Issued September 2,1910. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. FARMERS’ BULLETIN 418. GAME LAWS FOR 1910. A SUMMARY OF THE PROVISIONS RELATING TO SEASONS, SHIPMENTS, SALE, LIMITS, AND LICENSES. BY HENRY OLDYS, C. E. BREWSTER, and FRANK L. EARNSHAW, Assistants , Biotogical Survey. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1910. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Biological Survey, Washington, D. C., August 13, 1910. Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith, for publication in the series of Farmers’ Bulletins, a summary of the game laws for 1910 relating to seasons, shipment, sale, limits, and licenses, prepared by Henry Oldys, C. E. Brewster, and Frank L. Earn- shaw, of the Biological Survey. This bulletin is similar in scope to those issued annually since 1902 and includes changes in the laws made during the present year. In the section relating to the legislation of the year a brief but comprehensive review is given of the new laws and a summary of the more important legislation which failed, a feature believed to be of special value to those interested in. game protection. Respectfully, A. K. Fisher, Acting Chief, Biological Survey. Hon. James Wilson, Secretary of Agriculture. CONTENTS. Page. Introduction. 3 Scope of the bulletin. 3 Legislation of 1910. 4 New laws passed in 1910. 7 Bills which failed to pass. 9 Open seasons. 11 Open seasons for game in the United States and Canada, 1910. 12 Shipment of game. 25 Federal laws. 25 State laws prohibiting export. 2G Sale. 31 Sale in close season. 31 Sale in open season. 31 Sale prohibited all the year. 31 Limits. 35 Licenses for hunting and shipping game. 37 ILLUSTRATIONS. Page. Fig. 1. States and Provinces which require residents to obtain hunting licenses. 38 2. States and Provinces which require nonresidents to obtain hunting licenses. 39 2 418 GAME LAWS FOB, 1910. INTRODUCTION. SCOPE OF THE BULLETIN. The present bulletin, containing the eleventh annual summary of the game laws of the United States and Canada, has been prepared on the same general plan as those issued each year since 1902. It differs from other publications on the game laws in several important points: (1) Inclusion of a brief but comprehensive review of the measures enacted and also the more important ones which failed, (2) arrange¬ ment of provisions by subjects instead of by States, and (3) adoption of a uniform statement and order of the various details to facilitate ready comparison of similar provisions in different States. Its chief objects are to present in convenient form the restrictions on hunting which affect the enforcement of the Federal statute regulating inter¬ state commerce in game, and to show the trend and general condition of legislation from year to year. Provisions relating to seasons, shipment, sale, limits, and licenses are included, but those relating to methods of capture, game refuges, enforcement of laws, disposi¬ tion of fines and fees, and matters of special or local application are omitted. No attempt is made to give the language of the statute or all the legislation in any State. This can be found only by reference to the laws themselves or to the pamphlet editions of the game laws, obtainable in most States from the proper officials. a The topics here included are treated as completely as possible; thus all the local seasons fixed by statute have been included and only regulations of county boards of supervisors in three or four States and a few orders in council in some of the Canadian Provinces omitted. With the rapidly growing complexity of regulations, federal, state, and local, in fifty States and Territories, and the constantly increasing number of persons who hunt, the demand for information concerning game laws is widespread. The problem of how to keep the public informed of the numerous yearly changes taxes the ingenuity of officials, and can be solved only by the fullest cooperation on the part of the press, private associations, and individuals. a A directory of these officers with their addresses is published as Circular No. 74, Biological Survey, U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1910. 418 3 4 GAME LAWS FOE. 1910. LEGISLATION IN 1910. Although important game legislation was enacted in 1910, the number of laws actually passed was small, owing to the fact that few legislatures were in session. Regular sessions were held in twelve States, and special sessions in two—Oklahoma and Texas. Game measures were considered at all, but in Georgia all legislation failed. Five Canadian Provinces modified their game laws, and changes were made through orders in council in British Columbia and Ontario. While a few measures were retrograde in character, in general the game legislation of the year was favorable to game protection. A long step was made toward uniformity of seasons in Maryland, New Jersey, and South Carolina, and the repeal by New Brunswick of its special Westmorland County licenses was a move in the same direction. The warden service was strengthened in Louisiana, Mas¬ sachusetts, New r York, Oklahoma, South Carolina, and New Bruns¬ wick by increase of the force or of the funds placed at the disposal of the service, or by widening the scope or broadening the powers of state wardens. The growing scarcity of game is emphasized by the establishment of bag limits in Maryland, Massachusetts, and South Carolina for the first time, a limit placed on hares and rabbits in New York, the number of which was formerly unrestricted, and a general reduction of bag limits in Louisiana. In the same line was the creation of two state game preserves by Louisiana and the extension by New York of the St. Lawrence reservation to cover state lands along the eastern end of Lake Ontario. The popular method of stocking game covers by propagation of game was recognized by Louisiana in a law authorizing the board of commissioners to take steps for the propa¬ gation of game and by Oklahoma in placing a large sum at the disposal of the state game warden for the same purpose. Additional restric¬ tions on traffic in game were adopted by New York and South Caro¬ lina. New York added a bond feature to the sale of imported waterfowl after the close of the season for native waterfowl; South Carolina for the first time prohibited all sale of protected game, and adopted measures regulating cold storage. Two novel features characterized the legislation of the year. Louisiana passed a law prohibiting the liberation of imported birds except under special permission of the game officials; New York provided a special fine of $100 for the violation of any provision of its game laws by a non¬ resident or an alien. While most of the retrograde measures that were introduced failed to pass, yet a few were placed on the statute books. Louisiana opened a season on robins, blackbirds, and sea gulls; Mississippi advanced the opening of its dove season from August 1 to July 1; 418 GAME LAWS FOR 1910. 5 Massachusetts modified its prohibition of the use of motor boats in duck shooting so as to permit their use if at anchor; New Brunswick made it legal to gather sea-gulls’ eggs until June 24 in each year; and New York repealed its ferret law. Open seasons.—Among the important measures affecting seasons that were adopted during the year were two by Maryland and New Jersey establishing practically uniform duck seasons, and one by South Carolina establishing uniform seasons for all game practically throughout the State. Several important deer laws were passed. In Massachusetts, where under absolute protection deer have greatly increased, a week’s deer season was opened in five counties. New York repealed its special buck law, extended the region in which deer may be hunted, fixed a season for all inclosed deer parks, and closed the deer season for three years on Long Island. South Caro¬ lina passed a measure giving absolute protection to does for five years. Louisiana placed black bears on its game list. Modifications of game-bird seasons were fairly numerous, but few were of importance. Massachusetts extended for five years the period of absolute protection to upland plover, and New Jersey closed the wood-duck season for five years. New Y r ork abolished spring shooting of brant on Long Island, and South Carolina fixed a season in the case of doves, willets, and grackles, which were formerly unprotected. Measures decreasing instead of increasing protection were passed by Ohio, which opened a three weeks’ season for ruffed grouse, and by Louisiana, which established open seasons for robins, blackbirds, and gulls, formerly protected absolutely. Export and sale.—Few changes were made in the laws regulating export and sale. South Carolina prohibited the sale of any protected species at any time, instead of limiting the prohibition to the close season only as formerly, and adopted measures regulating the cold storage of game; New YY>rk reduced by one and one-half months the season during which possession of native waterfowl is authorized and provided for the sale of imported ducks during this period under bond; and Louisiana reduced the export limit of game under the nonresident license. Bag limits.—Maryland, South Carolina, and Massachusetts estab¬ lished bag limits for the first time—Maryland and South Carolina on most of their game and Massachusetts on deer and squirrels. This leaves only four States in the United States that have no bag limits. New York placed a bag limit on rabbits and hares, which have heretofore been without any. In Louisiana there was a gen¬ eral reduction of bag limits. In Ontario the limit of deer was reduced from 2 to 1, while, on the other hand, British Columbia raised the limit of elk from 1 to 2. 418 6 GAME LAWS FOR 1910. Licenses. —License measures were passed by one State and three" provinces. Louisiana reduced the nonresident fee from $25 to $15,‘ and established a $10 resident market hunting license; British Colum¬ bia established a $50 bird license, good for seven months, and restricted its nonresident $5 week’s license to British subjects; Nova Scotia established a $15 nonresident license for small game; and New Brunswick repealed its 25-cent resident deer license and also its special resident Westmorland County license. Warden service. —Important changes were made in the warden service of several States. Louisiana and South Carolina reorganized theirs completely and gave much wider scope to the new service. Maryland established a special warden service for Baltimore County. Massachusetts added six deputy wardens to its force and New York five protectors, while Oklahoma increased the office force of the state game warden. In several instances the powers of wardens were broadened. Massachusetts authorized search without warrant and placed the disposal of seized game in the hands of its game com¬ mission. New Brunswick extended the right of search and widened the authority of the surveyor-general to make regulations. Preserves and propagation. —Louisiana established two state game preserves and made provision for the propagation of native game by the board of game commissioners; New York extended the St. Law¬ rence reservation to include the region along the eastern end of Lake Ontario; Oklahoma placed $32,000 at the disposal of the state game warden for the propagation of game. Miscellaneous provisions. —Interesting among the miscellaneous provisions adopted during the year was a law passed by Louisiana prohibiting the liberation of imported game birds without special authority from the board of game commissioners. This is an unusual precaution, as heretofore States have apparently been very willing to sanction all experiments that might result in the increase of game within their covers. Complaints have, however, been received in several instances of injury to crops by the introduction of foreign birds and mammals, and the action of Louisiana in placing such experiments under the control and regulation of its game officials is one that might well be followed by other States. Louisiana also prohibited the use of the silencer in hunting deer. Massachusetts authorized the prep¬ aration of a special report on the game birds of the State, and, in view of the early settlement of the State, a report of this character will be of special interest to sportsmen and game officials throughout the country. New Jersey prohibited the use of ferrets in hunting rabbits, while New York removed a similar prohibition which had been on its statute books for some years. It has been usual for States and provinces to discriminate against nonresidents and aliens in fixing 418 GAME LAWS FOR 1910. 7 hunting-license fees, but this discrimination is extended by a measure adopted by New York providing for a fine of $100 in case of violation of game laws by a nonresident or alien. New Brunswick removed its protection of the eggs of sea gulls to the extent of permitting their collection to June 24 in each year. British Columbia and New Bruns¬ wick increased the restrictions on possession of firearms in woods. British Columbia passed a measure prohibiting nonresidents from carrying firearms without a license; New Brunswick strengthened its law prohibiting the carrying of firearms into the moose and caribou woods without a permit in close season and repealed a law passed last year which authorized licensed nonresidents to carry .22-caliber guns into such woods. The use of motor boats in hunting waterfowl was prohibited by New Brunswick, and, on the other hand, a similar pro¬ hibition in force in Massachusetts was modified so as to permit the use of such boats if at anchor. NEW LAWS PASSED IN 1910. Federal laws.—Two acts: Establishing the Glacier National Park in the Rocky Mountains south of the International Boundary Line (Pub. 171), which became a law May 11, 1910; and protecting the seal fisheries of Alaska and incidentally transferring from the Department of Agriculture to the Department of Commerce and Labor charge of the Pribilof bird reservation. This measure also transferred protection of fur-bear¬ ing animals in Alaska from the Treasury Department to the Department of Commerce and Labor, and on June 2, 1910, the latter department issued regulations, which included the first close season thus far provided for the black bear in Alaska. Alaska game regulations were issued by the Department of Agriculture on July 29, 1910, changing the deer and walrus seasons, reducing the deer bag limit to 8, and suspending sale of venison in southeastern Alaska until 1912. Georgia.—No legislation. Kentucky.—One act: Requiring written permissson from landowner for using traps or ferrets in hunting rabbits on another’s land. Louisiana.—Six acts: A general law altering seasons, placing robins and black¬ birds on the game list, reducing bag limits, providing for propagation of game, reduc¬ ing the export limit under the nonresident hunting license, prohibiting unauthorized liberation of imported birds, and providing a market hunting license (No. 259); creating two state game and fish preserves (No. 273); reorganizing the board of game commissioners and the warden system with wider scope, authorizing the board to establish close seasons for three years in any parish on recommendation of a mass meeting called by the police jury, and readjusting license fees (No. 265); opening and establishing a season and a bag limit for sea gulls (No. 208); establishing a close season for black bears (No. 268); and regulating deer hunting (No. 142). Maryland.—Three state laws: Fixing a uniform season for wild fowl, prohibiting wildfowl shooting on Sunday, and providing other restrictions (ch. 251); fixing bag limits (ch. 337); and regulating shooting on the Patuxent River (ch. 376). And seven county laws: Regulating blinds in Anne Arundel County (ch. 189); fixing seasons, regulating sale and shipment, authorizing search, and giving the county commis¬ sioners authority to shorten or close open seasons in Allegany County (ch. 616); pro¬ tecting nongame birds, fixing seasons, regulating sale and shipment, providing hunting licenses, authorizing arrest without warrant, regulating training of dogs, and authoriz¬ ing county commissioners to appoint a chief game warden for the county, at a salary of $600, in Baltimore County (ch. 527); fixing seasons for quail and a bag limit for rabbits 418 8 GAME LAWS FOR 1910. and quail in Calvert County (eh. 123); fixing seasons, regulating sale and shipment, providing a nonresident hunting license, and establishing bag limits in Cecil County (ch. 449); fixing seasons, regulating sale and shipment, establishing bag limits, and providing for confiscation of guns in Dorchester County (ch. 402); and repealing the hawk bounty in Somerset County (ch. 461). Massachusetts.