> ? m-. EMERGENCY RE LN NORTH CAROLINA 'i':^-:M' 'it'rli^ ■■■• •""^ '.'«'.'--,'' .,<,/■■.. '^--^v. •J^-'vJ '':*!;'.•':: ;>■ !•■.'i'^'!'. Cl)e lilitatp of tt)t (HnitJersitp of jQortt) Catolina Collection of jRortl Catolintana USgel i«^» >•> This hook mu: m. he taken from i Lihrary huildin^. , OCT 17^^ ^ J^. fng^^ l.UN'C-iM Jn.3; V<^^ Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill http://archive.org/details/emergencyreliefiOOnort Price : Five dollars, postpaid. To cover cost of publication only. PRESSES OF EDWARDS & BROUGHTOK COMPANY The Restored Chapel of Fort Raleigh on Roanoke Island EMERGENCY RELIEF IN NORTH CAROLINA A Record of the Development and the Activities of THE NORTH CAROLINA EMERGENCY RELIEF ADMINISTRATION 1932-1935 NORTH CAROLINA EMERGENCY RELIEF COMMISSION Howard W. Odum, Chairman C. A. Dillon Terry A. Lyon L. H. KiTCHiN Harriet W. Elliott STATE ADMINISTRATOR Mrs. Thomas O'Berry Edited by J. S. Kirk Walter A. Cutter Thomas W. Morse 1936 To The Workers on the staffs of the North CaroUna Emer- gency ReUef Administration whose en- during services made possible its record of achievements in the State, this book is gratefully dedicated. NORTH CAROLINA EMERGENCY RELIEF ADMINISTRATION RALEIGH, NORTH CAROLINA John C. B. Ehringhaus governor howard w. odum, chairman clyde a. dillon harriet w. elliott leland h. kitchin terry a. lyon commission Mrs. Thomas O'Berry administrator Honorable J. C. B. Ehringhaus Governor of North Carolina State Capitol Raleigh, North Carolina Mj> dear Governcr Ehringhaus: I have the honor to submit herewith the final report of the North Carolina Emergency Relief Administration covering the period from August 8, 1933, to December 5, 1935, operating as a state agency under Federal direction. Included with the report of this administration is a brief summary of the preceding administra- tion under Doctor Fred W. Morrison, State Director of the Governor's Office of Relief, for the period October, 1932, to August 8, 1933, which summary has been approved by the Executive Assistant to the former Relief Director. This report was prepared not only as a permanent record of the administration of relief in North Carolina, including the accounting of all funds advanced to the Emergency Relief Adminis- tration, but also as a reference book through which students and public citizens alike may find an accurate picture of conditions as they were at the beginning of Federal aid for relief to the state and the progressive development of measures and activities to relieve the situation. On behalf of the administration, permit me to express the appreciation of your splendid co- operation, and the cooperation of all the departments of state government in furthering the pro- gram and policies under the direction of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration. I also desire to record the fine cooperation of local municipal and governmental units in furth- ering the program in political subdivisions and the loyal and unselfish service of the members of the staff and of the employees of both state and local administrations. With high esteem, I am Respectfully yours. L^t-X^u-V^.^,..^- A-. (^/^ Mrs. Thomas O'Berry, AdministraUr. September i, 1936 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Frontispiece 2 Administrator's Foreword 7 Introduction 9 Development of Administration of Relief in North Carolina 22 Observations and Recommendations 63 Civil Works Administration 65 Reports of the Divisions of the Emergency Relief Administration and Reports on Special Programs 123-279, 317-386 Rural Rehabilitation 281-315 Directory of Personnel 115-118, 387-413 Appendix 415 Index 539 Guide to Appendix : Legislative Acts, Explanations, Summaries and Tables in the Ap- pendix 542 List of Tables in Text 543 List of Maps and Charts in Text 543 FOREWORD In compiling the final report of the North CaroHna Emergency ReHef Administration, we have endeavored to present a complete summary of the program as a permanent record of the relief problems and activities in the state. Included with a detailed account of the Emergency Relief Administration is a brief summary of the activities of the preceding program financed from Recon- struction Finance Corporation funds, administered by the Governor's Office of Relief, and of the Civil Works Administration. It is hoped that it may serve as a reference volume wherein may be found the inception and development of the Federal program of unemployment relief The Con- gressional Acts authorizing each appropriation will be found in the appendix. The second annual report of the Emergency Relief Administration was in the process of prepara- tion in 1935 when it was announced that direct relief would be discontinued in the early fall, to be followed by the liquidation of the Emergency Relief Administration, and that its program would be absorbed by other agencies. It was then decided to include the annual report in a final report of the entire relief program. A pictorial review of work projects and special programs has been combined in this one volume with the narrative and statistical accounts. The photographs were made by photographers on ERA work relief projects. It has been a privilege to have a part in the President's Recovery Program, and the courageous leadership of the Federal Administrator and his assistants has been a constant inspiration to all members of the relief organization. On behalf of the entire Emergency Relief Administration, both state and local, I wish to express our gratitude to the Governor of North Carolina, who at all times gave full cooperation in the interpretation and application of the policies of the Federal Administration in the state, and con- structive criticism and advice in administrative matters and relief policies. We acknowledge with appreciation the cooperation of all Federal agencies in the effort to coordi- nate policies and programs, thus aiding in the success of the relief program. State officials and all the departments of the state government have contributed their full assistance in furnishing information, and in the supervision of work projects concerned with the functions of their respective departments. The state educational institutions have rendered invaluable service in directing research, furnish- ing technical information and supervision in all phases of the relief program. A further contribution of the state has been the provision of rental and maintenance of offices for the state administration. Local government officials have contributed materials, supervision for work projects, and assistance in administrative matters. In the majority of counties and districts, office space and equipment were made a\'ailable to the relief administration by the local governments. Special mention should be made of the leaders of the Adult Education Movement in the state who have so generously assisted in the Emergency Relief Education Program. Religious, fraternal, civic, and private charitable organizations, and interested citizens have been generous in their services. Recognition should be given to those representatives of the press who have endeavored to interpret the policies and purposes of the relief program in their true light. 8 Emergency Relief in North Carolina The entire Relief Administration is grateful to all those who ha\'e so splendidly cooperated in furthering the relief program. The administratix'e personnel of the state office, the local and district administrations, and others who have been a part of the organization, have served with a devotion to a cause, a loyalty and an enthusiasm rarely found. A unity of purpose and action and an "esprit" on the part of all who were responsible for the welfare of those for whom the Emergency Relief Administration was created to serve has been evident. Whether the position was minor or executive, the work has been regarded as an opportunity rather than a job. No work has been too hard, no hours too long, for the staffs to respond to the constant demands made upon them. During my thirty months as administrator they have never failed to swing into action for reorganization or for a pressing request of any kind. To them, my co-workers in the program, I pay tribute for their courage, their loyalty, and their determination to do the job to the best of their ability, regardless of the personal sacrifice involved. Their hearts were in the success of the program. Their consideration was for the people whom the Emergency Relief Administration served. No reference is made to names of those in the em- ploy of the Emergency Relief Administration, but the names of the administrators of the reorgan- ized districts and the full staffs for the peak month are given in the personnel directory. The names of persons on administrative projects are not included in the personnel directory, but the Adminis- tration recognizes and appreciates their valuable service in directing special programs. The liquidation of the Emergency Relief Administration, begun immediately following the cessation of relief on December 5, 1935, has progressed in an orderly fashion and as rapidly as possible. Social work records were transferred to the State Public Welfare Department. Financial, statistical, and work project records were checked and filed for future reference. Materials and equipment have been made axailable to the Works Progress Administration, the Resettlement Administration, and other Federal and state government agencies. Other materials, tools, and equipment have been transferred to the Rural Rehabilitation Corporation for continued use in the state. The final audit of all expenditures will be completed at the earliest possible date. For the preparation of this report, we acknowledge with appreciation the cooperation of the State Treasurer in furnishing the administration with financial figures of the state government ; the Local Government Commission in furnishing analyses of municipal and county finances ; the Public Welfare Department in furnishing the summary of activities of the Governor's Council of Unemployment, and state and county aid to Public Welfare ; and the county officials in furnishing the figures on local contributions to charitable institutions and county relief. This report has been compiled from the reports of heads of divisions of the Emergency Relief Administration, whose names are gi\en in the directory of personnel, many of whom are now with other organizations. The responsibility for compiling and editing this report has fallen on a few people, to whom acknowledgment is due. The Bookkeeping Division, under Mr. S. A. Rowe, and the Statistical Division, under Dr. Hugh P. Brinton, Mr. Thomas Betts, and Mr. J. S. Kirk, have had a major part in preparing the work project and statistical analyses ; the Works Division report was written and compiled by Mr. T. W. Morse ; reports on special programs have been compiled by Mr. W. A. Harris ; the graphs and charts were made by Mr. Waller Wynne, Mr. Arthur Carraway, and Mr. J. S. Kirk ; Miss Cora Page Godfrey, Mrs. Mary Dunaway Scheld, and Miss Georgia Biggs have typed the copy for the printer ; and the entire xolume was edited by Dr. Walter Cutter, Mr. J. S. Kirk, and Mr. T. W. Morse. Mrs. Thomas O'Berry, State Administrator. INTRODUCTION The forms of public relief, limited as they were, which existed in the United States before the present emergency, were in a line of direct descent from the English poor law system established in the i6th century. With the enactment of the Statute of Henry XVIII in 1536 which enjoined local public officials and church wardens to search out and make provision for the poor, the foundation of both English and American poor law was laid. Although no public funds were set aside for the relief of such persons, this law marked a decisive step away from the repressive and penal measures which had been enforced in the period immedi- ately preceding, when the swarms of masterless and landless men which were roving over England, due to the dissolving of the monasteries and the gradual breaking-up of the feudal system, seemed to call for summary action. Publicly financed relief really began in 1572, with the Second Statute of Elizabeth. Although there had been an injunction, accompanied by some compulsion, to contribute in the past, this law marked an advance by providing for the appointment of specific civil officers ("collectors and over- seers of the poor") to administer needed relief and to levy a tax on their fellow citizens for the purpose. When the British Parliament, in 1597 and 1601, codified English poor laws, certain major prin- ciples were enunciated : (i) Persons unable to work were to be maintained, usually in almshouses ; (2) Work was to be provided for those able to work, and punishment for those able but unwilling to work ; (3) Needy children were to be bound out as apprentices ; (4) Relatives were made responsible for needy kinsfolk ; (5) Public relief was to be financed by taxation ; (6) There was to be administra- tion by overseers of the poor appointed by justices of the peace. This Elizabethan Poor Law was the first great systematic relief measure in modern times. Until 1834, it served as the legal and philosophic basis of English poor relief, and when the early colonists came to America, this philosophy of relief was brought along as were so many other British insti- tutions. Although poor laws and relief of poverty in the United States continued to rest upon the principle of the British law until the beginning of the present decade, there was in the American system one basic diflference. Whereas in England, legislation and provision for the poor tended to be national in its character, in this country it was local. While greater economic opportunity made poverty relatively rare, there were, as early as the 17th century, certain definite methods of dealing with poverty. The almshouse was the commonest form of relief, and even recently, it has been described as the fundamental institution of American poor relief This institution, unfortunately, became the reposi- tory for all types of dependency and maladjustment, being used for aged persons, sick and insane persons, persons with contagious diseases, transients, or as popularly termed, tramps, crippled per- sons, and perhaps worst of all, children. Relief outside of the almshouse in general, took three forms : (i) Children, and those adults who were physically able were farmed out to work to contractors who supplied in whate\er measure the needs of the workers in return for the work to be gotten out of them. (2) Another form of relief disposed of needy persons to employers who contracted to care for them, the usual auctioning pro- 10 Emergency Relief in Nokth Cabolina cedure being re\'ersed in that the unfortunate person went to the lowest bidder. (3) Direct aid was sometimes extended in the home, but such aid was infrequent, inadequate and extended usually when the need was of brief duration. Public poor relief was provided only by local governments, with two types of poor law adminis- tration being developed, based on the township and the county. Gradually these types were supple- mented by the city plan of relief administration. When state governments entered relief activity, and this was comparatively recently, they restricted their participation almost exclusively to super- vision. Relief Practices Undergo Significant Changes In the period elapsing between colonial times and the present emergency certain profoundly significant changes in public relief practices transpired, some gradual, some of recent occurrence. 1. There has been a growing tendency towards the use of "outdoor relief," that is, direct relief outside of institutions, and toward the segregation of different types of dependents. This tendency has served to a great extent to displace the almshouse as the fundamental institution of poor relief 2. The almshouse, which is now called by \arious names, the county home, the county infirmary, etc., ceased to be the repository for all types of delinquents, and for children, and became an insti- tution primarily for the care of the aged and infirm. While there was no comprehensi\'e plan for the adequate care of all types of needy persons, there were, nevertheless, appreciable adxances. 3. Public relief activities underwent appreciable coordination and centralization, proving conducive to both uniformity and to elevating standards for administration. 4. Other trends became increasingly important as time went on, although these were limited in their influence until the present emergency, (a) Needy persons have come to place an increasing relative dependence on public relief as compared with private charity ; (b) More adequately trained and better qualified persons ha\e been used to a greater extent in the administration of relief; (c) There ha\e been growing attempts, with some degree of success, to pro\-ide more adequate relief and individualized treatment ; (d) Pre\enti\e and rehabilitati\e measures ha\e been substituted for merely palliative relief. But even in the present century, the majority of people were reluctant to accept public aid, its acceptance being regarded as a humiliation and a disgrace, attaching an undesirable stigma to the recipient. This attitude has developed, doubtless, from a number of causes. The repressive and penal character of early English "poor relief" legislation undoubtedly played a large part. Then the perfectly understandable human aversion to being considered a failure in the battle of life has entered in. This consideration joins naturally with our American individualism. There is always a public feeling that failure to achieve success (usually measured in material gain) is proof positive of a basic lack, and for this lack the unfortunate person should be penalized, and his care should be so arranged that it could be undertaken at the least possible expense. But it becomes increasingly apparent, that the State in its general program of protecting its citizens has as a fundamental responsibility the lending of assistance to those whose welfare and actual security is endangered. Normally, when times are less disturbed, care for destitution is a compara- tively minor governmental acti\ity. In an emergency as widespread as that of the present, govern- mental participation in the problem of relieving relief is of an importance difficult to appraise. In the past five years of economic depression, vast numbers of workers, normally independent, have been compelled to accept private and public aid as a desirable alternative to starvation. A peculiarity about this crisis lies in the large numbers and classes of persons involved who were fortu- Emekgency Relief in North Carolina 11 nate in escaping the consequences of previous periods of economic upheaval. This almost unbeliev- able increase in dependency has compelled the State and Federal Governments to assume a larger share of the responsibility for relief With the development of new plans and new methods, the administration of relief has become a major function of government. With this brief notice of the historical antecedents of our present day views of relief, it will be valuable to trace the developing recognition of the Federal Government's direct responsibility to supplement state funds in aiding impoverished citizens. Developing Recognition of Government Responsibility In a statement made by President Herbert Hoo\er to United States Senators Robinson and Wat- son, he proposed that loans to the states for relief purposes be made through the existing Reconstruc- tion Finance Corporation. Excerpts from his statement, published in the New York Herald Tribune on May 13, 1932, follow: "The policy steadfastly adhered to up to the present time has been that responsibility for relief to distress belongs to pri\'ate organizations, local communities and the states. That fundamental policy is not to be changed. But since the fear has arisen that existing relief measures and resources may pro\'e inadequate in certain localities and to insure against any possible breakdown in those facilities it is proposed that authority be granted to the Reconstruction Finance Corporation to assist such states as may need it by underwriting only state bonds or by loaning directly to such states as may not be in position temporarily to sell securities in the market. The funds so obtained to be used for relief purposes and the total limited to $250,000,000 or $300,000,000. "The second part of the program contemplates providing the machinery whereby employment may be increased through restoring normal occupations rather than works of artificial character. Without entering the field of industrial or public expansion, there are a large number of economi- cally sound and self-supporting projects of a constructive replacement character that would un- questionably be carried forward were it not for the present situation existing in the capital markets and the inadequate functioning of the credit machinery of the country. They exist both in the field of public bodies and of industry. There is no dearth of capital, and on the other hand there is a real demand for capital for productive purposes that have been held in abeyance. The problem is to make the existing capital available and to stimulate its use in constructive capital activities. This involves under existing conditions resort to special machinery which is adapted to furnish the necessary element of confidence. "It is proposed to use the instrumentality of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation, which has a nation-wide organization, by authorizing the corporation either to underwrite or make loans for income-producing and self-sustaining enterprises which will increase employment whether under- taken by public bodies or pri\ate enterprises. "In order to safeguard the program beyond all question it is proposed that there must be proper security for the loans; that, as said, projects must be income-producing; that borrowers must have sufficient confidence to furnish part of the capital and that the project must contribute to early and substantial employment. "It is proposed to provide the necessary funds as they are required by the sale of securities of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation and its total borrowing powers to be increased up to $3,000,- 000,000. It is not proposed to issue government bonds. It is hoped that this further process of 12 Emergency Relief in North Carolina speeding up the economic machine will not involve any such sum. But in view of the early ad- journment of Congress it is desirable to provide an ample margin. "It is necessary sharply to distinguish between the use of capital for the above purposes and its use for unproducti\'e public works. This proposal represents a flow of funds into productive enter- prises, which is not taking place today because of abnormal conditions. These being loans on se- curity and being self-liquidating in character, do not constitute a change against the taxpayer or the public credit. The issue of bonds for public works, non-productive of revenue, is a direct charge either upon the taxpayer or upon the public credit, the interest on which and the ultimate redemption of which must be met from taxation. "An examination shows that to increase Federal government construction work during the next year beyond the amounts already provided for would be to undertake works of largely artificial character far in advance of public return and would represent a wasteful use of capital and public credit." The Reconstruction Finance Corporation, July, 1932 In July, 1932, legislation empowering the Reconstruction Finance Corporation to use certain funds was enacted and the Corporation was authorized to make a\'ailable the sum of §300,000,000.00 to aid the several States and Territories. (The full text of this legislation will be found in the Ap- pendix.) This act provided for payments to the governors of the several states, after application had been made and approved, with the reservation that not more than 15 per cent of this sum could be made a\'ailable to any one State or Territory. Provision was made for systematic repayment to the Corporation by deductions from regular Federal grants made to the States (for highway construction and rural post roads). Interest was to be at 3 per cent per annum. Pro\ision was made also for successive applications, when necessary, by the state governors. The central social provision of this legislation is found in an excerpt from the statement of description, that the money should be used "in furnishing relief and work relief to needy and distressed people and relieving the hardship resulting from unemployment." On this basis, the Federal funds were made available to the states in the early fall of 1932, the states having full control of expenditures of the funds advanced to them, and full responsibility for determining policies best adapted to the \arying local conditions. During the winter of 1932 and 1933, millions of people, suddenly thrown out of employment through the rapid failure of banks, industrial and business plants, were facing starvation. Aid was extended in both direct and work relief. No uniform plan was developed until the Emergency Relief Act was passed in May, 1933. Following his inauguration. President Roosevelt, in his message to Congress, on March 21, 1933, presented his plans for an expanded and unified program of unemployment relief. These plans included a broad public works program with the double objecti\e of giving needed employ- ment, and the conser\ation and development of the country's natural resources. The President's recommendations resulted in the immediate passage of CCC legislation, on March 31, 1933, and the Federal Emergency Relief Act on May 12, 1933. President Roosevelt's Message of March 21, 1933, to Congress, Resulting in the FERA Legislation (As published in the New York Times, March 22, 1933.) To the Congress: "It is essential to our recovery program that measures immediately be enacted aimed at unemploy- ment relief A direct attack on this problem suggests three types of legislation. Emergency Relief in North Carolina 13 "The first is the enrollment of workers now by the Federal Government for such public employ- ment as can be quickly started and will not interfere with the demand for or the proper standards of normal employment. "The second is grants to States for relief work. "The third extends to a broad public works labor-creating program. "With reference to the latter I am now studying the many projects suggested and the financial questions inxolved. I shall make recommendations to the Congress presently. "In regard to grants to States for relief work I advise you that the remainder of the appropriation of last year will last until May. Therefore, and because a continuance of Federal aid is still a def- inite necessity for many States, a further appropriation must be made before the end of this special session. "I find a clear need for some simple Federal machinery to coordinate and check these grants of aid. I am, therefore, asking that you establish the office of Federal Relief Administrator, whose duty it will be to scan requests for grants and to check the efficiency and wisdom of their use. "The first of these measures which I have enumerated, however, can and should be immediately enacted. I propose to create a Civilian Conservation Corps to be used in simple work, not inter- fering with normal employment, and confining itself to forestry, the prevention of soil erosion, flood control and similar projects. "I call your attention to the fact that this type of work is of definite, practical value, not only through the prevention of great present financial loss but also as a means of creating future national wealth. This is brought home by the news we are receiving today of vast damage caused by floods on the Ohio and other rivers. "Control and direction of such work can be carried on by existing machinery of the Departments of Labor, Agriculture, War and Interior. "I estimate that 250,000 men can be given temporary employment by early summer if you give authority to proceed within the next two weeks. "I ask no new funds at this time. The use of unobligated funds, now appropriated for public works, will be sufficient for several months. "This enterprise is an established part of our national policy. It will conserve our precious natural resources. It will pay dividends to the present and future generations. It will make improvements in national and state domains which have been largely forgotten in the past few years of industrial development. "More important, however, than the material gains will be the moral and spiritual value of such work. The overwhelming majority of unemployed Americans who are now walking the streets and receiving private or public relief would infinitely prefer to work. We can take a vast army of these unemployed out into healthful surroundings. We can eliminate to some extent at least the threat that enforced idleness brings to spiritual and moral stability. "It is not a panacea for all the unemployment, but it's an essential step in this emergency. I ask its adoption." The Civilian Conservation Corps Legislation, March 31, 1933 In the period elapsing between the Presidential message to Congress, and the passage of legislation necessary to set up the FERA, there was another significant development which occurred, the estab- 14 Emebgenct Relief in ISTokth Carolina lishment, by Act of Congress, of the Civilian Consenation Corps, usually designated the CCC. Designed to provide employment for unemployed young men, this CCC program has been one of the most profitable activities among those in which the Federal Government has engaged. The Corps was to engage in "the construction, maintenance and carrying on of works of a public nature in connection with the forestation of land belonging to the United States or to the several States which are suitable for timber production, the prevention of forest fires, floods and soil erosion, plant pest and disease control, the construction, maintenance or repair of paths, trails and firelanes in the national parks and national forests, etc., etc. (The full text of this act will be found in the Appendix.) The advantages of the CCC program were so numerous that after it had been operating for a period, the enrollment was increased so that more young men could receive the benefits of camp life while contributing subsistence to their families and useful public services to the States. The Corps has made a distinguished record throughout the nation. The report of its activities in this state will be found elsewhere in this \olume. The Federal Emergency Relief Act, May, 1933 (The full text of this act may be found in the Appendix) In May, 1933, a national relief authority, designed to avert the collapse of state and local relief was created by act of Congress. This authority was the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, which assumed, under the act, responsibility for the distribution of Federal relief funds and for the coordination of relief activities in the various states. The sum of $500,000,000.00, later augmented by an additional $950,000,000.00, was put at the disposal of this authority to assist the states in meeting relief costs and to permit more adequate standards of relief A further purpose was to improve the methods employed by relief administrative units in the several states. Under the Federal Emergency Relief Act, the duties and powers of the national organization are cleai'ly prescribed. One of its essential features was a recognition of the duty of the Federal government to contribute directly to the aid of the States, and without pro\ision for future repay- ment. Grants were made on a twofold basis : which provided (i) that each state should receive a "matched" appropriation, paid quarterly, equal to one-third of the amount of public funds spent for relief purposes within the State in the preceding quarter year ; and (2) that further grants should be made to those States which could demonstrate that funds under the matching provision were inadequate. The funds provided were to be used by the States to provide direct relief in cash or in kind, to pay work relief wages, and to finance other specified types of aid. Funds for transient relief and for grants to self-help organizations are allotted apart from the "matching" provision. Under the provisions of the Federal Emergency Relief Act, there came into existence the largest relief-dispensing agency that this country has ex'er seen. The operation of the various programs under its regulations has constituted a social phenomenon of a magnitude and significance difficult to appraise with any adequacy at the present time. It is sufficient to say that in one way or another the effects of this bold and unprecedented excursion into the field of public relief will have an undeniable influence on any future philosophy of dispensing monetary or other aid to those suflfering the evils of widespread unemployment. Beginning in July as a combination work and direct relief program, it soon became apparent that measures to accelerate actual employment were necessary, so the CWA, a strictly works program, was inaugurated by Executive Order of the President on November 9, 1933. Emergency Relief in North Carolina 15 Executive Order of the President of the United States Creation of the Federal Civil Works Administration: By virtue of the authority vested in me under title II of the National Industrial Recovery Act of June i6, 1933 (Public, No. 67, 73d Cong.), and for the purpose of increasing employment quickly : (i) I hereby establish a Federal Civil Works Administration, and appoint as Administrator thereof the Federal Emergency Relief Administrator, as an agency to administer a program of public works as a part of, and to be included in, the comprehensive program under preparation by the Federal Emergency Administration of Public Works, which program shall be approved by the Federal Emergency Administrator of Public Works and shall be known as the "civil works program." (2) The Federal Emergency Relief Administrator, as the head of the Federal Civil Works Administration, is authorized to construct, finance, or aid in the construction or financing of any public-works project included in the civil works program and to acquire by purchase any real or personal property in connection with the accomplishment of any such project and to lease any such property with or without the privilege of purchase. (3) The said Administrator is further authorized to appoint without regard to the civil service laws or the Classification Act of 1923, as amended, and fix the compensation of such officers, experts, and employees, and prescribe their duties and authority and make such expenditures (including expenditures for personal services and rent at the seat of government and elsewhere, for law books and books of reference, and for paper, binding, and printing), as may be necessary to carry out the purposes of the Federal Civil Works Administration and, with the consent of the State or municipality concerned, may utilize such State and local officers and employees as he may deem necessary. (4) For the purposes of this order, there is hereby allocated to the Federal Civil Works Admin- istration the sum of $400,000,000 out of the appropriation of $3,300,000,000 authorized by section 220 of the National Industrial Recovery Act and made by the Fourth Deficiency Act, fiscal year I933> approved June 16, 1933 (Public, No. 77, 73d Cong.). Franklin D. Roosevelt. The White House, November 9, 1933. The general plan for CWA as given, on November 15, 1933, by Harry Hopkins, Federal Emer- gency Relief Administrator, is printed in full in the text because of its social significance. Part is given immediately following, and that part which deals specifically with the actual set up and procedures of CWA will be found immediately preceding the CWA report on page 65. The Plan for CWA as Outlined in Harry Hopkins' Speech of November 15, 1933 "I think everybody in this room knows as much about this relief business as I do. You know that last winter four and a half million families were receiving public relief, or about 21,000,000 people in the United States. You know that that list has come down from four and a half million families to about three million families in September, but that those three million families still repre- sent between fourteen and fifteen million people. You know that these fifteen million people in America have been placed upon a relief basis, that these carpenters, brick-layers, masons, engineers, architects, draughtsmen, have gone to relief offices and have filled out application blanks and an investigator has gone to their homes to find out whether or not they had any money in the bank or whether they had a life insurance policy, whether or not they had any resources, and that a record 16 Emergency Relief in N^oeth CAEOLiN^i was made of that information, and then if that person was in need he or she was gi\'en rehef. He was given a grocery order or perchance his rent was paid or his gas bill was paid by an order. "Other large numbers of them numbering well over a million, were given what is known as work- relief, and they were given as many hours of work per week on some kind of public project as would provide enough money to meet this minimum budget. Many of them on work relief instead of re- ceiving cash were given grocery orders for their work relief, so that literally millions and millions of people in this country for the past two years have never seen any money, have been living on a scheme and a system of grocery orders. Other millions who have received cash or work relief have received how much? Well, the whole four and a half million families last winter received an averasre of fifty cents a day per family, and right now they are getting about sixty cents a day per family — fifteen million people in America placed on a standard of living that nobody in this room would say is a decent American standard. Then on top of that these fine people, the finest there are in the country, have got to come to these relief offices of ours, no matter how well they are run, and ask for relief, have strangers come into their homes, and, in the main, get a grocery order. Nobody likes it. Let no one say that the people that have been administering relief in the United States like it. They ha\e been trying to do a job and in the main that job has been well done. Relief, in the main, over the United States has been administered on a fair, decent basis. People have been treated decently when they have gone into those offices. But the idea of fifteen million people depending for their livelihood in that fashion is unthinkable ; it is unthinkable that that system should be con- tinued any longer than it absolutely has to be. "The President has decided that in so far as it is humanly possible that shall be wiped out, and in its place men able and willing to work on the relief rolls and other millions not on the relief rolls shall be given a job on public works that is a real job at a fair wage, at a going rate, so that they can be self-supporting, independent American citizens. The program I am going to discuss with you this morning is the program of the President by which he proposes to put four million men in the United States to work in thirty days. So much for that speech. "This could not have been possible were it not for the fact that the Public Works Board appropri- ated $400,000,000 to the Fedreal Emergency Relief Administration, which in turn by the President's order has become the Ci\'il Works Administration to prosecute those projects. Our funds for this come from Public Works entirely and therefore any funds that we spend from this $400,000,000 must be expended according to the Public Works Law." Beginning of an Expanded ERA Program After four months of operation of the CWA, a program which for the rapidity with which it was begun and the tempo at which it operated is unequaled by any venture of comparable size, there was a decision on the part of President Roosevelt to discontinue it and to absorb its activities in the work program of ERA. Accordingly the President made a statement on February 28, 1934, which statement is reprinted from the New York Sun of the same date." President Roosevelt's Statement of February 28, 1934, Concerning His Plan for the Job Program to take the place of CWA "The experience of the last nine months has shown that the problem of unemployment must be faced on more than one front. "Coincident with the plans for the demobilization of civil works has been the development of a Emergency Relief in North Carolina 17 program to meet the peculiar needs of three separate and distinct groups in need through no fault of their own. "It has been found that these three groups fall into the following classifications : 1. Distressed families in rural areas. 2. Those composing 'stranded populations,' i.e., living in single-industry communities in which there is no hope of future reemployment, such as miners in worked-out fields. 3. The unemployed in large cities. "The administration will be guided by these groupings in expending the $950,000,000 recently appropriated by Congress. "The care of needy persons in rural areas is a problem quite distinct and apart from that of the industrial unemployed. Their security must be identified with agriculture. They must be placed in positions of self-support. In many parts of the country this calls for a change from commercial farming and dependence upon a single cash crop, to the raising of the various commodities needed to maintain the families. "Relief funds, therefore, will be expended on behalf of rural families in a manner and to an extent that will enable them to achieve self-support. Work for wages from relief funds is not an essential part of this phase of the program and will be provided only in so far as it is necessary to accomplish the primary objectives. No encouragement of an extension of competitive farming is contemplated, but rather the placing of thousands of persons, who have made their li\'ing from agriculture, into a relationship with the soil that will provide them a security they do not now enjoy. "Some of the methods to be employed include building or rebuilding to provide adequate farm homes ; the provision of seed, and of stocks for other than commercial purposes, and opportunities to these workers to earn modest cash incomes through part-time or seasonal employment in small indus- trial enterprises. There should also be a planned distribution of the regular jobs on highways in the national and State parks and forests, and other public work prosecuted in agricultural communities, "The plan calls for complete cooperation with the Department of Agriculture, and with the State and county agricultural departments throughout the country. It substitutes for direct relief an opportunity to obtain and maintain self-support in an accustomed environment, and completely di\'orces relief activities in rural areas from those in the cities. "Only a careful sur\-ey can determine the number of families included in 'stranded populations,' but there are sufficient data already collected to indicate a situation of substantial proportions. The solution of the problem of these families involves their physical transplanting in a large majority of cases since the areas in which they concentrated offer neither future employment at wages nor oppor- tunities for self-support through agriculture. "It is planned to explore this difficult situation and, in collaboration with the Subsistence Home- steads Division of the Department of the Interior, and with other Federal and local agencies devise and apply definitely remedial measures which will affect an appreciable number of these families. These measures will be directed first at maintenance on small tracts of land and then at the develop- ments of supplemental or industrial opportunities to provide for a normal standard of living. "The needy unemployed living in cities and towns, who, in the course of coming months may reasonably look forward to regular jobs are entitled to, and should receive, in so far as possible, 2 18 Emergency Relief in North Carolina adequate assurance of means to maintain themselves during the balance of the period of their en- forced idleness. The Federal Government, both in its relief measures and in its Civil Works program, now nearing completion, has been meeting an emergency situation. "Direct relief as such, whether the form of cash or relief in kind, is not an adequate way of meeting the needs of able-bodied workers. They very properly insisted upon an opportunity to give the community their services in the form of labor in return for unemployment benefits. The Federal Government has no intention or desire to force either upon the country or the unemployed themselves a system of relief which is repugnant to American ideals of indi\idual self-reliance. Therefore, work programs which would not normally be undertaken by public bodies, but which are at the same time outside of the field of private industry, will be projected and prosecuted in and near industrial communities. Labor on these projects will not be expected of dependent members of the com- munities who are unable to work, but will be confined to those needy unemployed who can give adequate return for the unemployment benefits which they receive. "Work will be given to an individual for a period not to exceed six months. This is in order that it may not be considered, or utilized, as a permanent method of support. It will be administered by and under the direction of these relief activities in industrial communities. "Every eflfort will be made to continue opportunities for work for the professional groups in need — teachers, engineers, architects, artists, nurses and others. "This program expresses a conviction that industrial workers who are unemployed and in need of relief should be given an opportunity for livelihood by the prosecution of a flexible program of public works. The several States will be aided, as the Federal relief law provides, in the financing of this enterprise." The Discontinuance of CWA and the Reorganization of ERA CWA was discontinued on March 31, and its activities were absorbed in the expanded Emer- gency Relief Administration. Full administrative control of the work program was returned from Federal authority under CWA to the State Relief Administration. Under the re-organized Emergency Relief Program, as of April i, 1934, the work program was reestablished as work relief The primary objective of the ERA had been that of providing subsistence as a temporary means of relief for distressed persons. Under the expanded program, it became a long-range program for the rehabilitation of persons in rural areas and stranded populations, and to provide work for the unemployed through a comprehensive program of conser\ation of our natural resources and pro- motion of public works and professional services not in competition with private industry. The Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935 Again on January 4, 1935, the President addressed Congress on the "State of the Nation," out- lining plans for further reorganization of the Emergency Relief Program which message resulted in the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935. President Roosevelt's Message to Congress, January 4, 1935 (as published in the New York Tzmej, January 5, 1935) "In defining immediate factors which enter into our quest, I have spoken to the Congress and the people of three great divisions : I. The security of a livelihood through the better use of the national resources of the land in which we live. Emergency Relief in North Carolina 19 2. The security against the major hazards and vicissitudes of life. 3. The security of decent homes. "I am now ready to submit to the Congress a broad program designed ultimately to establish all three of these factors of security — a program which because of many lost years will take many future years to fulfill. "A study of our national resources, more comprehensive than any previously made, shows the vast amount of necessary and practicable work which needs to be done for the development and preservation of our natural wealth for the enjoyment and advantage of our people in generations to come. The sound use of land and water is far more comprehensive than the mere planting of trees, building of dams, distributing of electricity or retirement of submarginal land. It recognizes that stranded populations, either in the country or the city cannot have security under the conditions that now surround them. "To this end we are ready to begin to meet this problem — the intelligent care of population throughout our nation, in accordance with an intelligent distribution of the means of livelihood for that population. A definite program for putting people to work, of which I shall speak in a moment is a component part of this greater program of security of livelihood through the better use of our national resources. "Closely related to the broad problem of livelihood is that of security against the major hazards of life. Here also a comprehensive survey of what has been attempted or accomplished in many nations and in many States proves to me that the time has come for action by the national govern- ment. I shall send to you, in a few days, definite recommendations based on these studies. These recommendations will cover the broad subjects of unemployment insurance and old-age insurance, of benefits for children, for mothers, for the handicapped, for maternity care and for other aspects dependency and illness where a beginning can now be made. "The third factor — better homes for our people — has also been the subject of experimentation and study. Here, too, the first practical steps can be made through the proposals which I shall suggest in relation to giving work to the unemployed. "Whatever we plan and whatever we do should be in the light of these three clear objectives of security. We cannot afford to lose valuable time in haphazard public policies which cannot find a place in the broad outlines of these major purposes. In that spirit I come to an immediate issue made for us by hard and inescapable circumstance — the task of putting people to work. In the Spring of 1933, the issue of destitution seemed to stand apart; today, in the light of our experience and our new national policy, we find we can put people to work in ways which conform to, initiate and carry forward the broad principles of that policy. "The first objectives of emergency legislation of 1933 were to relieve destitution, to make it possible for industry to operate in a more rational and orderly fashion, and to put behind industrial recovery the impulse of large expenditures in government undertakings. The purpose of the National Indus- trial Recovery Act to provide work for more people succeeded in a substantial manner within the first few months of its life, and the act has continued to maintain employment gains and greatly improved working conditions in industry. 20 Emergency Relief in Noeth Cakolina "The program of public works provided for in the Recovery Act launched the Federal Govern- ment into a task for which there was little time to make preparation and little American experience to follow. Great employment has been given and is being given by these works. "More than two billions of dollars have also been expended in direct relief to the destitute. Local agencies of necessity determined the recipients of this form of relief With inevitable exceptions the funds were spent by them with reasonable efficiency, and as a result actual want of food and clothing in the great majority of cases has been overcome. "But the stark fact before us is that a great number still remain unemployed. "A large proportion of these unemployed and their dependents have been forced on the relief rolls. The burden on the Federal Government has grown with great rapidity. We have here a human as well as an economic problem. When humane considerations are concerned, Americans give them precedence. The lessons of history, confirmed by the evidence immediately before me, show conclusively that continued dependence upon relief induces a spiritual and moral disintegration fundamentally destructive to the national fiber. Work must be found for able-bodied but destitute workers. "The Federal Government must and shall quit this business of relief "I am not willing that the vitality of our people be further sapped by the giving of cash, of market baskets, of a few hours of weekly work cutting grass, raking leaves or picking up papers in the public parks. We must preserve not only the bodies of the unemployed from destitution, but also their self-respect, their self-reliance and courage and determination. This decision brings me to the problem of what the government should do with approximately five million unemployed now on the relief rolls. "About one million and a half of these belong to the group which in the past was dependent upon local welfare efforts. Most of them are unable for one reason or another to maintain themselves inde- pendently — for the most part through no fault of their own. Such people, in the days before the great depression, were cared for by local efforts — by States, by counties, by towns, by cities, by churches and by private welfare agencies. It is my thought that in the future they must be cared for as they were before. I stand ready through my own personal efforts, and through the public influence of the office that I hold, to help these local agencies to get the means necessary to assume this burden. "The security legislation which I shall propose to the Congress will, I am confident, be of assist- ance to local effort in the care of this type of cases. Local responsibility can and will be resumed, for, after all, common sense tells us that the wealth necessary for this task existed and still exists in the local community, and the dictates of sound administration require that this responsibility be in the first instance a local one. "There are, however, an additional 3,500,000 employable people who are on relief With them the problem is different and the responsibility is different. This group was the victim of a nation- wide depression caused by conditions which were not local, but national. The Federal Government is the only governmental agency with sufficient power and credit to meet this situation. We have assumed this task and we shall not shrink from it in the future. It is a duty dictated by every intelli- gent consideration of national policy to ask you to make it possible for the United States to give em- Emergency Relief in North Carolina 21 ployment to all of these 3,500,000 employable people now on relief, pending their absorption in a rising tide of private employment. "It is my thought that with the exception of certain of the normal public building operations of the government, all emergency public works shall be united in a single new and greatly enlarged plan. "With the establishment of this new system we can supersede the Federal Emergency Relief Ad- ministration with a coordinated authority which will be charged with the orderly liquidation of our present relief activities and the substitution of a national chart or the giving of work. "This new program of emergency public employment should be governed by a number of practical principles : 1. All work undertaken should be useful — not just for a day, or a year, but useful in the sense that it affords permanent improvement in living conditions or that it creates future new wealth for the nation. 2. Compensation on emergency public projects should be in the form of security payments which should be larger than the amount now received as a relief dole, but at the same time not so large a3 to encourage the rejection of opportunities for private employment or the leaving of private employ- ment to engage in government work. 3. Projects should be undertaken on which a large percentage of direct labor can be used. 4. Preference should be given to those projects which will be self liquidating in the sense that there is a reasonable expectation that the government will get its money back at some future time. 5. The projects undertaken should be selected and planned so as to compete as little as possible with private enterprises. This suggests that if it were not for the necessity of giving useful work to the unemployed now on relief, these projects in most instances would not now be undertaken. 6. The planning of projects would seek to assure work during the coming fiscal year to the indi- viduals now on relief, or until such time as private employment is available. In order to make adjustment to increasing private employment, work should be planned with a view to tapering it off in proportion to the speed with which the emergency workers are offered positions with private employers. 7. Effort should be made to locate projects where they will serve the greatest unemployment needs as shown by present relief rolls, and the broad program of the National Resources Board should be freely used for guidance in selection. Our ultimate objective being the enrichment of human lives, the government has the primary duty to use its emergency expenditures as much as possible to serve those who cannot secure the advantages of private capital." The Creation of New Federal Programs and the Discontinuance of ERA The Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935 was passed by Congress on April 8, 1935, and plans for reorganizing the relief activities divorcing the work program from relief slowly took shape. Two new Federal agencies were created to take over two major programs of ERA as Federal pro- grams, the WPA to absorb the works program, and the P.esettlement Administration to take over Rural Rehabilitation. The Federal Government discontinued grants to the States on December i , 1935, for direct relief, placing this responsibility on the States. It is expected that the unemployable persons on relief will receive aid under the provisions of the Social Security Act. 22 Emehgency Relief in North Carolina DEVELOPMENT OF ADMINISTRATION OF RELIEF IN NORTH CAROLINA Prior to 1932, relief of destitution was a minor phase of govern lental activity in North Carolina. Each county provided, through public funds, for its own indigents — mostly the aged and infirm — by outside poor relief, or in county homes. The state and counties, jointly, through the Public Welfare Departments, cared for a relatively small number of dependents. In general, needy and unfortu- nate persons were aided through churches, pri\'ate organizations, and charitable agencies — from funds contributed by indi\iduals. The responsibility of investigations and aid rendered was usu- ally delegated to members of boards or committees who gave such voluntary service as their time and pri\ate responsibilities would permit. In a few of the large towns and cities, part and full- time social workers were employed by private agencies. During the economic crisis of the past few years, thousands of independent workers were thrown out of jobs, while thousands of persons of both large and small incomes were left penniless by failures of banks and businesses. Private and public agencies could no longer carry even the pre-depression numbers of destitute families, as incomes of contributors to relief funds were swept away, and taxable resources depleted. The Federal Government was compelled to assume responsibility for the citizens who otherwise faced slow starvation. Preceding this crisis which was reached in 1932, the rising tide of unemployment was a matter of grave concern. The first organized effort to cope with the situation was the appointment, by Governor Gardner, in December, 1930, of an emergency committee, which was designated as the Go\ernor's Council on Unemployment and Relief The members appointed by the Governor were : Eugene Newsome, Chairman, Durham ; Mrs. W. T. Bost, Vice Chairman, Raleigh ; Frank D. Grist, Raleigh ; Robert Latham, Asheville ; Oscar A. Hamilton, Wilmington ; Albert S. Keister, Greens- boro ; Reuben Robertson, Canton ; Dr. J. M. Parrott, Kinston ; R. R. Lawrence, Winston-Salem ; Dr. Carl Taylor, Raleigh ; E. B. Crow, Raleigh ; Mrs. Palmer German, Raleigh ; Julian S. Miller, Charlotte. Mr. R. W. Henninger, of the State College School of Science and Business, was ap- pointed Executive Secretary to the Council. The Council was appointed to cooperate with the various Federal, State, and local agencies as a study and planning unit to work out a program to meet the conditions brought about by widespread unemployment and the accompanying need for relief. Under direction of the Council, local councils or coordinating committees were organized in many counties and cities for the purpose of coordinating all of the Federal, State, and local agencies to meet the relief needs. Bulletins were issued frequently by the Executive Secretary, suggesting plans and means of meeting the situation. Local communities were considerably strengthened in meeting local conditions through the aid of the Governor's Council. In 1932, the Council was reorganized and enlarged, made up of the following members repre- senting both public and private agencies : Stuart W. Cramer, President's Committee ; Mrs. W. T. Bost, Commissioner of Public Welfare ; Frank D. Grist, Commissioner of Labor ; Dean I. O. Schaub, Agriculture Extension ; Mrs. Jane S. McKimmon, Director Home Demonstration ; Reuben Robert- son, Champion Fibre Company ; R. R. Lawrence, President North Carolina Federation of Labor ; E. B. Jeffress, State Highway Commissioner ; A. T. Allen, Superintendent Public Instruction ; Dr. J. M. Parrott, State Board of Health ; Mrs. E. M. Land, Federation of Women's Clubs ; T. A. Finch, Thomas\illc Chair Company ; Dr. Fred Morrison, Tax Commission ; Mrs. Raymond Binford, President Parent-Teacher Association ; Miss Lona Glidewell, Business and Professional Women's Clubs ; Rev. R. T. Weatherby, Chairman Negro Advisory Committee. Emergency Helief in North Carolina 23 During 1930, the Executive Secretary and staff members of the State Welfare Department visited the cities and counties to advise with and assist them in organizing the counties. As the work increased in 1932, voluntary field organizers were added, their only compensation being traveling expenses. Although no appropriation Was made for the work of the Council, Governor Gardner provided funds for the administration out of the State Emergency Fund. This money was expended for the Council through the State Board of Charities and Public Welfare. The amount spent for this pur- pose was $17,469.96, all of which came from the State Emergency Fund, except $1,028.72 collected from private sources. The Council was nominally discontinued on July i, 1932. The Governor's Office of Relief Under authority granted by the United States Congress to the Reconstruction Finance Cor- ^ poration in July, 1932, Federal funds were made available to the states for relief needs. On Sep- tember I, 1932, Governor Gardner created the Governor's Office of Relief as the agency to direct relief activities in North Carolina. Dr. Fred W. Morrison, Executive Secretary to the State Tax Commission, was appointed State Director of Relief. The State Commissioner of Public Welfare was appointed Administrative Assistant, in charge of county and city organizations. Dr. Roy M. Brown, instructor in the School of Public Administration of the University of North Carolina, was loaned by the University to fill the position of Technical Supervisor for the Governor's Office of Relief Other members of the staff were : Mr. Ronald B. Wilson, Executive Assistant to the Director ; Mr. George W. Bradshaw, Accountant ; Julian S. Miller, Director of Public Relations ; Felix A. Grisett, Assistant Director of Public Relations ; and ten Field Supervisors — T. L. Grier, Mrs. May E. Campbell, William Curtis Ezell, W. T. Mattox, Mrs. Thomas O'Berry, Mrs. J. H. Frye, Miss Lois Dosher, Miss Pearl Weaver, Miss Nancy Austin, and Miss Mary Ward ; and secretarial and stenographic assistants — Miss Emma Neal McQueen, Miss Doryce Wynn, and Miss Cora Page Godfrey. Existing local private and public agencies were used to direct the program in the political subdivisions. Relief Directors, chiefly Superintendents of Public Welfare, were appointed in each *^ of the one hundred counties. In counties in which the Superintendents of Public Schools were ex-officio Superintendents of Public Welfare, Superintendents of Public Schools were appointed Directors of Relief Superintendents of Public Welfare and Superintendents of Schools served in this dual capacity without compensation. All additional administrative personnel employed for the relief program was paid from relief funds. Exceptions were made in Franklin, Durham, and Cumberland counties, due to local conditions. In these counties, Relief Directors were appointed who were officially connected with existing agencies. In the seven largest cities in the state, the relief program was directed by recognized private ^ agencies. Public officials acted in advisory capacity only. Local Advisory Boards, composed of members representing local government officials, and public and private agencies, were ap- pointed in each political subdivision. Full authority for administrative control and determining the policies and standards of relief rested in the state administration. Considerable latitude was permitted the political subdivisions in administering the program. The grants from the RFC to the state for relief purposes were made on the basis of a loan to be absorbed in the Federal Road Program. The following table gives the allotments from the RFC to the State from October, 1932, through May, 1933; total allotments to the counties made by the Governor's Office of Relief ; case load for the state ■ and number on work relief 24 Emekgency Eelief in North C. iROLINA 1932 RFC Grants County Case jVo. on Month to N. C. Allotments Load Work Relief October $407,500.00 $376,000.00 November 407,500.00 426,851.00 87,187 December 571,000.00 515,800.00 136,436 '933 January 825,000.00 740,000.00 166,901 97,257 February 825,000.00 895,000.00 176,124 98,484 March 849,166.00 1,071,000.00 168,183 90,929 April 1,188,834.00 947,000.00 148,692 61,286 May 876,000.00 866,000.00 122,963 46,823 June* 662,350.00 102,744 40,667 These funds were supplemented by pri\ate contributions, and contributions by local private agencies, American Red Cross, local governmental organizations, etc. In many local units, funds from these sources were pooled with Federal funds and deposited with the county or city treasurer. The case load reached the peak of 176,124 in February, or 26 per cent of the state population. After February, the case load decreased each month, and in June, at the close of the RFC program, the case load was 102,344 or 10 per cent of the state's population. This decrease is partly accounted for by the fact that in April relief was discontinued in rural areas for a period of three weeks, in order to get people started on the farms. When relief was reopened in rural areas in May, clients receiving American Red Cross flour only, or aid from churches only were not included in the case load as being on public relief rolls. Summary of Activities The relief program provided both direct relief, and work relief for persons able to work. In selecting work projects, preference was given to public works of permanent value that would not have been undertaken at this time except for the availability of Federal funds. These projects included : assistance in highway and road maintenance ; construction, and repair of public buildings ; beauti- fication and impro\'ement of school grounds and other public buildings ; improvement and beauti- fication of municipal parks ; drainage ; water and sewer extensions ; city streets ; geodetic surveys ; lunches for school children of families on relief; farm and garden work ; and other work benefiting communities at large. By No\'ember 7, approximately 107 projects of these types had been set up in the counties. Construction and all types of engineering were practically at a standstill. The engineering profession was among the first to feel the widespread effects of unemployment. North Carolina was the first state to initiate Geodetic Surveys as work relief projects. Exceptionally good work was accomplished in North Carolina in this field under RFC and continued under CWA and ERA. The approved wage scale ranged from 50c per day for unskilled to $2.50 per day for skilled labor, according to the prevailing wage rates in the community, type of work and labor. No materials were purchased from Federal funds. The funds provided from local public and private sources usually exceeded the expenditure of Federal funds on work projects. Under this pro- gram, 52 new school buildings and 209 classrooms were constructed, part of which were completed under ERA ; 69 gymnasiums and work shops were undertaken and completed under this program and ERA ; 396 were repainted and repaired ; school grounds were improved at 639 schools. Ex- penditures of Federal funds for school improvements were $273,217.19, and from the Literary * Funds granted in June were emergency relief funds. Emekoenoy Relief in North Caeolina 25 Loan fund, local public funds, and private contributions, $338,851.53 was spent for materials and skilled labor. Following the passage of the CCC legislation by Congress, the first enrollment for GCC camps was in April, 1933. The quota for North Carolina was 6,500. An additional quota of 1,150 was received in May. North Carolina was the first state to complete the enrollment. In the early spring, Mr. Charles A. Sheffield, Assistant Director of Extension Service, was loaned by State College to the Governor's Office of Relief to direct the farm and garden program. With the cooperation of the Home Demonstration Agents and local communities, the relief agencies, under Mr. Sheffield's direction, conducted a really remarkable garden program. This farm and garden program was inaugurated under the RFC program and completed under ERA. The ex- penditure of $496,086.17 from RFC and ERA funds for seeds, fertilizer, cultivation, canning equip- ment, harvesting, supervision, and labor, yielded a return of $12,335,825.17 in fresh vegetables, canned and dried fruits and vegetables, syrup, etc., which were used for relief clients. There were 90,831 transients aided by local relief agencies during the period from October i, 1932, to July I, 1933. In December, 1932, a percentage of relief funds was set aside to provide compensation under the North Carolina law for workers injured on relief projects. The cooperation of local physicians in giving their services without compensation, in most in- stances, made it possible to provide medical care for relief clients. No physicians' fees were ap- proved. The purchase of drugs and hospitalization in emergency cases at charity rates were approved. In the early part of the program, no fees for hospitals were paid, and throughout the program, many hospitals continued free care for the clients. Training of Personnel From the beginning, the relief agencies were handicapped by inadequate personnel in investi- gating and aiding the overwhelming numbers applying for relief. The few trained workers in the state were employed by the relief agencies, and additional workers drawn from the most experienced and qualified persons available. In June, 1933, through the cooperation of the Division of Public Welfare and Social Work of the School of Public Administration of the University of North Carolina, the Governor's Office of Relief was enabled to send to Chapel Hill over one hundred workers for an Institute of one month. The workers were given instruction in case work methods and administra- tion, especially office organization. In April, 1933, Dr. Morrison resigned as Director of Relief to accept a private position, and the Executi\e Assistant, Mr. Ronald B. Wilson, was appointed Acting Director. He served in this position until August 8 when the State Relief Commission and a State Emergency Relief Administra- tor were appointed. Following the enactment of the Federal Emergency Relief Act in May, 1933, the Relief and Reconstruction Act of 1932 was ineffisctive as of June i, and all unused funds were transferred to the FERA. The first ERA funds were received in North Carolina June, 1933. The relief activities in North Carolina were continued under the direction of the Governor's Office of Relief until the reorganization of the administration of relief as the North Carolina Emergency Relief Administra- tion on August 8, 1933, to conform with the Federal organization. The relief program under the Governor's Office of Relief was the pioneer program in the State. There was no precedent to follow. No definite policies nor regulations had been formulated by the Federal Government. Each state was feeling its way on uncharted seas. 26 Emeegenct Relief in IN^orth Cakolina North Carolina is largely a rural state. It should be remembered that in 1932, farm land values, and farm incomes reached the lowest ebb. Farmers could not receive sufficient income from the sale of crops to pay e\'en very low rates for farm labor. With this condition, the rate of the minimum of 50c per day on relief work in rural areas presented a problem. The experiences of these first few months in relief as a governmental actixity on a large scale formed the basis on which succeeding programs were founded. Reorganization of Relief Administration, May, 1933 Harry L. Hopkins was appointed Federal Relief Administrator, in May, by the President, following the passage of the Relief Act by Congress. Federal Emergency Relief Field Representa- tives, Field Engineers, and Special Representatives had general supervision over the State Admin- istration, acting as liaison officers between it and the Federal Administration. The first grant of Federal funds under the provisions of the Emergency Relief Act of May, 1933, was made to North Carolina on May 29, 1933. However, the general reorganization to conform to the policies of the new Federal Emergency Relief Administration did not take place until the creation of the State Emergency Relief Commission, and the appointment, in August, of the State Relief Administrator. Under the Governor's Office of Relief, which was financed by funds from the Reconstruction Finance Corporation, full administrative control of relief policies and expenditures rested in the state. Under the new Federal Emergency Relief Administration, although funds granted the state became state funds, and although the North Carolina Emergency Relief Administration was a state agency, policies and regulations were prescribed by the Federal Emergency Relief Adminis- tration. The Federal Relief Administrator held direct control over state administrations, through authority provided by the Relief Act, to grant or withhold funds, and to assume full control of state agencies when "in his judgment more efFecti\e and efficient cooperation between the state and Federal authorities may thereby be secured in carrying out the purposes of this Act." (See Relief Act of May, 1933, Appendix.) Funds were granted the state upon application by the Governor, who was requested to furnish the following information with the application: (i) the extent of relief needs in the state, and state and local funds a\ailable for relief purposes ; (2) the provision made to assure adequate super- vision ; (3) the provision made for suitable standards of relief; and (4) the purposes for which the funds requested would be used. The State Organization On August 8, 1933, the Governor of North Carolina appointed an Emergency Relief Commission of five members, and a State Emergency Relief Administrator to administer relief funds in the state. Functions of the Commission The North Carolina Emergency Relief Commission functioned as a policy-making body, interpreting policies of the FERA, and formulating policies for the state in harmony with those established by the FERA. It also exercised general advisory control of the relief program and standards in the state. The Commission held regular monthly meetings, and special meetings as occasions arose making consideration by the Commission necessary. The Commission approved and recommended to the Governor the amount of Federal funds required for adequate administra- tion and to meet relief needs. Administrative authority and responsibility were vested in the State Relief Administrator, who Emekgency Relief in North Carolina 27 was directly responsible to the Commission and to the Federal Administrator. The Administrator was responsible for furnishing reliable information to the Commission, at all times, concerning local conditions which indicated relief needs and affected relief administration. Administrative Personnel Immediately upon the appointment of the Commission and the State Administrator, the state ^ relief agency was reorganized, to conform with the new policies of the FERA. The administrative acti\'ities fell into three groups, Social Service, Accounting and Auditing, and Work Relief, with a state director for each division. The Director of the Social Service Division had the responsibility of determining social work policies, standards of relief, and the approval of social work personnel in the local administrations. Control of the accounting and disbursing of relief funds in state and local units was effected by the appointment of a Chief Auditor and a staff of Field Auditors. The Field Auditors were directly responsible to the Chief Auditor, their duties being to examine and ratify the expenditures of local administrations. A uniform system of accounting and financial control was established in all local administrations. Emergency Relief funds had been disbursed locally by county government officials until the reorganization of ERA in 1934. At this time, ERA bonded disbursing officers were employed in each local administration, responsible to the local administrator, and to the Chief Auditor, for the disbursement of local ERA funds. A control of work relief standards, and the selection of work projects, was established under a State Works Project Supervisor. A State Statistician was added to the staff who was responsible for the proper reporting of case loads and obligations incurred from all local units to the state office, and then to Washington. The Transient Division was established under the direction of a State Transient Director, whose duties included directing the care of homeless and nonresident individuals and families. A Director of Public Relations, to interpret relief policies, and the progress of the relief program to the public, was appointed. These officers, in addition to the Assistant to the State Administrator, the Director of County Administrations, an Accounting Officer, and District Supervisors, composed the administration of the organization prior to CWA. Heads of departments and state staff mem- bers were directly responsible to the State Administrator. The District Supervisors, later called Field Representatives, were directly responsible to the Director of the Division of Social Service and through him to the State Administrator. Although a part of the personnel of the Social Service Division, and selected for their ability to supervise case work, these District Supervisors came to be the general Field Representatives of the State Adminis- trator in the areas to which they were assigned, and were held responsible for the operation of all phases of the program in these areas. When other specialized field representatives were added to the staff during the Civil Works Administration, the former District Supervisors were made the ranking representatives in each division in the state and directly responsible to the State Adminis- trator. The Field Representative stood as a liaison officer between the state office and the local office, interpreting each to the other : policies and regulations on the one hand, and practices, needs, and unusual local situations on the other. The inauguration of the Civil Works Administration added almost over night engineers, archi- tects, construction men, and the Divisions of Purchasing, Pay Roll, Compensation, Safety, and Women's Work. With further reorganization following CWA, the Rural Rehabilitation program added trained agriculturists, practical farmers, and home economists. This rapid expansion of the program developed within a few months a direct and work relief. 28 Emergency Relief in N'orth Carolina PER CENT DISTRIBUTION OF DISTRICT ADMINISTRATIVE PERSONNEL BY FIELD OF ACTIVITY January, igjj June, 1935 Other Executive Rural Rehabilitation Work Division Finance and Statistics Social Service Other Executive Work Division Finance and Statistics Rural Rehabilitation Social Service Emekqency Relief in North Carolina 29 and rehabilitation organization, employing in state, district, and county organizations over 2,000 persons, with an administrati\'e cost well below the national a\erage. Personnel was selected solely on the basis of qualifications, experience, or training. County or Local Administrations Reorganization of local administrati\e units followed the reorganization of the State Adminis- tration. Since regulations of the FERA required that Federal funds be administered by public agencies, the private agencies formerly directing relief activities in the seven larger towns and cities were taken o\'er by the Emergency Relief Administration and converted into public agencies. In the counties where the Superintendents of Schools were ex-officio Superintendents of Public Welfare, full-time Relief Administrators were appointed with salaries paid from Federal funds. The local administrators appointed by the State Administrator were the executives upon whom depended the success of the local relief programs. They had full responsibility and authority for the administration of the relief program in each of the local political subdivisions and were given discretionary powers within the state regulations of the Federal and State Administrations. They were responsible to the State Administrator in the execution of the program. As the program developed, in the local administrations in the larger cities and counties, divisions corresponding to those of the state office were created. The local administrative personnel was selected and appointed by the local administrator, the state administration retaining approval of the supervisory personnel. The local administrator was responsible for furnishing to the state office full information regarding conditions affecting relief needs, such as agricultural, industrial, and business conditions, seasonal employment, health conditions, and unusual occurrences, such as strikes, epidemics, etc. The coordination of reUef activities, commitments against relief funds, certified reports, and information required by the state administration were further responsibilities of the administrator. County Ad\'isory Committees, composed of public officials, heads of private agencies, and interested socially-minded citizens, were appointed to interpret the relief needs of the community to the administrator and relief policies to the public. Where these committees functioned actively, they rendered valuable service as liaison groups between the relief organization and the public. With the reorganization of ERA in 1934, a budget was fixed in the state office for each local administration, based on the consideration of: (i) the extent of need as shown by the local adminis- trator's request for funds ; and (2) the amount of Federal funds granted the state as a whole. The local administrator was responsible for keeping expenditures within the budget. Consolidation of County Administrative Units Constant efforts were made to increase the efficiency of the state-wide organization through the adoption of uniform case records, project, accounting, and report forms, and the coordination of administrative procedures. To further reduce administrative expense, increase general efficiency, and to strengthen social work, the local administrations were consolidated, in the fall of 1934, into thirty-three, and later, thirty-one district units, the administrator assuming full authority over the counties in the district. All social work, engineering, and rural rehabilitation supervision, accounting, disbursing, statistical work, and commodity distribution were consolidated under the appropriate division directors on the district staff. A branch social work office, with a head case worker in charge, was retained in each county, in order to continue close contact with relief clients. An assignment clerk was responsible for assigning clients to work projects, the hours to be worked by the client being governed by his budgetary needs as determined by the case worker. Local farm foremen for rural 30 Emergency Relief in North Carolina NORTH CAROLINA NORTH CAROLINA EMERGENCY RELIEF ADMINISTRATION DISTRICTS AFTER CONSOLIDATION OF COUNTY UNITS— NOVEMBER 1934— AUGUST 1935 (Districts 6 and 25 consolidated into Districts 10 and 26 respecti\'Qly) NORTH CAROLINA EMERGENCY RELIEF ADMINISTRATION DISTRICTS AFTER SEPTEMBER 1935 ARRANGED BY AREAS COTERMINOUS WITH THE WORKS PROGRESS ADMINISTRATION. Emergency Relief in North Carolina 31 rehabilitation clients worked out of each county office. The personnel of the Social Service Division was increased from approximately 600 to about 1,100, while the number of workers in other divisions was decreased. In August, 1935, existing administrative units were consolidated into eight districts to coincide with the eight WPA districts in the state. Although there is always some waste in a program of such magnitude, the entire relief program has been executed with a keen sense of responsibility, throughout the whole organization, for handling public funds wisely, efficiently, and honestly. The administration kept abreast of the developing program, adjusting the organization to meet demands made upon it, gradually evolving a coordi- nated administrative control of all relief activities. The Administration of Civil Works In November, 1933, when the Civil Works Administration was established, the State and Local ERA Administrators were appointed by the Federal Civil Works Administrator as Civil Works Administrators to act in the dual capacity of Emergency Relief and Civil Works Administrators. The ERA staff members also served in the dual capacity. The Administrator and staff took and subscribed to the Federal Oath of Office. The State Disbursing Officer for the Veterans Bureau was State Civil Works Disbursing Officer, directly responsible to the United States Treasury Department for all CWA disbursements. Assistant Civil Works Disbursing Officers who disbursed Civil Works funds locally were appointed in the 107 administrative units by the State Civil Works Administration with the approval of the State Dis- bursing Officer. They were responsible to both the State Disbursing Officer and the State Civil Works Administrator. In addition to the new divisions created, the personnel in all divisions rapidly increased to handle the tremendous Civil Works Program. Copies of all local administrative and project pay rolls and checks were sent to the state office weekly where they were carefully checked and forwarded to the Federal Civil Works Administration in Washington. The adminis- trative control of CWA was in the Federal Administration, but at the close of CWA, administrative control of the work program was transferred to the State Administration. Trend of Economic Conditions, 1933- 1936 Before entering upon a discussion of the volume of relief in this state, and other aspects of relief administration, it may be well to notice the general trend of economic conditions between 1933 and 1936. The intention here is not to present an analysis of the economic forces which were operative, but merely to record the fact that conditions grew better through a combination of forces, govern- mental effort, and the natural forces of recovery. In discussing general economic recovery, it may be asserted that it is important that incomes become larger. It is more important, however, that such incomes be equitably distributed among individual famihes. Not the number of dollars, but the purchasing power of each dollar, not the number of persons paying income tax, but incomes among the lowest earning groups ; these are the facts that must be considered. Although accurate figures are not available, certain trends are indicated. Persons on relief rolls come, as a rule, from groups who have had the least economic advantages. It is well known that all classes do not benefit equally with improvement in business conditions. Certain groups are the first to feel the effects of depression and last to receive the advantage of returning prosperity. Generally conceded as falling under this classification are the following : unskilled laborers, both farm and city ; farm tenants ; and domestic and personal service workers. More than three-fourths of all persons on relief belong in this category. While improvement in 32 Emeegenct Relief in ISTokth Caeolina DISTRIBUTION OF RESIDENT PERSONS ON RELIEF IN NORTH CAROLINA JUNE. 1935 N.C.ERa StalialiMt Divisin 1 DOT=100 Persons on Relief GENERAL RELIEF CASE LOAD FOR NORTH CAROLINA BY MONTHS <: O Q < O X H 110 8o 5o 40 QO \ ■ \ \ / 1 \ • \ \ / \ / / \ -' y ■v \ / / \ — \ \ • \ '^ ' \ \ \ ■ \ ■ ■ ' ■ J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D ■933 '934 '935 Emergency Relief in ISTorth Carolina 33 PER CENT RELIEF AND GENERAL POPULATION IN NORTH CAROLINA BY COLOR AND PLACE OF RESIDENCE Open country and \illages 2,500 or Less General Population J^'orth Carolina Relief Population General Population Relief Population ^M y// ^3' v//////a 11 ^^^^H ^M VA ^^^ /^^^% ^^^^^^^406^^^^! s V/////////////A ill 1^ 26^g^^^H ^^ /// ''"'^ ///////// il 1 ^9-' ^^^^1 Cities and to^s•ns 2,500 to 5,000 General Population Relief Population 82.3 177 Cities 5,QD0 to 25,000 General Population Relief Population Cities over 25,000 General Population Relief Population Colored White \Mk Population Based on 1930 Census Relief Cases Based on April, 1935, Case Load N.CERA Statistical Division 34 Emeegenct Relief in I^orth Carolina general business is undeniable, it has not as yet had the efFect which might be expected upon those on the relief rolls. This is due to a considerable extent to the accident of birth into an unfa\'orable economic situation rather than to inherent defects, physical or mental. The majority of those on the present work program are able to do a good day's work when given the opportunity. Through no fault of their own, they are a group apart, for whom there is no place in the economic mechanism. Possibly half of those on relief when the depression was most severe have now found sufficient employment to sustain themselves for the year without the necessity of requesting governmental aid. Another group, certainly over 50,000, cannot live for a year without help at one or more times of seasonal unemployment. They are the victims of changing conditions in agriculture and industry which even a return to the boom conditions of the twenties would not absorb. In addition, there is a large group of persons, variously estimated at from 20,000 to 30,000, who are permanently incapable of earning a living because of old age, mental disease or defect, or physical handicap. These would all come under the proposed Social Security program. Since North Carolina is predominantly an agricultural state, an examination of certain farm statistics may furnish a clue to some of the economic forces at work during the depression. Farm operators in the Federal farm census of 1935, when compared with the 1930 census, show an increase of 7.6 per cent, or 21,259 family units. This group obviously did not move to the country in order to earn a better living, but they migrated as a last resource when all hope of making a li\elihood in town was gone. In most cases it meant a definite lowering in their standards. During this same period, there was a reduction of about 670,000 acres in cotton and 200,000 acres in tobacco com- pared with an increase of 445,000 acres of corn, 456,000 acres of hay, and 143,000 acres of wheat. Although acreage of cash crops decreased, the higher prices received have actually meant a greater net income to farm owners. In 1932, cash income from all North Carolina crops was $81,136,000, while, in 1934, it had jumped to ^223,730,000. As for tenants, and more especially farm laborers, it is doubtful if their position has improved. The crops substituted for cotton and tobacco are such as require much less hand labor. Agriculture in the state is becoming better balanced at the expense of work opportunities for farm laborers. In certain sections, a trend toward the payment of day wages rather than tenant contracts has been noted. Such a system would greatly increase the severity of seasonal unemployment in agriculture. Figures concerning industrial employment are not available, but from the experience of local relief administrators, certain facts appear. All three of North Carolina's chief industries show wide seasonal variations. Stemming and redrying of tobacco employ many unskilled and semi- skilled persons during the fall and early winter, but employment declines abruptly just at the time when the demand for farm labor is at its lowest point. Each year a great increase in case load was noted in late winter in all the important tobacco centers. By spring, many of these same people were engaged in farm work and did not need help again until the following January. The dull season for the textile industry occurs during mid-summer when most mills operate only part time and many close altogether. This phenomenon was observed during each of the past three summers. Dwellers in mill villages have little chance to secure other income when the local plant closes, since more than most groups they are dependent upon a single occupation. Conditions during the past four years have not changed greatly, although in the summer of 1935, the dull period was more severe than usual, lasting in some sections for more than five months. There was a decided increase in private building during 1935 which has continued into 1936. However, it has little effect upon the relief rolls, as this work employs largely skilled artisans who have never constituted a significant number of those requiring Federal aid. Retail business, likewise, has improved without reducing the need for relief Based on figures for March, 1935, and January, 1 936, there has been some lessening in the number of domestic and personal service workers on Emergency Relief in North Carolina 35 relief. Better business has caused an increased demand for servants, but at wages that are still pitifully inadequate. The general picture is one of small gains here and losses there, with no decided reduction in the severity of seasonal influences nor increase in the purchasing power of the ordinary laboring man, whether on farm or in factory. Such slight stimulus as was given by the NRA has now been lost. The factors discussed above may be examined briefly, as they bear upon conditions in the three chief geographical divisions of the state, namely the mountain, piedmont, and coastal plain areas. Mountain Area The mountains of North Carolina, justly famed for their scenic beauty, afford their inhabitants only the barest li\'ing, below all minimum standards of well-being. From the very first days of relief, this area proved to be the most intense problem in the entire state, and with the improvement in general economic conditions, this section has shown least change. It is primarily a land of small home owners who grow their own food on the small amount of productive land which is available and depend on outside employment for the little cash income they are able to obtain. Even before 1929, they were in distressed circumstances, due to the depletion of timber resources and the lack of demand for mineral products. With the depression, two important sources of supplementary income disappeared entirely, namely, the sale of wood products, flora, and herbs and the trade with tourists in handicraft articles. Probably the greatest hope for the future in Western North Carolina lies not in industry but in the development of recreational areas which will attract tourists from the urban centers of the east and the middle west. At present a National park-to-park highway is actually under construction. Piedmont Area The piedmont area is the center of the industrial life of the state, where are located most of the important textile, tobacco, and furniture factories. Agriculture is also important, with diversified farming in the western part, cotton in the south and east, and tobacco in the north. There has been a gradual decline in the rural case load, but the urban load has been subject to violent fluctua- tions due to mills closing. Local conditions, such as floods, droughts, hail storms, etc., have affected agriculture in limited areas, but the problem has not become very serious, and it is the general impression that the entire rural population is considerably better off now than two years ago. In the cities there is a large population now employed on the Works Program who would not possibly be absorbed by private employment even under best conditions. They are the group which suffers from technological improvements that allow business to produce the same output with less man- power. Coastal Plain The coastal plain is a predominantly rural area, with the chief crops consisting of tobacco, cotton, peanuts, potatoes, and early vegetables. Industries are few, the most important being the highly seasonal one of processing tobacco. There are a few cotton mills, fertilizer factories, saw mills, and cotton seed and peanut oil mills operating mostly only part of the year. This is distinctly an area of cash crops and large plantations operated by tenants and day laborers. As such, it benefited most from higher agricultural prices, although it is doubtful to what extent relief clients have benefited proportionately. Seasonal labor, both in town and country, presents a problem for which, as yet, there is no solution. In the tidewater country is an area of very high relief case load due partially to the severe storm of 1933 and to the depressed condition of the fishing industry. The fisherman's cooperative is a method of helping these people to become self-supporting. The only hope of prosperity in the tidewater region is in the development of the sea food industry. 