilies, Parma and 
 Malta. The order is exterminated in almost all the countries 
 which had been the theatre of its power, in the Philippines, 
 Peru, Mexico, Paraguay and Brazil. 
 
 France bestows upon the pope Avignon and the county of 
 Venaisson, as an appurtenance to his crown. The king of 
 Naples, on the other hand, seized upon the cities of Bene- 
 vento and Ponte Corvo. 
 
 The famous bull in Caena Domini, a monument of mad- 
 ness and pride, which the popes yearly fulminated from 
 Roine since the time of Paul the Third, is proscribed. The 
 pontificial darkness commences to be dissipated; princes 
 and people no longer prostrate themselves at the feet of the 
 servant or servants of God. 
 
 Clement the Thirteenth sees the colossal power of Rome 
 falling to pieces, and dies of chagrin in not being able to re- 
 tard its fall. 
 
 Clement the Fourteenth causes philosophy to mount the 
 seat of the popes. For a short period he retains the pon- 
 tifical power of the Holy See; his character and moderation 
 restoring to him the power w^hich the absurd fanaticism of 
 his predecessors had alienated. 
 
 Portugal broke with the see of Rome, and wished to have 
 a patriarch of her own. The courts of France, Spain and 
 Naples were indignant at the ridiculous excommunication of 
 the duke of Parma, by the Holy See. Venice reformed, with- 
 out the assent of the pope, the religious communities which 
 impoverished the nation. 
 
 Poland wishes to diminish the authority of the Holy See. 
 Even Rome permits its indignation to shine forth, and ap- 
 pears to have forgotten that she had been mistress of the 
 world. Clement, by skilful policy, and consummate wisdom 
 and prudence, arrests this movement; but the priests, the en- 
 emies of toleration, did not pardon the pontiff, and he died 
 of poison. 
 
 Then liberty, that rock of reason, imparted its sublime 
 light to all minds; men commenced to break the dark chains 
 of superstition. An universal discfuiet manifested itself in 
 the masses, a happy presage of moral revolutions. 
 
 Pius the Sixth washes to seize upon the wonderful power 
 of the pontiffs of Rome, and pursues the execrable policy of 
 
21 
 
 his predecessors. 
 
 The Emperor of Austria, Joseph the Second, stops the in- 
 crease of convents, which threatened to overrun his king- 
 dom, suppresses bishoprics, forms seminaries, and protects 
 his state against the rule of the H^ly See. 
 
 The grand duke of Tuscany prepares the same reforms; 
 dissolves the convents, abohshes the authority of the nuncios, 
 and prohibits his priests from appeahng to Rome for judg- 
 ment. 
 
 At Naples, a philosophical minister takes from the avarice 
 of the pope indulgences, the collection of benefices, his nom- 
 ination to vacancies. He refuses the tribute of a hackney, 
 richly caparisoned, shod with silver, and carrying a purse of 
 six thousand ducats— a disgraceful tribute, which the nation 
 paid to the pontiff. 
 
 The sovereign approves the policy of his minister, prohib- 
 its the introduction of bulls into his state, orders the bishops 
 to give up the dispensations they had purchased at Rome, 
 takes away from the pope the power of nominating bishops 
 for the two Sicilies, and drives the internuncio "from his 
 kingdom. 
 
 The French Revolution is at hand. The States General, at 
 Versailles, ordain reforms in the clergy, abolish the mon- 
 astic vows, and proclaim liberty of conscience. 
 
 The pope excites bloody troubles in Avignon, in order to 
 reattach it to the Holy See. His pretensions are repulsed by 
 the National Assembly, which solemnly pronounces the re- 
 union of this city to France. 
 
 THE POPE AND THE REVOLUTION. 
 
 Italy is conquered by the French armies. Pius the Sixth, 
 a coward and a hypocrite, begs for the alliance of the repub- 
 lic. But the justice of a great nation is inflexible. The assas- 
 sination of General Dupont demands great reparation. The 
 pontiff is carried from Rome, conducted to the fortress of 
 Valence, and terminates his debased career by cowardice 
 and perfidy. 
 