—Nine acts: Providing for the printing of a special report on the game birds of Massachusetts (ch. 90); removing the ambiguity of the season for quail, ruffed grouse, and woodcock (ch. 365); extending absolute protection of upland plover, wild pigeons, doves, gulls, and terns to 1915 (ch. 472); permitting use of anchored motor boats in shooting shore birds and waterfowl (ch. 533); opening a week’s season for deer in November in Berkshire, Franklin, Hampden, Hampshire, and Worcester counties with a bag limit of 1 a season, and continuing indefinitely absolute prohibition of sale of venison (ch. 545); authorizing search without warrant, and giving commissioners authority to dispose of seized game (ch. 548); fixing an open season and a bag limit for gray squirrels (ch. 564); authorizing the appoint¬ ment of six additional deputies (ch. 575); and providing that license receipts be paid to the board of commissioners to be turned over to the state treasurer (ch. 614). Mississippi.—One act: Opening the season for doves July 1 instead of August 1 (ch. —). New Jersey.—Five acts: Fixing practically uniform seasons for waterfowl through¬ out the State, further regulating the killing of waterfowl, and protecting wood ducks for five years (ch. 65); prohibiting the use of ferrets (ch. 189); protecting the wild pigeon (ch. 172); fixing a special season for waterfowl on Delaware River and Bay (ch. 51); and prohibiting squirrel hunting wdiile snow is on the ground (ch. 227). New York.—Seven acts: Extending the St. Lawrence reservation to include part of the shore of Lake Ontario (ch. 313); strengthening the law protecting nongame birds and giving absolute protection for four years to quail, English pheasants, and Hungarian partridges in Richmond County (ch. 256); increasing salaries of first assist¬ ant chief protector and division chief protectors, authorizing commissioner on request of town board to regulate taking of birds and game on private preserves, increasing commissioner’s authority to bring actions relating to lands in forest preserve counties, dividing forest preserve counties into five districts instead of four, repealing the special buck season, extending the open season for deer to Ulster and part of Sullivan counties and all inclosed deer parks and closing it for three years on Long Island, closing the squirrel season in Niagara County and opening it in Fulton County, open¬ ing hare and rabbit shooting in Fulton County, fixing a bag limit on hares and rabbits and permitting the use of ferrets in hunting them, lengthening the open season fo- waterfowl by ten days but shortening by one and a half months the season for posr session and providing for the sale of imported waterfowl under bond during this period, amending the duck-shooting regulations, prohibiting purchase, as well as sale, of quail, grouse, and woodcock, fixing a season for brant shooting on Long Island for three years, and providing a fine of $100 for violation of any provision of the game law by a nonresident or alien (ch. 657); amending the season for English pheasants and woodcock in certain parts of the State (ch. 656); protecting grouse and quail for three years in Dutchess County (ch. 664); and adding five additional game pro¬ tectors (ch. 675). Ohio.—One act: Opening a three-weeks season for ruffed grouse (ch. —). Oklahoma.—Four acts: Creating three clerical positions in the fish and game depart¬ ment (ch. 15); reimbursing the state game and fish warden for expenditures during the preceding year, owing to opinion of the attorney-general that license receipts were not available for expenses except by direct appropriation (ch. 49); making appropriation for expenses of the state game and fish warden’s department to June 30, 1911 (ch. 76); and making appropriation of $32,000 for propagating purposes (ch. 103). 418 GAME LAWS FOR 1910. 9 Rhode Island.—Three acts: Making minor changes in the resident hunting license law (ch.*529); amending seasons for rabbits, hares, and squirrels (ch. 573); and amending seasons for quail, ruffed grouse, and woodcock, and protecting Hungarian partridges for three years (ch. 581). South Carolina.—Two acts: Providing practically uniform state seasons for deer, quail, wild turkey, and woodcock, protecting does absolutely for five years, provid¬ ing seasons for doves, willets, and grackles, formerly unprotected, prohibiting sale of deer, quail, wild turkeys, woodcock, willets, or doves at any time, prohibiting cold storage, providing bag limits for deer, quail, doves, woodcock, and wild turkeys (No. 292); providing for the appointment by the governor and confirmation by the senate of a chief game warden recommended by the Audubon Society, and authoriz¬ ing him to make contracts with wardens and to dismiss them (No. 293). Virginia.—Two acts: Fixing seasons in Brunswick and Greenesville counties (ch. 299); and making it unlawful to hunt or trap without written permission in Rappa¬ hannock County (ch. 361). • Alberta.—No legislation. British Columbia.—One act: Regulating export of trophies, prohibiting the carry¬ ing of firearms and traps without a hunting license, strengthening the license pro¬ visions, and making license good throughout year, increasing bag of wapiti (elk) from one to two, repealing $25 license for one month’s hunting of deer, bears, and goats, providing a seven-month $50 license for shooting birds, restricting to British non¬ residents the $5 week’s license, and providing that such license shall be issued only by the provincial game warden (ch. —). Various orders in council fix seasons for 1910. Manitoba.—No legislation. New Brunswick.—One act: Defining nonresidents, fixing close season for water- fowl and snipe and other shore birds, prohibiting use of motor boats in duck shooting, permitting the taking of sea gulls’ eggs up to June 24 in each year, prohibiting posses¬ sion of firearms in moose or caribou woods in close season without permit, extending the right of search, abolishing the special Westmorland County resident license, fixing a limitation of fifteen months on information or complaint against a nonresident, repealing the 25-cent resident deer license, increasing the authority of the surveyor- general to make regulations, and making other less important changes (ch. 38). Newfoundland.—Two acts: Establishing a “ game and inland fisheries board (ch. 29); and extending absolute protection of beaver to 1913 (ch. 30). Northwest Territories.—No legislation. Nova Scotia.—One act: Opening the principal bird season August 15 instead of September 1 and making other slight changes in open seasons, permitting hounding, establishing a $15 small-game nonresident hunting license, repealing provision permit¬ ting licensed nonresident to carry .22-caliber firearms into forests frequented by game, and arranging for affidavit by one person of details of killing when a moose is taken by two jointly (ch. 98). Ontario.—One act: Providing for disposition of hares and rabbits illegally killed (ch. 101). By order in council the deer bag limit is reduced from two to one. Prince Edward Island.—[Laws not received.] Quebec.—One act: Extending prohibition of the sale of birch or swamp partridge to November, 1912 (ch. —). Saskatchewan.—No legislation. Yukon.—[Laws not received.] BILLS WHICH FAILED TO PASS. Measures which fail usually arouse discussion and opposition and frequently occupy much time of the legislature. The circumstances attending their consideration are soon forgotten, but their record is 56301°—Bull. 418—10-2 10 GAME LAWS FOR 1910. nevertheless important as they comprise bills which are almost cer¬ tain to be reintroduced until either their passage has been so strongly resisted that they are dropped or the opposition lias been overcome and they become laws. It sometimes happens also that in the mass of legislative chaff may be found some grain in the form of novel ideas which, when properly understood and reduced to a practicable basis, are likely to prove valuable. The hunting-license and game- warden laws were in this class only a few years ago and their subse¬ quent popularity may be duplicated at an} 7 time by provisions which have as yet failed to receive approval. Federal bills.—Eight bills failed to pass at the first session of the Sixty-first Con¬ gress. One of these was the Weeks bill, giving the Secretary of Agriculture authority to make regulations concerning migratory game birds (H. R. 10276); another pro¬ vided for the importation of certain wild and domesticated animals into the United States (H. R. 23261); the remaining six were for the establishment or enlargement of federal game preserves—three in Oregon (S. 5629, H. R. 10942, and H. R. 11934), two in Arizona (S. 5750 and H. R. 11742), and one in New York (S. J. Res. 26). Georgia.—A general game bill (S. 7) providing for a thorough state warden service supported by a hunting license system, prohibiting sale and export, establishing bag limits, protecting does for four years, and providing other features of modern game legislation. Kentucky-—Legislation providing a state warden system and establishing hunting licenses. Maryland.—Bills providing for a resident license in force throughout the State and uniform seasons for counties by groups. Massachusetts.—Nearly sixty bills, six designed to permit spring shooting of wild¬ fowl, and others removing all protection from wildfowl and upland plover, estab¬ lishing game sanctuaries, authorizing investigation of infectious diseases among native game birds, prohibiting the use of live decoys, opening a month’s shooting season for cock pheasants, closing the season on all game birds for three years, giv¬ ing absolute protection to certain sandpipers and hawks, licensing the sale or gift of firearms, and making other modifications of existing laws. Mississippi.—A general measure providing a state game warden system and resident, nonresident, and alien licenses, prescribing bag limits, prohibiting sale and export, giving absolute protection to does and turkey hens, and containing other features new to game protection in Mississippi but consistent with that in effect in most of the States. New Jersey.—Forty bills: Establishing uniform seasons for upland game, placing the warden service under civil-service requirements (which passed the legislature, but was vetoed by the governor), prohibiting the wearing of bird plumage, providing for the establishment of a state game farm and of a state game refuge, reorganizing the warden service (without the civil-service feature), protecting deer for five years and quail for three, opening a three months’ season on woodcock, giving protection for a year to Hungarian partridges, prohibiting the use of automatic guns, prescribing badges to be worn by licensed hunters, repealing the resident license (several bills), and making other changes in existing laws. New York.—A comparatively small number of bills, removing the restrictions on spring shooting of wildfowl, providing for licensing game propagators, permitting sale by licensed dealers of game bred in captivity and foreign game, reorganizing the board of commissioners, making the hunting license good for three years, pro- 418 GAME LAWS FOR 1910. 11 viding for the leasing of camp sites in forest preserves, and opening a month’s snipe shooting in the spring on Lake Erie. Ohio.—Bills establishing a resident license, protecting quail for five years, regu¬ lating the hunting of fur-bearing animals, and giving protection to crops from the ringnecked pheasant. South Carolina.—A bill establishing a resident license. Virginia.—A general bill providing for a state warden system and a dog and gun tax of $2.50 to furnish the necessary revenue to support it, fixing bag limits, and author¬ izing supervisors to change seasons and make regulations governing sale. OPEN SEASONS. All the general open seasons for game prescribed by the various States and by the Provinces of Canada are here brought together in one table. For the sake of simplicity a uniform method is used in both the arrangement of species and statement of seasons. In each case deer and other big game are first considered; then rabbits and squirrels; then upland game birds, such as quail, grouse, pheasants, turkeys, and doves; then shore birds; and finally waterfowl, such as ducks, geese, and swans. In stating the seasons the plan of the Ver¬ mont law, to include the first date but not the last, has been followed consistently. a The Vermont scheme has the advantage of showing readily both the open and close seasons, since either may be obtained by reversing the dates of the other. In some States certain days of the week constitute close seasons throughout the time in which killing is permitted. Hunting on Sun¬ day is prohibited in all of the States and Provinces east of the one hundred and fifth meridian except Illinois, Louisiana, Michigan, South Dakota, Texas, Wisconsin, and Quebec. Mondays constitute a close season for waterfowl in Ohio, and locally in Maryland and North Carolina; and other week days for wildfowl in several favorite duck- ing grounds in Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina. Hunting is prohibited on election day in Allegan}, Baltimore, Cecil, Frederick, and Harford counties, Md.; and when snow is on the ground in New Jersey, Delaware, Virginia, and Maryland. The county laws of Maryland and North Carolina, which are too numer- ous to be included satisfactorily, are not incorporated in the follow¬ ing table, 6 which otherwise may be regarded as a practically complete resume of the regulations now in force. The difficulty of securing absolute accuracy in a table of this kind is very great, and the absence in the laws of many States of express legislation as to the inclusion or exclusion of the date upon which seasons open and close makes exactness almost an impossibility. cSee discussion of this question in Circular No. 43 of the Biological Survey, U. S. Department of Agri¬ culture, 1904, entitled “ Definitions of the open and close seasons for game.” b The county laws of Maryland are shown in Poster No. 22 and those of North Carolina in Poster No. 23, copies of which may be had free on application to the Biological Survey, U. S. Department of Agriculture. 418 12 GAME LAWS FOR 1910. OPEN SEASONS FOR GAME IN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA, 1910. [The open seasons include the first date, but not the last. To find the close seasons, reverse the dates. Seasons which apply only to special counties are placed to the left of the column containing those for the State in general. Future dates, as Dec. 1,1912, indicate that the season does not open until that time.] Alabama (1907): Open seasons. Male deer (does protected all the year).. Nov. 1-Jan. 1. Squirrel (black, gray, or fox). Aug. 1-Jan. l.a Quail or partridge. Nov. 1-Mar. 1. Wild turkey gobblers (hens protected all the year). Dec. 1-Apr. 1. Ruffed grouse (pheasant), imported pheasant, or other introduced game birds. Dec. 1, 1912. Dove. Aug. 1-Mar. 1. Plover, snipe. Nov. 1-May 1. Curlew, sandpiper, woodcock, other shore birds, coot, mud hen, rail, duck, goose, brant, swan. Sept. 1-Mar. 15. Alaska & (1910): North of latitude 62°: Moose (females and yearlings protected all the year), caribou, sheep. Aug. 1-Dec. 11. South of latitude 62 Deer. Aug. 15-Nov. 2. Mountain goat. Apr. 1-Feb. 2. Moose (females and yearlings protected all the year), caribou (see exception), sheep. Aug. 20-Jan. 1. Exception: Caribou on the Kenai Peninsula. Aug. 20, 1912 Brown bear (black bear protected as fur-bearing animal, Apr. 1-Aug. 1). Oct. 1-July 2. Grouse, ptarmigan, shore birds, waterfowl. Sept. 1-Mar. 2. Arizona (1905-1909): Male deer. Sept. 15-Dec. 1 Female deer, spotted fawn, elk, sheep, goat. No open season. Antelope, G years. Mar. 1, 1911. Quail, bobwhite, partridge, grouse, pheasant, snipe, rail. Oct. 15-Feb. 1. Wild turkey. Sept. 15-Dec. 1. Introduced pheasant (Chinese, Japanese green, golden, ringneck), 6 years. Mar. 1, 1911. Arkansas (1901-1909): Deer (except in Chicot County, Oct. 1-Feb. 1). Sept. 1-Feb. 1. Squirrel in Lee, Monroe, Phillips, and St. Francis counties.May 1-Dec. 1 Quail or partridge (except in Bradley and Dallas counties, Nov. 15-Mar. 1). Nov. 1-Mar. 1. Prairie chicken, pinnated grouse. Nov. 1-Dec. 1. Wild turkey (except in Chicot County, males, Feb. 1-May 15; hens, 1911). Sept. 1-May 1. Pheasants (Chinese, English), 10 years. Mar. 14, 1913. Dove.’. No open season. California c (1901-1909): Male deer. July 15-Nov. 1. Tree squirrel. Sept. 1-Jan. 1. Female deer, fawn, elk, antelope, sheep. No open season. Valley quail, partridge. Oct. 1-Feb. 1. Plover, curlew, shore birds, rail, ibis, duck, black brant. Oct. 1-Feb. 15. Mountain quail, grouse, sage hen. Sept. 1, 1911. Bobwhite, imported quail or partridge, wild turkey, pheasant, swan. No open season. Dove. July 15-Oct. 15. Wilson snipe. Oct. 1-Apr. 1. Colorado (1899-1909): Deer with horns.. Oct. 1-Oct. 11. Elk, 15 years. Nov. 1, 1924. Antelope with horns, 3 years. Sept. 25, 1912. Sheep with horns, 15 years. Sept. 25, 1924. Deer, antelope, sheep, without horns... No open season. Partridge, ptarmigan, wild turkey. No open season. Quail (bobwhite, crested), 3 years. Oct. 1, 1912. Pheasant, black game, capercailzie, wild pigeon. Sept. 1, 1914. a Also May 15-June 15. 