36 Emergency Relief in North Cabolin; N.C.ERA Statistical Division RESIDENCE OF RELIEF CASES NORTH CAROLINA OPEN COUNTRY 36.5% CITIES OF 25,000 AND OVER 24-5% JUNE, 1935 TOTAL RELIEF CASES FOR MONTH 62,010 Emebgenoy Relief in North Carolii Volume of Relief In February, 1933, the number of families and single persons on relief reached the peak of 176,124, or 27.3 per cent of the state's population. In June, 1933, this number had been reduced to 102,744 including 14,871 recipients of American Red Cross flour and other commodities only, or 16.0 per cent of the state's population. In June, 1933, those aided from public funds only (not including American Red Cross commodities) number 87,873. Due to discontinuing relief in rural areas on account of the harvesting of crops, the case load dropped to 55,054 in September. In 1934, the highest number of families and single persons on relief was 96,230 in March, the lowest number, 62,207 in October. The average for the year was 76,175, or 11.8 per cent of the state's population. In 1935, the peak was 74,155 cases in January. In June, 62,010 were on relief The average for the first six months was 68,907 cases, or 10.7 per cent of the state's population. The case load dropped very rapidly the last six months of 1935 as clients were arbitrarily cut off due to the reduc- tion in Federal grants to the state and the starting of WPA projects in October. In November, there were 42,919 on relief, and for December, 14,986 received relief through December 5, when relief was discontinued in the state. The relief population was constantly changing ; as persons on relief found employment or sources of income were available, their cases were closed. Others, as their resources were exhausted, came on relief for the first time. A third group included those who had been on relief, but having found only temporary or seasonal work, were forced to come back on relief, and were known as re-opened cases. This case load turnover given below depicts clearly the constantly changing relief population. For comparison, the case load turnover is given, by seasons, for the winter months from Novem- ber, 1934, through April, 1935, and for the summer months from May, 1935, through October, 1935. This includes only those who were accepted for relief Approximately 60 per cent of applicants was accepted as relief cases. Case Load Turnover Total 1934-35 New Cases Reopened Cases Cases Added Cases Closed November 5>722 12,727 18,449 10,816 December 4=899 11,646 16,545 11,103 January 5=737 9,836 15,573 17,218* February 4>347 7,611 11,958 15,010* March 3>48i 7,687 11,168 9,635 April ■ 4>45i 7,177 11,628 9,123 May 2,669 5,453 8,122 6,132 June 2,799 4,247 7,046 10,199 July 2,176 4,109 6,285 9,445 August 1,545 3,381 4,926 9,985 September 1,033 " 3,543 4,576 ' 10,228-f October 1,240 3,701 4,941 7,385 Average Case Load Turnover Cases New and Rec )pened Cases Added Closed November i. 1934, throu jh April 30, 1935 1 4,220 12,151 May I, 1935, through October 31, 1935 5,982 8,895 * The heavy closing of cases n January and February, 1935, was due to th( ; turning back to the counties g,i8g unemployable cases which was accompUshed in these months. "I" Harvesting season. 38 Emergency Relief in Nokth Carolina Case Load and Obligations Incurred From Public Funds by Months April, 1933, to December, 1935 BY N.C.ERA Tear and Months 1933 April May June July August September October November December 1934 January February March April May June July August September October November December 1935 January February March April May June July August September October November December Family Cases Single Persons Total Cases 118,509 118,509 97>558 97,558 87,873 87,873 65,984 6,904 72,888 56,680 5,076 61,756 50,387 4,667 55,054 52,296 5,216 57,512 65,641 6,180 71,821 56,992 7,248 64,240 66,852 8,484 75,336 72,847 9,482 82,329 85,887 10,343 96,230 66,520 9,817 76,337 65,960 7,104 73,064 66,047 8,099 74,146 67,161 7,949 75,110 72,187 8,386 80,573 69,022 8,083 77,105 54,481 7,726 62,207 59,836 8,017 67,853 65,621 8,192 73,813 68,698 5,457 74,155 65,640 4,080 69,720 66,592 3,957 70,549 66,988 3,869 70,857 62,436 3,713 66,149 58,463 3,547 62,010 56,384 3,230 59,614 51,132 2,781 53,913 46,746 2,611 49,357 45,004 2,541 47,545 40,620 2,299 42,919 14,122 864 14,986 Obligations Incurred 5 974,914-00 927,356.00 836,740.00 592,913-00 500,914.00 570,006.00 556,154-00 623,796.00 575,091.00 605,321.00 648,337-00 943,553-00 1,015,697-00 1,050,408.00 1,069,697.00 1,386,302.00 1,472,590-00 1,141,163.00 1,205,590.00 1,692,809.00 1,722,668.00 1,762,291.00 1,437,206.00 1,677,191.00 1,980,401.00 2,153,128.00 2,054,912.00 1,326,315.00 1,115,884.00 985,374-00 991,555-00 635,372-00 209,544.00 Source: April, 1933, through March, 1934, taken from FERA. April, 1934, to date taken from N. C. ERA reports. Emekgency Relief in North Carolina 39 l^.C.ERA Statistical Division FAMILIES AND SINGLE PERSONS RECEIVING RELIEF BY MONTHS APRIL, 1933, THROUGH DECEMBER, 1935 120 W in < fa o Q < O H 1 10 \ 100 \ qo \ 1 \ Rn \ \ y T 3^ ^A L cy .s; ^s 70 60 \ / / 1 1 \ \ - 1 \ / \ V i ^ 1 — - / / f / / \ — ^ ^ s, •io \ ^ 1 \ / ^A M IL Y Ci lS: iS \ / A \ ^ N 40 N ^ SO 1 90 10 c k iir rc LI , I 'e: IS 01 ^S - - ^ \ \ - ■>. N AMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASOND 1933 1934 1935 40 Emekgency Relief in North Caeolina N.C.ERA Statistical Divison OBLIGATIONS INCURRED FROM PUBLIC FUNDS BY QUARTERSt APRIL, 1933, THROUGH DECEMBER, 1935 K.C.ERA Millions of Dollars 3 4 1933 2nd Quarter $2,739,010 3rd Quarter $1,663,833 4th Quarter 1934 1st Qiiarter $2,197,211 2nd Quarter $3>i35>8o2 3rd Quarter $4,000,055 4th Quarter $4,621,067 1935 1st Quarter $4,876,688 2nd Quarter $6,188,441* 3rd Quarter $3=427,573 4th Quarter $1,836,471 * The increase in obligations incurred during the second quarter of 1935 was due to the rapid expansion of the Rural Reha- bilitation Program in North Carolina. That expansion included purchases for fertUizers, seed, farm equipment and stock in addition to subsistence grants to Rural Rehabilitation clients all over and above the regular functions of the Emergency Relief Program. Seasonal farm activities made necessary this enlarged expenditure. t Exclusive of Surplus Commodities, funds for other Federal Agencies, Self-help Cooperatives, etc. Emeeoency Relief in ISTorth Carolina 41 The figures given on page 37 do not include students aided firom Federal funds, Emergency Relief teachers, nor transients. Homeless families and transient individuals aided from June, 1933, to December, 1935, totaled 122,144. The case load in rural areas (5,000 population and under, and in open country), for June, 1935, as shown on chart "Residence of Relief Cases," page 36, was 62.2 per cent of the total relief population. Cost of Relief The total grants for relief from October i, 1932, through May 31, 1933, from Federal funds (RFC) were $5,950,000.00 ; from local public funds and private funds, $2,384,963.00. Total funds were $8,334,963.00. As stated in previous section, prior to June i, contributions from private sources to relief were reported as local contributions. Subsequent to June i, 1933, although con- tributions were made from private agencies and disbursed by ERA, Federal regulations permitted only appropriations from public funds that were disbursed by ERA to be reported and considered as state and local aid. The total grants for relief purposes from FERA funds from June i, 1933, through December 5, 1935, were $39,898,184.00, and $12,155,000.00 from CWA, making a total of $52,053,184.00 from Federal funds. Of this amount, $225,000.00 was transferred to the State Public Welfare Depart- ment, and $300,000.00 set aside for liquidation of the relief administration, including adjustment of all outstanding obligations, final auditing of all expenditures, disposition of equipment, etc. Federal grants were supplemented with local government expenditures of $679,310.46 ; total funds for all purposes, $52,732,494.46. The expenditures, by quarters, dating from April, 1933, are shown on the Chart on page 40. This does not include funds transferred to the State Public Welfare Department, surplus commod- ities, self-help cooperatives, pay roll for white collar workers on WPA projects, purchases of ma- terials and equipment for WPA, nor research and vocational projects after December i. The "Average Relief Benefits per Capita," page 42, differs widely in the various counties, due to the local conditions and to the size of the relief population. The highest per capita cost is usually found in counties having the highest percentage of the population on relief, which usually indicates low number of work opportunities, or low sources of income from lands, crop production, and market values. "The A\'erage Benefits per Person," as shown on page 43, was generally low in mountain and coastal counties, and was influenced by standards of living, health conditions, and type of subsistence found in the counties. In mountain counties, families more frequently had chickens, milk products, eggs, and small subsistence gardens. Their greatest need was clothes, while in coastal counties the people subsisted largely offish, oysters, etc. There winters are mild, and hea\y clothing is not so necessary. The average benefit per relief person for 1933 was $19.53; ^o^" ^934' $27.11 ; for 1935, $32.98. ^' The average for the entire period was $26.54. The cost of relief for single persons is higher proportionately than for family groups as shown by the Chart on page 134, "Average Relief Benefits per Person by Size of Family — February, 1935." Contrary to the general impression that the families on relief are usually larger families, it was also found that the moderate sized family composed the largest number on relief (See Charts, on pages 136 and 138, "Size of Family-Relief and General Population.") ■-■■ )i::jO'> \d n^'.Mui. .loii : 42 Emeeqbncy Eelief in North Carolina AVERAGE RELIEF BENEFITS, PER CAPITA— FOR 12 MONTHS APRIL, 1934 THROUGH MARCH, 1935 Ron k Countv Capita 1 Tyrrell 7.98 2 New Hanover 7,31 3 Hoke 6,65 4 Ouilford 6 60 5 Hyde 6,38 n Buncombe 6,35 7 Dare 6.21 8 Craven 6,17 fl Carteret 5,58 10 Orange 5,07 11 Forsyth 4-60 12 Durham 4,57 l.T Scotland 4,54 14 Washington 4,34 15 Jones 4,30 16 Transylvania 4.25 17 Brunswick 4,23 18 Richmond 4.23 19 Montgomery 4.22 zn Gaston 4,20 21 Pamlico 4,16 22 Chowan 4.08 23 Clay 3.91 24 Mecklenburg 3,88 25 Wilson 3.79 26 Avery 3.79 27 Ashe 3.71 28 Haywood 3.47 29 Currituck 3.42 30 Perquimans 3.37 31 Cherokee 3.29 32 Camden 3.23 33 Wavne 3 23 34 Moore 3.00 35 Watauga 2.94 36 Y'ancey 2.92 37 Alleghany 2.87 38 Lee 2.83 39 Cabarrus 2.73 40 Graham 2.72 41 Yadkin 2.70 42 Wilkes 2.68 43 Robeson 2.62 44 Surry 2. ,'5 45 McDowell 2.54 46 Pender 2.49 47 Duplin 2.49 48 Alexander 2.47 49 Rowan 2-45 60 Edgecombe 2.43 51 Union 2.42 52 Henderson 2.41 53 Lenoir 2 41 54 Hoke 2.40 55 Halifan 2.39 56 Iredell 2.38 57 Macon 2.33 58 Madison 2 38 59 Mitchell 2 34 60 Vance 2.30 61 Pasquotank 2.24 62 Anson 2.22 63 Caswell 2.22 64 Cumberland 2.20 65 Gates 2 16 66 Rutherford 2 13 67 Bladen 2.08 68 Chatham 2.09 69 Randolph 2.05 70 Onslow 2 02 71 Catawba 2.01 72 Stanly 1.98 73 Caldwell 1-93 74 Lincoln 1.87 75 Person 1.85 76 Warren 1.85 77 Jackson 1.83 78 Davidson 1.81 79 Sampson 1.77 80 Hertford 1 73 81 Burke 1.71 82 Franklin 1 71 83 Johnston 1. 61 84 Columbus 1.59 85 Davie 1.57 86 Swain 1.54 87 Stokes 1.51 83 Pitt 1.50 89 Martin 1.45 90 Alamance 1.43 91 Northampton 1 42 92 Polk 1.35 93 Bertie 1.27 94 Granville 1.25 95 Rockingham 1.19 96 Cleveland 1.17 97 Greene 1.16 98 Beaufort 1,16 99 Nash 1.14 00 Harnett 1.13 STATE AVERAGE 3 13 The wide variation of average relief benefits per capita (Jepended greatly upon the intensity* of relief. This chart should be compared to the census figures of population and tabulation of relief population by counties found on page 54. *Percentage of population on rehef. Emeehency Relief in North Carolina 43 AVERAGE RELIEF BENEFITS PER RELIEF PERSON— BY COUNTIES JUNE, 1935 Counli/ AvcraOc I Wako 5.06 2 Guilford 4 69 3 ALraer-i 4 51 4 Forayt't 4 .S 5 Orfinpe 4.46 6 ''urham 4.31 7 Pitt 4.15 S Bertie 4.14 g Granville 3 SS 10 Craven 3 87 n Rowan 3 S4 12 Inion 3 ,.'■3 n Buncombe 3.80 14 Cabarrua 3.63 15 New Hanover 3 63 16 Lcc 3 60 17 AnsoD 3.59 1« Onslow 3 49 19 Beaufort 3 47 20 Mecklenburg 3 46 21 McDowell 3 40 22 Catawba 3 37 23 Wayne 3 35 24 Washington 3 34 25 Hyde 3.30 26 Lincoln 3.24 27 Gaaton 3 23 2« Warren 3 23 29 Stanly 3 16 30 Jones 3.11 31 Davidson 3 09 32 Lenoir 3 05 33 Hertford 3 04 34 Camden 3 02 35 Vance 3 02 36 Iredell 3 00 37 Macon 3 00 38 Cumberland 2 99 39 Carteret 2 97 40 Chatham 2 96 41 Rockingham 2 96 42 Pasquotank 2 91 43 Johnston 2.89 44 Edgecombe 2.88 45 Pender 2 86 46 Wilson 2.86 47 Hahfai 2 ,«4 43 Sampson 2 SO 49 Franklin 2.79 50 Montgonvery 2.79 51 Person 2 7S 52 Perquimans 2-74 S3 Moore 2 71 54 Cleveland 2.70 55 Caldwell 2.69 56 Jackson 2.65 57 Tyrrell 2 65 58 Robeson 2 64 59 Martin 2.63 60 Hoke 2.62 61 Rutherford 2 5) 63 Scotlmd 2.58 63 Chowan 2,57 64 Dare 2 57 65 Alleghany 2 56 66 Duplin 2 54 67 Greene 2 54 6S Richmond 2 51 69 Swain 2 51 70 Gates 2 48 71 Randolph 2.44 72 Columbus 2.31 73 Davie 2 31 74 Harnett 2.31 75 Surry 2.27 76 Northampton 2.23 77 Stokes 2.21 78 Nash 2.19 79 Haywood 2.14 SO Madison 2 13 81 Ashe 2 11 82 Alexander 2 03 S3 Henderson 2 02 84 Burke 1 96 85 Currituck 1.93 86 Pamlico 1 S9 87 Clay 1.84 88 Avery 1.83 89 Bladen 1.83 90 Transylvania 1.83 91 Wilkes 1.76 92 Yadkin 1.76 93 Yancey 1 75 94 Mitchell 1 73 95 Cherokee 1.06 96 Polk 1 52 97 Graham 1.51 98 Brunswick 1.47 99 100 C«=»ell Watauga 1.44 1.42 THE STATE 3 10 44 Emebgenct Relief in !N^orth Caeolina WHAT THE STATES HAVE RECEI\'ED TO DATE IN EMERGENCY AID FEBRUARY 19, 1934 WHAT THE STATES PAID TO THE FEDERAL TREASURY IN TAXES IN 1933 W.D.-O.05 fc WASH 0.43^ MINN. -1.41^ ORE IDAHO' S.D.- JrAH-0.09 AR 1 2-0.05 NEU-0.09 MONT-0.1 WINE 0.26 % tates . February ig, T934 Emekoency Relief in North Carolina 45 Source of Funds Unemployment relief in North Carolina was financed primarily from Federal funds. No funds were appropriated by the General Assembly, and the only state aid was in the form of an allocation of $1,500,000.00 from the highway fund for employment of persons on relief by the state on highway construction and maintenance, and since June, 1933, $679,3 10.46 from local public funds. State Aid The Federal Emergency Relief Act pro\'ided that funds should be granted to states on a two- thirds matching basis, or on an unmatched basis to states demonstrating that available funds from all sources were inadequate to meet the requirements. After a complete investigation of the state's resources and bonded indebtedness by Federal Emergency Relief Agents, grants were made to North Carolina on the unmatched basis. It was on the basis of information secured from this investigation that in the fall of 1934, the Federal Emergency Relief Administrator in conference with the Governor agreed on a plan whereby $1,500,000 might be allocated from the state highway funds to employ workers from relief rolls on construction and maintenance of highways. Pursuant to this agreement, the Governor recommended, and the General Assembly of 1935 allocated $1,500,000 for this purpose effective July i, 1935. In considering state aid, the bonded indebtedness and constitutional limitation for borrowing, as well as the sacrifice the state had made to preserve its school system and entire economic structure, should be kept clearly in mind. The bonded indebtedness of the state as of December 31, 1934, totaled $174,156,000, and as of December 31, 1935, it was $170,644,000. The constitution of the state limits the net debt of the state to 7.5 per cent of the assessed valuation, subject to deduction of sinking funds and certain state investments. The assessed valuation in 1933 was $2,089,209,000 which was 75 per cent of the true valuation. Seven and one-half per cent of the assessed value was $156,690,000, the diflference in this sum and the total indebtedness being due to refunding, etc. It is noted, therefore, that North Carolina had reached its constitutional limitation for borrowing. The bonded indebtedness of the 100 counties as of December 31, 1935, amounted to $158,927,000, with defaults as of same date amounting to $13,074,000. For cities and towns, the bonded indebtedness as of December 31, 1935, amounted to $152,316,- 000, with defaults as of same date of $10,400,000. The total bonded indebtedness for state, counties, cities and towns as of December 31, 1935, was $481,887,000. Although not contributing directly to relief. North Carolina prevented an increase in relief rolls in 1933 by adopting the "state-wide" school system, supported entirely from state funds. In taking over the schools, supported in part by 3 per cent sales tax, the state lifted a great tax burden from the home owner and saved thousands of persons the loss of their homes and farms from failure to pay taxes. By thus reducing the burden of local governments, they were aided in meeting their own fiscal problems and enabled to contribute to relief In 1933, in the majority of states, the public schools which had been closed on account of the depletion of funds were reopened and maintained through special grants from the FERA to the states for that purpose. North Carolina, by assuming this burden of school maintenance, not only prevented large numbers from going on relief, but by frugality saved the structure of its school system and made it unnecessary for the FERA to grant additional funds to North Carolina to reopen and maintain closed schools as it had done in other states. When it was found, however, that the revenue from the sales tax would be insufficient to pay teachers their full eighth month's salary, a special grant of $500,000 was made by FERA to complete the salaries of those teachers who were shown to be potential relief persons. 46 Emergency Relief in ISTorth" Carolina INTENSITY OF GENERAL RELIEF * JULY 1933 -JUNE 1935 FEDERAL EMERGCNCY RELIEF ADMINISTRATION DIVI5I0M or RESEARCH, STATISTICS AND FINANCE 40 30 z u o 20 a. tij Q. PERCENT V'-yA UNDER 10 W^ 10-149 15-19.9 20 AND OVER UNITED STATES ^ ■-^.n^ ,.'"0-ci r .^^ V "V NORTH CAROLINA *--.^ 10^ JUL 1933 OCT JAN 1934 APR JUL OCT JAN 1935 APR JUN INTENSITY*OF GENERAL RELIEF IN THE UNITED STATES JULY 1933-JUNE 1935 ♦ PERCENTAGE OF ESTIMATED POPULATION ON RELIEF Emergency Relief in North Cakolina 47 County Aid In 1933, sixty-one of the 100 counties in North Carolina and 100 towns and cities were in default on bonds, bond interest, or both. Notwithstanding this financial condition, the counties maintained very nearly their normal aid for public welfare and relief purposes, and supplemented Federal funds with local appropriations for relief. In 1933, the counties appropriated $1,943,587.58 (including American Red Cross funds and private contributions during the period January-May, 1933) to unemployment relief In 1934, the expenditure through ERA was $189,191.01. In 1935, the expenditure was reduced to S48,- 557.87. The reduction was due to the counties having the care of the unemployables turned back to them by ERA in January, 1935, and the responsibility becoming that of the local governments. For the fiscal year July i, 1933-June 30, 1934, the counties spent $1,226,341.00 for dependents and indigents in outside aid, boarding children, and mothers' aid, hospitalization, and medical care. For the year 1935-36, the budget for these purposes is $1,241,218.00. The administrative budget for the Welfare Departments is $194,726.40, making a total of $1,440,944.40. During the period of October, 1932, through May, 1933, when Federal aid was granted to the states from RFC funds, local funds, whether appropriations from local governmental units or private contributions, were received and disbursed by the local Relief Administration and credited to the state as local contributions to relief Under the provisions of the Emergency Relief Act of May, 1933, although private contributions were made to the local Emergency Relief Administra- tions, only appropriations made from public funds were credited as local contributions, and funds used by the state or local governments for maintaining their normal responsibility, such as hospital- ization, relief of outside poor, mothers aid, etc., could not be reported as appropriations to relief Grants by the State Administration to the Counties Grants were made by the State Emergency Relief Administration to the counties on the basis of number of families on relief, their needs, and conditions in the counties influencing relief needs. Each month the district administrator was required to send in a report form showing the number of persons on relief and expenditures for the current month, and the estimated number and needs for the ensuing month, probable available work opportunities, opening or closing of industrial plants, seasonal employment, and unusual conditions affecting relief, such as droughts, heavy rains, strikes, epidemics, business trends, etc. Also a form showing the cost of administration was required. These budgets were carefully studied and compared with the previous month's application and expenditures, and with the Field Auditor's report on the previous month's expenditures of the local administration. A budget was then fixed for the administration of each district, and a budget for relief in each county, according to the indicated needs of the county and the limitations of funds granted to the state by the Federal Emergency Relief Administration. Allocations were then earmarked for administration and relief The downward change in relief loads and allotments to certain rural counties was due to improvements in agricultural conditions through the AAA. In other rural counties, a heavy rainy season or drought causing crop failure increased the load. Seasonal industrial employment, such as tobacco factories employing large numbers of persons, reduced the load. 48 Emergency Relief ix ISTorth Carolina N C ERA SIQIistica) Div TOTAL FERA GRANT TO STATES MAY 23, 1933 THROUGH SEPTEMBER 30, 1935 Millions of Dollar; 100 300 400 New, York Pcnnsyhania Illinois Ohio California Michigan Massachusetts Texas New Jersey W^isconsin Minnesota Missouri Indiana Georgia Alabama Louisiana Florida Oklahoma Arkansas West Virginia South Dakotq Kansas Colorado NORTH CAROLINA Washington Tennessee South Carolina Mar\-land Kentucky North Dakota Mississippi Nebraska Io\va Connecticut \'irginia Montana Oregon Utah New Mexico Arizona Idaho Maine Wyoming Rhode Island Ne\v Hampshire Ne\ada Vermont Delaware Emergency Relief in Nokth Carolina 49 N.C.ERA Stiilislical Div PER CAPITA FERA GRANTS TO STATES MAY 23. 1933 THROUGH SEPTEMBER 30. 1935 South Dakota Ncxada North Dakota New Mexico Montana Wyoming Arizona Utah Colorado Idaho Florida New York Pennsylvania Minnesota California Massachusetts \Visconsin West Virginia Illinois Ohio Arkansas Washington Michigan Louisiana Kansas New Jersey Oregon Maryland South Carolina Nebraska Alabama Oklahoma Missouri Georgia Mississippi Texas Maine Indiana Connecticut New Hampshire Tennessee Kentucky NORTH CAROLINA Vermont Iowa Rhode Island \'irginia Delaware 50 Emergency Relief in North Carolina EXPENDITURE OF THE ERA DOLLAR BASED ON OBLIGATIONS INCrRRED FOR THE TWFLTE MONTHS ENDING MARCH 31. 1935 N.C.ERA Statistical Division Rentals, Other Services and Charges Non-relief Salaries Materials Administrative Salaries General Relief Amount Direct S4, 222. 270 Work .5,703,425 Special Programs (Education, Student Aid, Transients, Rural Rehabilitation) Amount Per Cent 5 1,281,148 7.7 1,121,288 6.7 1,333,396 8.0 1,850,039 11.1 9,925,695 59.7 Per Cert I 25.4 34,3 1,122,046 6.8 $16,633,612 100.0 Emergency Relief in North Carolina 51 Relief Standards Relief investigations are at best humiliating experiences to the persons applying for aid. Because, however, there were always persons who made no effort to earn a living, those who through ignorance thought "help from the government was for everybody" and those who felt they were entitled to more than necessities, it was necessary to conduct rigid investigations of all apphcants. The regulations of FERA required that the minimum investigations include home visits by the social worker and a check of all resources of the family, probable aid from relatives and friends, work habits, etc. The relief standards were determined by the grants to the states and were never at any time sufficient to provide adequate aid. The grants to the state were not increased proportionately to the increase in cost of food, clothing, fuel, rents, etc. Although the average benefits per family increased in 1934 and the first six months of 1935, the cost of living had increased to the extent that the value of the dollar was from one-third to one-half less than in 1933, therefore, even with the increased grants to the family, relief was not so adequate. Direct and Work Relief It was the policy of the N. C. ERA to provide work rehef, as far as possible, instead of direct relief, which consisted of cash grants to the family or orders for subsistence. Work relief was dis- continued altogether, except in a few cities, in July, 1933, when a minimum wage of 30 cents an hour was fixed by the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, as this wage was much above the level of wages in practically all sections of the state, due to the extremely depressed condition on industry, business, and the value of farm produce. At that time, farmers could not sell their farm products for enough to pay even low wages to laborers. CWA definitely established a work program of heavier construction projects at higher wages. Approximately 4,000 to 5,000 persons were employed on work projects when CWA was established on November 15, 1933. As only 50 per cent of the original CWA quota of workers for the state was drawn from relief rolls, the number of relief clients on CWA projects never exceeded 34,000, and a large relief load remained to be aided by direct relief from ERA funds. When the quota was increased by approximately 1 1,000 workers, with the exception of employable women who were not fitted for CWA projects, these workers were drawn from the unemployed rather than from relief rolls. ^r^^q. With the close of CWA on March 3i,-£§g^the works program was transferred to ERA with the following definite changes : (i) CWA was designed to furnish work to the unemployed and to create purchasing power rather than provide a subsistence income. Fifty per cent of the persons employed were not neces- sarily eligible for rehef. Under the new Emergency Relief Program, the work program was reestab- lished as work relief, restricting employment to those persons eligible for relief, with the exception of the necessary amount of non-relief skilled labor required to give the maximum amount of employ- ment to those eligible for relief The number of hours of work was determined by relief needs. (2) Work projects started under CWA were completed by the Emergency Relief Administration as far as possible ; new work projects, however, were developed on the basis of the type of relief labor available in the community. (3) Under the new ERA program, employment was largely restricted to urban and industrial areas. In rural areas, emphasis was placed on rehabilitation through the usual occupation of farming, and on especially designed programs for stranded populations. 52 Emehgency Relief in JSTorth Carolina OBLIGATIONS INCURRED FOR WORK AND DIRECT RELIEF. NUMBER ON WORK RELIEF AND PER CENT OF TOTAL OBLIGATIONS FOR WORK RELIEF BY MONTHS— JANUARY 1933 THROUGH DECEMBER 1935 Month and Year Obligations Incurred Per Cent Obligations Number Persons on Work Relief Direct Relief Total for Work Relief Work Relief 1933 Januaryt $746,679 $491,466 $1,238,145 60.3 97,257 Februaryf 650,721 475,869 1,126,590 57-8 98,484 Marchf 729.972 537,916 1,267,888 57-6 90,929 Aprilf 504,612 545,600 1,050,212 48.0 61,286 Mayt 461,519 500,118 961,637 48.0 46,823 Junet 411,313 445,199 856,512 48.0 40,667 July 298,018 233,416 531,434 56.1 34,588 August 213,631 223,100 436,731 48.9 22,717 September 178,670 216,314 394,984 45-2 15,375 October 198,927 285,009 483,936 41. 1 14,784 No\'ember 179,843 363,516 543,359 33-1 18,476 December 10,808 464,619 475,427 2-3 1,154 1934 January * 502,857 502,857 February * 531,229 531,229 March * 746,492 746,492 April 102,083 486,504 588,587 17-3 6,486 May 228,775 443,967 672,742 34-0 17,465 June 325,414 375,928 701,342 46.4 24,840 July 419,522 332,315 751,837 55-8 28,684 August 623,491 302,346 925,837 67-3 36,896 September 469,486 260,922 730,408 64-3 35,015 October 405,842 298,224 704,066 57-6 25,138 November 612,457 366,260 978,717 62.6 29,569 December 624,514 385,375 1,009,889 61.8 33,650 1935 January 746,875 332,112 1,078,987 69.2 41,784 February 538,186 290,137 828,323 65.0 40,167 March 606,780 348,180 954,960 63-5 41,218 April 653,968 310,920 964,888 67.8 42,901 May 771,762 285,345 1,057,107 73-0 44,291 June 645,667 235,552 881,219 73-3 42,507 July 613,489 229,248 842,737 72.7 42,224 August 447,739 198,446 646,185 69-3 35,724 September 392,655 233,603 626,258 62.7 29,781 October 365,513 314,058 679,571 53-8 26,389 November 107,156 337,159 444,315 24.1 9,217 December 15,312 56,306 71,618 21.4 1,203 * Period of Civil Works Administration. Program of Civil Works Service not indicated. t Includes private contributions, cases receiving .American Red Cross funds and Commodities, etc. Emergency Relief in North Carolina 53 OBLIGATIONS INCURRED FOR WORK AND DIRECT RELIEF IN NORTH CAROLINA JANUARY, 1933, THROUGH DECEMBER, 1935 THOUSANDS OF DOLLARS 1,300 1,200 1,100 1,000 N. C. ERA STATISTICAL DIVISION 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 JFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASOND 1933 1934 1935 54 Emergency Relief in North Carolina H-T"" """7 ^v>- V V 1 /POLI.^ "'— i~^- .J--/:c./ J ■' VT..,„.j^,...,^;| --Y"-=- c:::! POPULATION— GENERAL AND RELIEF CLASSIFIED AS TO PERSONS AND FAMILIES PERSONS FAMILIES COUNTIES PERSONS FAMILIES COUNTIES General Relief General Relief General Relief General Relief Population* Populationf Population* Populationf Population* Populationf Population* Populationf Alamance 42,140 1.529 8.644 307 Jones 10,428 1,334 1,919 251 Alexander 12.922 1,351 2,513 250 Lee 16,996 1,078 3,437 218 Alleghany 7.1S6 703 1,600 136 Lenoir 35,716 1,894 7,260 396 Anson 29,349 2,491 5,711 461 Lincoln 22,872 1,080 4.471 209 Ashe 21,019 2,941 4.236 540 Macon 13,672 2,677 2.763 530 Avery 11,803 2,529 2.237 489 Madison 20.306 2,490 4,090 450 Beaufort 35,026 1,163 7.430 245 Martin 23.400 1,174 4.484 195 Bertie 25,844 610 4.944 126 McDowell 20.336 2,424 3,984 488 Bladen 22,389 1,667 4.415 316 Mecklenburg 127,971 11,509 28,274 2,574 Brunswick 15,818 2,572 3,331 559 Mitchell 13,962 1,219 2,766 223 Buncombe 97,937 14,886 21,563 3,223 Montgomery 16,218 1.922 3,273 382 Burke 29,410 2,837 5,315 515 Moore 28,215 1.9S0 6,758 371 Cabarrus 44,331 2,786 8,617 578 Nash 41,392 730 8,108 139 Caldwell 28,016 1,806 5,391 364 New Hanover 43.010 8,545 10,074 1.915 Camden 5,461 301 1.170 61 Northampton 27,161 1,179 5,232 220 Carteret 16,900 2,880 3,675 604 Onslow 15,289 1,036 3,045 208 Caswell 18,214 1,136 3,343 195 Orange 21,171 1,923 4,352 373 Catawba 43,991 2,133 8,840 428 Pamlico 9,299 1,443 2,013 273 Chatham 24,177 1,423 4,870 258 Pasquotank 19,143 1.320 4,196 264 Cherokee 16,151 4,022 3,134 791 Pender 15,686 1,073 3.180 208 Chowan 11,282 1,620 2,348 311 Perquimans 10,668 1,073 2.245 217 Clay 5,434 1,681 1,083 345 Person 22,039 974 4.068 180 Cleveland 61,914 2,143 10,201 413 Pitt 64,466 1,827 10,880 363 Columbus 37,720 2,045 7,549 382 Polk 10,216 680 2,196 119 Craven 30,665 2,887 6,619 633 Randolph 36.259 1,660 7,646 336 Cumberland 45,219 4,124 8,849 897 Richmond 34,016 3,074 6,831 627 Currituck 6,710 972 1,613 200 Robeson 66,512 4,436 13,091 967 Dare 5,202 1,336 1,162 300 Rockingham 61,083 1,732 10,208 339 Davidson 47,865 2,654 9,6f8 555 Rowan 56,665 3,568 12,093 761 Davie 14.386 775 2,980 135 Rutherfold 40.452 3.412 8,025 662 Duplin 35,103 1,949 7,142 393 Sampson 40.082 1.706 7,971 336 Durham 67,196 7.028 14,534 1,576 Scotland 20.174 3,161 4,039 671 Edgecombe 59,284 4,157 11,981 789 Stanley 30.216 1,861 6,117 393 Forsyth 111,681 9,261 24.504 2.054 Stokes 22,290 1.469 4,418 271 Franklin 29,4S6 1,237 5,831 240 Surry 39,749 3.113 7,973 580 Gaston 78,093 6,389 15,663 1.326 Swain 11,568 1,869 2,270 343 Gates 10,551 673 2.062 129 Transylvania 9,589 1,557 2,098 288 Graham 5,841 1,590 1,095 294 Tyrrell 6,164 850 1,054 168 Granville 28,723 809 5.570 163 Union 40.979 1,995 8,209 434 Greene 18,656 718 3.445 133 A'ante 27.294 1,642 5,318 345 Guilford 133,010 12,865 27.280 2,869 Wake 94,757 8,198 19,393 1,787 Halifax 53,246 4,472 10,205 854 Warren 23,364 1,071 4,297 201 Harnett 37,911 1,994 7,304 381 Washingto 11,603 1,124 2,294 208 Haywood 28,273 3,439 5,825 651 Watauga 15,166 2,436 3,042 435 Henderson 23,404 3,415 5,084 698 Wayne 53,013 3,291 10,616 695 Hertford 17,542 903 3,348 187 Wilkes 36,162 4,875 6.912 890 Hoke 14,244 1,364 2,645 266 Wilson 44,914 3,236 9.050 632 Hyde 8,580 1,655 1,733 315 Yadkin 18,010 1,706 3.695 330 Iredell 46,693 3,394 9,592 679 Yancey 14,486 1,615 2,851 297 Jackson Johnston 17,619 57,621 2,913 3,050 3,438 11,334 545 639 Total 3,170,276 262,517 644,033 53,550 • 1930 Census figures. t Average 12 month?, January-December, 1935. Emergenct Relief in North Carolina 55 Reorganization of ERA Immediately following the close of CWA, the entire program of ERA was reorganized with three major divisions, Social Service, Works, and Rehabilitation. The Social Service Division Under the new program, the Social Service Division became the foundation of all other divisions. It was the "hub of the wheel" ; it had the full responsibility for determining who was eligible for direct relief, work relief, and rehabilitation, the extent of need, the budgetary deficiency (the number of work hours per week depended upon this budgetary deficiency), of assisting the individual and the family with its varied problems, including fitness and adaptability to work, and of encouraging and assisting the family in securing private employment. Through the efforts of the case workers, hundreds of clients secured private employment each month. An example, in one county, the case worker, by personally securing jobs for the clients, in one month reduced the case load in her territory by half Greater emphasis was placed on improved standards of social work. Following the consolidation of counties into districts, and during this period from December, 1934, until the close of relief, December 5, 1935, the ERA made rapid strides in the social work field. In addition to the available trained social workers for supervision, workers were recruited from the ranks of those qualified by experience and adaptability. Training courses were given the social workers to increase their skill in dealing with human problems. Rural Rehabilitation North Carolina has long been interested in a sound program to enable rural families to become self-supporting and independent on "owned" farms. The extensive tenant system has been a millstone around the necks of both the tenant and the landlord, a condition aggravated by the depression, and which threw the tenant on relief and made borderline cases of formerly successful farmers who were unable to carry their tenants. The past Governor initiated the "Live at Home" program to induce farmers to produce their own foods and feed crops and a surplus to yield an income through sales to inhabitants in towns. Both the past and present Governor emphasized newer methods of farming, conservation of soil, and gave their full support for the enrichment of rural life. In 1933, N. C. ERA authorized a survey of farm tenant families in eleven counties, which was used as a basis in a rural rehabilitation plan proposed by the Emergency Relief Director of Social Work to FERA preceding the inauguration of the Rural Rehabilitation program in 1934. Approximately 65 per cent of the families on relief live in towns under 5,000 and in open country. N. C. ERA laid the foundation for a Rural Rehabilitation program in 1933 when aid was extended to about 30,000 families through small loans for subsistence farming and livestock. A large number of them paid back their loans in full. In 1934, a permanent fund was set up through organization of the Rural Rehabilitation Corporation, for the purpose of financing these families over a period of years, advancing to them funds for lease and purchase of land, subsistence, purchase of work stock, farm implements, fertilizer, etc., to enable them to earn a living through farming. Families to the number of 7,800 were taken off relief and placed on a self-sustaining basis through this program. Careful supervision of farming and conservation of food was provided. The clients were in the midst of their harvesting of crops when the management of the Rural Rehabilitation program was trans- ferred, in August, to the Rural Resettlement Administration. A complete audit of the Rural Rehabilitation Corporation as of June 30, 1935, shows a net worth at that time of $3,081,01 1.23. 56 Emergency Relief in North Carolina ORGA> I NORTH CAROLINA EI 1 EMERGENCY RELIEl COMMISSION FEDERAL AND STATE AGENCIES STATE RELIEF ADMINISTRATOR \VORKS DIVISION ENGINEERING AND PROJECT CONTROL PURCHASING DEPARTMENT SAFETY DIVISION WOMEN'S DIVISION TRANSIENT SOCIAL SERVICE DIVISION ADJUSTMENTS COMPLAINTS DIRECTOR OF TRAINING SURPLUS COMMODITIES 1 L - I. GENERAL FIELD REPRESENTATIVES DISTRICT ADMINISTRATOR DISTRICT SOCIAL SERVICE DIVISION DISTRICT FINANCE DIVISION T STATISTICIAN ACCOUNTING DISBURSEMENTS COUNTY UNIT ASSIGNMENT CLERK H SOCIAL DIVISION Emergency Relief in North Carolina 57 ON CHART :ncy relief administration N. C. SELF-HELP CORPORATION RURAL REHABILITATION CORPORATION I PUBLIC RELATIONS LEGAL DEPARTMENT EDUCATION SELF-HELP , ^^ I COOPERATR'ES I I I FINANCE DIVISION AUDITING AND DISBURSEMENTS STATISTICAL RURAL REHABILITATION DIVISION ACCOUNTING FIELD AUDITORS REHABILITATION OF FARM FAMILIES \VORK CENTERS AND SELF-LIQ.UIDATING WORK PROJECTS RELOCATIOiN OF STRANDED POPULATION FIELD FARM SUPERVISORS DISTRICT WORKS DIVISION T DIRECTOR SURPLUS COMMODITIES FARM FOREMAN DISTRICT RURAL REHABILITATION DIVISION HOME ECONOMICS 58 Emergency Relief in North Carolina WORK RELIEF EARNINGS AS A PER CENT OF TOTAL RELIEF GRANTED FOR TWELVE MONTHS ENDING MARCH 31, 1935 Per Cent Rant Cuuntij Percnl 1 STANLY 84.7 2 RICHMOND 84.5 3 CRAVEN 82.6 4 ALAMANCE 80.3 S MACON 79.3 e MONTGOMERY 7S.2 7 WAKE 75.5 8 HYDE 73.5 9 CASWELL 72.4 10 VANCE 72.0 11 WILSON 71.2 12 ASHE 70.1 13 CHATHAM 68.9 14 EDGECOMBE 68.9 15 GRAHAM 68.5 le LEE 68.1 17 MECKLENBIRG 67.7 IS WARREN 67.6 ig TRANSYLVANIA 66.8 20 UNION 66.5 21 BURKE 66.0 22 CALDWELL 65.3 23 ORANGE 63.9 24 CATAWBA 63.7 25 SURRY 63.2 26 HARNETT 62.9 27 CARTERET 62.9 28 TYRRELL 62.8 29 WAYNE 61.7 30 GUILFORD 61.2 31 MADISON 61.2 32 ANSON 61.0 33 GRANVILLE 60.4 34 PITT 60.2 35 FORSYTH 68.6 36 HEAUFOUT 58.5 37 DAVIDSON 67.7 38 PERQUIMANS 67.5 39 ROBESON 66.8 40 DARE 55.9 41 BRUNSWICK 55.3 42 LINCOLN 55.2 43 NEW HANOVER 55.2 44 ROCKINGHAM 55.1 45 YANCEY 54.9 46 GASTON 64.5 47 MITCHELL 63.5 48 STOKES 52.0 49 WASHINGTON 52.0 60 HENDERSON 51.6 61 ALLEGHANY 51.6 52 McDOW1;LL 61.5 63 IREDELL 51.4 64 BUNCOMBE 51.2 55 HAYWOOD 51.2 69 WILKES 61.2 57 DURHAM 50.7 68 JONES 50.4 69 LENOIR 50.4 60 CHOWAN 49.9 61 SWAIN 49.6 62 CABARRUS 48.7 63 BLADEN 48.5 64 MOORE 48.5 65 DUPLIN 47.9 66 MARTIN 47.1 67 COLUMBUS 46.2 68 NASH 46.1 69 RANDOLPH 46.1 70 CHEROKEE 46.6 71 CLEVELAND 43.7 72 NORTHAMPTON 43.6 73 ROWA N 43.6 74 CUMBERLAND 42.9 75 FRANKLIN 42.9 76 PASQUOTANK 42.6 77 RUTHERFORD 42.5 78 SAMPSON 40.1 79 PERSON 39.9 80 PENDER 39.2 81 HALIFAX 38.2 82 GREENE 37.2 83 HERTFORD 36.8 84 DAVIE 36.6 85 HOKE 36.0 86 SCOTLAND 35.8 87 CLAY 35.6 88 PAMLICO 34.8 89 CURRITyCK 34.3 90 ALEXANDER 34.2 91 WATAUGA 34.2 92 ONSLOW 33.9 93 BERTIE 31.3 94 AVERY 31.2 95 GATES 31.2 96 CAMDEN 28.1 97 JOHNSTON 23.3 98 POLK 18.7 99 JACKSON 17.1 100 YADKIN 14.3 THE STATE 67.4 40 Go 80 N. C. ERA— Statistical Division. Emergency Relief in !N"oeth Carolina 59 Works Division The gradual replacement of work relief for direct relief was one of the most significant develop- ments of the ERA. The purpose of the works program was three-fold. ( 1 ) To maintain the morale and self-respect of persons receiving relief, by giving them an opportunity to earn their own living at fair wages ; (2) To preserve self-reliance and independence ; (3) To provide in each community, in return for money expended, projects which were of a definite social and economic value. The progress of the works program was impeded both by regulations and by local conditions, such as : (i) Lack of funds for materials and the inability of local communities to furnish them ; (2) The fact that only one member of a family was allowed to work at a time ; (3) Hours of work were limited — and no person could exceed in work hours his relief budget, which was limited by the amount of funds granted to the state, preventing continuity of work on a project ; (4) The small percentage of skilled and semi-skilled workers on relief created a difficult problem in completing these projects requiring skilled workmanship which were started under CWA. With increased private building, there was an upswing of demand for skilled laborers in private work, with a consequent decrease of the comparatively small percentage of such eligible workers on projects ; (5) Due to the scattered relief population, it was difficult to initiate projects in many sections. Notwithstanding these limitations, there were 44,291 relief persons at work in May, 1935 (exclusive of Emergency Relief teachers and students). Benefits The Emergency Relief Program has not only provided the bare necessities and health protection to thousands of families, allayed the unrest and strengthened the morale of persons in desperate need, but the millions of dollars spent in purchasing food, clothing, household supplies, fertilizer, farm implements, tools and materials for work projects, have stimulated business and industry throughout the state. Under competent supervision of the work program, results of permanent value to the whole state have been realized in the construction of public buildings, highways, bridges, drainage and sanitation, conservation of natural resources, recreational facilities, etc. The services to the general public can best be interpreted through the achievements of the Emergency Relief Adminis- tration in North Carolina. The earnings on the work relief program varied greatly in the state, as shown by the chart on page 58, "Work Rehef Earnings as a Per Cent of Total Rehef Granted." The variations were due : (i) to the density and location of the relief population making projects possible ; (2) the employability of persons on relief; (3) the occupational type of persons on relief in a community — fitting the project to the worker; and (4) the ability and willingness of local governmental agencies to cooperate by furnishing materials, equipment, and the use of existing facilities. The work program under both CWA and ERA has included every type of work from making gar- ments in sewing rooms, and mattress making, to heavy construction, such as airports, reservoirs, schools, county homes, community houses, sewerage disposal systems, parks, graveled and hard- surfaced roads, in addition to research and survey projects. 60 Emergency Relief in North Carolina Under CWA alone, over $6,500,000 was spent in building and repairing schools and gymnasiums and in building and improving roads in every county of the state. Under CWA and ERA, eighty- four school gymnasiums and six school auditoriums were built. Twenty-one concrete swimming pools, equipped with filtering systems (not including the pool at Asheville which was almost com- pleted when transferred to WPA), and twenty-two community houses were constructed, in addition to numerous parks and playgrounds, which have enhanced the recreational facilities in these com- munities. The North Carolina State College concrete stadium, seating 8,000 persons, was con- structed by ERA in a little more than six weeks. The intra-mural athletic field of the University of North Carolina, at Chapel Hill, is considered one of the finest in the South. Complete sewerage or water work systems have been constructed in many towns that would not have had them otherwise. In Asheville, Biltmore Street, Merrimon Avenue, and Broadway were widened by taking off fronts of all stores, setting them back, and rebuilding, work requiring expert skill. Se\en airports were built, the Raleigh airport being con- sidered one of the finest in the eastern United States. To increase resources of eastern Carolina, over one million bushels of oysters were planted and propagated in North Carolina waters under the supervision of the State Department of Conser\'ation and Development at an average cost of $0,079 P^'^ bushel. Drainage for Malaria Control Prior to the Ci\'il Works Administration, the ERA had undertaken a major work program, which was continued throughout the Civil Works Administration and into the reorganized Emergency Relief Administration, for the control of malaria by drainage, as malaria, prevalent in eastern North Carolina, influences both the health and economic status of the community. In malarious sections, a large number of relief clients were victims of malaria, and much of the indolence of people may be traced to malaria as it so depreciates strength and vitality as to seriously impair both the earning capacity and the power of thought. It has been shown that persons so infected are only two-thirds efficient. Experience in factories located in swamp or low areas has been that following malaria control the efficiency of workers increased from 30 per cent to 45 per cent. With the objective of reducing relief rolls by increasing the employability of relief clients, in October, 1933, the N. C. ERA and the State Board of Health, conforming to plans worked out jointly by the United States Public Health Ser\ice and the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, agreed upon a cooperative plan of drainage for malaria control which has resulted in one of the most beneficial and constructive projects of the administration. No drainage project was approved unless first approved by the State Board of Health. All drainage projects were supervised by the State Board of Health through the cooperation of the United States Public Health Service, the CWA and ERA employing a complete staff" of trained engineers working under the direction of the Special Drainage Engineer of the State Board of Health. The figures gi\en in the drainage section of the Works Division report show the extent and value of this program. The Sanitation Program, operated on a similar plan and under the supervision of the State Board of Health, has improved the sanitation conditions in every county in the state. Particular emphasis was given to improving sanitation facilities of public schools. Safety The North Carolina Emergency Relief Administration has had a remarkably low accident record under the direction of the Safety Division. The accident frequency was eleven hours out of every million hours of work under ERA, while the record of CWA was higher, being thirty-one hours. It must be taken into consideration, however, that under CWA the workers were untrained and were not always placed on jobs according to their skill, and also that the Safety Division was newly organ- Emeegenoy Relief in North Carolina 61 ized. As the program de\'eloped, classes were initiated to give instruction in first aid, in cooperation with the American Red Cross, and a system for strict safety control was observed. Education Under the Educational Program, supcr\ised jointly by the State Department of Public Instruc- tion and the ERA, 2,200 unemployed teachers were given work. Thousands of people were taught to read and write and as many more received instruction in vocational educational classes. In the year 1934-35, 2,949 students were enabled to attend college through Student Aid. Vocational rehabilitation formed an important phase of this program. Civilian Conservation Corps The ERA was the selecting and enrollment agency for the Civilian Conservation Corps. Each quota of CCC enrollees was filled on time by ERA. The basic quota for North Carolina was 1 1,080. From June 15 to October, 1935, a total of 8,670 boys was enrolled. North Carolina received an additional quota on account of the failure of other states to fill their quotas, so that in one month 2,000 additional boys were enrolled. Of the 8,670 boys enrolled, 69.2 per cent was boys under twenty-one years of age. This group just entering young manhood was eager and anxious when given the opportunity to do something for themselves, their parents, and their state. The Self -Help Fishing Cooperative The organization of the Self-Help Fishing Cooperative, the North Carolina Fisheries, Incorpo- rated, is one of the outstanding work relief and rehabilitation projects, designed to permanently rehabilitate and remove approximately 3,500 fishermen on the coast from relief rolls. A State Self-Help Corporation was organized and a grant of $29,000 was made by FERA to be loaned to the Co6perati\'e as an operating fund for three months. The Fisheries began operations October 7, 1935. From present indications, this Cooperative is practically self-supporting and will probably not require further loans. The freezing and processing plants at Morehead, Southport, Swansboro, and Manteo were built by ERA. Substantial contributions of materials were made by the towns, and building sites were donated. The loans to the Fisheries on the buildings and operations, secured by notes and mortgages on property, are to be repaid to the Corporation for the establishment of other cooperatives. As a result, the fishermen who have been producing members of the Cooperative have been self- sustaining since the plants ha\e been in operation. One fishing community of thirty families which had been on relief since Federal funds were granted in 1932 averaged in October and November $37.00 per family per week. Drought Cattle In July, 1 934, the Federal Government requested the state to pasture and care for cattle purchased by FERA in the drought area of the middle west. Through this program, not only were millions of cattle saved from starvation, but the livestock owners were prevented from becoming recipients of relief through complete loss of all resources, and work as well as food was provided for relief clients in the states to which the cattle were shipped for pasture and slaughter. By the end of October, 101,000 cows were received in North Carolina by ERA, tested, x-accinated, and reshipped to pastures. Over 26,000 of these cows were later shipped out of the state by order of the FERA. The remaining were slaughtered and distributed as fresh or canned meat. The total cost of this program, including construction of testing pens, stockyards, canneries, and abattoirs, pasture rentals, fencing, herding, etc., was approximately $3,350,000. The average cost per pound can for all canned meat, including cost of entire program, was 17 cents. 62 Emergency Relief in North Carolina Transients The transient centers and work camps cared for 122,144 homeless individuals and families. The transients worked for their maintenance in the centers. Survey and Research Projects Research and Survey projects to secure information and compile data have been invaluable in furnishing a factual basis for relief and other emergency programs and Federal agencies. The Rural Rehabilitation program was largely based on the surveys on "Rural Relief Families in North Carolina," "The Problem of the Displaced Farm Tenant," "Rural Problem Localities," "Current Changes in Rural Relief Populations," "The Status of Rehef Famihes After ERA," "Study of 1,000 Rural Relief and Non-Relief Households," conditions in cotton-growing counties. The surveys on industrial tobacco centers and the occupational surveys in the larger cities revealed valuable information for urban relief The bill for Unemployment Insurance introduced in the 1935 General Assembly was based on the information secured from the Surxey for Unemployment Insurance. Rural Electrification The Rural Electrification Sur\ey in North Carolina was the first to be completed in the United States and is now being used by the North Carolina Rural Electrification Authority as a basis for its program. Three rural lines were completed in Orange, Hoke, and Wilson counties, totaling twenty- two miles. Social Security In view of the Social Security Program, and in order to furnish the state with facts concerning persons on relief rolls who will be eligible to share in the benefits of the Social Security Program, the ERA Social Service Division, under the direction of Mr. J. S. Kirk, completed a survey of relief families who were on relief during 1934 and 1935. This survey reveals approximately 29,372 families in which there are single or multiple problems invoking over 65,206 persons eligible to participate in the benefits of the Social Security Program. There are approximately 16,313 per- sons 65 years of age or over eligible for old age assistance, including the aged unemployables turned back to the counties in January, 1935. The Dole? This program which has been commonly referred to as the "dole" has been a real work program as shown by the photographs of work projects which are included in this report. It was designed to give employment to persons from every strata of society who were found eligible for relief. In spite of the fact that the case load included thousands of persons who can never work on account of physical and mental handicaps, 67 per cent of the entire case load was on the works program in one month during 1935. The average for the entire year of 1935 was 62 per cent. It was not unusual to find 90 per cent at work in certain counties. The peak of employment was reached under CWA. In a single week, 72,533 were at work. The maximum payroll for any one week was $931,709,28. Cooperation With Other Agencies Throughout the duration of the Unemployment Relief Program, the state and local relief adminis- trations have gi\en full cooperation to other permanent and emergency agencies, both state and Federal, to insure the maximum benefits of public funds through coordinated programs. With the establishment of the new work program in July, 1935, the services of ERA personnel Emeeoency Relief in North Carolina 63 were freely gi\en in assisting the new WPA to get underway. Social records were transferred to the State Public Welfare Department and office furniture was made available. Materials, equipment, tools, and trucks were transferred with projects to WPA and office space made available. While priority consideration was given to the needs of WPA, the same services were made available to the Resettlement Administration and other emergency agencies. As this report goes to press, the North Carolina Emergency Relief Administration is nearing the liquidation of a program of thirty months' duration. The objectives of this program, its methods, and its effects in general social and economical evolution, are not as yet far enough removed from the present problems relative to unemployment, and present methods of alleviating its ills, which are still in an experimental stage, for an e\aluation of the program to be made. A true evaluation can ^ be made only in future years. Observations and Recommendations Based on two and a half years of experience in the administration of relief, the following observa- tions and recommendations are made. With general improvement in business, there has been a v/ noticeable gain in employment, but there is little hope that the thousands of unemployed persons soon will be absorbed in gainful occupations. For the few thousands whose conditions have impro\ed, there is corresponding suffering for many thousands in the state who have not found pri\ate employment and who, because of limitations of the program, could not be certified for relief. With the discontinuance of relief in December, more than 30,000 employable persons left on relief rolls became local charges. These employables have added to a burden which local communities have been unable to meet, that of caring for the unemployables turned back to them by ERA in January, 1935. The reduction of workers on WPA, increasing still further the burden, has created a situation with which the local governments are utterly unable to cope. Any permanent solution of these problems demands thoughtful and coordinated local, state, and Federal effort, and must be the outgrowth of careful study, social planning, and sound legislation. It is hoped that the state will as soon as possible enact further appropriate legislation in order that participation in all the benefits of the Federal Social Security Act will provide necessary assist- ance to all unemployable persons in distress. (i) It is recommended that pending further state legislation to provide participation in all the benefits of the Social Security Act, that the Federal Government renew the grants to the state for direct relief to assist the local governments in more adequate care of unemployables, and to meet the needs of those employables not pro\ided with work on WPA and other emergency work programs. Work opportunities provided from public funds should be on the basis of need and not limited by mandatory regulations that recipients of relief benefits should have been on relief within a specified period. The limitations of the work program have resulted in hardship and suffering for those who had the initiati\e and ambition to seek and secure seasonal employment, or have precluded employ- ment on public works for those whose resources were subsequently depleted, resulting in the dis- couragement of those who make every effort toward self-support or even temporary independence. (2) It is recommended that the regulations of the present Federal works program be made sufficiently flexible to provide that the certification of workers on emergency works programs be made on the basis of their current need of relief without fixed limitations as to time of having been in need and on relief rolls. It is further recommended that direct relief be granted or other provisions made for those persons who are unable to work on projects because of inaccessibility or other reasons. Through a sur\ey in thirteen counties representing a cross-section of North Carolina, of all rural families on relief, it was found that 5 1 per cent appeared capable of gainful farming. It was demon- 64 Emeegency Relief in North Cabolina strated by the ERA that with financial aid and proper supervision the majority of these rural families made substantial progress toward becoming self-supporting and that several years would be the minimum time in which these families would be able to become independent. "To aid these prospects to become farm owners would be both financial and human economy."* (3) It is recommended that greater emphasis be placed on the restoration of destitute rural families, with a pro\ision for adequate social work superxision to aid in adjusting family problems and farm super\ision for successful farm operations, and that any program of rural rehabilitation should include state super\ision and should be made sufficiently flexible to meet local conditions. Thousands of persons have been dislodged from their normal occupations and homes by con- ditions created by the economic depression. These people have drifted into communities where they ha\e no legal settlement, and therefore no legal right to local relief, since under the law of this and many other states neither the state nor local political sub-di\'isions may use public funds to relieve non-resident persons. The effort of a family or indi\idual to seek opportunities for self- betterment is a commendable objective. Owing to the di\ersity of legal settlement laws in the states, homeless transients are often inhumanly passed back and forth by local and state agencies until all legal settlement is lost. Of the 122,144 transients assisted in transient centers and work camps in North Carolina from June, 1934, through December, 1935, more than 78 per cent was interstate transients, the remaining number was intrastate. A substantial number was seeking health or economic betterment in other sections of the state or in other states. It is evident that the transient problem is both permanent and interstate in its scope. The past two years of Federal aid to the homeless transient have demonstrated that on a national plan these conditions can be alleviated. (4) It is recommended that the states liberalize their legal settlement laws so as to attain uni- formity throughout the nation, and that pending such action, legal settlement of non-residents be determined or \'erified on a social work principle of the welfare of the family or person and that emergency relief on a case work basis be pro\"ided for non-residents, if needed, in the form of relief or care. It is also recommended that the states make possible their full cooperation to the Federal government in a permanent Federal-state transient program to be administered and financed ac- cording to the principles of grants-in-aid laid down in the Social Security Act. Pending the attain- ment of these objectives, it is recommended that the Federal government renew its program of direct and work relief to transients. Understanding and skill are essential in dealing with human problems. The experience of the Emergency Relief Administration has demonstrated that training and efficiency are necessary for all welfare workers to successfully assist in the adjustment of family problems. (5) It is therefore recommended that a Civil Service plan be established for the selection of all social ser\ice and welfare workers, and pending the establishment of Ci\il Ser\ice requirements that the selection of welfare and social service workers be on the merit system. * Rural Relief Families in North Carolina, by Gordon Blackwell. CIVIL WORKS ADMINISTRATION The Specific Set-up and Procedure of CWA as Outlined by Mr. Hopkins in His Speech OF November 15, 1933 "The purpose of the Federal Civil Works Administration is to provide regular work on public works at regular wages for unemployed persons able and willing to work. "The Board of the Federal Emergency Administration of Public Works has allocated to the Federal Emergency Relief Administration $400,000,000 for this purpose. "The Federal Emergency Relief Administrator is the Administrator of the Federal Civil Works Administration. "The Federal Civil Works Administrator will appoint the state and local Civil Works Ad- ministrations. "It is the intention of the Federal Civil Works Administrator to use, in so far as practicable, exist- ing work divisions of the federal, state, and local Emergency Relief Administrations. Additional technical personnel, if found necessary, will be appointed by the Federal Civil Works Administrator. "It is contemplated that all persons on work-relief and all work-relief projects under way as of November 16, 1933, in order to share in the funds available for Civil Works projects, are to be transferred between November 16 and ig to the Civil Works Administration. "The objective of the Civil Works Administration is the employment of 4,000,000 persons by December 15, 1933. Two million of these persons receiving relief on November 16, 1933, either as work-relief or direct relief, are to be employed on Civil Works projects by direct transference from the relief office to Civil Works projects on or before December i, 1933. "On or after December i, or prior to this date, if the relief quota has been transferred and em- ployed by the Civil Works Administration, all applications for employment will be made through the local employment agencies designated by the U. S. Employment Service and placements will be made in accordance with preference as set forth in Title II of the National Industrial Recovery Act. "Federal Emergency Relief funds may be used to pay wages to persons transferred from relief rolls to Civil Works projects. Wherever state and local laws permit, it is urged that state and local relief funds be similarly used. If this is not possible, it is suggested that the funds received from the Federal Emergency Relief Administration be allocated entirely to Civil Works projects and state and local relief funds be used for direct relief "It is not contemplated, unless persons now on work-relief or other employable persons on relief are transferred to Civil Works projects in accordance with the rules and regulations of the Civil Works Administration, that funds will be made available to provided work and wages on Civil Works projects. "All public works projects of the character heretofore constructed or carried on either by the public authority or with public aid to serve the interest of the general public are eligible, provided that: (i) they are socially and economically desirable, and (2) they may be undertaken quickly. All Civil Works projects must be carried on by force account (day labor), and not by contract. "No project for which application has been made to the Emergency Administration of Public Works and which has not been referred by it to the Civil Works Administration is acceptable as a Civil Works project. 66 Emebgency Relief in Nokth Carolina "No project which a public body is able to finance under the terms of Title II, of the National Industrial Recovery Act, and the Rules and Regulations thereunder, is acceptable as a Civil Works project. "Funds at the disposal of the Federal Civil Works Administrator will be expended upon projects conforming to specifications as set fisrth above. All Civil Works projects shall he SHbmittcd to the local Civil Works Administration on forms to be furnished by the Federal Civil Works Administration. The local Civil Works Administrations shall submit such applications to the State Civil Works Ad- ministration, with recommendations for approval or disapproval. State Civil Works projects shall be submitted direct to the State Civil Works Administration. The State Civil Works Administration shall approve these projects with such limitations as the Federal Civil Works Administrator may from time to time prescribe or establish. "Civil Works project applications shall contain such data as are required by the Federal Civil Works Administration, and shall be submitted in triplicate to the local Civil Works Administration. Two copies are to be sent by the local Civil Works Administration to the State Civil Works Admin- istration. One copy shall be immediately forwarded by the State Civil Works Administration to the Federal Civil Works Administration. "In carrying out Civil Works projects, the Civil Works Administration will use the operating departments of public bodies, except where the Civil Works Administration directly carries out Civil Works projects. "Necessary funds will be allocated to State Civil Works Administrations by the Federal Civil Works Administration on a just and equitable basis. "The hours of labor, wage rates, etc., on Civil Works projects shall be fixed in accordance with the rules and regulations established by the Federal Emergency Administration of Public Works, as follows : "i. 30-hour week. Except in Executive, Administrative, or Supervisory positions, so far as practicable and feasible, no individual indirectly employed on a Civil Works project shall be permitted to work more than 30 hours in any one week ; provided that the clause shall be construed, (a) To permit working time lost because of inclement weather, or unavoidable delays in any one week to be made up in the succeeding 20 days ; (b) To permit the limitation of not more than 130 hours work in any one calendar month, to be substituted for the requirement of not more than 30 hours work in any one week on projects in localities where a sufficient amount of labor is not available in the immediate vicinity of the work ; and (c) To permit work up to 8 hours a day, or up to 40 hours a week on projects located at points so remote and inaccessible that camps or floating plants are necessary for the housing and boarding of all the labor employed. "2. No person under 16 years of age shall be employed on Civil Works projects. "3. The maximum of human labor shall be used in lieu of machinery wherever practicable and consistent with sound economic and public advantage. "4. All employees employed in Civil Works projects shall be paid just and reasonable wages, which shall be compensation sufficient to provide, for the hours of labor as limited, a standard of living in decency and comfort. The Civil Works Administration shall pay not less than the mini- mum hourly wages for skilled and unskilled labor prescribed by the Federal Administrator of Public Works viz. : "That for the purpose of determining wage rates on all construction financed from funds appro- priated by the Administrator of Public Works under the authority of the National jindustrial Re- covery Act, the United States shall be divided into three zones as follows : 'Southern zone : — South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Arkansas, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arizona, Oklahoma, Emeroency Relief in Noeth Cabolina 67 Texas and New Mexico. Central zone : — Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, Tennessee, Colorado, Utah, California, North Carolina, West Virginia, Kentucky, Missouri, Kansas, Nevada, and District of Columbia. Northern zone : — Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Indiana, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Nebraska, Wyoming, Oregon, South Dakota, Idaho, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan, Illinois, Iowa, North Dakota, Mon- tana and Washington.' "The hourly wage rates to be paid on construction projects in these zones shall be not less than the following : ithern zone : "Central zone : "Northern zone : Skilled labor $i.oo Skilled labor $1.10 Skilled labor $1.20 Unskilled labor .40 Unskilled labor .45 Unskilled labor .50 "On road projects the wage rates shall be those which have been fixed by the State Highway Departments, in accordance with Sec. 204c of the National Industrial Recovery Act. "So far as articles, materials, and supplies produced in the United States are concerned, only articles, materials, and supplies produced under codes of fair competition under Title I of the Nation- al Industrial Recovery Act or under the President's Reemployment Agreement, shall be used in the performance of this work, except when the Federal Civil Works Administration certifies that this requirement is not in the public interest or that the consequent cost is unreasonable. "So far as is practicable, and subject to the provisions of the above paragraph, preference shall also be given to the use of locally produced materials if such does not involve higher cost, inferior quality or insufficient quantity. "The methods of disbursing Civil Works Administration funds, the accounting system to be established, and the financial reports which will be required on Civil Works projects will be outlined in a subsequent order." Civil Works Administration The first step under the Civil Works Administration in getting projects under way, after the necessary forms had been printed, was the transfer of approved work relief projects from the Fed- eral Emergency Relief Administration to the Civil Works Administration. The actual transfer of Work Relief projects to Form L-3 was done in the state office on Friday, Saturday and Sunday, November 17, 18 and 19. All Local Administrators were given authority to immediately transfer all Work Relief projects to Civil Works projects. Except in the cities and larger towns, all Work Relief projects had been stopped in July, 1933, thus only a small number of Work Relief projects were under way in the state at the time the Civil Works Administration was formed so, although several thousand men were immediately put to work on the projects transferred from Work Relief, only a small percentage of North Carolina's quota could be thus employed. On Saturday, November 18, all Local Emergency Relief Administrators were called to Raleigh for a meeting. At this meeting the purpose of the Civil Works Administration was explained, and as much of the details of the organization as was known were outlined. The administrators were instructed to send in projects immediately for approval. This they did, some projects being received on Monday, November 20. At the close of the Civil Works Administration program, the two largest problems confronting the Works Division of the North Carolina Emergency Relief Administration were carrying to com- 68 EiiEEGENCY Relief in North Cabolina ■ f;'-^: (i) Quarrying stone in Caldwell County. (2) Quarrying and crushing stone for street improvements in Monroe, Union County. (3) Crushing stone, Alamance County. - Emergency Relief in North Carolina 69 ■."^ "- ~ <• (i) Sidewalk built at Hamlet, ''Richmond County. (2) Sidewalk built at Wadesboro, Anson County. (3) Sidewalks and curb built at Rockingham, Richmond County. (4) Sewer construction at Elizabethtown, Bladen County. 70 Emebgency Relief in North Carolina pletion those projects begun under the Civil Works Administration, and providing projects on which employable persons on the relief rolls could be employed. The first step to completion of Civil Works Administration projects was the transfer of these projects to the North Carolina Emergency Relief Administration. This transfer of projects was well under way by April i, 1934, and transferred CWA projects were being pushed to completion. The completion of some of the Civil Works projects was made very difficult, first, because no emer- gency relief funds were at that time available for the purchase of materials, and second, because certain classes of skilled labor were not on relief rolls. The allotment of special funds for the com- pletion of CWA projects, which began in September, 1934, did much to help overcome this diffi- culty, but the fact that such funds were not made available until five months after the Civil Works program closed delayed the completion of many CWA projects. As of July I, 1935, all CWA projects are completed or were over ninety per cent complete. The list of completed projects at the end of this report indicates those CWA projects which were com- pleted as of June i, 1935. Despite the urgency of completing CWA projects so that there would be no loss of material or abandonment of worthwhile projects, the primary function of the Works Division was to provide projects that would employ relief cases at the type of work they were best qualified to do. This was by no means a simple job, but required the exercise of considerable ingenuity and close supervision. Among the obstacles to be overcome were the difficulty of getting adequate and competent super- vision for the wages which the Emergency Relief Administration was able to pay, the necessity of getting materials from sources outside the Emergency Relief Administration and the difficulty of locating worthwhile projects so that they would be accessible to the relief clients. These obsta- cles were largely overcome by the cooperation of local governmental units such as the counties, municipalities, school boards, etc. Many municipalities and counties had come to the wise con- clusion that every advantage should be taken of the opportunity to use labor provided by the Emer- gency Relief Administration, and those counties and municipalities that came to this conclusion and cooperated with the Administration were able to carry on and complete many worthwhile and beneficial projects of every description. Relation of Projects to New Program It was extremely difficult to carry on efficiently and in the best method most of the construction projects started as Civil Works Administration projects due to the lack of funds for skilled labor and material. Projects such as parks, airports, schools, and highways, unless they were too large, were carried on very well with hand labor. A good deal of the drainage work, and most of the rural sanitation work was carried on effi- ciently. The extensions of water and sewer systems, where all of the materials had been purchased, were carried on efficiently with ERA funds. The fact that much smaller funds were available for work projects under the ERA program made it difficult to carry on continuously projects that required skilled labor. Beginning with Tuesday, November 21, projects were received in the State Civil Works Office at the rate of from two to five hundred per day. Approvals for projects went out at the rate of about two hundred and fifty per day for about three weeks, and then gradually decreased. For the first few weeks of the program great stress was laid on the necessity of getting men to work immediately. Under these conditions it was impossible to build up immediately an organi- Emergency Relief in North Carolina 71 zation adequate for properly handling in full detail project applications ; however, every project was checked for errors in figures, materials, lists, etc. As far as was possible from the meager plans and information that were gotten up hurriedly, the cost of the project as estimated locally, was checked with the cost as estimated by the State Civil Works Administration. Every project was carefully considered for its eligibility as a Civil Works project, and the ratio of labor and materials, as set by the State Civil Works Administration, was strictly enforced. During the first weeks, a great number of the projects were poorly prepared, but at the time they were received and checked, neither adequate information nor sufficient time was available for an accurate estimate. After sufficient force and space had been secured by the Engineering Department projects were much more carefully checked and reports from District Engineers aided materially in thoroughly scrutinizing projects. The routine followed in approving projects was as follows : Immediately upon reaching the state office, each project was registered and given a registra- tion number and date. Projects were then sorted, by counties, stamped, and face-sheeted. They were then sent to the checking room where engineers and architects checked projects for accuracy in figures, for deficiency or excess of labor and materials, and for correctness of form. Projects were then checked by the State Work Project Supervisor, or the Chief Office Engineer, who sent them to the Administrator with their comments and recommendations for final approval. After final approval or disapproval, the local units were notified and the copies of the project were for- warded to their final destination. The above procedure was followed with Form L-3A which reached this state in sufficient quan- tities for use about the first of February. Upon receiving sufficient Forms L-3A, orders were sent to each local unit to transfer all approved projects to this form. Every one of the transferred projects was carefully checked against the orig- inal project as approved on Form L-3. Great difficulty was experienced in getting Form L-3A properly filled out, and a great deal of the time of this office was taken up for two months in check- ing transfers. In summary it can be said that actual work on projects was very little delayed because of lack of approved projects, and that on the whole projects approved were consistently of a type involving permanent improvements and benefits to the public. Quota The original quota of 68,000 persons allotted to North Carolina on the basis of one-fourth popu- lation and three-fourths case load was distributed proportionately among the counties and city units on the same basis. Since women were not qualified for construction work as required for the CWA program, an additional quota of 4,702 was allotted the State for women on CWS projects. This was distributed to local units according to the number of women eligible for relief A further additional quota was allotted in two installments to be used for State and special projects. A Federal quota of approximately 1 1 ,000 was reserved in Washington — this was allo- cated directly from Washington to Federal projects within the state. An unused Federal quota of 1,500 was given to the State a few days before curtailment of the program on January 18. Due to the failure of some of the counties to get the full quota on, and the fact that the second 72 Emergency Relief in ^North Carolina (i) BroadwT) Avenue before widening, Ashetille, Buncombe County. (a) Biltmore Avenue before widening, Asheville, Buncombe County. (3) Widening of Biltmore Avenue, Asheville, nearing completion. (4) Broadway Avenue, Asheville, after being widened. Emergency Relief in North Carolina 73 installment of the additional 5,000 and 1,500 was received just prior to instruction from Washing- ton on January 18 that no new workers could be added to the payroll, North Carolina did not reach the maximum quota. The maximum number reached was 78,360. The first half of the original 68,000 was placed from November 15 to December i, by the admin- istrators from persons on relief rolls prior to November 15. All the quota after December i was placed through the Reemployment Service. Transfers From Relief Rolls and Employment Placements During the period from November 15 to December i, 1933, a total of 19,941 were transferred from the relief rolls to CWAjobs. Of this number 19,379 were classified as heads of families, the remaining 562 being classified as individuals who had been drawing direct relief Still further transfers were made after December i until the CWA quota from relief rolls, which was one-half the total CWA quota for North Carolina, was taken off direct relief and assigned jobs. During the period from December i, 1933, to June i, 1934, the National Reemployment Serv- ice placed 106,827 people on jobs. The reemployment service reported that the majority of these were placed on CWA and PWA jobs. The same service reports that few placements were made through union locals because of the fact that there are only a few such organizations in North Carolina outside of the specialized manu- facturing trades. About thirty men were employed through contracting trade unions at Fayette- ville and about the same number at Wilmington. There is no agency from which to secure accu- rate figures concerning these placements but it is well known, as stated, that such unions are so few as to be negligible. Labor Distribution Registrations to CWA Percentage of Total April 28 Placements Registrations 56,079 9,452 16.8 29491 5,802 19.6 20,032 3,470 17-3 24,562 5,828 23-7 25>i4i 3,886 154 32,802 5,743 17-5 53,630 9,853 18.3 35,538 5,276 14.8 49,267 9,812 19-9 *326,542 +59,122 18.1 Labor Relations Wage Scales The PWA wage scale of 45c per hour, the minimum for unskilled labor, and Si. 10 for skilled labor was paid on all CWA projects. In North Carolina an intermediate scale for semi-skilled was paid. These semi-skilled rates were based on intermediate rates proposed but not adopted by PWA. * Total registration figures as furnished by Reemployment Service. + Number placed at work from registration list furnished by Reemployment Service. 74 Emergency Relief in I^orth Carolina (i) Workers receiving pay checks in Durham. (2) Paying o;ff workers in Raleigh. Emergency Relief in North Carolina 75 As the CWA rate was much higher than rates paid in the cities and rural communities by pri- vate industry, there was Uttle opportunity to absorb workers into private woric. There was a tend- ency of workers to give up jobs and register with the Reemployment Service. Numerous com- plaints were recei\ed concerning the difficulty of securing workers, because of the number of per- sons holding CWA jobs, or who had left private employment to accept CWA jobs. Clerical Wage Scale The Clerical Wage Scale was as follows : 1 . The Base Rate, that paid for work of a routine nature requiring little prior training and experience, was $12.00 per week. 2. The Intermediate Rate, that paid for work which required specific training, was $15.00 per week. 3. The Operating-Supervisory Rate, that paid persons directing the work of others, was $18.00 per week. 4. The Technical-Supervisory Rate, that paid persons having professional or technical train- ing, was $35.00 per week. The State CWA and the State Reemployment office appointed local Clearance Committees, composed of the local CWA administrator, the chairman of the Advisory Committee, the local reemployment manager and the chairman of Reemployment Committee. The duty of the Clear- ance Committee was to handle complaints and to determine if the adjustment was the responsi- bility of the CWA or of the Reemployment Service. The report was made to the proper state agency for adjustment. The North Carolina Department of Labor loaned the Senior Labor Inspector, Mr. Jack Lang, to the CWA to make adjustments. After December i, placements were made through Reemployment — the statutory preferences as to ex-service men with families and residence in locality were followed. The trade unions were called upon to furnish men sometimes but as the unemployed union workers were registered with the Reemployment Service, practically all requisitions were cleared through the Reemployment office. Working Hours The 30-hour week and 6-hour day, except in rural areas where the maximum 8-hour day was used, for manual labor and the 39-hour week and 8-hour day for clerical, professional supervisors, etc., as established by the Federal CWA, was strictly followed in North Carolina. Beginning January 18 the working hours were reduced to 24 per week in cities and towns over 2,500 ; to 15 hours in towns less than 2,500 and in open country. Purchasing Department The department through which material, supplies, equipment and tools were purchased or rented for the various projects authorized by the Ci\il Works Administration, was organized im- mediately upon receipt of the necessary authority and instruction. All efforts were made to or- ganize the department that it might function in a manner consistent with the needs as rapidly as such needs were established. This report covers the general procedure followed in making purchases and such data are gi\'en as will allow a somewhat broad interpretation of the department's activities. (While the purchasing department became encumbered at times with duties outside of its immediate jurisdiction and in the interests of the general organization, no reference is made to them in this report.) 76 Emergency Relief in ISTorth Carolina All decisions and policies were governed by such instructions as were made available by the "Manual of Financial Procedure, Accounting, and Reporting for the State and Local Ci\'il Works Administrations," and subsequent ad\ice of miscellaneous nature as was received from time to time from higher authority. The Purchasing Department gave and received full cooperation in regard to inter-departmental activities, and it was due to this that the detail resulting from the emergency was considerably lessened. The authority \'ested in the Purchasing Department allowed the purchases and rentals of all materials, supplies and equipment. The central purchasing department office was located in Raleigh. Se\'eral of the local ad- ministration offices retained purchasing officers, but in general, the local routine of securing bids, etc., was carried on by officers retained for other duties. When the amount of purchase exceeded S 1,000.00, in\itations to bid were issued and awards made directly from the Raleigh office. When the amounts inxolved were less than $1,000.00, invitations to bid were issued directly to the \endors by the local administration office and the awards were then made by the Raleigh office. When the Local Administrator secured bids under the above procedure, the purchases were usually made from local \-endors. If the material to be purchased was not a\'ailable locally or there was not a sufficient number of bidders a\ailable, requisition was forwarded to Raleigh and purchases made from the latter office. A list of prospective bidders was maintained in the Raleigh office. The names of all vendors who made known their desire to bid upon material to be purchased by the Civil Works Adminis- tration were placed upon this list, and in\itations were mailed to them at such time as purchases were to be made. The Purchase Requisition from the Local Administration office formed the basis for purchase or rental. The requirements, as stated by the Purchase Requisition, were accepted in so far as the type and quantity were concerned. The specifications go\erning quality were added to the bid form by the Raleigh office. Invitations to bid (Form 33) were issued immediately upon receipt of the Purchase Requisition from the local administration office. Bids were received in sealed envelopes and dated to be opened at Raleigh one week after the inxitations had been issued. Bids were opened and read publicly at 4 : 00 p.m. each afternoon except Saturday, Sunday, and holidays, and awards made immediately upon proper determination of the low bidder. In all cases, except actual emergency, no bids were opened unless at least three sealed bids were submitted. Performance bond, to the amount of fifty per cent of the bid, was required to be filed with all bids o\'er Si, 000. 