 The conclave assembles at Venice. After an hundred and 
 four days of intrique, the Benedictine Chiaramonti was 
 chosen pope, under the name of Pius the Seventh. 
 
 The pontiff forms an alliance with the republic, and signs 
 the famous concordat. 
 
 A new era commences for France; the republic gives place 
 to the empire, and Napoleon mounts the throne. The pope 
 is forced to go to Paris, in order to consecrate the emperor, 
 and augment the magnificence of this imposing ceremony. 
 The weakness of character of Pius the Seventh, delivers him 
 
22 
 
 up defenceless to the plots which the hatred of the clergy 
 contrive with the enemies of the emperor. Napoleon, indig- 
 nant at the machination directed against his powers by the 
 counsellors of the pope, makes a decree, which changes the 
 government of Rome, declares the reunion of the estates of 
 the church to the empire, and the sovereign pontiffs deprivd 
 of temporal authority. 
 
 The ancient boldness of the clergy has survived revolu; 
 tions Pius the Seventh essays the thunder of the Vatican. 
 The bull of excommunication is affixed during the night in 
 the streets of Rome; it calls the people to revolt, excites 
 them to carnage, and designates the French for public ven- 
 geance. But Rome, delivered from the sacerdotal yoke, is 
 deaf to the appeal of fanaticism. 
 
 Wars succeed in Europe, kingdoms are conquered, old 
 governments overthrown, and Napoleon at length falls be- 
 neath the blows of the kings whom he has crowned. His ca- 
 tastrophe changes the destinies of nations, and restore to the 
 pope the inheritance of St. Peter. 
 
 Pius the Seventh makes a triumphal entree into Rome, 
 and at length dies, surrounded by cardinals, in the pomp and 
 magnificence of power. 
 
 Since him, three popes have occupied the chair of St, 
 Peter, but their silent passage marks no place in the history 
 of nations. 
 
 The proud pontiffs, who launched anathemas on king- 
 doms, gave or took away empires, extended over the people 
 the yoke of fanaticism and terror, now, protected by Austria, 
 protected by the oppressors of the people, basely seek the 
 protection of kings, in order to tramples upon the Romans, 
 and maintain upon their head the pontifical tiara. 
 
 People of Italy, arise from your lethargic slumber — con- 
 template the capitol — recall the remembrance of ancient 
 Rome and her glorious destiny! Let but your legions arouse, 
 and the shades of the great will march at their head to con- 
 quer in the name of liberty. 
 
 The foregoing sketch ends with a fervent prayer which 
 glorious events answered in 1870. To maintain the despotic 
 and corrupt rule of priests. Pope Pius IX. had called to his 
 aid the armies of Austria and of France; and torrents of 
 Italian blood soaked the soil of Italy in the vain efforts of 
 the people to establish a government independent of clerical 
 despotism. When Napoleon III, was compelled by the 
 
23 
 
 Franco-Prussian War to withdraw his troops from Rome, 
 the Temporal Power of the popes — originally established by 
 soldiers from France — fell to the ground — let us hope, for- 
 ever! 
 
 It had its birth in unholy conquest of Lombard lands; it 
 had caused Italy to be invaded by foreign armies twenty-six 
 times; it had occasioned infinite woes to mankind, and it had 
 fostered in the popes the most un-Christian vices and crimes. 
 
 Pope Pius IX. was succeeded by Leo XIII., whose subtle 
 diplomacy did a vast deal to re-establish the, moral prestige 
 of the Roman church. 
 
 Leo was succeeded by Pius X., a commonplace man; and 
 he by the present nonentity, Benedict XV. 
 
 The Jesuits are in full control of the Papacy, and the Gen- 
 eral of that order really rules the Pope and the Church. 
 
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