6 Game animals or birds may be killed at any time for food or clothing by native Indians or Eskimo, or by miners or explorers in need of food, but game so killed can not be shipped or sold, c Seasons fixed by ordinances of boards of county supervisors are omitted. 418 GAME LAWS FOE 1910 13 Open seasons for game— Continued. Colorado (1899-1909)—Continued. Open seasons. Prairie chicken. Oct. 1-Oct. 21. Sage chicken, mountain and willow grouse. Sept. 10-Oct. 11. Love. Aug. 20-Sept. G. Plover, curlew, snipe, wading, marsh, and shore birds./Aug. 1-Dec. 1; /Mar. 1-Apr. 1G. Crane, duck, goose, brant, swan, waterfowl. Sept. 10-Apr. 16. Connecticut (1901-1909): Deer, 10 years. June 1, 1911. Hare, rabbit. Oct. 1-Jan. 15.o Gray squirrel. Oct. 1-Dec. 1. Quail, ruffed grouse, pheasant (Chinese, Mongolian), woodcock, Hungarian partridge. Oct. 1-Dec. 1. Dove. No open season. Plover, sandpipers, Wilson or English snipe, bay snipe, shore birds, mud hen, gallinule, duck (except wood duck), goose, brant, swan. Sept. 1-Jan. 1. Rail... Sept. 12-Jan. 1. Wood duck. Sept. 1,1919. Delaware (1893-1905): Rabbit, squirrel (other than red, in Kent and Newcastle counties). Nov. 15-Jan. 1. Quail, partridge, pheasant. Nov. 15-Jan. 1. Dove. No open season Reedbird, ortolan, or rail. Sept. 1-Feb. 2. Duck (except wood duck), goose, brant, swan. Oct. 1-Apr. 16.& District ot Columbia c (1899-1906): Deer meat (sale or possession). Sept. 1-Jan. 1. Rabbit (except English rabbit, Belgian hare), squirrel. Nov. 1-Feb. 1. Quail or partridge. Nov. 1-Mar. 15. Ruffed grouse or pheasant (except English, ringneck, or other imported pheasants raised in inclosures, sale or possession unrestricted), wild turkey. Nov. 1-Dec. 26. Prairie chicken (pinnated grouse). Sept. 1-Mar. 15. Dove. No open season Plover, snipe, duck, goose, brant. Sept. 1-Apr. 1. Woodcock. July 1-Jan. 1. Reedbird, marsh blackbird, rail or ortolan, other game birds. Sept. 1-Feb. 1. Florida d (1903-1909): Deer. Nov. 1-Feb. 1. Quail or partridge, wild turkey. Nov. 1-Mar. 1. Hungarian partridge, ringneck and English pheasant, other imported game birds.. Nov. 1,1912. Duck. Oct. 1-Apr. 1. Georgia (1905-1908): Deer. July 15-Jan. 1. Quail, partridge, pheasant, wild turkey. Nov. 1-Mar. 15. Dove, snipe, marsh hen. Sept. 1-Mar. 15. Woodcock, wood duck, or summer duck. Sept. 1-Feb. 1. Idaho (1909): Deer, elk, sheep, goat. 7 . Sept. 1-Dec. 1. Moose, caribou, antelope, buffalo. No open season. Quail. Nov. 1-Dec. 1. Grouse, sage hen. Aug. 15-Dec. 1. Turtle dove.7. July 15-Dec. 1. Prairie chicken, Mongolian pheasant, Canada grouse, or fool hen. No open season. Plover, snipe, duck, goose, swan. Sept. 1-Mar. 1. a Between Dec. 1 and Jan. 15 hunting with dog and ferret only. b Wild fowl on Assawaman Bay and tributaries, Sussex County, Nov. 1-May 1 on Tuesdays, Wednes¬ days and Fridays. c Hunting prohibited in the District, by act of June 30,1906, except on the marshes of the Eastern Branch above the Anacostia Bridge, and on the Virginia shore of the Potomac, and no birds can be shot within 200 yards of any bridge or dwelling. d It is unlawful to kill game or game birds within 1 mile of West Palm Beach; similar regulations are in force at St. Augustine. Special seasons: Clay County, quail, wild turkey, Nov. 1-Mar. 1, and 2 days each week rest of year; Hernando County, deer, quail, Dec. 1-Feb. 1; wild turkey, Mar. 1-Apr. 1; dove, duck, Dec. 1-Mar. 1. 41S 14 GAME LAWS FOR 1910. Open seasons for game —Continued. Illinois (1903-1909): Open seasons. Deer,a 10 years. June 15,1919. Squirrel (gray, red, fox, or black) ... June 1-Nov. 15. Quail. Nov. 11-Dec. 10. Ruffed grouse, prairie chicken, Mexican blue quail, California mountain quail, Cali¬ fornia valley quail, Hungarian partridge, capercailzie, black grouse, 4 years.July 1,1911. Wild turkey, pheasants a (copper or Soemmering, English, golden, green Japanese, Mongolian, ringneck, silver,-tragopan, Reeves, Elliot, Hungarian, Swinhoe, Am¬ herst, melanotte, impeyan, argus), partridge (black Indian, caccabis, chukar), sand grouse, 6 years. July 1,1913. Mourning dove, woodcock. Aug. 2-Nov. 30. Golden, upland, or other plover, jacksnipe or Wilson snipe, sand or other snipe, shore birds... Sept. 2-May 1. Coot, rail, duck, goose, brant, or other waterfowl. Sept. 2-Apr. 15. Indiana (1905-1909): Deer t> . No open season. Rabbit..... Nov. 10-Oct. 1. Squirrel. July 1-Oct. l.c Quail, ruffed grouse. Nov. 10-Jan, 1. Prairie chicken, Hungarian partridge, pheasant (copper, golden, green, Hun¬ garian, ringneck, silver, tragopan). Mar. 6, 1915. Wild turkey, dove. No open season. Woodcock. July 1-Jan. l.c Duck, goose, brant, or other waterfowl. Sept. 1-Apr. 15. Iowa (1897-1907): Deer, elk. No open season. Squirrel (gray, timber, or fox). Sept. 1-Jan. 1. Quail, ruffed grouse, or pheasant, wild turkey. Nov. 1-Dec. 15. Prairie chicken (pinnated grouse). Sept. 1-Dec. 1. Pheasants (English, Mongolian, Chinese, ringneck). Oct. 1, 1915. Turtledove. No open season. 'Woodcock. July 10-Jan. 1. Plover, sandpiper, marsh or beach birds, rail, duck, goose, brant. Sept. 1-Apr. 15. Kansas (1903-1908): Deer, antelope, 10 years. Jan., 1, 1918. Red squirrel. No open season. Quail. Nov. 15-Dec. 15. Grouse, prairie chicken (see exception). Sept. 15-Oet. 15. Exception: Prairie chicken in Butler County, 3 years, to Mar. 9 1910. Pheasants (English, Mongolian, or Chinese), Hungarian partridge, 0 years. Feb. 27, 1913. Dove. Aug. 1-Sept. 15. Plover. July 15-Sept. 15. Duck, goose, brant. Sept. 1-Apr. 15. Kentucky (1894-1900): Deer. Sept. 1-Mar. 1. Rabbit (except with dogs or snares). Nov. 15-Sept. 15. Squirrel (black, gray, or fox).. Nov. 15-Feb. l.d Quail, partridge, pheasant. Nov. 15-Jan. 1. Pheasants (English, ringneck, Mongolian, or Chinese). No open season. Wild turkey. Sept. 1-Feb. 1. Dove. Aug. 1-Feb. 1. Woodcock. June 20-Feb. 1. W r ood duck, teal, or other duck, goose. Aug. 15-Apr. 1. Louisiana (1908-1910): Deer (female and young protected all the year). Oct. 1-Jan. 1. Bear. Nov. 1-Feb. 1. Quail, red-winged blackbird, robin. Nov. 15-Mar. 15. Prairie chicken, pheasant (imported or native), Hungarian partridge, wild turkey hen, killdeer. Dec. 1, 1915. a Deer raised in inclosure for market may be killed Oct. 1-Feb. 1; cock pheasant, Nov. 1-Feb. 1 under permit. b Deer raised in private preserves may be killed at any time. c Unlawful to hunt any game except waterfowl Oct. 1-Nov. 10. d Also June 15-Sept. 15. 418 GAME LAWS FOR 1910 15 Open seasons for game —Continued. Louisiana (190S-1910)—Continued. Male wild turkey... Dove, wood duck. Woodcock. Plover, curlew, tatler, coot (poule d’eau), gallinule, rail (mud hen), duck (except wood duck, black mallard, and blue-wing teal), goose, brant. Papabotte, upland plover, grosbee, ehorook. Snipe, sandpiper, blue-wing teal. Florida duck (black mallard). Maine (1903-1909): Deer in Aroostook, Franklin, Hancock, Oxford, Penobscot, Piscataquis, Somerset, and Washington counties (see exceptions). Exceptions: Hancock County, Eden, Mt. Desert, South West Harbor, and Tre- mont.Nov. 15-Dec. 15 Town of Isle au Ilaut.Oct. 1, 1913 Swan Island, 4 years.Oct. 1, 1914 Washington County, Cross and Scotch islands.July 3, 1919 Deer in Androscoggin County. Deer in Cumberland, Kennebec, Knox, Lincoln, Sagadahoc, Waldo, and York counties (see exceptions)... Exceptions: Knox County, Camden, Rockport, and Hope; Waldo County, Lincolnville, and Searsmont.July 3, 1912 Sagadahoc County, Bath, West Bath, and Phippsburg.No open season Bull moose with at least two 3-inch prongs on horns. Cow and calf moose. Caribou, G years. 0 pen seasons. No v. 1-Apr. 15. Sept. 1-Mar. 1. Jan. 1-Mar. 1. Oct. 1-Mar. 15. July 1-Apr. 1. Sept. 15-Apr. 1. Aug. 1-Mar. 1. Oct. 1-Dcc. 15. Oct. 1-Nov. 1. Nov. 1-Dec. 1. Oct. 15-Dec. 1. No open season. Oct. 15, 1911. Rabbit Sept. 1-Apr. 1. Squirrel (gray and black). Quail, dove. Ruffed grouse or partridge, woodcock.:. Hungarian partridge. Pheasant, black game, capercailzie, 10 years. Plover, snipe, sandpiper... Wood duck, dusky or black duck, teal, gadwall or gray duck, mallard, widgeon or baldpate, shoveler, pintail or sprigtail, redhead, scaup or greater bluebill, lesser scaup or lesser bluebill, golden-eye or whistler, bufllehead, ruddy duck or broad- bill (see exceptions). Exceptions: Golden-eye (Hancock Co.) Nov. 1-Apr. 1. Ducks (Lincoln Co.)...Sept. 1-Feb. 1 All ducks on Merrymeeting Bay, Eastern River, or the Kennebec River below Gardiner and Randolph bridge.Sept. 1-Dec. 1 Maryland a (1898-1910): Rabbit. Squirrel. Quail, ruffed grouse, wild turkey. Dove. . Plover, snipe. Woodcock...... Reedbird, sora (water rail or ortolan). Duck, goose, brant, swan, and other wildfowl. Massachusetts (1902-1910): Deer (see exception)... Exception: In Berkshire, Franklin, Hampden, Hampshire, and Worcester counties (third Monday in November to the following Saturday, inclu¬ sive).Nov. 21-27, 1910. Hare or rabbit. Gray squirrel. Quail, ruffed grouse or partridge, woodcock. No open season. No open season. Sept. 15-Dec. 1. July 3, 1913. Apr. 28, 1913. Aug. 1-May 1. Sept. 1-Jan. 1. Nov. 1-Dec. 25. Sept. 1-Dec. 2. Nov. 1-Dec. 25. Aug. 15-Dec. 25. Aug. 15-May 2. Nov. 1-Dec. 25& Sept. 1-Nov. 2. Nov. 1-Apr. 11. No open season. Oct. 15-Mar. l.c Oct. 15-Nov. 15. Oct. 15-Nov. 16. a The seasons given are the most general. For all seasons under county Taws see Poster No. 22, “Open seasons for game, District of Columbia, Maryland, and Virginia, 1910," w T hich may be had upon application to the Biological Survey, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. b Also July. c A landowner may trap (other than by snare) on his own land Oct. 15-Dec. 1, or may authorize a member of his family to do so. 418 16 GAME LAWS FOR 1910. Open seasons for game —Continued. Massachusetts (1902-1910)—Continued. Prairie chicken, dove, wild or passenger pigeon, pheasants (English, golden, Mongo- Open seasons. lian)a killdeer or piping plover, swan. No open season. Heath hen, wood or summer duck, 5 years. Sept. 1,1911. Bartramian sandpiper (upland plover).;. July 15, 1915. Plover (except upland and killdeer or piping plover), snipe, sandpiper, peep, rail, gallinule, quark (mud hen), or any shore, marsh, or beach birds... Aug. 1-Jan. 1. Duck (except wood duck), teal, goose, brant. Sept. 15-Jan. 1. Michigan (1905-1909): Deer (see exceptions). Nov. 10-Dec. 1. Exceptions: Deer in red coat and fawn in spotted coat. No open season. Arenac, Bay, Benzie, Cheboygan, Emmet, and Leelanau counties.1912 Bois Blanc Island (Mackinac County).1918 Elk (see exception), moose, caribou, 8 years. June 16, 1913. Exception: Elk on Bois Blanc Island.1918 Bear. Nov. 1-Apr. 1. Squirrel (black, fox, or gray). Oct. 15-Dec. 1. Quail (Virginia partridge). Oct. 15,1914. Ruffed grouse (partridge), spruce hen (except on Upper Peninsula, Oct. 1-Dec. 1)... Oct. 15-Dec. 1. Pinnated grouse (prairie chicken), dove. No open season. Pheasants (English, Mongolian). Nov. 1-Dec. 16. European partridge... 1912. Woodcock, plover, snipe, duck, goose, brant, or other waterfowl (except that snipe, bluebill, canvasback, widgeon, redhead, pintail, whistler, spoonbill, butterball, and sawbill duck, goose, and brant may be hunted Mar. 2-Apr. 26, and goose and brant in Chippewa County at any time). Sept. 1-Jan. 2. Minnesota (1905-1909): Deer, male moose. Nov. 10-Nov. 30. Elk, female moose, caribou, fawn. No open season. Quail, partridge, ruffed grouse (pheasant). Oct. 1-Dec. 1. Sharp-tailed or white-breasted grouse, prarie chicken (pinnated grouse), turtle dove, upland plover, golden plover, snipe, woodcock. Sept. 7-Nov. 7. Pheasants (Chinese, English, Mongolian).. No open season. Duck, goose, brant, or any aquatic fowl. Sept. 7-Dec. 1. Mississippi (1906-1910): Deer (spotted fawn, no open season), bear. Nov. 15-Mar. 1. Quail or partridge. ; . Nov. 1-Mar. 1. Wild turkey (females, no open season). Jan. 1-May 1. Dove. July 1-Mar. 1. Plover, tatler, chorook, grosbec, coot (poule d’eau), rail (mud hen), duck, goose, brant, swan. Sept. 1-Mar. 1. Missouri (1909): Deer, males only (no open season for does). Nov. 1-Jan. 1. Squirrels (gray, black, fox)... July 1-Dec. 22. Quail (bobwhite, partridge), wild turkey. Nov. 1-Jan. 1. Ruffed grouse (pheasant), prairie chicken (pinnated grouse), Mongolian, Chinese, and English pheasants, woodcock, and other game birds, resident, migratory, or imported, not here provided with a season. No open season. Dove, plover. Sept. 1-Jan. 1. Snipe, duck, goose, brant. Sept. 15-May 1. Montana (1905-1909): Deer, elk, sheep, goat. Oct. 1-Dec. 1. Moose, caribou, antelope, bison, or buffalo. No open season. Quail, Chinese pheasant, Hungarian pheasant, dove. No open season. Pheasant, partridge, prairie chicken, sage hen, fool hen, grouse. Oct. 1-Nov. 1. Duck, goose, brant, swan. Sept. 1-Jan. 1. Nebraska (1901-1909): Deer, elk, antelope. No open season. Squirrel (gray, red, fox, timber). Oct. 1-Dec. 1. Quail, partridge, pheasant, ptarmigan, English partridge, Belgian partridge, English pheasant, Chinese pheasant, Mongolian pheasant, English black cock, other im¬ ported game birds, wild pigeon, wild turkey, dove, curlew, white crane, swan_No open season. Prairie chicken, sage chicken, grouse. Oct. 1—Dec. 1. a Except on private preserves under permit of commissioners on fisheries and game. 418 GAME LAWS FOR 1910. 17 Open seasons for game —Continued. Nebraska (1901-1909)—Continued. Plover. Yellow-legs, jacksnipe, Wilson snipe. Crane (except white crane), duck, goose, brant, or any game waterfowl (except swan). Nevada a (1909): Deer. Antelope, spotted fawn. Mountain quail, grouse. Valley quail. Bobwhite, partridge, pheasant, other imported birds. Sage hen. Plover, curlew, snipe, woodcock, sandhill crane, duck, goose, swan. New Hampshire** (1901-1909): Deer in Coos County. Oct. 1-Dec. 1 Deer in Carroll and Grafton counties. Nov. 1-Dec. 15 Deer in rest of State. Dec. 1-Dec. 15 Elk, moose, caribou. Ilare, rabbit. Gray squirrel. Quail, partridge, ruffed grouse, woodcock, Wilson snipe. Dove, pheasant, any introduced foreign game bird. Killdeer, upland plover or Bartramian sandpiper, wood duck. Plover (except killdeer and upland plover), sandpiper, yellow-legs, rail, duck (except wood duck and sheldrake) (“beach birds,” coot, teal, may be shot in Rockingham County July 15-Feb. 1). New Jersey (1903-1910): Deer, males onlyc (no open season for does). Squirrel—northern section d . Squirrel—southern section, rabbit. Quail, ruffed grouse (partridge), prairie chicken, English (ringneck) pheasant,« wild turkey, woodcock—northern section d . Quail, ruffed grouse (partridge), prairie chicken, English (ringneck) pheasant,*? wild turkey, woodcock—southern section. Dove, wild pigeon. Upland plover. Plover (except upland plover), curlew, surf (bay) snipe (except English snipe), sandpiper, yellow-legs, all shore birds. English (Wilson) snipe (bog or jack snipe). Reedbird, marsh hen, rail. Ducktf (except mallard, black duck, sheldrake, and wood duck), swan. Wood duck. Mallard, black duck. Sheldrake, goose, brant Q . New Mexico (1909): Deer (with horns). Deer (without horns), elk, sheep. Antelope, 5 years. Quail (native, crested, Messina, California, or helmet), grouse. Bobwhite quail, pheasant, wild pigeon, 5 years. Prairie chicken. Ptarmigan (white grouse)... Wild turkey. Turtle dove. Plover, curlew, snipe. Open seasons. July 15-Sept. 1. Sept. 15-May 2. Sept. 15-Apr. 6. Sept. 15-Oct. 15. No open season. Oct. 1-Jan. 1. Oct. 15-Jan. 15. No open season. July 15-Oct. 1. Sept. 15-Mar. 15. No open season. Oct. 1-Apr. 1. Oct. 1,1913. Oct. 1-Dec. 1. No open season. Mar. 7,1912. Oct. 1-Feb. 1. Nov. 2,9,16, 23,30 Oct. 15-Dec. 2. Nov. 15-Jan. 1. Oct. 15-Dec. 2. Nov. 15-Jan. 1. No open season. Aug. 1-Oct. 1. May 1-Jan. 1. Sept. 1-Jan. 1./ Sept. 1-Jan. 1. Nov. 1-Mar. 16. Apr. 1,1915. Nov. 1-Mar. 2. Nov. 1-Apr. 11. Oct. 15-Nov. 16. No open season. Mar. 18,1914. Oct. 1-Jan. 1. Mar. 18,1914. Sept. 1,1915. No open season. Nov. 1-Jan. 1. Aug. 1-Nov. 1. Sept. 15-Mar. 2. a County commissioners may change dates of close seasons (without altering length) for deer, antelope, or sage hens, or lengthen close seasons for any other game in their respective counties. b Governor and council may suspend open season in time of excessive drought, c Not applicable to deer in game preserves or to possession of imported deer properly tagged. dThe northern section comprises the counties of Bergen, Essex, Hudson, Hunterdon, Morris, Fassaic, Somerset, Sussex, Union, and Warren; the southern section comprises the remaining counties. e English or ringneck pheasants in established game preserves may be shot Oct. 1-Jan. 1. */ Also March and April. 