00. This requirement was established on account of early experience indicating irresponsibility of certain bidders which resulted in loss of time in securing materials. As there was also a delay in securing the performance bond after the award was made, considerable valuable time was sa\ed by requiring the performance bond to be furnished by all bidders and filed with their bid, rather than the usual bid bond. Attempt was made to use the Emergency Purchase Statement (Form L-22) as little as possible. The emergency feature was regarded as applying to the entire CWA program rather than to any particular project at any particular time, and the routine of purchasing any given material was scheduled to be accomplished in the shortest possible time consistent with organized procedure. Emergency Relief in North Carolina 77 In cases where it would be necessary to discontinue work on a particular project and leave the labor idle until material was received, suitable additional emergency means were adopted to care for such situations as they developed. All purchasing was stopped on March 30, 1934. Upon this last day it was necessary to make a small amount of special emergency purchases to pro\ide material for such projects as were to be completed, and information regarding them was not available until this time. The amount of purchase recorded amounted to $2,490,124.17. Nine full time purchasing agents were employed by local administration offices. In general, local details incidental to purchasing were carried on by the general administration office personnel. Analysis of Purchase and Contribution of Materials, Supplies and Equipment November 17, 1933 to March 31, 1934 2. 3- 4- 5- Item Aggregate Material and Stone Cement Bituminous Materials Petroleum Products Iron and Steel 6. Clay Products 7. Lumber 8. Plumbing and Heating Supplies 9. Hardware 10. Explosives 1 1 . Paint and Paint Materials 12. Equipment Parts and Supplies 13. Office Materials and Equipment 14. Tools 15. Miscellaneous 16. Grand Total Typical Materials Sand, Gravel, Stone, Slag, Cinders, Riprap, Granite, Cut Stone, etc. Cement, Lime and Plaster Road oil. Primer asphalt, Asphaltic concrete. Sheet asphalt. Roofing tar, etc. Gasoline, Oil, Grease, Fuel oil, Kerosene Steel (Structural and Reinforced), Metal Doors, Windows, Wire Lath, Cast and Galvanized Iron Pipe, Cable, Fencing, etc. Brick (common, face, fire, paving). Pipes : Drain, Tile, Vitrified, Sewer, etc. Rough and Finished Lumber, Laths, Shingles, Shakes, Mill work. Wood Piling, Timber, etc. Plumbing, Gas Fitting, Heating and Ventilating equipment, Septic tanks, etc. Rough and Finished, Nails, Bolts, Nuts, etc. Dynamite, Black powder, Caps, Fuses Paints, Varnishes, Linseed oil. Putty, White lead Tires, Tubes, Truck parts. Other mechanical Equipment parts General office supplies. Furniture and Equipment (when purchased). Forms and Stationery (in- cluding printing cost) Shovels, Picks, Hammers, Saws, Brushes, Han- dles, Wheelbarrows, etc. Enter items not properly classifiable in any of abo\e groups CWA-FERA Funds 5 268,793.21 272,165.74 133,307-68 39,271-64 322,273.63 235,181.96 279,283.08 59,371-15 57,549-18 31,111.96 145,283.91 36,021.23 24,596-93 102,686.49 34,294.65 12,041,192.44 ^ Tlie words "and Contributions" and "FERA" should have heen omitted. 78 Emekgency Relief in ISTorth Carolina (i) Cemetery wall built in Johnston County. (2) Stream gaging station built in Davie County. (3) Stone office building at public cemetery in Salisbury, Rowan County. (4) Wall around cemetery in Mecklenburg County. (5) Wall built at Old Soldiers' Cemetery at Stalesuille, Iredell County. (6) Wall built at cemetery in Jackson County. Emergency Relief in North Carolina 79 *^ (i) Concrete culvert built in Charlotte, Mecklenburg County. (2) Bridge built in Lincoln County in cooperation with State Highway Commission. (3) Underpass under highway at the Jackson Training School, Cabarrus County. (4) Queen River Bridge, Onslow County. 80 Emebgekcy Relief in j^oeth Cakolina Final in\entory was left entirely to the local administrators who were required to keep the rec- ords and store all unused materials. Such tools and equipment as were transferred from a com- pleted or discontinued CWA project to an active ERA project were transferred within the unit so that the original administrator was responsible at all times. The administrators were instructed to stencil or stamp the proper marking on all equipment purchased. The total operating cost of the Purchasing Department for salaries and traveling expenses, including the local and state offices, is approximately one third of one per cent of the amount purchased. Projects — Types and Procedure Projects \aried in type from simple earth-mo\ing operations, such as minor grading on school grounds to de\'elopment of large recreational facilities in\ol\ing the construction of bathhouses, boathouses, swimming pools, amphitheaters, tennis courts, lakes, and play areas. In the field of building construction, projects ranged from minor repairs to the construction of school buildings. The following types of projects were de\eloped : L Streets, Roads and Highways. A. Streets : 1. Grading, Filling, Leveling, Widening, Straightening, Shouldering: Under this classification the work \aried from grading work, such as simple repairs invol- \ing filling in and surface grading and drainage, to cutting through new streets which were opened for relie\ing traffic congestion. Projects of this sort were carried on in e\ery town and city in the state, and in most of the \illages. They \-aried in cost from a few hundred dollars to o\'er $100,000.00. Street widening projects ranged from widening dirt streets to street projects that involved the tearing down, cutting back, and rebuilding of store fronts. Most of the projects of this sort were located in the larger towns and cities, and \'aried in cost from a few hundred dollars to $50,000.00. All of the abo\e types were sponsored by the various city officials of the localities in which the projects were located. 2. Pa\ing and Resurfacing of Streets : Projects of this type in\-ol\'ed mostly surface treatment of existing pa\ed streets. These projects were located in a few of the larger cities, and \aried in cost from $5,000 to $100,000. These paving and resurfacing projects were sponsored by the municipal officials in the cities in which the projects were carried on and were prosecuted under the super\ision of city engineering departments. 3. Retaining Walls, Curbs, Gutters, and Culverts : Several curb and gutter projects were carried on in the cities. In some cases old stone gutters and curbs were torn out and replaced with concrete curbs and gutters. In other cases entirely new curbs and gutters were built. A few stone retaining walls were built, especially in the mountainous sections. These projects were sponsored by city and county officials. 4. Landscaping, Streets : A. Planting, Tree and Shrubbery Pruning, and Tree Surgery : About a dozen worthwhile projects for the repairing and pruning of trees were carried on. These projects were done by trained tree surgeons under expert supervision, and in most cases were badly needed. Emeegency Relief in Worth Carolina 81 There were about fifty projects in\ol\ing street tree planting, none of which were ex- tensi\e. All projects of this type were sponsored by municipal officials. 5. Production of Materials for Streets : A. Sand, Gravel and Rock : In some cases rock was quarried by CWA labor for use on street surfacing projects. Sand and gra\el were also gotten for these projects. B. Sidewalks and Pathways : 1. Grading and Filling : A number of sand-clay sidewalks were graded and repaired. Work of this type was done mostly in small towns. 2. Building, Repairing and Re-laying : Se\eral very worthwhile sidewalk projects were built. These projects inxohed grading and other necessary preparation and the laying of concrete sidewalks. Projects of this type varied in cost from a few hundred dollars to over $50,000.00. The larger projects covered the building of several miles of sidewalks. All projects under this classification were sponsored by the municipal officials of the \'arious towns and cities. Many gra\el sidewalks were built in rural areas, especially in thickly populated sections along highways carrying hea\y traffic. In projects of this type particular attention was given to locating the sidewalks where they would serve school children and keep them from walk- ing on the highways. These rural sidewalks \aried in size from a few blocks to about fi\e miles, and in cost from $500.00 to $40,000.00. C. Roads and Highways : 1 . Grading, Widening, Leveling, Straightening and Shouldering : Under this classification, work done included surfacing, grading, filling in and Ie\eling of sand-clay, secondary and market roads. Many roads impassable in wet weather were put into good condition by this type of work. A number of narrow roads in the remote rural sections were widened and straightened, making more accessible the areas they served. Projects of this type varied in size from less than a mile to as much as twenty miles, and \aried in cost from a few hundred dollars to over $50,000.00. 2. Pa\ing and Resurfacing of Highways : No concrete surfacing was carried on as a CWA project since this was considered in the field of Public Works and a type of work more properly done by the Highway Commission. Most of the resurfacing was in the nature of topsoiling and sand graveling, although about one hundred projects in\olved the surfacing of roads with stone. Only a few roads were surfaced with the penetration type of treatment. Paving and surfacing projects covered about the same range in cost and size as grading, filling, leveling, etc., projects. 3. Impro\ing Intersections and Eliminating Dangerous Curves : Dangerous intersections at cross roads and railroad crossings were improxed by cutting back high banks. Dangerous cur\es were eliminated mostly in the process of widening and straightening roads. 4. Bridges, Underpasses, Cuherts, etc. : Not more than fifteen or twenty bridges were built, most of which were small and built on the mountain roads where it had been necessary pre\iously to ford small streams ; however, work on one large bridge was begun on the seacoast. During a storm an inlet had been 82 EMEEfjENCY Relief in North Caeolin-a (i) Eliminating dangerous curve on highway in Stokes County. (2) Relocation of Salisbury Road to eliminate curve, Forsyth County. {3) Construction of a new road in Durham County. (4) Extension of Qjieen Street in Charlotte, Mecklenburg County. (5) Relocation of Highway 6, Catawba County. Emerokncy Relief in North Carolina 83 cut in the sand banks, cutting off the people in that section from the main land. This bridge will make this area accessible. A number of concrete culverts were constructed in places where drainage difficulties had occurred. An underpass was built for the Jackson Training School, a boys' training school. D. Landscaping : I. Roadside Improvement and Planting : Se\eral roadside improvement projects were undertaken. Work on these projects involved cutting back all steep banks, le\'eling out of fills, straightening shoulders, providing permanent drainage ditches, and the planting of native trees and shrubbery. In certain sections of the state, much interest was manifested in projects of this type. Road- side improvement projects, if properly planned and supervised, afford one of the most worth- while and constructive fields of relief work. E. Materials for Roadways : 1. Sand, Gravel and Stone : Projects of this type were generally carried on as part of the projects listed above. Field stone was gathered from adjacent fields ; topsoil and gra\el were dug from areas purchased for this purpose by the State Highway Commission. All projects on the highways and roads were sponsored and supervised by the State High- way Commission. II. Schools and Universities. A. New Construction : Construction projects for schools and universities were mostly additions of one or more rooms to the existing school buildings. One ten-room Negro school and several three- and four-room schools were built. Projects of this type varied in cost from under Si,ooo to $20,- 000. and o\er three hundred new school rooms were added. The most important item in new buildings was school gymnasiums. 0\er one hundred were approved, and work was started on eighty-eight. Gymnasiums \aried in cost from $2,000 to $20,000. All projects pertaining to the public schools were sponsored by the local Boards of Education. 2. Repairing, Painting, and Renovating : Repair jobs involved mainly repairs, painting,' repairs to roofs, re-roofing, repairs to inter- iors, plastering, lighting, repairs to furniture and equipment, including repairs to school busses. New floors were laid, partitions added or taken out, and in some cases general reno- vation was carried on. Work of this type was done on public schools and on State Univer- sities and colleges, both white and Negro, and varied in cost from a few hundred dollars to Si 00,000. All public school work was sponsored by the directors of these institutions, and by the State Budget Bureau. B. Grounds and Athletic Areas : 1 . Building and Improving Athletic Fields and Grandstands ; Building and Resurfacing Tennis Courts : Projects of this sort involved the repair of existing athletic fields and tennis courts, and the construction of new tennis courts and athletic fields. These projects varied in cost from a few hundred dollars to $50,000.00. 2. Grading and Beautifying School Grounds ; Construction of Playgrounds, Lanes, Walks and Paths : Projects under this classification involved mainly minor grading and planting, the con- 84 Emergekcy Relief in N^orth Carolina struction of new walks and paths, and varied in cost from under $1,000.00 to $50,000.00. The sponsorship of these projects was the same as that for other school and college work. III. Parks, Playgrounds and Other Recreational Facilities. A. Impro\ement of Grounds : Improvement of parks and playgrounds co\'ered all types of work, from simple clearing and brush remo\al, to surface grading and extensive landscaping, and the construction of walks, bridle paths, gutters and proper drainage facilities. B. Construction of New Recreational Facilities : Construction of new recreational facilities included the construction of large parks and play- grounds, and small parks, small playgrounds, small city parks, golf courses, summer camps, bathing beaches, skating rinks and gymnasiums for indoor athletics. Several large parks were constructed. In these large projects were included swimming pools, bath houses, boat houses, tennis courts, play areas, barbecue pits, amphitheaters, lakes and extensive land- scaping and planting. Work was started on twenty swimming pools, most of which were part of larger park developments. One large municipal stadium was built. Projects of the above type \'aried from about $2,000.00 to Sioo,ooo.oo and were sponsored by county and city officials. IV. Rural Community Centers and Fair Grounds. Rural community centers and fair grounds are separately classified because both affect mainly the rural population and pro\ide recreation for them. Much interest was shown in rural community centers, but projects for these centers were planned and submitted too late for much work to be done on them under the CWA program ; howe\'er, it was urged that all structures at these centers be built from nati\'e materials, such as logs or native stone, and that the people interested furnish the necessary manufactured material so that it may be possible to do work on rural community centers under the ERA program. Work on about twenty fair grounds was carried on and varied in type from minor repairs to making streets, sidewalks and landscape improvements. These projects were sponsored by county and state officials. V. Public Buildings. A. Construction and Additions : Several projects in\'olving construction of additions to city halls, fire stations, courthouses, city garages, county homes, libraries, orphanages, etc., were carried on. One art museum was built. The art museum was a reconstruction project, being reconstructed from the ma- terials of a historic building that had been demolished. Projects of this type ^•aried from $5,000.00 to $75,000.00 in size, ranging from one-room additions to the construction of the abo\e mentioned museum. B. Repairs to Public Buildings : Repairs to public buildings in\ol\-ed types of repair work including plastering, plumbing, painting, erection of and demolition of partitions, and \aried in cost from $1,000.00 to $5,000.00. These projects were sponsored by county and municipal authorities. VI. Airports. Work was done on twelve airports in the state. Some of these airports involved grading and le\eling sufficient for an emergency landing. Work on three of the airports in\olved drainage and hardsurfacing of runways, and these airports, since completion, are of the highest type. EMEROENrY Relief in North Carolina. 85 These airports \-aried in size from fifteen to o\-er two hundred acres, and in cost from $1,000.00 to $250,000.00. All airport projects were sponsored by the officials of the cities when they were built and were appro\ed by the State Aeronautical Ad\isers. \'II. Cemetery Improvements and Repairs. Impro\cments and repairs were made to about forty cemeteries, involving grading, building walks and driveways, landscaping and planting. They varied in cost from less than $1,000.00 to over $50,000.00. VIII. Improvements to State and Public Lands. A. Improxements to State Game Farms, Game Reserves and Fish Hatcheries : Work involving the repairing, painting, grading and other such minor rehabilitation re- pairs was done on all State-owned game reserves, fish hatcheries and most of the state test farms. New breeding pens, spawning pools, bird pens, bird runs, etc., were also built. Projects of this type cost from under $1,000.00 to over $20,000.00 and were sponsored by the State Department of Conser\ation and Dc\elopment. B. Oyster Planting : In eight counties oyster planting projects were carried on. From the standpoint of the im- pro\ement of the economic life of the people, oyster planting was one of our most important projects. Oyster planting was sponsored by the State Department of Conservation and De- velopment. Oyster Planting Carteret County Brunswick County Payroll $ 3i>2o8.85 Payroll $ 2,540.25 Bushels planted 388,889.00 Bushels planted 37,720 Cost per bushel .08 Cost per bushel .07 Dare County Pender County Payroll $ 9,702.24 Payroll $ 2,377.50 Bushels planted 92,810.00 Bushels planted 26,319 Cost per bushel .104 Cost per bushel .09 Onslow County New Hano\er County Payroll $ 2,947.20 Payroll $ 1,146.40 Bushels planted 31=934 Bushels planted 16,128 Cost per bushel .104 Cost per bushel .071 Hyde County Pamlico County Payroll $ 4,389.20 Payroll $ 2,056.45 Bushels planted 39>058 Bushels planted 78,567 Cost per bushel .112 Cost per bushel .026 Summary Total Payroll $ 58,368.09 Total bushels planted 7">425 A\'eraj ye cost per bushel ■079 C. A few projects for forest improvement, such as building look-out towers and cutting fire lanes were carried on. 86 Emergency Relief in North Carolina (i) Boals used in planting oysters, Brunswick County. (2) Oyster planting, Carteret County. Emergency Relief in North Carolina 87 (i) School addition built for primary grades at mill village near Concotd, Cabarrus County. (2) Addition to Massey Hill school, Cumber- land County. (3) Addition oj wings to Pitt County school. (4) Auditorium built at Mecklenburg County school. Emergency Relief in North Caeolina (i) Rock retaining walls built at school in Durham County. (2) Road imjirovement and stone retaining wall built at Cullowhee school, Jackson County. (3) Entrance posts in cemetery wall, Burlington, .Alamance County. (4) Wall constructed around Old Soldiers' cemetery. Statesville, Iredell County. Emergency Relief in North Carolina (i) Hams Park in Winston-Salem after grading and landscaping, Forsyth County. (3) Rhododendron Gardens Park built in Asheville, Buncombe County. (3) Picnic tables and benches and outdoor fireplace in Winston-Salem Park, Forsyth County. (4) Iris in Runnymead Park, Winston-Salem, Forsyth County. (5) Iris in Runnymead Park, Winston-Salem, Forsyth County. (6) Overlook, City Park, Winston- Salem, Forsyth County. 90 Emergency Relief in N"oeth Carolina IX. Pest Control. A. Pestiferous Malaria Mosquitoes : Projects for mosquito control were mainly those for the eradication of malaria mosquitoes. Most of the work done for this purpose was drainage and stream clearing. The largest por- tion of the work was done in the eastern section of the state. Drainage consisted of straightening, widening, and deepening existing streams, cutting of new drainage ditches and the cutting of lateral drainage ditches. Some of this work was done with draglines and dredges, but all lateral and smaller streams were improved by hand labor. The control of pestiferous mosquitoes was confined largely to the salt marshes, and was accomplished by hand ditching and straightening of streams. The cost of malaria control projects varied from under $1,000.00 to o\'er $75,000.00. The length of ditches and streams cut and improxed \'aried from a few hundred feet to forty-two miles. All malaria control projects were sponsored by city and county officials, and the North Caro- lina State Board of Health, acting as agent for the United States Public Health Service. The engineering supervision of these projects was vested in the State Board of Health. B. Control of Other Pests : The only other pest control projects of any importance were the destruction of yellow flies. X. Sanitation. A. Construction : Projects for the impro\'ement of sanitary conditions included the building of sanitary sewers and the extension of sanitary sewers and the construction of small disposal plants. Projects of this type varied in cost from $2,000.00 to over $50,000.00, and included projects for from a few blocks to several miles of sewers. Projects of this type were sponsored by the city and county officials and approved, as re- quired under the state law, by the State Board of Health. Many important and necessary improvements were made in rural sections by the construc- tion of sanitary privies, both for private homes and at rural schools. Septic tanks were built at schools and in congested areas, under the sanitary privy projects. Projects of this type were carried on in every county in the state and ranged in cost from a few hundred dollars, for the construction of school privies, to almost $100,000.00 for the con- struction of thousands of indi\idual pri\ies in the larger counties. Sanitary privy projects were sponsored by city and county officials, and by the State Board of Health. B. Other Projects for the Improvement of Public Health : Other projects for the improvement of public health included projects for cleaning creeks and streams, filling in marshy places, filling in dumping grounds, etc., and were sponsored by the officials of the communities affected. XI. Water Works and Water Supply. A. Water Sheds, Reservoirs and Grounds : Work under this heading consisted of clearing and cleaning water sheds by thinning woods and removing brush and debris, clearing, grading and cleaning around reservoirs, and grading and landscaping around water works plants. Projects under this classification varied in cost from less than $1,000.00 to over $10,000.00 and were sponsored by city officials. Emeegency Relief in North Carolina 91 B. Water Works and Distributing Systems : The main work done under this classification was the laying and repairing of water mains. Extensions were made to existing water works systems, and new systems were built in towns which previously had no systems. Existing water mains were repaired in many cases. Projects of this sort varied from under Si,ooo.oo for repairs, to over $100,000.00 for new systems, and in size varied from the extension of a few blocks to an auxiliary line over fifteen miles in length. School water supply systems were also constructed and repaired. In a few of the smaller towns, wells and aeration plants were built. All this work was sponsored by city and county officials. XII. Utilities. The only work of this type done was the building of two rural power lines and repair work on a few municipally owned electric line and power systems. Very few utilities are publicly owned in this state. XIII. Administrative, Professional and Clerical. Under this classification was personnel of the State and Local Civil Works Administration Offices, and such miscellaneous work as indexing county records, filing and bringing up to date of records in county courthouses, the making of traffic surveys, traffic maps, clerical, stenographic and filing projects in various public offices. Federal Projects 1 . Tennessee Valley Authority : Various improvement projects including : Forestry and Soil Erosion, River Gaging, Building Feeder Roads, Rural Sanitation, General Sanitary Survey, Compilation of Basic Data, Reconnaissance Survey. These projects operated in approximately 12 western counties including : Cherokee, Clay, Macon, Graham, Swain, Jackson, Transylvania, Henderson, Buncombe, Haywood, Madison, Yancey, Avery, Mitchell, Watauga. Original set-up : up to 2,268 men; $44,619 for other than labor expenses. 2. Archeological Excavations : Sponsored and directed by the Smithsonian Institute, Bu- reau of American Ethnology. Project consisted of excavation of Indian mound on Hiwassee River, Cherokee County. Original set-up : 104 men; $806.25 ^o^' other than labor expenses. 3. Cotton Statistics : Sponsored and directed by the Agricultural Department, Bureau of Agricultural Economics. Operated in 5 counties : Mecklenburg, Guilford, Cabarrus, Gaston, New Hano\er. Original set-up : 18 men; $528.00 for other than labor expenses. 4. Census of American Business : Sponsored and directed by the Department of Commerce, Bureau of Census. Operated in every county. Original set-up : 319 men ; $2,250.00 for other than labor expenses. 5. Maintenance Work at Experiment Stations : Sponsored and directed by Department of Agriculture, Bureau Chemistry and Soils. Operated in 6 counties : Columbus, Carteret, Pamlico, Jones, Duplin, Iredell. Consisted of various repairs to houses and laboratories, painting, rebuild- ing, road improvements, etc., at experiment stations. Original set-up : 83 men ; $7,443.00 for other than labor expenses. 6. Improvement Coast Guard Property Along Coast : Sponsored and directed by Depart- ment of Treasury, Coast Guard Bureau. Operated in 2 counties : Dare and Currituck. Original set-up : 56 men ; $4,415.00 for other than labor expenses. 7. Local Control Surveys : Sponsored and directed by Department of Commerce, Bureau 92 Emergency Relief in ISTokth Carolina (24) ERA labor clearing large swamp in Harnett County. (25) Municipal drainage system in Siler City. Chatham County. (26) Draining large swamps in vicinity 0/ Hertford, Perquimans County. (27) Completing large drainage system near Wilmington, New Hanover County. (28) Completing large project in Hemp, Moore County. (29) Starting important malaria control project at Warren Plains, Warren County . (30) Draining large swamp which surrounds Jacksonville, Onslow Coun'y. (31) Tapping large mosquito breeding pond within city limits of Durham, Durham County. Emergency Eelief in North Carolina 93 ■^^^^^^^^■::- (i) Dam, constructed under CWA and ERA, twelve miles above cily for Asheville water supply. Buncombe County. (2) Twelve miles of sixteen-inch pipe laid under CWA and ERA for City of Asheville water supply, Buncombe County. (3) Chlorinator house constructed under CWA and ERA for City of Asheville water supply. 94 Emergency Relief in Worth Carolina Coast and Geodetic Suney. Consisted of triangulation, traverse, and leveling. Operated in 24 counties, the original authorization calling for 575 men. 8. Employment Record Studies : Sponsored and directed by the Department of Labor, Bureau of United States Employment Ser\ice. Comprised compilation and analysis of employ- ment statistics to serve reemployment and recovery program. Original set-up : 30 persons. 9. Farm Housing Survey : Sponsored and directed by Department of Agriculture, Bureau Agricultural Economics. Operated in 12 counties ; namely : A\'ery, Iredell, Moore, Duplin, Cleve- land, Henderson, Alamance, Robeson, Edgecombe, Currituck, Camden, and Pasquotank. Orig- inal authorization: 164 men; $4,750.00 for other than labor expenses. 10. Farm Mortgage and Land Values : Sponsored and directed by Department of Agri- culture, Bureau of Agricultural Economics. Comprised tax delinquency and land transfers (in- cluding mortgage foreclosures). Operated in 80 counties, approximately state-wide. Original set-up : 386 men ; $1,445.00 for other than labor expenses. 11. Construction, Repairing, and Installing Gaging Station E(^uipment at 22 Stations ON Streams in North Carolina : Sponsored and directed by the Department of Interior, Bureau of Geological Sur\ey. Operated in 21 counties. Original set-up: 141 men; $7,000.00 for other than labor expenses. 12. Historic American Buildings Survey: Sponsored and directed by the Department of the Interior, Bureau of National Parks, Buildings, and Reservations. Consisted of a survey of old courthouses, churches, bridges, dwellings, schools, etc., having historic value and interest, local and national. Operated in 7 counties : Mecklenburg, Forsyth, Buncombe, New Hano\er, Craven, Wake, Chowan. Original set-up : 28 men ; $175.00 for other than labor expenses. 13. Indian Reservations Construction: Sponsored and directed by Department of Inter- ior, Bureau of Indian Affairs. Construction and repairing on Indian reservation in Cherokee County. Original set-up : 18 men ; $800.00 for other than labor expenses. 14. Improving Lighthouse Property : Sponsored and directed by Department of Commerce — Bureau of Lighthouses. Operated at Hobucken Lighthouse Reservation, Pamlico County, clear- ing off reservation, building about 700 feet of road, etc. Original set-up : 12 laborers ; $3,240.00 for labor. No materials required, tools furnished by Lighthouse Service. 15. Malaria Control : Sponsored and directed by Bureau of Public Health Service, Depart- ment of Treasury. Drainage for malaria control and mosquito eradication, operated in 54 coun- ties. Original set-up called for 440 men. 16. Census Record Preservation, Tabulating, Checking and Map Drafting: Sponsored and directed by Department of Commerce, Bureau of Census. Original set-up : 7 men ; $2,200.00 for expenses other than labor. 17. National Parks and Monuments: Sponsored and directed by Department of Interior, Bureau National Parks, Buildings and Monuments. Work on Great Smoky Mountains National Park, operated in Haywood and Macon counties. Original set-up : 109 men ; $6,660.00 for other than labor expenses. 18. Work on National Forest and Forest Experiment Station Units Within State: Sponsored and directed by Department of Agriculture, Bureau Forest Service. Operated in 2 counties, at Bent Creek Experimental Forest and Appalachian Forest Experimental Station in Buncombe, and at Coweeta Experimental Station in Macon. Original set-up : 182 men ; $6,916.00 for other than labor expenses. 19. Posts, Camps, Stations of the Army and at National Cemeteries: Sponsored and Emergency Relief in JSTorth Carolina 95 directed by Department of War, Bureau of Quartermaster Corps. Work at Fort Macon in Car- teret County ; likewise at : Men Funds required in original set-up Camp Glenn 7,600 Fort Bragg 1,360 $ 692,754.00 Raleigh Cemetery 18 3,600.00 New Bern Cemetery 17 3,800.00 Salisbury Cemetery 43 11,500.00 Wilmington Cemetery 30 3,400.00 20. Prices Farmers Pay : Sponsored and directed by Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Agricultural Economics. Operated in about 98 counties, approximately state-wide. Original set-up : 103 men ; $868.00 for other than labor expenses. 2 1 . Work on Experimental Stations and Related Activities : Sponsored and directed by Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Plant Industry. Operated at Willard Test Farm in Pender County, where the work consisted of making culture media and culturing pine canker fungus, a growth particularly disastrous to the turpentine industry, and at Asheville, where the project in- volved the preparation of a field for cooperative pasture experiment, painting government-owned laboratories, etc. Original set-up : 82 men ; $250.00 for other than labor expenses. 22. Pest Mosquito Control : Sponsored and directed by Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology, consisting of salt marsh drainage. This operated in Brunswick, New Hanover, Pasquotank, Craven and Carteret counties, the original set-up calling for 1,024 "i^n and $10,- 000.00 for other than labor expenses. 23. Reemployment Offices : Sponsored and directed by Bureau of National Reemployment Ser\'ice. This project consisted of the maintenance of reemployment offices in every county in the state. It is still in operation, being paid from a special fund. Original set-up : 350 workers and $86,400.00 for other than labor expenses. 24. Real Property Inventory : Sponsored and directed by Department of Commerce, Bureau Foreign and Domestic Census. This consisted of ascertaining the amount of construction and repair needed on dwellings, etc. Operated in Buncombe, Guilford and Mecklenburg counties. Original set-up : 90 men ; $1,675.00 for other than labor expenses. 25. Survey of Employment Histories of Railroad Employees : Sponsored and directed by Department Federal Coordinator of Transportation. Operated at Wilmington, consisting of the survey of employees of the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad. Original set-up : no people; $1,000.00 for other than labor expenses. 26. National Relief Census and Supporting Local Studies : Sponsored and directed by Department of Federal Emergency Relief Administration, Bureau of Research and Statistics. This project is still operating with headquarters in Mecklenburg County. Original set-up : 85 men and $850.00 for other than labor expenses. 27. Community Sanitation on a Nation-wide Scale : Sponsored and directed by Depart- ment of Treasury, Bureau of Public Health Service. Original authorization in this state called for 1,358 men. 28. Subsistence Homesteads Records : Sponsored and directed by Department of Interior, Bureau Subsistence Homesteads Division. Part-time farming studies included. Originally called for 66 persons, $50.00 for expenditures. Operated in 14 counties : Wake, Robeson, Forsyth, Bun- 96 Emergency Relief in ISTokth Carolina (i) Atkinson Gymnasium built in Pender County. is) Gymnasium built in Northampton County. (3) Gymnasium built at Goldsboro in Wayne County. (4) Gymnasium built at Woodland, Northampton County. (5) Gymnasium built at Richlannds in Onslow County. (6) Gymnasium built at New London in Stanly County. Emergency Eelief in North Carolina 97 combe, Jackson, Wilkes, McDowell, Caldwell, Randolph, Guilford, Davidson, Brunswick, Carteret, Burke. 29. Development and Construction of Subsistence Homesteads : Sponsored and directed by Department of Interior, Subsistence Homesteads Division. This project operated through Penderlea Homesteads, Inc., in Pender County, also in DupHn, Sampson and New Hanover (Headquarters in Wilmington). First authorization called for 78 persons and $1,545.00 for other than labor expenses. 30. Analysis of Tax Delinquency and Overlapping Governments : Sponsored and di- rected by Department of Commerce, Bureau of Census. Original set-up: 16 men; $100.00 for other than labor expenses. 31. Building, Repairing, Renovating and Otherwise Preparing Buildings to be Occu- pied BY Transients Under Federal Care : Sponsored and directed by FERA Department, Transient Department. Original set-up : 100 men ; $3,870.00 for other than labor expenses. 32. Buildings and Grounds Maintenance : Sponsored and directed by Bureau Veterans Administration, Bureau of Construction Service. Consisted of painting Dodge Facility Ward at Oteen Hospital, Buncombe County. Original set-up : 23 men ; and $1,500.00 for other than labor expenses. 33. Compilation of Meteorological Data : Sponsored and directed by the Department of Agriculture Weather Bureau. Operated in Raleigh. Original set-up: 5 men; $100.00 for other than labor expenses. 34. Employment and Payrolls : Sponsored and directed by Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Original set-up: 12 men; $750.00. Operated in conjunction with F-76, Reemployment Offices, in Wake, Chowan, Craven, Robeson, Guilford, Mecklenburg, Wilkes, Clexeland, Buncombe and Franklin counties. Total projects operated during CWA numbered 34, comprising surveys, impro\ements, con- struction, compilation of data for future use, etc. Summary CWA Expenditures (Round Numbers) $1,293,000.00 Local Contributions (Round Numbers) 305,000.00 Number New Schoolrooms 294 Number New Gymnasiums 87 Number Repaired Gymnasiums 34 Number Playgrounds Graded 338 Public School Improvements in North Carolina Under CWA to March 15, 1934 CWA Contribution The School Plant New Schoolrooms Reno\'ated Rooms Miscellaneous Total $ 37i>o68 $ 192,091 $ 563,159 $ 167,798 $ 730,957 No. Labor Material Total Local Material Total 292 $ 109,945 $ 58,744 $ 168,689 ^ 75,245 S 243,934 2-,792 86,917 64,898 151,815 49,314 192., 129 174,206 68,449 242,655 52,239 294,894 98 The School Plant Embhgency Relief in North Carolina No. Labor Material Total Local Material Total Recreational Facilities : New Gymnasiums Repaired Gymnasiums Playgrounds 88 $ 128,702 $ 84,100 $ 212,802 $ 99,082 $ 307,858 31 25,958 10,363 36,321 7,530 43>85i 348 345,356 42,436 387,782 34,449 422,231 Total S 500, 016 $ 136,899 $ 636,905 $ 141,061 $ 773,937 Special Units (Cities) 97. ,961 20,306 118,267 State Educational Institutions 189. ,034 72,251 261,285 Grand Total $1,158: ,079 $ 421,547 $1,579,626 $ 308,859 $1,888,515 Approximate — Approximate Percent of Percent of Total Amount Type of Project Total Amount Type of Project Approved for Approved for All Projects All Projects I . Street Repair and Paving 7-9 18. Golf Course Construction 2. Road Repair and Surfacing 23.1 and Park Improxements 3.6 3. Sidewalk Construction and 19- Municipal Buildings, Con- Repair 2.3 Tree Planting and Beautifi- cation 0.8 20. 5- Rock (Quarry and Crushing 21. Stone 0.2 22. 6. School Repairs and Painting 8.5 7- School Construction and 23- Additions 1.2 8. School Gymnasiums Con- structed 1.8 24. 9- School Water Supply, Con- struction and Repair 0.4 25- 10. Construction and Repair 26. School Athletic Field 0-5 II. Construction School Walks 27. and Playgrounds 2.1 28. 12. School Sanitation 0.7 13- School Bus Repairs 0.2 29- 14. Nursery Schools 0.06 15- Construction and Repair 30. Municipal Sewer System 5-0 31- 16. Construction and Repair 32- Sanitary Privies 15-7 33- 17- Cemetery Improvements and Repairs 0.3 struction and Repair 4.3 School Heating Plants, Construction and Repair 0.2 Malaria Drainage 1 1 .0 Municipal Water Supply, Construction and Repair 4.2 Swimming Pools and Com- munity Buildings, Con- struction and Repair 0.5 Fish Hatchery and Oyster Planting 0.6 Fire Lanes, Cutting Timber 0.4 Airport Construction and Repair 3.2 Bridges, Canals, Dykes, etc. 0.5 State Farms and Game Re- serves 0.258 Rural Power Lines Con- structed 0.15 Tools and Supplies 0.45 Signs for Projects 0.017 Surveying for Projects 0.005 Blacksmiths Work 0.02 Total Percent 100. EsrERGENCY EeLIEF IN NoRTH CaEOLINA Cost Up to $1,000 $1,000-2,000 $2,000-3,000 $3,000-4,000 $4,000-5,000 $5,000-6,000 $6,000-7,000 $7,000-8,000 $8,000-9,000 $9,000-10,000 $10,000-15,000 $15,000-20,000 $20,000-25,000 $25,000-50,000 $50,000-100,000 Over $100,000 Total Classification of Civil Works Administration Projects Fire Lanes Airport Construe- Bridges, Canals, State Farms and Game Reserves (No. of Projects) 5 I o I I o o o o o I o o I o o Cutting Timber tion and Repair Dykes, Etc. (No. of Projects) (No. of Projects) (No. of Projects 3 I 3 I 2 3 2 5 3 I 2 I 2 2 I I I I 2 I I 2 4 18 10 17 10 Crushing Stone Cost (No. of Projects) Up to $1,000 $1,000-2,000 $2,000-3,000 I $3,000-4,000 $4,000-5,000 I $5,000-6,000 I $6,000-7,000 I $7,000-8,000 $8,000-9,000 I $9,000-10,000 $10,000-15,000 $15,000-20,000 $20,000-25,000 $25,000-50,000 $50,000-100,000 Over $100,000 Nursery Schools (No. of Projects) I o o o o o o o o o o o o o o College Repair (No. of Projects) School Bus Rural Power o o o o o o o o o o I o o o o Repairs Lines (No. of Constructed Projects) (No. of Projects 4 I 2 I I I Total 100 EjrERGEXCY Relief ix Nokth Cakoltxa (i) Farmington School Gymnasium built at Farmingion, Davie County. (2) Gymnasium built at Morehead City, Carteret County. (3) Gymnasium built at State College for Negroes, Durham, Durham County. (4) Gymnasium built at Healing Springs, Ashe County. (5) Interior of Troy Gymnasium, Montgomery County. Emergency Relief in Korth Carolina 101 (i) Addition to Hiddenite School in Alexander County. (2) Green Valley School built in Watauga County. (3) Landis Colored School built in Rowan County, reconstructed after fire. (4) Nathans Creek High School, Ashe County, completed under CWA and ERA. (5) Taylorsville Colored School built in Alexander County. (6) .iddition to New River High School in Ashe County constructed. 102 Emergency Relief in JSTorth Carolina (i) Laying storm culvetts, Reynolda Park, Winston-Salem, Forsyth County. (2) Water line extension being built in Albemarle, Stanly County. (3) Filter plant. Silo City water works, Chatham County. Emergency Relief in JSTorth Gaeolina 103 Classification of Civil Works Administration Projects School Malaria Municipal School Tree Swimming Fish Water Drainage Water Sanitation Planting Pools and Hatchery Supply Supply and Commun- and Construc- Construc- Beautifi- ity Build- Oyster tion tion cation ings, Con- Planting and and struction Repair Repair and Repair Cost (No. of (No. of (No. of (No. of (No. of (No. of (No. of Projects) Projects) Projects) Projects) Projects) Projects) Projects) Up to Si, 000 13 88 20 27 21 4 I $1,000-2,000 7 61 13 10 II 4 3 $2,000-3,000 4 53 10 7 4 2 3 $3,000-4,000 3 40 8 8 3 3 I $4,000-5,000 23 7 5 2 4 I $5,000-6,000 3 19 6 I 6 2 $6,000-7,000 I 19 5 I 2 4 I $7,000-8,000 II I I $8,000-9,000 5 2 I 3 4 $9,000-10,000 I II I 2 $10,000-15,000 27 5 I 3 3 $15,000-20,000 14 3 4 5 $20,000-25,000 7 3 I I $25,000-50,000 14 3 I 2 I 3 $50,000-100,000 6 3 I Over $100,000 I Total 31 399 89 62 60 41 16 Cemetery Golf Course Municipal Sidewalk School School School Improve- Construc- Buildings, Construc- Heating Construc- Gymna- ments and tion and Construc- tion and Plants, tion and slums Con^ Repairs Park Im- provements tion and Repair Repair Construc- tion and Repair Additions structed Cost (No. of (No. of (No. of (No. of (No. of (No. of (No. of Projects) Projects) Projects) Projects) Projects) Projects) Projects) Up to $1,000 II 12 62 22 2 23 15 $1,000-2,000 3 10 38 23 2 II 18 $2,000-3,000 7 7 21 17 7 20 $3,000-4,000 I 8 9 12 7 7 $4,000-5,000 4 I 12 6 4 17 $5,000-6,000 5 11 5 2 9 $6,000-7,000 4 3 5 4 3 6 $7,000-8,000 I 2 4 4 I I $8,000-9,000 I 3 5 I I 3 104 Emergency Relief in J^ORTH Carolina Cemetery Golf Course Municipal Sidewalk School School School Improve- Construc- Buildings, Construc- Heating Construc- Gymna- ments and tion and Construc- tion and Plants, tion and siums Cor Repairs Park Im- provements tion and Repair Repair Construc- tion and Repair Additions structed Cost No. of (No. of (No. of (No. of (No. of (No. of (No. of Projects) Projects) Projects) Projects) Projects) Projects) Projects) $9,000-10,000 I 2 I 2 6 5 $10,000-15,000 3 10 12 5 3 2 $15,000-20,000 4 5 I 3 4 $20,000-25,000 I 2 I $25,000-50,000 4 4 . 6 I $50,000-100,000 I 2 I 3 Cost over $100,000 Total 37 74 192 1 12 71 107 Street Road Construc- Construc- Construc- School Construc- Repair Repair tion and tion and tion School Repairs tion and and and Repair Repair Walks and and Repair Paving Surfacing Municipal Sanitary Play- Painting School Sewer Pri\ies grounds Athletic Systems Fields (No. of (No. of (No. of (No. of (No. of (No. of (No. of Cost Projects) Projects) Projects) Projects) Projects) Projects) Projects) Up to $1,000 49 77 1 1 13 73 81 5 $1,000-2,000 53 108 5 9 53 114 4 $2,000-3,000 40 25 9 7 26 58 I $3,000-4,000 29 III 3 5 16 42 5 $4,000-5,000 27 123 3 I 8 25 I $5,000-6,000 17 125 4 3 6 17 I $6,000-7,000 20 80 I 4 23 $7,000-8,000 II 80 4 8 5 12 $8,000-9,000 10 60 5 4 2 7 $9,000-10,000 I 24 I 2 I 3 $10,000-15,000 18 74 8 4 6 16 5 $15,000-20,000 14 26 7 9 I 9 2 $20,000-25,000 4 25 8 19 I 4 $25,000-50,000 8 8 7 21 I 9 I $50,000-100,000 3 2 5 28 3 Over $100,000 I 8 Total 305 948 80 142 203 324 26 EiiEKGENcy Relief in North Carolina 105 Necessary Public Works The work accomplished on Ci\il Works projects filled to a very remarkable degree the needs of the state and communities. The state go\'ernment, and almost all municipal and county gov- ernments were operating on greatly curtailed budgets. In many instances municipal and county governments were in default. These conditions prohibited extensive new construction. Lack of funds restricted the state, city and county governments to the ordinary functions of repair and maintenance. State institutions, such as colleges, hospitals and orphanages, were operating on \ery small budgets. Work of maintaining school plants became a state function and, owing to the limited state budget, many much needed repairs could not be carried on. County homes and other institutions of a similar nature were forced to forego making improve- ments to their properties. Since so many of the governmental units were in default, it was impos- sible for them to recei\'e PWA grants no matter how badly the improvements contemplated were needed. Many cities and towns sadly lacked outdoor recreational facilities both for white people and for Negroes. E\'ery swimming pool, park and playground that was built will provide recreational facilities for people who otherwise would have had no, or at least limited, opportunity for outdoor recreation. Many municipalities badly needed extensions and additions to their water and sewerage sys- tems, road improvements and other work that they were unable to pay for. The school gymnasiums that were constructed, being mostly in the rural areas, provided year- round facilities in games or sports where such facilities did not previously exist. The athletic fields and other recreational facilities built at the universities and state colleges pro\'ided a means of outdoor sports for the student bodies as a whole. Prior to the construction of these projects by the Ci\'il Works Administration, most of the recreational facilities provided by the colleges and universities were for the use of school teams, a state of affairs which provided very little outdoor recreation for the general student body. In the field of drainage for malaria control the various drainage districts and counties were badly in need of impro\ements to existing drainage systems and the construction of new drainage systems. On the whole, the results of the Civil Works program were constructive and permanent improve- ments. Road Projects Predominant At the beginning of the Civil Works Administration, projects involving various sorts of work on roads and highways were predominant. This was due to the fact that the well-organized State Highway Commission, with district and division engineers over the entire state, was in a position to carry on immediately constructive projects of this type. In view of the fact that it was necessary to put men to work at once, a large number of road projects was approved since it was possible, under the super\'ision of the engineers of the Highway Commission, to do constructive and neces- sary work on the highway system. By way of explanation it should be stated that all public roads in the State of North Carolina are part of the State Highway System. There are no roads built or maintained by the counties or any subdi\ision other than the state. Road work also presented an excellent opportunity for putting men in the rural sections to work since they were mostly unskilled laborers. In a good many instances no other type of project was feasible in the remote rural areas. 106 Emergency Relief in 3^orth Carolina ^•^^ e M n (i) Qjtarrying stone fo} the construction of cemetery drive in Rowan County. (2) Streets surfaced in Hertford County. {3) iellow Creek Road constructed in Graham County. (4) Airport built at Salisbury, Rowan County. (5) Airport Jill and runways built at Winston- Salem, Forsyth County. Emergency Eelief in North Carolina 107 As the program developed and other projects were initiated, the road forces were rapidly curtailed so that, although a greater number of projects for road repair and improvement was ap- proved than any other type, the actual work done on road and highway projects was not over eight- een per cent of the total of CWA work accomplished. The next largest and most predominant type of projects was projects for the control of malaria by drainage. Under the Federal Emergency Relief Administration preliminary steps had been taken towards the organization of the necessary field superxision of drainage projects. This, and the fact that drainage projects provided an immediate opportunity to put large numbers of common laborers to work immediately, influenced the approving of a great many drainage proj- ects. About ten per cent of Civil Works Administration funds was spent for malaria control, which is a major health problem in this state. The next largest field of actixity was repairs, reno\ations, painting, etc., of schools. Lack of funds in almost e\ery locality had resulted in curtailment of this type of work by the governmental units. E\en more work of this type would ha\e been done except for the fact that much material was needed to carry on these projects. Next in predominance was the construction of sanitary privies. Since all materials were fur- nished by private individuals and much common labor could be used, these projects were started. The benefits to public health, and the fact that preliminary arrangements for organization had been made, were influential factors in the wide-spread activity in this field. Other types of projects \aried in size and importance in different localities. This variation was due mainly to the needs and desires of the communities. Safety Program The Safety Department of the North Carolina Civil Works Administration was organized on January i, 1934, with ofl[ices at 314 Reynolds Building, Winston-Salem, North Carolina. The per- sonnel of the state office consisted of one stenographer, three field representatives, and the State Director. In addition to the three Field Representatives mentioned above, each of the 107 units had its own Safety Director, working indirectly under the State Safety Director and directly under the local administrator. In the majority of cases, these Safety Directors had additional duties either as Work Project Supervisor or Injury Clerk. It is estimated that only 10 men devoted their entire time as County or City Safety Director. Each Project had a Job Safety Inspector, who inspected his project each day, generally in the mornings before the crew started to work. He gave close attention to such matters as condition of hand tools, wheelbarrows, ladders, etc., and particular attention to the physical hazards of the project. From reports received in the State Safety Director's office, it would seem that only 215 job safety inspectors de\oted their full time to this important work, the others doing this in addi- tion to their other duties. In setting up the Safety Department, the State Safety Director estimated that the program to be carried on from this office would cost $10,441.00, based on a period of twelve weeks. However, the total cost of the state office for the thirteen-week period has been only $8,709.77, or a reduc- tion of $1,731.23 from the original estimate, which at that time was considered very conservative. The following expenditures were made : Salaries $ 1,436.24 Travel 1,747.10 Office Expense 250.18 Safety Equipment 5,276.25 108 Emergency Relief in" Koeth Cakolina (i) Alocksville Gymnasium in Davie County. (2) School Gymnasium built in Kannapolis, Cabarrus County. (3) Gymnasium built at Berry Hill School in JVash County. Emeroency Eelief in North Carolina 109 r f^^m •^"•▼.TKS*" .•▼,1tf^ ""nifciiKtiifcniTir'' iii£i£iiiiif o (i) Tennis courts built at Blair Park in High Point, Guilford County. (2) Track built at high school in Durham, Durham County. (3) Plaving_lield built at high school in Durham, Durham County. (4) Baseball field and grandstand at Bailey, Nash County. 110 Emergency Relief in ISToeth Carolina (i) Xathaniel Macon Home, Warren County, before restoration. (2) Nathaniel Macon Home, Warren County, before restoration. (3) Public library built in Rutherford County. (4) Nathaniel Macon Home, Warren County, after restoration. (5) Library at Roland, Robeson County. (6) Library built at Warrenton, Warren County. (7) Steele Memorial Library built at Mount Olive, Wayne County. (8) Interior of Steele Memolial Library, Mount Olive, Wayne County. Emergency Eelief in Nokth Carolina 111 While all of the above was charged against Civil Works, quite a large amount will be used under Emergency Relief. For instance, the Safety Equipment, which includes first aid equip- ment and goggles, will be used in the Works Division of Emergency Relief without additional cost, with the exception of refills for the First Aid Kits from time to time. It was seen in the beginning of safety work that a program of first aid training would be of real \alue. That this program was successful can be seen from the fact that only 24 cases of infection were reported under Civil Works. It was agreed that each job, as far as possible, should ha\e a trained first aid man with proper equipment. With this in view, the assistance of the First Aid and Life Sa\-ing Service of the American National Red Cross was requested. A conference was called in the State Safety Director's office attended by Mrs. Thomas Sprinkle, of High Point, North Carolina, and Mr. Berres, of Washington, D. C, North Carolina Field Representatives of the American National Red Cross. With their cooperation, it was possible to conduct sixty-three complete fifteen-hour Standard First Aid Courses, with an enrollment of approximately 2,500 CWA employees. This was in addition to the several smaller classes held in some of the smaller cities or counties. The training of these men meant much to the safety program of the Civil Works Administration, but will mean even more to the state at large. These twenty-five hundred trained "First Aiders," spread from the mountains to the coast, are prepared to render valuable assis- tance in future accidents on our highways, in our homes, and in our industrial plants. A number of these men will, of course, be employed by industry in the near future where they will find that the training received under the Civil Works Administration will be of real help to them in their indi\idual plant safety and first aid programs. The State Safety Department issued approximately fifty bulletins dealing with problems of a general nature, as well as covering in detail the following specific subjects : General Rules for Safety Carbon Monoxide , Excavations Transportation of Workers Handhng Explosives Demolition Scaffolds First Aid Physical Condition Goggles Exposure Cave-ins Railroad Crossings Health Program Hand Tools Poison Ivy These bulletins were sent out to each unit, and in a majority of cases were reproduced by the unit and placed on each project or in the hands of the Job Safety Inspector. A total of 693 lost-time accidents were reported to the State Safety Director's office during the life of Civil Works. For the sake of standard reporting, a lost-time accident was termed one that caused the injured employee to lose more than the remainder of the shift. For instance, if the shift's starting time was 7 a.m., and the employee was injured at 1 1 a.m., if he was not able to report for work the next morning at 7 a.m., his accident was termed "lost-time," even though he might come in to work during the morning. These injuries, generally, caused the loss of only one or two days. The total number of cases drawing compensation can be secured from the report of the Director of Compensation. Of the 693 lost-time accidents reported, 113 occurred prior to the beginning of the Safety pro- gram, or prior to January i, 1934. During Civil Works a total of 22,257,263 man-hours was worked. The frequency rate for North Carolina for the entire period of Civil Works was 31.1, an unusually low frequency considering the type of work and the fact that the majority of our employ- 112 Emeegbncy Eelief in Nokth Carolina ees were not used to out-of-doors labor. Our frequency compares with a confidential reporting from Washington of a frequency average over the entire country of 47.1. The same confidential report showed an average of 91 1 lost-time accidents as against our record of 693. Only three fatalities were reported to this department during Civil Works, one prior to the Safety program, and two during March, when the morale of employees was at its lowest. Two of these fatalities were caused by falling trees and the third by the fall from a lo-foot scaffold. The three District Safety Supervisors and the State Safety Director visited as many of the more hazardous projects as possible. In several instances these inspections disclosed \'ery hazardous conditions which were immediately corrected thus, pre\enting a large number of serious injuries. The Safety Department enjoyed the fullest cooperation from the State Administration down to the individual worker on the project, without which the Safety Program could not have been suc- cessful. This cooperation was greatly appreciated by the Department. Especial mention should be made of the County and City Safety Directors^ who, working under great strain, were able to keep their record down to the minimum. Compensation Department The office of the State Director of Compensation was established as a part of the state adminis- trative staff for the purpose of supervision, in collaboration with the U. S. Employees' Compensa- tion Commission, of all injuries sustained by employees on Civil Works projects. There was added, under the instruction of the State Administrator, to each local staff a suitable person to administer all matters in connection with employees injured in the performance of duty on CWA projects. Within ten days compensation organization throughout the state was completed, the local staff fully instructed in the rules and regulations governing compensatory injuries, and all compensation bulletins distributed. As of the date of submitting this report there has been reported and filed a history of 1,435 in- juries sustained on Ci\il Works projects in North Carolina. During the period in which persons were employed on CWA projects, there were reported only three fatalities. There were not more than twenty injuries which could be classed as permanent, and in all of these there is a probability of only partial permanent disability. A great majority of the injuries reported were of a minor character. There were not more than 265 injuries which necessitated the payment of compensation locally. The curtailment of injuries in the State of North Carolina was due to the efficient safety organization which was established under the direction of the State Administrator. Status of Projects at the Close of CWA Operation Many projects were left in an unfinished state at the close of the Civil Works program. This was due to a large extent to the drastic curtailment of CWA funds and the demobilization of the Civil Works Administration. When the closing out of the CWA began, every effort was made by the state office to discon- tinue projects which could be left in their existing state with little or no damage, and with little or no loss of materials. About 25 per cent of the projects approved was completely finished at the end of the Civil Works Administration. About 30 per cent of the projects was about 80 per cent completed, and about 45 per cent was 50 per cent complete, or less. Of those incomplete, it was possible to drop a good many. Every effort was made to bring the others to completion under the ERA program. CIVIL WORKS ADMINISTRATION, NORTH CAROLINA ANALYSIS OF PAYROLLS WITH RESPECT TO TYPE OF PROJECT PERIOD NOVEMBER 17, 1933 TO JULY 26, 1934 CLASSIFICATIONS Man Hours 1 Public Roads, Highways, Streets, Sidewalks, Gutters— New CoDBtruction J 201,630.39 475,983 2 Public Roads, Highways, Streets, Sidewalks, Gutters— Repairs 3,408,034.30 8,625,074 3 Public Buildings, Community Houses, Schools, Auditoriums, etc. — New Construction 369,929.23 676,856 4 Public Buildings, Community Houses, Schools, Auditoriums, etc.— Repairs 994,840.25 1,695,332 5 Bridges, Grade Crossings, and Trestles— New Construction 10,672.98 22,556 6 Bridges, Grade Crossings, and Trestles— Repairs 672.00 2,029 7 Sewers, Drainage and Sanitation — New Construction 421,468.33 851,892 8 Sewers, Drainage and Sanitation— Repairs 383,569.76 847,435 9 Public Utilities, Water Works, Gas, Electrical, etc.— New Construction 84,992.77 185,598 10 Public Utilities, Water Works, Gas, Electrical, etc.— Repairs 253,443.90 546,337 n Recreation Facilities, Swimming Pools, Playgrounds — New Construction 466,754.40 887,454 12 Recreation Facilities, Shimming Pools, Playgrounds — Repairs 363,350.02 781.264 13 Watenvays, Levees, Flood Control, etc. —New Construction 70,011.53 149,326 14 Waterways, Levees, Flood Control, etc.— Repairs 27,668.01 59,878 15 Landscaping, Grading, Erosion Control, Parks, etc. 137,054.71 292,874 16 Conservation Hatcheries, Oyster Beds, Fish and Game 81,185.44 129,449 17 Eradication and Control, Disease Bearers, Pests, Mosquitoes 359,187.83 781,549 IS Airports 219,936.75 458,414 19 Forestry 26,117.70 56,331 20 Production and Distribution of Goods Needed by the Unemployed, Clothing, Food, Fuel, Household Goods 30,946.16 90,964 21 Public Welfare, Health Recreation, Nurses, Nutrition, Investigation, Safety, etc. 93,222.69 251,668 22 Public Education, Arts and Research 60,582.30 150,673 23 Tool and Equipment Projects 2,163.50 3,610 24 Sanitary Privy Construction 648,662.06 1,323,406 25 Administrative 450,700.80 759,402 TOTALS $9,166,697.81 20,105,362 ANALYSIS OF PAYROLLS ON FEDERAL PROJECTS WITH RESPECT TO TYPE OF PROJECT PERIOD NOVEMBER 17, 1933 TO JULY' 26, 1934 V. S. Department Bureau Project Man Hours Agriculture Agricultural Economics Agriculture Agricultural Economics .Agriculture Agricultural Economics Agriculture Agricultural Economics Agriculture Agricultural Engineering Agriculture Agricultural Experiment Station Agriculture Animal Industry .\griculture Biological Survey -\griculture Entomology Agriculture Entomology Agriculture Entomology .Agriculture Forestry Agriculture Home Economics Agriculture Plant Industry Agriculture Weather Bureau Commerce Aeronautics Commerce Census Commerce Census Commerce Census Commerce Census Commerce Coast and Geodetic .Survey Commerce Lighthouses Commerce FERA Commerce Smithsonian Institute (American Ethnology) Commerce Tennessee \'alley Authority Commerce Veterans Administration Interior Geological Survey Interior Geological Survey Interior Geological Survey Interior Indian Affairs Interior National Buildings and Parks Interior National Buildings and Parks Interior Soil Erosion Service Interior Homesteads Labor Labor Statistics Labor Reemployment Labor Reemployment Treasury Coast Guard Treasury Public Health Service Treasury Public Health Service War Quartermasters Corps Interior Subsistence Homesteads Interior Clerical Enumerator Interior Work on Federal Cemeteries Commerce Semilogical .Survey Post Office Repairs on Post Office AAA AAA TOTALS Consumption Statistics Cotton Statistics Inde.\ Prices Farmers Pay Rural Ta-\ Delinquency Rainfall Runoff Studies Farm Land L^se Subsistence Homesteads Work on Biological Property Laboratories Spotted Fever Control Mosquito Pest Control Work on National Forest Farm Housing Survey Work on Experiment Station Meterological Data Municipal Airport Department Advisory Census of American Business Directory of American Business Real Property Inventory Urban Tax Delinquency Supplementing Survey Control Improving Lighthouse Property National Relief Census Archeological Excavations Various Improvements Buildings and Grounds Clearing Tar Creek Photo Mapping Stream Flow Records Con-struction Historic Buildings Survey Work on National Parks Water Sheds Homesteads Record Employment and Pay Roll Reemployment Office Reemployment Record Study Record Rehabilitation Malaria Control Rural Sanitation Work at Army Posts Development and Construction Clerical Enumerator Work on Federal Cemeteries Semilogical Survey Repairs on Post Office AAA 69.24 3,185.80 4,843.74 40,4/8.90 3.00 2,424.83 911.91 69.60 6.00 11.00 51,470.63 18,485.21 27,706.90 17,860.93 384.00 287.41 31,312.45 210.00 1,463.91 4,507.89 32,959.30 988.80 6,208.37 14,247.47 51,015.67 2,543.83 54.50 20,367.20 12,260.18 1,883.73 5,716.68 34,020.10 7,775.07 1,047.25 1,606.60 138,304.16 2,471.81 8,092.69 4,627.61 4,632.38 84,438.48 1,391.75 200.00 6,872.90 1,102.86 1,167.60 270.00 120 4.636 7,160 61,950 6 4,660 1,280 72 12 14 104,798 41,299 37,113 33,818 480 650 54,068 361 3,469 6,173 49,237 2,048 10,663 24,244 66,025 2,917 80 33,868 22,762 3,537 6,576 70,964 9,216 1,176 2,138 243,713 2,544 17,168 6,025 7,278 172,412 2,244 320 13,972 1.188 2,148 651,739.13 1,135,225 CWA PAYROLLS SHOWING TOTALS BY WEEKS' NOVEMBER 15, 1933, TO JULY 26, 1934 Regular Program November 30, 1B33 December 7, 1933 December 14, 1933 December 21, 1933 December 28, 1933 Janu.iry 4, 1934 January 11, 1934 January IS, 1934 JJanuary 25, 1934 February 1, 1934' February S, 1934 February 15, 1934 February 22, 1934 March 1, 1934 March S, 1934 March 15, 1934 March 22, 1934 March 29, 1934 Total Regular Program Men Amount Men Amount Federal Projects, State Adminis- 16,064 S 120,897.72 TRATION AND LIQUIDATION 33.163 349,372.96 April 5, 1934 2,550 S 31,367.96 41,373 476,716.79 April 12, 1934 1,474 24,671.93 65,006 603,441.40 April 19, 1934 1,119 17,242,42 5S.721 609,690.13 April 26, 1934 880 15,273.90 64, SOS 801,491.76 May 3, 1934 576 10,020.79 69,230 881,281.58 May 10, 1934 216 4,304.28 71,608 931,642.64 May 17, 1934 164 3,614.08 ♦72,533 620,182.08 May 24, 1934 167 3,780.82 70.324 576,604.69 May 31, 1934 150 3,233.98 72.000 661,776.29 June 7, 1934 126 2,795.02 71,125 644,716.19 June 14, 1934 126 2,799.08 71.352 669,588.38 June 21, 1934 124 2,751.10 48,562 466,966.06 June 28, 1934 107 2,424.65 43,969 369,497.41 July 6, 1934 95 2,060.48 38,668 338,191.66 July 12, 1934 86 1,876,82 34,111 309,651.09 July 19, 1934 19 317.15 28,905 268,194.03, July 26, 1934 Total F 1 11.72 I 961,522 S 9,689,900.86 ederal Projects, State Administration AND Ll TOTAL [QUIDATION 7,980 S 128,536.08 PAYROLLS 969,502 $ 9,818,436.94 Payrolls State Projects Payrolls Federal Projects Total Payrolls S 9,166,697.81 651.739.13 S 9,818,436.94 fMaterials Purchased Equipment Rentals TOTAL CWA EXPENDITURES 2. 041. 192. 44 295,370.62 2,336,563.06t S12.155.000.00 * The peak of employment under CWA reached 78,360 workers, including; CWS projects, refer paye 263. In addition to workers paid from CWA funds, women employed on CWS and paid from ERA funds numbered; December 3,215; January 5,369; February 6,836; March 5,072. Payrolls on CWS are included in the report of ERA expenditures for work relief. t Working hours were reduced from 30 to 24 hours per week in cities and 15 hours per week in rural areas, t NOTE.— Re. Page 77. Purchase orders recorded $2,490,124.27 includes orders later canceled. Emergency Relief in Worth Carolina 113 (i) Gymnasium built in Yadkin County. (2) Schoolhouse built in Iredell County. Pump house and Gymnasium in background also built as ERA projects. (3) Tyriell County Home constructed under CWA and ERA. (4) School fa? m shop built in Iredell County. (5) County Home barn built in Union County. (6) County Home barn built in Haywood County. (7) Community House built in Madison County. (8) Community House built at Leaksville, Rockingham County. 114 Emeegenct Relief in !N"oeth Carolina (i) Green Creek gymnasium constructed in Polk County under CWA and ERA. (2) Gymnasium constructed at Rock Springs, Denier, Lincoln County. (3) School built at Hay esville, Clay County. (4) Waxhaw High School gymnasium constructed in Union County. (5) Stone gymnasium built at Andrews in Cherokee County. (6) Bald Creek School gymnasium and assembly hall constructed in Tancey County. STATE OFFICE CWA— ERA ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF Mrs. Thomas O'Berry, Administrator Mrs. Elisabeth Greer Seese, Secretary Assistant Administrator and Director Division of So- cial Service : Roy M. Brown Edith Williams, Assistant to Director Division of Social Service Cora Page Godfrey, Secretary Assistant Director of County Organization : Mrs. W. T. Bost, Public Wel- fare Commissioner Executive Assistant to Ad- ministrator : Ronald B. Wilson Field Representatives : W. T. Mattox Mary P. Ward Lois Dosher T. L. Grier May E. Campbell Nancy L. Austin Louise W. Frye Waller Wynne, Jr. Columbus Andrews Transient Division : M. Pearl Weaver, Director Women's Division : Alice Laidlaw, Director Supply Department : L. H. Williams, Supply Offi- cer Information Clerk : Engineering Department : Joseph Hyde Pratt, Consult- ing Engineer F. Q_. Boyer, Assistant State Engineer T. W. Morse, State Project Supervisor Philip Schwartz, Chief Office Engineer C. E. Mcintosh, Director Public School Projects Field Engineers : E. L. Curtis Gerald Cowan John P. Brady E. W. Cole Harold Macklin C. C. McGinnis R. W. McGeachy W. W. Baker J. B. Moore William Wyatt Luther T. Rogers H. C. Lawrence E. L. Winslow George J. Brooks Purchasing Department : J. M. Coleman, Purchasing Officer F. O. Arthur, Assistant Pur- chasing Officer G. M. Hutchinson, Specifica- tions Engineer Burton Sellars, Assistant Pur- chasing Officer Public Relations Depart- ment : Auditing Department : R. C. Carter, Chief Auditor J. C. Greene, Accountant Lena Simmons, Chief Payroll Clerk Field Auditors : J. E. White H. J. Johnson Minnie B. Morgan E. S. Pedigo W. L. Stancil W. L. Gilbert M. L. Cornwell G. W. Cobb W. E. Vernon G. A. Boatwright C. O. P. Hughey Alex H. Kizer Lewis H. Parham Fred Ferguson State Disbursing Officer : J. W. Reynar Statistical Department : H. P. Brinton, Statistician Statistical Auditor of County Reports : George W. Bradshaw Compensation Department : J. S. Massenburg, Director Safety Department : Mrs. Locke Craig John H. Sikes, Director E. G. Padgett, Director 116 Emergency Relief in N^oeth Carolina County Alamance Alexander Alleghany Anson Ashe Avery Beaufort Bertie Bladen Brunswick Buncombe Asheville Burke Cabarrus Caldwell Camden Carteret Caswell Catawba Chatham Cherokee Chowan Clay Cleveland Columbus Craven Cumberland Currituck Dare Davidson Davie Duplin Durham Edgecombe Rocky Mount Forsyth Winston-Salem Franklin Gaston Gates Graham Granville Greene Local CWA and ERA Administrators Name Mrs. Mabel K. Montgomery, Acting Mrs. M. L. Gwaltney C. A. Miles Miss Mary Robinson Bryan Oliver Mrs. R. W. Wall Mrs. I. P. Hodges Dr. T. A. White Chatham C. Clark Frank M. Sasser E. E. Connor Miss E. Grace Miller Mrs. Lou London Marsteller E. F. White Mrs. Cathleen Warren Mrs. O. N. Marshall Mrs. Malcolm Lewis Mrs. V. E. Swift Miss Victoria Bell Miss Mary Paschal, Acting R. W. Gray Mrs. Chas. P. Wales, Acting Mrs. W. T. Hunt H. S. Woodson Mrs. Agnes Barnhardt Mrs. John D. Whitford Mrs. Mamie Armfield Norman Hughes Theo. S. Meekins Curry F. Lopp J. S. Kirk Mrs. Harvey Boney A. E. Langston Mrs. Winnifred Y. Wiggins Mrs. R. D. BuUuck A. W. Chne Miss Helena E. Hermance C. W. E. Pittman Mrs. Gertrude K. Keller Mrs. C. H. Carter Miss Jane S. Sullivan Mrs. Lee C. Taylor Mrs. N. F. Palmer Address Graham Taylors vilje Sparta Wadesboro West Jefferson Newland Washington Windsor Elizabethtown Southport Asheville Asheville Morganton Concord Lenoir Belcross Beaufort Yanceyville Newton Pittsboro Murphy Edenton Hayes ville Shelby Whiteville New Bern Fayetteville Currituck Manteo Lexington Mocksville Kenans ville Durham Tarboro Rocky Mount Winston-Salem Winston-Salem Louisburg Gastonia Gates ville Robbins ville Oxford Snow Hill Emekgency Relief in North Carolina 117 Local CWA and ERA Administrators — Continued County Name Guilford Mrs. Blanche Carr Sterne Greensboro Miss Ethel Speas, City Hall High Point Miss EuzeHa Smart Halifax J. B. Hall Harnett Miss Lillie Davis Haywood Homer Henry Henderson Noah Hollowell Hertford Mrs. Hilda G. Kite Hoke L. A. Dalton Hyde Mrs. T. S. Payne Iredell Mrs. E. M. Land Jackson N. D. Davis Johnston Mrs. D. J. Thurston Jones Mrs. J. R. Burt, Acting Lee Miss Ruth Henry Lenoir Rev. G. B. Hanrahan Lincoln Miss Helen Reinhardt Macon Miss Rachel Davis Madison Mrs. Warren T. Davis Martin J. Raleigh Manning McDowell Mrs. G. W. Kirkpatrick Mecklenburg Charles F. Gilmore Mitchell Raymond F. Ashley Montgomery Charles J. McLeod Moore Miss Elizabeth Head Nash Mrs. J. K. Smith New Hanover J. Allan Taylor Miss Elma Ashton, Assistant Northampton Mrs. J. A. Fly the Orange Geo. H. Lawrence Onslow M. A. Cowell PamHco Mrs. G. T. Farnell Pasquotank A. H. Outlaw Pender H. M. Corbett Perquimans Charles E. Johnson, Jr. Person Miss Eglantine Merritt Pitt K. T. Futrell Polk Mrs. Evelyn Cole Bowers Randolph Robert T. Lloyd Richmond O. G. Reynolds Robeson Robert D. Caldwell Rockingham Miss Lona Glidewell Rowan Mrs. Mary O. Linton Rutherford Mrs. John R. Anderson, Jr. Sampson A. W. Daughtry _ Address Greensboro Greensboro High Point Halifax Lillington Waynes ville Hendersonville Winton Raeford Swan Quarter Statesville Sylva Smithfield Trenton Sanford Kinston Lincolnton Franklin Marshall Williamston Marion Charlotte Bakers ville Troy Carthage Nashville Wilmington Wilmington Jackson Chapel Hill Jacksonville Bayboro Elizabeth City Burgaw Hertford Roxboro Greenville Tryon Asheboro Rockingham Lumberton Reidsville Salisbury Rutherfordton Clinton 118 ..Emergency Relief in N^oeth Carolina Local CWA and ERA Administrators — Continued County Name Address Scotland E. Fairly Murray Laurinburg Stanly Otto B. Mabry Albemarle Stokes Mrs. Minnie G. Doyle Danbury Surry Mrs. Emma Reece Mock Dobson Swain H. P. Browning Bryson City Transylvania Wilham Arthur Wilson Brevard Tyrrell Mrs. W. S. Carawan Columbia Union J. P. Marsh Monroe Vance Mrs. W. B. Waddill Henderson Wake Mrs. T. W. Bickett Raleigh Raleigh Miss Lola Wilson Raleigh Warren Jesse Gardner Warrenton Washington Mrs. W. C. Brewer (Resigned Jan. '34) Plymouth J. E. Gibbs Plymouth Watauga Mrs. Smith Hagaman Boone Wayne R. H. Edwards (Resigned Feb. i, '34) Goldsboro Goldsboro. Mrs. L. D. Giddens Goldsboro Wilkes Mrs. Valeria Belle Foster N. Wilkesboro Wilson James T. Barnes Wilson Yadkin W. S. Church Yadkinville Yancey C. L. Proffitt Burns ville Emergency Relief in North Carolina 115 (i) Community Home built at Roxboro, Person County. (2) Community House built al Belmont, Gaston County. (3) Community House built at .-iyden, Pitt County. (4) Community House built at Pittsbow, Chatham County. 120 Emeegejn'cy Relief in 1^3'orth Carolina ,' -0 \:.:z^--:^_ ~~ — -z ■■•■:.■■■■ "",-—> "'l^X^'-^i '".'.ii:." " "^ - ' ,•;::: :: '^"'""■''"■'~s*' ■ . •■;_„', [^^ .^*»^B?^ (i) Waccamaw Community House and gymnasium, Brunswick County. County. (3) Red Oak Community House, J^ash County. (a) Field Museum at Municipal Park, Washington, Beaufort Ejiebgency Relief in North Carolina 121 (i) Negro school at Selma, Johnston County, built with ERA and State funds. (2) Comfort School, Jones County. (3) Addition to colored school in Wake County. (4) Addition to school in Stanly County. (5) Negro school built in Scotland County. (6) Training school built m Moore County. (7) School built in Moore County. (8) Laurinburg vocational school in Scotland County . 122 Emebgency Relief in North Carolina \,.7 "^t mw^UW^ i: (i) Community Building at Lenoir, Caldwell County. {2) Biological Laboratory at Beaufort, Carteret County. (3) Community House at Marion, AIcDowell County. (4) Pleasant Garden Community House, McDowell County. (5) Community House at Rutherford- ton, Rutlierford County. (6) Community House, Rutherfordlon, Rutherford County. THE SOCIAL SERVICE DIVISION OF THE NORTH CAROLINA EMERGENCY RELIEF ADMINISTRATION The Objective of a Social Service Division "Essentially, social case work involves two things, the attempt to understand the needs and problems of a particular family, and the attempt to work out a plan of treatment adapted to the needs of that particular family."^ The objective of a Social Service Division is service to the family. In meeting this objective, this dixision made use of the resources of other divisions, such as the Works Division and the Rural Rehabilitation Division which also had specified responsibilities to families. The Social Service Division was called upon to handle any problems to which a family falls heir, from giving direct relief, to finding a way for the burial of a family member, although ERA could not pay for this latter service. If domestic difficulties threatened the harmonious unity of a family, the social worker tried to serve as an outlet for overwrought emotions, and in so doing helped to stabilize the situation. In discussing the responsibility of the Social Service Division for service to families, it is necessary to consider the individual in relation to his environment. The social worker sees a person and his environment as a whole : (a) his attitudes toward work, toward his family or his fellowmen which grow out of the opportunities which life brings him, plus his natural endowments, and the series of experiences which weave themselves somehow into the fabric of his existence ; (b) his setting, the home in which he was born and reared, its culture, its harmony, its discipline, its ideals, its strength, and its handicaps ; (c) his initiative and creative powers as revealed by his progress in home building, his success in earning a livelihood and in personal accomplishments. The Normal Family Is Self-Supporting The normal family is an independent and self-sufficient unit. It gives those services of which it is capable and receives in return that income which means shelter, food, clothing, medical attention, education and recreation. When the income is sufficient, there can be more investment in what are usually termed luxuries. But the law of cause and effect also operates in family life. When some cause, such as unemployment, illness, marital or family disruption, is set into operation, it tends to deflect the harmonious flow of family life. A disruption occurs, its seriousness and the period of its effect, being directly proportioned to the seriousness of the cause. It is when a serious disruption occurs which needs some outside counsel and assistance, beyond the resources of the family, that it becomes necessary to extend available aid in one form or another. Unemployment Beyond the immediate en\ironment of the family may be a worldwide depression. Within the family en\ironment is forced unemployment. Whate\'er the cause may be, the effects of prolonged ' Porter, Rose, "The Organization and Administration of Public Relief Agencies." 124 Emergency Relief in !Noeth Carolina unemployment are easily discernible. Unemployment means the need of food, light, shelter, clothing, education, and recreation, not alone for actual subsistence, but for the conservation of those vital human factors, the maintenance of which makes for a wholesome family and community life. While leaders in government and industry are attempting to mend the fabric of our national economic life, it becomes the task of social workers to aid in conserving our human resources, to impart morale, and to lend their aid in stimulating the creation of those standards of living which will best maintain human xalues. Reasons Why Individuals Do Poor Work and Find Fewer Job Opportunities — Sickness, Worry, and Insufficient Food Another family situation which demands the attention of social workers is that occasioned by part-time employment. Part-time employment is one step nearer actual unemployment. Part- time jobs, or poorly paid jobs, mean poor shelter, insufficient food and clothing, sickness and worry. Individuals whose livelihood depends on manual labor cannot, under these conditions, continue to earn for themsehes and others. Skilled and professional workers cannot work well and worry at the same time. Lack of the necessities of life causes sickness. The body must ha\e proper nourishment, just as it must have sufficient shelter and clothing. Security and recreation are as essential to mental health as food and clothing are to physical health. Worry for oneself and one's dependents, if prolonged, may invite physical, mental, and even moral breakdowns. There will be an attendant loss of that driving force which coordinates the whole personality and gives it a sense of direction. A poor diet or worry causes an individual's work to fall below par. He is usually the first to be "laid oflF" because of the mediocre nature of his work. If an individual's work has been consistently mediocre, he has never had either commendation or recommendations from his employer or fellow- workmen. This fact leads to further personality difficulties. Chance illness, diseases, and unavoid- able injury are other causes of part-time employment, or involuntary unemployment. A poor background, illiteracy, a poor understanding of working and farming conditions, as well as poor health habits, are other causes for families not being self-supporting. The Social Work Problem The foregoing statements suggest certain problems of service to the family. The tools which a social worker uses in performing services to the family include a knowledge of human nature and social institutions, objective analysis, a consideration of the role of the family and the individuals therein, practical suggestions to arouse effort on the part of the individuals themselves to work out their own problems, and, through assistance in the form of relief, to supply those deficiencies which unemployment and impoverishment of body and mind have brought about. This last was, for the majority of families, the major role assumed by the Social Service Division, for the program of emergency relief has been directed primarily to the financial needs of families. The Social Work Approach to the Problem of Unemployment Relief "To help man out of trouble one must know him and understand him . . ." when the difficulty concerns a human being, we should approach its adjustment from as complete a knowledge of him as it is possible to obtain.^ 'de Schweinitz, Karl, "The Art of Helping People Out of Trouble." Emergency Relief in North Carolina 125 The Investigation, Learning the Family Situation The "in\'estigation," or more appropriately, the "social inquiry," seeks a clear understanding of the family and its needs. The investigation, then, is an attempt on the part of the social worker to obtain this knowledge. The social worker learns the family situation in terms of the following factors : a knowledge of the family income, if any ; the family resources, both material and personal ; the family's health, which includes knowledge of the family's dietary and health habits ; the home, and the lacks, if any, in the way of conveniences ; the living and sleeping arrangements, and the state of repair of the. premises. Further, the social inquiry should obtain a knowledge of the family's environment, its heritage and interests, emerging from its background and experience, and the acquired interests of the family. The attitudes of each individual to the others, to the family, and to the social worker are other factors which the social worker observes. Observation is not limited to any one particular phase of the family, but of necessity, greater emphasis is laid on the apparent major problem or need, whether it be financial, health, or personal maladjustment of an individual in the family. The Family and the Social Worker Make Plans The social worker gathers information as the basis for making plans for assistance to the family. She has been able to learn something of the vocational background from former employers. In the light of the facts which she obtains, she is able to approach the family with her knowledge, understanding, and ability to extend any needed financial assistance, on the one hand, and, on the other, with an appeal to the family to plan with her in meeting its problems. Home Relief Clothing, rent, household necessities, and other commodities were given to the family, when lack of income, or the family's unemployability, made it necessary. Medical care, surgical and corrective care were other services provided for families with income insuflficient to meet these needs. The social worker was sometimes faced with personality difficulties in individuals. Advice about home making, the care of young children, or instruction in health habits and home beautification were other services which were asked for by families and given by the social worker. The Works Division and Its Resources If the problem be that of unemployment, as has been the case during these last years for the majority of those in need, then the worker and the family plan together to provide work for that family member best suited to be the breadwinner, either through private employment, or by place- ment on public works projects under the ERA Works Division. The family and the worker conclude that, as a means of assistance in meeting the financial problems, work is preferable to direct relief in maintaining the family's self-respect and independence, as well as the respect of the family's friends and fellow-citizens. With the prolonged depression, the value of work relief, as compared with direct relief, became more and more apparent. It was more adequate and provided the opportunity for the relief clients to live by their own efforts. The Civil Works Administration demonstrated that people could be profitably employed on public works projects. The public, as well as the Works Division, was interested in having desirable work done well. As the work program developed, the Social Service Division was called upon to assume a heavy task, that of cooperating with the Works Division in certifying members of families who were most suitable for employment on projects because of their employability or particular 126 Emergency Relief in I^orth Carolina EXPENDITURES OF ERA DOLLAR APRIL, 1935 N. C. ERA Emergency Relief in jSTorth Carolina 127 skills. This relationship between the Social Service Division and' the Works Division continued until the end of ERA, each division strengthening the other through its contributions and concern for the well-being of the families. The quality of the service rendered families by the Social Service Division, cooperating with the other divisions, demonstrated the value of a careful analysis of family strengths, needs, temperaments, and potentialities for restoration to a self-sufficient status. In a selected month, April, 1935 (see page 126), it will be seen that 48.6 per cent of the ERA dollar was used for general relief, that is, direct relief and work relief. Of this amount, that expended for work relief was slightly more than twice the amount of direct relief, work relief being 33 per cent, and direct relief being 15.6 per cent. The remainder of the ERA dollar went for special programs, such as Rural Rehabilitation, 19.3 per cent ; Administration, 9.2 per cent ; Materials, 7.1 per cent ; the Educational Program, 5.6 per cent ; Rentals, 4.9 per cent ; Non-Relief Expenditures, 3.2 per cent ; and Transients, 0.9 per cent. This analysis shows the increasing importance of the Works Di\ision as it was de\eloped, for one of its major functions became that of fitting its employment of individuals into the total social program of the ERA as administered by the Social Serxice Divi- sion. The Social Ser\ice Di\'ision had the further responsibility of keeping check on the individual's work history, of granting relief to unemployables, emergency cases, and of providing medical care, etc. Determining Eligibility The "Intake Clerk," or office interviewer, had the responsibility of determining which applica- tions should be accepted and referred to the case worker for full investigation. Approximately 40 per cent of applications made was not accepted. The following policy governing investigations was determined by the Federal Emergency Relief Administration : "The minimum investigation shall include a prompt \'isit to the home ; inquiry as to real property, bank accounts, and other financial resources of the family ; an interview with at least one recent employer ; and determination of the ability and agreement of family, relatives, friends, and churches and other organizations to assist ; also the liability under public welfare laws of the several states, of members of a family, or relatives, to assume such support in order to prevent such member becoming a public charge. "Investigation shall be made, not only of persons applying directly to the office, but also of those reported to it. In this emergency, it is the duty of those responsible for the administration of unemployment relief to seek out persons in need, and to secure the cooperation of clergymen, school teachers, nurses, and organizations that might assist." Case workers were requested to keep in close touch with the family under care to avoid the necessity of the applicant applying repeatedly to the office for assistance. Standards of Relief The standards of relief were influenced by standards of living in the community, and were determined largely by the local or district administrators on the basis of funds available. Certain state-wide policies were in force regarding preparation of family weekly budgets by the local social service division and the determination of budgetary deficiency, the difference between the estimated budget and any income to the family. This "budgetary deficiency" was provided, as nearly as funds permitted, to prevent suffering and preserve health. Because of the under- nourishment of families, a variety of diet and the best quality of food in addition to clothing were provided wherever possible. 128 Emergency Relief in North Carolina OBLIGATIONS INCURRED FOR RELIEF BY TYPE OF GOODS OR SERVICES EXTENDED April 1934-March 1935 Food Shelter Clothing Fuel Light Water, Gas Medical '934 April S 3'3-932-54 % 7,465-14 S 22,432.31 S 14-857-03 S 87.58 S 52.852.49 May 275,817.82 6,906.76 12,651.93 6,966.28 125.84 51,943-11 June 251,966.08 9,234.61 I5-I98-99 3,763-64 74-31 51,236.79 July 246,768.26 9,242.11 22,890.33 2,807.90 278.38 52,128.30 August 233,436.48 21,413.06 23.389-42 2,432.17 712.65 52,263.94 September 203,493.84 17,206.24 30,183.51 3,098-47 261.69 41,1 18.16 October 187,336.71 17,340.51 77.873-27 7.335-41 234-38 41.759-75 November 195,258.40 19,439.64 117,400.22 I 7,246.09 136.78 4', 152-03 December 221,970.53 15,685.85 93.7'9-73 30,469.33 '56.54 43,386.67 '935 January 200,979.36 14.395-68 54,181.43 33,693-48 "4-15 53,880.34 February 186,864.19 10,419.61 38,485-74 24,073.87 84.85 52,934-83 Marcli 236,001.18 8,824.81 58,646.97 16,755.08 96-99 61,662.98 Total $ 2,753,825.39 5 157.574-02 $ 567.053-85 s 163,498.75 $ 2,364.14 $ 596,319-39 Seed Feed Rural Rehabilitation Cash Other Total '934 April S 33,000.94 I 30,086.00 $ 110,859.92 B 4.923- '6 s 590,497-" May 24,003.42 15,273-51 244,041.23 66,492-55 704,222.45 June 14,882.17 17.130-15 319,340.03 57.360.92 740,187.69 July 2,290.02 4,995-57 425.519-12 21,883.08 788,803.07 August 1, 016. go 2,381.29 605,302.92 17,582.08 959.930.91 September 693-99 1,538.99 480,195.83 8.575-3' 786,366.03 October 350.66 1,229.40 459.501-79 10,413.48 803.375-36 November 1,708.53 921.29 714,750.83 6,028.81 1,1 14,042.62 December 726.98 875-24 726,352.92 1.539-55 1,134,883.34 '935 January' 66.80 1,323-23 s 286.09 844.757-4' 3.998-32 1,207,676.29 February 47.81 2,236.33 29.515-24 641,003.51 1.520.3' 987,186.29 March 7,>3'-97 11,242.59 90,185.86 730,757.08 9,264.01 1,230,569.52 Total S 85,920.19 S 89,233-59 s 119.987-19 s 6,302,382.59 5 209,581.58 $1 1,047,740.68 Emergency Eelief in I^okth Carolina 129 N.C.ERA Statistical Division HOW THE CLIENT'S DOLLAR IS SPENT 3-0% Miscellaneous 54% Medical Care i.uyo Seed and Feed 1.5% Fuel 1.4% Shelter BASED ON OBLIGATIONS INCURRED FOR RELIEF APRIL, 1934, THROUGH MARCH, 1935 130 Emeegency Relief in North Carolina PER CENT DISTRIBUTION OF CASE LOAD BETWEEN WHITE AND COLORED June, Rank Co„.:ly Percent 1 CHOWAN 76.2 2 MECKLKNBURO 69-4 3 NEW HANOVER 68.7 4 HERTFORD 68.3 fi DURHAM 66.7 n CASWELL 66.5 7 PERSON 66.1 R PERQUIMANS 65.9 MARTIN 65.8 ]0 GRANVILLE 64.6 11 ALAMANCE 63.6 12 GATES 62.8 13 WILSON 61.2 14 HYDE 60.1 15 LEE 58.6 16 EDGECOMBE 57.8 17 ORANGE 57.4 18 RICHMOND 56.3 19 WAKE 65.4 20 MOORE 54.8 21 ROWAN 54.7 22 CUMBERLAND 64.6 23 HALIFAX 54.4 24 PAfWUOTANK 54.3 26 HOKE 53.5 26 FORSYTH 52.4 27 ANSON 52.1 2« HARNETT 62.0 29 VANCE 60.4 30 WARREN 49.1 31 CHATHAM 48.3 32 GUILFORD 48.3 33 UNION 46.0 34 NORTHAMPTON 45.1 35 WASHINGTON 44.7 36 WAYNE 44.5 37 NASH 43.5 3(1 ROBESON 43.2 39 GREENE 43.2 40 SCOTLAND 42.2 41 LENOIR 41.7 42 BERTIE 41.6 43 CABARRUS 41.4 44 DAVIE 40.9 45 JOHNSTON 40.8 46 PITT 40,7 47 JONES 40,3 48 DUPLIN 38.7 49 CLEVELAND 37. '6 50 PENDER 37.2 51 BLADEN 36.8 52 PAMLICO 38.7 53 CURRITUCK 36.7 54 CRAVEN 36.6 55 STANLY 36.6 56 BEAUFORT 34.1 67 TYRRELL 32.6 58 BUNCOMBE 30,4 69 BRUNSWICK 30.4 60 FRANKLIN 30.1 61 IREDELL 30.0 62 BURKE 29.4 63 ROCKINGHAM 28.8 64 MONTGOMERY 27.7 65 CAMDEN 25.0 66 SAMPSON 22.0 67 STOKES 21.4 68 CATAWBA 19.8 69 RANDOLPH 19.7 70 HENDERSON 19,2 71 DAVIDSON 19.1 72 GASTON 18.6 73 ONSLOW 18Ji 74 McDowell 18.3 75 CALDWELL 17.1 76 COLUMBUS 16.6 77 RUTHERFORD 16.2 78 Y'ADKIN 15.9 79 LINCOLN 14.8 80 POLK 13.3 81 CARXERET 13.2 ALEXANDER 13,0 83 TRANSYLVANIA 11.3 84 SURRY 11.1 85 DARE 10,5 86 WILKES 9.2 87 ALLEGHANY 7.3 88 WATAUGA 4.0 89 HAYWOOD 3.8 80 ASHE 3.3 91 MACON 3.1 82 JACKSON 2.7 93 SWAIN 1.9 84 MADISON 1.4 95 Y'ANCEY 1.1 96 CHEROKEE 1.0 97 AVERY .7 97 MITCHELL .3 99 CLAY .0 100 GRAHAM .0 White TTTTTTTI Colored N. C. ERA— Statialical Dtx-lsion. Emergtsntv Relief in North Carolina 131 Service Cases Families and indi\iduals other than those receixing reHef were lv v \ / — — _ / / / y y ^ s ^0 — °- ,^ a^ / — 0/ — — / / ■» X H W )> n r " — — -. "S. — ■^. July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. 