9 Open season for duck, goose, and brant on Delaware River and Bay, Sept. 1-Mar. 2 56301°—Bull. 418—10-3 18 GAME LAWS FOE 1910. Open seasons for game —Continued. New York (1908-1910): Open seasons. Deer—Adirondack region ,a Dutchess County, and inclosed parks. Sept. 16-Nov. 1. Deer—rest of State (see exception). No open season. Exception: Ulster County and towns of Cochecton, Tusten, Highland, Lumber- land, Forestburg, Bethel, and all of towns of Mamakating and Thompson south of Newburgh and Cochecton turnpike in Sullivan County and Deer Park in Orange County. Oct. 16-Nov. 1. Fawns, elk, moose, caribou, antelope.. No open season. Hare, rabbit (except Fulton County, Oct. 1-Jan. 16). Oct. 1-Feb. 16. Squirrel, black or gray (except in Richmond and Niagara counties, no open season). Oct. 1-Dec. 1. Quail (except in Dutchess County, Oct. 1,1913). Nov. 1-Dec. 1. Partridge (grouse, except in Dutchess County, Oct. 1, 1913), woodcock. Oct. 1-Dec. 1. Hungarian partridge (European gray-legged partridge), pheasants (Mongolian ring- neck, English, and others, see exceptions)... No open season. Exceptions: Ringneck and English pheasants in Dutchess County. Nov. 1-Jan. 1 Fulton County. Sept. 16-Dec. 1 Cayuga, Erie, Genesee, Livingston, Monroe, Niagara, Ontario, Orleans, Oswego, Seneca, Wayne, Wyoming, and Yates counties (male pheasants may be killed Thursdays and Saturdays in October). Dove, wood duck. No open season. Surf bird, plover, curlew, yellow-legs, Wilson or English snipe, jacksnipe, bay snipe, shore birds, water chicken, mud hen, gallinule, rail. Sept. 16-Jan. 1. Duck (except wood duck), goose, brant, swan. Sept. 16-Jan. 11. Long Island (1908-1910): Deer. Nov. 1,1913. Hare, rabbit, squirrel (black or gray). Nov. 1-Jan. 1. Quail, grouse, woodcock (see exception). Nov. 1-Jan. 1. Exception: Quail on Robbins and Gardiners islands. Oct. 15-Feb. 1 Pheasants (English, Mongolian, ringneck) in Suffolk County.Nov. 1-Jan. 1 Dove. No open season. Plover, ringneck, killdeer, oxeye, curlew, willet, yellow-legs, winter snipe, Wilson or English snipe, jacksnipe, surf snipe. July 16-Jan. 1. Meadow hen, mud hen, gallinule. Aug. 16-Jan. 1. Duck, goose, brant, swan... Oct. 1-Jan. 11. North Carolina b (1905-1909): Deer. Oct. 1-Feb. 1. Quail, wild turkey, dove, lark, robin. Nov. 1-Mar. 1. North Dakota (1909): Deer. Nov. 10-Dec. 1. Antelope, 11 years. Jan. 1, 1920. Quail, English pheasant, Chinese ringneck pheasant, Hungarian partridge. No open season. Ruffed grouse, prairie chicken (pinnated grouse), sharp-tailed (white-breasted) grouse, dove, golden plover, upland plover, snipe, woodcock. Sept. 7-Nov. 2. Crane, duck, goose, brant, swan. Sept. 7-Dec. 16. Ohio (1900-1910): Rabbit. Nov. 15-Dec. 5. Squirrel. Oct. 1-Oct. 31. Raccoon. Nov. 1-Mar. 2. Quail, ruffed grouse. Nov. 15-Dec. 5. Introduced pheasants. Nov. 15, 1913. Dove, woodcock. Sept. 1-Dec. 5. Plover, snipe, shore birds, coot or mud hen, rail, duck, goose, swan. Sept. 1-Jan. l.c Oklahoma (1909): Deer (males only—no open season for does). Nov. 1-Dec. 1. Antelope. Nov. 1, 1914. Quail, Mexican (blue) quail. Nov. 15-Feb. 1. Grouse, wild pigeon. No open season. Prairie chicken. Sept. 1-Nov. 1. Mongolian, Chinese, English, ringneck, or other pheasant. Nov. 1, 1914. a The Adirondack region comprises the counties of Clinton, Essex, Franklin, Fulton, Hamilton, Herki¬ mer, Saratoga, Saint Lawrence, Warren, and Washington, and that part of Jefferson, Lewis, and Oneida counties lying east of the Utica and Black River R. R. from Utica to Ogdensburg. b For county seasons see Poster No. 23 of Biological Survey, U. S. Department of Agirculture. c Also Mar. 1-Apr. 21; Sundays and Mondays are close seasons for ducks and other waterfowl. 418 GAME LAWS FOE 1910. 19 Open seasons for game —Continued. Oklahoma (1909)—Continued. Wild turkey. Wild turkey (gobblers only). Dove. Plover, curlew, snipe, or other shore bird, crane, duck, goose, brant, swan. Oregon (1909): Male deer (except in Baker, Grant, Harney, Malheur, Umatilla, Union, and Wallowa counties, Sept. 15-Nov. 1). Female deer and spotted fawn, antelope, sheep.. Elk. Silver gray squirrel. Quail (see exceptions). Exceptions: Josephine and Jackson couuties... Oct. 15-Dec. 15 Gilliam, Grant, Harney, Malheur, Morrow, Umatilla, and Wheeler coun¬ ties. Oct. 15,1913 Grouse, native pheasant, ruffed grouse, partridge (see exception). Exception: Baker, Grant, Umatilla, Union, and Wallowa counties. No open season Open seasons. Nov. 15-Jan. 1. Mar. 15-Apr. 15. Aug. 1-Jan. 1. Aug. 15-May 1. Aug. 1-Nov. 1. No open season. Aug. 1, 1919. Oct. 1-Jan. 1. Oct. 15-Nov. 15. Oct. 15-Nov. 15. Sage hen. Aug. 1-Nov. 1. Chinese (torquatus) pheasant cock (see exceptions). Oct. 15-Nov. 15. Exceptions: Jackson, Josephine, Hood River, and Malheur counties. No open season Gilliam, Grant, Harney, Malheur, Morrow, Umatilla, and Wheeler coun¬ ties. Oct. 15,1913 Chinese (torquatus) pheasant hen, silver pheasant, golden pheasant, copper pheas¬ ant, green Japanese pheasant, Reeves pheasant, English partridge, Hungarian partridge, bobwhite, prairie chicken (except in Grant, Harney, and Umatilla counties, no open season). Sept. 1-Oet. 15. Dove, wild pigeon. Sept. 15-Jan. 1. Turnstone, surf bird, plover, killdeer, curlew, tatler, willet, sandpiper, snipe, stilt, avocet, phalarope, other shore birds, coot, rail, gooseo (see exceptions), swan. Oct. 1-Mar. 1. Exceptions: Goose (other than Canadian or honker), swan, in Baker, Gilliam, Grant, Harney, Klamath, Lake, Malheur, Sherman, Union, and Wallowa counties. Sept. 1-Apr. 1 Canadian or honker goose in Grant, Harney, and Malheur counties, Sept. 1-Mar. 1 Duck (see exceptions). Exceptions: Clatsop, Columbia, and Multnomah counties.Sept. 1-Jan. 15 Baker, Grant, Harney, Malheur, Morrow, Umatilla, Union, and Wallowa counties. Sept. 1-Apr. 1 Coos, Curry, and Lake counties.Sept. 15-Mar. 15 Klamath County.Sept. 1-Feb. 1 Pennsylvania (1909): Deer (deer without horns protected all the year). Bear. Hare, rabbit. Squirrel (gray, black, fox). Quail, wild turkey. Ruffed grouse, imported pheasants (Chinese, English, Mongolian). Hungarian partridge. Dove, blackbird, reedbird, coot or mud hen, rail, sandpiper, tatler, curlew, or any shore bird. Woodcock. Upland or grass plover. Wilson snipe (jacksnipe). Wild waterfowl—duck, goose, brant, swan, loon, grebe. Rhode Island (1900-1910): Deer 5. Gray squirrel, hare, rabbit.... Quail or bobwhite, ruffed grouse or partridge, woodcock. Pheasant, 5 years. Hungarian partridge. Oct. 15-Feb. 15. Nov. 15-Dec. 1. Oct. 1-Jan. 1. Nov. 1-Dec. 15. Oct. 15-Dec. 1. Oct. 15-Nov. 15. Oct. 15-Dec. 1. May 1,1911. Sept. 1-Jan. 1. Oct. 1-Dec. 1. July 15-Dec. 1. Sept. 1-May 1. Sept. 1-Apr. 10. No open season. Oct. 16-Jan. 1. Oct. 15-Dec. 16. Oct. 15,1910. Oct. 15,1913. a Unlawful to kill geese at any time on islands or sand bars in the Columbia River east of the Cascades. 5 Tame deer kept in confinement may be killed by the owner at any time, or any deer injuring crops, by the owner or occupant of the premises, under permit from secretary of state. 418 20 GAME LAWS FOR 1910. Open seasons for game —Continued. Rhode Island (1909-1910)—Continued. Open seasons. Dove. No open season. Plover, yellow-legs, peep, snipe, shore, marsh, and beach birds. Aug. 1-Jan. 1. Black duck and wood duck. Aug. 15-Apr. 1. South Carolina (1902-1910): Deer (males only, females protected all the year; see exception). Nov. 1-Feb. 1. Exception: Berkeley County.Aug. 1-Feb. 1 Quail, partridge, wild turkey (see exception). Nov. 15-Mar. 1. Exception: Berkeley County. Nov. 1-Apr. 1 Mongolian pheasant, 4 years. Jan. 1,1912. Dove. Aug. 15-Mar. 15. Woodcock. Sept. 1-Jan. 15. Willet... Nov. 1-Mar. 1. Crackle. Oct. 1-Mar. 1. South Dakota (1909): Deer, elk, buffalo, sheep. Nov. 1-Dec. 1. Antelope, 10 years. Jan. 1,1911. Quail. Oct. 1,1912. Partridge, golden plover, upland plover, snipe, woodcock. Sept. 10-Oct. 10. Grouse, prairie chicken.!... Sept. 10,1911. Introduced pheasant. Jan. 1,1915. Dove. No open season. Duck, goose, brant, any aquatic fowl. Sept. 10-Apr. 10. Tennessee « (1903-1907): Deer (except Fentress County, Dec. 1-Jan. 1). Oct. 1,1911. Squirrel. June 1-Mar. 1. & Quail or partridge. Nov. 15-Mar. 1. Grouse, pheasant (except English or ringneck pheasants), wild turkey, c meadow¬ lark. Nov. 1-Mar. 1. Pheasant, English or ringneck. Dec. 1-Jan. 1. Dove (see exception), teal, wood (summer) duck. Aug. 1-Apr. 15. Exception: Dove in Shelby County. Mar. 1-July 15 Woodcock, robin, marsh blackbird, plover, curlew, tatler, willet, godwit, sandpiper, snipe, avocet, coot, mud hen, rail, duck (except teal and wood duck), goose, brant, swan. Oct. 1-Apr. 15. Texas (1907): Deer (female deer and spotted fawn protected all the year). Nov. 1-Jan. 1. Antelope, sheep, 5 years. July 1,1912. Quail or partridge, dove. Nov. 1-Feb. 1. Prairie chicken or pinnated grouse, pheasants (Mongolian, English), 5 years. July 1,1912. Wild turkey. Dec. 1-Apr. l.d Utah (1909): Deer (see exception). Oct. 15-Nov. 15. Exception: Nonresident not permitted to kill deer. Elk, antelope, sheep. Mar. 11,1913. Quail, partridge, grouse, prairie chicken, pheasants (Chinese, English, Mongolian) (see exceptions). Mar. 11,1913. Exceptions: Quail in Garfield, Kane, and Washington counties.. Aug. 1-Feb. 1 Quail in Carbon, Davis, Salt Lake, Sevier, Utah, and Weber counties. Oct. 1-Nov. 1 a The game law passed at the last session of the legislature was declared unconstitutional by the supreme court of Tennessee on July 27,1909. t> Special squirrel seasons: Benton, Decatur, Wilson, June 1-Jan. 1; Carroll, June 15-Mar. 1; Carter, July 15-Mar. 1; Crockett, Weakley, July 1-Feb. 1; Dyer, June 1-July 1 and Oct. 1-Jan. 1; Fayette, July 15- Jan. 1; Gibson, Sevier, June 1-Feb. 1; Hardeman, July 15-Feb. 15; Haywood, May 1-Jan. 1; Henderson, July 15-Jan. 15; McNairy, Madison, July 1-Mar. 1; Robertson, July 1-Jan. 1; Shelby, June 15-Feb. 1; Stew^ art, Aug. 1-Feb. 1; Warren, Oct. 1-Mar. 1. Bedford, Blount, Cannon, Clay, Coffee, Cumberland, Dickson, Fentress, Giles, Greene, Hickman, Humphreys, Jackson, Knox, Lawrence, Lincoln, London, Marshall, Maury, Meigs, Moore, Overton, Perry, Pickett, Putnam, Rhea, Sequatchie, Sullivan, Van Buren, Wash¬ ington, Wayne, White, Williamson, unprotected. In Chester, Hardeman, Hardin, and McNairy counties anyone may kill squirrels on his own property at any time for his own use. e Special wild turkey seasons: Dyer (gobblers), Nov. 1-May 1 (hens), Nov. 1-Feb. 1; Clay, Fentress, Overton, Pickett, Aug. 1-May 1. d In opinion dated Sept. 17, 1907, assistant attorney-general of Texas holds that season opens Nov. 1. 418 GAME LAWS FOR 1910. 21 Open seasons for game —Continued. Utah (1909)—Continued. Open seasons. Sage hens in Beaver, Box Elder, Carbon, Emery, Garfield, Grand, Iron, Kane, Mil¬ lard, Morgan, Piute, Rich, San Juan, Sanpete, Sevier, Summit, Uinta, Wasatch, Washington, Wayne, and Weber counties. Aug. 1-Dec. 1. Sage hens in Cache, Davis, Juab, Salt Lake, Tooele, and Utah counties. Mar. 11,1913. Dove. Aug. 1-Dec. 1. Snipe, shore birds, duck, goose, brant, swan. Oct. 1-Jan. 1. Vermont« (1894-1908): Deer (except spotted or red fawn). Oct. 25-Oct. 31. & Moose, caribou. No open season. Hare, rabbit. Sept. 15-May 1. Gray squirrel. Sept. 15-Dec. 1. Quail. Sept. 15, 1911. Ruffed grouse (partridge), woodcock. Sept. 15-Nov. 15. Pheasant, English partridge. Oct. 1, 1913. Dove, rail, swan. No open season. Plover (other than upland), English snipe. Sept. 15-Dec. 1. Upland plover.1. Aug. 1, 1915. Duck, goose. Sept. 1-Jan. 1. Virginia c (1903-1910): Deer (except in Brunswick and Greenesville counties, Oct. 1-Feb. 1). Sept. 1-Dec. 1. Rabbit. Nov. 1-Feb. l.d Squirrel: Brunswick and Greenesville counties. Nov. 1-Feb. 1« Isle of Wight and Southampton counties (gray or fox). Sept. 1-Jan. 15 Opossum in Halifax County. Oct. 15-Feb. 1 Quail or partridge, pheasant or grouse, wild turkey, woodcock (see exceptions).Nov. 1-Feb. 1. Exceptions: West of the Blue Ridge. Nov. 1-Jan. 1 Dove in Brunswick and Greenesville counties. Aug. 15-Jan. 15 Robin. Feb. 15-Apr. 1. Surf bird, plover, curlew, tatler, willet, sandpiper, snipe (except Wilson and robin snipe), mud hen, gallinule, rail (except sora). July 20-Jan. 1. Summer or wood duck, winter waterfowl in Brunswick and Greenesville counties. Aug. 1-Jan. 1. Winter waterfowl (except in Brunswick and Greenesville counties). Oct. 15-May 1./ Washington? (1903-1909): Deer (except spotted fawns), caribou, sheep, goat. Oct. 1-Dec. 1. Elk. Moose, antelope (males only). Spotted fawns, female moose and antelope. Quail, ruffed grouse, grouse, prairie chicken, sage hen, pheasant, and other imported upland game birds (see exceptions). Exceptions: Quail in Clallam, Clarke, Kitsap, Skagit, and Whatcom counties, and counties east of Cascades. Oct. 1, 1912 Partridge, pheasant (Chinese ringneck, English, and golden), in same coun¬ ties and also Snohomish County. Oct. 1, 1912 Grouse in Douglas, Ferry, Okanogan, and Stevens counties.. Aug. 15-Jan. 1 Grouse in other counties east of Cascades. Sept. 1-Oct. 16 Prairie chicken in Adams, Chelan. Columbia, Douglas, Ferry, Garfield, Grant, Lincoln, Okanogan, Stevens, and Wallawallacounties_Sept. 1-Oct. 16 Prairie chicken in other counties east of Cascades. Sept. 1, 1912 Hungarian partridge. Dove. Oct. 1, 1915. Sept. 15-Nov. 1. No open season. Oct. 1-Jan. 1. Oct. 1, 1913. No open season. a The governor is authorized to suspend open seasons in time of drought and fix another open season for deer in such event. & Deer kept in private game preserves may be killed by the owners at any time. c Boards of supervisors may shorten the open seasons in their counties and make other restrictions not repugnant to law “and may Include in such protection other game not specifically mentioned in this sec¬ tion.” Code 1904, sec. 2070a, as amended in 1906. d Residents of the State may kill rabbits on their own lands at any time. e Residents of State may kill squirrels on their own lands at any time. 1 Wildfowl can not be hunted on Wednesdays and Saturdays on Back Bay, Princess Anne County. 9 On Mercer Island and shores of Lake Washington game animals and birds are protected all the year. (Laws 1909, ch. 54.) 418 22 GAME LAWS FOR 1910. Open seasons for game —Continued. Washington (1903-1909)—Continued. Open seasons. Plover, curlew, snipe, rail, other shore birds, duck, goose, brant, swan (see exception). Oct. 1-Feb. l.a Exception: In Adams, Douglas, Ferry, Grant, Lincoln, Okanogan, Spokane, Stevens, and Whitman counties. Sept. 15-Jan. 1 West Virginia (1909): Deer (with horns more than 4 inches long—no open season for any other deer). Oct. 15-Dec. 1. Rabbit in Brooke, Hancock, Harrison, Marion, Marshall, and Ohio coun¬ ties. Nov. 2-Dec. 20. Squirrel (gray, black, red, fox). Sept. 1-Dec. 1. Quail (Virginia partridge). Nov. 1-Dec. 1. Ruffed grouse (pheasant), wild turkey. Oct. 15-Dec. 1. Pheasants (English, Chinese, Reeves, Lady Amherst), capercailzie, or any other introduced foreign game bird, dove, wood duck. No open season. Plover, sandpiper, woodcock, reedbird, rail (ortolan). July 15-Dec. 20. Snipe... Oct. 15-Mar. 1. Duck (except wood duck, no open season), goose, brant. Sept. 1-Apr. 20. Wisconsin (189S-1909): Deer (see exceptions). Nov. 11-Dec. 1. Exceptions: Door and Shawano counties, 5 years. Nov. 11, 1912 Adams, Brown, Buffalo, Calumet, Columbia, Crawford, Dane, Dodge, Fond du Lac, Grant, Green, Green Lake, Iowa, Jefferson, Juneau, Kenosha, Kewaunee, La Crosse, Lafayette, Manitowoc, Marquette, Milwaukee, Monroe, Outagamie, Ozaukee, Pepin, Portage, Racine, Richland, Rock, Sauk, Sheboygan, Vernon, Walworth, Washington, Waukesha, Waupaca, Waushara, and Winnebago counties. No open season Moose. Rabbit, squirrel (gray, black, fox—see exceptions). Exceptions: Chippewa, Eau Claire, Pierce, Portage, Rusk, St. Croix, Waupaca, and Waushara counties. Sept. 10-Feb. 1 Crawford, Grant, Iowa, Kenosha, Lafayette, Richland, Sauk, and Vernon counties (rabbit only). Unprotected Quail, pheasants (Chinese, English, Mongolian), 8 years. Partridge, plover, snipe, woodcock. Prairie chicken, grouse: in Adams, Ashland, Barron, Bayfield, Brown, Burnett, Buffalo, Chippewa, Clark, Crawford, Dodge, Douglas, Dunn, Eau Claire, Grant, Iowa, Jackson, Juneau, Lafayette, Marinette, Marquette, Monroe, Oconto, Outa¬ gamie, Pepin, Pierce, Polk, Portage, Richland, Rusk, Sawyer, St. Croix, Vernon, Washburn, Waupaca, Waushara, and Wood counties. Sept. 10-Oct. 1 Prairie chicken, grouse: in rest of State. Sept. 1, 1915 Turtle dove, swan. Coot or mud hen, rail or rice hen, duck. Goose, brant. Wyoming (1909): Deer. Moose, 3 years. Elk, sheep (except elk and male sheep in Carbon, Fremont, and Uinta counties and in Big Horn and Park counties west of Big Horn River, Sept. 25-Dec. 1), 3 years.. Antelope, 6 years. Quail, Mongolian pheasant, 3 years. Grouse, other than sage grouse (see exception). Exception: Albany, Carbon, Laramie, and Sweetwater counties.. Aug. 1-Sept. 16 Sage grouse (except in Natrona and Sheridan counties, Aug. 1, 1915), curlew. Dove, swan. Sandpiper, snipe, or other shore bird (except curlew), duck, goose (except goose in Uinta County, Sept. 1-Jan. 1). Alberta & (1906-1909): Deer, moose, caribou. Elk or wapiti. Antelope. Buffalo. No open season. Oct. 10-Feb. 1. Oct. 1, 1915. Sept. 10-Dec. 1. No open season. Sept. 1-Jan. 1. Sept. 10-May 1. Sept. 25-Dec. 1. Sept. 25,1912. Sept. 25,1912. Sept. 25,1915. Sept. 25,1912. Sept. 25-Dec. 1. Aug. 1-Oet. 1. No open season. Sept. 1-May 1. Nov. 1-Dec. 15. Nov. 1, 1910. Oct. 1-Nov. 1. No open season. aShore birds, geese, and brant may also be shot Mar. 1-June 1 in Chehalis, Clallam, Jefferson, Pacific, and San Juan counties, along the coast and 5 miles inland. b North of latitude 55° any game animal or bird, except elk and buffalo, may be killed at any time if needed for food. 41S GAME LAWS FOR 1910. 23 Open seasons for game —Continued. Alberta (1906-1909)—Continued. Open seasons. Sheep, goat. Sept. 1-Oct. 15. Partridge (except Hungarian partridge, Oct. 1, 1911), grouse, prairie chicken, ptar¬ migan, pheasant (except English, no open season). Oct. 1-Nov. 1. Plover, curlew, sandpiper, snipe, shore bird, coot, rail, crane. Sept. 1-Jan. 1. Duck,a swan. Aug. 23-Jan. 1. British Columbia b (1898-1910): Deer (except Coast or Columbian on Queen Charlotte Islands, no open season, and on Vancouver and adjacent islands and in islands district, Sept. 15-Dec. 16), goat... Sept. 1-Dec. 16. Bull elk or wapiti, bull moose, bull caribou, hare. Sept. 1-Jan. 1. Sheep, rams only. Sept. 1-Nov. 15. Young of deer and females and young of elk, moose, caribou, and sheep. No open season. Bear. Sept. 1-July 15. Quail, English partridge, prairie chicken, pheasant, black game, capercailzie, snipe, goose, swan. No open season.& Grouse, ptarmigan, duck north of latitude 55° (in rest of Province no open season &).. Sept. 15-Mar. 30. Plover. Sept. 1-Mar. 1. Manitoba (1909): Deer, elk or wapiti, moose, caribou or reindeer, antelope or cabri (males). Dec. 1-Dec. 15. Females and young of foregoing species and bison or buffalo. No open season. Quail, woodcock, plover (except upland plover), sandpiper, snipe. Aug. 1-Jan. 1. Partridge, prairie chicken, grouse. Oct. 1-Oct. 20. Dove. No open season. Pheasant, 11 years. Oct. 1, 1920. Upland plover. July 1-Jan. 1. Duck. Sept. 1-Dec. 1. New Brunswick (1900-1910): Defer, moose, caribou (cow and calf moose and cow caribou, no open season). Sept. 15-Dec. 1. Partridge, snipe, woodcock. Sept. 15-Dec. 1. Pheasant. No open season. Teal, wood duck, dusky or black duck, goose, brant..Sept. 1-Dec. 1. Shore or other birds on beaches, islands, or lagoons bordering tidal waters of North¬ umberland Strait, Gulf of St. Lawrence, and Bay of Chaleur. Aug. 15-Jan. 1. Newfoundland c (1902-1908): Elk, moose, 10 years. Jan. 1, 1912. Caribou (except in a special region near Grand Lake, no open season). Oct. 21-Feb. \.d Rabbit, hare. Oct. 1-Dec. 15.« Ptarmigan, willow grouse or partridge, plover, curlew, snipe, or "other wild or mi¬ gratory birds (except wild geese) ”. Oct. 1-Dec. 15. Capercailzie, black game, 10 years. Oct. 12, 1917. Nova Scotia (1908-1910): Deer, caribou, 4 years. Oct. 1, 1912. Moose (see exceptions)...Sept. 16-Nov. 16. Exceptions: Cape Breton Island.!. Oct. 1,1915 Calf moose under 1 year. No open season. Cow moose. Sept. 20, 1912 Hare, rabbit. Nov. 1-Mar. 1. a Except whitewinged scoters, north of township 50, which may be taken at any time. 5 The lieutenant-governor in council is empowered to open seasons each year for coast or Columbian deer, quail, English partridge, prairie chicken, pheasant, capercailzie, black game, snipe, and goose, and for grouse, ptarmigan, and duck south of latitude 55°. The season for Columbian deer is given above and special local seasons for the birds mentioned have been fixed for 1910 by orders in council. Resident Indians (nonresidents not allowed to hunt) and farmers in “ unorganized districts” may kill deer for immediate use as food, but Indians can kill does and fawns only Aug. 1-Feb. 1; free miners while engaged in placer mining or prospecting in unorganized districts, and surveying or engineering parties engaged in their duties may kill any game for food. The following special seasons have also been made by orders in council: In the Lillooetand Cariboo electoral districts the open season for mountain sheep closes November 14 in each year; in the East Kootenay district moose are protected all the year; and south of the Canadian Pacific Railway, from the coast to Columbia River and from Revelstoke-lo the international boundary, sheep are protected all the year. cPoor settlers may kill any birds, except capercailzie and black game, at any time, for immediate con¬ sumption by themselves or their families. d Additional open season Aug. 1-Oct. 1. e Snaring or trapping permitted Oct. 1-Mar. 1. 418 24 GAME LAWS FOR 1910. Open seasons for game —Continued. Nova Scotia (190S—1910)—Continued. Open seasons. Quail, sharp-tailed grouse, ptarmigan, plover, curlew, yellow-legs, sandpiper, snipe, heron, bittern, beach birds, waders, teal, wood duck. Aug. 15-Mar. 1. Ruffed grouse or birch partridge. Oct. 1-Nov. 1. Canada grouse (spruce partridge), chukar partridge, pheasant, capercailzie, black game. No open season. Woodcock, bluewinged duck. Sept. 1-Mar. 1. Exception: Blue-winged duck in Cumberland County. Sept. 1-May 1. Ontario a (1907-1910): Deer (young protected all the year). Nov. 1-Nov. 16. & Elk or wapiti. No open season. Moose, caribou, or reindeer (see exception). Oct. 16-Nov. 16. c Exception: Female moose and young moose and caribou. No open season. Hare d . Oct. 1-Dec. 16. Squirrel (black or gray). Nov. 15-Dec. 2. Quail, wild turkey.*.. Nov. 15-Dec. 2. Partridge, grouse, prairie fowl, pheasant, w'oodcock. Oct. 15-Nov. 16. Capercailzie. Sept. 15,1915. Plover, snipe, rail, other shore birds or waders. Sept. 1-Dec. 16. Dove... No open season, e Duck and other waterfowl (except goose and swan). Sept. 15-Dec. 16. Goose, swan. Sept. 15-Apr. 16. Prince Edward Island (1906-1907): Hare, rabbit. Sept. 1-Mar. 1. Partridge. Oct. 1-Dec. 1. Plover, curlew. July 15-Jan. 1. Snipe, woodcock. Sept. 1-Jan. 1. Yellow-legs, shore and other birds along beaches or tidal marshes, teal, black or blue winged duck. Aug. 20-Jan. 1. Goose. Sept. 15-May 10. Brant.i. Oct. 1-June 10. Quebec (1899-1910): Zone l.f Deer, moose (see exceptions). Sept. 1-Jan. 1. Exceptions: In Ottawa and Pontiac counties. Oct. 1-Dec. 1 Cow moose and young deer and moose. No open season. Caribou (young protected all the year). Sept. 1-Feb. 1 Hare. Dec. 1-Feb. 1. Bear. Aug. 20-July 1. Birch or swamp partridge. Sept. 1-Dec. 15. White partridge or ptarmigan. Nov. 1-Feb. 1. Woodcock, plover, curlew, tatler, sandpiper, snipe. Sept. 1-Feb. 1. Widgeon, teal, duck (except sheldrake), gull, loon. Sept. 1-Mar. l.g Zone 2. Close seasons same as in Zone 1, except as follows* Caribou. Sept. 1-Mar. 1. Hare. Oct. 15-Mar. 1. Birch or swamp partridge. Sept. 15-Feb. 1. White partridge or ptarmigan. Nov. 15-Mar. 1. Saskatchewan ft (1905-1907): Deer, elk or wapiti, moose, caribou (females and young, no open season). Dec. 1-Dec. 15. Antelope (young, no open season). Oct. 1-Nov. 15. Buffalo. No open season. Partridge, prairie chicken, grouse, ptarmigan. Oct. 1-Nov. 1. a Lieutenant-governor in council may alter close seasons in region north and west of French River, Lake Nipissing, and Mattawa River, and in the vicinity of Rondeau Park, and close for a definite period seasons for any game animal or nonmigratory game bird whose numbers have diminished. b Persons who put deer on their own lands, and their licensees, may hunt such deer Oct. 1-Nov. 16. c South of the Canadian Pacific R. R., between Mattawa and the Manitoba boundary, Nov. 1-16. d Cottontail rabbits (wood hares) may be killed during close season when damaging trees or shrubs. e Under act for protection of insectivorous birds, Rev. Stats., 1897, ch. 289, sec. 3. /Zone No. 1 comprises the whole Province, except that part of the counties of Chicoutimi and Saguenay east and north of the river Saguenay. Zone No. 2 comprises the excepted part of said counties. 9 Inhabitants of Zone 2 and Gasp<§ County may take these birds for food Aug. 1-June 1. ft Lieutenant-governor in council may extend close seasons over current year within limits on petition of 6 game guardians. 418 GAME LAWS FOR 1910. 25 Open seasons for game —Continued. Saskatchewan (1905-1907)—Continued. Open seasons. English pheasant. No open season. Plover, curlew, sandpiper, snipe, shore birds, coot, rail, duck, goose, swan. Sept. 1-Jan. 1. Crane.. Aug. 1-Jan. 1. Unorganized Territories a (Keewatin, Mackenzie, etc.) (1894-1906): Deer, elk or wapiti, moose, caribou, goat, sheep. Dec. 1-Apr. 1.& Buffalo. Jan. 1,1912. Musk ox. Oct. 15-Mar. 20. Partridge, prairie chicken, grouse, pheasant. Sept. 1-Jan. 1. Duck, goose, swarf... Sept. 1-Jan. 15. Yukon c (1902-1906): Deer, elk or wapiti, moose, caribou, sheep, goat, musk ox. Sept. 1-Mar. 1. Bison or buffalo. No open season. Partridge, prairie chicken, grouse, ptarmigan, pheasant. Sept. 1-Mar. 15. Sandpiper, snipe, crane, duck, goose, swan. Aug. 10-June 1. SHIPMENT OF GAME. Shipment is the most important feature of the traffic in game. If permitted without limitation it is a great factor in game destruction. A realization of this fact has induced many of the States to prohibit export of all or certain kinds of game, and in a few instances all transportation even within the State. The subject may be conven¬ iently considered under the following subheads: “Federal laws,” and “State laws prohibiting export.” FEDERAL LAWS. Federal laws affecting the shipment of game comprise the statutes regulating interstate commerce in game and the importation of birds from foreign countries and those providing for the protection of birds and game on territory under immediate federal jurisdiction. They comprise: (1) Sections 241 to 244 of the Criminal Code (35 Stat., 1137), regulating the importation and interstate shipment of game; (2) the tariff act, imposing duties on game, skins, and feathers imported from foreign countries; (3) the act regulating the introduc¬ tion of eggs of game birds; (4) the game law of Alaska; and (5) pro¬ visions for protecting birds in the national parks , 1d national forests, and other government reservations. These laws are more fully dis¬ cussed in Bulletin No. 16 of the Biological Survey, entitled “ Digest of Game Laws for 1901” (pp. 69-79). The full text of several may be found in various circulars published by the Biological Survey: Circular No. 29 (1900) contains the Lacey Act, e and Circulars Nos. 66 a Indians, inhabitants, travelers, explorers, and surveyors in need of food exempt. Governor in council may alter seasons. b Also July 15-Oct. 1. cIndians, explorers, surveyors, prospectors, miners, and travelers in need of food are exempt. Com¬ missioner in council may alter seasons. d The law governing the Yellowstone Park prohibits any person, or any stage, express, or railway com¬ pany from receiving for transportation animals, birds, or fish taken in the park, under a penalty not exceeding 3300. (28 Stat. L., ch. 72, sec. 4.) e Sections 2, 3, and 4 of the Lacey Act are incorporated in the Criminal Code as sections 241-244. 418 26 GAME LAWS FOE 1910. and 75 the new Alaskan game law of 1908, with the regulations now in force. STATE LAWS PROHIBITING EXPORT. Since the constitutionality of the Connecticut statute prohibiting export of certain game was established by the supreme court in 1896, nonexport laws have been generally adopted, and at the present time every State prohibits the export of certain kinds of game. In some States sportsmen are allowed to carry a limited amount of game out of the State under special restrictions, and exceptions to the laws prohibiting export are also made in the case of birds and animals intended for propagation. Eestrictions on shipment from the State have now become so stringent that all the States and Territories west of the Mississippi River, except two, North and South Dakota, prohibit export of all game protected by local laws, and these permit the export of only plover, woodcock, and cranes. East of the Mississippi, laws pro¬ hibiting the export of all game, or, in some cases, all but one or two unimportant species, are in force in all the States except a small group along the coast from Massachusetts to Maryland and four Southern States—North Carolina, Georgia, Florida, and Kentucky. Special attention is called to the following table, which contains a list of the game prohibited from export by each State and Territory: Export of Game Prohibited. Alabama: All game protected by the State. Exceptions: Nonresident licensee may take with him or have carried to him, openly, game lawfully killed by him. State game and fish commissioner may issue permit to any person to capture, kill, or export game birds at any time, dead or alive, for scientific or propagating purposes. Alaska: Deer, moose, ^aribou, sheep, goat, bear, or hides of these animals; wild birds, except eagles, or any parts thereof. Exceptions: Specimens may be exported under restrictions imposed by the Secretary of Agriculture, and trophies of big game under licenses issued by the governor, a Arizona: All game protected by the State, and duck, goose, and brant. Arkansas: Deer (unless raised in captivity), wild turkey, wild fowl, game of any description except rab¬ bits, which must be shipped open to view. (Squirrels ean not be shipped out of Craighead, Dallas, Lafayette, and White Counties.) Local exceptions in Clay and Mississippi counties. California: All game protected by the State. Colorado: All game protected by the State. Exception: Game may be exported under permit from game commissioner if permit be attached and package plainly marked so as to show nature of contents. The following fees are charged for export permits: Elk, $10; deer, $5; sheep, $5; bird, 25 cents—in each case the edible portion alone. Connecticut: Quail, ruffed grouse, woodcock. Delaware: Rabbit, quail, partridge, woodcock (nonresidents also prohibited from shipping English snipe). Florida: Deer, deer hides, quail or partridge, wild turkey from county. Georgia: Quail or partridge. Idaho: All game protected by the State. Exception: Any hunter may export, under hunting license, big game lawfully taken, under a 50-cent permit obtained from a justice of the peace, probate judge, game warden, or deputy game warden on a sworn statement to issuing officer that game was not procured contrary to law. Mounted heads and stuffed birds legally secured may be exported. a See p. 40 and also Circulars Nos. 66 and 75, Biological Survey, U. S. Department of Agriculture. 418 GAME LAWS FOR 1910. 