1934 1935 Food Clothing Medicine— o — o— Shelter jmhw**- Fuel- -. Emergency Relief in North Carolina 133 social work training and experience, and a uniform salary scale worked out on the basis of this classification. Training was provided for the visitors along the lines previously followed. Arrangements for further training were made during the year 1934 with the School of Public Administration of the University to send a selected group of case workers to the University for a quarter's work to be followed by work in the field. This training was financed by the North Caro- lina Emergency Relief Administration. A special grant from the Federal Emergency Relief Administration made it possible for a group of fellowships to be awarded. In the fall of 1934, six students were sent to the New York School of Social Work for the fall and winter quarters, four were sent to the Pennsyhania School of Social Work for one semester, and four to the Atlanta School of Social Work for one semester. In the spring of 1935, six were sent to the New York School for the spring and summer quarters, five to the Pennsylvania School for the spring semester, and four to the Atlanta School for the spring semester. FERA Fellowship Students The New York School of Social Work : Fall and Winter, 1934 Mrs. Roma Cheek Mrs. Inez B. Wall Miss E\elyn Rogers Miss Virginia Crawford Miss Euzelia Smart Miss Mary Louise Riggsbee The Pennsylvania School of Social Work Fall, 1934 Miss Kathleen Tyer Miss Rebecca Hoskins Mrs. Bina Scott Roberts Miss Mary Frances Parker The Atlanta School of Social Work : Fall, 1934 Mr. James H. Bailey, Jr. Mrs. Jeanette M. Sills Mrs. Mary Delahey Miss Rose Mae Withers Spring and Summer, 1935 Miss Lessie Toler Miss Ethel Speas Miss Grace Williams Mrs. Lucille Hassell Harris Mr. J. S. Kirk Miss Ruth Henry Spring, 1934 Miss Margaret Glover Mrs. Mary Neal Jackson Miss Iris Fly the Miss Lenna Gambill Mrs. Marguerite LeMay Mauney Spring, 1935 Mrs. P. S. O' Kelly Miss Ruth Mitchell Mr. James H. Holmes Mr. Godfrey Herndon Within the organization a program of Institutes was arranged to provide some training for all the workers without taking them away from their duties for too long a period. A Director of Institutes and an Assistant, both trained social workers, were added to the state staff. These institutes were of two types. There was one series of four-day institutes held at various points, including the supervisory personnel and visiting staff from the entire state. Emphasis was placed upon the philosophy of social work and social work techniques, the application of social work practice to particular situations, and the relation of the Visitor to her job and to the community. The other series of institutes was of two weeks' duration. Classes were informal, based on a com- bination method of lecture, discussion, written assignments, and written reports. Emphasis was 134 Emergency Relief in North Carolina N.C.ERA Statistical Division AVERAGE RELIEF BENEFITS PER PERSON BY SIZE OF FAMILY FEBRUARY, 1935 10 9 8 7 6 CO < H 5 4 \ 3 ^ ^s. 2 'J "^ ^ "^ ■ I 10 II 12 or more Number Persons Comprising Family Emekgency Relief in North Carolina 135 laid on the study of the Visitor's attitude and the importance of this attitude in administering relief, the importance of allowing the client to make his own plans, taking operative factors into consideration. The influence of the philosophy of case work in the Emergency Relief Administration was shown. The interview was analyzed and studied. The necessity of determining relief eligibility on a budgetary basis was elaborated. The national program was clarified in both series of institutes. Impro\'ement was made in social records and organization of the routine of visitors. Uniform forms for a more complete face sheet, a budget form, a field sheet, intake blank, case transfer records, and other forms were introduced. Special effort was made to procure complete case histories of all relief families. A Manual of Instruction for Supervisors and Visitors was published which included a definition of the field of activity of Supervisors and Visitors, as well as suggestions in regard to procedure. District reference libraries of social work publications were supplied by the state office to be made available to the case workers. Interruption of the Social Program by the Civil Works Administration The development and strengthening of the social program in 1933 and 1934 was disrupted and set back by the Civil Works Administration. The speed with which this immense program was put into operation made it impossible to build up a well-equipped personnel. The need was immediate and had to be met without delay. This situation meant that the attention and interest of all workers were absorbed by CWA, and as a result, long-time plans and routine procedure suffered. Problems Growing Out of the Civil Works Administration After the Civil Works Administration was brought to a close, many problems growing out of it remained to aggravate the difficulties of the Social Service Division. The pressure of the program had instilled work habits that were too hurried to be thorough. There was general confusion about the nature of the program after the end of the Civil Works Administration, and many persons were demanding work although they were resentful of case work investigations and relief budgets. The investigation of new applicants for relief was a tremendous job and a difficult one due to attitudes which had developed. Relief clients who had received high wages fought a decrease in allowances, During the three months of hurry and strain, case records had lapsed and visiting habits suffered. In addition to a reinterpretation of the program to the client and would-be client, the social service workers had a large part of the responsibility of interpretation to the public, a public resentful toward the high wages of the Civil Works Administration. When the program was put back on a relief basis, the case worker had to interpret to the Works Division the abilities of the clients and in many cases to withstand pressure for certification of non- relief skilled workmen to complete CWA projects. During this period, the clients developed a highly critical attitude toward administrative workers. Complaint letters increased tremendously in volume, organized protest groups became more active and vocal and thus required more time from the Social Service Division. It was not easy to gather up the broken and tangled threads and try to start again weaving a pattern planned before the CWA experience. Case loads had grown, the organization had grown in size and complexity, and the work of the social service staff needed redefinition and reformation. The staff was not equipped and was not large enough for the task confronting it. It became a pressing concern of the Director of Social Service to put into immediate effect plans for the reorgan- ization of the Social Service Division, plans which had been, of necessity, abandoned during CWA. 136 Emergency Relief in N'orth Cakolina N.C.ERA Statistical Division Per Cent SIZE OF FAMILY— RELIEF AND GENERAL POPULATION JANUARY, 1935 ° f 456789 SIZE OF FAMILY— NO. PERSONS 10 II 12 General Population '////j Relief Population Emergency Relief in ISTorth Carolina 137 An adjustment division, under the supervision of the Assistant to the Director of the Social Service Division, was added. All complaints were carefully analyzed, referred to the proper division of ERA for investigation and adjustment, and followed through until a completed report of investi- gation, and adjustment where justified, was in the state office files. Consolidation of County Units to Strengthen the Social Program During the months following the liquidation of CWA, the social workers, already carrying far too heavy loads in number of clients per worker, were called upon to assist all other divisions to such an extent that social work was lagging. Through the consolidation of the 107 administrative units into 31 districts, the Social Service Division was strengthened. In each county a branch office was retained, with a staff of visitors and a senior case worker in charge. In the process of consolidation, trained social workers were secured for almost all of the district social service supervisory positions. The district social service supervisor worked directly under the District Administrator and was in charge of all social service activities in the district. This included supervision of all visitors through the senior case worker, and organization of the routine of the county office, in addition to coordination of the work in the various branch offices. In one or two instances, persons with no training, but with considerable experience with the organization, were selected. These were to be replaced by trained workers as they became available. The introduction of trained supervisors was one of the most important advances made by the North Carolina Emergency Relief Administration in improving the organi- zation and standards of case work done. NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF FAMILIES BY SIZE FOR NORTH CAROLINA— 1930 AND CASE LOAD— JANUARY, 1935 Population — 1930 Number of Per Cent of Case Load — -January, 1935 Number of Per Cent of Size of Family Families Total Families Families Relief Families TOTAL 644,033 100. 74,155 100. I Person 28,168 4.4 5,454 7-3 2 Persons 103,736 16.0 10,722 14-5 3 Persons 111,883 17.4 11,861 16.0 4 Persons 106,132 16.5 11,507 15-5 5 Persons 87,478 13.6 10,584 14-3 6 Persons 67,961 10.6 8,060 10.9 7 Persons 50,389 7.8 5,900 7-9 8 Persons 35,475 5-5 4,276 5-7 9 Persons 23,846 3-7 2,733 3-8 ID Persons 14,237 2.2 1,569 2.1 II Persons 7,719 1.2 811 I.I 12 or more Persons 7,009 I.I 678 •9 138 Emergency Relief in North Carolina N.C.ERA Statistical Division Per Cent SIZE OF FAMILY— RELIEF AND GENERAL POPULATION JUNE, 1935 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 13 SIZE OF FAMILY— NO. PERSONS General Population ///// Relief Population Emergency Relief in ISTorth Carolina 139 Under the district organization, the staff of the Social Service Division by April, 1935, had increased within a year from approximately five hundred to about ele\'en hundred. The effort was made to employ a sufficient number of visitors to reduce the case load per worker to seventy-five cases in the rural areas and one hundred in urban centers. District Social Service Supervisors and Senior Case Workers were selected with special emphasis upon training, and there was constant weeding out of untrained and unpromising workers employed during the early days of the program when the need for workers was so great that due care could not be given to selection. Sociological Research The Social Service Division has worked closely with research projects carried on under the direction of the Division of Research, Statistics, and Finance of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, giving assistance through case workers and records in the local offices, and furnishing personnel with experience in social investigation for field work. The division directly supervised a continuation of the studies of displaced farm tenants begun in 1933. This study was enlarged and a survey was made of active relief cases in typical counties in all agricultural regions of the state. This survey was of great value in the selection of rural rehabilitation clients. The Social Service Division also cooperated in the Child Welfare Survey carried on by the North Carolina Emergency Relief Administration, the American Legion, and the American Legion Auxiliary. NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF FAMILIES BY SIZE FOR NORTH CAROLINA— 1930 AND CASE LOAD— JUNE, 1935 Population — 1 930 Case Load — June, 1935 Size of Family TOTAL 1 Person 2 Persons 3 Persons 4 Persons 5 Persons 6 Persons 7 Persons 8 Persons 9 Persons 10 Persons 11 Persons 12 or more Persons "slumber of Per Cent of Number of Per Cent of Families Total Famihes Families Relief Families 644,033 100. 62,010 lOO.O 28,168 4.4 3,547 5-7 103,736 16.0 9,211 14.9 111,883 17.4 10,723 17-3 106,132 16.5 10,222 16.5 87,478 13.6 9,048 14.6 67,961 10.6 6,706 10.8 50,389 7.8 4,887 7-9 35,475 5-5 3,277 5-3 23,846 3-7 2,189 3-5 14,237 2.2 1,129 1.8 7,719 1.2 604 I.O 7,009 I.I 467 •7 140 Emergency Relief in ISToeth Carolina '' „4^ See special descriptive matter referring to these Illustrations on page 141. Emekgency Relief in I^oeth Carolina 141 Tabulation of Social Service Workers,* Total Cases Receiving Relief, Total Cases Under Care, and Average Number Cases Under Care Per Month Per Worker October, 1934 to December, 1935 1934 October Noxember December Social Total Cases Total Cases Average Number Ser\ice Receiving Under Cases Under Care Workers Relief Care Per Worker 769 62,207 83,504 108.5 781 67,853 77,290 98.9 706 73,813 83,019 117-5 1935 January February March April May June July August September October November December Average per month 929 74,155 87,489 94-1 971 69,720 82,229 84.6 982 70,549 78,433 79-8 1,002 70,857 76,813 76.6 1,011 66,149 75,838 75-0 1,019 62,010 75,952 74-5 984 59,614 71,778 72.9 940 53,913 67,259 71-5 795 49,357 61,850 77-7 726 47,545 56,563 77-9 623 42,919 54,470 87.4 362 14,186 43,132 119.1 840 59,043 71,708 87-73 DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIONS ON PAGE 140 (i) Home of a typical Ratal Rehabilitation family, Alexander County. (2) Children of this Rural Rehabilitation family , Alexander County. (3) H:)use built for Relief Family, Brunswick County. (4) The home of a Relief family in Iredell County. This house was built during the w nter months of IQ34. Through field wo?k the mother secured $20 with which she purchased a one-acre tract of land. A neighbor offered her the logs in a neai-by house which had fallen down. She and her son, with the help df some neighbors, put these logs together, making a one-room cabin. There wis nothing with which to chink the cracks, and late November found the family with no chimney and no way lo keep out the cold winter air. The mother then agreed to pick 2,000 pounds of cotton for a neighbor if he would give her the brick in a chimney left in his field from a building that had burned there several years before. She and her children took this chimney down and carried the brick about a mile to their cabin. It was then that the RelieJ Administration, together with the County Welfare Department, gave her assistance in building the chimney and boarding up the inside of the cabin. Eleven persons live in this one room. (5) Rural Rehabilitation client. Craven County. This family pircha^ei one acre of land and constructed the ho'ose from farm iruome under the Rural Rehabilitation Program of 1934. (6) Alexander County. The head of this family worked under the CWA program, saved his money and bought a small tract of land on which there was a tobacco barn. With the aid of his wfe and children he gathered field stones and built a chimney, then added a room and porch, in this way converting the barn into a livable home. The owner and his family are delighted to have had an opportunity to acquire a home and are planning through the Rural Rehanlitation Program to buy necessary stock and equipment so that they may become self-supporting. (7) Rural Rehabilitation family , Ruther- ford County, This family built the cabin themselves, out of slabs. The land had no house on it. (8) Relief family , Iredell County. This is an illustration of the need for relief. The family is tragically poor. The father does not have either the willingness or the intelligence to provide for the famHy. There was one bed for the entire family . A pile of cotton in one corner of the room furnished the bed and covering for part of the family. Food was prepared on the hearth, for there was no cook stove. A "hoe-cake" was broken into bits and handed to members of the family, since there was no table at which the family could sit, and there were no dishes from which food could be served. * Includes Stenographers and Clerical Workers of the Social Service Division. 142 EmerctEnct Relief in North Carolina ANALYSIS OF RESIDUAL* CASE LOAD AS OF DECEMBER 5, 1935, N. C. ERA Number OF Cases '3 -51" Number in Family : Adults 30,344 Children 30.875 On Relief : Before May i ,320 On Relief or accepted for relief in May Accepted — June to No\-embcr Accepted since November 7,649 2,967 2,894 13,510 Primary Reasons for Actual or Probable Non-acceptance by Works Progress Administration or Other Federal Programs : On relief after November i No project available Live too far from project Widow (er) with minor children Unmarried mother with minor children All employables in school Responsible person serving sentence 159 Can do light work only 2,894 Chronic illness 468 2,192 Temporary acute illness 328 1,209 Infirm, aged, blind, or crippled 386 470 Insanity 25 Low mentality 90 92 Poor rural rehabilitation risk 223 63 Did not report for WPA work '97 e 159 Private employment 909 497 Temporary private employment 120 Not registered Not called Not certified Not assigned Son in CCC Moved from place of residence Placement incomplete Unknown 23 1,579 27 120 92 65 39 1,243 13,510 Social Security Survey On one of the last research projects of the North CaroHna Emergency Rehef Administration, the Social Service Di\'ision assisted untiringly in an effort to cooperate with the administration in making a survey of all relief clients who may expect benefits from the Federal Social Security Act of 1935. This cooperation consisted of the transfer of some 30,000 case records to prepared schedules. This was an immense job in addition to the manifold functions and tasks that the Social Service Division was called upon to perform in connection with the increasing problems and the decreasing funds during the latter part of 1935. Howe\'er, it was felt that the survey when completed would present to North Carolina an accurate picture of the need of many of its people who have been on relief, and would assist in the future in securing assistance for the aged and infirm, dependent children, the crippled, blind, and physically handicapped, in such proportion as to assure some degree of security for these citizens from the \'icissitudes of life. Services to Other Federal Agencies In the whole period, both before and after consolidation, the Social Service Division continued its services to other agencies in certifying and assisting in placing Emergency Relief Administration clients in other Federal programs, such as Rural Resettlement Administration, National Youth Administration, the Ci\ilian Conservation Corps, the United States Employment Service, the Soil Conservation Service, the Works Progress Administration, etc. By December, 1935, the Social Service Division had certified 67,232 families to the Works Progress Administration and other Federal programs, of which numbers, approximately 45,000 had been placed on this and other programs by the time relief was discontinued. Throughout the whole period of its operation, the Social Service Division, using all the facilities and resources at its command, had one objective, to render adequate service to families and individuals in effecting necessary adjustment ; and one method, to approach the solution of these human problems with an informed mind and in the spirit of understanding. Of this objective, and this method, the public, it is believed, is becoming increasingly aware. * The Residual Case Load is defined as the cases actually receiving relief during the first five days of December, 1935, and for many reasons, such as physical disability, no projects available, widow with minor children, etc., had not been assigned to any public agency as Works Progress Administration, Rural Resettlement, Soil Conservation, etc. This, however, does not include an additional 16,500 relief cases which were closed, for whom relief had been discontinued prior to November i because of the inadequacy of relief funds, and had not been assigned to any public agency by December 15, 1935. EMEROENrv Relief in North Carolina 143 Prcpnrt^ by SialiniiTil Depart mrnt PER CENT OF POPULATION ON RELIEF BY COUNTIES AUGUST, 1934 NORTH CAROLINA SCALE- SUm/rC MJUi 39 « CO JS I I L'ndcrs.s |':^■V;| 5-5 'o 94 I 1 9-51013.4 I I I '3-5 to 17.4. ^^^H 17.5 and o\'er PER CENT OF POPULATION ON RELIEF BY COUNTIES OCTOBER, 1934 17.5 and o\er 144 Emergency Relief in N'orth Carolina rVcpaccd by Statlsiical Depart mmt PER CENT OF POPULATION ON RELIEF BY COUNTIES JANUARY, 1935 IjJ 13-5 to "74 ^^H i''.3 and o\'er PER CENT OF POPULATION ON RELIEF BY COUNTIES MAY, 1935 ^ NORTH CAROLINA SCALt- SWUn MJL£i o a 3c u ta n I I Under 5.5 5-5 to 94 3 9-5 to 13.4 I H 'S-Sto 17.4 ^^H 17.3 and over , Emekgency Eelief in ISToETH Caeolina 145 Medical Care The general scope of medical care, as defined by the FERA, permitted the use of Federal funds to pay for medicines, medical supplies, and medical attention for recipients of unemployment relief in their homes or in the offices of physicians. It also permitted bedside nursing care, as an adjunct to medical care, and emergency dental service. Payment of bills for hospital or institutional care for indigents was not permitted, since this is a recognized responsibility of state and local govern- ments. The regulations provided that : ( i ) A uniform policy with regard to provisions of medical, nurs- ing, and dental care for relief clients be made the basis of an agreement between the State Administra- tion and the state and local organized medical, nursing, and dental professions ; (2) Within legal and economic limitations, the traditional family and physician relationship be recognized in the authori- zations for medical care ; (3) An agreement by the physician, nurse, and dentist to furnish the same type of service that would be furnished a private patient, the authorized service to be at a minimum consistent with good professional judgment and charged for at an agreed rate with due allowance for the conservation of relief funds. The policy was to "augment and render more adequate facilities already existing in the com- munity for the provision of medical care by the medical, nursing, and dental professions to indigent persons," but Federal funds could not be used in lieu of local or state funds to pay for these estab- lished services. Participation in medical care of relief persons was open to all licensed practitioners of medicine and related professions who were willing to accept the regulations and restrictions of the program. Early in October, 1934, the State Administration and the officers of the State Medical Association agreed upon uniform procedures and a schedule of fees for treatment of relief clients which was in affect in all counties. The schedule of fees was superseded by a revised schedule on December 7, 1934. A State Advisory Medical Committee, appointed by the State Medical Association, and county advisory committees, appointed by the county medical associations, assisted the state and local administrations in an advisory capacity. A uniform policy for nuning care was not adopted. Bedside nursing was provided for clients by district administrators. Also unemployed and needy nurses were employed on county-wide or district-wide projects for examinations and care of pre-school children of relief families, clinics, in- struction in health standards, etc. An arrangement for dental treatment of indigent school children, under the supervision of the State Board of Health, was in effect during the school term of 1933-34. Emergency dental treatment was provided for the clients, but uniform procedures and schedules of dental fees were not agreed upon by the State Administration and officers of the State Dental Society until 1935. All authorizations for medical, nursing, and dental service were issued in writing on regular forms by county social workers, before the service was rendered, except in emergencies when telephonic authorization was given, followed by written order. The cost of medical care has varied greatly from month to month. Epidemics of colitis among children, influenza, with resulting pneumonia, and other diseases account for the apparent spasmodic high cost of medical care. An epidemic of "hemorrhagic fever," a fatal semi-tropical disease occurring in malarious areas, which, through the efforts of the State Health Department, had become practically extinct in this state, broke out among relief families in an eastern county. The quick action of the local administra- tion in treating patients and in immunizing exposed clients, and otherwise quickly getting the disease under control, prevented the spread to other counties. 146 Emehgency Relief in Nohth Carolina NCEUA statistical Divisirm COSTS OF MEDICAL CARE BY MONTHS FEBRUARY, 1935, THROUGH DECEMBER,i935 75 I-) O Q O CO Q O K H 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. No\-. Dec. 1935 Date Physicians' F February* S 33,420.00 March 35,145.82 April 32,877.69 May 38,287.29 June 37,384.12 July 33.013.12 August 23,065.96 September 20,082.92 October 21,380.82 November 15,439.68 December 2.507,67 Total 292,605.09 • February: Excludes Trans Midwi ' Fees 51,001.03 900.75 557. SO 831.98 588.94 714.90 217.00 193.25 200.25 134.20 24.00 5,364.10 Drngs S 16.087.47 20.702.55 19,957.93 23,290.31 20.783.37 18,686.66 12.123.71 9,060.63 9,827.11 7,549.61 1,428.07 159,498.22 Other S 391.61 3,810,60 2,391,69 3,619.47 2,882.97 2,146.04 1,211.97 1,413.05 1,542,02 1,150,23 191.68 20,751.23 NursiriQ Total S 50,900.11 1,103.36 61,662.98 985.00 66.770.11 1,127.12 67.156.17 1,028.27 62,667.67 882.80 56.443.62 908.16 37,526.80 665.24 31.414.99 705.97 33.656.17 486.00 24,759.72 518.03 4,670,35 8,409.96 486,628.59 N.C.ERA Statistical Division Emekgency Relief in N^orth Cakolina 147 Lack of adequate food and warm clothing has lowered the vitality of relief clients and made them particularly susceptible to disease. Frequently proper medical care has resulted in the clients securing private employment and thus being removed from relief rolls. In cooperation with State and County Health Departments, the Relief Administrations aided in reducing social disease. The State Health Department purchased medicine at wholesale prices for the Relief Administration. This was then distributed to the district administrations for use in counties having no funds for such purchases, and given through clinics or by designated physicians, upon authority of the county social workers. The cost of medical care will be found on page 146. Unemployment Relief Census Shortly after the organization of the Division of Research and Statistics of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, plans were formulated for the taking of a nation-wide census of persons recei\ing unemployment relief. The last week in October, 1933, all the State Statisticians from this area were called to a conference in Washington. There they were told that a census was contemplated covering all cases who had received relief during October. It was decided to use a single-page schedule containing a minimum amount of information. The data was limited to four major categories, namely the color and size of relief families, and the sex and age of the persons in the families. In addition, the name and street address of the head of the family were given, and the place of residence, state, county, urban or rural. A small staff was organized in the State ERA, and a supply of schedules was mailed to each county relief office. Since the information required was so simple, it was possible, in most instances, to transcribe it directly from the case cards to the census blanks. Only occasionally were field visits necessary to supplement the office records. When a completed schedule arrived in Raleigh, it was given a careful examination to determine all spaces were filled and to detect any inconsistency in the answers. Those which appeared to be correct were sent to the Area Coding Office in Columbia, South Carolina ; those incorrect were returned to the county of origin. The work of transcribing schedules proceeded steadily during the first part of November, and by the end of the month all had been forwarded to Columbia. North Carolina was notified that it was the first State to complete the census. Final tabulations, analysis and interpretation of the data secured in the Unemployment Relief Census were conducted in Washington and the results were published in three Bulletins, as follows : Number One presented the number of families by size and race, and the number of persons by age, sex, and race, for geographic divisions, for states, and cities. Number Two presented similar data for the rural and urban areas and for all counties. Number Three described family composition of the cases receiving emergency relief The total schedules completed for North Carolina represented 56,041 families, comprising 252,220 individuals. Of these persons 147,435 were white; 104,124 were Negro, and 661 were of other races. Rural dwellers numbered 167,992 and urban 84,228. 148 Emergency Eelief in ISTokth Carolina N.C.ERA Statistical Division HOW THE ERA DOLLAR WAS SPENT FOR MEDICAL CARE PER CENT DISTRIBUTION OF MEDICAL COST FEBRUARY, 1935, THROUGH DECEMBER, 1935 MIDWIVES FEES NURSING 1,7 Emergency Eelief in I^obth Cakolina 149 OBLIGATIONS INCURRED FOR WORK AND DIRECT RELIEF BY COUNTIES, APRIL 1934, THROUGH MARCH, 1935 Alamance Alexander Alleghany Anson Ashe Avery Beaufort Bertie Bladen Brunswick Buncombe Burke Cabarrus Cald\vell Camden Carteret Caswell Catawba Chatham Cherokee Chowan Clay Cleveland Columbus Craven Cumberland Currituck Dare Davidson Davie Duplin Durham Edgecombe Forsyth Franklin Gaston Gates Graham Granville Greene Guilford Halifax Harnett Haywood Henderson Hertford Hoke Hyde Iredell Jackson Johnston Work Relief Direct Relief Per Cent Work Relief Work and Direct Earnings Twelve Earnings Twelve Earnings of Total Relief Twelve Months Total Months Total Relief Granted Months Total S 48,275-74 S 11,865.87 80.3 S 60,141.61 10,900.34 20,991.49 34-a 31,891.83 10,604.99 9,990-29 51-5 20,595.28 39,832.30 35,465-57 61.0 65,297-87 54,666.03 23,266.20 70.1 77,932-23 13,938.09 - 30,803.35 31.2 44,74' -44 23.772-98 . ,r ;_i6,890.33 58.5 40,663.31 10,295.40 22,603.60 31-3 32,899.00 22,734.40 24,117.56 48-5 46,851.96 37,034-25 29,949.17 55-3 66,983.42 318,567.89 303,819.50 51.2 622,387.39 33,164.42 17,100.02 66.0 50,264.44 59,056.57 62,143.04 48.7 121,199.61 35,225.36 18,707.04 65-3 53,932.40 5,031.98 12,859.10 28.1 17,891.08 59,313-26 35,057.0a 62.9 94,370.28 29,316.08 11,148.25 72-4 40,464-33 56,346-54 32,142.63 63-7 88,489.17 34,802.10 15,702.33 68.9 50,504.43 24,238.46 28,860.38 45-6 53,098.84 22,990.92 23,049.08 49-9 46,040.00 7,557-50 13,688.19 35-6 21,245.69 26,595-71 34,304-15 43-7 60,899.86 27,636.83 32,227.90 46.2 59,864.73 156,180.06 32,900.97 82.6 189,081.03 42,573-62 56,743-99 42-9 99,3 '7-6 1 7,86r.oi 15,079-03 34-3 23,940.04 18,063.21 14,222.78 55-9 32,285.99 50,056.94 36,716.67 57-7 86,773.61 8,258.96 14,325-19 36.6 22,584.15 41,850.33 45,454-42 47-9 87,304-75 '55,757-35 151,635.53 50.7 307,392.88 99,193-63 44,822.52 68.9 144,016.15 300,916.86 212,305.67 58.6 513,222.53 21,670.70 28,815.81 42-9 50,486.51 1 78,840.62 149,167.67 54-5 328,007.69 7,124.30 15,698.34 31.2 22,822.64 10,892.50 5,008.57 68.5 '5,90'.o7 21,761.76 14,273-25 60.4 36,035.01 8,060.35 13,636-33 37-2 21,696.68 536,534.85 340,809.36 61.2 877,344-21 48,582.71 78,520.20 38.2 127,102.91 26,827.50 '5,841-35 62.9 42,668.85 50,210.10 47,788.19 51.2 97,998.29 29,053-35 27,273-74 51.6 56,327-09 11,209.02 ig,2i2.i I 36.8 30,421.13 12,296.73 21,881.03 36.0 34,177-76 40,048.81 14,475-05 73-5 54,523-86 57,083.49 54,025-65 51-4 II 1,109.14 5,488.67 26,518.00 17.1 32,006.67 21,638.10 71,143.84 23-3 92,781.94 150 Emergency Relief in North Carolina OBLIGATIONS INCURRED FOR WORK AND DIRECT RELIEF BY COUNTIES, APRIL 1934, THROUGH MARCH, kj-t,^— Continued Work Relief Direct Relief Per Cent Work Relief Work and Direct Earnings Twelve Earnings Twelve Earnings of Total Relief Twelve Months Total Months Total Relief Granted Months Total Jones $ 22,584.10 S 22,236.39 50-4 S 44,820.49 Lee 32,828.83 15,354-38 68.1 48,183.21 Lenoir 43.3I5-07 42,631.12 50-4 85,946.19 Lincoln 23,629.21 19,142.48 55-2 42,771.69 Macon 25,798.02 6,753.28 79-3 32,551-30 Madison 29,621.17 18,801.02 61. 2 48,422.19 Martin 16,007.68 17,965-49 47.1 33,973-17 McDowell 26,61 1.87 25,073-71 51-5 51,685.58 Mecklenburg 336,576.03 160,538.59 67.7 497,114.62 Mitchell '7>479-24 15,166.93 53-5 32,646.17 Montgomery 53474-45 14,936.62 78.2 68,41 1.07 Moore 41,111.74 43,605.99 48.5 84,717-73 Nash 21,715.80 25,395-40 46.1 47,11 1.20 New Hanover 173.545-30 140,765.82 55-2 314,311.12 Northampton 16,829.00 21,744.67 43.6 38,573-67 Onslow 10,449.92 20,414.50 33-9 30,864.42 Orange 68,522.28 38,710.60 639 107,232.88 Pamlico i3>448.73 25,208.39 34-8 38,657.12 Pasquotank 18,273.92 24,599-66 42.6 42,873-58 Pender 15,320.30 23,719-45 39-2 39,039-75 Perquimans 20,705.70 15,292.98 57-5 35,998.68 Person 16,256.63 24,473-54 39-9 40-730.17 Pitt 49-351-38 32,602.37 6o.a 81,953-75 Polk 2,583-03 1 1,193.67 18.7 13,776.70 Randolph 34.3'9-i8 40,175-99 46.1 74-495- '7 Richmond 121,667.07 22,360.37 84-5 144,027.44 Robeson 99-132-31 75,460.52 56.8 174,592.83 Rockingham 33,628.04 27,350.20 55-1 60,978.24 Rowan 60,606.05 78,476.82 43-6 139,082.87 Rutherford 36,687.28 49,591-33 42-5 86,278.61 Sampson 28,461.85 42,590-76 40.1 71,052.61 Scotland 32,768.77 58,787.28 35-8 91,556-05 Stanly 50,744-85 9,179-03 84.7 59,923.88 Stokes 17,449.10 16,109.46 52.0 33-558.56 Surry 64,180.13 37,361.02 63.2 101.541. 15 Swain 8,841.96 8,978.97 49.6 17,820.93 Transylvania 27,219-37 13,547-09 66.8 40,766.46 Tyrrell 25,864.84 15,337-79 62.8 41,202.63 Union 65,907-37 33-149-76 66.5 99-057-13 Vance 45,188.52 '7,553-35 72.0 62,741.87 Wake 475,827.66 154,724.26 75-5 630,551.92 Warren 29,149.88 13,980.75 67.6 43-130.63 Washington 26,187.63 24,160.73 52.0 50,348-36 Watauga 15,224.50 29,288.89 34-2 44-5 '3-39 Wayne 105,715.81 65,722.94 61.7 171-438-75 Wilkes 49,542.88 47,298.88 51-2 96.841.76 Wilson 121,039.68 48,983.06 71.2 170.022.74 Yadkin 6,926.31 41,624.71 14-3 48,551.02 Yancey 23,226.54 19,101.37 54-9 42,327-91 County Totals $5,681,480.05 84,222,269.70 37-4 $9,903,749,75 State Projects 21,944.81 21,944.81 Total $5,703,424-86 84,222,269.70 89,925,694-56 WORKS DIVISION OF THE NORTH CAROLINA EMERGENCY RELIEF ADMINISTRATION April, 1934-DEGEMBER, 1935 Since the North CaroUna Emergency Relief Administrator was also Ci\il Works Administrator for North Carolina, most of the Civil Works Administration personnel became Emergency Relief Administration personnel at the close of the Civil Works program. This greatly expedited the organization and the functioning of the Emergency Relief Administration program and enabled the work program in North Carolina to be gotten under way much more quickly than would have been the case if an entirely new organization had taken over the Emergency Relief Administration. When notice was received to begin the liquidation of the Civil Works program, preparations were immediately made to transfer the projects to the Emergency Relief Administration, and Emer- gency Relief projects were received and approved in the state office as soon as the Civil Works program was officially terminated, that is, on March 31, 1934. By May 15, 1934, all of the most important CWA projects had been approved as ERA projects. Number Relief Cases Employed on Projects Not Including Teachers and Students Date : Date : Date : April, 1934 11,468 November, 1934 29,569 June, 1935 42,507 May, 1934 17,465 December, 1934 33>650 July, 1935 42,224 June, 1934 24,840 January, 1935 41,781 August, 1935 35>724 July, 1934 28,634 February, 1935 40,167 September, 1935 29,781 August, 1934 36,896 March, 1935 41,218 October, 1935 26,389 September, 1934 35,oi5 April, 1935 42,901 November, 1935 9,217 October, 1934 25,138 May, 1935 44,291 The State Works Di\ision exercised through its field forces supervision over all the activities of all local and district works di\isions. The State Works Di\'ision served to coordinate the acti\'ities of all district and local works divisions so that uniform methods and procedure were followed throughout the state. Local and state projects, except for those carried on by the Emergency Relief Administration for its own purposes, were sponsored by various local governmental units such as the various villages, towns and cities, counties, drainage districts, etc. Some local projects, such as malaria con- trol, rural sanitation and road and highway work, were jointly sponsored by local governmental units and the \arious departments of the state go\'ernment. State projects were sponsored by \arious state departments such as the State Highway Commission, the State Board of Health, the Depart- ment of Conservation and Development, etc. State and local projects were initiated either by state or local governmental units or by state or local governmental units with the cooperation of the Emergency Relief Administration. Over the state as a whole, there were many instances where it was necessary in order to keep the work program functioning for the local or district works di\i- 152 Emergency Relief in ISTorth Carolina EMERGENCY RELIEF WORK PROGRAM EARNINGS AND PERSONS AT WORK BY WEEKS ENDING APRIL 5. 1934, THROUGH NOVEMBER 14. 1935 .. Q a < o V- H O a 1- April Ma> June July Aut; Scfl SOURCE N, C. ERA Wcckl) Rcpons (FORM 190) Prepared by Statistical Department .\pra Miy June July Number of Persons Working Toljl Earnings Earnings of Non-relief Persons OBLIGATIONS INCURRED IN NORTH CAROLINA I OR EMERGENCY RELIEF FROM PUBLIC FUNDS 2,500 PS < ■J o a i^ o 00 a z < § 500 Emeeoency Relief in N^oeth Carolina 153 sions to induce governmental units to initiate projects. In no instances did the Emergency Relief Administration appear as sponsor for projects that were carried on as public property projects unless the Emergency Relief Administration secured a direct benefit, such as salvaged materials, for carrying on the work. As the work program progressed, the matter of initiation of projects, especially in the more heavily populated areas, became a matter of cooperation between the ERA and various govern- mental units. In this way it was possible for the Emergency Relief Administration to carry on projects that were adapted to the relief load. Every effort was made to make governmental offi- cials fully informed of the various rules, regulations and policies for governing the work program so that they could initiate the projects that were well worthwhile and at the same time adaptable to the work relief program. Full cooperation between any organization carrying on a work relief program and all state and local governmental units is essential to most efficient operation of a works program. Supervision and control of actual operations descended in a straight line from the Director of the Works Division, through the Division Engineers, to the District and Local Project Supervisors, to the foreman or superintendents on the jobs. The Division Engineers acted as field representa- tives of the State Works Division and were responsible for the supervision and control of all projects. The District Project Supervisors were held responsible to the state office through the Division Engineers. Various members of the State Works Division who had specialized training in vari- ous fields assisted the Division Engineers from time to time in supervision of projects. The State Works Division at all times kept the Division Engineers fully informed of its contacts with all local and district works divisions and rarely contacted projects except in company with the Divi- sion Engineer. Local and district works divisions were required to report to the state office weekly on all proj- ects in the "B" field of activity, and monthly on all projects in other fields of activity. A copy of this report was sent to the Division Engineers. A weekly report was also required of the District Project Supervisors covering their activities for each week. The weekly and monthly progress reports covered the location, description, and number of the project ; the county in which it was located ; percentage of completion ; the amount of money allotted for various items ; average num- ber of employees used during the reporting period and the number of hours these employees worked ; the amount paid to the employees by ERA and from other sources ; the amount of work done during the reporting period ; and the amount of work done to date. The District Project Super- visors' weekly reports indicated the number of projects visited, remarks as to the progress of the projects, report and the inspection of proposed or contemplated projects, etc. Other functions of the State Works Division were to check, examine and recommend for approval all works projects. Before the State Works Division recommended appro\al of any project, it was thoroughly and carefully checked from the standpoint of economic and social value to the com- munity and for engineering soundness. The plans were carefully checked, availability of labor was determined and it was ascertained that proper and necessary materials were provided and all necessary labor, material and equipment to complete the project were covered in the project appli- cation. The State Works Di\ision also served as a central clearing house for all reports and informaticn concerning the Works Program and forwarded to Washington the required reports. The State Works Division, the Division Engineers and the District Work Divisions were all co- ordinated in the general planning of Works Division acti\ities. Works Division activities were planned primarily on the basis of the occupations of employable relief cases. Unless projects pro- vided work for the rehef cases, they were not considered feasible projects. 154 Emergency Relief in Korth Carolina Projects were carried on in every county in the state. The largest and most difficult projects were, of course, carried on in the more thickly populated areas such as Charlotte, Asheville, Raleigh, Winston-Salem, High Point and Greensboro. Projects in the more sparsely populated areas were as a rule small and of a simple nature, since the difficulties of getting a large number of workers together in one place were very great. It is felt that a work program is much more feasible in the more thickly populated areas than in those areas where the population is small and scattered. Among the reasons for this are, as mentioned above, difficulties of getting any large number of workers transported to one spot, the lack of interest on the part of the public, difficulty of getting worthwhile projects and difficulty of getting materials furnished by the local governmental units. In the western part of North Carolina, the population in the mountain areas is extremely scattered and more than usual difficulties are encountered in transportation. The cooperation of the State Highway Commission, howe\er, made it possible to carry on a number of very worthwhile road and highway projects which were valuable to that section of the state. In the eastern part of the state, malaria control projects helped to solve the difficulties. The tentati\'e distribution of workers by fields of activities, as suggested in the "Manual of Work Division Procedure," was as follows : field of activity "A," five per cent ; field of activity "B," forty per cent; field of activity "C," twenty-five per cent; field of activity "D," ten per cent; field of activity "E," ten per cent ; field of activity "F," ten per cent. It was not always possible in every locality to keep this percentage between different types of projects because in some cases the relief rolls were composed mainly of common and construction laborers and in other places there was a large number of women on the relief rolls which necessitated carrying on a great many projects in the field of acti\ity "D." Then too, the needs of the various communities and their willingness to cooperate had a bearing on the distribution of workers in the various fields of activity. In North Carolina, the objective was to carry on work projects which would provide relief cases with an opportunity to do that type of work which they were best qualified to do rather than to arbitrarily set a limit on the number of workers that could be employed in any one field of activity. An accurate check was kept in all local and district works divisions of the number of people at work, the probable length of their employment on the various projects, and projects were planned in such a way as to give continuous employment to relief cases. All relief employees were certified for work by the Social Service Division. The social service in\'estigation covered the age, physical condition, etc., of the client, and the Social Service Division, on the basis of conditions existing within the family, determined the employment priority ranking of the client. After the clients had been certified by the Social Service Division, they were turned o\er to the Works Division as eligible for employment on projects. Certified clients were selected for work by the Works Division on the basis of their skill and their physical condition. Every client certified by the Social Service Division as eligible for employment was inter\iewed by the Works Division to determine his occupational history and the work for which he was qualified. On the basis of this investigation, the client was assigned to a project on which he could be employed at the type of work which he seemed from the investigation to be best quali- fied to do. Specific instructions were given to the district and local works divisions that actual performance on projects, as well as the investigation, should be the basis of determining the work clients were best qualified to perform, and that every eflbrt should be made on the basis of the in- vestigation and actual work to determine that type of work the client was best able to perform. Each Works Division maintained an index of the various types of workers as determined by in- vestigation and performance on the job, and every project submitted was checked against this in- dex of workers to determine whether or not the various types of workers to be employed on th^ project could be secured from the relief rolls. Every project in North Carolina was judged first Emergency Relief in North Carolina 155 (l) J^^egro school in Hoke County before being remodeled. (2) The same school as No. i after being remodeled under Governor's Office of Relief Program. First building in state to be completed from Federal Funds. (3) Landscaping and improving school grounds in Davie County under Governor's Office of Relief Program. (4) Gymnasium built at Woodleaf School, Rowan County, under Governor's Offiice of Relief Program. (5) Interior of Community House built in Granville County under Governor's Office of Relief . (6) Checking marker on Geodetic Survey project under Governor's Offiice of Relief. 156 Emergency Relief in ISTorth Carolina SUMMARY OF ELIGIBLE WORKERS i6 TO 64 YEARS OF AGE BASED ON COMPLETE CENSUS OF ELIGIBLE WORKERS ON RELIEF, WITH ALL PRIORITY RANKINGS FOR WORK, NORTH CAROLINA— MARCH, 1935 TOTAL URBAN Usual Occupation TOTAL White Collar Skilled Semi-Skilled Unskilled {Except Farm Labor) Farmers and Farm Laborers Domestic and Personal Services Inexperienced and Unknown Per Cent Per Cent Persons Distribution Persons Distribution 119.972 4,771 fi.SOl 20,373 12,954 30,695 18, SOS 25,570 100.0 3.9 5.7 17.0 10. S 25.6 15.7 21.3 53.7S0 3.249 4.077 13.269 7.519 4,,S04 13,0S3 7,779 44.9 2.7 3.4 11.1 6.3 4.0 10.9 6.5 RURAL 'ersons Percent Distribution 60.192 55.1 1,522 2,724 7.104 5,435 25,891 6.725 17.791 1.2 2.3 5.9 4.5 21.6 4.8 14.8 From Reports of Federal Emergency Relief Admiinistration. URBAN "Includes all Cities and Towns with a Population of 2,500 or more Persons in 1!)30." RURAL "Includes Open Country and Areas Towns and Villages with a Population of under 2,500 Persons in 1930." Emergency Relief in North Carolina 157 N.C.EUA Statistical Division SUMMARY OF ELIGIBLE WORKERS 1 6 TO 64 YEARS OF AGE BASED ON COMPLETE CENSUS OF ELIGIBLE WORKERS ON RELIEF, WITH FIRST PRIORITY RANKING FOR WORK, NORTH CAROLINA— MARCH, 1935 Usual Occupation TOTAL White Collar Skilled Semi-Skilled Unskilled Farmers and Farm Laborers Domestic and Personal Services Inexperienced and Unknown TOTAL URBAN RURAL Per Cent Per Cent Per Cent *ersons Distribution Persons D istribution Persons Distribution 65.445 100.0 30,577 46.7 34,868 53.3 3.010 4.6 2,054 3.1 956 1.5 6,045 9.2 3.655 5.6 2,390 3.6 12,625 19.3 8,367 12. S 4.258 6.5 9,S74 15.1 5,798 8.9 4,076 6.2 20,701 31.6 3,170 4.8 17,531 26.8 S.254 12.6 6,118 9.3 2.136 3.3 4.936 7.6 1,415 2.2 3,521 5.4 From Reports of Federal Emergency Relief Administration. URBAN "Includes all Cities and Towns with a Population of 2,500 or more Persons in 1930." RURAL "Includes Open Country Areas and Towns and Villages with a Population of under 2,500 Persons in 1930." 158 Emergency Belief in ISTorth Carolina on its ability to furnish employment for relief clients. If, for instance, a large number of carpenters, painters, brick layers and other skilled construction workers was a\ailable from the relief rolls, construction projects pro\iding employment for those workers were initiated ; if a small number of skilled workers was available, small construction or a project, such as school repair, was initiated to provide employment. If, in a particular county, the relief rolls were made up mainly of common laborers, projects such as road building, malaria control, grading of athletic fields, etc., were the projects initiated. In those cases where there was a large number of clerical workers, typists, and stenographic workers on the relief rolls, projects were pro\ided which would gi\e these workers employment in their regular occupations. While great emphasis was laid upon the fact that the primary purpose of the appro\al of any project was to provide employment which relief cases were best qualified to do, every effort was made to carry on worthwhile projects. The Works Dixision felt that it existed primarily to pro- vide for clients work that they were qualified to do and that work relief was pro\ided in order to maintain occupation skills, self-respect and to sustain morale. "Made Work," which did not fulfill the above requirements, was strictly prohibited as it had absolutely no advantage over direct relief Clients from discontinued or completed projects were not gixen any specific preference on new projects, although there was a natural tendency on the part of the Works Division to gi\'e preference to those clients who proved themselves to be the best workers. Efforts were made to train workers on the various projects to do better work or to train them to new occupations. In many instances, the sanitary priNy projects were used for this purpose and a number of common laborers became qualified as semi-skilled workers on the basis of their training on projects of this type. Wherever possible, foremen and supervisory personnel were selected from relief rolls. All assignments were based on the worker's ability and on \arious other conditions, such as the location of the project and the hours of work which the Social Service Di\-ision allotted the client. Employables with large families as a general rule were gi\'en more hours of employment by the Social Service Division than employables with small families or unmarried employables. Some workers would work out their entire monthly allotment in one week or in alternate weeks, especially if this procedure was necessitated by the conditions existing on or surrounding the project. From the standpoint of efficiency on the project, it was found that this method had distinct advantages, but from the standpoint of the client, and of his social problems, there were disad\antages. Professional and non-manual workers were certified and selected for work on exactly the same basis as other relief workers, although non-manual and professional workers with large families were given some preference in assignment over employables with small families or unmarried employables. Those with large families were allotted a larger number of hours. The highest standard of efficiency, both as to the quantity and quality of work was adhered to. Constant super\ision in the field by Division Engineers and District and Local Project Supervisors did much to maintain high standards. On the whole, projects carried on by the Emergency Re- lief Administration were as well done as would have been the case had they been carried on by private contract, and, in a number of cases, were done better. The quantity of production and the quality of the work maintained by the North Carolina Emergency Relief Administration depended very largely on the efficiency of the supervision. Relief workers, if properly supervised, were quite capable of doing work of the same type as that in private practice. Almost invariably, where work was being carried on in a slip-shod fashion and where workers were doing a considerable amount of loafing, the fault was found to lie with the foreman and other supervisory personnel rather than with the workers. When such foremen were replaced with more efficient supervision, the fault was corrected. The same standards of efficiency were applied to non-manual and professional workers. In Emergency Relief in I^oeth Cabolina 159 the case of employees of this type, the quality of the work and the amount of work done depended to a much greater extent on the workers themselves than on the supervision. Efficiency on projects was promoted mainly by the use of good supervision and by instilling in the workers a pride in themselves and in their work. In rare instances, reductions in working hours were allowed for the completion of a specified amount of work without reductions in pay but this was not followed as a general practice, since owing to the nature of the program, efficiency was not greatly promoted by this method. Piece work was carried on only in those instances where it was impossible to get the workers to central points. In these cases it was determined what num- ber of pieces the average worker could turn out in the course of an hour, and the workers were paid on an hourly basis in proportion to the number of pieces that were turned out. The worker given work relief instead of direct relief received about the same amount of money for work relief as would have been gotten under direct relief The main advantages to the worker in work relief instead of direct relief are the opportunity to retain skill, opportunity to earn his sub- sistence rather than to have it doled out to him, with the resultant retention of self-respect and the prevention of the breakdown of morale. Numbers of relief clients in all sections of the state have pleaded that they be given work relief instead of direct relief, saying that they do not want to be given anything but wish to earn it. It is the firm conviction of the Works Division after two years or more of handhng a work relief program that by far the greater number of relief cases prefer work relief to direct relief, and there is no question but that in a properly handled work program the worker derives far greater benefits by a work program than from a dole system. If the work proj- ects are well planned and properly carried on, the workers, except for the fact that they are work- ing on a restricted basis as far as hours are concerned, feel the same toward work relief projects as they do toward projects carried on by private interests. Unless, however, the work projects are worthwhile and are made to conform with high standards of workmanship and efficiency, much of the benefit of work relief is lost. Projects which are of a nature that prevent worthwhile and honest effort and good workmanship, if they are simply "made work," probably do more harm than good to the rehef cases employed on them, and direct relief, being cheaper, had better be supplied. Some relief cases employed on projects were dismissed from work relief for inefficiency, loafing on the job, causing friction, etc. In most of these cases it was still necessary to provide direct relief in commodities to the families of these workers since the families could not be allowed to suffer because of the faults of the working member of the family. In every case where employees were dismissed from work relief their families were given direct relief instead of cash. Efficiency among professional and non-manual workers, such as typists, stenographers, clerical workers, etc., was gained more by promoting interest in the work and pride in accomplishment than by supervision. Non-manual workers employed on projects such as sewing rooms, etc., were given close supervision and the efficiency of these projects was in the main due to the supervision. Where dismissals were necessary among non-manual and professional workers, they were treated in the same manner as manual workers. Projects carried on by the North Carolina Emergency Relief Administration were of many varied types. The policies of the Emergency Relief Administration demanded that these projects be of a public character and of economic and social benefit to the general public, or to publically owned institutions, or to the Relief Administration, and that the projects coordinate with comprehensive plans for local and state development and do not consist of small isolated jobs of doubtful or limited value. All projects were carried on by force account and not by contract. Projects covering regular municipal activities for which current budgets are provided, such as garbage collection, street 160 Emergency Relief in Nokth Carolina FicH of jAc(i\ily A-I $ B-3 B-5 E-6 B-13 B-14 B-,5 B-16 B-19 AMOUNTS APPRO\ ED DV THK iN'ORTM CAROLINA EMF.RGENCY RCI.ILF ADMlNISTRATrON AND BY UO\ FRNMEN FAL I'NFrS FOR PROJECTS IN \'ARIOUS FH.LDS OF ACTIS FFV MARCH JO, 103 1. DECEMBER 5. 193". HUNDRED THOUSANDS OF DOLLARS Approved 83^ 305, .003 16 •.97563 .6-' ■75 '.70O.5'_ 766,899. 1,151,334,0 478.397-6 1,150,618.3 281,8648 39.935-6 ■3.773.5 34.054-8 1,214-5 .65 3 1,64 1, 863. 3( 1,544.547 I-' 120,410 1,97' 321,966.53 223,099.82 S 134.63133 23,0Cl.3J 3.344.776.73 230,108.49 331,712.02 44,607 00 .54,307-34 14,333.40 64.742-78 Gi i.oo 1,310,789 83 105,5 17 58 119,3117.33 33,808.08 3 3,093,966.^ 39, '4=93 49.473.80 15.00 3-.038.38 B-20 S 393,32119 39.l5'-36 C-1 55,486.65 17,088.75 C-2 23,093.93 26,915.52 C-3 384.60 0.00 C-4 6,79499 800.00 C-5 4=.3=9-37 3.873.39 C-6 0.00 0.00 D-i 1.846,79494 20,569.10 D.2 2,116,12648 44,93902 D-3 343.627,68 325,541.00 Note : Any cosi less than ten lhous.ind dollars is not indicated on the chart. Appro\td by N C- ERA. ^ Appro\cd by Govtmmental Unitr.. E Emergency Relief in North Carolina 161 EMF.RCFNCV RCLIEF ADMINISTRATION EXPENDITURES AND EXPENDITURES Ol CO\ ERNMENTAL UNITS FOR THE STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA BY FIELDS OF ACTIVITY MARCH 39, 1934— DECEMBER 5, 1535 Field or Acti\ily Amounis 2 4 H ndrcd Th 8 jusand^ ol to Dollar. 13 '1 r, 1 a , 2 2 A-i 514,394.69 36.90 B-I 402,998.55 99.186.23 763.189.76 326,699.29 740.023.03 3»7,545-35 679.05342 166,300.23 B-2 ^ ^^^ B-3 ^^^ B-4 ^ B-5 11,975.07 4.253-58 B-6 .,603.00 B-7 5710 731,469.47 678,056.13 75.5=4;i3 1,236.32 ^"^^ ^^ B-8 - B-9 208,170.86 144,122.48 1 B-io B-11 858,275.98 9.55' -5' 1,027,264.97 ■ "^ 1 96,407.51 ^T ^^^ E-12 176,874.32 =3.775-53 3 B.,3 28,076.81 7.405-19 ■ B-4 B-.5 39.001.56 367.82 646,054.02 52.256.86 ■ 3 """" " B-16 B-,7 79.559-19 15.856-18 768,029.37 ■4.717-74 5 "^"' ^^" B-18 6,139.78 1.86 B-,9 None None B-20 8154,294.44 ■5.504.34 C-i -10,690.13 3,298.12 C-2 20,845.82 24.277-79 3 C-3 20.8c None C-4 2.095-48 246.40 C-5 11,458.28 1,049.68 C-6 D-i None None 989,411.82 ^ D-2 11,025.03 7l7;865.i5 15,241.11 D-3 206,417.03 19.557-14 1 Erne gency Rcl Local Gc ef Admin vcrnmcnl slralion 1 Uniis ■^ 162 Emergency Relief in North Carolina Field of Acliviiv Amount? Appro\cd D-4 ] Sr.o-,'„67R.4l 28,S,i"-39 D-5 ■ ■55 1 -65 D-6 5,001.61 D-7 2,189,001.33 65. 73 1.97 r.-. 93,304.17 ■'.37575 E-2 280,401.4-' 7,763.20 E-3 2,992-24 1.640.00 E-l 49>.3j«-39 4.797-35 E-5 53,62403 1,500.00 E-b 210,980.81 o,636.oS r-i F-2 F-3 F-4 F-5 F-6 F-7 F-8 G H AMOUNTS APPRO\ED BY THE NORTH CAROLINA EMERGENCY RELIEF ADMINISTRATION AND BV UO\'ERNMENTAL UNITS FOR PROJECTS IN VARIOUS FIELDS OF ACTINTTY MARCH 29, 1934-DECEMBER 5, 1935 HUNDRED THOUSANDS OF DOLLARS 2 4 fi ,", 10 12 '4 16 18 f 1 O 1 1 4 I 6 + 2 6 2 8 3" 88,820.38 47,332,82 446.773-54 18,804.95 3 II i 2,168.00 12392 795.093.24 Jl i3.554-:3 1 u 113,753.10 300.00 " 17,621.30 0.00 1 \ 89.642.86 5,186.00 - ( ( 3.338.65 180.00 .946,565. 97 0.00 < 1 ) ) ^ ^"" ^ 167.080.30 14.825.72 1 Store Room Project : $133,128.83 Farm Relief Projects : 500,648.29 Note : An\- co'-l le:;? than (en thousand dollar'; is not indicated on the chart. Approved b> N. C. ERA. HiBHi Approved by Co\crnmcnlal Unit?, I ^ Emeroency Relief in North Carolina 163 D-4 D-5 D-6 D-7 E-i EMERGEN'CV RELIEF ADMINISTRATION EXPENDITURES AND FAPENDIl URES OF COX'ERNMENTAL UNITS FOR THE STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA B\ FIELDS OF ACT1\ ITY MARCH 29, 1934— DECEMBER 5, .93^ 14,73=.35 f 363,732.35 780.47 '3.8i5o5 1,285.41 =45.426.92 7,361.48 56,i3564 6,793.80 2,569.61 E-3 787.80 432.96 E-4 156,741,65 1.531-35 E-^ 2,774-"' 78.00 E-6 133,198.03 6,111. gi Hundrf-d Thousands ol Dollars 6 !1 10 12 16 18 F-. S47.044.03 25,039.06 F-2 53.850-65 2,256-59 F-3 582.67 33.21 r-4 501,055.22 8,525-57 F-5 1,854.02 4.80 F-6 540.20 F-7 41,403.46 2,39''-79 F.8 1,301.20 70.02 G 2.946,565.97 None H 54.595-21 None 3 ( ( ■ // Storeroom Project $133,128.85 None Farm Relief Projects 99,648.29 None Emergency Relief AdminasLration H^^H Local Governmental Units | I Note Gowmmenlal expenditures based on percent completed N. C. ERA allotments— =^6 per rent av-crage for all fields of activity. 164 Emergency Rei,ief in North Carolina cleaning, etc., were strictly prohibited. Work projects for the improvement of hospitals, libraries, churches, cemeteries, institutions, etc., which are privately owned or incorporated, were forbidden. The following classification of projects according to field of activity covers the types of projects undertaken by the Emergency Relief Administration : A. Planning Projects I. Projects concerned with the planning and preparation of work projects, to be conducted under the supervision of the Works Division. B. Public Property Projects 1. New construction of roads, streets, highways, sidewalks, pathways, and gutters. 2. Repair and maintenance of roads, streets, highways, sidewalks, pathways, and gutters. 3. New construction of public buildings, schools, auditoriums, community houses, city halls, park buildings, hospitals, etc. 4. Repair and maintenance of public buildings, schools, auditoriums, community houses, city halls, park buildings, hospitals, etc. 5. New construction of bridges, grade crossings and trestles. 6. Repair and maintenance of bridges, grade crossings and trestles. 7. New construction of sewers, drainage and sanitation. 8. Repair and maintenance of sewers, drainage and sanitation. 9. New construction of gas, electric, waterworks and other public utilities. 10. Repair and maintenance of gas, electric, waterworks and other public utilities. I I . New construction of recreational facilities, playgrounds, swimming pools, etc. 12. Repair and maintenance of recreational facilities, playgrounds, swimming pools, etc. 13. New construction of waterways, levees, flood control, etc. 14. Repair and maintenance of waterways, levees, flood control, etc. 15. Landscaping, grading, erosion control, parks, airports, etc. 16. Conser\ation offish and game — game preserves, fish hatcheries, and raising ponds. 17. Eradication and control of disease bearers. 18. Eradication and control of pests. 19. Eradication and control of poisonous plants. 20. Any other. C. Projects to Provide Housing 1. Remodeling and repair of houses in lieu of rent for relief cases. 2. Resettlement housing for resettled families. 3. Resettlement housing for subsistence homesteads. 4. Demolition of houses. 5. Any other. D. Production and Distribution of Goods Needed by the Unemployed I. Clothing — sewing of garments, etc. Food — canning and preserving, etc. Fuel — cutting wood, digging peat, etc. Garden products. Household goods. Construction materials. Any other. Emergency Relief in N^okth Caeolina 165 (i) Surfacing airport road in Nash County. (2) Elimination of curves on county highway in Forsyth County. (3) Completed road project in Forsyth County. (4) Merrimon Avenue, Asheville, during widening. Buncombe County. (5) Merrimon Avenue, Asheville, after widening. Buncombe County. i66 Emeegency Relief in N'oeth Carolina EMERGENCY WORK RELIEF PROGRAM OF THE NORTH CAROLINA EMERGENCY RELIEF ADMINISTRATION, APRIL i, 1934 TO DECEMBER 5, 1935 S 1934 1935 Average Employment afforded each worker per month in terms of 8 hour work days : ■ 9 ■ 3 Note — Black area represents the averagefor each month of the number of workers employed each week. The black plus the white area represents the maximum number employed in any one week of each month. The black area plus the white area plus the shaded area represents the number of relief cases employed on projects each month. The vertical bar chart of the number of workers employed does not include emergency education and.administrati\e projects. Emergency Eelief in North Carolina 167 E. Public Welfare, Health and Recreation 1 . Nursing. 2. Nutritional. 3. Other public health campaigns. 4. Public recreation, instruction, etc. 5. Safety campaigns and traffic controls. 6. Any other. F. Public Education, Arts and Research (Exclude Administrative and Planning projects) 1. Education. 2. Research and special sur\eys. 3. Public works for art. 4. Records and clerical work. 5. Music. 6. Dramatic acti\ities. 7. Library and museum. 8. Any other. G. Administrative Project H. Tool and Sundry Eq^uipment Projects Planning Projects (A) Comparatively few projects were carried on under this category, mainly because skilled design- ers, draftsmen, and other professional men were not available from the relief rolls. Then, too, the North Carolina Emergency Relief Administration has followed a policy of requiring that the necessary plans and specifications be furnished by the sponsors. In some of the larger sections, however, projects of this nature were carried on. In Asheville, engineers, (No. iiB-Ai-59) drafts- men, and clerical workers were used to prepare drawings, maps, and other data necessary in the preparation of projects. This project. No. iiB-Ai-59, worked an average of five men for 3,652 man-hours. Projects on Roads, Streets, Bridges, Etc. (B. 1,2,5,6) So much work has been done under the North Carolina Emergency Relief Administration on secondary dirt roads in North Carolina that it is extremely difficult to point to any one project as being more important than others. All the work done under the Emergency Relief Adminis- tration on the highways of the state has been done in cooperation with the Highway Department, and in every case such considerations as the amount of traffic the roads ordinarily carry, the num- ber of people served and the general benefit to the community have been taken into account. In the western part of the state, road projects have proved especially valuable. Under project No. 50-B2-16, in Jackson County, over one hundred miles of dirt roads have been improved and a number of miles of dirt roads ha>ve been constructed. In many cases these roads were mere trails that could carry traffic and afford outlet only during the best of weather. These roads have been widened, regraded and drained, and bad curves have been eliminated. Although handicapped by lack of equipment and transportation facilities, this project has been vigorously 168 Emergency Relief in North Carolina (i) Bridge built in Wake County. (2) Bridge in Mooresville, Iredell County before work was undertaken. (3) The Jill and culvert which replaced the bridge shown in No. 2. (4) Bridge built at Siler City, Chatham Countv. (5) Bridge acioss creek at school in Haywood County. Emergency Relief in North Carolina 169 carried on and has added thousands of dollars to the value of property in the county and afforded families a chance to realize more profit by giving them easier access to market, as well as cutting their transportation costs. The rural schools in the county have been made much more accessible to the school children by the extension of school bus routes. The school children have been saved many miles of walking in bad weather. This project is held to be responsible for greater civic and social activities in sections where such acti\ities were fast dying out due to difficulties of communication and transportation. The value of this project to the people whom these roads serve can scarcely be overrated. Though not spec- tacular or particularly striking in appearance, projects similar to this have been of great basic value to the communities involved. Average number of men employed, 195. Number of man-hours expended, 73,623. In Macon County, under project No. 56-B2-12, about one hundred and seven miles of dirt roads were improved. Se\'eral hundreds of families have reduced costs of transportation to market by one-half. Prior to the improvement of these roads by the Emergency Relief Adminis- tration, transportation costs for the sections involved amounted sometimes to twenty per cent of the value of the produce transported. As in the case of the Jackson County project, the work done under this project has been of inestimable value to the community. Average number of men employed, 112. Number of man-hours expended, 104,134. As in the case of dirt roads, a great many miles of gravel roads have been built, repaired and improved by the North Carolina Emergency Relief Administration. The gravel roads on which Emergency Relief Administration projects were carried on, as well as practically all other roads, were secondary roads. Since the value of the work done on the gravel roads means as much to one community as another, it is scarcely fair to say that any one project was more important than another. In Alleghany County, project No. 3-B2-31 involved widening, grading and surfacing with crushed stone an important inter-highway link. The completion of this project completed an im- portant net work in Alleghany County as well as furnishing relief for a heavy relief load in a some- what isolated section. An average of fifteen to twenty workers was used each week preparing the roadway, crushing stone, loading and unloading the trucks and wagons which were furnished by local citizens. This project is a fine example of the cooperation of local citizens in getting work done for the public benefit, and is typical of the spirit of the greater number of Emergency Relief Administra- tion projects which have been carried on under the Emergency Relief Administration in North Carolina. Average number of men employed, 23. Number of man-hours expended, 5,642. Very little work was done on macadam roads and highways outside of city limits since most of the macadam roads and highways are part of the State Highway primary system which is maintained with prison labor. A number of miles of macadam streets and roads within city limits, however, have been built, repaired and improved under the Emergency Relief Admin- istration. From the point of \'iew of the people benefited, one of the most important projects of this type is project No. 62-B2-5 in Mount Gilead, Montgomery County, a little town of about twehe hundred inhabitants. It was located in what was, after the World War, a fairly prosperous farm settlement, but which since that time has had little money for civic improvements. Streets in the business section of the town were paved about 1923, but in the residental sections there was 170 Emergency Relief in Noeth Carolina (i) Sidewalk construction in Gatesville, Gates County. (a) Construction of curb and gutter, Beaufort, Carteret County. (3) Construc- tion of sidewalks in Roanoke Rapids, Halifax County. Emergency Relief in North Carolina 171 no pa\'ement until the Emergency Relief Administration appro\-ed a project for this purpose. The streets in the residental section were graded and surfaced and provided the inhabitants with mud- less streets ; a luxury they had gi\en up hope of e\-er enjoying. Besides the benefits afforded the residents, employment was gi\'en to about one hundred and fifty work relief cases and a total of 4,336 man-hours was expended. As in the case of macadam roads, concrete highways and roads are a part of the state's primary highway system and practically all the work done under projects of this nature was done within city limits. Again, judging the importance of a project in terms of benefit to those affected, project No. 61-B1-4, for the construction of streets in Spruce Pine, Mitchell County, is outstanding. In this little mountain village practically the only paved streets were those on which the State Highway went through the town. All the residents of Spruce Pine and the city officials have been extremely grateful for the work done under this project and have stated repeatedly that this job was done better and cheaper than would have been the case had it been let to private contract. The con- struction difficulties involved were much greater than those ordinarily met, owing to existing con- ditions. An average of twenty-five men was employed daily on this project. 36,758 man-hours were expended. The project included and completed 3,243 feet of 16-foot width concrete, 180 feet of lo-foot width concrete, 2,780 feet of 6-foot shoulders, 1,746 feetofcurb and gutter, 1,610 feet of4- foot width sidewalk, 450 feet of 5-foot width sidewalk, and 12,580 square yards of other streets were improved by addition of sand, gravel and stone. Under project No. 25-B2-52, in Bridgeton, in Craven County, the main street of Bridgeton was repaired and paved with brick that had been discarded from county roads. The entire work was done by hand, using an average of about ten workers, and a total of three thousand man-hours. As in the case of many small communities, this project is one in which the community takes great pride. One of the most important sidewalk projects carried on under the North Carolina Emer- gency Relief Administration was project No. 42-Bi-i, in Roanoke Rapids, Halifax County, North Carolina, a town of about twelve thousand people. Most of the population of this town earns its livelihood by working in the many cotton mills in this vicinity. The homes in which the families live are typical mill village houses, and the streets, prior to the carrying on of this project, had no improvements. Ten miles of five-foot concrete sidewalks have been built in Roanoke Rapids un- der this project. The town of Roanoke Rapids is to be highly complimented for its cooperation in furnishing material and equipment hire for this project, and to this cooperation is particularly due the success of the project. The improved appearance of the town can scarcely be described in words. The replacement of dusty and muddy streets, with no provision for pedestrian traffic, by concrete sidewalks, is a permanent improvement of lasting benefit to the inhabitants of Roanoke Rapids. Number of men employed, 65. Number of man-hours expended, 51,740. A number of small highway bridges were constructed or repaired as part of road im- provement projects, but none perhaps have served such a useful purpose as the New Inlet bridge built in Dare County under project No. 28-B5-1. This bridge has been built over an inlet cut in the sand banks by the Atlantic Ocean and Pamlico Sound and is the most important of the bridges built over several inlets under this project, from Hatteras to Oregon Inlet. The natives of this section travel by automobile o\-er the sands especially at low tide and the only connection by this means of travel with the main land is cut off unless the inlets are bridged. While it is sometimes 172 Emeegenct Relief in North Carolina L--' (i) .Sidewalks constructed at Wilkesboro, Wilkes County. (2) Sidewalks constructed at Thomasville, Davidson County, under CWA and ERA. (3) Concrete approach steps built at County Courthouse, Sylva, Jackson County. (4) Sidewalk and sidewalk retaining wall con- structed in Spruce Pine, Mitchell County. (5) Sidewalks constructed in Northampton County. (6) Streets graded and stoned in Elk Park, Avery County. Emergency Relief in North Carolina 173 possible for inland travelers to follow another route or to find fords, this is not possible along the coastal banks. This project has been the means of keeping these people connected with the main- land. Number of men employed, 39. Number of man-hours expended, 15,000. One of the most important projects for the construction of culverts is project No. 36-B7-5, Gaston County, transferred from the Civil Works Administration. Under this project, a 7 x 7- foot reinforced concrete culvert four feet long has been built. Completion of this project has elim- inated a health hazard that existed in this section of Gastonia for many years. No outstanding projects were carried on under this category. All of the grade crossing work done in this state was of a minor nature and was carried on under the various road and street improvement projects. Summary Total miles of road constructed, 309.01 ; improved, 1,270.74; repaired, 446.11. Number miles dirt road constructed, 162.14; improved, 972.88; repaired, 328.75. Number miles gravel road constructed, 92.26; improved, 174.15; repaired, 93.50. Number miles macadam road constructed, 32.11 ; improved, 5.20; repaired, 2.50. Number miles concrete road constructed, 12.22 ; improved, .50; repaired, 6.00. Number miles other road constructed, 10.23 j improved, 1 18.01 ; repaired, 15.36. Miles of sidewalk constructed, 93.03; improved, 33.75; repaired, 15.66. Miles of paths and trails constructed, 49.50; improved, i.oo; repaired, none. Number of bridges constructed, 113; improved, 19; repaired, 64. Number of large culverts constructed, 446; improved, 37; repaired, 33. Number of overpasses constructed, none ; improved, none ; repaired, none. Number of underpasses constructed, none ; improved, none ; repaired, none. Number of grade crossings constructed, 3 ; improved, i ; repaired, none. Number of types of projects for traffic control and regulation (stop lights, etc.) constructed, none; improved, i ; repaired, i. Number of other highway projects constructed, i; improved, 12; repaired, 4; headwalls constructed, 211. 1,960 feet of 18-inch concrete pipe repaired. Public Building Projects ( B. 3, 4 ) Among the important schoolhouses constructed as Emergency Relief Administration projects is the high school building in the town of West Jefferson, in Ashe County, built under project No. 5-B3-10. This project will furnish sixteen large classrooms and an auditorium with a seating capacity of approximately six hundred persons. This two-story brick building will furnish facilities for about five hundred pupils from the town of West Jefferson and adjoining sections of Ashe County. At the time this project was started, the town of West Jefferson had a small building, poorly constructed and condemned as unfit for school purposes by the State Board of Education. With- out the help of the Emergency Relief Administration this school could never ha\e been built. This project furnished employment to an average of forty-three men, and about 32,516 man-hours were used on the project. 174 Emergency Relief in N"orth Carolina ] (i) Concrete storm culvert, Gastonia, Gaston County. (2) Water tank at State Farm Colony for Women, Lenoir County. (3) Stream gaging station built in Mash County. (4) Construction of sewer system in Murfreesboro, Hertford County. Emergency Relief in ISTorth Carolina 17C (i) Paw Creek Gymnasium^ Mecklenburg County. (2) Stone Gymnasium in Yancey County. 176 Emergency Eelief in ISTobth Oakolina ^ It ffi JWBI ES EI m tn tnn n talStMKtiusaiirilillilt: «»f* ./ >il LwiTlfj^"! *^'' '/* '^r':?,"f,^''"«'>., (2) ^'^''''''"" '^"'^ '•''/'«'" to Rock School in Burke County. (3) Library and gymnasium ti jSs:nm^^^^^^ '"^C'^Tf^f *--'f,»f /,"''-«/ £«^^/™^- (4) CodcreefLool in^HayJ^dcZ^. [5) jejjeison High School, Ashe County. (6) West Jefferson High School, Ashe County: Second floor rebuilt, entire building remodeled Emergency Relief in North Carolina 177 Another important project of this type is project No. 17-B3-16 for the construction of a thirteen- room brick school in Mihon Township, of Caswell 'County. This project, located in that section of the county having the heaviest case load, provided employment for all of the skilled relief clients in that section. All the material for the building was furnished by the county, and an abandoned tobacco factory close to the project was demolished to provide much of the necessary material. This project, which has relieved a congested condition in the schools, has used about forty men who have worked more than 49,886 hours on the project. Although not nearly so imposing as some of the larger schools constructed, the small school- house, project No. 44-B3-23, built in the Big Bend Section, or the "Lost Province" of Haywood County, as it is called, is in its way as important a school as has been built under the Emergency Relief Administration. The school was built by the ERA from material salvaged from an old lumber company office building. The Big Bend community is made up of twelve families marooned in an inaccessible part of the county. To reach this community, it is necessary to walk twelve miles after going as far as possible in a car. Not even a mule can go up the trail. Since the trestle of the old lumber railroad washed out the pedestrian has to let himself down from rock to rock by hanging on to roots and shrubs until he reaches the stream, then cross by rocks, if the stream is low, and pull himself up the other side by roots and shrubs. This is the only way ERA case workers could reach these families. There is no other school within a radius of nine miles and this building is the first school in this section in eighteen or twenty years. There is now a full time school teacher and approximately twenty-five children in attendance at the school. Average number of men worked, 8. Number of man-hours expended, 1,136. School repair and improvement projects of one sort or another have been carried on in every county in North Carolina. Under these projects millions of dollars of improvements have been made. Among the outstanding projects of this sort is project No. 1-B4-2, for the repair and reno- vation of four large schools in the city of Burlington, Alamance County. Fifteen new classrooms were added to these buildings by converting part of the auditoriums into classrooms. From twenty-five to fifty men were employed on the project and about fifteen thousand man-hours were used. The addition of the new classrooms to the schools has relieved a very congested situation and general renovation has made the buildings much less susceptible to deterioration. In Wayne County, fifty school buildings were repaired under project No. 96A-B4-8. Fifteen of these schools were for white children and thirty-five for colored. Materials transferred partly from the CWA and furnished partly by the county school authorities, including 49,980 pounds of asphalt ; twenty-two tons of plaster ; 750 gallons of paint ; 8,000 feet of ceiling ; 2 1 ,000 feet of floor- ing; sixty-five doors; 138 sashes; five hundred pounds of nails; 13,000 feet of lumber; as well as a large quantity of miscellaneous hardware and materials. An average of thirty- five men have worked, 10,568 hours on this project. 178 Emehoenct Relief in ISTorth Carolina •-"Sfc^^i^ "** (i) Big Bend school, Haywood County. (2) Big Bend school children. (3) Pond spraying to control malaria epidemic. Black Water fever, affecting hundreds of relief clients. (4) Relief family exposed to Black Water fever. (5) Control and prevention of Black Water fever. ERA nurse at home of infected family. (6) Recreational project. Rhythm Band, Pitt County. (7) Excavation Indian Mound under CWA, Cherokee County. (8) Pond before drainage in vicinity of tovon of 12,000 inhabitants, Craven County. (9) Privy construction, Ran- dolph County. Typical of privies constructed on State-wide Health Control project. Emergency Relief in North Carolina 179 (i) Classroom building built at Negro Training School, Gates County. (2) Wing added to school in Pitt County. (3) Colored school built with ERA labor and local funds in Rocky Mount, Mash County. (4) Milton-Semora School built in Caswell County with local funds and relief labor. 180 Emergency Relief in ISToeth Carolina (i) Foreman's house at soil erosion farm, Iredell County, before renovation. (2) Foreman s house at soil erosion farm, Iredell County after CWA and ERA repairs and renovation. (3) Painting in Carteret County Courthouse. Mote difference between painted section and existing section. (4) Tubercular cottages built in Wayne County. Emergency Relief in Wobth Carolina 181 The county superintendent of schools, in a letter to the Emergency Relief Administration, says : "I am positive that more benefit has been received from this project and more careful work done than on any preceding one. In order to be convinced of this, it is necessary only to visit the schools and talk to the principals and teachers." ". . . from the evidence that I can gather, the state of repair is far superior to that existing at any time during the past six or eight years." This school repair project is typical of the accomplishments of many projects in many other counties, and the attitude of this county superintendent is that of many other county superintend- ents whose buildings have been greatly improved through relief projects. One of the most important courthouse repair projects completed by the Emergency Relief Administration was project No. 68-B4-3, approved for the renovation of the courthouse at Hills- boro. Orange County, North Carolina. This old courthouse, built in 1844- 1849, is one of the most charming examples of courthouse architecture in the state. The old stone jail and town building, which was located on the courthouse property, was torn down so that a proper setting could be provided for the courthouse. The demolition of the old jail was followed with much interest as it was rumored that the ancient hanging pit would be brought to light — but no trace of it was found. The walls of the old jail, which were thirty-two inches thick, made of flagstone laid in clay, provided the material for all the flagstone sidewalks built on the square. The restoration of this courthouse was carefully supervised so that all the work and the colonial characteristics of the building might be preserved. Another courthouse repair and restoration project was project No. 16-B4-73, approved for re- pairing and restoring the courthouse in Beaufort, Carteret County, North Carolina. Until work was begun under this project, no major repairs had been made on the courthouse for many years owing to the financial condition of the county. The fourteen men employed have spent 7,238 hours building a new roof; plastering and repairing the plaster in the interior of the courthouse; cleaning, painting and renovating the wood work, furniture and fixtures, as well as repairing and painting the exterior of the building. Under project No. 63-B3-26, Moore County, a school bus garage, 85 x 150 feet, has been completed to house the county school buses and to provide a repair shop. All the materials for this project were furnished locally. Average number of men employed, 25. Number of man-hours expended, 7,259. In Winston-Salem all the fire stations have been painted and repaired under proj-ect No. 34-B4-28. The work done involved painting the exterior of the buildings, inside walls, bedrooms, stairways, as well as general repairs. We have been informed that it is very interesting to note the change in the men who live in the fire stations as a result of the repair work. Their work is now carried on more efficiently than it was before repairs were started. Average number of men employed, 21. Number of man-hours expended, 6,008. Under project No. 11B-B4-24, the Biltmore fire station, just out of Asheville, Buncombe County, was completely renovated. The truck room has been enlarged to accommodate two trucks, the living quarters for the firemen have been replastered and redecorated, and the old and unsani- tary plumbing has been brought up to date. These improvements were much needed to bring this fire station up to date and provide adequate quarters for the firemen. 182 Emergency Relief in N"oeth Carolina (i) New Bern Library, Craven County, before remodeling. (2) New Bern Library, Craven County, after being remodeled and repaired by ERA. (3) Hillsboro Confederate Memorial Public Library built under CWA and ERA, Orange County. Emergency Relief in Worth Carolina l83 Average number of men employed, 27. Number of man-hours expended, 7,161. In Graham County a number of school bus shelters have been built throughout the county. These shelters, which are of log construction, provide shelter for school children while they are waiting for school buses. In Winston-Salem, an abandoned two-story school building with sixteen classrooms and an auditorium, and approximately 150 by 150 feet large had stood idle for several years. This building has been remodeled and developed into an armory under ERA project No. 34B-B4-41. The rear portion of the old school building was partially torn down and rebuilt to be used as a drill hall, assembly room and for recreational purposes. This drill hall, sixty feet wide and one hundred ten feet long, has been coxered with new built-up roofing, supported by new steel trusses and floored with maple. The front portion has been remodeled to provide for lockers, supply and orderly rooms, officers' quarters, mess hall and club rooms. In the basement, showers, locker rooms and a small-bore rifle range has been built. An entirely new electric lighting system, including flood lights for the drill field, has been in- stalled. The building has been painted inside and out and the drill grounds have been graded and fenced. Average number of men employed, 31. Number of man-hours expended, 45,065. Under project No. 86-B4-71, the Surry County jail has been converted from a fire trap into a modern jail. The county had for several years been desirous of repairing the jail, but lack of funds had prevented the work being undertaken. When the work contemplated is completed, Surry County will have a fire-proof modern jail. Average number of men employed, 20. Number of man-hours expended, 7,864. The Forsyth County jail project No. 34-B4-69 was badly needed to eradicate over-crowded, unsanitary conditions. The work included cleaning old plaster from the walls, replastering and painting inside and out ; repairing cells ; building cells for insane inmates ; and installing shower baths to replace tubs. Average number of men employed, 23. Number of man-hours expended, 5,299. Under project No. 96-B3-63, cottages have been built for public welfare cases in Wayne County who are affected with tuberculosis. Materials for this work were donated by local organizations and individuals. These cottages, which provide for only one person, are movable so that they may be placed where the patient has a\ailable a greater supply of fresh air and sun- shine. Much interest has been manifested in these cottages by other sections of the state and it is expected that several counties will build similar cottages with their own funds. An average of four men worked for a total of 1,433 hours on this project. The Caswell Training School, a state-owned institution for mentally deficient children located in Lenoir County, has been completely renovated as a result of Emergency Relief Administration activities, Nos. S54-B4-9 andS54-B4-io. Under these projects for general repairs to the buildings, fourteen buildings were repaired and painted. Brick work, woodwork, plastering and roofs were put in first class condition. A reservoir ha\ing a capacity of 130,000 gallons, and a silo four- teen feet in diameter, were erected. A wading pool was provided for the unfortunate inmates. 184 Emergency Relief in North Carolina (i) Walkway connecting hospital and nurses' home, Winston-Salem. (2) Community theater building built in Macon County. (3) hos- pital built at Appalachian State Teachers' College, Watauga County, with CWA and State funds. (4) Fire station built at Pinehurst in Moore County. (5) City Hall and fire station built at Lillington, Harnett County. (6) Warehouse remodeled for District ERA offices, Statesville, Iredell County. (7) Isolation ward at Goldsboro, North Carolina. Emergency Relief in ISTorth Carolina 185 Average number of men employed, No. 9, 3. Average number of men employed, No. 10, 32. Number man-hours expended, No. 9, 570. Number man-hours expended, No. 10, 21,135. In Pinehurst, Moore County, project No. 63-B4-5, transferred from the Civil Works Admin- istration, has provided a combination city hall, fire station and public hall. An old community building was remodeled under this project to provide more adequate municipal facilities. Average number of men employed, 35. Number of man-hours expended, 10,110. Almost every ERA district and local office has been repaired and painted either as public property projects or for repairs in lieu of rent. Under project No. 49-B4-47, in Iredell County a two-story brick warehouse, 80 x 30 feet, was improved to form a modern office building which housed the District Emergency Relief Administration. The site and the building were purchased for this purpose by Iredell County. The previous district office quarters were totally inadequate and this project made possible much greater efficiency as well as providing an important addition to the Iredell County courthouse quarters. An average of twenty-five men spent 6,918 hours in remodeling this building. In Craven County, the District ERA offices, under project No. 25-B4-53, were constructed from a large storeroom on the second floor of an uptown building. Materials were furnished partly by the county and partly by the Emergency Relief Administration. An average of twenty-four workers working 4,390 hours converted this store space into nine private offices, one large office, two large halls and two rest rooms. The Washington County Home Project No. 94-B3-27 is one of the most important Emer- gency Relief Administration projects in that section of the state. The existing buildings were scarcely fit to live in, and the completion of this project provided a modern county home for the less fortunate people of the county. This project was built in exchange for a gift of some fifteen thou- sand acres of land by the county to the Emergency Relief Administration. Average number of men employed, 45. Number of man-hours expended, 31,000. Summary Number of schoolhouses : Capacity 1-50: constructed, 19; improved, 108; repaired, 215. Capacity 51-500 : constructed, 35 ; improved, 234 ; repaired, 405. Capacity over 500 : constructed, 7 ; improved, 88 ; repaired, 138. Number of small courthouses constructed, none ; improved, 6 ; repaired, 7. Number of large courthouses constructed, none ; improved, 13 ; repaired, 10. Number of municipal garages constructed, 6 ; improved, i ; repaired, i. Number of fire houses constructed, 3 ; improved, 2 ; repaired, 7. Number of bus and car shelters constructed, 42 ; improved, none ; repaired, none. Number of rest rooms constructed, 1 7 ; improved, none ; repaired, none. Number of armories constructed, i ; improved, i ; repaired, i. Number of small city and county halls constructed, 4 ; improved, 2 ; repaired, 5. Number of large city and county halls constructed, none ; improved, i ; repaired, 3. Number of jails and prisons : Capacity 1-50 : constructed, i ; improved, 8; repaired, 8. 186 Emergency Relief in T^Toeth Caeolina (i) Addition to school in Wilson County. (2) Community House built in Wayne County. (3) Gymnasium built in Grani'ille County. (4) Work shop built at Bethel Hill High School, Person County. (5) Gymnasium built in Washington County. (6) Washington County Home built under CWA and ERA. Emergency Relief in ITorth Carolina 187 Capacity 50-200 : constructed, none ; impro\ed, 5 ; repaired, 2. Capacity over 200 : constructed, none ; improved, none ; repaired, none. Number of hospitals and sanitariums : 1-50 beds : constructed, 5 ; impro\ed, 2 ; repaired, 3. 51-100 beds : constructed, none ; improved, i ; repaired, i. Over 100 beds : constructed, none ; improved, 2 ; repaired, 2. Number of public buildings, combining various of above units : constructed, 38 ; improved, 171 ; repaired, 256. State number of relief offices constructed, 8; improved, 70; repaired, 81. Number of other public buildings constructed, 51 ; improved, 54; repaired, 107. Sewers, Drainage, and Public Utility Projects (B. 7, 8, 9, 10) While many miles of sewers have been constructed and repaired in the larger towns and cities of the state, it is the smaller towns that are most grateful for sanitary sewers that have been built as ERA projects. It is the opinion of many that even though the sewer work done in the larger towns is important, that done in the smaller towns is more important. In the town of Columbia, in Tyrrell County, for instance, under project No. 89-B7-9, a sewer has been built which will serve over one thousand people. Since sanitary sewers were non-existent in this town until they were built under this project, the project will be the means of doing more to improve health and sanitation than any other project that could have been undertaken, and for the first time Columbia is in a position to improve its sanitary conditions and combat disease. Number of men worked, 33. Number of man-hours expended, 22,031. In Elizabethtown, Bladen County, under project No. 9-B7-20, a complete sewerage system was completed. This project was started under CWA. As the town of Elizabethtown had just installed their water system under private contract, this project completion afforded this community the privilege of modern sanitation. The construction included the installation of 2,000 feet of 12- inch pipe, 10,800 feet of 8-inch pipe, 9,500 feet of 6-inch pipe, 70 manholes, and other work. Number of men worked, 62. Number of man-hours expended, 34,569. In Faison, Duplin County, there have been built 15,300 feet of sewers and one sewer disposal plant under project No. 3i-B7-i2,using an average of ninety-three men and a total of 28,905 man- hours. In order to make these sewers usable, the town has constructed a water system under private contract. In se\eral cases such as this, where small towns without sewers had the funds to build either a water or sewer system, but not both, the Emergency Relief Administration projects have made it possible to provide modern sewer and water facilities. Project No. 90-B7-14, one of the major projects of Union County, affects the entire city of Mon- roe. The sewer line constructed in Monroe under this project is laid in a thickly populated section of the city whose only sanitary facilities were privies. The excavation for this project was very heavy, being eighteen feet deep in places and through hard slate rock. A tunnel sixty feet long under a railroad track also provided difficulties. Under this project, approximately of 150 men work- ing 118,271 hours laid 4}/^ miles of sewer pipe and built 79 manholes. The Bonner Street storm sewer, built under project No. 7-B7-14, in Washington, Beaufort 188 Emeegenct Relief in N'oeth Carolina (i) Digging ditch for sanitary sewer, Edgecombe County. (2) Laying sewer pipe in Burlington, Alamance County. (3) Portion of sanitary sewer system built in Belmont, Gaston County, with local funds and relief labor. Emekgency Relief in JSTokth Carolina 189 (i) Dam and pumping plant built by CWA and ERA at Siler City, Chatham County. (2) Laying water mains in Durham, Durham County. (3) Digging ditch for sewer line, Sanford, Lee County. Note sharing. (4) Reservoir constructed at Carthage. Moore County. 190 Emeectency Eelief in Noeth Caeolina (0 Deep Creek, clearing right-of-way. Drainage, Edgecombe County. (2) Hoke County, Bob's Pond drainage project near Lobelia. (3) ■f^va'f County, Gulrock Drainage. (4) The inter-section of ditches draining large swamps in Gates County. Emergency Relief in North Carolina 191 County, North Carolina, has corrected a \'ery unsightly and unsanitary condition. An open ditch about a mile and one-half long ran down Bonner Street in front of residences making it impossible to have sidewalks on that side of the street. To correct this condition, forms were built and a thirty-six inch concrete pipe, reinforced with hog wire, was poured at the site. Special equipment was constructed to place the pipe in the ditch, and at all street intersections concrete drip inlets were constructed to take care of the waste and water. This work has greatly impro\ed a residental section of the city as well as provided work for an average of twelve men for 4,000 man-hours. In Winston-Salem, ninety-three storm sewers, 34B-B8-7, have been constructed and log repaired. This work has been very helpful since it has improved sanitary conditions for which local funds were not axailable. Average number of men worked, 30. Number of man-hours expended, 43,849. The drainage program has been carried on under the super\'ision of the North Carolina State Board of Health, cooperating with the United States Public Health Service. Practically all the work has consisted of the drainage of swamps, ponds, and other breeding areas of the malarial vector (carrier) thereby removing the source of malaria transmission from the centers of population. . . . The mortality records show that the counties participating in such programs have experienced a decrease of 16^ per cent in deaths from malaria since the program was started in 1933. This leads one to believe that the work completed thus far is effectixe and well worth the investment of relief funds. The greater part of this work was and is being carried on in the eastern part of the state where malaria is prevalent. This disease in certain sections amounts to a millstone around the necks of the communities affected. The control of this disease does much to improve the communities affected socially, economically, and physically. Public recognition of the value of this work may be found in an editorial published in the Raleigh News and Observer, ^une 30, 1935. The editorial follows : "Last year at this time, Edenton's Mayor reports, his town had 452 cases of malaria. This year it has only 2. Last year at the end of June the community had several billion mosquitoes swarming around. This year the mosquito is down and out. "Full credit is given to the ERA workers who in the past year dug ditches and drained bogs and mudflats. This improvement, which was wrought within a year, is worth more than a passing note. There was a time when Eastern North Carolina had a high percentage of malarial ills, and strangers were inclined to a\oid it in the summer time. But a stricter cleanliness and an improxed sanitation have in recent years entirely altered this picture. The results of the ERA work around Edenton show that it is possible to erase from North Carolina the last of its malarial areas. "Criticism of ERA and other relief agencies has been vociferous, especially among those persons who have needed no relief themselves and never extended any to a fellow being. And, in fact, some defects in will and deed, were, in the face of such a large task, only to be expected. But here is a case in which the ERA has more than justified itself The conclusion must be that if government-supported agencies could wipe out all the infected spots in the country, the nation could well afford to foot the bill, high though it might be. For prevalent good health, and the energy that flows from it, can, within a year or two, restore the balance to any temporarily weakened budget. Weakened budgets do not matter. But weakened men do." In spite of the fact that most of the malaria control work carried on in North Carolina is in the eastern part of the state, one of the most outstanding projects is the malaria control project carried on in Iredell and Rowan counties, in the central part of the state. It has been reported that the 192 Emergency Relief in North Carolina ( I ) A typical ponded swamp in Robeson County in vicinity of densely populated section. A malaria blood slide survey showed a higher positive reaction than any other place in North Carolina. (a) Ponds paralleling Fourth Creek before drainage, Iredell County. (3) Channel after drainage, Fourth Creek, Iredell County. (4) The same swamp as No. i after drainage. One year after completion, malaria decreased over, 60 per cent. Emeeoency Relief in ISTorth Carolina 193 incidence of malaria is hea\cr here than in any other place in the United States. Many acres of rich farm land lie idle or are farmed only intermittently because of the multitudes of malaria mos- quitoes that infest this area and infect the population. This condition can be corrected only if the area invoh'ed is properly drained so that the hundreds of ponds and pools of stagnant water are eliminated . The waterways being drained are Second, Third, and Fourth Creeks and their tributaries, all of which drain into the Yadkin Ri\'er. Efforts have in the past been made by one county or the other to carry on this work but these efforts have fallen short of fulfillment because there was no coordi- nated effort on the part of both counties. Since all of these creeks flow through both counties, only by treating the projects in the counties as one problem can the project as a whole be successful. In Iredell County, the work involves dredging approximately 275,000 cubic yards on 8 miles of Third Creek, and dredging approximately 500,000 cubic yards on some 14 miles of Fourth Creek by dragline and dredgeboat. In Rowan County, right-of-way and dredging must be carried on along 10 miles of Third Creek and 7 miles of Fourth Creek. On Second Creek a new channel must be cut for 71^ miles, and 45 miles of old channel must be recut on the tributaries of Second Creek. In each county there have been set up drainage districts covering all the areas in which work is to be done. The counties have raised, and will continue to raise funds by means of a special acreage tax levied on those through whose lands the project runs and who will be benefited. The Emergency Relief Administration with its relief clients has built wooden barges for the floating dredges, and these are now in operation. The United States Public Health authorities and the North Carolina State Board of Health authorities ha\e given much thought to this project and have cooperated with the Works Division of the Emergency Relief Administration in every way. It is the opinion of these authorities, as well as of the County Health officials and the people of Rowan and Iredell counties, that no more bene- ficial project could be carried on than this. Average No. No. Man-hours Projects Involved Are Men Employed Expended Iredell : 49-B17-76 94 20,740 49-B17-90 108 6,144 49-B17-58 8 3,689 49-B17-56 194 33,391 49-B17-14 43 61,858 Rowan : 80-B17-4 72 11,551 80-B17-3 74 44,639 80-B17-51 97 11,681 In addition to supervising projects, the malaria control division has aided very materially in other ways. It has set about to reorganize drainage districts which have long since passed into obli\ion and left their canals as permanent hazards to existence. It has made many sections in North Carolina malaria-conscious and has further assisted by distributing literature and by deliv- ering frequent lectures and radio talks on the subject. A serious effort to educate the inhabitants of infested areas in the v/ays and means of protecting themselves from malarial fever has been an extra duty of those employed to help with this program. It is believed that if opportunity is pro- is 194 Emergency Relief in N'ohth Carolina -~=>T ^ -»««!»>». (i) Aerial view of completely drained salt marsh near Manteo, Dare County. Work done by transients. (2) Section oj drainage shown in No. I. (3) Relief workers building dredging machine, Iredell and Rowan counties. (4) Transients at work on the salt marsh drainage shown above. (5) Dredging machine completed by relief workers shown in No. 3. (6) Dragline on Fourth Creek, Iredell County. (7) Surveying right-of-way for drainage of Swift Creek, Pitt County. Emergency Eelief in ISTobth Carolina 195 \dded for the continuation of this work and allowance is made for the completion of all the drainage projects deemed necessary by those in a position to judge such matters, this state may expect enor- mous returns, both socially and economically, from its drainage for malaria control. Following is gi\en a summary of drainage activities under CWA and ERA : CWA December i, 1933-March 31, 1934 — Number of counties engaged in malaria control activities, 54. Total number malaria control projects started, 392. Number of malaria control projects benefiting cities, 132. Number of malaria control projects benefiting rural communities, 268. Maximum number laborers engaged in malaria control one week, 6,200. Average number laborers engaged in malaria control one week, 4,740. Number miles canal and ditches either excavated or cleaned out under super\ision of Malaria Control Di\ision, 566. Number new ditches excavated, 1,390. Number of ponds drained, 969. Total number acres ponds drained, 2,972. Total acres swamp land drained or given outlet, 93,278. Total number draglines used, 9. A summary of the results obtained from the ERA drainage for Malaria Control program is as follows : ERA April 14, 1934-December I, 1935 — Number of counties engaged in malaria control activities, 56. Total number malaria control projects approved, 439. Number projects affecting cities, 155. Projects affecting both Rural and Urban Population, 21. Number projects affecting rural communities, 263. Maximum number laborers engaged in malaria control one week, 5,030. A\erage number laborers engaged in malaria control one week, 2,819. Number miles canal and ditches either exca\'ated or cleaned out under supervision of Malaria Control Di\ision, 954. Number new ditches excavated, 2,679. Number of ponds drained, 3,063. Total number acres ponds drained, 4,290. Total number acres swamp land drained or given proper outlet, 25,044. Total number draglines used, 7. CWA and ERA projects completed thus far, 269. Floating dredges, 3. Projects started, 304. Projects completed, 269. Average hours per man week, 17.5. 196 Emeegency Relief in North Carolina (i) ■ Completed ditch near Raynham, Robeson County. (2) Completed canal near Wilmington, New Hanover County. (3) Completed channel' j2t Pittsboro, Chatham County. (4) Ditch, draining swamp which surrounded Williamston, Martin County. (5) Canal, draining Ground Nut swamp, near LaGrange, Lenoir County. (6) Channel drainage, swamp at Shiloh, Camden County. (7) Bertie County , drain- age ditch. (8) Crew removing vegetation from canal, Columbus County. (9) An inter-section of drainage project near Henderson, Vance County. Emergency Eelief in North Carolina 197 (i) Sanitary sewsr under conslruction at Queen Street in Kinston, Lenoir County. (a) Water tower constructed at Faison, Duplin County,.,- (3) Water tower constructed at Kenansville, Duplin County. (4) Stream gaging station on French Broad River near Hot Springs, Madison County. (5) Repairs to Toomers Creek intake, Wilmington, Hew Hanover County. (6) City reservoir constructed at Carthage, Moore County. 198 Emergency Relief in North Carolina (i) Erecting pole on rural electrification line in Orange County. (a) Completed rural electrification line in Orange County. (3) Com- pleted rural electrification line in Orange County. Emercjency Relief in N^orth Carolina 199 Many communities in North Carolina have been aided by additions to their water systems or by the complete installation of an entirely new water system. It is always difficult to say which class of projects are most important, but certainly those projects which improve sanitary conditions are well at the head of the list. The addition of modern water and sewer facilities certainly adds not only to the convenience of those affected, but also impro\'es social and economic conditions. One of the most important projects involving laying of water mains carried on under the Emer- gency Relief Administration is project No. 32-B9-42 in Durham. This project is an excellent ex- ample of the type of work that can be accomplished when municipalities and counties cooperate with the Emergency Relief Administration. Such cooperation is the result of a good deal of pro- motional work on the part of the Emergency Relief Administration and can be obtained only when the community fully realizes that the Emergency Relief Administration funds may be expended only for labor, and that materials must be furnished locally. Realization of this fundamental policy comes to a community only when such a program has been in operation for some time and not when work relief appears to be built on the shifting sands of a dozen conflicting policies. On this project the city of Durham furnished $42,000 worth of materials and almost 84,000 worth of labor and supervision. One hundred fifty tons of cast iron pipe were furnished by the city of Durham, and laid by relief labor. Average number of men employed, 100. Number of man-hours expended, 42,518. Although miles of electric and gas conduits are listed under this classification, the number of miles indicated refers to rural electrification lines built. Three projects of rural electrification lines in the counties of Orange, Wilson and Hoke were completed. The first of these projects to be built and completed with Emergency Relief Administration funds was that built in Orange County under No. 68-B9-41. Much interest has been manifested in Orange County over Rural Electri- fication, ;ince the Ci\il Works Administration completed a project of this sort in the county. On the basis of information gathered from the state-wide Rural Electrification Survey, a section of Orange County was selected for this Emergency Relief Administration project. A meeting was held in the community which was attended by several hundred people among whom were rep- resentatives from not only those communities affected, but others as well. As a result of this meeting, after which the local citizens agreed to furnish a substantial part of the cost of the project, work was begun, 11. 2 miles of the project has been completed. These Rural Electrification projects are undoubtedly very important and add to rural communities one of the prime necessities of modern life. They are not, however, especially good work relief projects since they involve a maximum of materials, and skilled, non-relief labor and a minimum of relief labor. If the projects can be worked out on some self-liquidating basis, they should prove quite feasible. A\erage number of men employed, 64. Number of man-hours expended, 13,534. All of the pumping stations constructed with Emergency Relief Administration funds were constructed as part of regular water projects and none of them were very large. Among the filtration plants impro\ed was a city filter plant and pumping station in Raleigh repaired and reconditioned under project No. 92B-B 10-67. The work done included repairing and reconditioning of filter and filtration equipment, the repair of all concrete structures including the reservoirs and settling basins. This work was badly needed, and as was the case with most municipalities, funds were not available to carry on the work. An a\erage of 15 men worked 9,636 hours to complete this project. 200 Emergency Relief in ISTorth Carolina Bij3is2i*nv::ji (i) Water tower built as part of municipal water system at Wadeshoro, Anson County. (2) Dam built at Apex, Wake County. (3) Re- taining wall built at Game Farm, Durham County. (4) Reservoir built at Marshall, Madison County. (5) Chlorinator house built at Marshall, Madison County. (6) Empounding dam at Wadesboro, Anson County. Emergency Relief in North Carolina 201 Yanceyville, county seat of Caswell County, one of the very few unincorporated county seats in the state, has no sanitary sewer system. As a result of this, the sanitary conditions in the county courthouse and jail have been deplorable. To correct this condition, a small sewage dis- posal plant has been built as an Emergency Relief Administration project to serve the county courthouse and jail. This project, together with one for repairing and renovating the courthouse has given the people and the officials of the county a new pride in their public buildings. It is difficult to describe with words the benefits that such projects as these provide since the improve- ments are helpful not only in visible accomplishments but also in a changed mental attitude and outlook on the part of the indi\iduals whom the project benefits. The Works Division of the North Carolina Emergency Relief Administration has of course constantly endeavored to promote and carry on projects whose physical results will be beneficial to the various communities. It has also been the aim of the Works Division through these projects to promote in the various communities of the state, through the projects carried on, a better mode of living, a better social attitude, and an increased pride in the community on the part of the people who live in the community. It seems at times that such ideals are more easily accomplished by the example of a completed project than by years of preaching and lecturing. Average number of men employed, 21. Number of man-hours expended, 6,848. Among the projects completed under this head is project No. 54-B9-32. This project was approved for erecting a tank and tower at the State Farm Colony for Delinquent Girls and Women. Prior to the completion of this project, the water system at this institution was so inadequate that proper sanitary facilities could not be provided and the shortage of water greatly increased the fire hazard. The materials purchased by the Civil Works Administration were used to erect a 72-foot tower and 5,500-gallon tank. As is the case with many Emergency Relief Administration projects, the physical benefits are great, but the other benefits, such as better discipline, are just as important. In the city of Fayetteville in Cumberland County, a storage basin was built under project No. 26-B10-32. The work involved clearing 60 acres of land, rebuilding an old mill dam so that the present 8-foot head would be increased to 18 feet. The new earth-fill dam has a base of 810 feet, a crown of 30 feet, and a 33-foot spillway. With the cooperation of the North Carolina State Board of Health, the Emergency Relief Administration has improved the sanitary conditions in many of the rural schools, by building septic tanks. One of the most important of these is that installed in the Glen Alpine School unit in Burke County. Under this project a septic tank, 25 x 26 x 10 feet, and a filter bed, 41 x 100 feet, and 3,000 feet of connecting ditches, 2 to 8 feet deep, were built. The sanitary conditions, which prior to the completion of this work had been far from desirable, are now in strict accordance with the requirements of the State Board of Health. The health authorities discovered that the South Mill High School in Camden County had sanitary conditions which they stamped as deplorable. Sufficient funds were not available to cor- rect this condition, but with the help of the Emergency Relief Administration the problem was solved. For this project, No. 15-B7-25, the county furnished all necessary materials and with these materials Emergency Relief Administration labor constructed a concrete septic tank and laid 3,000 202 Emergency Relief in North Carolina feet of 4-inch pipe. This is an example of the way the Emergency Rehef Administration in North Carolina has impro\'ed sanitary conditions for the school children of the state. Average number of men employed, 14. Number of man-hours expended, 2,314. No more important work can be done to pro\ide rural population and others, for whom sewerage facilities are not available, with adequate sanitary facilities than as was done through the sanitary privy program. The United States Public Health Service agrees that the sanitary privy as constructed in North Carolina is the next best thing to modern plumbing arrangements. The North Carolina State Board of Health has de\oted much time to properly planning a sanitary pri\y that reduces health hazard to a minimum, and all the pri\-ies built in North Carolina have been built under ERA projects in accordance with the plans and specifications of the State Board of Health. In almost ninety of North Carolina's 100 counties, community sanitation through the construction of sanitary privies has been carried on as Emergency Relief Administration projects. It would be unfair, considering case loads and \arious other factors, to say that any one county put on a better program than the others. In Columbus County, howe\'er, the sanitary privy project has recei\'ed more local attention than in many other places. To pro\-e the fact that ade- quate rural sanitation has an immediate economic \alue in Columbus County, many strawberries are raised in this county, and several years ago the sanitary conditions in this rural area were so terrible that the health authorities came very near to condemning the entire crop in many sections of the county as being unfit for human consumption. Through the acti\'ities of the Civil Works Administration and the Emergency Relief Administration in building sanitary privies, this condi- tion has been corrected. Average number of men employed, 6. Number of man-hours expended, 1,037. Under the projects for removing car tracks, is project No. 13-B1-14 in Concord, county seat of Cabarrus County. The section of South Union Street from which the car track was removed was in \'ery bad condition before this project was completed. The car tracks and the old brick pavement have been remo\'ed and replaced with concrete pax-ement. The appearance, useful- ness, and safety of this street ha\e been greatly increased. An a\erage of 14 men worked 1,827 man-hours in removing these tracks. In the drought cattle program two abattoirs were constructed, at Hamlet and New Bern. Modern plants and equipment were installed to conform to the high standards of sanitation set up by the Health Department. The output of the abo\-e abattoirs was 100 cattle per eight hours. CDntinuous shifts were operated using approximately 90 per cent relief labor. Various plants of refrigeration were necessary in this operation and were utilized. Dressed meat was forwarded from these plants to canneries, storage plants, and distributed as surplus commodities. The hides were preserved for the operation of the Emergency Relief Administration tannery at Old Fort, N.C. A\erage number of men employed, 217. Number of man-hours expended, 55,446. At Greensboro, Raleigh, Asheville, and Charlotte, local abattoirs were remodeled or repaii-ed and were used by the Emergency Relief Administration in the slaughter of the drought cattle. Emergency Relief in Noeth Carolina 203 Summary Miles of sewers constructed, 104.54; improved, 5.10; repaired, 58.73. Miles of storm sewers constructed, 1 13.86 ; improved, 2.10 ; repaired, 1 13.06. Miles of drainage ditches constructed, 954.06 ; improved, 359.00 ; repaired, 43.00. Miles of irrigation ditches constructed, none ; improved, none ; repaired, none. Miles of other sewers and ditches constructed, 127.67 ; improxed, 205.52 ; repaired, 158.87. Miles of water mains laid, 46.11 ; improved, 2.42 ; repaired, 8.87. Miles of electric and gas conduits laid, 11.2 ; improxed, 2.00 ; repaired, 100. Number of abattoirs constructed, 4; improved, 5 ; repaired, i. Number of electric light plants constructed, i ; impro\ed, i ; repaired, none. Number of gas plants constructed, none ; improxed, none ; repaired, none. Number of pumping stations constructed, 7 ; improved, 4 ; repaired, 2. Number of filtration stations constructed, 7 ; impro\ed, 2 ; repaired, 5. Number of sewerage disposal plants constructed, 20 ; improved, 4 ; repaired, 5. Number of other utilities constructed, 8 ; improved, i ; repaired, none. Number of septic tanks constructed, 96 ; improxed, 1 1 ; repaired, 120. Number of sanitary privies constructed, 18,125 ; improved, 1,126 ; repaired, 1,738. Number of miles of car tracks removed or otherwise disposed of, 16.83. Acres ponds drained, 3,063. Acres swamp land drained, 25,044. Construction and Repair of Recreational Facilities (B. II, 12) Under project No. 92-B11-154 at North Carolina State College of Agriculture and Engineer- ing, the stadium at Riddick Field was completed. The old concrete and wooden stands of the West Side were dismantled and replaced with modern construction in replica of the new stadium on the East Side. The construction consisted of approximately 1,200 cubic yards of reenforced concrete, cypress seats, press box, modern amplifying system, toilets and entrances. This con- struction was completed in the short time of thirty-eight and one-half working days. At times three shifts were employed per day and as high as 400 men were employed daily. This project was made possible by the cooperation of the college and alumni in furnishing of 85 per cent of materials. In this construction, 107,561 man-hours were used with an average of 262 men per day. The stadium constructed has a seating capacity of 7,900 people and gives this institution a modern football facility capable of handling with safety the crowds at such contests of 16,000 peoples. This modern stadium, the construction of which is now completed provides for increased attendance at State College games, and will doubtless prove a drawing card for other front rank athletic exhibitions. Work on this stadium was part of the comprehensive effort of the ERA to pro\ide permanent recreational facilities, well-constructed and meeting the highest engineering requirements. Under project No. 92A-B1 1-5, certain materials were transferred from the Ci\il Works Ad- ministration. A concrete grandstand was constructed at the North Carolina State Fair Grounds with an a\-erage of 50 men working 10,976^2 hours. Additional seating capacity was sorely needed to provide adequate space for the spectators during the \'arious events at this annual fair. The grandstand has a seating capacity of 3,600 and increases the seating capacity of the fair about 40 per cent. 204 Emergency Relief in North Carolina (i) Concrete bleachers at State College Stadium, Raleigh, Wake County, under construction, August 20, 7555. (2) Concrete bleachers at Stale College Stadium, Raleigh, Wake County, under construction, August 24, rgj^. (3) Concrete bleachers at State College Stadium, com- pleted October 10, 1935. (4) Air view of State College Stadium. Right-hand stands constructed with sponsor's funds and relief labor. Emergency Relief in ISTorth Carolina 205 A wooden grandstand for the Concord High School was built under project No. 13-B11- 69. This high school, before the grandstand was built by the Emergency Relief Administration, was entirely without seating facilities for spectators, the existing grandstand having been condemned. The grandstand, built of wood, has a seating capacity of 1,250, being equipped with dressing rooms, 4 showers, 2 rest rooms and 2 ticket offices. Under this same project, the athletic field was brought to a uniform grade, and in doing this, about 12,000 cubic yards of earth were moved. In building the athletic field and the grandstand, 55 men were used for 55,570 man-hours. At the North Carolina College for Negroes, a wood grandstand seating approximately 1,000 persons was built with materials furnished by the College. The project under which this was built, No. S32-B1 i-23-C,also involved construction of an athletic field. Until this project was com- pleted, recreational facilities at the college were entirely inadequate. The construction was some- what unusual in that cedar posts from an old fence were buried in the ground and used for supports for the cypress plank seating. Average number of men employed, 75. Number of man-hours expended, 64,429. All of the open-air theaters and amphitheaters were constructed as part of Park Develop- ment Projects. The most outstanding amphitheater was that which was built as part of the project for the development of the High Point Municipal Park. This amphitheater, with its grass seats, stage, and enclosure of cedars and other evergreen plant materials, forms one of the most important features of this project. It has a seating capacity of between 2,000 and 3,000, and will provide an opportunity for the presentation of all sorts of outdoor dramas, entertainments, as well as historical pageants, etc. In Charlotte at Independence Park, one of the baseball fields has been used for years for Sunday school leagues and business league games. Much interest has always been manifested in these ball games, and attendance especially on Saturday is heavy. No adequate seating arrange- ments were available until stone bleachers with a seating capacity of 1,500 were constructed. These bleachers, built in a semi-circle, give a splendid view of one of the baseball fields in the park, and the two stone dug-outs with concrete roof slabs, provide facilities for the competing teams. Average number of men employed (No. 60-B11-2), 15. Number of man-hours expended (No. 60-B11-2), 1,205. In Burlington, Willowbrook Park has been built to provide supervised recreation facilities for approximately 700 small children. This project, typical of so many playground projects built in cities, and in the rural areas, affords an opportunity for organized recreation and brings the chil- dren off" the streets and into a safe place to play. Average number of men employed (No. 1-B11-5), 27. Number of man-hours expended (No. 1-B11-5), 1,920. Another important playground project, although partially completed under CWA, is proj- ect No. 98-B11-13, in Wilson. The local interest in this project was extremely fine and materials and other faciUties were contributed by those manifesting this interest. This project forms an im- portant part of the recreational program in this community, the social effects of which are wide- spread. Although Wilson is a comparatively small town, the weekly attendance in the recreational centers and playgrounds of which this project is one of the most important, exceeds two thousand and brings to certain classes, especially those people on relief rolls, a social outlet never before pos- sible to them. Under this project, considerable grading and other preparatory work were done, after which playground equipment and other recreational facilities were installed. Average number of men employed, 27. Number of man-hours expended, 5,714. 206 Emergency Relief ix Xorth Carolixa (i) Stone bleachers built at Independence Park, Charlotte, North Carolina. (2) Putting in underground drainage system, the Municipal Stadium at Charlotte. (3) The Municipal Stadium, Charlotte, completed. (4) Baseball diamond built at Huntersville, Mecklenburg County under RFC, CWA and ERA. Emergency Relief in IN'orth Carolina 207 (l) View of amphitheater and bathhouse built at High Point Municipal Park under CWA and ERA, Guilford County. (2) Community House and lake built at Black Mountain, Buncombe County. (3) Improvement of Jacks Creek and Municipal Park, Washington, Beaufort County. 208 Emergency Relief in Noeth Carolina h W^XB^^ I (i) Swimming pool at Municipal Park, High Point, Guilford County. Largest outdoor pool in North Carolina. (2) Swimming pool and bathhouse at Pullen Park, Raleigh, Wake County. Emergency Relief in North Carolina 209 From the standpoint of design, size, beauty, and usefulness, the High Point Municipal Park, built on the city lake property under project 41C-B11-1, is beyond doubt the outstanding park project not only in the state but in this section of the United States. This project was begun with RFC funds, carried on under Civil Works Administration, and worked on for 15 months and car- ried to completion under the Emergency Relief Administration. This project represents an im- prox'ement and an addition to the city of High Point recreational facilities that would most likely have never been possible except under these programs. The complete project comprises a number of units among which is the swimming pool, 270 feet long and 75 feet wide laid out in the form of a cross, with the cross arm providing space for 50 meter races. The bathhouse, simple in design andbuiltof wood and shingles, provides shower, locker, and toilet facilities for the full bathing load of the pool as well as rest rooms, concession space and outdoor dining rooms. The play field is directly back of the bathhouse and on the same level as the concession floor, and will accommodate a large number of people. To the west of the play field there are accommodations for picnickers including a sheltered barbecue pit and fire place. The ampitheater described above is one of the important features. Facilities have been provided for boating and fishing on the lake as well as another play field with children's apparatus and two tennis courts. Numerous roads, paths, and trails ha\'e been built and the whole area has been landscaped. The design and execution of design are excellent. In this project is a lasting monu- ment that will stand to confound forever those who say that all work relief activities are in the "Leaf-raking Category." Average number of men employed, 241. Number of man-hours expended, 286,997. One of the most important small parks built is that built at Spindale, North Carolina. This park with its swimming pool, play field, and picnic areas is built in the heart of a mill village section and provides recreational facilities where no such facilities previously existed, and where the people have little or no opportunity to get pleasure out of their leisure time. In describing projects carried on by the Emergency Relief Administration, it is difficult even for the Works Di\'ision to place the emphasis on the physical accomplishments in terms of dirt moved, concrete poured, etc., instead of upon the benefits which the projects furnish to the public. No finer thing could be done in this locality than furnishing these mill workers with the recreation facilities provided by the completion of this project. Average number of men employed (No. 81-B11-5), 40. Number of man-hours expended (No. 81-B11-5), 24,603. The outstanding small park project of historical interest is that carried on under project No. 28- B3-27 in Dare County, the restoration of old Fort Raleigh. Old Fort Raleigh, "the birthplace of the nation," is being reproduced as a monument to those hardy English adventurers who landed there in 1587. On this site, Virginia Dare was given the first Christian baptism in America. The chapel, which has been reproduced, is constructed entirely of white cedar, hewn, and thatched with native reed. The fort includes 16 acres enclosed on three sides with a wooden palisade. The fourth side faces the sound. Within the palisade were constructed twelve log-type buildings, each having an indi\ddual historical significance. The smaller cottages are a reproduction of those occupied by the early settlers. Much research has been done to make sure that all the work carried on at this site is faithfully reproduced both in the appearance and the spirit of the original colony which so mysteriously disappeared. Even the men engaged on this project who are natives of Roanoke Island have manifested much interest and a desire to attain the original atmosphere. Average number of men employed, 7. Number of man-hours expended, 441. 210 Emergency Relief in North Carolina (i) Restoration work at old Fort Raleigh on Roanoke Island. Dare County, showing cabins and stockade in background. (2) Chapel constructed as part of the restoration program at old Fort Raleigh. (3) Interior of chahel at old Fort Raleigh. (4) Stockade and blockhouse bmlt at old Fori Raleigh under ER.i and CU'A •' r * \t/ Emergency Eelief in N"orth Carolina 211 (i) Nursery room in Greensboro operated as ERA project, Guilford County. (2) Recreational activities at Heuse Forest Camp, Craven County. (3) Lake park and recreational buildings constructed in Rockingham County. (4) School bus station in Graham County. (5) Bridge built at Blair Park, High Point, Guilford County. (6) Community Center in Greensboro, Guilford County. 212 Emekgency Belief in North Carolina (i) Intramural field at the University of North Carolina during construction. (2) Intramural field at the University of Noilh Carolina after completion. (3) Field house built at the intramural field at the University of North Carolina. (4) Bleachers and athletic field at State College for Negroes in Durham. (5) Caretaker's house at the City-County Recreational Park near Greensboro. (6) Lake and bath house at City-County Recreational Park near Greensboro. Emergency Relief in North Carolina 213 The most outstanding combination field completed in the Emergency Relief Administration is the intra-mural field at the University of North Carolina in Chapel Hill. This field was built pri- marily to provide for organized games and sports for the student body of the University who do not compete on freshmen or varsity teams. It also includes one of the finest quarter-mile tracks in the Southeastern states. The project begun under the Civil Works Administration was taken o\'er by the Emergency Relief Administration with the rough grading completed, which involved the mo\ing of thousands of cubic yards of rock and earth. The upper field provides for four foot- ball fields. On the lower field the center track includes an area large enough for a combination football and baseball diamond as well as space outside the track for other activities such as Soccer, Lacrosse, etc. Besides providing for the activities of the student body, the center track will be used by the University track team, and a concrete grandstand and field house has been provided. The spirit of the University and its alumni which made this project possible reflects the growing move- ment to provide opportunity for class and fraternity teams instead of confining all interest to the varsity teams. Average number of men employed (No. S68-B11-12-C), 113. Number of man-hours expended (No. S68-B11-12-C), 89,981. Another interesting combination field constructed is that built under project No. 49-B11-22 in Mooresville, N. C. Under this project, approximately 26,000 cubic yards of earth have been moved, a six by six reinforced concrete culvert 40 feet long has been built. The concrete stadium has been constructed, 4,000 square feet of banks have been sodded, and 1,325 feet of seven-foot galvanized steel fence have been erected. The waste from the athletic field grounds was used to construct a road fill, and this fill and the culvert replace a dangerous limited tonnage bridge. Practically all of the dirt was moved with hand labor and wheel barrows. One of the most useful baseball fields built as an ERA project is that built at Brookford, in Catawba County, under project No. 18-B11-3. This field serves a mill area which is much in- terested in baseball and provides a means of recreation in an area which badly needs recreational facilities. Average number of men employed, 65. Number of man-hours expended, 7,000. One of the football fields completed as an ERA project was that built at the Oak Lawn Negro High School in Lincolnton. This project provides recreational facilities for the Negro school children in this section. It is a sad fact but facilities of this nature for Negroes are sadly lacking and much has been done through ERA projects to correct this deficiency. Average number of men employed (No. 55-Bii-i), 20. Number of man-hours expended (No. 55-Bii-i), 897. Next to the Intra-mural Field at Chapel Hill the most important football field built was that built in Charlotte under project No. 60-B11-3 and known as the Municipal Stadium. Much in- terest has been shown in the last few years in Charlotte in professional football. Although many of the large colleges in this section could very profitably play some of their away-from-home foot- ball games in Charlotte, they have so far been unable to do so because there was no adequate field. The completed project, since it was built on park property owned by the city of Charlotte, forms an important link in the park system of the city. The stadium which surrounds the football field is oval in shape and has been built in a central location. Work on the project involved building a retaining wall of stone masonry three feet high and 900 feet long. A 14-foot fill, back of the wall, from one and one-half to one slope was constructed. 214 Emergency Relief in I^oeth Carolina r*j3f A^ _^_r--. - *"'*' J^.^ 'SLTl&kisiaSsri.^feS: (i) Iml>rovements at Greenfield Park, Wilmington, New Hanover County. (2) Improvements at Greenfield Park, Wilmington, New Hanover County. (3) Upper: stone wall built at the end of tennis courts. University of North Carolina; lower: asphalt tennis courts built at the University of North Carolina. (4) The municipal lake and park at Rocky Mount. (5) Shelter House at the municipal park at Durham. (6) Community House and swimming pool built at Sanford, Lee County. Emergency Relief in ISTorth Carolina 215 A stone masonry culvert 365 feet long with a 36 square foot opening was laid. This is a valuable project as it not only provides a football field but it clears up a swampy area in which mosquitoes bred. The stadium consists of a football field surrounded by an oval-shaped retaining wall above the earth has been filled and graded so that temporary bleachers can be put on them. It is hoped at a later date that stone seats can be built to complete the project. So far it has been necessary to delay this work to allow the earth fill to settle properly. Average number of men employed, 336. Number of man-hours expended, 105,170. In Durham, under project No. 32-B11-6, the Durham City High School has been provided with a cinder running track which will enable the track team of the Durham City High School to engage in this type of competitive sport. This is very important since many more high school boys are competing on the track teams than have ever done so before. In Mecklenburg County fourteen new tennis courts have been built under project No. 60- B11-4-C. These courts which are of clay are located in different sections of the city and pro- \'ide recreational facilities for tennis players in all parts of the city. The project involved grading, draining, clay surfacing and building chain-link fences around courts. Average number of men employed, 22. Number of man-hours expended, 4,761. Following the policy of providing adequate recreational facilities for all students, the University of North Carolina has cooperated under project No. S68-B12-11 to rebuild 44 tennis courts at the University. Work involved clearing the area, moving approximately one hundred thousand cubic yards of dirt and between five and ten thousand cubic yards of rock. Drains of six-inch terra cotta pipe have been laid with stone surface to provide drainage. About 34 of these courts are built of asphalt to provide all weather surface, 8 are sand clay and two are concrete. Certain of the courts are also used for handball. The construction methods employed on this project were of the highest type and adequate drainage facilities were provided by means of crushed rock and terra cotta pipe. At almost any time one passes these courts — every one is in use. Average number of men employed, 38. Number of man-hours expended, 33,945. In the mountain towns, summer tourists and visitors are much depended on as a source of revenue. In fact, in certain sections of western North Carolina, tourists and other summer trade form one of the largest business enterprises. This being the case, the provision of adequate recrea- tional facilities is of prime necessity. Among the most popular of such facilities are golf courses. For these reasons, the golf course built in Hendersonville is an important project to the local people. Work on this course, which was laid out by Donald Ross, involved repairing and improving the original nine-hole course, and constructing nine additional holes. Completion of this project. No. 45-B11-3, gives to Hendersonville one of the finest courses. Average number of men employed, 50. Number of man-hours expended, 59,000. Another important nine-hole course constructed is that in the town of Sanford, in the Sand Hill region. This course, which is municipally owned, affords an opportunity to the people in this area to find recreation in playing golf The course itself has a beautiful setting in typical 216 Emeegexcy Relief in !N"orth Carolina (l) Municipal swimming />ool built at Greenville, Pitt County. (2) Municipal swimming pool built at Kinston, Lenoir County. (3) Municipal swimming pool built at Durham, Durham County. (4) Alunicipal swimming pool built at Tarboro, Edgecombe County. (5) Tear-round swimming pool, Wayne County Community Center, Goldsboro. Emergency Relief in North Carolina 217 Sand Hill country. Pine and similar growth form the largest part of the background for the grass fairways and sand greens. Average number of men employed (No. 53-B11-3), 15. Number of man-hours expended (No. 53-B11-3), 6,158. All swimming pools constructed under the Emergency Relief Administration were care- fully designed to meet the highest standards of health and sanitation. There are no more modern swimming pools in the South than those constructed in North Carolina as Emergency Relief Admin- istration projects. Special attention has been given to the proper treatment of water through fil- tration, chlorination, and other chemical treatment, to the proper design of scum gutters, and the proper relation between estimated bathing load and the size of the pool. Showers and foot baths have been so located that every person entering these pools must pass through both. One of the outstanding swimming pools constructed was that built under project No. 54-B 11-49 i^i Kinston. This swimming pool, built as a part of the general development of the Emma Webb Park, is 80 feet wide, 150 feet long, and has a capacity of 500,000 gallons of water. It has a depth at its deep- est point of eight feet, six inches. This pool is completely equipped with ladders, spring boards, diving towers, and facilities for spectators. In the construction of the entire unit, nothing has been left undone to assure absolute compliance with the requirements of the State Board of Health. The recirculation system, the most modern of its kind, is completely equipped with chlorination, filter tanks, and other purifying devices assuring a complete change of water every eight hours. Average number of men employed, 50. Number of man-hours expended, 39,462. In Charlotte, a Negro swimming pool has been constructed at Fairview Park under project No. 60-B11-156. The pool, 100 feet square and ranging in depth from two to nine feet, was con- structed in the sedimentation basins of the old water works plant. The purification is to be ac- complished by coagulation and the water fluxed with alum. Construction of this pool is especially important since it is one of the first Negro swimming pools built in this section, and will afford swimming and bathing opportunities to a large colored population. The only indoor swimming pool built as an Emergency Relief Administration project is that built under No. 96B-B12-5 in Goldsboro. Under the Emergency Relief Administration, an aver- age of 12 men worked 2,342 hours to complete the pool, 24 feet x 70 feet large. An addition was made to the existing community house and the pool built in this addition. As in the case of all other pools, a filtration system of the highest type has been installed and provides the most sanitary year-around bathing facilities for Goldsboro. Most of the wading pools built were built in connection with swimming pools and park develop- ments. In High Point, a wading pool has been built near the large swimming pool to provide facilities for small children. In Kinston, a wading pool for small children 16 x 24 feet and from 12 to 24 inches deep has been provided. This pool has a raised water line so that nurses and moth- ers can keep close watch on the children. One of the most outstanding bathing features built is McMillan's Beach built near Lumberton in Robeson County under No. 78-B11-18. This provides bathing and boating facilities in a sec- tion where such facilities were much needed. A section of the Lumber River has been cleared of logs and other debris and the surrounding grounds cleaned and improved. Hundreds of truck loads of sand have been hauled in to provide a clean, safe beach. Average number of men employed, 16. Number of man-hours expended, 3,800. 218 Emergency Relief in North Carolina (i) Swimming pool and bathliouse built at Spindale, Rutherford County. (2) Pressure filters being installed at Goldsboro swimming pool. Similar filters were installed at other swimming pools built with CWA and ERA funds. (3) Skating rink at Asherille Recreational Park af- ter reconstruction. (4) Swimming pool built at Brevard, Transylvania County. (5) Filter plant reconstructed at Negro swimming pool, Charlotte. (6) Homey Heights Swimming Pool, Asheville. EMEB(iENry Relief in North Carolina 219 (l) Boy Scout cabin, Polk County. (2) Coif course built at Lumberton, Robeson County. Additions and repairs to Toung Tar Heel Farmers' Camp, White Lake, Bladen County. (3) (4) Golf course at Hendersonville , Henderson County. (5) Athletic field, Surry County. 220 Emergency Relief in Nokth Carolina (i) Administration building at Cleveland County Fairgrounds. {2) Grandstand built at Cleveland County Fairgrounds. Emergency Eelief in Nobth Carolina 221 As much interest has been manifested by the North Carolina school authorities in building gymnasiums as in the improvement of schools, and the North Carolina Emergency Relief Admin- istration has been especially interested in these projects since they provide opportunities not only for indoor sports, but also for community gatherings, and the promotion of better social life in the community. Several different types of gymnasiums have been built owing to the different amounts of labor available, and the wishes of the local community and the materials used or supplied by the local people. The plans for each gymnasium were approved by the State Board of Education and by the State Insurance Commission so that the necessary number of exits and other fire and safety measures were provided. In Iredell County under project No. 49-B3-21, the Celeste Henkel Gym- nasium was built. This building, 125 x 70 feet, is of brick veneer construction and fills a need long felt in the local community to provide indoor recreational facilities. In Wake County, a gymnasium built under project No. 92A-B3-75 employed an average of 25 men who worked II, 004 hours from November 26, 1934 until May 29, 1935. This gymnasium constitutes a valuable addition to the school and an asset to the community. For the school, it will serve as a center for a year-around physical education program. For the people of the community, it will afford a gathering place not only for attendance at athletic contests and games in which their children participate, but for other activities. This gymnasium is of brick construction with steel trusses and a fire proof roof. The fine workmanship on the building is typical of the gymnasiums built under the Emergency Relief Administration program. The Beaufort gymnasium was started under CWA but only a few feet of brick walls were up when the project was suspended. Under ERA, through the cooperation of the town officials and citizens of Beaufort, the building was completed in forty-five working days, December 5, 1935. The building includes hardwood basketball court, dressing rooms and showers, and seating capacity of eight hundred. In Yancey County, under project No. 100-B3-1, a stone gymnasium has been constructed at the Bald Creek High School. The construction of this project is a fine example of the effort that has been made by the local and district works divisions to improve the skill of workers or to teach them new skills. When this project was started, practically no stone masons were on relief rolls. The foreman taught several men to lay stone, and these same men have now become fairly skilled stone masons. This project has served a threefold purpose. It pro\ided work for relief cases, it served to train relief workers in a new trade, and it has provided the school and the community with a fine building for indoor sports. An average of 16 workers worked 5,906 man-hours in erect- ing this gymnasium. Several different types of park buildings have been built, ranging from the simplest picnic shelters to the most modern bath houses. Among the more attractive buildings built are the boat house at the High Point Municipal Lake, the caretaker's house at the Durham Park, and the Greens- boro (Guilford County) Recreational Park. The boat house at High Point is of log and stone construction and houses facilities for the control of boating, a concession stand, and a fair-sized assembly room featured by a fireplace. The most important fair building constructed was the combination grandstand and ex- hibit hall for the Cleveland County Fair, located near Shelby. This structure built of stone has reinforced concrete seats facing the track. Underneath the seats are spaces for various exhibits. While the building, when the fair is not in operation, is somewhat rococo in design, it has an espe- cially attractive appearance when the fair is in progress with its colored lights and many banners. Since county fairs give to rural population recreation, education, and examples of better farming methods, this project is well worth while to those who use it. 222 Emergency Eelief in ISTokth Carolina (i) Gymnasium built at Beaufort, Carteret County. (2) Brick gymnasium built at Wendell, Wake County. (3) Interior of gymnasium built at Apex, Wake County. Emeegbncy Relief in North Cauolina 223 (i) Gymnasium built at Saluda, Polk County. (2) Gymnasium built at Alliance, Pamlico County. (3) Celeste Henkel Gymnasium built in Iredell County. (4) North Brook No. i Gymnasium built in Lincoln County. (5) Sparta High School Gymnasium built in Alle- ghany County under CWA and ERA. (6) Ferguson School in Wilkes County built under CVVA and ERA to replace burned building. 224 Emergency Relief in N'oeth Carolina (i) Communitv House built at Scotland J^eck Halifax County. (2) Interior oj Scotland Neck Community House. Emergency Relief in JSToeth Carolina 225 Average number of men employed (No. 23-Bii-i), 25. Number of man-hours expended (No. 23-Bii-i), 12,259. As a part of the general development of Pullen Park in Raleigh which involved building a lake, swimming pool, bathhouses, merry-go-round, and other recreational facilities, a dance hall was constructed on the second story of the bathhouse. There are few public dance halls in this section, and it is believed that this hall will add much to the already great popularity of this park. The finest hardwood flooring has been laid on the dance floor itself, and areas reserved for specta- tors. The community buildings built with Emergency Relief Administration funds include some built of stone, some of brick, some of frame construction, some of stone and log construction, and some of log construction. The finest log community house was that built at Scotland Neck, in Halifax County, No. 42-B3-3. This community house has been erected on a corner lot, and pro- vides for both a gymnasium and a community recreation hall. The building is constructed entirely of cypress logs, approximately 1,500 logs being used in its construction. The main hall which will be used for a gymnasium, dancing, and other public gatherings, is 40 feet wide and 80 feet long. There is also a ladies' lounge, a men's lounge, shower baths, kitchen, pantry, and small library on the first floor. On the second floor is a large outside porch and several other rooms for small gatherings. The main hall is entirely surrounded by a second-floor balcony. Average number of men employed, 31. Number of man-hours expended, 14,600. The exterior and interior design of this building has made it a source of pride to the town, and has attracted many visitors. The entire interior is finished in a manner in keeping with the materials used, even the roof being supported by built-up cypress log trusses. The community house, built at Black Mountain, in Buncombe County, under project No. iiA-Bii-2, is situated on the shore of a lake developed as a part of this same project. This com- munity house is finished with shingles and provides a large hall as a gathering place on the main floor, and facilities for boating and bathing from the lower floor. Average number of men employed, 21. Number of man-hours expended, 12,266. Another interesting community center is that built in Roxboro under No. 73-B3-2. Al- though this project was started as a Civil Works Administration project, practically nothing had been completed, only a small portion of the foundation being laid. The community house is of the colonial cottage type with white clapboard exterior. The interior walls are finished in pine, and the whole effect is very pleasing. Facilities have been provided for an assembly hall, a small library room, a community room, kitchen, and men and women's lounges. Average number of men employed, 12. Number of man-hours expended, 7,856. One of the most unique bathhouses built is that built as a part of project No. 54-B15-59, in Kinston, for the general development of the Emma Webb playground. This bathhouse has a capacity for approximately 300 men, and 200 women. On each side, there are showers and toilet facilities for this number of people. A water heating plant provides hot water. A unique feature of the bathhouse is its open air plan which leaves the whole bathhouse unroofed except the por- tions which contain the lockers. This assures a maximum amount of sunlight and air which will help keep the dressing rooms dry, sanitary, and free from odors. The concrete walls are high enough to insure privacy, and the open air arrangement will be a great improvement over the aver- age bathhouse. 226 Emergency Eelief in I^okth Carolina (i) Middleburg Community House built in Vance County. (2) Interior of Middleburg Community House, Varice County. (3) Com- munitv House at Lumberton, Robeson County. (4) Smithfield Community House, Johnston County. {5) Selma Community House, John- ston County, (6) Community house and boathouse, Black Mountain, Buncombe County. Emergency Relief in North Carolina 227 (i) Morganton Community Home, Burke County. (2) Historic home remodeled for community center. Tarhoro. Edgecombe County. 228 Emergency Relief in !N"orth Carolina (i) Fish Hatchery at Rutherford, Watauga County. (2) Fish breeding pool constructed at State Fish Hatchery, Alleghany County. (3) Concrete rearing pools constructed at Pete Murphy Fish Hatchery, McDowell Coun'y. (4) f^Pools for fish during period of growth, State Fish Hatchery, Roaring Gap, Alleghany County. (5) Repairs to Diamond Back Terrapin Ponds and driveway constructed at United States Fisheries at Beaufort, Carteret County. (6) Stone, Warden's house constructed at State Game Refuge and Fish Hatchery, Tancey County. Emekgenct Eelief in North Carolina 229 Summary Number of grandstands constructed, 30 ; improved, 6 ; repaired, 8. Concrete stadia constructed, 7 ; improved, none ; repaired, none. Steel and wooden grandstands constructed, 13 ; improved, 3 ; repaired, 3. Open air theatres and amphitheatres constructed, 6 ; improved, none ; repaired, none. Other : Constructed, 1 1 ; improved, 3 ; repaired, 5. Approximate total capacity, 1-4, 100,000. Number of children's playgrounds constructed, 62 ; improved, 50; repaired, 11. Number of large parks — approximate capacity constructed, 11 ; improved, 19; repaired, none. Number of small parks — approximate capacity constructed, 10 ; improved, 1 1 ; repaired, 6. Total acreage, 1-2, 13,539. Number of athletic fields constructed, 359 ; improved, 132 ; repaired, 69. Combination fields constructed, 44 ; improved, 44 ; repaired, 29. Baseball fields constructed, 49 ; improved, 39 ; repaired, 8. Football fields constructed, 26 ; improved, 14 ; repaired, 3. Track fields constructed, 8 ; improved, 4 ; repaired, i. Tennis courts constructed, 184; improved, 15 ; repaired, 16. Other courts constructed, 43 ; improved, 16; repaired, 12. Other types of fields constructed, 5 ; improved, none ; repaired, none. Capacity, 1-7, 125,000. Number of golf courses constructed, 4; improved, 7 ; repaired, none. Total acreage, 508. Number of other recreation grounds constructed, 6 ; improved, 12 ; repaired, 6. Rodeo grounds constructed, i ; improved, none ; repaired, none. Race tracks constructed, none ; improved, none ; repaired, none. Rifle ranges constructed, i ; improved, 3 ; repaired, i. Tourists parks constructed, none ; improved, none ; repaired, none. Other grounds constructed, 2 ; improved, 9 ; repaired, 5. Number of winter sport facilities constructed, none ; improved, none ; repaired, none. Ski jumps constructed, none ; improved, none ; repaired, none. Skating rinks constructed, none ; improved, none ; repaired, none. Toboggan slides constructed, none ; improved, none ; repaired, none. Others : constructed, none ; improved, none ; repaired, none. Number of swimming pools constructed, 21 ; improved, 3 ; repaired, i. Number of wading pools constructed, 13 ; improved, 2 ; repaired, i. Number of bathing beaches constructed, 3 ; improved, 3 ; repaired, none. Number of recreation buildings constructed, 141 ; improved, 54; repaired, 52. Auditoriums constructed, 6 ; improved, 20 ; repaired, 25. Gymnasiums constructed, 83 ; improved, 13 ; repaired, 12. Park buildings constructed, 14 ; improved, 7 ; repaired, 8. Fair buildings constructed, i ; improved, 4 ; repaired, 3. Dance halls constructed, i ; improved, none ; repaired, none. Combination community recreation halls constructed, 22 ; improved, 5 ; repaired, 2. Bathhouses constructed, 13; improved, 4; repaired, 2. Zoos constructed, none ; improved, none ; repaired, none. Other recreation construction, i ; improved, none ; repaired, none. Approximate total capacity, 1-8, 150,000. Number of all other recreation facilities constructed, none ; improved, none ; repaired, none. 230 Emergency Eelief ix T^orth Carolina (i) Breeding pens built al the game farm, Cumberland County. (2) Lodge and classrooms at Qimil Roost, Durham County. (3) Care- taker's collage at Qitail Roost. Durham County. (4) Fish pool at Mount Mitchell Game Refuge. Milchell County. (5) Slone house at Mount Mitchell Game Refuge, Mitchell County. (6) Rearing pools at the Cumberland County fish hatchery. Emergency Relief in ISTorth Carolina 23l Conservation of Fish and Game : State Oyster Planting (B. 1 6) Under project No. loo-B 16-2, considerable work has been done to the game refuge in Yan- cey County. A fish hatchery has been constructed, rearing ponds buik,and game pens and deer corrals have been erected on a seventeen thousand acre tract set aside by the Department of Con- ser\ation and De\-elopment as a game refuge. This fish hatchery will serxe as a supply for stocking streams of a number of the mountain coun- ties. On this project thirty men worked 18,922 man-hours. At Fayetteville, in Cumberland County, under project No. 26-Bi6-i,a number offish rear- ing pools, 50 by approximately 170 feet long, have been constructed. This is one of the most important units of the Department of Conservation and Development and numbers of trout and bass are being bred in these pools to stock streams and lakes in the eastern part of the state. Other work done on this project includes improvements to the existing buildings and erection of brooder houses for the propagation of quail and other upland game birds. Average number of men worked, 73. Number of man-hours expended, 39,400. Among the most important conservation projects carried on are the oyster planting projects along the coast of North Carolina. In Hyde County much of this work has been done under proj- ect No. 48-B16-3, where 91,084 bushels were planted at an average cost of approximately So. 07 per bushel. This county is so situated that the people depend entirely on agriculture and fishing activities for their livelihood, and the oyster industry is probably the main fish industry in this section. About ten years ago, oysters of the best quality were in abundance in the waters surrounding Hyde County, but due to storms shifting the bottom sands, the supply has become greatly depleted. The existing beds have, however, sufficient number of oysters available to plant all the desirable bed locations in this section. The planting of oysters is quite similar to ordinary planting carried on in agriculture. The oyster beds often become too thick for proper development and must be thinned out. The thinning provides seed oysters for cultixation and even oyster shells will serve to start a bed. Before any locations are selected for planting oysters, the proposed areas are carefully analyzed and only those best suited for oyster culture are used. These oyster planting projects, besides adding greatly to the future resources in the coastal regions, provide the only type of work which the fishermen on the relief rolls are best qualified to carry on. An average of about fifteen men have been employed for 26,240 hours in carrying on this work. Summary Fish hatcheries constructed, 3 ; improved, 4 ; repaired, i . Fish ponds constructed, 1 1 ; improved, 3 ; repaired, none. Approximate annual yield of 1-2, 251,000 fish, 1,200 terrapin. Game preserves constructed, i ; improved, i ; repaired, none. Total acreage, i. Other fish and game conser\ation projects constructed, 4 ; improved, i ; repaired, i. Number of harbors constructed, 7 ; improved, none; repaired, none. Other waterway and flood control projects constructed, 2 ; impro\ed, none ; repaired, none. Wells dug, 202. Lakes constructed, 9 ; improved, 10 ; repaired, none. 232 Emergency Relief in North Carolina c^! ^'!J2 L/'"' "'^1 r^te'^rSa^i^ w^ifc^ (i) Boardwalks built at Wriglilsville Beach, New Hanover County, after the fire. (2) Condition of boardwalks at Wrightsville Beach after the fire and before restoration by CWA and ERA. (3) City docks at Morehead City before repairing, Carteret County. (4) The dike built at low beach in Currituck County to prevent ocean water from running into Currituck Sound. (5) Currituck County dike under construction. Currituck Sound is afresh water sound. (6) City dock at Morehead City after being repaired. Carta et County. Emergency Relief in North Carolina 233 Waterway and Flood Control Projects Including Water Conservation in Drought Areas (B. 13, 14) The only important projects under these classifications were malaria control projects. No streams were cleared or rivers dredged for flood control or transportation or any other purposes primarily. Any benefits of this nature were secondary results of projects carried on for malaria control. The most important bulkhead construction was that on Currituck Beach under ERA proj- ect No. 16-B13-1. This bulkhead was constructed on a strip of beach separating the Atlantic Ocean from Currituck Sound. Currituck Sound is a fresh water sound and is one of the most important winter feeding grounds for wild duck and geese. A storm in the fall several years ago almost cut an inlet through from the ocean to the sound and washed out and lowered an area in the beach. As a result of this, the sound stood in grave danger of being subjected to an influx of salt water which would have turned Currituck Sound from a fresh to a salt water sound and would have de- stroyed most of the foods on which the wild duck and geese feed. Not only was this serious from the conservation standpoint, but also from an economic standpoint since a great deal of the liveli- hood of the natives of this section depends on the patronage of the sportsmen during the hunting season. The bulkhead, constructed of piling and sand, was built along the beach between two sand dunes and so far has successfully served its purpose. This bulkhead, which is about four feet high, should be raised to a height of about eight feet. Plans are now under way to accomplish this. One of the most important dams built was that built as part of project No. 19-B9-3, con- struction of the municipal water works for the town of Siler City, Chatham County. This con- crete dam was extremely diflficult to construct because bed rock for the foundation was far below the surface. However, a solid foundation was finally secured and its construction of reinforced concrete is one of the finest pieces of concrete work accomplished by the Emergency Relief Admin- istration. Average number of men worked, 47. Number of man-hours expended, 31,560. Under project No. 41B-B11-10 for the Greensboro-Guilford County Recreational Park, a series of three lakes has been constructed. The first of these lakes is used partly for boating and partly for bathing, and the necessary sanitary arrangements have been made to meet the health requirements. A sand beach has also been constructed to provide adequate bathing space. The other two lakes are used for fishing and boating. The three lakes together form the most important features of this large recreational area and have been much patronized by the people of this vicinity. Average number of men worked, 38. Number of man-hours expended, 48,087. One of the most important pieces of work under this heading was that done for Elizabeth City under project No. 70-B9-11 as a part of the Municipal Water Plant property. Prior to the completion of this project and due to the closeness to sea level of Elizabeth City, the water supply was extremely unpleasant in taste and odor, and at times could scarcely be used for drinking pur- poses. The water contained substances which caused pipe and plumbing fixtures to rapidly de- teriorate. Under this project an auxiliary shallow-well water supply has been developed. One hundred and twenty-five of these wells varying in depth from twenty to eighty feet have been sunk over a field of 125 acres, located 2^ miles from the city. The pumping station in the center of the field brings the water from these wells through the watermain to the filtration plant and supplies 234 Emergency Relief in jSTorth Carolina (i) Pump house and shallow wells built at Elizabeth City to furnish city water. (2) Spillway repaired in Franklin County. (3) Rural Electrification line, Wilson County. Emergency Relief in North Carolina 235 the people with about thirteen milHon gallons of water per month. This project employed an aver- age of about 70 men for 20,000 man-hours. The photograph on page 234 shows the central pumping station which draws water from 125 shallow wells. These wells were jetted down over the well field, an area of 95 acres. The construc- tion of this project consisted of laying underground 13,828 feet of 6- to lo-inch cast iron pipe; 13,825 feet of 2- to 4-inch pipe, and building a brick pump house. The total cost of this project was approximately $33,000.00. Summary Miles of levees constructed, none; improved, .20; repaired, none. Miles of riprap wall constructed, 2.58 ; improved, none; repaired, none. Miles of retaining wall constructed, 3.06 ; improved, none ; repaired, none. Stone wall constructed i mile about University of North Carolina. Miles of streams cleared, 279.76. Miles of rivers dredged, 23.60. Number of bulkheads constructed, i ; improved, none ; repaired, none. Number of dams constructed, 12 ; improved, i ; repaired, i. Cubic yards of concrete in dams constructed, 965 ; improved, none ; repaired, none. Landscaping, Grading, Erosion Control (B. 15) One of the most important projects in this classification is the general development of Greenfield Park at Wilmington, undertaken under project No. 65-B15-53. This park offers recrea- tional facilities to thousands of people and is among the outstanding park developments in Eastern North Carolina. One of the most pleasing features of the setting is the picture that the combina- tion of water and cypress trees makes. One of the first things done under this project was the draining of four feet of water from the lake so that the tree stumps could be removed or cut to the level to provide sufficient clearance for boating. Over 3,000 trees and shrubs have been planted in the park to date. Two small islands have been built in the lake and several small wooden bridges have been constructed. This project has attracted state-wide attention and people from many parts of the state visit the park in order to enjoy the beauties natural to this section of the state. Many azaleas, magnolias and other plants of a like nature have been planted. From the standpoint of relief labor, this has been a very valuable project since it required chiefly common labor and to date has employed an average of 221 men who have worked 132,271 hours. Most of the tree and shrub planting and landscaping has been done as part of the general de- velopment of park areas, playgrounds and school grounds. Of these projects one of the most interesting was the grading and landscaping of a small area in the heart of High Point, done under project No. 41C-B15-5. This little park, which is built right on the main street of town, affords a breathing space and a resting place for pedestrians. Located as it is amid office and business buildings, the foilage and the small pool make it a most pleasing oasis. It is an excellent example of what can be done to improve the barrenness of the average city. Average number of men employed, 12. Number of man-hours expended, 799. 236 Emergency Relief in North Carolina (ia) Wilkinson Boulevard, Mecklenburg County, before improvements. (ib) Wilkinson Boulevard, Mecklenburg County, before improve- ments. (2) Honeysuckle planted on fill. Roadside improvement project, Durham County. (3) Cut planted to laurel and rhododendron. Roadside improvement project. Buncombe County. (4) Wilkinson Boulevard after grading and planting, Mecklenburg County. (5) Wil- kinson Boulevard after grading and planting, Mecklenburg County. (6) Roadside improvement, Durham County. Emeegbnct Eelief in N'obth Carolina 237 Perhaps the most important landscape improvement project was that done on the grounds of the State Capitol building, which is itself an architectural gem built over one hundred years ago. The Capitol had as its setting, concrete walks which cut up the square into a number of nondescript areas. An excellent set of plans had been prepared a few years ago for the proper treatment of the Capitol grounds, but the State had had no available money for carrying on the work until the advent of the Civil Works Administration. Most of the work, however, was done under project No. S92B-B15-34 which was transferred to the Emergency Relief Administration from the Civil Works Administration. Walks were built from materials in harmony with the building. All lawn areas were reseeded and grounds planted in accordance with the well designed planting plan. Included in the development were several areas so designed that statues could be properly featured. The entire project, now that it is complete, provides a perfect setting for the State Capitol Building and also serves as a small park. Average number of men worked, 35. Number of man-hours expended, 34,723. For the past several years, much interest has been manifested in highway beautification, or as it is more properly called, road side improvement. Most of this interest and enthusiasm has expressed itself in the planting of nursery stock or material which does not fit the site. Prior to the Civil Works Administration, the Emergency Relief Administration undertook in several differ- ent areas road side improvement projects to serve as examples of proper treatment of highway and road sides. The most important of these projects were projects No. 60-B2-48 in Mecklenburg County and No. 36-B15-11 in Gaston County, which were begun in May, 1933, carried on under CWA and completed under the North Carolina Emergency Relief Administration. These projects in Mecklenburg and Gaston counties are on a twenty-mile length of road known as the Wilkinson Boulevard. This highway, with four lanes of traffic, presented about the best opportunity for this type of work. Much preliminary construction, especially grading and gutter work, had to be done before any planting could be started. The existing cuts and fills had been left at a one to one, or steeper, slope, and in the course of the years had become badly eroded. These banks were graded by hand to a two to one or better slope. The dirt removed from the cuts was used in the fills. Thousands of cubic yards of dirt have been moved on this project to properly prepare the road side for planting. After the grading had been completed, planting was begun and the selection of plant material has been confined mainly to native plants indigenous to that area. Great care was exer- cised in selecting this plant material so that plants whose ordinary habitat is in dry sunny areas were used in such areas and plants whose natural habitat is moist, shady areas were used on this highway in similar situations. The object, as should be the case in most work of this type, has been to tie in the paved portion of the highway to the existing topography and vegetation by means of proper grading and proper use of plant materials. Road side improvement projects, provided they can be properly done under the supervision of a competent landscape architect, are projects that fit in particularly well in any work relief program since they require a maximum of unskilled labor and a minimum of materials. Gaston County — Average number of men worked, iii. Mecklenburg County — Average number of men worked, 68. Gaston County — Number of man-hours expended, 156,294. Mecklenburg County — Number of man-hours expended, 83,631. 238 Emergency Relief in ^N^orth Carolina '^v (i) Raleigh Municipal Airport. Field runways built under CWA and ERA. (2) Airport hangar built at Rocky Mount Municipal Airport. Emergency Relief in N^oeth Carolina 239 Summary Number of trees planted, 53,351. Number of shrubs planted, 22,931. Acres of ground landscaped, new construction, 612.45; old construction, 207; impro\'ed, 726.50; repaired, 12. Miles of highway beautified, new construction, 11 ; old construction, 133.70; improved, 29; repaired, 10. Number of erosion control projects, new construction, i ; old construction, none ; impro\'ed, none ; repaired, none. Square miles protected, none. Acres plough-listed in drought area, none. Acres of terracing, 58.50. Cubic yards of earth moved in grading projects under this heading, 3,000,000. Number of other projects, 15. Eradication and Control of Pests and Disease Bearers (B. 17, 18, 19) Most of the projects carried on under this classification were projects for malaria control with the exception of a few projects carried on in a few of the coastal areas for the elimination of pestif- erous mosquitoes. A considerable amount of this was done under ERA in Dare County and consisted of drainage and elimination of mosquitoes. Owing to the flatness of the land it was neces- sary that the engineering work be very precise in order to conserve the grade. Drainage projects in Dare County : 28-B17-35 ; -36 ; -37 ; -38 ; -39 ; -40 ; -51 ; 59 ; and -40. Ax'crage number of men worked, 104. Number of man-hours expended, 20,716. Under project No. 48-B17-2, considerable work for the control of pestiferous mosquitoes was done in Hyde County at Ocracoke, a summer resort on the banks of North Carolina. Prior to the completion of this work, the chief objection to this area was mosquitoes, both malarial and pestif- erous. Visitors, as well as natives, were greatly annoyed by the countless numbers of these mos- quitoes, and the health of many people was impaired. Mosquitoes bred in the scores of ponds that dotted the island, and a system of ditches connecting the ponds with outlets to the sound was begun. It was soon found, however, that the motion and the waves in the sound, at the mouths of the ditches, caused the ditches to nearly fill up at the mouths. In order to overcome this, wooden spouts were built at the outlets, and the mouths of the ditches were walled on sides and bottom with two-inch lumber. The floors at the end of the spout nearest the sound were elevated so that sand would not be washed by waves into the mouths of the spouts. About eighteen miles of ditches and drains have been cut, and the mosquito problem has been greatly reduced. Average number of men worked, 18. Number of man-hours expended, 17,977. Number of other pest and disease bearer eradication projects, 461. Other Projects on Public Property (B. 20) The finest airport constructed, in fact one of the finest airports in the entire Southeast, is the Raleigh Airport begun under the CWA and completed under the ERA as project No. 92B- 240 Emeegenct Relief in North Carolina B20-38. Most of the materials used were those transferred from CWA and the total project involved moving 286,000 cubic yards of earth, six thousand cubic yards of rock, surfacing almost two miles of runways 100 feet wide, construction of apron and taxi strips to the hangars and a drainage system for the field. The runways were 500 feet in width and approximately 3,000 feet long with a paved center portion 100 feet wide and the maximum grades were held within the standards of the Depart- ment of Commerce. Approximately 75 men worked 53,626 hours in completing this project. Under project No. 34B-B15-9, 34-B15-60, the Miller Municipal Airport, located just north of Winston-Salem has been completed. This project also was transferred from CWA. Before the project was approved, this airport consisted of only about fifty acres of poorly graded and badly drained land. Grades ran as high as six per cent and in many places the surface was very rough. Under this project, approximately 250,000 yards of common earth and rock have been excavated, 30,000 square yards of pa\ing laid, and the entire field including the banks has been widened. The hangars and offices have been repaired and remodeled and appropriate airway signs made. An entirely new lighting system furnished by the local authorities has been installed. As a result of this work, Winston-Salem now has modern airport facilities. The flying surface has been in- creased from less than fifty acres to seventy acres. Grades have been reduced from five and six per cent to a maximum of two to three per cent. As a result of this project, the field has secured routing on the Eastern Airway Passenger Ser\ice route. Average number of men worked, 91. Number of hours expended, 145,755. Camp Glenn, at Morehead City, Carteret County, one of the encampments for the National Guard, has been greatly impro\ed under project Nos. S16-B7-26, S16-B10-27, S16-B11-28 and S16- B8-29. Repairs were made to the building, water system and sewer system, and additional recrea- tional facilities were provided. Average number of men worked, 23. Number of man-hours expended, 3,196. Summary Airports constructed, 7 ; improved, 3 ; repaired, i. Number of airport buildings constructed, i ; improved, 2 ; repaired, i. Emergency landing fields constructed, none ; improved, i ; repaired, none. State, county, and city poor, etc., farms constructed, 2 ; improved, 38 ; repaired, 28. State, county, and city poor, etc., acreage constructed, none; improved, 43 ; repaired, 40. Military and na\al reser\'ations, etc., constructed, none; improved, none; repaired, i. Acreage improved, 4,000. All other public property projects, 4. Projects to Provide Housing (C. 1,2,3,4,5) A number of the houses repaired and remodeled in lieu of rent were worked on for Rural Rehabilitation cases. Wilmington, however, has a project No. 65-C1-67 approved for repairing houses in lieu of rent for relief cases. This project will, it is believed, solve a difficult housing prob- lem that has faced the New Hanover County ERA. The property owners agreed to let the Emergency Relief Administration have houses rent free for the repairs that would be done on them. In no case have repairs been done that will exceed one year's rental value, except in some instances where one house was repaired and two or more houses given rent free. Emergency Belief in ISTorth Carolina 241 To date an average of nine men have spent 8i8 hours in doing this work. One of the most interesting projects for building houses for Resettlement families is that car- ried on under project No. 89-C2-47 and project No. 89-C2-61. Tyrrell County gave to the Rural Rehabilitation Corporation 10,000 acres of land for a farm development. To this land, which is bounded by Lake Phelps, have been added 1,400 acres purchased by the Rural Rehabilitation Corporation. Under this project, 23 new houses have been built and 20 old houses repaired, housing 43 families from four counties. Average number of men worked, 81. Number of man-hours expended, 13,699. Under project No. 34-C1-45, a county-wide project for repairing farm and home buildings for Rural Rehabilitation clients in Forsyth County, much work has been done. In one place a two- story dwelling constructed of logs with a one-story "L" used for kitchen and dining room had fallen into a bad state of disrepair. The building had to be reroofed and the entire outside weather- boarded. The horse and feed barns, which were unsafe, were demolished and rebuilt, using as much of the salvaged material as possible. Two tobacco barns which were in a very bad condition were demolished and rebuilt. Much work of this sort that has been undertaken for the Rural Rehabilitation Program under the Emergency Relief Administration will be successful. Average number of men worked, 11. Number of man-hours expended, 2,082. Summary Number sewing rooms in operation, 279. Number women employed in sewing rooms, 6,285. Number garments made, 638,596. New garments, 632,383. Renovated, 6,213. Types : Pajamas, caps, boys' suits, mens underwear, kimonos, aprons, coats, blouses, handkerchiefs, dresses (all sizes), shirts (all sizes), overalls (all sizes), slips, bloomers, gowns, pants, sacks, diapers, layettes, cannery uniforms, caps for cannery uniforms, masks, hats, hose, shoes. Making of Clothes (D. I) Practically all of the sewing rooms carried on as ERA projects in North Carolina produced garments of several types. None of the most important projects were confined to the production of one particular class of garments. Thousands of articles of clothing have been produced in North Carolina under the sewing room projects, garments sorely needed by relief clients. These sewing room projects have also been used as training centers for teaching women on relief the art of making clothing. In Gaston County, for instance, eight sewing rooms have been operated. The value of the sewing rooms in Gaston County can be seen from the following statistics : The number of women who have learned to sew, 42. The number of women who have learned to cut garments, 40. The number of women who have improved their sewing, 137. The number of women who developed special skill in sewing, 30. The number of women who have made no improvement, 5. 