27 Export of game prohibited —Continued. Illinois: Squirrel, quail, ruffed grouse, pinnated grouse, prairie chicken, pheasant, wild turkey, shore birds, duck, goose, brant, taken in the State. Exceptions: Game may be exported under license from the State. Nonresidents may take from State 50 birds killed by himself, if carried openly for inspection. Indiana: Deer, quail, grouse, prairie chicken, pheasant, wild turkey, woodcock, duck, goose, brant, and other waterfowl. Exception: Nonresident may take from State 15 birds killed by himself, if carried openly for inspection together with his license, or 45 if he has hunted for 3 or more days consecutively. Iowa: All game protected by the State. Exception: Nonresident may take from State not more than 25 game birds or animals, if carried openly for inspection, and if hunting license be shown on request. Kansas: All game protected by the State. Kentucky: Quail, partridge, grouse, pheasant, wild turkey killed in the State. Louisiana: All game protected by the State. Exception: A nonresident licensee may carry with him out of the State, under his license, or as bag¬ gage, if exposed to view, 1 cock turkey, 25 ducks, snipe, or rail, 15 of other game birds. Export of deer regulated by board of game commissioners. Maine: Deer, moose, quail, ruffed grouse, pheasant, capercailzie, black game, plover, woodcock, snipe, sandpiper, wood duck, dusky or black duck, teal, gadwall or gray duck, mallard, widgeon or baldpate, shoveler, pintail or sprigtail, redhead, scaup or greater bluebill, lesser scaup or lesser bluebill, golden-eye or whistler, bufflehead ruddy duck or broad bill. Exceptions: A resident of the State may export 1 deer in a season if open to view, tagged to show name and address of owner and accompanied by him, and under shipping license 1 moose, 6 partridges, 10 woodcock, and 10 ducks lawfully killed by himself. A nonresident may export under hunting license 1 moose and 2 deer lawfully killed by himself and may take home 10 partridges, 10 ducks, and 10 wood¬ cock. Any person may export a pair of game birds under a special 50-cent license. Maryland: County provisions, as follows: Allegany—Deer, squirrel, rabbit, partridge or quail, pheasant, English pheasant, turkey, dove, woodcock from county (for sale). Anne Arundel—All game, viz: Squirrel, rabbit, quail, partridge, pheasant, woodcock, snipe, plover, duck, goose, brant, swan from county. Baltimore—Partridge, pheasant from county. Calvert—Rabbit, partridge, woodcock from county (for sale, barter, or trade). Caroline—Rabbit, quail, partridge, woodcock from county. Cecil—Squirrel, quail, grouse, woodcock, plover from county. Dorchester—Squirrel, rabbit, quail, partridge, woodcock, dove (for sale). Exception: Twelve quail or partridges, 6 squirrels, rabbits, woodcock, and doves may be taken out of the county at one time as personal baggage, if carried openly and not intended for sale. Frederick—Squirrel, partridge, pheasant, woodcock from county (for sale). Garrett—Partridge (quail), pheasant, wild turkey, woodcock from county. Exception: Nonresident may take out game killed under his hunting license. Kent—Squirrel, rabbit, and all birds from county (for sale, except under license). Montgomery—Partridge, pheasant, wild turkey from county (for sale). Queen Anne—Rabbit, partridge, woodcock from county (for sale). Somerset—All game, viz: Squirrel, rabbit, quail or partridge, pheasant, dove, woodcock, duck, goose, from county. Washington—Deer, squirrel, rabbit, partridge, pheasant, woodcock, wild turkey from county (for sale). Wicomico—Quail or partridge from Wicomico and Worcester counties considered as one territory. Worcester—Rabbit, quail, woodcock from county. Massachusetts: Quail, ruffed grouse, woodcock taken in State; other game illegally taken in State. Exception: Nonresident may take 6 birds out of the State under his hunting license. Michigan: All game protected by the State. Exceptions: (1) Game may be transported outside the State to reach a point within the State. (2) Nonresident licensee may take out 1 deer under permit from state warden. (3) Landowners and members of clubs owning game preserves may ship during open season under a $10 permit from state warden 50 ducks or other migratory birds killed by them on their own premises. Minnesota: All game protected by the State. Exceptions: Nonresident licensee may ship home in open season under his license coupons 1 deer and 25 birds lawfully taken by himself. Domesticated big game may be exported under permit. Mississippi: All game protected by the State. Missouri: All game protected by the State. Exceptions: Game may be exported under resident or nonresident license if carried openly as baggage or express or in owner’s possession and accompanied by him. Export for scientific or propagating pur¬ poses allowed under permit. Deer or elk raised in captivity may be shipped at any time. Montana: All game protected by the State. Exception: Game lawfully killed may be exported in open season if accompanied by owner, and resident’s shipping permit from state game and fish warden, or nonresident’s hunting license; total shipment under one license not to exceed season’s bag limit; packages to be labeled to show contents. 418 28 GAME LAWS FOR 1910. Export of game prohibited —Continued. Nebraska: All game protected by the State. Exception: Nonresident may ship 50 birds out of State under hunting license, but must give common carrier invoice of number and kind of birds, must have details of shipment marked on license, and must accompany the shipment. Nevada: All game protected by the State. New Hampshire:** Deer (except heads for mounting), elk, moose, caribou, quail, partridge, ruffed grouse, pheasant, woodcock, Wilson snipe, dove, plover, yellow-legs, sandpiper, rail, duck (except sheldrake), and all “beach” birds. Exceptions: Deer may be exported by resident if accompanied to office of carrier by owner, shipped open to view, properly tagged, and labeled with name of actual owner. Nonresident may export, under his hunting license, 2 deer and 12 birds, carried open to view, on notice of number and kind to the commissioner who issued the license. New Jersey: Squirrel, hare, rabbit, quail or partridge, ruffed grouse or pheasant, pinnated grouse, English pheasant, ringneck pheasant, woodcock. Exception: English or ringneck pheasants killed on preserves established prior to April 15, 1903, may be exported from the State. Nonresident licensee may export 10 rabbits and 15 birds a day if carried openly. New Mexico: Export for market of all game protected by the State. Exception: The territorial warden is authorized to issue transportation permits at $1 each ($2 in case of deer), and also to permit export of game or birds for scientific or propagating purposes. New York: Game or birds taken in the State. Exceptions: Nonresident may export 1 deer under his hunting license. Head, feet, and skins of deer legally captured may be exported if carried separately. Deer propagated in inclosed parks may be exported under permit of forest, fish, and game commissioner. North Carolina: b Quail, partridge, pheasant, grouse, wild turkey, snipe, shore or beach bird, woodcock taken in State. Exception: Nonresident may take out of State under his hunting license 50 quail (partridges), 12 grouse, 2 turkeys, and 50 beach birds or snipe in a season. North Dakota: All game protected by the State, except golden and upland plover, woodcock, and crane. Exceptions: Nonresident licensee may carry with him from State 2 deer, and grouse, prairie chickens, doves, cranes, and swans not exceeding 20 in all, and plover, snipe, ducks, geese, and brant not exceed¬ ing 50 in all, open to view, labeled with his name and address and number of his license. Domesti¬ cated game may be exported under written permission of board of control. Ohio: Squirrel, quail, ruffed grouse or pheasant, introduced pheasant, dove, woodcock, plover, snipe, shore birds, rail, coot (mud hen), duck, goose, swan taken in the State. Exception: Nonresident may take with him from State under his hunting license 50 pieces of game. Oklahoma: All game protected by the State. Exception: Nonresident licensee may carry to his home two days’ bag limit of game birds. Oregon: All game protected by the State. Exceptions: Any citizen of Washington may take one day’s bag with him out of the State. Game birds raised in captivity for breeding purposes and pinioned may be shipped with consent of state game warden. Game for propagation or scientific purposes may be exported under permit. Pennsylvania: All protected game taken in the State. Exceptions: Nonresident licensee may take with him from the State one day’s bag labeled with his name and address and number of his license. Live English, Mongolian, and Chinese pheasants raised in captivity may be exported. Rhode Island: Quail, ruffed grouse, and woodcock. Exception: Nonresident may take with him from the State under his hunting license, open to view, 10 wildfowl or birds the export of which is otherwise prohibited by law. South Carolina: All game birds or animals taken in the State. Exception: Licensee may carry openly 2 deer, 50 partridges, 12 ruffed grouse, 4 wild turkeys, 50 beach birds, 50 ducks and geese in a season. a Blue Mountain Forest Association permitted to ship deer, elk, and moose killed in its preserve. b Export is also prohibited by the following local laws: Deer, Cherokee, Craven (for sale); quail, Alex¬ ander, Catawba, Cherokee, Clay, Harnett, Iredell, Jackson, Montgomery (for sale), Rutherford, Stanly (for sale—except by owner or lessee of land on which killed), Surry, Swain (live), Union (for sale), Yadkin (for sale); ivildfowl, Craven (from State), Brunswick (Mar.lO-Nov. 10), Dare (Mar. 10-Nov. 10), New Hanover (Mar. 10-Nov. 10), Stanly (for sale—except by owner or lessee of land on which killed); other game birds, Cherokee (pheasant, dove, woodcock, robin, snipe), Montgomery (pheasant, wild turkey, dove—for sale), Stanly (all game birds—except by owner or lessee of land on which killed), Tyrrell (wood¬ cock, snipe—unless killed in August), Union (dove, lark—for ale). 418 GAME LAWS FOE 1910. 29 Export of game prohibited —Continued. South Dakota: All game protected by the State, except woodcock and golden and upland plover. Exceptions: Two deer, 1 elk, 1 buffalo, 1 mountain sheep. A certificate—good for five days—that such game was lawfully killed must be obtained from a justice of the peace and given to the carrier. Any resident or nonresident may carry out of the State any game bird legally in possession. Game or game birds raised in captivity may be exported under written permission of state game warden. Tennessee: All game protected by the State. Exception: Nonresident may take with him from the State 50 ducks or 30 pieces of other game, but must present to some officer or employee of common carrier his hunting license and sworn statement that his game is not for sale and will not be sold. Texas: All wild animals, wild birds, and wildfowl found in the State. Exception: Nonresident licensee may carry out one day’s bag. Utah: All game protected by the State. Exception: Nonresident licensee may take one day's bag out of State under permit. Vermont: Deer, gray squirrel, quail, ruffed grouse or partridge, plover, English snipe, woodcock, duck, goose. Exceptions: Nonresident licensee may export 1 deer and one day’s bag of game birds under license. Resident may export, open to view, the season limit of game or game birds under his license by having the license marked with shipping point, destination, and number of each kind of game. Virginia: All game protected by the State. Exceptions: During open season nonresident may, under his hunting license, take with him out of the State, or as baggage on the same conveyance, 1 deer, 50 quail or partridges, 10 pheasants or grouse, 3 wild turkeys, 30 waterfowl, and 25 of each, or 100 in all, of plover, snipe, sandpipers, willets, tatlers, and curlew, if killed or captured by himself and shipped open to view and plainly labeled with his name and address. Any citizen of State may ship from the State, as a gift and not for sale (which fact must be stated on shipping tag), 1 deer, 18 quail or partridges, 6 pheasants, 3 wild turkeys, and 12 waterfowl, if open to view and plainly labeled with names and addresses of donor and donee, and number of each kind of bird so shipped. Washington: All game protected by the State. Exceptions: Nonresident may export one season’s limit of big game and one day’s bag limit of birds under his hunting license, if accompanied by affidavit that the game -was killed by him and is not for sale. Export of game animals and birds raised in captivity permitted. West Virginia: All game protected by the State. Wisconsin: All game protected by the State, except rabbit, squirrel, and coot (mud hen). Exceptions: During open season nonresident may take out of State under his hunting license, in per¬ sonal possession or as baggage or express, accompanying same to state line, 1 deer and not more than 30 game animals and birds of all kinds, provided packages are plainly marked so as to show the names and addresses of shipper and consignee and number of each kind of game, and, in case of deer, have proper coupons attached. Park boards allowed to ship, under permit of state game warden, live animals and game birds for park purposes. Shipment allowed of domesticated deer, moose, elk, and caribou, properly tagged, under permit of state game warden. Wyoming: All game protected by the State. Exceptions: Smithsonian Institution or other well-known scientific institutions may export any game animals or birds under permit of state game warden. Export of 1 hide, 1 scalp, 1 head, 1 pair of tusks, 1 skin, 1 mounted head, 1 mounted specimen, of any big game except moose permitted upon affidavit that they were taken from animals lawfully killed, the payment of 25 cents to the justice of the peace of precinct where affiant lives, and attachment of the tag issued by him; a nonresident (or resident, when necessary to cross territory of another State to reach his home) may export under his hunting license 20 dead game birds and the carcass, head, antlers, scalp, skin, and teeth of any animal lawfully killed; exchange of game animals and birds for others for liberation in Wyoming allowed under permit of the state game warden; big game, except moose, captured and held for propagation may be exported five years from date of capture. Alberta: All game protected by the province. Exceptions: Minister of agriculture on receipt of a $5 fee may grant a permit to export for propagation or scientific purposes one pair of each species of big game and game birds. The lieutenant-governor in council may grant permits for a greater number. The minister of agriculture may also issue permits for export of game for other purposes at the rate of 85 for each head of big game and SI per dozen for game birds. The holder of a general nonresident license may take with him out of the province as trophies heads, skins, and hoofs of big game legally killed by him. Any person may export mounted or branded heads at a fee of $1 for each head. British Columbia: All game protected by the Province except bears. Exceptions: Heads, horns, and skins of big game lawfully killed by the shipper may be shipped under his hunting license and written permission of minister charged with enforcement of act. Any animal or bird, dead or alive, may be exported for scientific, zoological, or government purposes under permit by provincial secretary. Live game birds or animals held in captivity under written permis¬ sion of provincial game warden may be exported. 418 30 GAME LAWS FOR 1910. Export of game prohibited —Continued. Manitoba: All game protected by the Province. Exceptions: Minister of agriculture and immigration may direct chief game guardian to export not more than 12 animals or birds for propagation and may issue permit to export heads and skins of big game animals, and any game birds, except grouse, prairie chicken, and partridge, but not more than 100 geese and swans of 30 ducks, and these only under nonresident license. (No export of ducks per¬ mitted before October 1.) The following export fees are charged: Deer or deer head, $2; head of elk moose, or caribou, $5; any hide, 10 cents. No export fee required of nonresident licensee. New Brunswick:® All game protected by the Province. Exception: Surveyor-general may issue special license to export game alive or dead. Newfoundland: Caribou (antlers, heads, or skins), or partridge, willow or other grouse for sale. Exceptions: Minister of marine may issue licenses to export earibou for breeding or scientific purposes. Nonresident may export 3 stag caribou under hunting license and export permit (fee, 50 cents); resident may export antlers, head, or skin of caribou under export permit; but not, in either case, for sale. Nova Scotia: All game protected by the Province. Exceptions: Holder of general license may ship out of Province 1 moose lawfully shot by himself. Mounted heads and dressed skins and live mammals or buds for propagation may be exported under permit from provincial secretary. Ontario: All wild game animals and birds. Exceptions: One deer, 1 bull moose, 1 bull caribou, and 100 ducks may be exported under nonresident hunting license if shipping coupon and, if required, affidavit of lawful killing be attached and con¬ tents of packages be open to view. Lawfully imported game and deer, moose, elk, or caribou held by private ownership may be exported. Prince Edward Island: All game except geese and brant. Exception: Nonresident licensee may carry out of Province 12 birds killed by himself. Quebec: Native deer, moose, caribou, or parts thereof, except under permit from minister of colonization, mines, and fisheries (fee not to exceed $5), or under tags attached to nonresident licenses, and not later than 15 days after close of season. Saskatchewan: All game protected by the Province. Exceptions: Commissioner of agriculture may grant permits to export for propagation for public parks and zoological gardens or scientific purposes 1 pair of each species of big game and game birds upon payment of $5, or a specified number on application of another Province or State. The holder of a general nonresident license may take with him out of the Province as trophies heads, skins, and hoofs of big game which he has legally killed. Yukon: Protected game can be exported by a nonresident only under a hunting license and a shipping permit issued by the commissioner of the Territory or a game guardian. Canada also lias a general law prohibiting export of deer (except those raised on private preserves), wild turkeys, quail, partridges, prairie fowl, and woodcock, and permitting each nonresident to ex¬ port 2 deer 6 in a year at certain ports within fifteen days after the close of the open season, under permit of the collector of customs of the port from which export is made. The ports of export are: Hali¬ fax and Yarmouth, Nova Scotia; Macadam Junction, New Bruns¬ wick; Quebec and Montreal, Quebec; Ottawa, Kingston, Niagara Falls, Fort Erie, Windsor, Sault Ste. Marie, and Port Arthur, Ontario; and such others as the minister of customs may designate. Those who visit Canada to hunt, camp, etc., must deposit with the customs officer at the port of entry an amount equal to the duty (30 per cent of appraised value) on their guns, canoes, tents, cooking uten¬ sils, and kodaks. If these articles are taken out within six months at the same port, the deposit will be returned. But members of shooting or fishing clubs that own preserves in Canada and have filed a guaranty with the Canadian commissioner of customs may present club membership certificates in lieu of making the deposit. They must, however, pay duty on all ammunition and provisions. a Except in the case of partridge the prohibition applies only to common carriers. b Except from Ontario (see above). 