16 242 Emehgexct Belief in N^orth Cakolina From Mecklenburg County comes a photograph of a child's dress with these comments. "The garment presented in this photograph may not be a thing of beauty but in the heart of the Negro mother who fashioned it there was a pride never before known in all her life. The dress made for a Mecklenburg County pickaninny is a bit of Easter finery that will rate, for the child who wears it, with the best worn in America. The reason is plain, it is the first garment ever made for this child by her own mother. Fashioned as it is from a burlap and a sugar sack, the dress represents a minimum of cost, just the thread, a bit of ingenuity and patience. ' ' ■' ■ ' ' The Negro woman who made this garment never sewed a stitch before coming to the sewing room. She didn't even know how to thread a needle. Now she is learning to sew, to mend gar- ments for her husband and children, and to do many other things that the average man and woman "accepts as a matter of course." In these Mecklenburg County projects the women who are skilled seamstresses have been used to instruct the less skillful women. Many employable relief women ha\e been afforded work opportunities on projects for the pro- duction of clothing, and there is for almost every project some sort of a story of the benefits derived by the workers. In High Point a project. No. 41 C-D 1-34, under which the sewing rooms were operated, started with one sewing room employing 10 people. From this, however, developed a project employing 305 people in four sewing rooms. In these sewing rooms all sorts of wearing apparel have been made. One real result has been accomplished : The workers have been taught pride in personal appear- ance. While the sewing rooms are in operation, talks on personal hygiene have been made and the care of children has been discussed at length. One woman who has been employed on this project could not hem a towel when she first began work but since that time has learned to make all sorts of garments. She has taken such an interest in sewing that she has purchased her own sewing machine. Number of man-hours expended, 104,515. In Duplin County under project No. 31-D1-3, sewing rooms have been operated which have provided more real good than any other project of a similar character within the County. In Duplin County there are a large number of families, both white and colored, who are unable for lack of experience to make clothing for their families. The operation of the sewing rooms under capable supervision has provided work for women workers. An average of 55 persons has been used on this project, expending a total of 28,511 man-hours. In many localities sewing rooms have gone far towards solving the Women's Works Division project problem. The articles produced are always badly needed. In those sections in which there are large numbers of families ha\ing no male employables, sewing rooms have been extremely helpful. Summary Number of houses repaired and remodeled in lieu of rent, 114. Number of houses built for resettlement families, 150. Number of houses built for subsistence homesteads, 7. Number of houses demolished, 29. Number of other housing projects (Specify), i. Emergency Eelief in North Carolina 243 Canning and Preserving of Food (D. 2) Projects for the canning and preserving of food have been in every way as important as projects for the production of clothing. Under these projects much food has been produced for reHef clients. The educational value of such projects is tremendous, not only in teaching relief clients how to can and preserve foods but also in promoting better household management on the part of the relief clients. In Gaston County the Gaston County Local Emergency Relief Administration launched its canning program on July 5, 1934, in conjunction with the individual garden activities. The aim of the program was to have every relief family in the entire county can for winter use as many quarts of food as possible and as nearly as possible meet the standards of fruit and vegetable canning as set up by the State College Extension Department. The purpose of the project was therefore twofold : First, to teach families to save for their own use surplus food produced in the gardens or secured in other ways ; and secondly, to can as many quarts of food as possible. Facilities for canning demonstrations were set up in 25 white and 6 colored centers, and were used by relief women from 33 white and 7 colored communities. In August at the height of the canning season, 39 canning leaders were employed, 22 of these being relief clients. Each center was in charge of a canning leader and helpers were employed in some of these instruction centers. Relief clients were required to be present at the center for a canning lesson at least once each week. Incidentally many men attended. Any products brought by the clients were used in dem- onstration and any woman who wished to bring foods to the cannery was permitted to can it there under the leader's supervision. It was part of the duty of the canning leaders to periodically visit the homes of the relief clients to supervise the home canning. Prizes were given in each community as an incentive to promote quality and quantity. These prizes were donated by merchants in the county. The canning program was extremely valuable in teaching relief clients to be economical and to properly pre- serve foods. Many relief women had never learned to can and preserve foods. Aside from the actual canning of food, there is a social factor not to be overlooked. Association with others, chatting and talking together, not only made otherwise idle hours enjoyable but brought a stimulus to the ofttimes monotonous job of homemaking. This project is typical of those projects under which home canning and canning center work was carried on. In Chadbourn, Columbus County, under project No. 24-D2-59, a cannery built with ERA labor was operated. This cannery was put into operation May 23, 1935, and was still in almost continuous operation through the summer of 1935. Vegetables and fruits were canned on a fifty- fifty basis between the ERA and local families. In this section during the past four or five years, the latter part of the strawberry season has found the market flooded. This cannery provides an opportunity for the farmers to have their surplus strawberries canned on a half-and-half basis and helps to keep the market from being flooded. Aside from the economic value to the community, the cannery has been most important as a training school to women on relief rolls, teaching them better methods of canning and preserving foods as well as habits of personal cleanliness in handling foods. It is felt locally that the practical demonstration of the value of cooperation, tolerance and the dignity of labor has been very helpful. Remarkable changes in personal appearance and social expressions have taken place among the relief clients. Average number employed, 89. Number of man-hours expended, 13,847. 244 Emergency Relief in !N'oeth Carolina ^ ^. 'IMIi (i) Distributing homemade molasses, Iredell County. (2) Shelling and sacking peas, Mecklenburg County. (3) Threshing and sacking wheal, Mecklenburg County. (4) Squeezing juice from sugar cane for making syrup. Craven County. (5) Making syrup, Craven County. (6) ERA Community Cannery, Durham County. (7) Interior Community Cannery, Durham County . (8) Potato f eld, community garden, Goldsboro, Wayne County. (9) Filling orders at commodity storeroom, Wilmington, New Hanover County. Emergency Relief in North Carolina 245 By far the largest project of meat canning projects was carried on under the Cattle Program which handled the western cattle. One of the largest canneries established was that in Greensboro, operated under project No. 41B-D2-57. In this cannery, as in all the other meat canneries estab- lished under the Cattle Program in North Carolina, the highest sanitary standards were maintained. All employees underwent a physical examination before being put on the project. Special uni- forms were made in the sewing rooms for use in the meat canning plants, and nurses were on duty at all times to care for accidents and to see that the proper sanitary standards were maintained. The Greensboro plant provided employment for many men and women, especially men in the non-manual class. Soup stock, chop meat, hamburger and other forms of beef were canned. Night and day shifts were employed in this cannery as in all others due to the tremendous pressure brought to dispose of the cattle. Average number of persons employed, 650. Number of man-hours expended, 300,000. In Winston-Salem under project No. 34B-D2-44-C, several hundred barrels of sauerkraut were produced. In Watauga County and other counties adjacent to Winston-Salem, there was a surplus of cabbage, much of which would ha\'e gone to waste. This was purchased by the North Carolina Emergency Relief Administration at a very low price and sent to Winston-Salem where it was converted into kraut, which was distributed to relief clients in thirty counties. Average number of persons employed, 30. Number of man-hours expended, 21,311. - Summary Number of women employed, 3,084. Number of canning centers, 579. Number of other food preservation centers, 971. Number of cans of meat, 6,431,972. Number of cans of vegetables, 4,691,609. Number of cans of fruit, 1,187,001. Pounds of other foods preserved (dehydrating, etc.), 459,480. Garden Projects (D. 3) Garden projects carried on in North Carolina fall generally into two classes. They were oper- ated either as individual gardens or as community gardens. Individual gardens are those gardens which a relief client works for himself with his own labor. Supervision, seed, and fertilizer for indi- vidual gardens were furnished by the Emergency Relief Administration generally as part of the client's budget. Community gardens are those gardens operated on a large scale in which all necessary seed and materials and labor from the relief rolls were paid with relief funds. The produce in this case was property of the Emergency Relief Administration, to be distributed. During the season of 1935, the North Carolina Emergency Relief Administration established a pohcy of operating community gardens only in those urban areas where land was not available for individual gardens. This policy was adopted because it was felt that in most instances better re- sults, both physical and social, would be obtained by operating individual gardens. The 1934 Community Garden in Asheville operated under project No. 11B-D4-34 offers an excellent ex- ample of the results obtained from community gardens. For this project the city of Asheville 246 Emergency Relief iisr North Carolina (i) Hauling and stacking wood for relief clients. (2) Loading wood for delivery to relief clients. (3) Hauling wood from drainage project to wood yard. (4) Unloading wood to be cut into fuel lengths. Emergency Relief in N^oeth Carolina 247 donated the use of 104 acres of land. Although some of this land had not been worked for fifteen years and none of it for three, excellent results were obtained. The cost of the project from the time work was started May i, 1934, until November i, 1934, was : Labor, total 30,3393/2 man-hours $9,289.25 Material (including fertilizer) 1,264.23 Equipment and other costs 950.00 Total cost $11, 503. 48 From this Garden the following was harvested : Apples, bushels 140 Spinach, bushels 150 Green Beans, bushels 2,132 Cabbage Plants 150,000 Green Corn (Roasting Ears), dozen. . . . 1 1,000 Tomato Plants 25,000 Hard Corn, bushels 500 Cabbage, tons 40 Carrots, bushels 86 Irish Potatoes, bushels i;500 Okra, bushels 150 Rutabaga Turnips, bushels 500 Tomatoes, bushels 350 White Turnips, bushels 400 Greens, bushels 2,050 Sorghum Syrup, gallons 250 Feed, tons 20 From the above, a total of 61,31^6 quart cans of vegetables, soup, etc., and 900 gallon cans of kraut were put in the Relief Administration Cannery for winter distribution. In addition, 51/^ bushels of beans and okra were dried. The remainder of the produce was distributed fresh through the commodity building as a Relief Commodity, with the exception of the feed (roughage) and the hard corn which was used to feed the horses. Figured at the wholesale price of each of the above commodities at the time it was gathered, the total value of everything produced in this garden amounts to $11,644.25. In \'iew of the fact that so much of the labor cost on this project was for clearing the land, and that the equipment had to be bought, this Garden Project has been an exceptional success. For Individual Garden purposes the city of Charlotte was divided in 2 1 districts in which were 817 Individual Gardens. One Supervisor and six walking Garden Inspectors visited these gardens to advise concerning the planting and cultivation of the gardens. One of the results of the Indi- vidual Garden projects is that the clients were taught to grow at least a part of their vegetables, thus providing themselves with necessary items of diet at little cost. Production of Fuel (D.4) Production of Fuel — ^About the only type of fuel produced by North Carolina Emergency Re- lief Administration projects is wood. In many of the larger urban areas, wood yards were operated continuously since the days of RFC grants. In most cases the standing timber has been donated and relief labor and equipment used to fell and saw the timber. In Davie County under project No. 30-D3-15, the county has furnished part of the trucks on a cooperative basis. As a result of this project 14 acres of ground were cleared and grubbed pro- viding acreage for ERA clients for two years. Average number of men employed, 12. Number of man-hours expended, 8,353. 248 Emergency Relief in North Carolina One of the largest wood yards operated was that operated in Raleigh under project No. 92B-D4-87. The wood produced under this project has given relief clients assistance which prevented much suffering during the winter months. One general foreman, four to six truck drivers and thirty laborers were used each day sawing, splitting and delivering wood. Number of man-hours expended, 12,443^^. Summary Cords of wood cut, 25,354. Cubic yards of peat cut, none. Tons of coal mined, none. Tons of other fuel produced, none. Production of Household Goods (D.5) Such items as pillow cases, toweling and sheeting were made under the sewing room projects. Separate projects were set up for making mattresses from materials sent by the Surplus Commodity Division. In High Point under project No. 41C-D5-38, a mattress factory was opened with but one mattress maker in the entire personnel. This was a Negro who had received his training in a local mattress factory. A supervisor who had been trained at the Textile Institute in Raleigh used this man as a nucleus around which to build the entire force. Production on this project developed from one mattress on the first day to as high as twenty-five in one day. A steady improvement in the quality of work was made as time went on. From September 6, 1934, until January i, 1935, 926 mattresses were made. Very few of the people employed on this project had ever been regularly employed and formed at the outset a disorganized group. They gradually, however, developed into good workers. Average number of persons employed, 57. Number of man-hours expended, 13,615}-^. Summary Number of brooms, mops, etc. made, 23. Number of pillow cases made, 97,255. Yards of toweling made, 189,036. Number of towels, 252,973. Yards of sheeting made, 127,675. Number of sheets, 66,851. Number of quilts made, 14,738. Number of mattresses made, 28,142. Pounds of soap made, 115,772. Units of other household goods made, 11,806. Production of Construction Materials (D. 6) Much of the construction material produced under Emergency Relief Administration projects is crushed stone. In Catawba County two quarry projects produced good stone at low cost and Emergency Relief in N^orth Carolina 249 provided 11,503 cubic yards of stone which were used on streets and roads. The crushing and placing of the stone used about 100 men for fifty thousand hours. (D-7) In Winston-Salem a project for making first aid kits to be distributed to different projects in the state was carried out and a total of 776 kits were made. Average number of men employed (No. 34-D7-57), 9. Number of man-hours expended (No. 34-D7-57), 751)^. In Iredell County under project No. 49-B20-72 the best office furniture produced in the state has been made. From March 2, 1935 until July i, 1935, an average of 23 men spent 7,226 hours in making 155 flat top office desks, 106 typewriter desks, 371 office chairs, 21 book shelves, two cabinet stands, two filing stands, six filing carriages, 14 tables, 24 costumers, eight benches and one bookkeeping desk. Through this project, twenty-three ERA district administrative offices, two field offices and the State ERA office have been partially or wholly supplied with office equip- ment. The furniture made under this project is as high in quality as that produced commercially. Summary Thousands of brick made, none. Yards of tile made, none. Feet of lumber cut, 136,000. Units of other materials produced, sets quilting frames, 40 ; cubic yards stone cut, 14,858. Public Welfare Projects (E. I, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) In North Carolina much has been done through the Emergency Relief Administration to improve the health of those people who ordinarily, for one reason or another, have had no access to medical attention or nursing facilities. In Tyrrell County, for instance, there are over 5,000 people with only one doctor and one nurse to serve the entire county. Under project No. 89-E1-5, an ERA nurse visited the relief homes of the county, giving lectures on sanitation, first aid courses, diet and nursing. Her activities probably saved many lives. Average number employed, 2. Number man-hours expended, 1,597. In Scotland County under project No. 83-E1-38, home nurses provided medical attention to relief cases. Two nurses paid visits to 76 homes, making daily visits to relief families. The school lunch room programs carried on in North Carolina have resulted not only in providing at least one adequate meal per school day for under-nourished relief children, but have been the means of causing numbers of these people to provide adequate diets in their own homes. In Duplin County there are numbers of families whose children are under-nourished due to the lack of knowledge of the mothers as to the requirements of growing children, as well as lack of funds. The operation of the lunch rooms in this county was the means of providing proper nutri- tion to 455 children weekly. Approximately 22 people worked 7,065 hours on this project. Teachers reported that the children of relief clients had not only improved physically through the provision of school lunches, but had made better grades in their school work and had improved their deportment. In Gaston County, twenty-seven lunch rooms were operated and from ten to one hundred fifty relief children were served hot lunches daily. A large number of these children were taught to 250 Emergency Relief in North Carolina (i) Negro nursery school, New Hanover County. (2) School lunch room for Negro children, Durham County. Emergency Eelief in North Carolina 251 eat vegetables and drink milk, and the children gained an average of nine pounds per child. Twenty-seven women worked 11,027 hours on this project (No. 36-E2-26) from October, 1934, until May, 1935. In Macon County, teachers reported that the hot lunches served to relief clients made an ap- preciable difference in attendance and in grades. Many children who had one or more miles to walk over mountain trails or muddy roads ordinarily were absent from school on all but the most pleasant days, but the teachers said that with a hot lunch in prospect, weather and distance seem to make no difference. The projects under which public health and home nurses worked in giving the various tests and treatments were in cooperation with the county health officers where such organizations ex- isted. The most frequent criticism which these officials made was that the Emergency Relief Ad- ministration could not carry on more projects of this nature. All the county health officers heartily cooperated and felt that the work being carried on was extremely useful and valuable, filling a long-felt need. In Gastonia, which is a town depending mainly on mills and which, therefore, has a very large mill population, public health, public welfare, recreational, and similar projects are unusu- ally valuable. For this reason much attention was given to them here as well as in other similar localities. In Gastonia (Project No. 36-E4-10) during the past recreational season, 26 white and four Negro recreational workers have spent 11,416 hours providing recreational facilities in seventeen white and three Negro communities. Figures show that the attendance for white children was 137,259 and Negro children 1,652; for white adults, 28,974, and Negro adults, 107, a total attendance of 167,992. Funds subscribed by churches, Sunday schools and various other institutions made it possible to carry on many new games and songs, and to teach handicraft and other similar activities. Summary Number of public health nurses, 79. Number of people aided, 49,283. Number of home nurses, 222. Number of people aided, 14,485. Number of home visits, 23,450. Number of women employed in school lunch programs, 1,561. Number of school lunch programs, 949. Number of children fed, average, 75,000. Number of other lunch programs, 219. Number of people fed, 6,135. Number of nutrition lectures and demonstrations, 7,237. Number of other public health campaigns, 4. (Animal clinic, Nursery school, Orthopedic clinic. Dental clinic.) Number of people affected, 4,007. Number of Wasserman tests given, 3,824. Number of blood examinations made, 988. Number of routine medical examinations, 6,830. Number of special tests and examinations (Schick, etc.), 3,696. Number of children examined, 39,608. Physical defects corrected, 1,290. 252 Emergency Relief in TsToeth Cakolina Dental examinations made, 12,391. Dental corrections, 10,652. Immunizations given, 19,934. Clinics operated, 406. Number group meetings for health education, 1,873. Number health surveys, 619. Number of projects for supervising play, etc., 33. Number of people affected, 485,996. Number of other welfare projects, 3. (Nurse and other help, Community clinic.) Number visiting housekeepers and aids, 268. Number homes visited, 36,374. Attendance at Group meetings, 41,758. Public Education, Arts, and Research (F. 1-8) One of the most important Federal Survey projects, No. S-F2-27, carried on was the project for the promotion of birth registration in North Carolina. The splendid publicity given this proj- ect and the high efficiency of the relief workers on the project made it possible to secure a much higher registration of births in North Carolina than it had been believed possible. Average number of men worked, 14. Number of man-hours expended, 8,441. The Federal Housing Administration projects carried on in a number of counties have resulted, according to their statistics, in many building activities. A state survey. No. S-F2-15, made with the ERA, and having far-reaching potential results, was the rural electrification sur\'ey. This survey, carried on in over seventy counties, secured valuable information on existing conditions with regard to rural electrification in the areas sur- veyed. The potential consumption and many other factors necessary to be known before a rural electrification program could be carried on were obtained. As a result of this program there has been set up in North Carolina by the state, a Rural Electrification Committee to deal with the problem, and on the basis of this survey it will be possible for the committee to determine those areas in which it is most feasible to promote rural electrification. Child Welfare Survey A very important state survey was the Child Welfare Survey carried on under project No. S-E6-1 which employed an average of twenty-five men and eighty-six women. This survey was sponsored by the American Legion Auxiliary Department and a director was furnished by this organization. One hundred thousand veteran cards furnished by the National Child Welfare Committee, sixty-five thousand state cards furnished by the Department of Child Welfare Fund of the Legion and the Auxiliary, ten thousand cards for the blind furnished by the State School for the Blind and ten thousand cards for the deaf furnished by the State School for the Deaf were used. The purpose of this survey was to determine the number, the names and addresses of crippled, blind, deaf, tubercular, and children ha\ing other physical or mental handicaps. The information secured under this survey will be very useful in bringing to the attention of various public-spirited Emergency Eelief in IsTobth Cakolina 253 citizens and organizations the needs of specific cases. For instance, in a certain town the Rotary, Civitan and other clubs will be informed of the location and needs of handicapped children in order that they may supply funds to help these children. Other organizations, including the Aux- iliary Department of the American Legion, will continue to contact and help these children. North Carolina, under RFC funds, was one of the first states to use engineers and in- strument men on relief for making Coast and Geodetic surveys. Under project No. S18-F2-10, Catawba County, this work has been carried on. As is the case of all other projects under this category the results have met the strictest standards of the Coast and Geodetic Survey. Extreme care has been used to make these surveys precise in all respects. Many monuments have been established and much valuable information recorded. Average number of men worked, 7. Number of man-hours expended, 7,314. The most interesting water colors painted were those painted under project No. S92B-F3-7, Raleigh, for one of the state departments. These water colors, which are studies of wild plant Ufe, rank with the best work of this type. The coloring and the delineation were very accurate. Average number of men worked, i. Number of man-hours expended, 690. The most important project, certainly one causing the most comment, was project No. S-92B-F3-8, for painting murals in the State College Library. The murals, which are done in a somewhat modern manner, are said by some to be excellent, while others do not agree. Work on this project, which was begun on May 31, 1934 and completed on November 29, 1934, took one man and one woman 1,270 hours to complete. All types of clerical projects have been carried on. Various agencies. Federal, state and local, such as the Farm Debt Adjustment Commission, the Federal Seed Loan Commission, the Federal Reemployment Office, the Public Works Administration, the Federal Housing Adminis- tration and county offices, have been supplied with help. These projects made it possible to carry on work that would have otherwise suffered from lack of funds, as well as to provide work relief for men and women qualified to do work of this type. Typical of these projects is one for re-indexing records in the register of deeds office in Mitchell County. Under this project. No. 61-F4-5, three people have worked 3,623 hours. All the records in the register of deeds office were indexed. This project, as well as many others like it, resulted in increased efficiency and much better system of records for the counties concerned. One of the most important safety campaigns carried on under this classification, project No. 32-E5-53, was that carried on in the city of Durham under the supervision of the Police Depart- ment. Under this project automobiles were driven through a safety line and checked for wheel alignment, condition of brakes, condition of head lights and for other mechanical deficiencies. Ap- proximately 5,000 automobiles were checked and those found to be deficient were issued cards and later checked to see that they had corrected the difficulties. Average number of men employed, 13. Number of man-hours expended, i,593J4- The only symphony orchestra project in North Carolina was the State Symphony Orches- tra, operated under project No. S-F5-2. This orchestra, which has received favorable comment from local, state and Federal officials, has been the means, not only of providing employment for musicians eligible for relief, but in also making it possible for numbers of people to hear symphonic 254 Emergency Relief in North Carolina (i) The North Carolina Symphony Orchestra, one of the outstanding ERA musical projects in the United States. (2) Mint Museum built at Charlotte. Emergency Eelief in Nohth Carolina 255 music. All relief cases have been admitted to these concerts without charge. Concerts and pro- grams have been presented in Wilmington, Raleigh, Durham, Chapel Hill, Ashe\'ille, Charlotte, Greensboro, Winston-Salem and other towns in North Carolina. Recently a one-half hour pro- gram was presented by the symphony orchestra over a coast to coast net work of the National Broadcasting Company, and many radio programs have been presented through local stations. There can be no doubt but that this project has produced an excellent symphony orchestra in spite of the many hardships and difficulties under which it has been forced to operate. It is hoped that this project will be the means of helping the symphony orchestra to be a self-maintaining organ- ization. Summary Number of teachers, not including any employed in emergency education program, ii6. Number of Federal Surveys — list later under main types, 70. Number of state and local surveys, 72. Number of research projects and surveys other than statistical and sociological, 20. Number of traffic surveys, 2. Number of watercolors painted, 7. Number of oils painted, 3. Number of drawings, etchings, etc., 5. Number of frescoes, murals, 23. Number of statues, none. Number of other art projects and units produced, 603. Number of clerical projects, 74. Number of institutions aided, 102. Number of safety campaigns, campaigns for instruction in first aid, etc., 10. Number of symphony orchestras, 5. Number of dance orchestras, none. Number of other orchestras, 3. Total size of all audiences, 41,575. Number of community sings, etc., 126. Number of people particpating, 775. Number of other music projects, 3. Number of persons participating or effected, 546. Community Centers in Operation, 84. Number women employed in community centers, 109. Number men employed in community centers, 26. Number persons served, 60,838. • Number of acting companies, 4. Number of performances given, 20. Total size of audience, 2,000. Number of Ubraries aided in all ways, 155. Number of library extension services, 9. Number of persons served, 153,157. Number women employed on library projects, 190. Number of books repaired : Library books, 2,680. School books, 4,690. Number of other education, art and research projects, 28. 256 Emergency Relief in IToeth Carolina Number of institutions aided, 14. Number of persons affected, 108,442. Number of handicraft projects in operation, 7 (does not include handicraft projects in ERA education) . Types of articles made : Baskets, 157. Rugs, 486. Toys, 1,682. Hinges, 235. Foot stools, 6. Handicraft Classes, 285. Number women employed, 41. Number persons enrolled, 2,698. WOMEN'S WORK DIVISION From the beginning of Unemployment Relief Activities in 1932, work was available for women in clerical jobs, sewing rooms (in cooperation with the American Red Cross), school lunches, pro- motion of relief gardens, canning, cleaning, etc. Although a large number of women was employed on these jobs, prior to CWA, records were not kept separating the number of women from the num- ber of men on work relief, and no special emphasis was placed on promotion of projects especially suitable for women. Upon the inauguration of Civil Works, which afforded mainly engineering and construction jobs, it was immediately apparent that very few work opportunities would be available for women. The large numbers of destitute and employable women who were heads of families, widows with children, married women, who were often the only employable member of the family, single women, many of whom had dependents, were a grave concern to the relief agencies. Professional and tech- nical women, business women, college women who had no particular training for work nor experi- ence, and unskilled women were without means of support. To deal with this problem, the FERA established the Women's Division as an adjunct of the Civil Works Administration. The Director of the Women's Division was charged with the respon- sibility of organizing corresponding divisions in the state administrations for the purpose of initiating and promoting projects which would provide work suitable for trained and untrained women. Women's Division in the State ERA and CWA December i, 1933 to March 31, 1934 The state and local Civil Works Administrations were under terrific pressure to have the entire state quotas at work within a month after inception of Civil Works. The quota was practically filled when authority was given in early December to create the Women's Division, therefore an additional quota was allowed the state in order to provide for employable women. The Women's Work Division while directly responsible to the State Administrator has also been considered as a branch of the Works Division, and as such has, of course, closely cooperated in seeing that projects for the employment of relief women are provided. The Women's Division has helped in wage scale adjustments for Women's Work, and has been responsible to Washington for reporting the activities concerned with Women's Work and for making other special reports required. Emekgency Relief in JSTokth Carolina 257 The Women's Work Division in North CaroHna has had no volunteer assistance in the state office, but the various state and local governmental agencies and departments, such as the state Extension Service, the Home Demonstration Agents, public welfare officials, etc., have cooperated closely and have been very helpful. Space, equipment, and materials for Women's Work projects have been provided in various ways. In some instances, such as projects for indexing county rec- ords, all space, equipment, and materials have been provided by the sponsors of the projects. In other instances, especially for sewing rooms, space and equipment have been furnished by govern- mental units, or some private organization or individuals. For some sewing room projects and proj- ects for the production of food, etc., the Emergency Relief Administration has itself furnished a large portion of the equipment and materials needed. Administraton The personnel of the state office of the Women's Division of the Ci\'il Works Administration and the Federal Emergency Relief Administration consisted of one State Director of Women's Work and two clerical assistants. County Directors of Women's Work were appointed by local Civil Works Administrators in con- sultation with District Supervisors, and with the approval of the State Civil Works Administrator. Forty-three county directors of women's work were employed. Work Projects Women's work projects were of two types — Civil Works projects and Civil Works Service projects. Civil Works projects were those directly connected with construction work, or leading directly or indirectly to possible construction work. In North Carolina Civil Works projects included clerical help in Civil Works Administrative offices. Reemployment offices and other offices connected with construction work, timekeepers, construction work (building a wall), highway planting and beautification, landscape gardening on parks and school grounds and enumerators on surveys. Civil Works projects were paid from CWA funds. Civil Works Service projects included projects other than Civil Works projects. Civil Works Service projects employing women in North Carolina included : Assistants to Attendance Officers ; clerical workers in offices of Aeronautical Adviser, CWA, County Health Departments, County Court Officers, Clerks of Court, County Officials, City Officials, City and County Schools, Home Demonstration Agents, HOLC, NRA, Registers of Deeds ; school census enumerators ; furniture re- pair and toy making for relief families ; janitors to schools and public buildings ; librarians to schools and public libraries ; lunch room workers ; laboratory technicians ; nurses in public health, schools, hospitals, clinics, and bedside nursing for relief families ; recreation directors ; sewing room workers (making mattresses, rugs, quilts and garments for relief families) ; soap makers ; taxidermists ; visiting housekeepers ; weeders on municipal golf courses ; and other variations of these types of work. Civil Works Service projects were paid from FERA funds on the basis of the following wage scale : Unskilled : Per Hour Practical nurses $0.30 Lunch room workers .30 Seamstress .30 Janitress .30 Wood cutters (men) .30 17 258 Emergency Relief in North Carolina (i) Women's project for making quilts, Raleigh, Wake County- (2) Weaving rugs, Durham County. (3) Women's sewing room project, Wake County. Emergency Relief in N^orth Carolina Skilled : Per Hour Visiting housekeepers $.35 and .45 Cutters and pattern makers •35 Professional : Nurses •45 Dietitian •45 Supervisory : Recreational directors •45 and .50 Supervisor of nurses .45 and .50 Supervisor of sewing rooms .35 and .40 Others : Librarian •45 Senior stenographer •45 Junior stenographer •35 Bookkeeper •45 Indexing clerks .40 Clerical •30 Survey canvassers •30 Library assistants •30 Assistant attendance officers •35 Dispensing government commoditi es .4s 259 The four largest units employing women were sewing rooms, clerical help, lunch rooms and jani- torial service. Sewing Rooms In the sewing rooms, workers rehabilitated old garments and made new materials into garments. Materials were used for the making of mattresses, rugs, quilts and wearing apparel for individuals and families on relief rolls. Women who were employed in the sewing rooms began as semi-skilled or unskilled but later on, under skilled supervision, became skilled seamstresses. The estimated value of the products made in the sewing rooms in North Carolina was $11 5,000, and the estimated number of individuals helped 34,168. Clerical This includes services to many offices of the state, cities and counties, enabling them to accom- plish a much greater volume of work than would otherwise have been the case. In many counties records dating as far back as one hundred fifty years have been re-indexed and made available for use. For the most part women who were put on clerical work were skilled workers. Lunch Rooms Workers were used to prepare and serve lunches to children of relief families, insuring that these children receive one well-balanced and nourishing meal daily. The lunch room workers were semi-skilled and unskilled. 360 Emergency Relief in ISTorth Carolina (i) Making mattresses, Mecklenburg County. (2) Mattresses made in Mecklenburg County. (3) Tying nets, Carteret County. (4) Weaving rugs, Mecklenburg County. (5) Repairing household furniture, Mecklenburg County. (6) Building ojjice equipment, Mecklenburg County. Emergency Relief in ISToeth Carolina 261 Janitorial Many Negro women were numbered in this group. They rendered service in keeping school and public buildings clean and orderly. Visiting Housekeepers Visiting housekeepers, with the cooperation of the County Home Demonstration Agent, in- structed housekeepers in various types of home problems. The following subjects were taught : Vegetable cookery Making of hooked and braided rugs The making of comfortable beds Swedish weaving Food essentials Making slip covers for chairs Diet for pellagra patients Better home cooking The proper laying of a table Preparation of food for the sick How to read and write Bread making Home nursing First aid Quilt making Gardening Tie dyeing Literature was also given covering many of the above subjects. Highway Planting and Beautification Among the beautification projects school grounds have been cleaned of underbrush and rocks removed. Native shrubs and plants have been planted. Grading of school grounds has been accomplished. Workers on school grounds and on highway beautification have developed an in- terest in beautifying their own grounds with native shrubs and flowering trees. Relative Proportion of Men and Women on Relief Rolls Information received from 88 counties, March 28, 1934, concerning the relative proportion of men and women on the relief rolls, follows : Relief Rolls No. Percent No. Percent Men who are heads of families 48,906 74.8 Women who are heads of families 16,471 25.2 Non-family men 3)254 40.8 Non-family women 4j7I9 59-2 Other men 8,496 23.5 Other women 27,692 76.5 Total 60,656 Total 48,882 These figures indicate that about 20 per cent to 30 per cent of total work projects might be suit- able percentage of projects planned to take care of needy and unemployed women under the new program. Number of Women Employed Types of Work December January February March CWS CWA CWS CWA CWS CWA CWS CWA Sewing Room 848 i)544 i>957 1,288 Clerical 732 302 1,524 115 1,797 183 1,236 145 Lunch Room 457 571 711 801 Janitorial 325 469 574 369 Assistant to Attendance Officer 3 8 262 Emergency Eelief in I^orth Carolina ( i) Completed mattress and rope springs made in Mecklenburg County. (a) Book repair and Library project at Negro College, Durham, Durham County. (3) Garment made in Mecklenburg County Sewing Room. (4) Chair making project, Black Mountain, Buncombe County. (5) Shoe repair shop, Mecklenburg County. (6) Negro Sewing Room, Raleigh, Wake County. Emergency Relief in North Carolina 263 Number of ^ /VOMEN I Employed — Continued Types of Work December January February March CWS CWA CWS CWA CWS CWA CWS CWA Canning I I I Distributing Government commodities 84 66 53 27 Enumerators 28 40 152 66 172 49 65 Farm Labor and Gardening 30 14 15 Furniture Repair 2 Highway and City Beautification 10 20 I Interviewers 36 42 76 39 Librarians 73 164 262 173 Nurses no 197 277 203 Recreation Directors 33 II I 155 lOI Soap Making 3 Taxidermist I I I I Teachers 131 237 438 548 Timekeepers I 4 Visiting Housekeepers 10 28 25 18 Weeding Golf Course 77 47 Christmas Wrapping Station 13 Totals 2,912 303 5,088 281 6,461 375 4,861 211 Grand Total 3,215 5,369 6,836 5,072 Women's Activities April i, 1934, to December i, 1935 At the close of Civil Works, all women's projects were suspended for a few months during the reorganization, except lunch rooms and clerical jobs. Relieved of the speed and pressure of Civil Works, more careful planning for fitting the job to the worker, as well as a greater variety of jobs, was possible. Trained women were provided with work in their specialized fields, such as public health and public welfare projects, surveys and research projects for the accumulation of valuable social and historical data which could not have been secured otherwise, recreational projects under trained directors, increasing playground and recreational facilities for the development of youth, educational programs, and varied types of technical and professional service. Providing jobs for the college graduates, professional and technically trained women has required ingenuity, but pro- viding jobs for the thousands of able-bodied unskilled women, particularly those who could not secure health certificates, was a real problem. By far, the largest number of women was employed in sewing rooms and mattress making, the maximum number being 6,285. Over 638,596 men's, women's, and children's garments, and 437,900 quilts, sheets, towels, pillow cases, and other household goods were made. The mattresses made by women in the work rooms compared favorably with machine-made mattresses; 28,142 comfortable mattresses were made from the cotton and ticking furnished by the Federal Surplus Relief Corporation for distribution among relief families. In addition to the women in the meat canneries, over 3,000 women were employed in canning 5,878,610 quarts of fruits and vegetables, and dehydrating 459,580 pounds of fruit. Better standards of living were promoted through the 201 "visiting home makers" who gave instructions and advice in 36,374 homes in cooking, furnishings, cleanliness, and in the fundamental 264 EMERGEiMCT ReLIEF IN NoRTH CAROLINA fc- '<^ f1 (i) Making baskets. New Hope Township, Iredell County. (2) Making axe handles, Mecklenburg County. (3) Finishing a.\e handles and bats in Mecklenburg County. (4) Bats and axe handles made in Mecklenburg County. (5) Children's playground equipment built in Mecklenburg County. (6) Harrows for use in Rural Rehabilitation program built in Mecklenburg County. Emergency Relief in N^obth Cabolina 265 comforts of the home. In addition to the individual service in homes, 7,000 meetings, attended by 41,758 persons, were held. Training classes for domestic servants were held by women experienced in housekeeping. This type of work has enabled maids, cooks, butlers, and chauffeurs to secure private jobs at better wages. Through the school lunch program, 1,561 women were employed in providing lunches for a weekly average of 75,000 school children. Public welfare and public heakh projects provided employment for 210 nurses, 126 women assisting in heakh work, and many more practical nurses. These projects have aided permanently in health promotion and prevention of disease by dispensing general health information, teaching midwives under medical direction, bedside nursing, and nursing service in clinics. There were 23,450 home visits made by nurses ; 39,608 children examined ; and 19,934 immunizations given in homes and in clinics. There were 190 women employed in 84 community and recreational centers giving service to 60,838 persons. In the handicraft classes, 41 women taught over 3,000 persons to make rugs, baskets, toys, pot- tery, and other articles that adorn the home, and which also have a market value. In October, a special grant of $40,000 was made to ERA for women on WPA projects, thus expediting the transfer of women's projects to WPA. Although working on WPA projects, they were paid through ERA. The number of women employed by months is given below. Women's Work Division April I, 1934, through December 31, 1935 No. No. 1934 Women 1935 Women Employed Employed April 925 January 7,028 May 1,127 February 6,357 June 2,636 March 6,758 July 3,661 April 7,250 August 4,589 May 8,145 September 4,396 June 9,052 October 4,748 July 9,190 November 5,007 August 7,886 December 6,437 September 6,481 October 5,255 November 759 December 366 (In addition to the above figures, over 2,000 women were employed in the Emergency Relief Education Program.) Projects operated by women are included in the Works Division report according to classification. LABOR RELATIONS AND WAGE SCALES In accordance with the orders received from the Washington office, wage rate committees in each county, comprised of one member from organized labor, one member from business, and one member from the Emergency Relief Administration, were set up to determine wage rates. Wage rates set up varied from 15c to 30c an hour for common labor, and from 40c to $1.00 per hour for 266 Emergency Relief in !N'okth Carolina skilled labor. Wage rates had absolutely no effect on budgets since the budgets were set up by the Social Ser\ice Di\ision in terms of dollars and cents, and the Works Division had to assign each worker for sufficient number of hours to earn this budget at his particular rate. Working hours were set at not less than six nor more than eight, in any one day, and not more than 30 hours in any one week. In case of extreme emergency, exceptions were made to the above hours. There were scarcely any strikes under the Emergency Relief Administration program, and for this reason strikes were not a source of trouble. In some cases, strikes in private industries increased the number of relief clients, but the strikes did not spread among relief clients. Most of the griev- ances and complaints were those made because of the small number of hours allotted to workers. Since the Works Di\ision has nothing to do with the allotment of hours, grievances and adjustments of this nature were handled by the Social Service Di\ision. Unemployment organizations were few, what few there were being in the larger industrial areas. Relations with labor unions were mainly concerned with wage scales and as a whole have been fairly reasonable. Labor relations in North Carolina ha\e been comparatively free from friction and unpleasant- ness and have never developed into a major problem. All complaints and grievances were promptly investigated and discriminations were properly adjusted. This and fair treatment of workers kept labor relations on the proper basis. Practically all labor problems were handled and adjusted by the State Administrator and the general field representatives. Conditions in North Carolina were such that this method worked excellently and it ne\er became necessary to establish a labor relations department in the Works Division. OLD FORT TANNERY Establishment of Tannery at Old Fort to Restore Stranded Community Old Fort, McDowell County, since 1902 had been a leather making town and community. The only industries of the town were the Union Tanning Company and the Old Fort Extract Plant, which together employed approximately 375 persons. In 1 93 1, the large tannery was so badly damaged by fire that the company ceased tanning operations, throwing approximately 225 men out of work. The following year the Old Fort Extract Plant ceased production, adding 125 more to the unemployed population of the immediate section. The closing of these two plants assumed the proportions of major catastrophes, not only to those directly invohed but to every member of the community — banker, merchant, laborer and the local government. Practically the entire community was prostrated and Old Fort was left with a stranded population, people without any means of meeting their normal obligations and with little hope of any renewed industrial activities. A discouraged and helpless attitude developed among the people throughout the entire community. No cash crops such as tobacco, cotton or wheat are grown in the surrounding country and the farmers had depended largely on the sale of bark and chestnut wood to the Union Tanning Company which used the vegetable process in tanning. Almost the entire population became dependent on ERA for support. This situation presented a very serious problem which the ERA endeavored to meet by developing a program looking toward permanent employment of persons around Old Fort. During the drought cattle program, the 48,000 hides of cattle processed by ERA, salted and placed in storage in the state, offered the opportunity to reestablish in Old Fort the industry for which the people were trained. Emergency Relief in JSTorth Carolina 267 It was first planned to establish a tannery through the Rural Rehabilitation Corporation for processing these hides and a work room for making the finished material into harness for Rural Rehabilitation clients' work-stock, and leather garments for relief clients with the view of converting these plants into a co6perati\e tannery and leather garment shop owned by the people. In February, 1934, after a thorough investigation of all available buildings and building sites, the Rural Rehabilitation Corporation purchased a building for $5,000.00, which, with remodeling and additions, would provide adequate facilities for the industry. Alterations and additions were made by the N. C. ERA Works Division and the plant equipped for the manufacture of chrome leathers. As hides are a perishable commodity, it was necessary to have the plant ready to begin operations before warm weather. Early in May, the Federal Emergency Relief Administration set the deadline for starting tanning operations as June i . At this time, the plant consisted of only one main building without floor or roof, and not a machine in place. Completed plans had been made for a drying room, chemical storage room and supply room but no work had been done. Three shifts of men were employed and the work was carried on 24 hours per day, seven days per week. Technical specialists and engineers were secured by the State ERA to supervise the work. On May 29, three days before the deadline set by FERA, the first hides were put in pickle and the tannery started actual operation. The cost to ERA in materials, labor, equipment, and instal- lation of equipment was $36,496.23. About the middle of May, two weeks before the plant was completed, the second stipulation of the FERA was that all of the 48,000 hides should be converted into pickled stock not later than January i, 1936. The plant had not been designed originally to handle production even near the figure necessary to meet this stipulation. In order, therefore, to pro\'ide a margin of safety to take care of possible shut-downs, breakdowns, etc., and to insure com- pletion of the pickling on or before the date set, soaking was started at the rate of 400 hides per day. All beam house operations, except fleshing, were done by hand, thus employing a maximum of labor all of which was assigned to the project by the McDowell County ERA office in Marion. These operations included the trimming of raw hides preparatory to the soaking, the handling daily from one lime vat to the next, scraping off the hair on the beam, fleshing, washing, batting and pickling. The project employed about 130 men during this period. Because of the necessity of breaking in men and the resultant difficulty in handling production to meet the schedule, the plant was at first operated on two eight-hour shifts per day. Many of the men had had previous tanning experience in the old plant, and although they had never worked in a chrome tannery, they formed the nucleus around which the production force was built. By August I it was found that one eight-hour shift could maintain production at the necessary level and the night crew was changed to a day crew to handle the tanning, coloring and finishing operations which follow the pickling. This arrangement allowed practically all the men to continue work. By mid-September it was apparent that all stock would be in pickling condition before January i, and soaking was reduced to 200 hides per day. The number of labor hours was reduced accordingly, the plant employing almost as many men as before but fewer hours being given each. When the ERA work program was closed on November 18, an exception was made for the tannery to continue work until all hides were pickled and in condition for storage. The last hide was put in pickle on November 26, thus meeting the second condition imposed by the FERA more than 30 days before the deadline of January 31. As indicated above, the first production consideration was the conversion of raw to pickled stock in a gi\en time. Little attention was at first given to processing any finished leather. The normal capacity of the plant being not more than 150 hides per day, it is obvious that all working space would be in use if the production in the beam house was almost normal. 268 Emergency Relief in North Carolina (i) Interior of the ERA Tannery at Old Fort, McDowell County. (2) Exterior of ERA Tannery at Old Fort, McDowell County. Emkrgenc\' Relief in North Carolina 269 Tanning and finishing were started in August and a continuous flow of finished leather came through the plant from then on. Since November 26, the entire space has been devoted entirely to pickling stock. Production has been at the rate of 150 sides (half hides) of grain garment leather, 150 sphts (the under side of each hide), and 25 sides of chrome re-tan harness leather per day. The plant was closed on January 9, 1936. Appraisal of Pickled and Finished Hides Value of stock finished hides (estimate) : Grain sides 55,897 sq. ft. at 13c $ 7,266.61 Grain sides 14,184 sq. ft. at 13c 1,843.92 Split sides 49,994 sq. ft. at 5c 2,499.70 1 1,610.23 Value of stock of pickled hides (estimate) : Grain sides 77,592 x 125 sq. ft. = 969,900 sq. ft. at 7c $ 67,893.00 Split sides 62,496 x 5 sq. ft. = 312,480 sq. ft. at 2c 6,249.60 Pickled hide TOTAL $ 74,142.60 Value of chemical stock $ 8,303.12 When the drought cattle were purchased through the Federal Surplus Corporation, the FERA agreed that the finished hides would not be sold on the open markets. Due to the discontinuance of the Emergency Relief Program, the plans for making these hides into harness for rural rehabilita- tion clients and garments for relief clients could not be carried out. At the time this report goes to press, plans are under way to transfer the entire project to the Rural Rehabilitation Corporation in order that the original plans may be continued. The project has served many purposes. It has not only provided employment and trained men in jobs which require skill and experience, but it has also been the means of maintaining the self- respect and the financial integrity of the whole community. Many have been able to pay their taxes and save their homes since this plant has been in operation. The ordinary necessities of life, such as food, clothing, and shelter, which had become luxuries, have been adequately provided. It is to be hoped that some arrangement can be made to continue the operations of the tannery on which the future of Old Fort and the community so largely depends. First Aid at Old Fort Tannery While the majority of accidents occurring in tanneries result from causes common to all industries, there are several hazards that seem to be particular to the leather tanning industry. From the time the hides are received until the finished leather is shipped, conditions are encountered which may be a source of injury or a menace to the health of workers. Dangerous moving machinery, such as paddle wheels, unhairing machines, fleshing machines, splitting machines, roller jacks, etc., are used. Then there are the ever present hazards from slippery floors, chemicals, vats, etc. With the exception of supervisors, many of those employed at the Old Fort Tannery had never had previous experience in this line of work. These men were employed because they needed the work, and, during their training period especially, were menaces, from an accident standpoint, to themselves as well as their fellow workers. It was obvious, therefore, that a large number of accidents, both minor and major, could be expected. The Safety Department gave careful attention 270 Emergency Relief in North Carolina to the guarding of all machinery, belts, etc., but inasmuch as this could prevent at best only a small part of the expected injuries, other precautions were necessary. Every cut or abrasion received in handling, trimming or splitting hides is very likely to result in a serious infection unless prompt and efficient first aid is provided. Considering these facts, the Safety Department considered it necessary to operate a very complete First Aid Station at the Old Fort Tannery. Under the supcr\ision of the Supervisory Nurse for the Safety Department, the Old Fort First Aid Station was opened on June i, 1935. A small, but modern building was erected next to the tannery building, and two registered nurses were placed in charge, one for each of the two shifts worked. This building was divided into two rooms. The front room was used to treat the minor cuts and scratches, while the rear room, equipped with toilet facilities, sterilizers, hot and cold water, basins, cot, and all necessary first aid material and medicines for relief of minor ailments, was used for the treatment of the more serious cases. During the time the Old Fort Tannery operated, a total of 94,873 man-hours was reported. A total of 520 injuries was treated at the First Aid Station and 683 additional dressings were made. It is interesting to note that only three injuries were referred to physicians for treatment. This speaks well for the type of first aid rendered at the station. It is also an interesting fact that, although injuries received in handling hides are subject to serious infection, not a single day was lost from this cause. Of the 520 injuries reported, only two resulted in the loss of time beyond the shift on which the injury occurred. This gives the tannery a frequency of 21.1, which, considering the existing hazards and the fact that employees were not trained in the work they were doing, is indeed an excellent record. Not only were the nurses engaged in First Aid work, but each employee was carefully studied from a health and mental standpoint with relation to the particular work he was engaged in. In a number of cases it was found necessary to change the work some employees were doing so they would not be a menace, from an injury standpoint, to fellow workers or the indi\'idual himself A safety and health card was kept on each employee, and physical defects, if any, noted and carefully watched. If an employee had several accidents in a short period of time, an investigation was held to ascertain whether or not he could do better and safer work in some other part of the plant. If so, an immediate transfer was made. It is felt that the small necessary expense of the Old Fort First Aid Station was more than justified, as shown from the above record. PURCHASING DIVISION Following the liquidation of CWA, the Di\ision of Purchasing was placed in the Di\'ision of Engineering and Purchasing and later coordinated with the Finance Division. In addition to the State Purchasing Agent, the personnel included two Assistant Purchasing Agents and the necessary clerks and stenographers. All purchases of material, equipment, supplies, and livestock were made according to the usual government procedure of purchasing on specifications and bids. The award was made to the lowest bidder who proposed to furnish materials in accordance with specifications, and against whom no official protest of NRA code violation was registered by the proper code authority. Although closely supervised by the State Purchasing Division, purchases were decentralized to a great extent by authority given to district administrations to purchase locally. This flexible procedure expedited purchasing, and permitted local dealers to bid. Emergency Relief in N"orth Carolina 271 The District Administrator appointed a District Purchasing Agent, or designated one member of the staff who was responsible for all purchases in the district as Purchasing Agent. The district administrations had the authority to make purchases of I50 or less, however, bids were not required on purchases of $1 or less. The bids, award, and purchase orders were forwarded to the State Purchasing Di\'ision for confirmation. Purchase orders for amounts in excess of $50 were usually made by the state office. When the District Administrator was authorized to make purchases in excess of S50, the invitation to bid, the requisition for purchase, the statement of award, and purchase order were forwarded to the state office for approval before authority was given for vendor to deli\er. Purchase orders were checked against the amount of materials approved in the project application and with the allocation of funds made to the district to safeguard over-expendi- ture of funds. Upon completion of purchases, the necessary information and form were submitted to the Auditing Di\ision for examination and payment of invoices. An inventory of materials, tools, equipment, and livestock was kept. "A Manual for Purchasing Procedure" was issued by the Purchasing Division of the state office to all District Administrators and Purchasing Agents. It was complete in information and constituted the authority for the purchasing procedure of the state administration. In purchases made by the state office, preference was given to local and state dealers when bids were equal. A bid bond was filed with each bid, and in large contracts a performance bond was required of the vendor. All bidders were required to certify that they were operating under the applicable code. A permanent inventory was set up, in charge of a state director, for the purpose of keeping com- plete records of all physical properties belonging to the North Carolina Emergency Relief Administra- tion such as tools and equipment, materials, livestock, canneries, office furniture and equipment, and all properties of the same character owned by the North Carolina Rural Rehabilitation Corporation. Approximately 45 men were used in the field, working directly out of the state office, who, with the cooperation of the district offices, inventoried all properties by visits to warehouses and work projects. Lists of materials, tools, and equipment on active work projects, and also lists of tools, equipment, and materials remaining on hand from completed and incompleted projects were made. These data were forwarded by the field men to the state office, where this information was checked, tabulated, and put into the form of a permanent record, by counties. A summary was made for each district of all properties in each county of the district. Purchase order records were checked, and a listing of all tools and equipment was made from the purchase orders. A permanent record was made of these tabulations. These listings were compared with the actual physical inventory made by the field men to determine the amount of shortage caused by breakage, loss, and wear and tear. A card system of perpetual inventory was set up and installed in the state office and in each district office. A Materials Received Report form for property to be transferred in title and to be made available by loan, was printed and distributed to the District Relief Administrators for use in making ERA properties available to other governmental agencies. Copies of the inventories of office furniture and equipment, materials, tools, and other equipment were supplied the WPA for the state and district offices. Copies of inventories of all properties, such as livestock, feed stuffs, fertilizer, farm equipment and machinery, were supplied the Rural Rehabili- tation Division of the Resettlement Administration. Materials left on hand from uncompleted ERA projects were, when such projects were transferred to the WPA for completion, transferred with the project when actual operation was taken over by the WPA. 272 Emergency Relief in North Carolina Materials left over from completed projects were collected and concentrated in warehouses in each of the districts. These materials were used in continuing and completing ERA projects where additional materials were needed, in order to sa\e additional expenditure for materials. The WPA has been supplied a large portion of these materials for use on such projects, as the N. C. State Hospital for Insane, Raleigh ; Asheville Public Playgrounds ; the Negro Recreational Center, Raleigh ; the Wilson Water Main and Sewer Extension ; Wilson County County-wide School Painting Projects ; the Salisbury Sewer Extension and Repair Project ; the State Board of Health State-wide Malaria Control Project ; the Wake County Road Construction, and other projects throughout the state, including airport projects at Charlotte, Lumberton, and Rocky Mount. Trucks, machinery, work tools and equipment were made available, through loans, to the WPA as rapidly as these could be released from the ERA work projects. Twenty-six trucks, office furni- ture, and other equipment were made available to the WPA, through loans, for the Surplus Com- modities Project. Equipment and furnishings from the transient centers, such as bedroom, dining room, kitchen, and office furniture, trucks, farm machinery, work tools, etc. were also transferred to the WPA, through loan, for the continuance of the transient work program. As the personnel in the ERA offices was curtailed, office furniture and equipment were made available, through loan, to the WPA for both state and district offices and to the county and state accounting and disbursing divisions of the United States Treasury Department. Transfers of office furniture, equipment, together with machinery, trucks and tools needed in the farm program, have also been made available to the Rural Rehabilitation Division of the Resettlement Administration. Office furniture, materials and equipment, and trucks, and such other items as were needed to carry on work in the several plants of the Fisheries, were transferred to the Self-Help Corporation, to be sold by the Corporation to the North Carolina Fisheries, Inc., a self-help cooperative, organized by the ERA. The inventory comprises such property in kind and value as follows : Tools and Equipment $ 250,532.56 Meat Cannery Equipment 90,000.00 Leather Tannery Equipment 35,000.00 Transient Center Equipment 135,000.00 Motor Trucks 70,400.00 Fisheries Equipment 63,075.00 ERA Livestock 70,000.00 RR Livestock 875,000.00 RR Equipment, Machinery, and Tools 139,000.00 RR Fertilizer 32,915.00 RR Stock Feed 18,300.00 Stock Feed Left Over from Cattle Program 101,332.27 ERA Building Materials 1,000,000.00 ERA Office Furniture, Fixtures and Equipment of all Kinds 50,000.00 Total $2,930,554.83 Approximately 75 per cent of the materials inventoried has been consumed in completion of ERA work projects or transferred to the WPA and other emergency governmental agencies. Approx- imately 85 per cent of all tools and equipment, including office furniture and fixtures, has been trans- ferred or loaned to the WPA, Rural Rehabilitation Division of the Resettlement Administration, and other governmental agencies. After all needs of the Federal agencies carrying on activities Emergency Relief in North Carolina 273 formerly carried on by the ERA have been met, the surplus ERA property remaining on hand will be taken in custody by the State of North Carolina, as all property was purchased from Federal funds granted to the state for relief purposes. Conclusion It is impossible to operate work projects through three different work programs and not gain some experience and arrive at some conclusions concerning the objectives of work programs in general. Since unemployment is one of the major causes of the breakdown of morale and thus a cause of the destruction of human values, it would seem that a major objective of a work program should be not alone an emphasis on the excellence of completed projects, but a primary emphasis on the conservation of these values. To effect such conservation of values, it is found, as was done during the ERA program, that there must be the closest cooperation between the Works and the Social Service Divisions. While a too rigid line of demarcation cannot be drawn between the activities of these divisions, there are certain definite functions which each must perform if the fullest value is to be realized from a work program. Selection of workers should be a function of the Social Service Division, even though the workers selected are not in all cases those that a Works Division, thinking primarily of projects, might select. Selection should be entirely on the basis of individual, family and social welfare. It then becomes the duty of the Works Division to make use of these available workers as effectively as possible. Another function of the Social Service Division, a function to which considerable attention was given during the ERA program, and one which should receive adequate attention in any work program, is that of giving counsel to those individuals and families in need of it. Through such counsel, new view points may be given, and morale strengthened. These, and other like services are indispensable and can be furnished best through a Social Service Division. With regard to the wage basis, there are doubtless good arguments for both a flat weekly wage, and for wages based on an individual's, or a family's, budgetary deficiency. Experience in this state suggests that budgetary deficiency is the best basis for granting work relief (While the amounts paid on this basis are frequently criticised by the public, it is felt that there is a more objective basis here than for an arbitrary flat rate paid to different classifications of workers.) Also, such a basis leaves room for the consideration of such individual factors as size of family, family's earning capacity, family problems, etc. If this is to be the basis, then the determination of such deficiency budgets should be a function of the Social Service Division. The Works Division should be responsible for the proper classification of workers as to skill, experience, ability, and occupational grouping, and as suggested above, attempt to give the workers that employment for which they are fitted. 18 274 Emeegency Eelief in ITobth Carolina *»»' (i) First aid on the job lo injured workers. (2) Giving Jirst aid at the project. Emergency Relief in N"orth Carolina 275 SAFETY DEPARTMENT April I, 1934-November 28, 1935 The success of any effort to secure safety, in the final analysis, depends upon the attitude of those at the head of the organization. The Administrator of the North Carolina Emergency Relief Administration stated in the very beginning of the program that every possible measure should be taken to properly safeguard workers on North Carolina projects. This statement was clear and to the point. While it is true that superintendents and foremen are the ones on whom rests the re- sponsibility for infusing ideas of safety into the men on the job, these supervisors must know that the head of the organization is sincerely interested in accident prevention. The emphatic state- ment of the Administrator left no doubts in their minds. A State Director of Safety was appointed by the State Administrator, and he was requested to build an adequate and efficient organization. While all details relative to the safety program were left to the judgment of the State Safety Director, he was assured that, should he find occasion to call upon the State Administrator, he would find the Administrator squarely behind him. In every instance this was found to be true. Organization The Safety Department was organized on April i, 1934, with a personnel consisting of the State Safety Director, five field representatives, a supervising nurse and two stenographers. The state was divided into five districts, and each field representative was responsible for one district. In- asmuch as Winston-Salem was almost the center of the state geographically as well as from a case- load standpoint, this city was designated headquarters for the Safety Department. Responsibilities Not only was the Safety Department charged with the responsibility of seeing that the projects were operated un a safe manner, but all buildings used by the Emergency Relief Administration had to meet the approval of the Safety Department before they could be used for any purpose and were reinspected each month. All transient shelters and camps were subject to inspection by the Safety Department, inspection being made every thirty days. Trucks used for general hauling and transportation of workers had to be certified by the department. A certificate of inspection was in the cab of every truck used. First Aid Adequate first aid material was available on all projects. While this equipment was generally used by men trained in the American Red Cross Standard First Aid Course, it was necessary in some instances that this material be used by those not qualified as First Aiders. For this reason, unit type material was used. The lo-unit kit was used on a majority of the projects, but a large number of pocket packets were furnished to crews of four or five men scattered over a large area. The 10- unit kit, of 20 gauge metal, contained the following items : 2 units I -inch adhesive compresses 2 units 3 yi per cent iodine (or mercurochrome) I unit burn ointment I unit eye dressing I unit ammonia inhalants I unit 2-inch bandage compress I unit 4-inch bandage compress I unit U. S. Army Tourniquet 276 Emekgency Relief in North Carolina The pocket packets contained the following items : lo I -inch adhesixe compresses i Saf-T-Top iodine (or mercurochrome) 2 2-inch bandage compresses 2 tubes burn ointment 4 ammonia inhalants As stated above, this material was not always used by trained first aid men. Therefore, no roller bandage, adhesive tape, alcohol, etc., was used, since this type material should be handled only by those familiar with its use. The money used for first aid material was money well spent. There is danger of infection in any wound where the skin is broken. The final report of the Emergency Relief program shows that only ten cases of infection, in\ol\dng the loss of time, were reported. This speaks well for the type material used as well as the manner in which it was used. In addition to first aid kits, a large number of snake bite outfits were furnished on projects where there was likelihood of encountering snakes. This outfit consisted of plunger type suction pump to withdraw the poison, tourniquet, lancet, iodine and bandages. These kits were metal, and could be carried in the pocket where they would always be available. When men were engaged in work dangerous to their eyes, such as breaking stone, they were furnished with the very best protecti\'e goggles obtainable. Spectacle type goggles with screen side shields were used in most cases. When an employee wore corrective spectacles he was fur- nished a "cover-all" goggle, thus overcoming possible hazards by reason of the men removing their corrective spectacles and putting on goggles. Nine pairs of goggles were returned to the Safety Department that were broken while in actual use. In each case, with the exception of one, an eye was saved by using this protection. In the one case, blows were received to each lense. Had the goggles not been in use in this case the employee would now be totally blind. Not considering the untold misery from the loss of an eye or both eyes, these nine cases sa\'ed in actual money se\'eral times the amount spent for goggles during the entire program. On the larger and most hazardous projects, first aid was rendered by graduate nurses. This work was done under the super\ision of the Safety Department's supervising nurse. Field Inspection Even though men have studied and understand safe practices, there is no assurance that they will remember them indefinitely. It is necessary, therefore, to call their attention constantly to the necessity of preventing accidents. In this connection all projects were inspected by the Safety Department, and close inspection was given those projects considered of a very hazardous nature. More than 3,000 projects were inspected by the department's field force, exclusive of sewing rooms, and more than 2,000 recommendations made. In practically every instance major recommenda- tions were carried out immediately, and a follow-up inspection did not find the same conditions existing. As stated above, every building used by the Emergency Relief Administration was subject to the approval of the Safety Department. More than 650 buildings were inspected, and while most of these were appro\ed, it was necessary to make many repairs, and in some instances to condemn the buildings. A large number of sewing rooms and mattress workrooms was operated under the Emergency Relief program. These rooms received the close attention of the Safety Department. The super- vising nurse visited each room, and in addition to arranging for necessary first aid, gave worth- while health instruction to the employees. Careful check was made in the interest of preventing fires, with the result that only one room was destroyed by fire, and this started in an adjoining room not being used by the Relief Administration. Emeeoency Relief in N'orth Carolina 277 Transient Service During the Emergency Relief program more than 122,000 transients were cared for in North CaroHna by the Transient Bureau. These men and women were housed in eleven shelters and camps throughout the state. Seeing that these people were located in suitable places was quite a problem for the Safety Department. Adequate fire protection had to be provided, sanitary prob- lems had to be sol\-ed and work projects safeguarded. Each shelter and camp was inspected at least monthly by the State Safety Director. Each location was provided with fire-fighting equipment, fire-gongs and, where necessary, approved outside fire escapes. Inasmuch as there was a more or less constant checking out and receiving of transients, it was necessary to hold at least two fire drills each month so that everyone in the building would be familiar with exits and would know just what to do in case of fire. Fire departments were organized and each floor in each shelter or camp was in charge of a fire lieutenant. Each fire extinguisher was in charge of an individual and when an alarm was sounded the fire extinguishers were immediately manned and ready for action. The floor lieutenant never left his floor until the last man had answered the fire call. No particular time was set for fire drills. Alarms would sound any time during the night, and it was not unusual to have drills between midnight and day. The State Safety Director, without notice to camp or shelter officials, would occasionally visit the shelters and have special drills. This gave the department a check on the time necessary to empty the building as reported by the supervisor of the shelter. Men, generally, responded to these drills without comment. Occasionally some transient, pulled from a nice warm bed at 3 : 00 a.m., would have plenty to say. However, most of them realized that these drills were necessary to properly instruct them, and that the State Safety Director was not just having a lot of sport at their expense. These drills pro\ed of real value as shown by the one fire North Carolina had in its transient camps and shelters. Fire was discovered in one shelter at 5 o'clock in the morning. This was a three-story building and 165 transients were registered. Within four minutes after the alarm was sounded every person in the building had assembled in the front yard of the building. Fortunately the fire did very little damage to the building or equipment. These men had been trained to answer fire alarms promptly, and the alarm sounded the morning of the fire was just another drill to them. Watchmen with patrol clocks made regular rounds in each shelter and camp. Dials from these clocks were mailed to the Safety Department each week. These dials were carefully checked and missed stations noted. If as many as two stations were missed in any one night or six missed in any one week the Department recommended that a new watchman be secured. Meat Processing During the program of cattle slaughtering and meat canning, a total of 1,481,762 man-hours of exposure was reported to the Safety Department. This program was of a very hazardous nature, involving the use of knives and machinery. Especially was this true when it is considered that, with the exception of a very few, employees had never been engaged in similar work. The necessity of proper protection was seen in the very beginning by the Director of the Bureau of Engineering and Purchases. Arrangements were made to place a Registered Nurse on each shift in each cannery and abattoir. These nurses treated 8,077 cuts, scratches, etc., and made more than 30,000 additional dressings. It is interesting to note that of the 8,077 cases handled, only 21 resulted in infection. Had this prompt and efficient treatment not been available, the infection rate would ha\e been tremendous, considering that each bone scratch was very likely to become 278 Emergency Relief in ISTorth Carolina infected. A total of 36 lost-time accidents was reported. Again first aid played an important part. In three cases large arteries were severed, and had it not been for the presence of trained nurses, it is \ery likely that three fatalities would have been charged against the program. All canning machinery was carefully guarded, at the point of operation as well as all transmis- sion. Only one serious injury was chargeable to canning machinery, and this occurred when an operator's helper, against instructions, attempted to oil the machine while in motion, thereby losing two fingers. Accidents During the Emergency Relief program a total of 436 lost-time accidents was reported. While a record of each accident was kept in the office of the Safety Director, lost-time accidents received especial attention. A lost-time accident is one in which the injured employee loses time beyond the remainder of the shift on which he was injured. With an exposure of 39,512,374 man-hours reported. North Carolina had an accident frequency (the number of lost-time accidents per 1,000,000 man-hours of exposure) rating of i i.o. This is a very good record, especially when it is considered that during the early confusion attending the beginning many employees of the program were engaged in work entirely foreign to their training. Cotton mill workers sometimes were digging ditches, office workers worked in gravel pits, department store clerks were cutting trees. As the program developed progress was made in fitting men to the jobs. Naturally these persons were in danger at all times, but with the assistance of project superintendents and foremen they were made "safety-conscious" to the extent that their accident experience was surprisingly low. Main Causes of Accidents The lost-time accident chart, by main causes, will be found on another page. A study of this chart will show that "Falls of Persons" is given as the major cause, 76 accidents being charged. This includes falls from heights, falls on the surface, and falls "into." "Hand Tools" follows, with a total of 69. Considering the number of hand tools used this is very low. However, this cause would have had a higher rate had it not been for the close inspection given tools. Picks and shovels with broken handles were immediately discarded until they could be repaired. Striking faces of chisels, etc., were not allowed to become mushroomed, and cutting tools were kept in good shape. Dynamite Several tons of dynamite were used on relief work. Particular attention was necessary here to see that proper transportation was provided, storage facilities adequate, and trained men used to handle blasts. That explosives were handled properly is shown by the fact that only six lost- time accidents are charged to this cause. The most serious of these accidents was the loss of one eye from a premature blast. Trucks Hundreds of trucks were used for general hauling and transporting workers. Only 25 lost-time accidents were charged against "Vehicles." Trucks were kept in good mechanical condition and only experienced drivers were used. Each driver was required to fill out a "Truck Driver's Ques- tionnaire" before he was employed. If he was unable to answer the questions, he was not allowed to handle ERA trucks. Passenger Vehicles Quite a large number of passenger cars was used by the field personnel. Each driver using his or her car on official business answered the questions contained in the "Passenger Car Ques- tionnaire." In addition, each passenger car had to pass a mechanical test by an approved me- chanic and approved as being safe to operate on North Carolina highways. Emergency Relief in North Carolina 2 79 Fatalities Two fatalities were charged to the Emergency ReUef program. Both of these could have been prevented. In one case a single log was being transported by truck from the woods to the saw mill. An employee decided to ride straddle this log rather than in the cab of the truck where he belonged. As the truck came out of the woods the project foreman saw the employee on the log and stopped the truck and told him to get off and ride in the cab. The foreman, sure his order would be obeyed, walked away. However, the employee refused to change his position and forced the truck driver to proceed. Just as the truck arrived at the mill a slight incline was encountered causing the log to roll against the truck standards, breaking them and throwing log and man to the ground. The employee was instantly killed. This was disobedience of orders. In the other case a supervisor failed to follow safety orders relative to bracing all trenches five feet or more in depth. The supervisor knew that the trench was deep enough to brace, but felt that the soil was of such a nature that it would be safe for the men to work without timbers. How- ever, without warning a cave-in occurred and one employee was killed. Conclusion The Safety Department feels that the Emergency Relief Safety program was a success. This success was made possible by the cooperation the department received from the State Administra- tor and the Director of the Division of Engineering and Purchases, and others in official capacity. As stated in the beginning, any safety program, to be successful, must have the active support of those at the head. Lost-Time Accidents April I, I 934 TO November 2 3, 1935 DISTRICT Man-Hours 03 > 'o. y. CO O ^-H o m ■s be a o m -S o tuo "3 a o be 504 Pears 6,041 Butterbeans 2 Grapes 320 Damsons Pumpkin 196 1,248 Pepper 4 Quarts Beets 429 Beans 3,115 Cucumbers 146 Corn 2,364 uarts Quarts 103 Okra 131 108 Figs 3 1,489 Pickles 12 855 Pears 64 Total Quarts Canned from Individual Gardens 107,462 County or Community Gardens Peaches Apples Soup Mixture Tomatoes Total Quarts Canned from County or Community Gardens 8,819 Bought or Donated Beans 1,628 Total Quarts Bought or Donated 1,628 Canning centers, 16. Canning demonstrated, etc., in relief homes, 83. NOTE. In canning the above products, 70 per cent of the containers used was glass, thus allowing those containers to be used again after being sterilized. EMER(iENCY Relief in North Carolina 293 NORTH CAROLINA A comparison of the values of 13 principal field crops, canned vegetables and fruits, subsist- ence gardens, and meat, produced by Relief Families in the Farm and Garden Program in 1934. Total estimated value of gardens, field crops, meat, etc 36,750,775.25 Total estiniated value of field crops grown by Administrative units 176,733.7+ A Comparison of \'alues Subsistence Gardens Tobacco Corn Canned Vegetables and Fruits Irish Potatoes Cotton Sweet Potatoes Meat Hay— All Tame Cabbage Turnips and Green? Wheat Cotton Seed Sorghum Peanuts Collards 500,- 7SOr h^-S^r r.500,- 1,750,- (Add 000) >,'///,'///,' J/,',>,',>,',',',' J >i,' >! 1, 442, 1 3 1. 72 ^529,387-25 _ ^351,33375 V'}I'!"/'IH/I'A , l'//////.'/'''/,'.