418 GAME LAWS FOR 1910. 31 SALE. Legislation restricting the sale of game is passing through a transi¬ tion stage. Some States prohibit the sale of game throughout the year, others only in close season, and between these extremes may be found all gradations and exceptions, such as restrictions prohibiting sale of game outside the State or for export, and exemptions allowing sale for a few days in the close season. The difficulty of tabulating such regulations is increased by the fact that in addition to the special sale laws, close seasons and provisions regarding possession must be taken into consideration. In consulting the following summary, therefore, it will be necessary to bear in mind three different classes of restrictions: “Sale in close season,” “Sale in open season,” and “Sale prohibited all the year.” SALE IN CLOSE SEASON. In general, the sale of game is prohibited during the close season, but a brief additional open period is sometimes provided in order to permit dealers to close out stock on hand at the end of the hunting season. In Colorado, Illinois, Nebraska, Tennessee, and British Columbia the sale season includes the open season and the following five days for all or certain kinds of game. An extension of ten days for sale is added to the open season in New Brunswick; fifteen days in Alaska, New Jersey, and Quebec; thirty days in Pennsylvania; sixty days in Yukon; three months (fo"r geese and brant) in New Brunswick; and until the following 1st of January in Ontario. SALE IN OPEN SEASON. In order to counteract a tendency on the part of market hunters to anticipate the opening of the season, the sale of certain game is some¬ times prohibited at the beginning of the open season, as during the first two days in Illinois, the first three in Nova Scotia, and the first month in British Columbia. SALE PROHIBITED ALL THE YEAR. Forty-three States and Territories a and most of the Provinces of Canada now prohibit sale of all or certain kinds of game at ail sea¬ sons. In Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Idaho, Iowa, K ansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Ne¬ braska, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Texas, Washington, and West Virginia the sale, and in Nevada the resale, of all protected game is prohibited; in Ohio, of all game except rabbits; in Wisconsin, of a Omitting Alaska, which prohibits sale only of heads, skins, and trophies; District of Columbia, which prohibits sale only in close season; North Carolina and Tennessee, which prohibit sale in only a few coun¬ ties; Georgia, Louisiana, and New Jersey. 418 32 GAME LAWS FOR 1910. all game except rabbits and squirrels; in California, Utah, Washing¬ ton, and Manitoba, of all big game and upland game. In a few instances prohibitions against the sale of certain game are so general as to afford protection over a considerable area in adjoining States. Thus, ruffed grouse can not be sold in any State or Province along the Canadian border except New York, Pennsylvania, and Quebec, Practically every State in which prairie chickens occur now prohibits their sale or export. The following table shows the kinds of game the sale of which is prohibited throughout the year. The sale of ail other game is so generally prohibited during the close season as to render a detailed enumeration unnecessary, but when an extension of a few days is added to the open season or a special season is provided for either possession or sale, attention is called to this exemption under the heading “Permitted.” Sale of Game Prohibited throughout the Year. Alabama: All game protected by the State. Alaska: Heads, hides, and skins of all protected game. Permitted: Carcasses of all game may be sold during the open season and 15 days thereafter. Arizona: All game protected by the Territory and snipe, rail, duck, goose, and brant. Arkansas: All “ game, wild fowl, or birds whatsoever,” except deer raised in captivity, bears, rabbits, opossums, raccoons, and squirrels, a California: Deer meat and hides of female deer, or those from which evidence of sex has been removed, quail, partridge, grouse, pheasant, sage hen, dove, ibis, snipe, plover, rail, or shore birds. Colorado: All game taken in the State. Permitted: Domestic game may be sold by hotels, restaurants, etc., during the open season and five days thereafter, or during the limits'of a storage permit. Imported game (under license) and game taken from licensed private parks and lakes may be sold at any time if accompanied by an invoice. Connecticut: Quail, ruffed grouse, woodcock, until October 1, 1911. Delaware: Quail, partridge, pheasant; buying for sale prohibited. Florida: Deer, deer hides, quail or partridge, wild turkey. Idaho: All game protected by the State. Illinois: Deer, squirrel (gray, red, fox, black), quail, ruffed grouse, prairie chicken, imported game birds, wild turkey, shore birds, coot, rail, duck, goose, and brant. Permitted: Deer bred in captivity may be sold October 1 to February 1; cock pheasants may be sold by breeders (under permit of state game commissioner) in November and December; doves, woodcock, snipe, plover, coot, and rail may be sold from the third day of the open season to the fifth day of the close season; and legally killed game imported from other States from October 1 to February 1. Indiana: Quail. Iowa: All game protected by the State. Kansas: All game protected by the State. Kentucky: Quail, partridge, grouse, pheasant, wild turkey, killed in the State. Louisiana: Deer. Permitted: Game birds may be sold during open season, but not later than March 1. Maine: Deer, moose, or game birds for export. Ruffed grouse, woodcock, ducks, for any purpose. Per mitted: Deer may be sold by local dealers under license. Maryland: Allegany—Deer, quail, grouse, English pheasant, wild turkey, dove, woodcock. Anne Arundel—All game except squirrel, rabbit, and raccoon. Baltimore—Partridge, pheasant, woodcock for export. Calvert—Rabbit, quail, woodcock for export for sale. Cecil—Squirrel, quail, grouse, woodcock, plover. Frederick—Squirrel, partridge, pheasant, woodcock, taken in county. Montgomery—Partridge, pheasant, wild turkey, for export. ° Squirrels killed in Ouachita and Union counties can not be sold, and no squirrels can be sold in Craig¬ head, Dallas, and Lafayette counties. 418 GAME LAWS FOE 1910. 33 Sale of game prohibited throughout the year —Continued. Maryland— Continued. Somerset—Rabbit, quail or partridge, woodcock, dead or alive, for any other purpose than as food within the county or for propagation; or any game for export. Washington—Deer, squirrel, rabbit, partridge, pheasant,, wild turkey, woodcock. Wicomico—Quail or partridge for export (from Wicomico and Worcester counties considered as one territory). Worcester—Rabbit, quail, woodcock (except to consumer). Permitted: Baltimore City—Ruffed grouse may be sold October 1-December 25. Massachusetts: Deer, gray squirrel, and quail taken in the State, ruffed grouse, heath hen, prairie chicken, sharp-tailed grouse, pheasant, piping plover, killdeer plover, woodcock, and wood duck. Permitted: Dealers or persons in the cold-storage business may sell imported quail lawfully obtained during November and December, and may sell at any time hares or rabbits lawfully secured. Live quail for propagation may be sold under permit. Deer and pheasants raised in captivity may be sold at any time. Michigan: All game protected by the State. Minnesota: All game protected by the State. Mississippi: All game protected by the State. Missouri: All game protected by the State. Montana: All game protected by the State. Nebraska: All game protected by the State. Nevada: Resale of all game. New Hampshire: Deer (except 2), gray squirrel (to October 1,1913), ruffed grouse or partridge, woodcock. New Jersey: Permitted: All small game may be sold during open season and, if native game, 15 days thereafter. New Mexico: All protected game except plover, curlew, and snipe. New York: Quail, grouse, and woodcock taken in the State. Permitted: Deer may be sold from September 16 to November 6. Moose, elk, caribou, and antelope imported or killed in a private park by the owner during the open season for deer may be sold at any time; and imported quail, grouse, and woodcock under bond during the open season and until January 3. Pheasants bred or liberated in Dutchess and Suffolk counties may be possessed at any season in Greater New York for consumption, but not for sale. Ducks, geese, brant, and swans may be possessed during the open season and until March 1. On Long Island ducks, geese, brant, and swans may be possessed from October 1 to January 15. North Carolina: Local restrictions in Brunswick, Cabarrus, Cherokee, Craven, Harnett, Iredell, Meck¬ lenburg, New Hanover, Pender, Randolph, Richmond, Rutherford, Scotland and Union counties. North Dakota: Deer, quail, partridge, ruffed grouse, prairie chicken, pinnated grouse, sharp-tailed (white-breasted) grouse, Hungarian partridge, English or Chinese pheasants. Permitted: Hides of big game lawfully taken may be sold at any time. Domesticated game may be sold on written permission of the game board of control. Ohio: All game protected by the State, except rabbits. Oklahoma: All game protected by the State. Permitted: Domesticated game animals and birds, and heads, hides, and horns of big game law¬ fully killed may be sold. Oregon: Deer, elk, moose, sheep, antelope, silver-gray squirrel, quail, bobwhite quail, partridge, Hunga¬ rian partridge, English partridge, grouse, ruffed grouse, capercailzie, moor hen, pheasant (silver, golden, copper, green Japanese, Reeves, and ringneck), wild turkey, woodcock, upland plover, rail, duck, swan. Permitted: Five deerskins, properly tagged, may be sold in a season by the hunter who originally secured them. Tags not issued after first five days of close season. Live ringneck pheasants and other birds raised in captivity for breeding purposes may be sold after being pinioned. Pennsylvania: Deer, quail, ruffed grouse (pheasant) taken in the State; wild turkey, Hungarian par¬ tridge, and woodcock (wherever taken). Permitted: Squirrel, rabbit or hare, bear, dove, reedbird, blackbird, upland plover, curlew, tatler, sandpiper, Wilson or jack snipe, or other shore bird, coot, or mud hen, rail, duck, goose, brant, swan, loon, and grebe taken in the State, and ruffed grouse taken outside the State, may be sold during the open season and thirty days thereafter. Game or birds used for propagating purposes may be sold at any time under authority of game commissioners. Rhode Island: Quail, ruffed grouse, pheasant, woodcock. South Carolina: All game protected by the State. South Dakota: All game protected by the State, except dove, golden and upland plover, and woodcock. Permitted: Hides of big game lawfully killed may be sold at any time. Game or game birds raised in captivity may be sold under written permission of state game warden. Tennessee: Dyer County—Wild turkey. Permitted: All game may be sold in the State during the open season and five days thereafter. Texas: All game animals, hides and horns, wild birds, and wildfowl found in the State. 418 34 GAME LAWS FOR 1910. Sale of game 'prohibited throughout the year —Continued. Utah: Deer, elk, antelope, sheep, quail, partridge, grouse, prairie chicken, sage hen, pheasant, Mongolian, Chinese, and English pheasant, dove. Permitted: 25 in all of shorebirds and waterfowl may be sold in a day to private parties. Vermont: Quail, ruffed grouse, pheasant, English partridge, plover, English snipe, woodcock, duck, goose.a Virginia: Quail or partridge, grouse or pheasant, robin, woodcock. Clarke County.—Rabbit, squirrel, wild turkey (outside of county). Frederick, Shenandoah counties.—Wild turkey (prohibition applies only to nonresidents of Virginia). Washington: All game protected by the State. Permitted: Hides and horns of big game legally killed, and propagated game animals and birds may be sold at any time. West Virginia: All game protected by the State. Wisconsin: All game protected by the State, except rabbit, squirrel, coot (mud hen), and rail. Permitted: Domesticated deer, moose, elk, and caribou may be sold under permit of state fish and game warden. Wyoming: Deer, elk, moose, antelope, sheep, or any head, hide, scalp, tusk, carcass, or part of carcass thereof, mounted specimens of game or birds, and skins of birds. Permitted: Sale of 1 live game animal, 1 skin, 1 mounted head, 1 mounted specimen, 1 pair of tusks, 1 hide, 1 scalp, and 1 head of any big game, except moose, on affidavit that they were lawfully captured or were taken from animals lawfully killed and payment of 25-cent fee to the justice of the peace of precinct where affiant lives and attachment of tag issued by him. Sale of the natural increase of any big game, except moose, captured and held for propagation. Alberta: All game. Permitted: The flesh of big game and game birds may be sold at any time under $10 license. Heads of big game before being sold must be stamped by minister of agriculture at fees of $5 for elk, caribou, moose, and sheep, and $2 for deer, antelope, and goat. British Columbia: Elk, quail, grouse, ptarmigan, prairie chicken, English partridge, pheasant, swan, female and young of deer, moose, caribou, or sheep, heads of moose, caribou, and sheep. Permitted: Male deer may be sold September 1-November 16; male moose, caribou, sheep, goats, and hares after October 1; snipe, ducks, and geese, October 1-December 1; and plover during the open season and five days thereafter. Lieutenant-governor in council may alter or extend sale seasons. Manitoba: Deer, elk, moose, caribou, antelope (except heads and hides), quail, grouse, pheasant, par¬ tridge, prairie chicken, woodcock, plover, snipe, sandpiper. Ducks can not be sold before October 1. Permitted: Possession of grouse,- prairie chickens, and partridges allowed for forty-five days, and of ducks for three months, after close of hunting season. Deer for private use may be possessed at any time on proof of legal killing. New Brunswick: Partridge to September 15, 1912. Permitted: Geese and brant may be sold during the open season, and until March 1, and all other game during the open season and (under license from game warden) ten days thereafter. Keepers of hotels, inns, boarding houses, or restaurants may serve game during open season and fifteen days thereafter. Surveyor-general may issue $1 licenses to dealers permitting sale by each of 3 deer and heads of same to taxidermists, and licenses to deal in hides or skins of game animals with fees of $25 to nonresidents and $2 to residents. Newfoundland: Capercailzie, black game. Permitted: Caribou may be sold from August 1 to January 1. Nova Scotia: Deer, caribou to 1912, pheasant, blackcock, capercailzie, Canada grouse (spruce partridge), chukar partridge. Permitted: Moose may be sold from September 16 to December 1. Any game bird other than those above mentioned during the open season with the exception of the first three days. Ontario: Quail, partridge, woodcock, snipe, subject to regulations of lieutenant-governor in council. Permitted: All other native game may be sold during the open season & by the person killing it and by dealers during open season and until the following January 1 under license. Imported game may be sold under special regulations and licenses. Quebec: c Birch or swamp partridge, woodcock, until November 1,1910. Permitted: All other game may be sold during the open season and fifteen days after the close thereof. Hotels, restaurants, and clubs may serve, under license, all game lawfully taken, except birch or swamp partridge and woodcock. Live animals, and skins and heads of animals lawfully taken, may be sold. Saskatchewan: Sheep, goat, or prairie chicken, grouse, pheasant, ptarmigan, or other member of the Gallinse, unless captured by the owner. i a Game from private game preserves stocked at owner’s expense may be sold at any time, b Seasons depend on regulations of game commission. c Lieutenant-governor in council may prohibit sale of any game for three years or less or prolong any existing period of prohibition for three years or less. 418 GAME LAWS FOR 1910. 