-V//1 ^307,1 13.94 $262,759 70 )!2S7,585.S6 $229,484.80 $85,404.80 $80,150.28 ?74,593-" $71,985.00 $70,170.00 $65,783.20 $39,<^73-"3 ^^1 FOOD CROPS [\\\\1 FEED CROPS ^\^ FOOD ,-\ND FEED CROP \''////\ MOXEY CROPS Average Xumber Families On Relief in Sta.te Between June I and November 30 Relief Families in Farm and Gardens Program Relief Families with Gardens Only Relief Families Farming Relief Families Temporarily Rehabilitated Relief Families Permanently Rehabilitated 25,000 I 50,000 I 18,325 or 36.9% 10,354 or 20.8% or 6% 75,000 I 72,832 Several tables showing detail production, acreage^ values, etc., of ERA farms, community farms, and client farms and gardens appear in the Appendix. See Index. THE RURAL REHABILITATION CORPORATION Mrs. Thomas O'Berry, President L. H. KiTGHiN, First Vice President T. L. Grier, Secretary Harriet Elliott, Second Vice President C. E. Phinney, Treasurer Directors Dr. Roy M. Brown Harriet Elliott Col. Terry A. Lyon Mrs. Gordon Reid T. E. Browne T. L. Grier Mrs. Thomas O'Berry Dean I. O. Schaub C. A. Dillon L. H. Kitchin Dr. Howard Odum Dr. Carl Taylor Dr. Roy M. Brown, Resigned as President in 1934. N. M. Lawrence, Resigned as Secretarj in 1935. The foregoing material indicates the thoughtful attention which was being given to the long-time solution of rural problems. The consensus of informed opinion was that nothing less than a well- conceived plan, comprehensive in scope, efficient and self-liquidating in its application, and adapted to the problems existing in the various sections of the state, would suffice. Out of the foregoing developments, laying emphasis as they did on both indi\'idual rehabilitation and group rehabilita- tion in well-organized farm colonies, and in line with the general rural rehabilitation program of the Federal Government, the Rural Rehabilitation Corporation came into being, designed to give effect to the present and future rural program in this state. The Rural Rehabilitation Division was a major division of the N. C. ERA. The Rural Rehabil- itation Corporation was organized as a finance corporation to handle all the business activities of the division. Like many other chartered corporations it was permitted a wide scope of acti\-ities. All financing of clients was through the Rural Rehabilitation Corporation so that the client's indebtedness was through one organization. The officers and directors of the Corporation are non-salaried, administering the affairs of the Corporation as part of their regular duties. The expense of administrative personnel was paid from the special earmarked Division fund. North Carolina Rural Rehabilitation — State Functions The following section gives in detail the administratixe setup indicated on the foregoing chart, as well as specifying the extent and nature of the Corporation's relationships. A. State Rural Rehabilitation Staff, (i) State Director: The State Director of Rural Rehabilitation is responsible to the State Administrator of Relief and to the Board of Directors of the Rural Rehabilitation Corporation. He is responsible for the coordination of all of the functions of the Rural Rehabilitation Division and of the Rural Rehabilitation Corporation ; for administrative decisions and directions ; for plans, progress, procedure ; and for all other rural rehabilitation activities carried on in cooperation with other governmental agencies. (2) Executive Assistant: The State Rural Rehabilitation Staff", in addition to the State Director, consists of an executive assistant to whom is assigned the following departmental heads : (a) Assistant in charge of the rehabilitation of indi\'idual farm families in place (i.e., on farms where they live, or on farms obtained for them), (b) Assistant in charge of re-location and rehabilitation of stranded farm families in organized communities, (c) Assistant in charge of work centers and self-liquidating rural rehabil- itation works projects, (d) Assistant in charge of home economy and home making. The necessary specialists and trained personnel required to carry on the work of the divisions listed above, together with the necessary clerical and professional assistants, are made available as E^rERGENCY Relief in I^obth Carolina i5fl5 needed to put into effect the acti\itics undertaken. The assistants in charge of the several divisions study and pass upon all acti\ities coming within the scope of that particular division, which activity is finally cleared through the state director. B. Rural Rehabilitation Field Staff. The field staff consists of the necessary technically trained personnel to exercise general supersision o\er all Rural Rehabilitation activities undertaken throughout the state. This staff serves as a liaison between the district administrations and the state office. C. Rural Rehabilitation District Staff. The district staff consists of the following : (i) Trained district farm supervisors, (2) Trained district home economists. The farm supervisors and home economists exercise super\ision ox'er the acti\ities undertaken within their administrati\e districts. D. Rural Rehabilitation County Organizations. Farm foremen working under the supervision of the District Farm Supervisor, and in cooperation with the County Farm Demon- stration Agent, supervises the farm acti\'ities within the county unit. And in like manner one or more home makers, working under the District Home Economists and in cooperation with the County Home Demonstration Agent is assigned to each county unit to carry on the home making activities. E. Personal Approval, (i) All field representatives are appointed by the state admin- istration. (2) All county and district personnel is appointed by the district administration and approved by the state administration. F. Relation to the Social Service Division. All Rural Rehabilitation clients are first recommended by the Social Ser\ice Di\ision of the Emergency Relief Administration for review. Those approved by the District Rural Rehabilitation Supervisor are referred to the County Rural Rehabilitation Ad\isory Committee for consideration and must be approved by the district admin- istrator and referred to the State Director of Rural Rehabilitation. G. County Rural Rehabilitation Advisory Committees. County Rural Rehabilitation Advisory Committees in each county are formed from the following groups : County Farm Demon- stration Agents ; County Home Demonstration Agents ; Vocational Agricultural Teachers ; Home Economics Teachers and Representati\ es ; citizens from farm organizations, business groups and women's organizations. H. Family Budget. Individual family budgets are prepared by the county field staff, reviewed by the county advisory committee, submitted to the district administrator and if approved by the administrator, forwarded to the state office for final approval. I. Relation to the Works Division of the ERA. Construction and other works activities in\ol\ing engineering, planning, and construction are supervised and executed by the Works Di\ision of the ERA. J. Relation to the Finance Division of the ERA. All finances of state corporations are disbursed to the district through a duly elected treasurer of the corporation and accounted for by the district through the bonded oflficials of the Finance and Auditing Division of the ERA. All repayments by rural rehabilitation clients to the Rural Rehabilitation Corporation are made through and accounted for by the Finance and Accounting Division of the ERA. K. Relation to the Statistical Division of the ERA. All rural rehabilitation statistics are cleared through and are recorded by the Statistical Division of the ERA. L. Relation to Public Division of the ERA. All rural rehabilitation publicity is collected by and released thi'ough the Public Relations Division of the ERA. 296 Emergency Relief in Worth Carolina (i) Rural Rehabilitation clients harvesting Irish potatoes near Rocky Mount, Nash County. (2) Horse and colt belonging to Rural Re- habilitation client. Wake County. (3) Livestock of Rural Rehabilitation client, Durham County. (4) Tobacco crop oj Rural Rehabilitation client, Durham County. (5) Rural Rehabilitation client with his peanut and corn crop, Edgecombe County. (6) Colt belonging to Rural Rehabilitation client, Edgecombe County, Emergency Relief in North Carolina 297 M. Relationship With Other Governmental Agencies. Activities with other governmental agencies, such as the Farm Credit Administration, Federal Surplus Land Corporation, Soil Erosion Service, etc., are undertaken in accordance with signed agreements entered into between the Rural Rehabilitation Division of the State ERA and the governmental agency in question. N. Execution of Rural Rehabilitation Corporation Functions. All functions of the Rural Rehabilitation Corporation are executed by the Rural Rehabilitation Director through the District and State Administrations. 0. Relationship Between Rural Rehabilitation Client and Rural Rehabilitation Corporation. When a relief client is approved by the State Rural Rehabilitation Division for rehabilitation, he is removed from the relief rolls and all advances from this point on are made from Rural Rehabilitation Corporation funds, secured by proper liens, notes and chattels, and are to be repaid to the Corporation and used by the Corporation as a revolving fund. The supervisory staff of the Rural Rehabilitation Division supervises all activities of approved rural rehabilitation clients. Rehabilitation Plans Under the Corporation Experience gained in rural rehabilitation efforts in this and other states during these last years has led steadily to the conviction that no one plan will answer adequately the needs of all persons, or of geographically separated communities, which figure in a general program. For persons are as sectional in their thinking and actions as are localities. Added to this fact are individual temperamental diflferences which serve to reinforce sectional tradition. Also in separate sections of the state, farming practices, varied crops and farming traditions, add themselves to the universally admitted indi\idualism of the farmer, to render the application of any one general plan extremely unwise. Recognizing this fact, and to meet the problem, the program of rural rehabilitation under the Rehabilitation Corporation is so divided as to give it the necessary degree of elasticity. There are four major sections of the general plan : 1. The rehabilitation of families on individual farms ; 2. The re-location and rehabilitation of stranded farm families in organized communities ; 3. Rural work centers, in conjunction with farming, where small industries for the benefit of the rural community will be fostered, and self-liquidating rural rehabilitation work projects operated ; 4. The department of home economy and home making. I. Rehabilitation of Families on Individual Farms Approximately 90 per cent of the persons already approved for rehabilitation are located on indi\idual farms. It is not always necessary to move a family from its present location or to a farm colony in order to successfully rehabilitate it. Frequently debt adjustment, an agreement with the landlord, the purchase of needed implements, stock, or fertilizer, are all that is necessary. Where this can be done it is done. In the period elapsing from the beginning of the Rural Rehabilitation Program under the Corporation, and February 25, 1935, when the weekly reports were begun, 4,025 families were accepted. The chart on page 299, giving week-by-week data, reveals the steady growth in the num- ber of cHents appro\'ed. A prime consideration governing the selection of clients, and one implicit in the whole program, is the desire to preserve the home as a significant social unit, providing that type of life in pleasant surroundings most conducive to the development of healthy, intelligent, and independent citizens. It is felt, and for ample reason, that if the home can be preserved, then, in most cases a piece of basic and profitable social work will have been done. 298 Emergency Relief in T^oeth Carolina '■.'M^aBK:>^J^'W S*.**^- (i) RR family with livestock purchased through the RRC, Iredell County. (2) RR client feeding his chickens, Carteret County. (3) RR client plowing fields with steer purchased through RRC, Jones County. (4) A typical RR family, Iredell County. (5) RR client and mare purchased through RRC, Wilkes County. (6) RR family and livestock purchased through RRC, Iredell County. (7) RR client and steer purchased through the RRC, Iredell County Emergency Relief in Nokth Carolina 299 A CHART SHOWING THE NUMBER OF RURAL REHABILITATION CLIENTS ACCEPTED, WEEK BY WEEK, AND THE AVERAGE AMOUNT OF FUNDS ADVANCED Feb. 25 March 2 March 9 March 16 March 23 March 30 April 6 1. Number of families previously accepted for Rural Rehabilitation 3,101 4,025 4,405 4,946 5,589 6,311 6,853 2. Number of families accepted for Rural Re- habilitation week ending 924 380 541 643 722 542 451 3. Number family plans returned or held in office during week for additional infor- mation 266 30 22 76 141 50 29 4. Number family plans rejected week of 12 4 42 5. Number families accepted to date 4,025 4,405 4,946 5,589 6,311 6,853 7,304 6. Number families canceled to date 7. Total number families remaining on Rural Rehabilitation rolls 4,025 4,405 4,946 5,589 6,311 6,853 7,304 8. Average amount of ad\'ances approved per family (for 6 months — -Jan. i to July i, 1935)- Subsistence Operating expenses Capital goods S 55-46 $ 58.25 $ 61,32 $ 68.90 $ 61.49 S 63.80 S 69.65 142.06 126.65 130.85 132.61 119-56 '37-73 149-54 106.27 III. 27 150-91 148-75 169.20 179-69 182.46 April 13 April 20 April 27 May 4 May 11 May 18 May 25 7,304 7,688 8,058 8,210 8,396 8,556 8,651 384 370 15.2 186 160 95 137 42 15 I 2 9 7 2 I 7,688 8,058 8,210 8,396 8,556 8,651 8,788 235* 252' 261* 303 303 672 1,032 1 . Number of families previously accepted for Rural Rehabilitation 2. Number families accepted for Rural Re- habilitation week ending 3. Number family plans returned or held in office during week for additional infor- mation 4. Number family plans rejected week of 5. Number families accepted to date 6. Number families canceled to date 7. Total number families remaining on Rural Rehabilitation rolls 7,453 7,806 7,949 8,093 8,253 7,979 7,756 8. Average amount of advances approved per family (for 6 months — -Jan. i to July i, 1935) : Subsfstence $ 59.06 $ 54.47 $ 57.79 S 55-42t $ 33-34t S 30.6ot Operating expenses 127.17 114.94 99-00 103.40 95-89 104.50 Capital goods 176.46 154.06 104.14 112.76 130.28 132.39 * This figure represents total cancellations to date, and not merely for the week in which the figure is shown on the report. t These allotment averages for subsistence show a slight decrease, because of the fact that these items are approved only for the period covered by the budgets. Rural Rehabilitation Farm Colonies and Work Centers As INDICATED previously, in the operation of the Rural Rehabilitation Program, relief families are located (i) on individual farms ; (2) with small groups on selected land ; and (3) in large colonies. Soil and other conditions obtaining in certain sections of the state render it advisable to concentrate clients in these areas in colonies where, with greater possibility of a well-rounded rehabilitation program, more effective work can be done. The colony rehabilitation plan will provide the following features : a. Indi\"idual farm ownership under group management. b. The ad\-antages and economies of ownership, by the group, of heavy farm equipment with a minimum capital outlay per family. 300 Emergency Relief ik N"oeth Carolina (i) Tenant house before purchase by Rural Rehabilitation Corporation, Wake County. (2) Same house remodeled for RR client. (3) Home Economics supervisor teaching canning in RR homes, Mecklenburg County. (4) Home remodeled for RR family, Stokes County. (5) Cabbage grown by RR client, Carteret County. (6) Cash crop — -cotton grown by RR client, Craven County. Emergency Relief in J^Torth Carolina 301 c. Rehabilitation of families, socially, economically, morally, and educationally by group instruction from agriculture economists, social workers, educators and home economists. d. Work centers for increasing the earnings of colony members, by providing part-time employ- ment, and by securing higher returns through processing their farm products, and for rendering ser\'ices to a community which are not otherwise available. e. Recreation advantages from park areas to be provided in all colony projects. Social contacts and cooperation will be through group meetings. f Cooperative ownership of group-owned facilities, such as land, parks, farm machinery, etc. g. The advantages of cooperative buying and marketing. At the present time there are three farm colony projects in the process of development. These are located in Wake County on the Beale Johnson Farm, in Halifax County on the Tillery Farm, and in Tyrrell County on the Magnolia Farm. Beale Johnson Farm Colony This farm is located in Wake County, 13 miles south of Raleigh on paved highway No. 21. There are 582 acres owned by the Rural Rehabilitation Corporation in this tract, and options have been secured on 278 adjoining acres making a total of 860 acres to be incorporated in this project. It is anticipated that approximately 30 to 32 families will be located in this colony. Surveys are now being made to determine the number of families that the land will advantageously support. The size of each farm will be approximately 30 acres. The estimated gross income from each individual farm per annum should be approximately $1,400.00. This would be supplemented by part-time employment in the work center and some increased value of their farm products by processing same at the work center. Work Center Near the center of this tract of land is to be located the work center consisting of a canning plant, wood working, and blacksmith shop, cane mill, hatchery, potato storage house, flour, feed and corn mill and a community house in which will be located a library, sewing room and an assembly room. During the summer months education and recreation camps are to be conducted for underprivileged members of relief families. The buildings composing this work center are being artistically grouped in an area surrounding the lake on this place in accordance with plans of our landscape architect. The operation of this work center will give full-time employment to about 3 or 4 persons and part-time employment to the other members of this colony. The facilities here provided will enable the members of this colony to very materially enhance the value of their farm products by processing the same with their own labor with the use of the facilities here provided. Group Farming Equipment: A number of units of heavy farming equipment, such as tractors, fertiUzer distributors, stalk cutters, corn planters, threshing machines and hay balers, etc., will be acquired for the use of families in this colony to enable them to obtain the advantages and economies these machines afford in connection with their farm operation. This machinery will be group- owned and the investment amortized by reasonable charges for their use by each family. Social and Educational Advantages : Near the center of this colony will be located a community house equipped with a library, reading room, sewing room and assembly room. In this building the families of this colony will have the advantage of various social activities under the direction of a social and home economics worker. There will also be conducted at this place at various times classes or lectures in educational subjects that will be instrumental in the development of the families in 302 Emergency Relief in Xorth Carolina (i) Stallion belonging to Rural Rehabilitation client. Farm, Tyrrell Coimtv. Magnolia Farm, Tyrrell County. (2) Part of the beef cattle herd on Magnolia EiiERriENCY Relief in North Carolina 303 this colony. Vocational teachers from the county, and State Agriculture College will be axailable for conducting classes in \ocational subjects. Recreational Advantages: A portion of the area of this farm bordering on the lake will be set up in a park where the members of this colony can congregate and conduct recreational programs that they may formulate from time to time. Swimming, bathing, boating and fishing facilities will be a\ailable at this park. Group Marketing: The entire colony will be operated under the direction and management of a competent man experienced in farm operations and marketing, and members of this colony will ha\e the advantage of co6perati\'e marketing of their farm products through this manager and the ad\'antages of group buying of fertilizer and other supplies needed in the operation of their farms. Group Ownership: The work center, park area, heavy equipment, etc., owned by the colony will be controlled through a corporation owned by the members of this colony. The work center is planned on a self-liquidating basis through a system of tolls, and ownership will therefore eventually pass to the co6perati\-ely owned corporation. What Is a Community Work Center? A Rural Community Work Center is a small cooperative enterprise, mainly industrial in nature, for rural communities. It is established on a self-liquidating business basis and upon liquidation becomes locally owned and operated. Community Work Centers may be established where com- munities are sufficiently interested to furnish building material and necessary donated labor according to their ability, all subject to the approval of the North Carolina Rural Rehabilitation Corporation, and where a sufficient number of families are being rehabilitated. Objectives for Centers To pro\ide means and equipment by which rehabilitation and other families can help themselves : Making use of raw materials in the community not being utilized ; develop skill in making useful articles for themselves ; supplying needs which families could not satisfy otherwise ; exchange services and materials by a planned system of barter ; establishing a market for the sale and exchange of surplus products which will help provide a cash income ; providing facilities for participation in group acti\ities in Health, Education and Recreation ; providing profitable occupation for spare time. Magnolia Farm This farm is located in Tyrrell County, South Fork Township. There are 1,200 acres owned by the Corporation in this farm. In addition to this, 10,000 acres adjoining have been deeded to the Corporation by Tyrrell County on the condition that this land be cleared and developed. Options have been obtained on 1,003 acres of additional lands adjoining this property making a grand total of 12,030 acres in this development. This project will provide farms for approximately 300 famihes with an average of 40 acres each. The estimated gross income from each individual farm should average approximately $1,500.00 per annum. In addition to this, these farm families should be able to obtain some income from part-time work at the work center. This colony will also be provided with a work center, group-owned farming equipment and other ad\antages as enumerated abo\'e in connection with the Beale Johnson Project. Recreation: Adjoining this property is a large lake known as Lake Phelps that is owned by the State of North Carolina. The Department of Conservation and Development contemplates devel- oping an area around this lake as a State or National Park. This will aflford excellent recreational 304 Emergency Relief in North Carolina J'-^!%?::!iife'?W( (i) Beate Johnson Rural Rehabilitation farm, showing bridge over the dam and the grist mill. Wake County. (2) View of lake, Beale Johmon Rural Rehabilitation farm. Wake County, (3) Temporary house built by Rural Rehabilitation Corporation for Rural Rehabilitation client, Perquimans County, (4) Part of canned vegetables and fruit grown and canned by Rural Rehabilitation client on Magrwliafarm, Tyrrell County, (5) Sweet potato crop of a Rural Rehabilitation client in Durham County, (6) Sweet potato and corn crops of a Rural Rehabilita- tion client in Durham County. Emebgency Relief in IsTorth Caeolina 305 advantages to the members of this colony in^the way of fishing, boating and swimming. It will also ha\e this and other advantages mentioned in connection with the Beale Johnson Farm. TiLLERY Farm Colony The Tillery Farm Colony, embracing the Tillery Farm, the Pierce Farm, the Jones Farm and the Fenner Farm, located in Halifax County, midway between Scotland Neck and Halifax, is the scene of one of the most important enterprises of the Rural Rehabilitation Corporation. This farm has 5,047 acres of land, located on the Roanoke River, all of which is leased for three years with an option to purchase. An organized rural community, under expert supervision, is proposed at Tillery Farm, following the same general plans as obtain at the Beale Johnson Farm. Approximately from 200-300 families will be cared for at the Tillery Farm. At present 8 families have been placed on the Beale Johnson Farm, 40 on the Magnolia Farm, and 87 on the Tillery Farm. The Rural Home Economics Program, With an Indication of the Functions of the Social Service Supervisor, the Rural Rehabilitation Supervisor, and the Home Economist As an important and integral part of the rural rehabilitation grogram, trained and experienced Home Economists have been assigned to each of the 32 ERA districts in North Carolina. These persons will have charge of organizing and directing home economics services for all relief and rural rehabilitation clients. Each will have a home maker directly in charge of the work in a county with perhaps several junior home makers, this depending upon the nature and size of the problem in the various localities. The work of the Social Service Supervisor, the Home Economist, and the Rural Rehabilitation Supervisor is parallel. Each department of activity will have its particular function and will not duplicate the activities of the other. As these persons are all working with the same clients, there is the necessity for the most complete cooperation and understanding in carrying out plans for the families. A. Duties of the Social Service Supervisor, the Rural Rehabilitation Supervisor, and the Home Economist in relation to rehabilitation families : 1 . The Social Service Supervisor: It is the responsibility of this officer to direct the activities of those case workers having to do with rehabilitation clients, in giving such advances in the form of food and clothing, as the budget may indicate ; of working with the family on problems of individual and family adjustment ; of helping in the formation and carrying out of family plans of a social rehabilitation nature, and in short of performing any advisory, analytical or other services as will best assist the family in its social progress. 2. The Rural Rehabilitation Supervisor: A primary function of this officer is to counsel with the case worker and the prospective rehabilitation client, regarding the client's fitness and aptitude for rural rehabilitation. After the client is accepted, this Supervisor advises with the case worker and client in the matter of the budget, which budget is then sent to the state office for approval. After final approval, it becomes the duty of this Supervisor, working with farm foremen to oversee all of the agricultural activities of the client, to recommend plans, to transmit state policies, and in general to exercise such competent control of the farming done under his supervision, as will guarantee, by using the best farming methods, that, all other conditions being favorable, the client will receive the maximum return for energy and capital expended. The farm foreman in each county will be expected to keep such contact with each cHent, as will allow him to advise the client when the cHent's 20 306 Emergency Eelief in ISToeth Carolina crop is in proper condition, of opportunities for gainful employment by the day, and will aid the client to find such employment. 3. The Home Economist: It is a primary function of this officer to keep in close contact with the Social Service Supervisor, in selecting typical rural rehabilitation clients, and relief clients to be visited. Before \'isiting families, the Home Economist will talk with the case worker, and study to become familiar with case records and family budget plans of families selected. With the limitations in mind as set by the relief subsistence allowance to the family, or set by the subsistence items approved on the family's rehabilitation budget, the Home Economist will find out by personal interviews whether the families are using their allowances for the best interests of their health and social welfare. The Home Economist will demonstrate to clients only those methods of home economy which they are reasonably assured the clients are able to carry through. The Home Economist will be particularly valuable in discovering means of obtaining the results desired without going outside the possibilities of the family budget. The Horne Economist and the Home Demonstration Agents in each district will make definite plans for each county, thus utilizing the combined resources of both organizations. The first and perhaps one of the most important acti\ities of the home economics department will lie in the direction of organizing and projecting a comprehensive home canning campaign. It is felt that it is more \aluable to teach families to can food in their own homes with equipment available there, than to use modernly equipped community canning centers. Where such a program does not appear feasible, for example with many urban families, small community canning centers may be used. As a supplement to the home canning program, eight rather large canneries will be operated in areas in which a surplus of truck \egetables or fruit may be expected. Meat canneries used in the cattle program are being partially dismantled, and some of the equipment being converted into these vegetable or fruit canneries. The typical cannery of this type will consist of two retorts (capacity 165 No. 3 cans), one large cooking kettle, one power sealer, or three automatic hand sealers, blanching vat, etc. It is proposed that these canneries preserve \egetable or fruit surpluses of relief or rural rehabilita- tion clients, and possibly of farmers in general. They will be operated on a toll basis. Furthermore, it may happen that in the event of the frequent collapse of the trucking market, large quantities of \egetables or fruit can be obtained by the ERA merely for the picking. The canneries will also be used to preserve such a general surplus. Rural Rehabilitaiion Projects The Rural Rehabilitation Corporation projects must meet the two requirements of all ERA projects in that the proposed activity must be socially and economically desirable, and it must be needed. In addition to these, however, there is a third requirement for RR projects. They must be self-liquidating. Self-liquidating projects are those projects whose cost will be amortized within a reasonable length of time. One such project has already repaid the full amount of advances for labor and materials, and has brought a profit to the Corporation. This project is the propagation of scuppernong \-ines carried on in Beaufort, Bladen, Columbus, Cumberland, Duplin, Hoke, Moore, Richmond, Robeson, Sampson, and Scotland counties. Propagating Scuppernong Grape Vines North Carolina is the original habitat of the scuppernong grape. The counties of the Upper Coastal Plain are well adapted to its culture and in these counties there are many home \ineyards. In several of these counties there are commercial vineyards most of which have been allowed to Emergency Eelief in ISTorth Carolina 307 deteriorate during the last several years. It is believed that it is possible to levive the grape industry and to expand it within this and other Southern States. This will give a considerable section a new non-competitive industry which can be used to supplement the income of rehabilitation families. Vines leased from individual growers are now being layered, with a view of producing rooted cuttings for distribution to relief clients, and to other Southern States which do not have sufficient \ines to meet their needs. Forty-six thousand five hundred thirty-three vines have already been cut and sold to Georgia, Arkansas, Florida, and Louisiana. The income from vines already sold is in excess of the cost of propagation. In addition to shoots transported to these states, vines will be transplanted to the farms of RR clients in sections where small vineyards will be profitable as a means of cash income. Seed Project This project was set up for the purpose of packing and distributing garden seed to ERA as well as RR clients. By packing the seeds, which were bought on a low-bid basis, and tested in the State Laboratory, within the state, it was thought possible to secure higher quality seed, better adapted \'arieties, while creating at the same time a valuable work project. Three hundred twenty-four thousand five hundred sixty-eight pounds of seed were bought at a cost (deli\'ered) of $29,358.82. All packing for distribution was done in the ERA cannery building in Raleigh, the seed being packed in packages of two sizes, sufficient for one-eighth of an acre (cost 55 cents) and for one-fourth of an acre (cost 96 cents). A total of 49,302 packages was sent out, having a value of $37,480.08. In addition, bulk seed to the value of $1,857.63 were shipped. Effort is being made to begin growing in the state such of these seed as are practical, for example, field peas, and onion sets. This properly developed would give RR clients a good cash crop and develop a definite source of seed having better adaptability. Sawmill Project On property owned by the RR Corporation in Chatham County, a used sawmill equipped with a 30 horse-power boiler, 20 horse-power high speed engine, and a 48-inch saw has been erected and is ready for operation. The mill is to be supervised by one employee, who will act as logging foreman and sawyer. All labor is to be furnished by the Transient Bureau. It will be mid-summer, however, before timber can be hauled from the swamp and lowlands. It is estimated that the wood to be cut contains a million feet of sawed lumber, which lumber will be turned over to the Corporation for use in a state-wide building program. Quarrying, Grinding and Disposal of Agricultural Lime It is generally recognized that North Carolina farms have a very depleted soil condition, due in many instances to the lack of sufficient lime elements in the soil. Surveys, conducted by Farm Agents in cooperation with the State College of Agriculture and State Extension Service indicate that several million tons of lime are needed on North Carolina soils. Another survey was made of lime deposits in western North Carolina. Samples of lime from these deposits were collected and analyzed in the College Laboratory. This survey revealed that com- mercial agricultural lime is available in sufficient quantities in some eight or ten counties in western North Carolina to supply the agricultural lime requirements for that and other sections of the state State plans have been prepared for leasing unused lime quarries, acquiring lime grinding equip- ment, and projects prepared for the quarrying and grinding of lime in those counties in which agricultural lime deposits are found. It is planned that this lime, when ground, be sold first to the 308 EMER(iEN"(,'Y EeLIEF IX N'oRTH CaROI.INA (i) Farm of Rural Rehabilitation client. Wake County. (2) A Rural Rehabilitation family enjoying their watermelons, Edgecombe County. (3) First Rural Rehabilitation colt born on Magnolia farm, Tyrrell County. (4) Wheat field of Rural Rehabilitation client ready for harvest. Wake County. (5) Rural Rehabilitation client with his mule and corn crop. Craven County. (6) Rural Rehabilitation client with cotton and corn crops on Tillery Farm, Halifax County. (7) Rural Rehabilitation mules in Wilson County. Emergency Eelief in N'orth Carolina 309 Rural Rehabilitation and relief clients, and second to other farmers needing and desiring lime through that area of the state. In all cases the lime is to be made available to farmers at exactly the cost of quarrying and grinding. Housing Construction and Repair Every opportunity for adequate housing will be afforded the individual RR clients, as well as those in colonies. The securing of houses has been accomplished by three methods ; first, repairing or rebuilding on lands owned or controlled by clients ; second, repairing and building on land that can be leased with option to buy for clients ; and third, repairing and building in and around work centers and in rural industrial communities which will be owned and controlled by the Corporation. If the client lives on his own land, or on land secured for him, in a home which can be advan- tageously repaired, such repairs will be made up to the limit of what he can repay in 3 years. If the client li\'es on his own land but in an unfit home, the RR Corporation will build a home up to a certain limit, the client being given from 1-35 years to repay the loan. If the client owns neither land nor home, land will be secured on advantageous terms, the existing home repaired if possible, or a new home erected. Repairs and painting done on homes will be paid for within three years. Portable Houses Where houses were needed immediately, temporary portable houses are being erected. These houses are built in units of two rooms, with detachable porch and kitchen. The one-unit houses will be used for the smaller size families, while two such units will be combined for families of larger size. These houses are designed to take care of the families during the crop season. When land has been purchased by the client, the temporary houses will be taken apart, moved to the location selected, and transformed into permanent living quarters for rehabilitation clients. The units are so constructed that when taken apart they can be moved on a truck. Approving Clients for Rural Rehabilitation The ultimate success of a rehabilitation program is to be found not alone in the type of charter granted the Corporation, nor is the responsibility wholly that of supervisory personnel. The real measure of the program's success lies to a great extent with the quality, the ability, and the determi- nation of the clients themselves. There is a certain amount of popular misconception relating to the selection of rural rehabilita- tion clients. It is sometimes believed that clients are selected indiscriminately, and that after acceptance, the clients, who have been granted anything for which they asked, are allowed to follow any individual course which seems good to them. Another view is that clients are too heavily supervised, that they labor under a great weight of "red tape." Both views are equally erroneous. It is obviously the part of wisdom in administering a program fraught with such significance, that every elTort should be made to select applicants wisely. It is certainly inaccurate to believe that clients are selected indiscriminately. Nor is it true that there is an excess of "red tape," so-called. The procedures are as simple as possible in view of the importance of the issues involved. A brief resume of the procedure which a client follows will be given here in order to clarify the routine. All clients are selected from the relief rolls, and are among those regularly investigated by visitors in the Social Service Division. It is from this division that the recommendation is first made. The cUent then comes before the Rural Rehabilitation Supervisor, who is a member of the district staff, and the client's farming history is investigated. 310 Emergency Relief ix Nokth Carolina Each of these officers, the Social Service Supervisor, and the Rural Rehabilitation Super\'isor, make every possible effort to ascertain, on the basis of the applicant's credit history, his general reputation, his history with the relief agency, his knowledge of farming, the fact that he has made his living by farming during the last five years, and other relevant considerations, whether or not it will be to the advantage of the applicant and to the Corporation to have the application accepted. If it is agreed to recommend the client for acceptance by the Corporation, a budget is prepared, countersigned by the District Administrator, and sent to state headquarters for approval. After approval by the state office, the budget is returned to the district office, and thenceforward the client is party to an agreement made with the Corporation, and works under supervision provided by the Corporation. It may be repeated here that the final measure of success to be obtained in individual cases will be governed to a large extent by the individuals themselves. There is no peculiar insight vouch- safed the personnel of the Emergency Relief Administration which permits them to predict with complete accuracy the outcome of any particular client's rehabilitation history. When dealing with human beings, all activities are governed by the complexities which inhere in human nature. The best that can be done is to use the best intelligence available, and to exercise every permissible caution in selecting persons and administering the program, with the general assurance that the same considerations which affect human conduct in other directions will operate here. Naturally the outcome will be guaranteed only in so far as all conditions which are operati\e will allow it to be guaranteed. Compilation, Approval, and Enforcement of North Carolina Rural Rehabilitation Family Budgets A. Compiling the Budget The Rural Rehabilitation family budget was drawn up by the Assistant Director of Rural Rehabilitation in November, 1934. Copies of this form were sent to the Social Service Divisions of the several districts of the state where items suggested on the budget form were filled in to meet the needs of individual clients. Case workers recommended clients for rehabilitation and itemized their subsistence requirements. RR county farm foremen then listed operating expenses, farm equipment and livestock necessary for the cultivation of crops planned for the clients. A farm plan was also prepared for each client. With the complete needs of the family shown on the budget, signatures of the case worker, farm foreman, director of relief and that of the applicant were affixed. The budget was then put in the hands of the local RR Board for consideration. The signature of the Chairman of this body signified the Board's appro\'al of the budget as submitted to the state office. An RR card and social worker's case history accompanied each budget. B. Adoption of the Budget Budgets submitted to the N. C. RR Division for adoption were approved as follows : Subsistence Items, Numbers i, 2 and j on the budget: The amount of food and clothing allotted a family was determined primarily by the number of persons in the family. A schedule of food and clothing needs for rural families of different sizes prepared by a nutrition adviser on the staff of the State ERA was useful in approving these items on the budgets. Allowances for fuel, light, medical care, and household necessities were determined by the size of the request and the explanation of the need as shown in the case history accompanying the budget. The ability of the family to repay — Emergency Relief in North Carolina 311 in so far as this ability was shown by the acreage to be planted by the client — was also considered in the appro\al of these items for clients. Farm Equipment, No. 4: Farm equipment was approved where the short inventory of items already a\ailable to clients showed such equipment to be lacking. The total amount approved was again limited by the acreage tillable, particularly cash acreages of cotton, tobacco and peanuts. Type of soil, distribution of crops, and kind of work stock to be used were other factors considered. Farm Supplies, No. j.- A schedule for the different topographical sections of the state showing quantity and cost of seed needed, kind, amount and cost of fertilizer was prepared by an agricultural consultant connected with the N. C. RR Division staff for the assistance of those approving these items on the budgets. Livestock, No. 6: Total acreage to be cultivated, and the cropping system as shown on the budget, determined the number and value of livestock approved. Actual Bridget by the Month, No. j: The budget as approved was then distributed over the six months' period. All livestock, farm equipment, farm supplies and household equipment have been pro\ided the client during the month in which his budget was accepted. This has been done to enable the client to begin farming operations and set up his household establishment immediately. Food, clothing and light have been distributed over the full six months' period Medical care and small household articles have been placed in the first months of the budget. By placing operating expenses and capital goods in January, February and March, as new budgets have been received in these months, the average per family for the first three months is almost twice the amount approved for the same families for the second three months. C. Enforcement of the Budget Home economists have been placed in each district to assist RR families in living within the subsistence allowances granted them. Home economists are assisted by local home makers in each county where the number of RR families justifies their employment. The spending of allowances for farm equipment, farm supplies, and livestock is supervised by the RR farm foreman. With the consent of the case worker, home economist and farm foreman, the value of any items covered by the crop lien — whether subsistence or operating expenses — may be transferred to other approved items also covered by the lien, so long as the total of the lien is not exceeded. The value of approved capital goods may also be exchanged for other approved capital goods, so long as the total amount approved on the budget is not exceeded. Responsibility for staying within the approved budget — with such shifting of items as aforementioned — lies with the local case worker, home economist, and farm foreman who supervise the home life and farming activities of the client. The Outlook for Rural Rehabilitation in North Carolina There are certain practical conclusions to which the N. C. ERA has been led after considering the results of the study directed by Mr. Blackwell upon which its program was so largely based, and after its experience with rural rehabilitation measures over the last three years. It would be inappropriate here to engage in an exhaustive treatise in the field of agricultural economics. It is proper, however, to direct attention of interested persons to certain findings, which findings are based on factors occurring with sufficient frequency to be termed typical. The issues, if they can be separated, are in the main two — economic and social. These issues, although they may be separated for discussion, must in the last analysis be treated as but two aspects of one problem. The rural economic problem is infinitely complex. Suffice it to say that in the economy of farm life, two major essentials are long-time credit, and assured markets. As to the first it is a patent truth that ordinary commercial credit is of but little value for the farmer. He lacks the ability possessed 312 Emergency Relief ijst Worth Carolina by the manufacturer to control production. And when he has successfully produced a crop, a large array of factors enter to disturb the delicate balance which exists between the farm producer and the distant consumer. Or if he has contracted for credit, the operation of natural forces over which he has but little control at present, prolonged dry or wet spells, destructive storms and blight, enter to nullify his efforts. So it would seem quite obvious that if he is to operate at all he must have long- time cheap credit. Cheap credit may not yield the return realized from gilt-edged bonds, but its deficiency in monetary interest will be compensated by its important function in stabilizing the foundation of subsistence on which our national life depends. The question of markets is one which cannot be easily settled. Again many factors enter. Crop surplusage, resulting in a glutted market ; competition between agricultural areas, with the market going to the one most favored by natural conditions ; inability to market (by the small farmer) due to preferential transportation rates ; the unsatisfactory experience of many farmers with commission men ; variation in demand for certain products ; these and other factors make the problem of market- ing a highly complex one. It is quite true however, and here the problem becomes emphatically a human one, that there is no lack of a market right in this country if everyone were able to purchase what he actually needs for subsistence. Hence the problem of finding adequate markets should be largely settled when general economic conditions have become so readjusted that more buying power will be put into the hands of millions of Americans now living "on margin." The social aspects of our problem have been suggested throughout. No longer can men afford to take refuge in the easy solution that "these people have never known any better, have never had any more." Nor can we afford in the larger percentage of cases to identify want and poverty with some moral lack in the individual. There has been a progressive degeneration of some fine racial stocks in this country due to no other reason than either our cupidity or our stupidity, a rigid reluc- tance to accept a basic social truth, that there can be no significant progress or prosperity for some unless there is progress and prosperity for all. Our preoccupation with material well-being has blinded us to the steady drainage on our human resources, a drainage which the people concerned did not initiate and were largely powerless to stop. Systematic adult education is another objective which must be realized in an adequate rural program. That rural life must be made more attractive by the addition of cultural factors is a basic consideration in the thought of many rural leaders. All are familiar with pictures drawn of the onerous nature of life on the farm, yet it is true that the quality of cultural life which some progressive individuals and rural communities have achieved should be made available to the large masses of rural dwellers. In many communities, cultural possibilities are almost lacking, the consolidated school, and the country church, usually on a circuit, representing the total cultural opportunities. A suggestion of what might be done is indicated by the results of the Emergency Education Program. Although as a primarily relief program, it had certain fundamental inadequacies, nevertheless, it achieved an influence on country life which is difficult to appraise adequately. It adopted a pedagogical principle which while simple is fundamental — start where the people are! With this principle in mind, and armed with enthusiasm and what was in many cases a real percep- tion of rural needs, teachers gathered adult groups in country districts all o\er North Carolina and gave types of instruction most needed and desired by the group. A feature of the program, amount- ing almost to a campaign, was the systematic attack on illiteracy. Dramatic demonstration of the value of this phase of the training has been given all o\er the state. Experience with this education program suggests the large field of profitable effort which may be developed in the future to the great benefit of people who live in the country. A rich quality of life should be as possible to the rural dweller as to his city cousin. Adult instruction, musical instruction, group recreational features, teaching people how to play, needed training in home economy, circulat- Emergency Eelief in ISToeth Carolina 313 ing libraries, these and many other benefits are suggested as necessary by the experience of the emergency education program in the state and lay down a definite challenge to planners of an ade- quate rural North Carolina society. Another major problem which must be faced by rural rehabilitation planning is that of dispos- sessed tenant farm families now relegated to the status of casual laborers. This situation which is serious throughout the South is concentrated in North Carolina in the bright-leaf tobacco region where the tenancy rate is the highest. Croppers, displaced in the years 1929, 1930, 1931 and 1932, because of the landlord's inability to continue financing them, or because he decided to shift to farming with day labor, have found reentry to the agricultural economy effectively blocked by the acreage control program of the AAA. It is undoubtedly true, as has been indicated by rural leaders, that under the policy of reducing acreage the tenant finds himself in an increasingly disadvantageous position. The public is gradually becoming aware of this problem. The social and economic conditions under which croppers exist even when times are good are below those of any other group in rural America. With the advent of what is vaguely termed "agricultural recovery," displaced tenants may be able to get a crop again. But the question is whether that eventuality is desirable. Is the whole intent of this program a return to the evils of the tenant system, which has been depleting human adequacy and vitality, both of landlord and tenant, since the Civil War? A restoration of agricultural exports accompanied by a return to uncontrolled agricultural production might encourage the survival of tenancy. But such conditions are not likely to occur in the near future. What is to become of this large floating population in the South if the policy of economic nation- alism is adhered to, along with the then necessary controlled agricultural output? Secretary of Agriculture Wallace himself has said that with such a program, "It may be necessary after a time to shift part of the Southern population." Quoting him further, "We are sparring with the situation until the American people are ready to face the facts." The establishment of widespread proprietor- ship, together with a further joining of agriculture and industry as recommended by various leaders seems to be the ultimate solution. From the above considerations it would appear that there will be of necessity a removal of families from areas where there is an overmanned agricultural economy. The present program of rural rehabilitation can accomplish but little in the way of permanently rehabilitating people in over- crowded agricultural sections. With the number of share-crops held at the 1933 level, and actually decreased by the AAA, any relief family which gets a crop of its own probably displaces another family. Hence the program can make but little progress in permanently solving the problem until more families are moved. Work projects, adequate and well-planned, will help. But the continuation of work projects in strictly rural sections is unthinkable, save those minor industries absolutely essential to a rural economy. Hence, the ultimate objective of rehabilitation eflFort as related to this problem points to the gradual selection of families to move to other sections, after preliminary educational work has been done showing the ultimate wisdom of such a policy to the client. It is into a very complex situation therefore that the Rural Rehabilitation Corporation, with its program as heretofore outlined has come. It would seem from a reading of its charter, a knowledge of its purposes, and observation of its practical application to rural problems, as they exist, that there is much to recommend it as a beginning wedge in the attack on rural economic and social insecurity. It must be remembered, however, that this program applies only to persons on relief, and only to such of those who qualify for rural rehabilitation. But this fact instead of preventing the Corporation's rehabilitation efforts from being used as a standard for general rural rehabilitation really enhances its value as a measuring rod for this type 314 Emergency Relief in ISToeth Carolina of rehabilitation. This argument may be made : If this broad program with its long-time credit facilities ; its efforts for better housing ; its supplying of necessary farm implements and work stock ; its cooperative interest in helping secure more adequate social and cultural life in rural communities ; its cooperative buying and marketing ; its substitution of business procedure in advancing this money, for an outright dole ; its providing of expert super\ision ; if these work successfully within the present group of persons who ha\e had to call on the government for aid ; why should not the same principles on which the Corporation's program is built operate with equal success throughout the whole of rural North Carolina? It is not recommended, however, that the whole rural population call on the government for help. The elements in the Corporation's program which are recommended for the consideration of those not on relief are the benefits, which accrue from simple cooperation ; cooperation in securing credit from credit sources ; cooperation in buying and selling ; cooperation in buying and using heavy farm machinery and work stock ; cooperation in securing a satisfactory social and cultural life in every community ; cooperation in securing expert supervisory aid and counsel from already con- stituted state departments. There is too much common sense in such proposals to believe that they will not work. The farmer has always been termed too much of an individualist to want to co- operate. But it is unimaginable that this individualism will long exist when it is discovered that the only alternative to cooperation by the whole group is economic and social ruin. We are seeing now the fruits of a rampant and uninstructed "rugged individualism." In his report, Mr. Blackwell finds in the last analysis, using every legimate measuring device, that only 60 per cent at most of the persons studied will lend themselves to any degree of rehabilitation. Forty per cent, therefore, although this figure is not absolute, are classed through a consideration of their past history as bad risks. But this will not dispose of the problem. They cannot be scrapped. Through the same type of community cooperation as outlined above ; by the application of every intelligent social technique ; by unremitting effort on the part of those who are objectively solicitous for the future welfare of the nation ; these persons, and their children must receive such consideration as will allow them, although it may take a long time, to achieve the status of independent citizens. The outlook for rehabilitation in rural North Carolina, therefore, is more promising than not. This conclusion has not been reached by pro\'ing anything, but by indicating, first, the complexity of the problem, and secondly, the good sense inherent in the program designed to alleviate these conditions. One factor, not yet mentioned which reinforces our optimism, is the demonstrated genius of ordinary people for recovery. Our people have inherited, among other racial traits, some of the Englishman's persistence, and once a pathway has been blazed, are not reluctant to follow on to its satisfactory outcome. In conclusion, one more fundamental fact needs to be stressed. In the face of a disturbing and widespread tendency on the part of irresponsible people to shift the burden of thinking and acting to the government, perhaps no other one thing will aid agricultural reco\ery in this state as much as a tremendous revival of self-dependence. No government or state program ; no easy credit ; nothing will ever substitute successfully for an inbred and determined persistence in every individual to believe in himself and to do his part. It is no overstatement to say that there is no problem which cannot be solved by the application of the intelligence of self-reliant men. The time has come, therefore, for us to gird ourselves, in North Carolina, for the most concerted drive ever made on conditions which militate against the wellbeing of the state. With the use of the best intelligence, the utmost determination and industry, qualities intimately associated with thr history of the Old North State, the ultimate happy issue will not long be in doubt. Emergency Relief in ISTobth Carolina 315 FARM DEBT ADJUSTMENT COMMISSION The North CaroHna Farm Debt Adjustment Commission, consisting of nine members, was created by Governor Ehringhaus June 12, 1934, to assist the farmers in this state to adjust and re- finance their indebtedness and to prevent unnecessary foreclosures. The work of the Commission is a part of a nation-wide effort to solve the farm debt problem which became so acute in all parts of the country that Federal action on a large scale seemed imperative. The Farm Debt Adjustment Commission organized committees in ninety of the one hundred counties in North Carolina. The services of both the State Commission and the County Committees are voluntary. Their function is to bring the debtor and creditor into an open discussion of their mutual problems for the purpose of determining what can be done in the way of adjustment of the debts. Many of the farmers have been hopelessly in debt, or in such condition that governmental agencies can be of little or no help. The Commission has been able in a large number of cases to arrange an agreement with the creditors whereby the farms may be released to the original owners. Because of the importance of this problem among rural relief families, and families who were poten- tial relief clients because of probable foreclosures on their farms and homes, the Farm Debt Adjust- ment Commission and the Rural Rehabilitation Division of the ERA entered into the following co- operative agreement : The Farm Debt Adjustment Commission agreed : 1. To place at the disposal of the Rural Rehabilitation Division its field representatives ; 2. To furnish such information as may be necessary to a complete understanding of the methods used in settling debts ; 3. To supply creditor and debtor forms to be used in obtaining statements regarding the debts of clients and creditor statements ; 4. To assist personnel of the Rural Rehabilitation Division in presenting cases of clients to the local Farm Debt Adjustment Committees ; 5. To do any and all other things that may be essential to the proper adjustment of Rural Rehabilitation clients' debts. The ERA agreed to pay salaries and traveling expenses for a limited number of field workers on a cooperative project for supervision of this program, and to assign clerical assistance from relief rolls to the State Commission and to the local County Committees, and, wherever possible, to arrange a meeting place for the committees. In many instances, where only the part-time service of a clerical worker was needed, it was possible for the ERA to assign a clerical worker already on the staff to give part time to the local Farm Debt Adjustment Committee. A number of farm families have been aided by the Farm Debt Adjustment Commission. The solution of their debt problems has justified this cooperative agreement. 316 Emergency Relief in I^obth Carolina (i) Mr. and Mrs. Dewey learned to write in ten lessotu. (2) Toung mothers in ERE parent-teachers class. (3) Student who says he "would not take anything for arithmetic he learned this winter." (4) Henry Treadway and specimen of his writing. He reached three grades in ERE school. (5) ERE teachers in training classes at Boone. (6) Student and her baby. (7) Family group of adult students. {Specimen of writing—Mrs. Seboch learned to write in ten le.3i3 45>984-40 March i>432 57,904-73 April 889 36,402.93 May 121 2,949-79 Total 1=432 §175,211.66 318 Emergency Relief ix Xokth Carolina The work was suspended during the summer of 1934. Teachers submitted weekly ser\ice reports to the State Department of Education, but the State Department of Education did not submit to the Emergency ReHef Administration analyzed reports for total number of individuals. The regulations permitted to each teacher five per cent (5%) as much for supplies as the amount of her salary in a particular month. The in\oices were sent direct to the state office of the CWA and the ERA. Approximately $3,000 should be added to above total to cover the item of supplies. June, 1934, to December, 1935 To assume direction of the expanding Educational Program, in May, 1934, a Director of Emer- gency Education was added to the State ERA Staff and a Di\ision of Education created. The new program, as announced by the Federal Emergency Relief Administration in July, included the following : 1. Literacy classes — to teach adults unable to read and write English, including recreational work. 2. Rural Elementary schools (not used in North Carolina as no rural schools had closed on account of funds). 3. Vocational Rehabilitation — for unemployed adults who are in need of \ocationaI training or adjustment to make them employable, in the fields of trade and industry, home economics, agriculture, vocational adjustments for unemployed adults, and commercial classes for stenog- raphers, typists, bookkeepers, etc.. for unemployed adults on relief to make them reemployable. 4. Workers' Education — to acquaint laborers in industrial centers with the problems pertaining to their occupations and their Ii\ing conditions. 5. Parent Education — to give instruction to parents of low-wage levels in the care of under- privileged children. Parents of nursery school children were required to attend at least one class per week in this di\'ision, so that the practices obtaining at the school could be carried on also at home. Later in the year (about March, 1935) a broader type of training was employed for the benefit of parents in general. 6. Nursery Schools — to develop the physical and mental well-being of pre-school children in needy unemployed families or neglected or underprivileged homes. Supervision To make the emergency education program more effective, authority was granted during the summer of 1934 to employ a staff of education supervisors. At first the sum of two thousand dollars ($2,000) per month was allowed for this service and later the sum often dollars ($10) per month for office expense was permitted for each of the supervisors. (See Tables II and VII for the statistics on supervision.) Personnel The policy was adopted of giving each race prorata representation and of having the teachers directed by a super\isor of their own race — except for Nursery Schools. The one white Supervisor of Nursery Schools supervised the teachers for the Negro race also. Reports do not show the exact number of Negro teachers employed or of Negro students enrolled. Emekgency Relief in North Carolina 319 Teachers certified by relief administrators and approved by designated educational officials were employed on basis of need, regardless of race. The monthly salary of each emergency teacher whether white or colored was fifty dollars ($50). The only exception to this was the sixty-dollar ($60) monthly salary of head teachers of nursery schools. Eligibility of Teachers The policy of determining eligibility of teachers was modified as follows : "Professional and Non-Manual Workers shall be employed by the Works Divisions on the basis of need. These persons shall be eligible for relief, but need not be on the relief rolls. The method of need determination shall be by means of a questionnaire filed with the Relief Ad- ministration, and verified by a professional or technical organization, and by an interview with a case worker. This verification may be made monthly or bi-monthly but should not take the form of a home investigation. The questionnaire for this purpose has been prepared by this office. States wishing to alter this form must receive approval for changes from this office." According to this modification, case workers did not follow up the interview with a home in- vestigation, but accepted the teacher's own statement, which was verified by any business employer or organization. Later, in May, 1935, authority was given to re-investigate all teachers on this program according to the standards for all persons on relief Month 1934 September October November December 1935 January February March April May June July August Total I. Emergency Teaching* September, 1934, to August, 1935 TABLE NO. II No. Teachers No. Pupils Salaries Supplies Supervision Total 436 6,453 $11,487-30 $ 389-53 $1,745.76 $13,622.59 952 17,891 42,792.16 2,172.05 2,166.84 47,131-05 i>335 26,512 68,735-90 3,137-43 2,159.64 74,032-97 1,310 26,648 68,031.70 1,973-50 2,082.86 72,088.06 1,262 25,356 63,030.60 2,880.90 2,093.69 68,005.19 1,309 26,210 65,508.30 3,826.94 1,967.06 71,302.30 1,763 35,122 80,343-70 3,793-80 2,168.93 86,306.43 1,884 38,852 93,984.90 5,348-32 2,066.34 101,399.56 1,848 38,599 93,135-20 4,424.56 1,962.34 99,522.10 1,321 25,762 67,246.50 3,120.64 2,102.21 72,469-35 1,406 18,477 66,104.50 4,173-50 2,070.67 72,348-67 1,323 18,624 48,086.50 2,051.34 1,956-96 52,094.80 $768,487.26 $37,292.51 $24,543.30 $830,323-07 *This table shows entire expenditure for actual teaching, but does not include institutes. 320 Emebgency Relief in N"oeth Carolina TABLE Showing Types of Projects, Number of Teachers, September October November December January 1. LITERACY CLASSES No. Persons Working 66 127 157 160 162 Salaries $2,249.70 $6,167.50 $7,825.70 $7,608.50 $8,016.10 Supplies $ 1.00 108.16 104.39 108.49 87.15 Total $2,250.70 6,275.66 8.030.09 7,716.99 8,103.25 No. Pupils 1,094 2,312 3,302 3,544 3,642 3. VOCATIONAL REHABILITATION No. Persons Working 2 2 2 2 2 Salaries $ 150.00 186.66 200.00 160.00 200.00 Supplies $ 226.13 1,112.13 1,093.86 1,139.45 1,100.00 Total $ 376.13 1,298.79 1,293.86 1,299.45 1,300.00 No. Pupils 29 33 42 49 57 4. WORKER'S EDUCATION No. Persons Working 5 5 6 6 Salaries $ 222.50 250.00 300.00 297.90 Supplies (Included in 6) Total $ 222.50 250.00 300.00 297.90 No. Pupils 122 161 142 121 5. PARENT EDUCATION No. Persons Working Salaries Supplies Total No. Pupils 6. GENERAL ADULT No. Persons Working 368 740 1,030 1,007 951 Salaries $9,087.60 34,226.40 52,649.90 50,595.60 46,965.10 Supplies $ 162.40 920.85 1,604.80 718.11 1,362.65 Total $9,250.00 35,147.25 54,254.70 51,313.71 48,327.75 No. Pupils 5,330 14,613 21,382 21,155 19,958 7. NURSERY SCHOOLS No. Persons Working 78 141 143 141 Salaries $1,989.10 7,810.30 7,367.60 7,551.50 Supplies $ 50.91 244.40 7.45 331.10 Total .12,040.01 8,054.70 7,375.05 7,882.60 No. Pupils 811 1,631 1,758 1,578 * Table III is a comparative study of the enrollments, costs, and number of teachers employed in the various types of classes conducted under the ERE program from September, 1934, to September, 1935, inclusive. NOTE : Project No. 2, Rural Education, reopening of closed schools, was not used. Emergency Relief in Worth Carolina 321 NO. Ill* Number of Pupils and Amount of Money Involved Fehruary March April May June July August September Total 229 288 333 336 237 410 375 1 10,679.50 $12,541.60 S16,956.70 $16,504.60 $12,857.40 $19,365.40 $13,604.90 $ 12 . 50 $134,390.10 85.93 96.43 438.89 547.90 499.41 626.40 229.91 7.79 3,031.85 10,765.43 12,638.03 17,395.59 17,952.50 13,356.81 19,991.80 13,834.81 20.29 137,421.95 5,111 6,388 7,376 7,868 5,581 5,058 5,015 20 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 172.50 172.50 160.00 200.00 160.00 160.00 185.00 210.00 2,316.66 1,139.38 1,126.68 1,139.50 1,099.17 1,138.77 1,139.68 1,110.35 1,116.00 13,681.10 1,311.88 1,299.18 1,299.50 1,299.17 1,298.77 1,299.68 1,295.35 1,326.00 15,997.76 48 35 38 42 47 45 48 52 6 7 7 7 9 11 15 276.90 305.50 341.30 292.30 179.80 567.80 474.50 3,508.00 276.90 305.50 341.30 292.30 179.80 567.80 474.50 3,508.00 141 149 145 123 160 202 212 27 32 35 31 9 7 $ 1,118.50 1,541.30 1,634.60 856.30 229.80 250.00 5,630.50 $ 1,118.50 1,541.30 1,634.60 856.30 229.80 250.00 5,630.50 606 735 701 835 101 74 923 1,284 1,356 1,317 958 946 895 19 46,764.40 58,303.00 66,671.00 66,401.00 48,447.80 44,369.30 32,450.10 472.10 357,403.30 2,491.28 2,325.00 3,469.98 2,550.47 1,213.85 2,328.81 711.08 67.52 19,927.00 49,255.68 60,628.20 70,140.98 68,951.47 49,661.65 46,698.11 33,161.18 539.62 577,330.30 19,234 26,134 28,769 28,055 17,836 12,820 12,940 132 148 154 154 151 85 28 28 7,613.00 7,902.60 8,314.60 8,102.70 4,745.20 1,412.70 1,122.00 63,931.30 109.35 245 . 50 299.95 227.02 268.61 78.63 1,842.92 7,722.35 8,148.10 8,614.55 8,329.72 5,013.81 1,491.33 1,122.00 65,774.22 1,676 1,810 1,789 1,810 1,303 251 335 21 322 Emergency Eelief in North Carolina Typical ERE night school students who received certificates at ERE Commencement Exercises, Asheville, June i, 1335. ( i ) Student and her family. This mother received certificate in Group Mo. 3. (2) Group of students in attendarue at graduating exercises. (3) Distinguished speakers at Commencement. (4) Two students who attended Commencement. (5) Group of students who attended Commencement. (6) Three thousand students in attendarue at Commencement Exercises. Emeegency Eelief in ISToRTH Caeolina 323 Comment on ERE Program I. Numbers That the emergency education program has found a place of real service is attested by the following facts : 1. In April, 1935, it employed four and three-tenths times as many teachers as in September, 1934- 2. These teachers enrolled for the month of April, 1935, more than six times as many pupils as in September, 1934. 3. The average enrollment of pupils per teacher for the whole period was more than twenty (20) , whereas the minimum required was ten (10). 4. The Christmas holidays affected the work to only a slight degree, and other factors such as weather, epidemics, etc., seemed to disturb it very slightly. II. Quality of Work No general statement can be made as to the quality of work done. Much of it was, of course, far below satisfactory educational standards. Much, however, was of a very high order. Home making, recreation, health work, and many other worthy types of endeavor were noticeably suc- cessful. Specific Results — ^Adult Education 1 . One teacher organized a whole rural community, giving instruction in : a. Music to thirty high school graduates who could not go on to college. b. Home-making to a dozen or more farm women. c. Dramatics to a group of unemployed young men and young women. So great was her success in dramatics that her pupils presented an original one-act play at the state dramatic festival, winning "honorable mention" for the excellence of their work. 2. Another teacher taught handicrafts to eighty- five women in a cotton-mill village, some of the articles made taking prizes at the annual Dogwood Festival, in Chapel Hill, in April. 3. A third teacher (an unemployed trained nurse) organized a group of underprivileged young mothers and carried them through an entire course in the care and feeding of small children. 4. Five teachers were used at the State's Farm Colony for Women, the instruction being of the most practical type. The Superintendent of the institution states that (since she had no funds to provide education for her charges) the ERE classes have been a veritable godsend. 5. Several classes have been organized for the instruction of the blind. Braille being taught in some instances and handicrafts in others. This work has had the active support of The Association for the Blind and of several fraternal orders. 6. One class was organized in a home for crippled or physically-handicapped children, where no other educational facilities were available. But the list is too long and varied to be included here. The policy followed has been to aid all groups for which no other educational facilities had been provided. Literacy The figures given in Table III do not reflect the correct number of people who belong to the lit- eracy project. Of necessity a teacher reports a class according to the type of work done by the majority of the pupils. It is known that many classes reported as "adult education" contain pupils who ought to be classed as illiterate. Approximately ten thousand illiterate people have been aided at some time during the year, for in one district four thousand illiterate pupils were given certificates testifying that they had completed the first unit of work. 324 Emebgency Relief in North Carolina Education of Prisoners For a period of nine weeks — June 13 to August 15, 1935 — an experiment of teaching prisoners in three camps was tried. Sixteen different classes were organized, some in recreation, some in visual education, and a few in academic subjects. The results were highly gratifying and, it is hoped, may point the way to a permanent plan for dealing with this group of the state's population. North Carolina Emergency Nursery Schools 1934— 1935 On October 19, 1934, fifty emergency nursery schools were opened in North Carolina. Of this number fifteen were for Negro and thirty-five for white children. This is in keeping with the per- centage of Negroes and Whites since approximately three-tenths of the population is Negro and seven-tenths White. In each emergency nursery school there were two teachers, a trained nurse and an unskilled laborer to do the janitorial work, making a total of at least four persons from relief rolls employed in each school. Occasionally an extra heavy teaching load caused extra teachers to be added to the staff. In order to establish an emergency nursery school a board of sponsors representing the organiza- tions of a community sent in a formal request for the school, giving a definite report on the need for the school, the number of children to be serviced and the number of parents to attend parent educa- tion classes. The community promised to provide equipment, housing and heating facilities in keeping with the requirements of the Federal Emergency Education Division. The program includes intensive training for the parents of the children, medical examination and training in physical, mental and social habits of the children, cod liver oil, tomato juice, a hot noon meal and a nap in individual beds was a part of each day's schedule. A total of 2,263 children received this service, averaging a gain in weight of i o pounds during the first seven months of the program. The average cost of food, including cod li\'er oil and tomato juice, was nine cents per person per day. Cash donations amounting to $3,980.00 were reported while innumerable hours of time were given by interested citizens in repairing, cleaning and equipping buildings and grounds for the nursery schools. The following data compiled at the close of the se\enth month of the Emergency Nursery School give interesting facts concerning the program. Data Concerning North Carolina Emergency Nursery Schools 1934— 1935 I. Number of white units 35 Number of Negro units 15 50 Number of white teachers employed 104 Number of Negro teachers employed 40 Number of white nurses employed 35 Number of Negro nurses employed 15 Number of white janitors employed 35 Number of Negro janitors employed 15 Total number of persons employed 244 Emeegency Eelief in North Carolina 325 II. Enrollment Number of children under 2 years 36 Number children 2 years but less than 3 years 376 Number children 3 years but less than 4 years 561 Number children 4 years but less than 5 years 658 Number children 5 years but less than 6 years 580 Number children o\'er 6 years 52 Total enrollment 2,263 III. Health Number children given medical examinations 2,056 Number children \'accinated 488 Number children immunized 629 Number tonsils removed 31 Number children gi\en dental examination 970 Number children given corrective work 134 Number pounds gained in state 22,648 IV. Home Contacts "._ Total number parents' meetings held i)546 Total number parents' visits to school 4;i57 Number children living in i-room homes 116 Number children li\ing in 2-room homes 388 Number children living in 3-room homes 656 Number children living in 4-room homes 512 V. Costs Average cost of food per person per day $ .09 Total amount cash donations 3,980.00 Salary of head teacher per week i5-00 Salary of assistant teacher per week 12.50 Salary of nurse 12.50 VI. Equipment Number single cots 857 Number double cots 118 Number tables 206 Number small chairs Ij309 Number lavatories 62 Number wash basins 216 Number flush toilets 163 Number outdoor toilets 12 Number lockers 264 Number of slides 23 Number sand bo.xes 53 Number swings no Number see-saws 60 Number ladders 25 NOTE : There are other pieces of equipment such as hooks for wraps, jungle gyms, turning bars, dolls, balls, trains, hobby horses, boats, blocks, paints, easels, crayons, hammers, books, victrolas, pianos, etc. 326 Emergency Relief in N^oeth Carolina (i) Rest period at nursery school in Dm ham, Durham County. (2) ERE kindergarten in Charlotte, Mecklenburg County. (3) Nurs- ery school in Transylvania County. (4) School lurwh room in Durham County. Emergency Eelibf in North Carolina The nursery school program was directed by a State Supervisor of Nursery Schools. 327 Place Weaver College Chapel Hill Little Switzerland Salisbury (Negro) Chapel Hill (Supervisors) Boone (Teachers) Chapel Hill (Teachers) Cullowhee (Teachers) Greenville (Teachers) EUzabeth City (Col. Tea.) Fayetteville (Col. Tea.) Winston-Salem (Col. Tea.) Fayetteville (Col. Tea.) Raleigh (Teachers) Total t INSTITUTES*— TABLE NO. IV Date No Trainees Cost July- August, 1934 39 $2,847.02* April-May, 1934 34 2,752.98* July-August, 1935 22 711.75* July-August, 1935 51 5>758-52* August, 1934 16 522.00* August-September, 1934 112 1,397-10 August-September, 1934 104 1,300.00 September, 1934 164 2,040.00 September, 1934 201 2,512.00 August, 1934 20 262.50 August, 1934 116 1,450.00 August, 1934 49 612.50 August-September, 1935 404 12,477.42 August-September, 1935 808 25>i75-92 2,140 ^59>8i9-7i Place New Bern (white) Brevard (white) Rocky Mount (colored) II. CAMPS FOR YOUNG WOMEN— TABLE NO. V (16-25 years from Relief Families) Date No. Trainees August-October, 1935 76 August-September, 1935 96 August-September, 1935 70 242 Cost 54>632-34 2,690.10 2,353-20 59,675-64 Emergency Education GRAND TOTAL (Tables 1-5)** $1,075,030.08 Youth Camps Three Youth Camps for unemployed young women between the ages of 16 and 25 years, were established under the North Carolina Emergency Relief Administration, one in August, and two in September. These camps, two for white women, and one for Negroes were located at Brevard, Neuse Forest, near New Bern, and Bricks School (Negro) near Enfield. Staffed with competent personnel, the purposes of these camps as stated by the Supervisor of Women's Camps were : To provide opportunity for young women to come together, not only to find that healthful environment and recreational outlet associated with camp life, but to share in cooperative living. Practical instruction of many kinds was combined with the utmost liberty *These institutes were for Workers' Education. Trainees came from several states. tSince some trainees in the teachers' institutes attended more than one institute, the total is given as though each had been a different person. In no other way can the average expense per teacher be determined. **Table III is excluded from the grand total given, since the costs shown in Table III are included in Table II. 328 Emergency Relief in North Carolina ERE students and some of the articles they learned to make in liornemaking classes. ( i ) Mother of three children who completed course in Group No. 3- (2) Mother and daughter. Mother attended school regularly, completed course in first group. (3) Toung mother u ho com- pleted course in Group No. 3. (4) Student who had attended high school before going to night school. (5) Deputy Sheriff oj Buncombe County presenting captured copper whiskey still to ERE teacher. (6) Articles made by ERE students from copper still pictured above. Emekgency Relief in I^orth Carolina 329 in creating their own leisure time activities to achieve a well rounded camp life and eminently suc- cessful results in shared living. Three hundred girls were invited to the camps. Two hundred and forty-two (242) actually were in attendance. These girls left, their individualities not curbed but heightened, but with a new realization of the necessity of applied group intelligence in solving group problems. The story of the camps, however, is told as well in the reactions expressed by the campers as it is in the Report of the Director : Here are a few culled from many reactions. "I could write a book ; I wouldn't trade the experience for anything in the world." "My mother was impressed with the training I got while I was in camp. She said the only thing she hated was that we didn't stay longer. Mrs. had quite a hard time to get me to go to camp ; finally I decided, and now I'm glad. I don't regret one minute that I spent there." And here is an eloquent story. A camper cried so hard as the bus left the campus that it took the combined efforts of her friends to console her. She had been President of the Camp Council, and had been elected Permanent President as the camp closed. In her home community she was known as a "smart" student in school, but the passing years found her failing to live up to her early promise of leadership. Also she was a recipient of adult criticism leveled at the group with which she asso- ciated. At first she wore the Presidental toga proudly, but carelessly. Soon she began rising to the opportunities of her position. So apparent was the change that girls who had doubted the wisdom of electing her as President, voted enthusiastically for her as Permanent President. III. The College Student Aid Program The Federal Relief Administrator, on February 2, 1934, issued a letter authorizing all State Relief Administrators to make relief funds available for a program of part-time employment for college students attending college or desiring to attend college, but who would without aid be unable to continue or attain a college education. Colleges and universities of a non-profit making character were eligible to participate in the funds to finance the part-time employment program. The allotment of jobs to each college was equal to 10 per cent of its full-time enrollment as of October 15, 1933. This was raised to 12 per cent in July, 1935. The average amount of money available per month was $15 per student receiving this aid. Each student was limited to 8 hours a day and thirty hours a week at the rate of pay commonly paid by the institution for the type of service rendered, but not less than 30c per hour. The institutions were at first required to waive all fees, for registration, tuition and laboratory, and other purposes for students working on this program. This requirement was later abolished with the recommenda- tion that the institutions cooperate as far as possible by granting reductions. The types of work performed included library, clerical, museum and research work, reading and grading papers, recreational, and other work of social usefulness and educational value in publicly- owned institutions, and on buildings and grounds, provided, however, the jobs did not cause displace- ments of regular workers who might be doing the same work. The determination of eligibility of the students was left entirely to the college president or to a committee appointed by him, the requirement being that the student was unable to attend college without Federal aid. Students were required to be of good character and capable of doing accept- able college work. While students were required to maintain a satisfactory scholastic grade, records show that Federal-aided students received in most cases, grades above the institutional average. Immediately upon the announcement of this program, colleges gladly accepted the conditions, some of them getting the program under way in a few days. 330 Emergency Relief in ISTokth Carolina TABLE NO. VI February to June, 1934 Number of colleges participating: 32 white, 11 colored. Total 43. No. Students Aided* Amount Earned Male Female Total February to June, 1934 White 1,041 572 1,613 Colored 106 131 237 Total 1,147 703 1,850 $87,060.16 This program was suspended during the summer months, and resumed for the academic year of 1 934- 1 935 with added specifications. College Student Aid — September, 1934, to June, 1935 On July 3, 1934, Mr. Hopkins issued letter E-29 in which announcements were made for carrying on the student aid program during the college year 1934-35. The provisions of the pre\'ious let- ter E-15 were continued, there being only one important change. In the spring of 1934, colleges were allowed aid for ten per cent (10%) of the enrollment of October, 1933. This percentage was changed to twelve per cent (12%) for the year 1934-35. Fifty-two colleges signified a desire to qualify for student aid. Each college was required to submit in quadruplicate affidavits showing (a) the total number of students registered October 15, 1 933, (b) the number of students entitled to receive aid ( 1 2 per cent of the October enrollment, 1 933) , and (c) the total monthly allotment requested. All of the copies of the affidavit were approved by the State Emergency Relief Administrator and by the State Superintendent of Public Instruction, and further approved by the Washington office. One approved copy of the affidavit was retained in Washington, one copy was sent to the college, and two copies were kept by this office. Throughout the year each college was required to keep within its allotment each month and to submit detailed information to this office as to how the money was expended. At the close of the year (June, 1935) each college was required to submit an annual report. This office audited the reports and filed with the Finance Division a complete and accurate summary for each college. This summary is given herewith. Forty (40) colleges for white students and tweh'e (12) colleges for colored students. No. Students Aided Amount Earned Male Female Total Male Female Total Total White 1,482 1,000 2,482 $161,267.93 $107,878.43 $269,182.36 Colored 141 232 373 15,614-55 21,439.62 37,054-17 Total 1,623 1,232 2,755 $176,882.48 $129,318.05 $306,236.53 *These figures are taken from the report for April, 1934, this month showing the largest number of participants. Emergency Relief in North Carolina 331 SPECIAL ITEMS— TABLE NO. VII Allotment to N. C. Public Schools (May, 1934) $500,000.00 Instructional Supplies (Spring, 1934) 3,000.00* Special Earmarked Fund (Dec. 1935) to operate Emergency Educa- tion until taken over by WPA 40,000.00 Salary, Travel, Office expense and secretarial assistance to Super- visors and State Department of Education (Sept.-Dec. 1935) 9;798-37t $552,798.37 Grand Total Tables I and II (Emergency Teaching) $1,005,534.73 Table IV (Institutes) 59,819.71 Table V (Camps for Young Women) 9,675.64 Tables VI and VI continued (Student Aid) 393,296.69 Table VII (Special Items) 552,798.37 TOTAL (All Purposes) $2,021,125.14 THE TRANSIENT PROGRAM The problem of transiency is national in its scope, although the nature of the problem may vary as to regions. The same spirit of independence that motivated our forefathers to seek freedom and gainful occupation in a new country motivates the transient who can find no work at home, to seek work in a distant community. The urge of new adventure, of new discovery, of travel, of desire to work, the inalienable right of every person to live where he will, all apply to equal force to every class of people. The distinctive aspect of present day transient movements is that they are movements of individuals, not groups. The common bond that brings this group together is search for work. Transients are not very different from other people. They are persons and families who, having become discouraged and desperate by failure and financial distress, are driven to seek economic security in a new place ; persons who are marooned in stranded communities ; and those who have formerly found their livelihood in seasonal labor and who follow seasonal work opportunities in sections of the state and in sections of the nation, hoping that they will be among those fortunate to get a job. There are those, also, who have been away from their place of legal settlement, according to our varying state laws, long enough to lose legal residence, and are inhumanly driven from one community to another, from one state to another, because "they have not been here sufficient time to be a legal resident." Every class and type of persons is found among transients today, the pro- fessional man, the educator, the vagrant, the ex-criminal, the hobo. The depression has been no respecter of persons — all have been its victims. In 1 934, the situation became so acute, as a state and interstate problem, with the provisions for aid so inadequate, that the Federal Emergency Relief Administration inaugurated a transient pro- gram, making special earmarked grants to the states for establishment of transient centers, or shel- ters, in the principal cities through the nation. In these shelters the transients were received, fed, and clothed and given medical attention. Later concentration camps were established and the able- * This is a mere estimate. (See fourth paragraph of page 318.) ■f This item was incurred while awaiting approval of WPA Project 65-32-3923. 