35 Yukon: Sale of game prohibited throughout the year —Continued. Permitted: Deer, elk, moose, caribou, bison, musk oxen, sheep, and goats may be sold during the open season and sixty days thereafter. LIMITS. Laws limiting the amount of game which can be killed in a day or a season are of comparatively recent origin. One of the first statutes of the kind was that passed in Iowa in 1878 (ch. 156, sec. 3) limiting the killing or possession of prairie chickens, snipe, woodcock, quail, and ruffed grouse to 25 in a day. a Maine, in 1883 (ch. 185, sec. 1), limited the number of big game which an individual might kill in a season to 1 moose, 2 caribou, and 3 deer; and New York, in 1886 (ch. 194, sec. 1), likewise limited the number of deer to 3. In the last thirty years laws of this kind have been generally adopted and are now in force in all except four States. In spite of the objection often urged against such statutes—that they are impossible of enforcement and easily evaded—experience has shown them to constitute one of the most effective features of modern game legislation. They have been tested in the courts and upheld by the supreme courts of several States, notably those of Maine and Wisconsin. 6 When restrictions on limits are extended to possession and ship¬ ment as well as killing, and the total amount of game allowed a party made less than the quantity allowed the individual members of the party, little difficulty is experienced in enforcing the statute. Moreover, among law-abiding sportsmen the incentive to make large bags is removed when the act is declared illegal. In recent years bag limits have been materially reduced, and only a few States now allow more than 2 deer a season or 1 head of other big game, while the usual limits per day in the case of birds are 10 grouse or woodcock, 15 quail, and 25 waterfowl. In Canada, where the country is not so closely settled, bag limits on birds are fewer and those on big game more liberal than in the United States. Limits fixed by Law for the Capture of Game. Alabama: One deer, 2 turkeys, 25 of each other kind of birds a day. Alaska: Eight deer, 2 moose, 3 each of caribou, sheep, and brown bears a season; 25 grouse, ptarmigan, shore birds or waterfowl a day. Arizona: Three deer a season, 25 quail a day. Arkansas: No limits, except in the following counties: Deer, Bradley 3, Dallas 3, Desha 4, Phillips 4 (or 1 for each member of party), Chicot 5, a season; quail, Bradley and Dallas 300 a season or 25 a day for each member of party. California: Two deer a season; 20 each of quail, doves, plover, curlew, snipe, shore birds, rail, and ibises, and 25 ducks and black sea brant a day. Colorado: One deer a season; 20 of each kind of game bird a day, 25 ducks, 25 geese, and 25 of all other birds in possession at one time. Persons under 12 years of age limited to lialf this number of birds. Connecticut: Five each of quail and rufled grouse a day, 30 a year; 35 rail, 50 each of plover, snipe, shore birds a day. o This statute was, however, preceded by one enacted in 1874 limiting the shipment of game birds to one dozen a day, provided the birds were not shipped for sale (ch. 09, sec. 1). *>See Allen v. Leighton, 32 Atl., 877 (Maine, 1895); State v. Nergaard, 102 N. W., 899 (Wisconsin, 1905). 418 36 GAME LAWS FOR 1910. Limits fixed by law for the capture of game —Continued. Delaware: No limits. District of Columbia: No limits. Florida: Five deer, 5 turkeys a year; 20 quail, 2 turkeys by individual, or 40 quail, 4 turkeys by party a day. Georgia: Forty doves a day. Idaho: Two deer, 1 elk, 1 ibex, 1 goat, 1 sheep a season; 18 quail, 12 each of partridges, sage hens, grouse, pheaseants, plover, snipe, 24 doves, ducks, 4 geese, 1 swan a day, but not more than 24 of all kinds a day. Illinois: Fifteen squirrels, 12 quail, 15 doves, 15 woodcock, 15 shore birds, 20 coots, 20 rail, 15 ducks, 10 geese, 10 brant, 20 other waterfowl a day. Indiana: Fifteen quail, 15 ducks or other waterfowl a day; 45 birds in possession as result of 3 or more days’ consecutive hunting. Iowa: Twenty-five each of all animals, birds, and game a day; 50 ducks in possession at one time. Kansas: Twenty each of quail, plover, duck; 15 each of grouse, prairie chickens; 10 each of geese and brant a day. Kentucky: No limits. Louisiana: Two deer aday (3 to a party of 3 or more), 5 a season; 1 turkey cock, 25 ducks or poule d’eau, 15 other game birds a day. Maine: One moose, 2 deer aseason (except in Cumberland, Knox, Kennebec, Lincoln, Sagadahoc Waldo, and York counties, limit 1, and in lumber camps, limit 6); 15 each of ruffed grouse, plover, snipe, wood¬ cock, and ducks, and 70 sandpipers a day. Maryland: One deer a season; 12 rabbits, 12 squirrels, 15 quail (partridges), 6 ruffed grouse (pheasants), 3 English pheasants, 2 wild turkeys, 25 doves, 12 woodcock, 12 jacksnipe a day; 50 rail (ortolan) per tide. Exceptions.— Calvert, 12 quail, 6 rabbits a day. Cecil, 12 quail (partridges), 4 ruffed grouse (pheasants), 15 snipe, 50 rail (ortolan), 50 blackbirds per day. Patuxent River, 75 rail (ortolan) or reedbirds a day. Massachusetts: One deer in counties having open season, 15 gray squirrels a season. Michigan: Two deer a year; 12 each of quail, grouse, spruce hens a day, 50 in possession at a time; 25 plover, snipe, woodcock, ducks, waterfowl a day, 75 in possession at a time. Minnesota: One deer (nonresident), 2 deer (resident), 1 moose a season, 15 birds a day; 45 quail, par¬ tridges, ruffed grouse, pheasants, prairie chickens, white-breasted or sharp-tailed grouse, doves, plover, woodcock combined; 50 snipe, duck, goose, brant, any aquatic fowl combined, in possession at a time. Mississippi: One deer a day, 5 in a season; 20 each of quail, wild turkeys, plover, tatlers, chorooks, grosbecs, coots, poules d’eau, rails, ducks, geese, brant, swans a day. Missouri: One deer, 2 turkeys, 25 of any other species a day; or 2 deer, 4 turkeys, 50 of any other species in possession at a time. Montana: Three deer, 1 elk, 1 goat, 1 sheep a season; 5 each of grouse, partridges, prairie chickens, fool hens, pheasants, sage hens, and 20 ducks a day. Nebraska: Ten squirrels, 10 geese or brant, 25 other birds a day; 10 geese or brant, 50 other birds, and 20 squirrels in possession at a time. Nevada: Two deer, 2 antelope a season; 15 mountain quail, 15 valley quail, 10 sage hens, 6 grouse, 5 plover, and 15 snipe, 20 ducks, 10 geese, 3 swans a day. New Hampshire: Two deer a season. New Jersey: One deer a season; 30 marsh hens a day. New Mexico: One deer a season; 2 wild turkeys a day, 4 in possession at one time; 6 grouse a day or in possession at one time; 20 ducks a day, 30 in possession at one time; 30 other birds a day or in possession at one time. New York: Two deer, 30 quail, 36 woodcock, 20 grouse, 3 male imported pheasants a season; 10 rabbits, C quail, 6 woodcock, 4 grouse a day. North Carolina: Brunswick, New Hanover, Pender, 15 marsh hens a day; Buncombe, 2 deer a season, 25 partridges, pheasants, wild turkeys, or doves a day; Cabarrus, 15 quail (partridges) a day; Dare, 5 deer a season; Haywood, Henderson, Jackson, 2 bucks a season; Madison, 25 birds a day; Transylvania, 2 bucks a season, 10 squirrels, 20 quail (partridges) a day. North Dakota: Two deer a season; 10 prairie chickens, grouse, doves, cranes, swans combined a day, 20 in possession at one time; 25 plover, snipe, woodcock, ducks, geese, brant combined, 50 in possession at one time. Ohio: Twelve each of quail, doves, plover, snipe, woodcock, shore birds, rail, geese; 25 ducks a day. Oklahoma: One deer aseason; 1 turkey (male) March 15-April 15, 3 turkeys, November 15-January 1; 25 quail, plover, curlew, snipe, other shore birds, or ducks a day, 150 a season; 15 prairie chickens a day, 100 a season, 10 geese or brant a day; 1 swan a season. Oregon: Five deer a season; 5 each of quail, prairie chickens, sage hens a day, 10 a week (10 quail a day, 20 a week, in Jackson and Josephine counties); 5 grouse, ruffed grouse, partridges, native and imported pheasants a day, taken collectively, 10 a week; 50 shore birds, 25 ducks a week. Pennsylvania: One deer a season; 6 squirrels, 10 rabbits or hares a day; 10 quail a day, 40 a week, 75 a season; 5 ruffed grouse a day; 10 each of English, Mongolian, or Chinese pheasants and woodcock a day, 20 a week, 50 a season; 1 wild turkey a day, 2 a season. Possession limited to season’s limit. 418 GAME LAWS FOR 1910. 37 Limits fixed by law for the capture of game —Continued. Rhode Island: No limits. South Carolina: Five deer (males) a season, 25 quail (partridges), 2 wild turkeys, 25 doves, 12 woodcock a day. South Dakota: Two deer, 1 elk, 1 buffalo, 1 sheep a year; 20 waterfowl, 10 other birds a day; 25 par¬ tridges, ruffed grouse, prairie chickens, sharp-tailed (white-breasted) grouse, pheasants, woodcock, golden plover and upland plover, in aggregate in possession at one time; 50 snipe and waterfowl in aggre¬ gate in possession at one time. Tennessee: Fifty ducks; 30 of all other birds in aggregate a day. Texas: Three deer a season; 25 birds a day (3 wild turkeys December to February). Utah: One deer a season (residents only), 15 quail, 8 sage hens, 25 doves a day or in possession at one time, 5 in all of geese, brant, and swans a days, and 25 in all of snipe, shore birds, ducks, geese, brant, swans a day (having more than 25 in possession at one time prima facie evidence of violation of law). Vermont: One deer and 25 ruffed grouse or woodcock a season; 5 each of gray squirrels, quail, ruffed grouse, pheasants, piover, English snipe, woodcock, and geese, and 20 ducks a day. Virginia: No limits. Washington: Two deer, 2 sheep, 2 goats, 1 moose, 1 antelope, 1 caribou, a season; 5 in all of partridges, grouse, prairie chickens, and pheasants, 10 quail a day; 20 in all of snipe, dueks, geese, and brant a day or 50 a week. If the bag of upland game birds includes quail the limit is 10 a day or 30 a week. W T est Virginia: Two deer a season; 12 quail a day, % a season; 6 ruffed grouse a day, 25 a season; 2 wild turkeys a day, G »season. Wisconsin: One deer a year; 10 grouse, prairie chickens, woodcock; 15 partridges; 25 plover, snipe, coots, rail, ducks; 10 geese or brant a day. Wyoming: Two deer, 1 elk (1 additional under special license), 1 sheep a season; 18 birds (of which not more than 12 may be grouse) a day, or in possession at one time. Alberta: One deer, 1 moose, 1 caribou, 2 antelope, 2 sheep, 2 goats a season; 20 grouse, partridges, pheasants, prairie chickens, ptarmigan a day. or 200 a season. British Columbia: Five deer, 2 elk, 2 moose (1 in county of Kootenay), 3 caribou, 3 goats, 2 sheep (1 in county of Kootenay), 250 ducks and snipe a season. (Nonresident licensee may kill 5 deer, caribou, and goats, but not more than 3 of any one species, and 3 moose, elk, and sheep, but not more than the bag limit of any one species.) Manitoba: One in all of deer, elk, moose, caribou, and antelope a season; 20 in all of grouse, partridges, prairie chickens a day, 100 a season; 20 ducks a day in September, 50 ducks a day in October and November. New Brunswick: Two deer, 1 moose, 1 caribou a season (lumber camp limited to 2 moose, 2 caribou a season). Newfoundland: Three caribou a season. Nova Scotia: One moose a season; 5 ruffed grouse, 15 woodcock a day. Ontario: One deer, 1 moose, 1 caribou a season. Two or more persons hunting together under'license may kill an average of 1 deer each. Prince Edward Island: No limits. Quebec: Zone 1: 2 deer, 1 moose, 2 caribou a season. Zone 2: 2 deer, 1 moose, 4 caribou a season. Saskatchewan: Two deer, 2 elk, 2 moose, 2 caribou, 2 antelope a season; 10 grouse, partridges, pheasants, prairie chickens, ptarmigan a day, or 100 a season. Yukon: Six caribou or deer, 2 moose, 2 elk, 2 sheep, 2 goats, 2 musk oxen a season. LICENSES FOR HUNTING AND SHIPPING GAME. In Arkansas nonresidents are not permitted to hunt, except on their own premises, 0 and in all the States except Georgia and throughout Canada licenses must be secured before nonresidents can hunt any or certain kinds of game (see fig. 2, p. 39). In 34 States and 6 Canadian Provinces a like restriction is imposed on residents, but the fees are usually much smaller, and often are merely nominal (see fig. 1, p. 38). The fees for nonresident licenses for both big and small game range from $10 in a number of States to $50 in Alaska, Wyoming, New Brunswick, and Newfoundland, and $100 in British Columbia, Saskatchewan, and Yukon; those for resident licenses from 50 cents in Vermont to $5 in Missouri and Washington, and $7 ($5 for moose and caribou and $2 for deer) in Ontario. 418 a Except in a few counties. 38 GAME LAWS FOR 1910. A special kind of hunting license, often known as the u alien” license, is being generally adopted to restrict hunting by persons who are not citizens of the country, and is now in force in about half of the States. Louisiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island have special $15 licenses for resident aliens; Washington, Wy- oming, and Manitoba a $50 license for nonresident aliens; California, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, and Oklahoma a $25 license; Utah and Alaska a $100 license for all aliens, and Pennsylvania prohibits aliens from hunting or owning guns in the State. Maps Showing License Laws in 1910. Fig. 1 . — States and Provinces which require residents to obtain hunting licenses. Inclosed names indicate States which permit residents to hunt on their own land without license. Nova Scotia has a $5 resident license and exempts landowners. Note that many of the States adopt the French method of exempting landowners, while some, particularly in the West, follow the English method of requiring everyone who hunts to obtain a license Licenses are generally issued only for the open season, and thus expire at fixed dates. Some are necessarily very brief in duration. Michigan issues a $25 nonresident deer license good only for twenty days in November; Vermont, a $15 nonresident deer license good only for the last six consecutive week days of October. In a few instances licenses are issued at reduced rates for a week or for a few days. Of this character are the nonresident bird licenses, good for one week, issued by Colorado and to British subjects by British Columbia; the guest licenses, good for five days, issued by Alberta and Saskatchewan; and the daily and weekly licenses issued for hunting birds in Colorado and any game in Lafa} r ette and Sumter counties, Florida. 418 GAME LAWS FOE 1910. 39 Landowners or taxpayers are not required to pay the usual fee in a number of States, and no license is required of those hunting in their own county in Minnesota, Nebraska, Texas, or Nova Scotia. Special exemptions are made in favor of nonresident members of fish and game clubs by Kansas, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Quebec. In Virginia no license is required of bona fide guests of residents, and in Ontario no fee is charged for a guest license. In Maine,® South Dakota, Wyoming, New Brunswick (on wild lands), and Nova Scotia nonresidents are not permitted to hunt big game unless accompanied by qualified guides. Nearly every State requires licensees to have their licenses in personal possession while Fig. 2.—States and Provinces which require nonresidents to obtain hunting licenses. Inclosed names indicate the States which specifically permit licensees to take a limited amount of game out of the State. Alaska and Newfoundland have $50, Nova Scotia $30 and $15, and Prince Edward Island $15 nonresident licenses, with export privileges. Arkansas does not permit hunting by nonresidents, except in a few counties. Kentucky, marked a, has no definite fee. (For details, see pp. 40-47.) hunting and to exhibit them on demand of any warden (in New Hampshire and New York of any person ). 6 Details in regard to hunting licenses are given in the following table. In every case the fee includes the amount charged for issuing the license by the county clerk or other officer. a On wild lands of the State, except from December 1 to 15. b The following counties in North Carolina require hunters to obtain written permission for hunting on lands other than their own: Buncombe, Carteret (Morehead Township), Catawba, Cherokee, Clay, Cleve¬ land, Craven, Currituck, Davidson, Harnett, Henderson, Hertford, Iredell, Jackson (Sylva Township), Jones, Madison, Martin (Cross Roads, Goose Nest, Hamilton, and Poplar Point townships), Pender, Polk, Randolph (townships of Back Creek, Franklinsville [quail], and New Hope), Richmond (Mineral Springs, Steele, and Wolfpit townships), Robeson, Rowan, Rutherford, Transylvania, Union, Wayne, and Yadkin. 418 Details of hunting licenses and export regulations. 40 GAME LAWS FOR 1910. lx O ft X w © co G © o o co •rH d © a x © C "S c3 O “ ° o d _• < c ^ L G © .G •H H lx ft ^ >> © ft © © co G © 0) ft o 5> GJ c3 —« 5-h q ® 2 © r- T3^ CO '*•0 . 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