332 Emergency Relief in ISToeth Carolina (i) Christmas toys made by transients and Christmas tree for Negro relief children, presents at Transient Center. Toys made and tree decorated by transients. Raleigh Transient Center. (a) Distributing the Emekgency Relief in North Carolina 333 bodied men were separated from the physically unfit — employable men were given work on useful jobs, their board, a nominal sum, deducted from their earnings. Contrary to the general opinion of the public that transients in these Intake Centers were loafing, they usually welcomed the opportunity to work, as shown by the type of work performed by them while stationed in the centers. For instance, the transients at the Raleigh Center constructed a dyke on a farm near the city which was rented by the division, built fences and cleared grounds of stumps and underbrush at State College, filled in low grounds at colored cemetery, beautified Pullen Park, worked 28,331 hours for the city, filling up the old Rock Quarry with city refuse, cleared the lake shore at the J. Bealejohnson Farm, and many other such jobs. Similar types of work at the other centers were performed. Transient Activities in North Carolina From April, 1934, to April, 1935, six transient centers were established, located at Asheville, Charlotte, Durham, Greensboro, Raleigh, and Salisbury. These were intake centers where tran- sients were received and given care temporarily until they could be returned home, to a job, to rela- tives, or to a work camp. Transient labor has been used on the following types of public projects : sand fixation, the anchor- ing of sand to prevent its mass movement by erosion ; mosquito control to help reduce the frequency of malaria ; school beautification ; street beautification ; work on recreational grounds ; work on highways ; and work on the Penderlea Homesteads Project. The men also did a considerable amount of the repair necessary in each of the centers and camps, as well as doing landscaping work on grounds surrounding the buildings. In April, 1934, the old County Prison Farm in Mecklenburg County was rented by the Charlotte Center, and a farm was started to take care of the case load which was rapidly increasing. About 140 men were sent to this camp. The men who were sent to the farm enjoyed the farm life very much. Allied with the criticism of the transient program was the objection voiced by many public citizens and unemployed persons in sections where it was planned to establish transient camps. These persons held the view that using transient labor constituted unfair discrimination against the unemployed labor supply in the community. Considerable effort had to be expended to oflfset these objections and prepare the way for using transient labor. A work camp was built at Nags Head on the coast in April, 1934. Two hundred able-bodied men were sent to this camp and were engaged in drift fence construction to combat beach erosion. This work was carried out along the lines recommended by War Department Engineers. The work that was completed has been well done and has formed an effectual barrier reef or fore dune. After the drift had accumulated sufficiently, the work was grassed over, using native grasses. A consider- able amount of drainage work has also been done by the Nags Head camp in promoting malaria control. This work has been a great help and has materially lessened the presence of mosquitoes. This work was done under the direction of the State Board of Health. By May, 1934, the case load had increased so much and there were so few experienced case workers, that it became necessary to employ a State Case Work Supervisor. In the middle of May, the Supervisor reported for duty and started her work throughout the state, training case workers who were in the centers. All case work records were brought up to date and new forms introduced which helped in keeping a more accurate check on the work. Early in 1934, a camp was established at Penderlea, a subsistence homestead project. About 150 men were engaged in building houses and clearing ground for the homesteaders who were going to be quartered there. In July, the director of the homesteads project requested the removal of the 334 Emergency Relief in North Carolina work camp from Penderlea. At that time there was no new project available. Since the work on the coast needed additional men, those at this camp were transferred to the camp at Nags Head. With these additional men, the existing facilities were not adequate. Therefore, the camp was moved further down the beach where land was available for construction of a larger camp. As the fall of 1934 approached, the number of men in the transient centers increased rapidly, and the camp facilities were inadequate to take care of the load ; therefore it became increasingly necessary that some way be found to occupy the leisure time of these men, in order to keep them off the streets, and thus allay community criticism. In September a State Recreation Director was employed who worked throughout the state getting new programs started and stimulating those already in existence. To take care of the overflow in Greensboro, the buildings of a closed summer hotel at Dunlap Springs, about fifteen miles from Greensboro, were rented to provide needed quarters. Old and infirm men were sent there. The men who were able to work repaired and reconditioned the build- ings, cleaned up the grounds, consisting of 60 acres, planted shrubbery and trimmed trees. The spring at this camp has proved a great help to these older men. Their general health has improved and at this time there has been no illness of serious nature. An additional camp was established at Weaverville near Asheville to house 150 men, and unused college property was secured for this camp. These buildings were also in need of repair and this was done in a splendid way by the transient workmen, and the grounds cleaned and planted. An educational program was initiated for the younger men, teachers being secured through ERE. The classes were well attended. A splendid work program was carried out, sponsored by the town of Weaverville. Parks, streets, and playgrounds were developed, and the auditorium, on the college property, was repaired, reconditioned, and painted. The last camp to be established was the New Hope Farm Camp, located 14 miles south of Dur- ham, and 125 Negroes were sent there. This farm, consisting of nearly 2,000 acres, was purchased by the Rural Rehabilitation Corporation, a unit of the N. C. ERA, and was leased to the Transient Division for improvement and clearing of the land and building houses, barns, etc. in lieu of rent. This farm had been untenanted for 10 years, the buildings had fallen down, and all fields had grown over by trees, bushes, and weeds. Drainage ditches had filled and all farm roads had disappeared. Several buildings were secured from a discontinued CCC Camp, and two 125-feet barracks and a mess hall and kitchen 100 x 44 feet were built out of this material. A sawmill was set up on the farm and operated by the transients ; lumber was cut and three good 4- and 5-room houses were constructed, the old farm home was restored, stock barns, storage barns, poultry and swine houses built, and in addition a pump house, smoke house, storage shelters, and a 2^ mile electric line were built. All existing fields were cleared of over- and undergrowth and planted. Drainage ditches were reopened, roads rebuilt, several miles offences constructed, nearly 100 acres of new ground has been cleared for pasturage. Sufficient work stock was secured from the Rural Rehabilitation Corporation and the War Department to work the farm. A small selected herd of beef cattle was secured, also a small dairy herd. Full blooded Hampshire hogs were brought to the farm, and three hundred raised in 1935. A flock of more than 1,000 highly bred white leghorn chickens has been added; this stock was secured without cost to the ERA. To this have been added three fine bulls secured from the best herds in the state without cost, the owners showing a great interest in our program. No money crop was planted — only food and feed being raised. The garden supplied practically all vegetables used on the farm, and at the Raleigh shelter feeding approximately 750 meals daily. Several thousand cans of vegetables were canned ; the farm yielded 800 bushels of sweet potatoes, 500 bushels Irish potatoes, 65 tons of hay, 850 bushels of corn, nearly 15,000 pounds of pork have Emergency Relief in N^oeth Carolina been killed and 5,000 pounds of beef ; all milk, butter and eggs that are required are produced on this farm. By March, 1935, the case load had decreased somewhat due to increased vigilance of the transient staff in registering only those persons entitled to aid. More thorough investigations were made of the possibility and advisability of returning men to their homes. More intensive efforts were made by case workers to find jobs for the men. Since the Durham center was so near Raleigh and Greensboro, it was thought advisable to close it to further registrations. The offices were moved to the old Post Office building, where they were maintained until the middle of May, when the Durham office was closed entirely. On September 17, 1935, the FERA wired orders to close all transient centers to new transients at midnight, September 20. Notices of this order were posted at all centers and no new transients were received after that date. Plans were started to close the centers. Increased efforts were made to return men to their homes. Employable persons were certified for work on WPA projects. By February i, 1936, all centers were closed except Dunlap Springs, and work camps were aban- doned, except Camp Weaver at Nags Head and New Hope Farm. These were transferred to WPA projects. The remaining employables at the abandoned camps were transferred to Nags Head. The Nags Head Camp has been absorbed by the WPA Beach Erosion Project. Orders were received to close Dunlap and New Hope by March 3 1 . The request has been made to Washington to grant an extension of time for closing New Hope, so that arrangements can be made to provide for livestock and preserve the valuable work and improvements on the farm. A total of 122,144 transients was received and cared for from January, 1934, until reception closed September 20, 1935. This load consisted of unattached men and women and family groups. Men for the camps were selected from these centers, the remainder being given such care as was planned for them. Sufficient case workers were maintained at each center to investigate immediately each case and determine what was needed by the transients, either prolonged care or return to their home communities. These men coming from all parts of the country have presented an interesting study, representing almost every type, highly educated, skilled men, and totally untrained men of the type who travel continually with the seasons. A small percentage of these men came to the shelters and camps to weather economic conditions until they could secure work, and many of them have been placed in secure positions ; others stopped only for shelter, and almost without exception all adjusted them- selves to the wholesome conditions they found in the shelters and camps. Adequate medical care and inspection were furnished ; treatment rooms and hospital wards were established in each shelter, and trained nurses and orderlies cared for these cases under the supervision of a carefully selected local physician. As was to be expected, a great number of these men were afflicted with venereal diseases. They had no home, no work and no money. Their condition could only grow worse and they were a constant menace to all with whom they came in contact. These men, realizing the opportunity for complete restoration to health, cooperated with the doctors in every way. The most distressing feature of transiency is the roving family. Very little can be done for them in a practical way. However, most families were returned to their home communities after receiving temporary aid such as medical aid and clothes. Efforts to place a considerable number of young men in CCC camps were successful. Such an arrangement was felt by the Transient Director to be the finest accomplishment of the division. The experience with the transients in North Carolina has demonstrated the willingness of these folks to work. They want work. They have been cooperative in all phases of the program ; only a few have created disturbances in the community or in camps. A fine community helpfulness was evidenced at the Raleigh center in 1934 when the men re- 336 Emergency Relief in North Cakolina (i) The poultry yard at the New Hope Transient Farm, Chatham County. (2) Sawmill at New Hope Transient Farm. Cutting lumber for construction work. (3) Livestock barns and livestock at New Hope Transient Farm. (4) Clearing underbrush infields at New Hope Transient Farm. (5) Farming operations at New Hope Transient Farm. (6) The dining hall and barracks at New Hope Transient Farm. Emergency Relief in ISTorth Carolina 337 quested that they be permitted to make toys for children of the city and have a Christmas at the center. For two months they were busy making toys from old rubber tires, old crates, and every kind of material. Hundreds of toys of all description were made, and Christmas Eve was happily spent in decoration of an outdoor tree and other preparations for children on Christmas afternooon. These transients, men from all walks of life, should be commended for their splendid effort in coop- erating with the supervisory personnel of the transient program, and in cooperating with the Safety Division of the Emergency Relief Administration. The constant vigilance of the men themselves in their concern for safety throughout the whole period of the program has created for them an enviable record in the establishment of first aid methods, of fire drills, and the inspection of buildings, materials and equipment, for the reduction to a minimum of hazards incident to the close quartering of persons, which was necessary in this program. Evidence of this fine record made by the transients in emptying buildings during fire drills may be found on page 277, which is a part of the report on the Safety Division. A List of Transients Cared for Each Month With Current Operation and Permanent Plant and Equipment Costs Per Month Federal State Unat- Unat- Number Individ- Unat- Unat- Number Individ- Month tached tached of uals in tached tached of uals in Males Females Families Families Males Females Families Families 1934 April 2,666 22 106 318 1,431 28 44 136 May 2,376 22 lOI 262 974 31 63 173 June' 2,342 32 "3 288 991 24 57 156 July 3,910 27 170 462 1,555 31 99 360 August 4,850 32 166 443 1,564 34 80 250 September 4,687 44 188 559 1,374 24 61 200 October 4>295 23 142 405 995 19 38 "5 November 3,818 43 93 255 699 22 42 118 December 3,236 25 "9 323 515 8 40 136 1935 January 3,626 31 152 401 616 12 33 III February 2,934 29 124 313 210 5 23 76 March 4,191 44 156 392 118 9 18 60 April 4,722 58 254 669 170 8 40 154 May 4,501 64 234 615 386 19 22 76 June 4,246 47 232 588 627 16 17 47 July 3,969 49 274 779 674 22 34 92 August 3,647 48 198 594 507 12 32 93 September 2,478 34 135 421 259 9 17 66 October 643 4 13 36 56 I 2 II November 426 2 6 16 43 I 2 December 377 39 I 2 TOTAL 67,940 680 2,976 8,139 13,803 334 764 2,434 338 Emergency Relief in North Carolina A List of Transients Cared for Each Month With Current Operation and Permanent Plant and Equipment Costs Per Month — Continued Permanent Permanent Month Current Plant Month Current Plant Expenses Equipment Expenses Equipment 1934 1935 April $32,369.92 $7,583-39 March S 1,501.48 S 31,222.29 May 33,944-75 4,732-93 April 1,010.14 29,313-15 June 30,334-45 2,957-42 May 1,232.91 31,759-68 July 29,299.64 4,930-34 June 321.42 27,043.86 August 39,697-78 5,923-68 July 853-55 27,049-77 September 35,026.39 9,724-24 August 967.60 28,406.57 October 39,976.82 5,500.57 September 1,006.67 24,600.37 November 45,930-83 7,991-05 October 1,187.57 22,790.66 December 39,421-54 2,323-43 November 2,660.84 14,372.14 1935 December 2,857.76 13,310.98 January 1,962.86 43,400.72 February 785-03 34,112.87 TOTALS $68,014.88 $643,395-18 The cost per person each month including administration was as follows : 1934 1935 April «7-03 January S9.05 May 8.84 February 9-50 June 7-47 March 6.40 July 4.61 April 5-07 August 5-53 May 5.61 September 5.08 June 4-83 October 6.80 July 4.84 November 9-27 August 5-79 December 9.06 September October November December 7-53 30.40 29-39 31.84 Emeegenct Eelief in North Carolina 339 DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC RELATIONS Functions of Departments of Public Relations Departments of Public Relations serve various purposes in the organization of modern society. Modern industry particularly has such complex ramifications that most of the larger industrial or business units maintain departments whose function is \'aried, depending upon which interest the department is designed to promote. It is a commonplace of modern knowledge that not only indus- tries and businesses give attention to the need for some organized effort to relate them to the public, but special groups pursuing particular lines of activity, quite remote from industry or business, maintain within themselves an individual or group whose time is devoted to interpreting the activity to the public. Public Relations and the Relief Program The chief purpose of a Department of Public Relations associated with an agency like the Emergency Relief Administration is not merely propagandistic, although it may be maintained that any such relating effort is in the nature of propaganda. Nor is it mere publicity in the sense of staking the whole success of the enterprise on what is released to newspapers or other publications. It would seem, in the light of experience with government programs, that the chief purpose of a Department of Public Relations in such programs is the fostering of amicable public contacts and the creation of an understanding public by the interpretation of the intention, the scope, and the significance of the particular program, which in this case, is the North Carolina Emergency Relief Administration. Not only is interpretation necessary, but there is a definite obligation to interpret the elements of the program to the public. The very nature of the Emergency Relief Administration is such that the citizen has every right to know what his government is doing and to what extent success is attending that effort. It is up to the Department of Public Relations to so inform the general public. Methods in ERA Public Relations To interpret the program and inform the state of progress, a number of devices are used. News- paper publicity is an important medium for the dissemination of information. The newspapers of the state, with but few exceptions, are to be heartily commended for the space, and encouraging editorial comment which they have given the ERA program. The exceptions are a few newspapers which disagreed with the philosophy of public relief upon which the ERA is erected and hence were ready to criticise any particular act. Also, and almost necessarily in the nature of things, harm was done from time to time by premature comment based on partial or incorrect information. In most cases an interview or letter cleared the matter. Publication in media other than newspapers has also helped to reach the public with the merits of the program. For example. Popular Government, the publication of the North Carolina Institute of Government, goes to all governmental officials throughout the state, to business men, schools and libraries. The N. C. ERA was offered the privilege of having three articles published in it. The first article dealt with the background of the FERA, the second with the administration of relief since its inception in this state, and the third with the problems of the N. C. ERA, and the future outlook for relief It is felt that these articles have reached a very influential audience. Pamphlets have been prepared and distributed from time to time giving the public an idea of the nature and accomplishments of N. C. ERA. That these have been valuable is attested by many comments which have come in from over the state. Public meetings, and joint meetings of ERA staffs and public citizens have proven unusually valuable. For example in a series of social service institutes which were held throughout the state, 340 Emebgenct Relief in North Carolina a luncheon meeting, dinner meeting, or afternoon meeting was given over to a discussion of the program, interpreting the program to the pubHc, and the ERA staff and visiting citizens to each other. These meetings were addressed by a representative of the Department of PubHc Relations, and the program usually ended with an open discussion which proved both provocative of dis- cussion and instructive. Other public meetings throughout the state were addressed by District Administrators, or members of the Social Service Divisions throughout the state. It proved alto- gether true that through an understanding of the program, there was less criticism and more support. In addition to these other phases of Public Relations, this department was charged with the responsibility of editing and preparing all publications issued by N. C. ERA. A consistent effort is made to ha\'e such publications of a high standard so that they will have a permanent value as chronicles of this particular period in which the N. C. ERA has functioned. Students in the future may consult the recorded acts and problems of the N. C. ERA and see reflected there a fairly repre- sentati\'e picture of these times when government aid was needed to keep thousands of people from want. NUTRITION DEPARTMENT The Nutrition Department of the Emergency Relief Administration was established September, 1934. The personnel consisted of one State Nutrition Adviser and one clerical assistant. This Department has served in the following ways : 1. Supplied up-to-date food and nutrition information. 2. Planned weekly and monthly budgets for families of all sizes. 3. Furnished menus and recipes for relief families, school lunches, nursery school lunches, and for use of surplus commodities. School Lunches Menus and recipes were furnished to all lunch rooms. Several of the lunch rooms were visited by the Nutrition Adviser and information gi\en in regard to placing equipment and serving lunches. Nursery Schools Supplied menus, market orders and recipes twice monthly. Visited thirty-eight of the Nursery Schools and lectured to parents of the Nursery School children on meal planning, buying, prepara- tion and serving of low cost foods. Pro\ided educational and illustrative materials on foods appro- priate for Nursery Schools. Transient Bureaus and Camps Visited and inspected several of the shelters and camps kitchens and dining rooms. Provided quantity recipes. Rural Rehabilitation Assisted in approving and filing of Rural Rehabilitation budgets. Outlined a plan for Home Economists of Rural Rehabilitation to follow in their demonstrations to the clients. Surplus Products Circulated recipes to be used with the different surplus products as they are ready for distribution ; for use by relief families, school lunches and Nursery Schools. Emergency Eelief in ISTokth Carolina 341 THE FISHERMEN'S SELF-HELP COOPERATIVE IN NORTH CAROLINA The coastal area of North Carohna is a distinct section, both culturally and geographically. Settled originally by hardy English stock, it has kept its racial purity to an unusual degree. Its culture is that of a homogeneous group, remote from the rest of the state — living the vigorous life of those who wrest a living from the sea. And the possibilities of making an adequate livelihood from the sea are unlimited — pro\ided that the bountiful catches of the fishermen can find their way to a satisfactory market. The de\'elopment of fishing with regard to regulating, conserving and marketing the catches of fish has not kept pace with other developments. The fisherman is at the mercy of wind and weather, of lean years and fat years, of transportation facilities, middlemen, and markets. If he makes a good catch ; if there is a brisk demand ; if there is a good price, he makes expenses plus a profit. If these elements are not present he does not. Another factor which has operated to keep the fisherman living on margin has been the disor- ganization of the industry. With but few exceptions, fishermen fish either singly or in small crews. Loss of gear, bad seasons, etc., instead of being borne by a large number of participants, fall heavily on the few. Accordingly the North Carolina Emergency Relief Administration delegated the then Public Relations Director to make a survey to determine the extent and nature of the problem. A ques- tionnaire was prepared, calling for detailed information about the person's fishing history, his apti- tude, the extent to which he had depended on fishing, his earnings and catches over a five-year period, etc., etc. These questionnaires were circulated among relief clients and those eligible for relief. The results of this survey were tabulated, and on the basis of the number of approved applicants, and the estimated amount necessary for their rehabilitation, further plans were made. Following this survey of the fishermen, oflScials of the Emergency Relief Administration sought some means for aiding fishermen in this state and after various plans had been considered, decision was reached to adopt the Self-Help Cooperative program. Under this plan, the ERA, fishing communities, and Self-Help Division of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration cooperated to establish modern facilities for handling, processing and marketing seafood products. These facilities became the property of the fishermen members of the organization. Some of these mem- bers were on relief, some were classified as eligible for relief, and others as potential relief clients. In December, 1934, the State Relief Administrator detailed the Public Relations Director for the ERA as Cooperative Specialist to organize the fishermen into cooperative groups. These organization methods were adopted to give the fishermen themselves the opportunity either to approve or reject the plans. It was found that the fishermen looked with favor upon the self-help co6perati\'e plan with the result that over 3,000 of them were interviewed by visitors and indicated their desire to become associated with the organization. After various eliminations, 1,571 fisher- men actually made application for membership. A survey was next made to determine marketing possibilities. No effort was made to enter competition with pri\ate enterprise, since there would be no virtue in displacing one set of sellers in favor of another. But there is a potential market in the state that has not been touched, due to inability to preserve fish, and regularize shipments. On the basis, therefore, of the number of persons involved, the amount needed to begin re- habilitation, and the extent of available market, a corporation was formed, and an application made to Washington. There is a parent corporation, The North Carolina Self-Help Corporation which was created to receive and disburse grants from the government, pass on the establishment of new subsidiary cooperative corporations, and to act generally in an advisory capacity. 342 Emergency Relief in ]S!'obth Carolina The North CaroHna Fisheries, Incorporated, is the name of the Fishermen's Cooperative, the first corporation to be organized under the parent corporation. Its directorate is drawn from the participants. This corporation will process and market products of its members who will receixe in the form of a dividend money gained resulting from such operation. These divdends will be paid in direct proportion to the amount of production of each member. A separate grant from the Self-Help Cooperative Division of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration was made for operating capital for the fisheries. This grant was made to the North Carolina Self-Help Corporation which in turn loaned the fund to the North Carolina Fisheries. This loan will be amortized over a period of 30 years and such payments will be used by the North Carolina Self-Help Corporation for the establishment of other cooperatives within the state. With this favorable reaction from among those to be benefited, and potential markets shown by the survey, application was made to Mr. Harry L. Hopkins, FERA Administrator, Washington, D. C, who is empowered by provision of the Federal Emergency Relief Act to make grants for the establishment of such organizations, for operating capital for the Fisheries in the sum of $129,000. Meantime, the N. C. Self-Help Corporation was organized as a business agency to receive grants from the ERA and gifts from other sources, to be loaned to cooperatives. This corporation is separate and distinct from the Emergency Relief Administration in North Carolina and is in effect the bank for the N. C. Fisheries, Inc., and any other cooperatives which may be formed in the state. While the application for the operating capital was being prepared and acted upon, the N. C. ERA, aided by the towns and counties in which the plants were to be established, moved forward with its building program to provide the facilities necessary for the operation of the Fisheries. At Morehead City, where is located the main plant, a fish freezing plant with a daily freezing capacity in excess of 10,000 pounds and storage capacity of 800,000 pounds was built. Included in these plans were also modern facilities, approved by the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries for filleting, pan dress- ing, canning, salting, and smoking fish. This plant also has all modern facilities for handling crabs, clams, escallops, oysters, shrimp, and all types of edible seafood products. The City of Morehead City contributed the site and $11,000 in cash or materials for this plant. Under the terms of the agreement between the Emergency Relief Administration and Morehead City, the ERA furnished the labor for building the plant and such additional materials as were needed. Upon completion, the plant was transferred to Morehead City which in turn leased it to the N. C. Fisheries, Inc., for a 23-year period for Si. 00 per year. Also, the City of Morehead City in its agreement with the N. C. Emergency Relief Administration exempted or agreed to pay all county and state taxes which might be incurred by the Fisheries during the lease period. It further agreed to pay all fire and storm insurance for the plant. Similar arrangements were worked with Southport, Manteo, and Belhaven. At Southport the city contributed $3,000 in cash and the site. Agreement with the City of Southport also carried the clauses covering insurance and city and county taxes. At Manteo, the county of Dare con- tributed a site and $1,500.00. The City of Belhaven turned over to the Fisheries a building already equipped, on a lease arrangement of five years for $1.00 per year. Total cost of all the plants was approximately $132,605.00. The freezing plant at Morehead City supplies a long-felt need. Hitherto there were no facilities for conserving large quantities offish. With the freezer, during periods when the market is glutted, seafood products can be frozen and held in storage until there is a scarcity of these products. As Ei[EEGENCY EeLIEF IN NoRTH CAROLINA 343 an example, during January and February of this year, North Carohna's fishing season, from the standpoint of production, was the poorest in perhaps 25 years. The Fisheries had frozen approxi- mately 75,000 pounds of seafood products in the previous November and was able to supply the markets with these products during the lean production period of January and February. It is believed the freezer will conserve large quantities of fish during the summer when prices drop below a living wage range to the fishermen and when supply is much greater than demand. These will be frozen during the summer and sold during the winter months when weather prevents fishing on a large scale. The Southport, Manteo, and Belhaven plants do not have freezing facilities, but they do have electrically refrigerated rooms for holding seafood products. The ear-marked sum of $129,000.00, approved by Mr. Hopkins, was made in the form of a grant to the North Carolina ERA, for the N. C. Fisheries Cooperative. This sum was transferred to the N. C. Self-Help Cooperative, to be loaned to the Fisheries. In turn, the N. C. Self-Help Corporation made an original loan to the Fisheries in the amount of $42,000. Later, another loan of $10,000 for operating expenses and one for $5,000 for a loan fund was made to the Fisheries by the Self-Help Corporation. This loan is amortized by the Fisheries over a 30-year period in semi-annual installments at a rate of i per cent interest. The Fisheries, chartered under the laws of the State of North Carolina, is controlled by a Board of Directors composed of from five to seven members. Under the by-laws of the organization, this Board is elected annually by the fishermen members of the organization. At the present time, members of this Board are, John H. Sikes, President, Morehead City ; Marion A. Cowell, Vice President, Morehead City ; Mrs. Thomas O'Berry, Raleigh ; Roy L. Davis, Manteo ; Ivy Gaskill, Harker's Island ; Charles E. Cause, Southport ; and John G. Piner, Morehead City. Fishermen members of the organization, about 400, sell their products through the organiza- tion at prevailing market prices and participate on a pro rata basis in all profits of the organiza- tion. Aid in the purchase of gear and equipment has been extended fishermen members out of a $5,000 loan fund established for this purpose. The organization holds members' notes and chattel mortgages on their equipment covering most of this sum and members repay these loans with cer- tain percentages of their catches. The North Carolina Fisheries, Inc., began operations in the Morehead City, Southport, and Belhaven plants on October 7, 1935. The Manteo plant began November, 1935. Up until Feb- ruary 15, 1936, the Fisheries had handled approximately 1,300,000 pounds of seafood products. These were all sold in a wide variety of markets over an area including the states of New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, South CaroHna, Georgia, Ten- nessee, Alabama, Missouri, Ohio, Illinois, and the District of Columbia. One of the main purposes of the Fisheries is the development of new preserving processes for the types of seafood caught in North Carolina waters. The most successful of these thus far has been the processing and marketing of channel bass and sea mullets. These two types of fish, particularly the former, were slow-moving products. The Fisheries began filleting both these types and packing them in one-pound tins. Comparatively large volumes of trout have been sold, dressed, and other types of processed goods include flounder fillets, bluefish fillets, speckled trout fillets, Spanish mackerel fillets, salt mullet fillets, and other types of dressed or filleted fish. As in- dicated, the Fisheries also handles oysters, which are cleaned with modern machinery, shrimp, both cooked and green ; escallops, and clams. In the Fisheries laboratory, there have been developed crab gumbo, oyster juice, deviled crab, minced clams, clam chowder and pet food. These products are still in the experimental stage and have not been placed on the market. The Fisheries is also Emergency Relief in North Carolina Ice Plant Refrigerating and Cold Storage Processing — Offices- developing various types of smoked fish and is experimenting with a smoked fish fillet which, it is planned, eventually will be placed on the market for sale in fish shops, cafes, and hot dog stands. Much of the equipment, such as trucks and canneries, was transferred by the ERA to the Self- Help Corporation which in turn sold it to the Fisheries. Under this arrangement, the Fisheries acquired a fleet of 1 2 trucks and two trailers ; canneries at Southport and Morehead City ; and various other types of equipment that had been previously used in the ERA's program. Although the Fisheries has been in operation slightly less than five months, it has been given credit variously for increasing prices which the fishermen received for their products. As an ex- ample, channel bass had seldom ever brought more than ic or i^c per pound, to the fishermen. With new methods adopted for processing this product, the price now being paid is 4c per pound. The general effect, as indicated by those familiar with the industry, has been an increase of prices to the fishermen all along the line. Among the 400 members of the or- ganization there is a general feeling of proprietorship in the new organization and the belief that the Fisheries will help to solve many of the problems which have beset the members particularly over the past five years. During this fi\'e-year period fish markets have been demoralized chiefly because there was no orderly marketing of prod- ucts. Statistics show that o\er a two-year period, previous to 1935, the fisherman's average income was approxi- mately $168.00 per year. Over this period, the average price for all types offish sold by the fishermen was slightly above 2C per pound. Since beginning operations, the Docks at Rear oj Emergency Relief in North Carolina 345 ■T:m--tmm: m' Recreation Rooms Warehouse Garages u iigs average price paid by the Fisheries to the fishermen is estimated at from 3 I2C to 4 }4c per pound. While there are no definite figures yet available, there is a strong indication that the establish- ment of the Fisheries has either directly or indirectly reduced the need for relief along the North Carolina coast. Direct and permanent employment has been given in the plants to approximately 75 people. Those benefited by increased prices probably number as high as 1,500 persons, con- sidering that of the 400 members, most of them are heads of crews of from 2 to 3 people, and most of them are heads of families. In addition to this, it is the express belief of persons familiar with the fishing industry that the fact that the Fisheries has strengthened the general price structure of the seafood products has reflected benefit to hundreds of other fishermen and fishermen's families who are not directly associated with the Fisheries. The Fisheries has made itself felt in virtually every community in North Carolina. In addition to the plants already enumerated, the Fisheries maintains agen- cies or houses in such widely scattered points as Wanchese, Stumpy Point, Engelhard, Hatteras, Ocracoke, South Creek, Marshallburg and Swansboro. Merchants and business men in all communities touched by the Fisheries have volunteered statements that Fisheries payrolls and Fisheries members have perceptibly aided business at these points. It should be pointed out in any paper dealing with the Fisheries that the Fisheries is a permanent organiza- tion whose benefits should, and by all indications will, be increased with each succeeding year and that it is by no means and emergency measure. 346 Emergency Relief in North Carolina vmvmuiiuiiiiiiijiiiiiiiiuiuii wmmmimmimmh (i) Stockyards built for handling drought cattle in Raleigh. (2) Drought cattle in ERA stockyards, Goldsboro. (3) Meat cannery in New Bern, Craven County . (4) Workers processing meat in Mew Bern cannery. (5) Cans of meat prepared from drought cattle. Emergency Relief in North Carolina 347 THE DROUGHT CATTLE PROGRAM The most difficult service that the State Rehef Administration was called on to render was using the facilities of its organization to aid the Federal Government in its effort to help thousands of farmers in drought areas through the purchase of millions of cattle, and the utilization of these cattle as food for relief clients, thus giving work to thousands of relief clients in various activities of the program. This very complex program involved building stockyards, fencing pastures, recei\ing and testing 101,466 cows and calves — transporting to pastures, slaughtering and processing cattle, distribution of fresh meat to relief clients, salting, storing, and processing hides, in a state unaccustomed to handling cattle on such a large scale — all within a period of six months. The program was handled jointly by three divisions of the relief organization. The Rural Rehabilitation Division was in charge of selection of pastures and care of cows in the pastures. The Works Division was responsible for all constructions of abattoirs, fencing, and canneries, operation of canneries, storing and processing of hides. The Commodities Director was in charge of distribu- tion of fresh meat and canned goods. In June, 1934, the State Administrator was requested to wire the estimated number of cattle up to 100,000 that could be pastured in the state. With the aid of the Animal and Husbandry Divi- sion of State College in estimating available pasturage, the State Administration offered to care for 75,000 cows. In July, authorization was received for rental of pastures and building stockyards in preparation for receiving the cattle. Within sixty days, 101,466 cows had been received in the state. The number was increased as available pasturage exceeded estimates. A primary consideration was safeguarding native cattle from probable infection from any diseased cattle that might come into the state, as the cattle were to be shipped without health certif- icates. The State Administration entered into an agreement with the State Veterinarian to employ available veterinarians in the state for testing the cattle, and to have all cattle found to be diseased killed and cremated. A member of the staff of the State Veterinary Division was taken over by ERA for supervision of testing, treatment, and enforcement of quarantine. Holding and testing pens were constructed at Goldsboro, Raleigh, Monroe, Clyde, Asheville, and West Jefferson — all equipped with laboratory facilities for testing and treatment. With the cooperation of the Animal and Husbandry Division of North Carolina State College, pastures were selected in every section of the state, and as rapidly as rental contracts could be made, construction of pasture fences was begun. Numerous handicaps were encountered at the stockyards, as men experienced for such work were not available. Due to the efficiency of the railroads and of the local administrations, the unloading of cattle was accomplished in remarkably short time and with little loss of cattle, although numbers of cows were too weak to stand when the trains arrived and many died in transit. In Golds- boro on one occasion 4,000 cows were unloaded between i a.m. and 7 a.m. As the extreme weakness of the cows required holding them in the pens until they were in condition to be transferred to pastures, it was necessary to enlarge the stockyards, constructed to hold approximately 2,500 cows, to accommodate 7,500. Incinerators adjacent to stockyards were built for burning diseased cattle. The inspection and testing for TB, Bangs, and other diseases were under the direction of the State Veterinarian. As only fifty-three veterinarians were available, they frequently worked more than twenty-four hours on a stretch to relieve conjested conditions. The cost of inspection, testing, and treatment in the stockyards was .1355 cents per head. In addition to inspection by the State Veterinary Department of cattle at stockyards and abat- toirs, inspection of cattle was necessary in pastures, and of native herds in proximity to drought 348 Emergency Relief in ISToeth Carolina (i) ERA ahalloir at Mew Bern, Craven County. (2) ERA abattoir at Hamlet, Richmond County. Emercency Relief in ISTorth Carolina 349 cattle, in order to guard against development of probable disease. A follow-up inspection of native herds is in process duringj^ liquidation of ERA. The administration has exercised every precaution to prevent lowering of health standards already attained by the state. The item of pasturage involved considerable difficulty, including rental, fencing, herding, and, in time, due to the type of available pasture in season, supplemental feeding. The original plan of the drought cattle program was that selected cattle were to be pastured and put in condition for use in the Rural Rehabilitation program, but changes in the Federal program required that all cattle be disposed of by January, 1935. With this in view, abattoirs, canneries, and processing plants were rushed to completion by the Works Division of the Emergency Relief Administration. Modern abattoirs were constructed at Hamlet and New Bern. Also repairs were made at existing abattoirs in Raleigh, Greensboro, and Wilson. At the same time, construction was rushed on canning plants at Wilson, Raleigh, New Bern, Asheville, Waynesville, Greensboro, Rockingham, and Troy. The modern equipment and size of these plants can be illustrated by the fact that at the plant in Greensboro the normal production per day was 15,000 one-pound cans. The equipment installed in the canneries was purchased on specifications which would enable same to be utilized in the general relief vegetable and fruit canneries. After completion of the meat canning, practi- cally all equipment was put to use in the Emergency Relief canning program in the summer of 1935. The operation of the abattoirs was under the supervision of the State Veterinary Division, the cost of this slaughter inspection was .20>^ per head. These abattoirs were equipped with refrigera- tion rooms, and the slaughtered beef was transferred to operating canneries and refrigerated storage by refrigerated trucks owned and operated by the Emergency Relief In the latter part of November and December when cold weather arrived, in towns having slaughtering facilities approved by the State Veterinarian, cows were slaughtered and distributed as fresh meat to relief clients. The slaughter of all cattle was completed by January, 1935, with exception of the cattle held for conditioning and the cattle lost in the pastures, which required some time to find. This carried the program on a small scale into April. The cities, in which meat canneries were installed, furnished buildings, material for repairs, water and lights for operation, and the Emergency Relief Administration furnished labor and equipment. The actual operation of the canneries was started in September, 1934. The supervision of the meat processing was placed under the State Home Demonstration Agent. The Extension Economist in Marketing and Food Conservation and canning specialist was loaned full time to the ERA for supervision of the canning program, selection and training of supervisory personnel in the canning plants. A trained home economist was placed in charge of canning operations at each plant. All relief clients and other labor accepted for work in the plants were required to secure a health certifi- cate from the Board of Health. The average number of persons employed in these eight canneries was 3,185 per week, and operation was on a twenty-four hour basis per day. The most strict regu- lations of sanitation and cleanliness in these plants were rigidly enforced. The canneries were most noteworthy for this feature as well as for efficiency and production. Each plant was equipped with a first aid station, in charge of a registered nurse working with each shift of workers. An experienced butcher was in charge of each shift of meat cutters. The neces- sity of using inexperienced persons in butchering occasioned risk of cuts and danger of infections. Immediate treatment of cuts prevented infections. As an evidence of the thorough supervision of these places by the Safety Department, the following is given : 350 Emergency Eelief ix N"orth Caeolina (i) Cutting meat for canning in ERA cannery. (2) Interior ERA meat cannery. Emergency Relief in N'orth Carolina 351 Accidents in Abattoirs and Meat Canning Plants CANNERY Man-Hours 'S i4 Q V 6 3 c m 1 ho ~^ fa if u 1 bo C c?5 c 3 m 5 1; 3 c a. s X V 11 cq " S 3 3 c/3 < H H c .0 •a c bo P 6 H c V 3 O* a fa Asheville 159.812 541 84 33 4 3 4 14 32 105 3 3 8 85 919 2 1.953 2 12.5 Charlotte 17,216 51 9 19 I 9 I I I 12 9 6 119 I 409 2 1 16.2 Greensboro 353.593 939 179 104 1 1 14 10 10 23 74 ■5 7 23 < 571 2,080 16,143 4 "•3 Hamlet 188,690 473 1 1 144 3 7 8 4 7 13 4 17 2 3 20 7.6 2,336 6 31-7 New Bern 110,046 289 69 7 I 4 3 50 2 6 4 435 9 i,i6g 4 36.3 Raleigh 233.302 488 138 34 3 8 6 I 21 lOI 5 15 24 844 961 5 24.0 Rockingham 71,480 177 30 I I 5 83 3 3 5 39 347 556 Troy 77.318 148 98 I 2 5 67 76 3 8 66 474 4 1.150 WaynesN'ille 98.573 458 90 28 3 I 2 7 73 4 I 7 14 688 3 1,947 Wilmington 25.421 66 34 I 8 4 "3 45 12 472.0 Wilson 146,311 897 TOO 89 4 6 6 8 4 ■ 76 4 3 3 42 '.342 2 1,484 I 7-3 TOTALS 1,481,762 4.527 808 493 28 51 39 57 '74 751 30 56 5 87 97' 8,077 21 28,153 36 24-3 The above analysis is very interesting. Out of 1,481,762 hours of work, there was a total of 8,077 accidents. This includes every type of injury from minor scratches to cuts received from bones, which are likely to become infected — yet there were only twenty-one infections. The Safety Director attributed the low percentage of infections to the fact that a trained nurse was on duty with each shift. There were only thirty-four lost-time accidents. The accident frequency of 24.3 hours is higher than frequency of the general relief work program, which was eleven. However, it should be remembered that the majority of people employed in the abattoirs and canneries had had little, if any, previous training in this particular work. From September, 1934, until February, 1935, the completion of the canning program, there were 6,431,792 cans of one-pound net produced, which consisted of stew beef, hamburger, soup stock, tongue and liver. A total of 57,765 cattle was slaughtered for consumption and canning. Due to change of plans to complete the program by January i, at the direction of the FERA, 26,635 cows were shipped from pastures to designated points out of the state. Pasture leases were made on a flat per-head basis, the pasture owner making certain provisions for housing and care, on the consideration of fencing by ERA in lieu of rent, the ERA furnishing labor, or materials, or both according to the \'alue of the pasture, etc. Pasture owners constructed barns, planted feed crops, or withheld sale of feed, for grazing of drought cattle, expecting to rent the pastures for three years. The sudden removal of the cattle left dissatisfied owners and hundreds of claims to be settled by the adminis- trators. The State Relief Administration was permitted to keep the hides for the establishment of a Tannery at Old Fort. All hides were salted and stored. The total cost of the cattle program was $3,167,646.00. There were 762 pastures rented, comprising 270,670 acres, at a total cost of 58 cents per acre, including rentals, fencing, and repairs. 352 Emeegency Relief in North Carolina The average cost of the canned meats (hamburger, soup, liver, and tongue) was 17.5 cents per pound can. This cost includes the total expenditures of the cattle program, the construction of stockyards, abattoirs, canneries, transporting and handling cows in stockyards, pastures, etc. If a market value were placed on the by-products of the cattle program, such as hides, tankage, bones, and manure used in the rural rehabilitation program, deducted from the unit cost, the average cost per can would be considerably lowered. The program was handled as economically as possible under prevalent conditions. In spite of all precautions, there was a large loss of cattle, due to the poor condition of cows, high waters in eastern pasture areas, and other conditions beyond control of the administration. A large force of investigators was employed to protect the cattle. From the above, one can see the difficulties encountered in handling so large a program in such a short time, a program which involved so many difficult stages of operation, but which, neverthe- less, was accomplished by the ERA in the specified time limit, using its personnel of relief labor and supervision. The Relief Administration is indebted to the State Veterinary Division of the Agricultural De- partment, the Home Demonstration Service of State College, the Animal and Husbandry Division of State College, the local health departments, and local governmental officials for their fine coop- eration throughout the duration of this program. COMMODITY DISTRIBUTION Although the shipment of surplus commodities into the state was begun in October, 1933, it was not until the spring of 1 934 that shipments of these commodities assumed such large proportions, requiring the full time of a director to arrange freight shipments, storage warehouses, allocations, and distribution of products, purchases, accounting and reporting. Accordingly a member of the staflf, familiar with these transactions, was appointed to the position of State Director of Commodity Distribution. Surplus commodities were shipped by the Federal Emergency Relief Administration to the receiving and storage warehouse located at central points ; there they were unloaded, repacked, and shipped, by trucks, to the county or district ERA storerooms. Each county or district storeroom was in charge of a storeroom keeper, whose responsibility it was to see that all requisitions made by the case worker were filled — that commodities were properly protected and distributed, records properly kept, and accurate reporting made for all goods under his care. When the counties were consolidated, a District Commodities Director was added to the district staff to properly supervise the distribution in the district. In addition to surplus commodities, all commodities produced in the state, such as canned and dried fruits and vegetables, mattresses, bed linens, and garments made in women's work rooms, were distributed from these storerooms. The production and distribution of commodities grew into an extensive business amounting in value to millions of dollars. There were two classifications of commodities : (i) Federal Surplus Commodities — those commodities furnished the state by the Federal Surplus Relief Corporation ; (2) Relief Commodities — those commodities produced or purchased in the state from the funds granted to the state for general relief purposes. An important distinction between these two was that Federal Surplus Commodities were given to clients over and above their budget with no money value placed on the goods. Relief Commodities were given as relief and charged to the budgets of the clients. Emergency Relief in North Carolina 353 Federal Surplus Commodities The Federal Surplus Relief Corporation was created as an instrument through which price- depressing surplus products might be removed from the open market, processed, and distributed in such forms as food and clothing to relief clients. It is a non-profit corporation, having as its Board of Directors the Secretary of Agriculture of the United States, the Federal Administrator of Public Works, and the Federal Emergency Relief Administrator. Sources from which the FSRC received the commodities were : (i) The AAA which donated to the FSRC large quantities of commodities purchased under its crop and price adjustment program ; also cattle, sheep, and goats, purchased from its drought relief program from drought areas. (2) The FSRC, which acted as agent for State Administrations, purchased large quantities of surplus commodities from funds granted to the States, but transferred directly by FERA to the FSRC. (3) Local crop purchases which were made directly by the State Relief Administrations, acting as agents for the FSRC, in areas where there were crop surpluses. The purchas- ing was supervised by the FERA and paid for from funds granted to the States for that purpose. For instance, in June, July and August, 1934, when the market for white potatoes in North Carolina was depressed because of the surplus, the State Administra- tor, authorized by the FSRC, purchased potatoes in the amount of S 11 8, 86 1.80. These were shipped to other State Relief Administrations and to County Relief Administra- tions in North Carolina in areas where potatoes were not ready for harvesting. Eggs in the amount of $36,825.00 were purchased by the North Carolina Relief Administration and distributed to relief clients within the state. Cotton and cotton ticking in the amount of $99,330.00 were purchased also by the Administration from textile mills in North Carolina and made up in women's work rooms. In addition to the goods purchased by the North Carolina Relief Administration, the FSRC also purchased large amounts of cloth, by yardage, from North Carolina mills and distributed it in North Carolina and other states to be made into garments for clients in ERA work rooms. Thus, in addition to removing the products from the open markets, employment in private industry was stimulated through these purchases, and work furnished relief clients in the ERA work rooms, providing clothing, mattresses, bed linens, and towels for clients. The surplus commodities were allocated to the state by the FERA on the basis of relief loads and the ability of the district administrations to reach clients with distribution, referred to as cov- erage. The extent of coverage varies from practically 1 00 per cent in some of our urban centers and well organized districts, to less than 25 per cent in rural districts, the average coverage being approximately 50 per cent of relief clients, in addition to commodities furnished other eligible clients. As stated above, surplus commodities were given over and above the budget of the relief client and never in lieu of relief. Violation of this policy would offset the purpose for which the commodities were purchased, which purpose was to prevent the competition of surplus commodities with the commodities purchased and sold through regular business channels. In addition to relief clients. Rural Rehabilitation clients ; transient centers, and county poor lists ; public institutions, supported wholly or in part by the state, county or city ; and private insti- tutions rendering care and service to the needy and the destitute, received surplus commodities. 23 354 Emehoency Relief in North Caholitj-a (l) Packed dried milk, Forsyth County. (2) Prepared dried milk for shipment. Forsyth County. (3) Sealing hags of dried milk, Forsyth County. Emergency Relief in North Carolina 355 Institutions receiA'ing surplus commodities were required to file an affidavit with the ERA that commodities used by them will be in addition to the usual consumption and not as substitution for regular purchases. Distribution of surplus commodities was on a unit basis. Money value was not expressed and no amount was charged against the budget of the recipient. Surplus commodities made possible an increase in the variety of foods for relief clients. Table on page 356 shows the amount and kinds of commodities received and distributed in the state. In addition to these commodities, 101,596 cows were shipped into the state by the Federal Surplus Relief Corporation, report of which will be found under the cattle program. Relief Commodities Relief Commodities were those commodities produced or purchased from general relief funds granted to the state. These were distributed to clients and charged against the budget. The local or district administrations produced on community farms and gardens quantities of \egetables, which were dried or canned, sugar cane which was made into syrup, and other products, and stored them to be distributed in the winter months to clients. This provided work for men and women on relief rolls in cultivating and har\esting the crops and work in canning and conserving. Costs of seed, planting, etc., were paid for from funds granted to the county or district for general relief Local communities usually cooperated by furnishing, free of cost, land to be used for the gardens. The value of the foods harvested in the state was far greater than the amount of money expended. Clothing materials were also purchased locally, when Federal surplus materials were not sufficient or available, and made into garments in the women's work rooms. Surplus products which farmers were unable to sell were purchased frequently by the district administrators. In 1934, when a heavy surplus of string beans in eastern North Carolina was depressing the market, the State Administration purchased through the District Administrations string beans in the amount of $2,553.63. Although this was not a large quantity, it had the effect of improving the market. In 1935, the farmers of Watauga and surrounding counties were unable to sell their cabbage and faced a heavy loss. The Winston-Salem Administration purchased large quantities of surplus cabbage from these counties and made it into sauerkraut. This was distributed through District Administrations in other sections. In 1933, $496,086.17 was expended in fertilizer, seeds, jars, and labor in individual and com- munity gardens. The value of the yield was over $12,000,000. The Works Division had an important part in processing both surplus and relief commodities. The abattoirs and meat canneries were operated by the Works Divisions. The women's work rooms, repacking surplus commodities, such as dried milk, prunes, etc., were directed by the Works Di\asion. The finished products were deli\'ered by the Works Di\ision to the storerooms and there inventoried and, upon requisition by the case worker, distributed by the commodities director to relief clients. 356 Emergency Relief in Noeth Carolina Distribution of Federal Surplus Commodities April I, 1934 to January i, 1936 Food Recipients — Institutions Meats: Dry Salt Pork Smoked Pork Fresh Beef* Distributed {Pounds) Relief Cases Clients Persons and Others Cases r Eligible Persons 398, 453 1,652,773 1, 327, 659 53, 333 143, 752 128, 231 201, 979 620, 872 565, 337 3 37 4,723 19 160 18, 208 Quantity On Hand ^e^- 31, 1935 Total 3, 378, 885 Canned Meats: Canned Mutton 251, 120 64, 497 318,411 1,484 5,980 Canned Veal 292, 304 72, 033 342, 118 3, 377 11, 822 Canned Beef* 7, 073, 404 855, 779 3, 915, 977 36, 513 177, 561 376, 696 Total 7, 616,828^ 376, 696 ERA Canned Meats: Soup Stock* 814, 557 189, 140 911,148 12, 172 52, 515 240, 831 Brains* 7, 650 3,581 16, 651 105 262 Liver* 66, 055 16, 872 77, 344 631 3, 021 Hearts* 23, 186 6,506 29, 446 377 1, 615 Total 911,448 242, 346 Dairy Products: Butter 314,287 127,419 559, 752 1,023 3,569 Cheese 151,958 62, 756 252, 244 968 3, 185 Evaporated Milkf 716, 973 123, 523 283, 264 3,926 17, 042 Eggs 4,340 2,909 3,908 Total 1,187,558 Other Food Products: Flour 4, 472, 797 152,419 694, 541 13, 908 56, 738 1, 748, 531 Rice 1, 532, 596 211, 132 954, 714 3,288 12, 731 Milk Wheato 359, 277 73, 498 315, 573 170 618 Sugar 161,492 24, 649 113,011 132 568 Syrup 518, 860 35, 090 160, 028 166 612 Irish Potatoes 3, 230, 978 127, 251 566, 324 1,810 5, 438 Dr^- Skim Milk 389, 760 130, 862 609, 910 9,066 33, 647 10, 851 Prunes 262, 786 223, 535 299, 061 8,224 33, 205 60, 195 Wheat, bushels§ Total 10,928,546 1,819,577 Total FSRC Food 24,023,265 lbs. or 600 carloads of approximatively 40,000 lbs. each. Note. All footnotes referred to above appear on page 357. Emergency Relief in North Carolina Distribution of Federal Surplus Commodities — Ccntinued 557 Food Recipients — Institutions Qjiantitji On Distributed Relief Clients and Others Eligible ^ Hand {Pounds) Cases Persons Cases Persons Dec. 31, 1935 Textile Goods and Cotton: Mattresses, Number 28, 061 22, 195 110,041 674 2,919 71 Comforts, Number 66, 857 40, 865 180, 532 1,835 70, 702 2,514 Double Sheets, Number 58, 406 19, 140 87, 514 240 1, 073 27 Single Sheets, Number 7,073 2,277 9,792 24 73 Pillow Cases, Number 87, 105 24, 574 115,818 590 2,741 300 Huck Towels, Number 302, 833 56, 078 263, 671 1,287 5,171 5, 930 Terry Towels, Number 91, 176 21, 522 97, 147 638 2,421 229 Work Garments, Number 163, 647 82, 847 334, 673 2,058 9,222 18,810 Total 805, 158 27, 881 All commodities, both Federal Surplus and Relief produced, on hand December 31, 1935 were transferred to State Department of Public Welfare. Method of Distribution The Federal Emergency Relief Administration determined matters of policy governing the distribution of surplus commodities in the state. The amount of commodities allowed each relief client per month was limited according to the size of the family. All orders for commodities were signed by the case workers and receipted by the clients. The amount of relief commodities allowed each family was determined by the case worker according to the relief budget of the client. In most of the cities and towns, the clients called at the storerooms for their commodities. In rural areas the commodities were carried by truck to designated points where the clients called for them. In many areas rural merchants cooperated by using their stores as distributing centers where clients called for their orders. In other areas commodities were carried by case workers on their visits to clients. Distribution of commodities in rural areas was difficult, and the State Administration did not require uniform methods of delivery. This was left to the discretion of District Administrations, who used their own methods of getting commodities to clients. * Drought cattle which were slaughtered in ERA abattoirs and distributed as fresh meat, or canned by the ERA canneries, using relief labor. t Received in bulk and packed in bags in the Womens' Work Rooms. J In addition to 4,202,160 lbs. meats canned in ERA canneries and shipped to Federal Surplus Relief Corporation for distribu- tion in other states. § 132,455.52 bushels wheat received from Federal Surplus Relief Corporation, transferred to N. C. Commercial Plants for processing into flour for distribution. 3B8 Emekgency Relief in ^oeth Carolina (i) Relief clients at work in beet field. (2) Relief clients at work in okra field. (3-4) Preparing vegetables for canning. (5) Canned products and food products ready for distribution to relief clients. (6) ERA commodity storeroom. THE CIVILIAN CONSERVATION CORPS Foreword Emergency Conservation Work was originally authorized in the United States under the provi- sions of an Act of the 73rd Congress and approved March 31, 1933. The name Civilian Conser- vation Corps was adopted by Executive order of April 5, 1933. The objectives of the Civilian Conservation Corps, as the words indicate, were two-fold, namely. The Conservation of the Country's Human Resources, and The Conservation of the Country's Physical Resources. The first of these objectives was to be realized in the giving of employment to thousands of unemployed young men between the ages of 18 and 25, later changed to 17-28, thus upbuilding in them health, morale, confidence, and self-respect, in addition to bringing financial relief to distressed families. The second objective was to be realized in the conservation, restoration and protection of the forests, in soil erosion and flood control, in the development of public parks, recreational and historical areas, in wild life conservation, and in the performance of other useful public works. Organization The original Congressional Act authorizing the Civilian Conservation Corps gave the President authority to appoint a Director of Conservation Work, and Mr. Robert Fechner has held this position since the beginning of the enterprise. Cooperating with, and working under, Mr. Fechner in carry- ing out the Emergency Conservation Program, are the United States Departments of War, Agri- culture, Interior, and Labor. The Department of War is responsible for the physical examination, enrollment, equipping and conditioning of the men, and for transportation of enrollees, camp construction, command, supply, administration, sanitation, medical care, hospitalization, pay, welfare, and education at camps. The Departments of Agriculture and Interior are responsible for the selection and planning of work projects on national forests, parks, monuments, soil erosion control, and the supervision of all projects on state and private lands and state parks. The Department of Labor is responsible for the selection of all men to be enrolled at the regular minimum cash allowance of S30 per month plus maintenance, except the veterans, who are selected by the Veterans'Administration. The Department of Labor is, therefore, responsible for publishing junior quotas, determining eligibility standards and selection policies, initiating the selection process, etc. This department, of course, does not select the CCC men directly, but promulgates the general policies and eligibility standards which have been established, and invites the officially recognized Emergency Relief Administrations in the various States to become the State Selecting Agencies fof the Civilian Conservation Corps. Thus, from the outset, the North Carolina Emergency Relief Administration became the North Carolina Selecting Agency of all CCC juniors with the power and authority to designate local selecting agencies throughout the state to execute the details necessary to placing the men in camps. The local relief administrations naturally became these local CCC Selecting Agencies to work under the direction and supervision of the State Agency. Operations It became the responsibility of the State and Local Selecting Agencies to work out the details of selecting the CCC juniors, establish the need of the allotees, to work out local quotas from the announced state quotas, and to transport the selectees to the initial acceptance stations for examina- tion by the Army, etc. 360 Emergency Eelief in North Cakolhsta The necessary details and plans were accomplished and ready for operations when the basic state quota for North Carolina was first announced by the United States Department of Labor in April, 1933. A synopsis of Eligibility Rules of Selection from the outset were that all junior CCC selectees must be : 1. Citizens of the United States. 2. Between the ages of 18 and 25 (later changed to 17-28). 3. Physically fit. 4. Unmarried. 5. Unemployed. 6. Obligated to, and willing to make an allotment (usually of S25.00 per month) to some dependent who was on the relief rolls, or in extreme need of financial assistance. 7. Be willing to remain in camp for the minimum period of six months unless called home for some valid reason unforeseen at the time of enrollment. The state's quota was accepted by the State Selecting Agency ; local quotas were worked out and given to the local agencies ; social service departments received applications, made selections, and certified the eligibility of allottees, and the CCC enrollment in North Carolina began on April 26, 1933. From April 26, 1933, on, as rapidly as CCC camps could be constructed and equipped by the Army, the men were selected and enrolled until July 28, at which time the state's basic quota of 6,061 had been placed in camps. Further enrollments ceased until the following October. In accordance with eligibility rule No. 7, it would appear that replacements would be necessary only every six months. Howe\er, for various reasons, the men were continuously leaving the camps — some because they could not adjust themselves to camp life and would desert ; some were discharged for misconduct, refusal to work, etc. ; others were called back home because of sickness or death in the family, or to accept better jobs, etc. Thus the number of men in the camps became depleted to such an extent that the policy of replacements every three months was adopted by the authorities. The first replacement period was begun October 27, 1933, and extended through December 5, 1933, during which time the local agencies selected and the Army enrolled an ad- ditional 2,935 men. During 1 934 replacements were made as follows : , April 1,835 May 235 July 1,317 October 2,078 Total 5,465 Replacements were made early in 1935 : January 1,921 April 1,825 Total 3,746 On April 25, 1935, the North Carolina Emergency Relief Administration was notified by the Department of Labor that the President had approved an increase in the Civilian Conservation Corps, and that North Carolina's new basic quota was 1 1,080 men, not quite double its former quota, and that the expansion program would be accomplished between the dates June 15 and August 31, 1935. During the months of June, July, and August, therefore, it became necessary that the local Emergency Eelief in North Carolina 361 agencies select and send'forward 4,698 juniors to replace the normal depletion in the state's previous basic quota and to add the numbers necessary to increase this quota to the new basic strength. The CCC selection process began again on June 15, 1935, at a more rapid rate, and with greater enthusiasm than had been the case for any previous enrollment period. Late in July, the N. C. ERA was notified from Washington that some other southern states were unable to fill their quotas and, that North Carolina was asked, if possible, to furnish additional men. An estimate of the number of men available was made immediately, and N. C. ERA agreed to send forward an additional 2,593 CCC juniors, and the work continued at high speed until August 31, at which time North Carolina's basic and replacement quotas had been more than filled. During this period, June 15 to August 31, 7,291 juniors between the ages of 18 and 28 were sent to camps, and a like number of relief cases were taken from the rolls in North Carolina because of the S25.00 monthly allotments sent to them from the wages of these enrollees. It is interesting to note the distribution by age groups of these 7,291 enrollees. This distribution, which is typical of all enrollment periods, is shown below : ^ge No. of Enrollees 18 2,780 19 i>374 20 888 21 708 22 477 23 374 Per Cent of Total Age 38.1 24 18.9 25 12.2 26 9-7 27 6.6 28 5-1 No. of Enrollees Per Cent of Total 272 187 112 90 29 7,291 3-7 2.6 1-5 1.2 •4 100. o The last replacement period for 1935 took place from October 19 to October 31. Between these dates a total of 1,379 '^^^ were selected and enrolled. For this period, the lower age limit was reduced to 17 years, and, of the 1,379 enrolled, 208 were in the lower age group. Also for this period, the rule that enrollees may not serve more than 13 months was rescinded. The result of this change was that 243, or 17.6 per cent of the 1,379 enrolled in October, were reenrollees who had previously served an average of 9.9 months. The State CCC Selecting Agency had nothing to do with the number or location of the CCC camps in North Carolina, but the records show that boys have been placed in 81 different camps in the state. During the two-year-and-a-half period that the CCC has been in operation, an average of 43 camps have been maintained. This average however was increased by 23 late in 1935, with one or more camps located in the following North Carolina Counties : Alamance Craven Jones Richmond Anson Cumberland McDowell Rockingham Beaufort Dare Macon Rowan Bladen Davidson Madison Rutherford Brunswick Durham Mecklenburg Stanly Buncombe Forsyth Mitchell Stokes Burke Frankhn Harnett Surry Caldwell Gaston Haywood Swain Caswell Graham Hyde Transylvania Catawba Granville Montgomery Union Clay Guilford Onslow Wilkes Cleveland IredeU Randolph 362 Emebgency Relief in North Carolina Of this total of 66 camps, 28 are assigned to forest protection and preser\ation, 22 to soil erosion control, 9 to park projects, 3 to military reservations, i to wild life conser\'ation, and 3 to Tennessee Valley Authority projects. North Carolina boys have also been sent from enrollment centers directly to 2 1 CCC camps in other states, including South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, and Tennessee. A summary of the number of CCC juniors enrolled, for basic quotas and replacements, in North Carolina, is given herewith, by months and years : Dates of Enrollment April, 1933 May, 1933 June, 1933 July, 1933 October, 1933 November, 1933 December, 1933 April, 1934 May, 1934 July, 1934 October, 1934 January, 1935 April, 1935 June, 1935 July, 1935 August, 1935 October, 1935 Numbers Enrolled Vhite Colored Total 498 63 561 3,222 582 3,804 1,063 391 1,454 203 39 242 551 21 572 2,014 315 2,329 30 4 34 1,546 289 1,835 235 235 1,132 185 1,317 2,078 2,078 1,808 113 1,921 1,680 145 1,825 1,552 209 1,761 1,891 884 2,775 1,388 1,367 2,755 1,379 1,379 Totals 22,270 4,607 26,877 CCC Surveys A series of surveys for securing first-hand information about the boys who had left the Civilian Conservation Corps camps during or at the end of enrolling terms, and who had failed to reenroll, was made by the Federal Emergency Relief Administration through the state and local relief offices. The first sur\'ey of the summer enrollment period of 1933 was undertaken in the months of November, 1933, to March, 1934. The second survey of the winter enrollment period of 1933 and 1934 was made during July, August, and September of 1934. The third sur\-ey of the summer enrollment period of 1934 was made during December, January, and February, 1935. Questionnaires were designed by the Federal Emergency Relief Administration in cooperation with the officials of the Ci\ilian Conservation Corps, the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the Bureau of Farm and Domestic Commerce, and other interested Federal agencies, and sent to the state ERA. The objective of the survey was to secure information as to the age, education, the past and present occupations of each individual, the reasons for leaving camp, as well as the present attitude toward the camp, and the employment status of the boys after lea\ing camp. These schedules were then distributed through the State Administration to each local administration where the data were secured by case workers with all possible speed. Emeegency Relief in ISTorth Carolina 363 The findings given in the tables below with regard to the former members of the CCC are interesting. The first survey was made within a few months following the first enrollment in the summer of 1933, and reveals the fact that 9.6 per cent of these boys could not be traced, which indicates the extent of mobility and restlessness among this group of young men. Ninety and four tenths per cent were traced. Only 31.9 per cent of the traced boys was found to be employed. The unemployment among this group, which was 61.5 per cent was probably due to some extent to the fact that the investigation or survey was made during the winter months when there is less seasonal work available than in the summer months. The classification of "otherwise engaged" includes those boys who had died, had enlisted in military service, returned to school, who had been sick and required hospital attention, or mis- demeanors which resulted in commitment to jail. Only 7.1 per cent falls within this classification. The average number of untraced boys for the whole country was higher than 16 per cent, while the average for North Carolina was only 9.6 per cent. The national average of the number working represented 19.2 per cent of the former members of the CCC. North Carolina and the other states in the South Atlantic group were above the general average for the country. The second sur\'ey reveals that 12.2 per cent was untraced and 87.8 per cent traced. Of the traced members of the second, or winter, period, 49.9 per cent was employed at the time the investi- gation was made, a substantial increase over the first term. This increase in employment is partly due to the fact that the survey was made during harvesting season when there was more seasonal work. Of the second group, 3.3 per cent was otherwise engaged. The third survey revealed 9.2 per cent untraced and 90.8 per cent traced. Of the traced group, 35.2 per cent was found to be employed, 56.9 per cent unemployed, and 7.9 per cent otherwise engaged. Over 50 per cent of the employed was unskilled workers. In all three periods, the number of untraced boys varied only 3 per cent which indicates a fairly static condition of mobility. The percentage comparison of the number of untraced boys reveals that North Carolina is well below the national average, while the employment status of the untraced group is well above the the national average, almost doubling it. North Carolina ranked fifth from the top of all the states for the third term in the number of relief cases closed due to enrollment of boys in camp. The actual percentage for North Carolina was 65.1 per cent cases closed per 100 enrollees. The highest percentage was 79.3 per cent. It was found that 314 boys of the third enrollment period were in the "otherwise employed group." Of this number, 153 were found in school, 36 were reenrolled in CCC, 52 were enrolled in the army or navy, 50 were sick or dead, and 23 in jail. The fact that only 23 boys of the 3,987 boys traced were found in jail supports the opinion expressed by the United States Department of Justice and the North Carolina Commissioner of Paroles that the decrease in the ranks of young criminals has been due to the constructive work and the educational advantages of the CCC. The above surveys indicate the social value of the CCC in conserving youth, but do not deal with the economic value of their work in conserving the national resources of the country. COMPARISON OF TRACED AND UNTRACED FORMER MEMBERS OF THE FIRST, SECOND, AND THIRD PERIODS OF THE CIVILIAN CONSERVATION CORPS FIRST PERIOD SECOND PERIOD THIRD PERIOD TOTAL TRACED UNTRACED TOTAL TRACED UNTRACED TOTAL TRACED UNI PRACEE NUMBER 2,503 2,263 240 2,878 2,526 352 4,390 3,987 403 PER CENT 100 SO. 4 a. I) lOU S7.8 12.2 100 9U.8 9.2 364 Emergency Relief in North Carolina EMPLOYMENT STATUS OF TRACED FORMER MEMBERS OF THE FIRST, SECOND, AND THIRD PERIODS OF THE CIVILIAN CONSERVATION CORPS, CLASSIFIED AS TO TIME OF DEPARTURE FROM CAMPS FIRST PERIOD NUMBER (Summer 1933) PERCENT SECOND PERIOD NUMBER {Winter 1933-34) PERCENT THIRD PERIOD NUMBER (Summer 1934) PER CENT TOTAL TRACED TRACED MEMBERS EMPLOYED LEFT LEFT TOTAL CAMP COMPLETED TOTAL CAMP COMPLETED EARLY PERIOD EARLY PERIOD 2,263 1,196 1,067 730 431 299 100 52.8 47.2 32.3 19.0 13.3 2,526 1,565 961 1,260 808 462 100 62.0 38.0 49.9 31.9 IS.O 3,987 1,596 2,391 1,404 534 870 100 40.0 60.0 35.2 13.4 21.8 TRACED MEMBERS UNEMPLOYED TRACED MEMBERS OTHERWISE ENGAGED FIRST PERIOD NUMBER (Summer 1933) PER CENT SECOND PERIOD NUMBER (Winter 1933-34) PER CENT THIRD PERIOD NUMBER (Summer 1934) PER CENT TOTAL LEFT CAMP EARLY COMPLETED PERIOD TOTAL LEFT CAMP EARLY COMPLETED PERIOD 1,478 65.3 731 32.3 747 33.0 55 2.5 34 1.5 21 1.0 1,183 46.8 705 27.8 478 19.0 83 3.3 52 2.1 31 1.2 2,269 56.9 896 22.5 1,373 34.4 314 7.9 166 4.2 148 3.7 Observations The North Carolina Emergency Rehef Administration accepted the appointment as North Carolina CCC Selecting Agency with pleasure, knowing at the time that such acceptance meant added responsibilities that necessarily accompany such tasks. The certification alone, of a total of 26,877 accepted applicants, and the determination of the eligibility of their allottees by the Social Service Division has been no small job. The ERA has enjoyed the work immensely, feeling all the time that the Civilian Conservation Corps program was one of the best tasks under- taken by our government during the days of national depression. The program has not only reduced the financial strain of the families receiving allotments, but it has offered a wholesome type of work to thousands of boys just entering the period of manhood and added responsibility who had no opportunity of making a livelihood either for themsehes or their relatives. The figures shown in paragraph 3, page 361, show that between 60 per cent and 70 per cent of the men enrolled were with- in the ages of 18 to 21, and that this group are eager and anxious, when given an opportunity, to do something for themselves, their relatives, and their state. The camp life has been of an acceptable type — furnishing to the men shelter, clothing, three meals, with good food each day, acceptable types of work, recreation, music, education, and religious training. The work undertaken by the Ci\ilian Conservation Corps will, it is believed, be permanent and lasting for years to come. SPECIAL PROGRAMS SPONSORED BY THE STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA RURAL ELECTRIFICATION Although North CaroHna possesses great natural resources and has developed its water power extensively, \ery little benefit had been derived by the rural population. In 1926, the state ranked as 40th in the United States in the number of farms in electric service. In 1934, North Carolina tied with South Dakota in rank as 37th place. It was through the efforts of Go\'ernor Ehringhaus, who has long been intensely interested in Rural Electrification for North Carolina, that the General Assembly of 1934 passed a bill authorizing the Go\ernor to appoint a State Rural Electrification Commission. For several years the State Grange and other leading farm organizations had urged the inaugu- ration of a state-wide Rural Electrification program. The Governor appointed a state commis- sion of fourteen men and women in 1934 among whom were the Master, two past Masters of the State Grange, and other outstanding people officially connected with state agencies or state associations interested in rural standards of living. The General Assembly made no provision to finance a Rural Electrification survey or program, therefore the Governor requested and received the cooperation of the State Emergency Relief Administration in conducting and financing a state-wide Rural Electrification Survey under the supervision of the Rural Electrification Commission. Having already constructed two rural lines as CWA work projects, the ERA was interested in the survey as a means of providing work for unemployed technical and professional persons on a project that should be of great value to the development of rural life, and of providing information for use in building additional lines as work relief. The ERA considers the Rural Electrification Survey one of the most constructive and valuable projects that has been executed during the program. On July 24, the State ERA received instructions to discontinue the survey as an ERA project since this authority was transferred to the new Rural Electrification Authority. Through the efforts of the State Rural Electrification Authority, the Federal Rural Electrification Authority made special request of the FERA to grant authority to N. C. ERA to complete the survey in the state which was granted on September 17, and work on the survey was resumed. The total cost of the survey, including supervision and professional labor, travel, supplies and equipment, amounted to $25,637.01. On August 9, 1934, D. S. Weaver, Professor of Agricultural Engineering at State College, was appointed Project Director, and served in this capacity without compensation. An experienced Electrical Engineer, C. W. Burton, was appointed Assistant Director. On August 10, 1934, these two and one stenographer started active work on the survey. 366 Emergency Eelief ik ISTorth Carolixa Due to the state- wide newspaper publicity concerning the appointment of the commission, 137 applications were received from individuals who were interested in a survey for their communities. With these applications as a basis, the program was built for a survey of 150 communities. Before a month had parsed, however, it was c\ident that the whole problem had been underestimated, so the survey was finally extended to cover 1,011 communities. Except for the factors of time and facilities, there is ample exidence that well over 1,500 communities could ha\'e been included. The major consideration for a survey project of this nature laid on the possibility of using relief workers, both in the survey and also in construction work on those lines which it was considered feasible to extend. Clearance of right-of-way, felling and transporting of poles, and line erection were all considered as types of work well suited to the employment of relief labor. Men selected for field work were approved by the local Relief Administrations as eligible for relief — a few were furnished by the Reemployment Office — and fortunately very competent men were a\ailable in general. Although about 85 per cent of these men had no experience in this particular type of work, nearly all the field men had had electrical experience, while a number were graduate engineers. All lines, transmission, distribution and proposed, as well as substations and generating plants were shown in difi^erent colors on county maps. Each proposed customer was indicated by the proper symbol and all measurements were shown. In many cases, thickly populated areas had to be shown on an enlarged scale. In addition to the information obtained from the maps, data on existing transmission and dis- tribution lines were collected as follows : voltage, phase, frequency, estimated power factor, specifi- cations as to transmission line, size and material, effecti\e spacing of conductors, together with length of transmissions. In existing substations the following information was obtained for the year 1934: \oltages, primary and secondary; total KVA capacity and estimated maximum demand in KVA. Other data included right-of-way, cleared or timbered, title donated, and amount the com- munity would contribute in cash toward the cost of a line. Some information on the possibility of rural telephones was collected, but was not included entirely in the total estimates. Proposed customers' data were obtained on the following items : Name of proposed customer; distance in feet from beginning of line ; the owner or tenant, white or colored ; number of rooms and regular occupants of home ; and other buildings to be serviced. It was ascertained whether the following equipment and appliances would be used : refrigerators, electric ranges, washing machines, electric irons, radios, water systems for family, livestock or miscellaneous uses, miscel- laneous household appliances, number of head of dairy cattle, stock hogs and poultry. In addition, the field men from obser\-ation rated the condition of the premises and the rehability of the interview. Almost without exception, Farm and Home Demonstration Agents and Teachers of Vocational Agriculture gave liberally of their time to assisting field men in securing data for their counties. Community meetings were held and the purposes of the survey explained. One county. Orange, has used the data obtained to outline an independent project, in extending lines built under CWA. It appears that the experience in this instance might be used as a "yardstick" for other counties. The privately owned power companies operating in North Carolina gave very excellent co- operation in the way of supplying data on existing lines. This spirit of cooperation still exists as may be seen from the following table which gi\'es data on rural lines which have been approved for construction since June 15, 1935. Number of Miles Constructed, under Construction, or Approved Number of for Construction, between June Customers i5> i935> and April i, 1936 Served 972-56 6,729 251.04 1,246 22.60 97 4.40 16 Emergency Relief in North Carolina 367 Agency Power Companies Municipalities FERA Lees McRae College Totals 1,250.02 8,088 The major power companies of the state ha\e gone so far as to agree to build any line on which the Federal Rural Electrification Administration will loan money. In addition, there are some 65 municipally owned distribution systems in the state, quite a few of which generate their own electric power. Some outstanding examples of the possibilities of municipal ownership are to be found here. In most of these instances these municipalities are willing to extend lines to surround- ing rural sections if satisfactory financial plans can be developed. The re\ised summary of the North Carolina Rural Electrification Survey re\'eals the following data for the state as a whole : Number of Lines Sur\eyed 1,011 Length of all Surveyed Lines in Miles 6,001.59 Total Number of Interested Prospects Inter\'iewed 32,058 Interested Prospects per Mile 5-34 Estimated Connected Load in KW 104,939 Estimated Connected Load in KW per Mile 17.5 Estimated Cost of All Lines Sur\-eyed $ 9,912,888.00 Estimated Line Cost in Dollars per Mile 1,651.71 Estimated Line Cost per Prospect 309.22 Estimated Annual Re\'enue 1,058,572.00 Estimated Annual Re\-enue in Dollars per Mile 176.38 Estimated Annual Revenue in Dollars per Prospect 33-02 Estimated Annual Consumption in KWH 15,810,177 Estimated Annual Consumption in KWH per Mile 2,634 Estimated Annual Consumption in KWH per Prospect 493 Ratio of Estimated Cost of Line to Estimated Annual Re\enue : ^Average for County 9.36 For 100 counties { Maximum in County 66.84 ' Minimum in County 0.63 The entire Rural Electrification Commission as well as the Director and Assistant Director of the Survey worked diligently in preparation of bills for the 1935 General Assembly, which would 368 Emergency Eelief in North Carolina enable the extension of many of these Hnes. Two bills, S. B. 426 and 427, were passed by the 1935 General Assembly of North Carolina. The first, S. B. 426, is a BILL TO BE ENTITLED AN ACT CREATING THE RURAL ELECTRIFICATION AUTHORITY OF NORTH CAROLINA FOR THE PURPOSE OF PROMOTING THE FULLEST POSSIBLE USE OF ELECTRIC ENERGY IN THE STATE BY MAKING ELECTRIC ENERGY AVAILABLE TO SAID INHABITANTS OF THE STATE AT THE LOWEST COST CONSISTENT WITH SOUND ECONOMY AND PRUDENT MANAGEMENT, AND DEFINING SOME OF ITS POWERS AND DUTIES. The second bill, S. B. 427, is a BILL TO BE ENTITLED AN ACT PROVIDING FOR THE FORMATION OF NON-PROFIT MEMBERSHIP CORPORATIONS TO BE KNOWN AS ELECTRIC MEMBERSHIP CORPORATIONS FOR THE PURPOSE OF PROMOTING AND ENCOURAGING THE FULLEST POSSIBLE USE OF ELECTRIC ENERGY IN THE STATE MAKING ELECTRIC ENERGY AVAILABLE TO THE INHABITANTS OF THE STATE AT THE LOWEST COST CONSISTENT WITH SOUND ECONOMY AND PRU- DENT MANAGEMENT OF THE BUSINESS OF SUCH CORPORATIONS ; PROVIDING FOR THE RIGHTS, POWERS, AND DUTIES OF SUCH CORPORATIONS ; AUTHORIZ- ING AND REGULATING THE ISSUANCE OF BONDS BY SUCH CORPORATIONS, AND PROVIDING FOR THE PAYMENT OF SUCH BONDS. Although utility companies have held that a line is not profitable to them unless it is on a so- called three-to-one basis, or better, that is, the cost of the line should not be over three times the annual gross re\'enue, the plan is as contemplated in the program to change this to a figure as low as even 5 or 6 to one. The furtherance and successful completion of a comprehensive program of rural electrification in the rural sections of the state will be perhaps one of the most significant additions to rural life. A tabulation of the results of a survey indicated that 32,058 prospective customers have expressed their desire to secure electric power as soon as possible, under the machinery prepared by the Gen- eral Assembly. In addition, 3,832 prospective customers may become interested in rural electrifi- cation as soon as they see their way clear to obtain it. The number of letters coming into the office of the REA since the completion of the survey indicate there is a possibility twice as many more worthwhile lines in the state as are indicated in this survey. Figures tabulated from the survey indicated further that in the community survey the immedi- ate prospective customers included : Breakdown of Data Secured Counties in State 100 Counties Surveyed 97 Number of Personal Interviews 35.890 Interested Not Interested Residences 28,074 3>7i2 Total Rooms in Residences 180,902 12,446 Filling Stations 1,438 28 Schools 398 15 Churches i ,075 28 Miscellaneous i ,073 49 Total Population 127,825 8,531 Emergency Relief in North Carolina 369 Number of Buildings to be Wired Barns 8,308 Poultry Houses 1,287 Garages 2,544 Miscellaneous 2,910 Number of Large Appliances in Which Prospective Customers Displayed an Active Interest Refrigerators 9,202 Washing Machines 4,616 Ranges 1,375 I Family 6,389 Water Systems \ Livestock i ,890 (, Miscellaneous 992 Other Motors H. P. 12,936 Number of Small Appliances in Which Prospective Customers Displayed an Active Interest Miscellaneous Heating Appliances ii)294 Miscellaneous Motor Driven Appliances 3,081 Data on Existing Home and Farm Lighting Plants Owned by People Interviewed ON the Survey Interested Not Interested Electric Plants 2,728 42 Gas Plants 1,034 49 With electric power furnished at low cost, serving labor-saving devices, light, heat, and running machinery on the farms, a tremendous boon will accrue to rural dwellers, bringing the utmost in conveniences, in combination with the eminently valuable aspects of life in the country. It is to be hoped, therefore, that such a comprehensive program of rural electrification will be undertaken on a state-wide basis, and that its eminently practical benefits will take their place in the whole program of thorough rural rehabilitation. To conform with the Federal Administration, the Governor of North Carolina on June 6 created the North Carolina Rural Electrification Authority composed of six outstanding men and women, with Dudley Bagley as Director. The purpose of the Authority is to promote and encourage the fullest possible use of electric energy in the state by making electrical energy available to the inhab- itants of the state at the lowest cost consistent with sound economy and prudent management. The ERA Rural Electrification Survey provides the necessary information for making possible the fulfillment of this purpose. 370 Emergency Eelief in Noeth Carolina THE NORTH CAROLINA COMMISSION ON UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE The North Carolina Commission on Unemployment Insurance, with W. O. Burgin as Chairman, was appointed June 27, 1934, by Go\ernor J. C. B. Ehringhaus, pursuant to Resolution No. 38, General Assembly, 1933. The Commission was instructed to ". . . investigate the practicability and advisability of requiring the establishment of unemployment reser\'es or an unemployment insurance system to provide against the hazard of unemployment, and to recommend what for a legislation, if any, may be best adapted to this end in North Carolina, and to compile such other information and make such other analyses as may be useful in enabling the General Assembly to to plan constructively for meeting future periods of unemployment." At its organizational meeting the Commission elected H. D. Wolf, Executive Secretary, and agreed upon the procedure to be followed in carrying out the instructions set forth in the Resolution. Since no appropriation was made by the General Assembly to finance the undertaking, an appeal was made to the Federal Emergency Relief Administration to establish it as a state project. This was done, and a budget of $8,765 was approved and set up for its use. An office was established in Raleigh and a staff was engaged, all of whom, with the exception of the director and one research worker, were taken from the relief rolls. The maximum number of persons employed at any one time was seventeen, and the total payroll for the period covered by the study, which extended from the week ending August 23, 1934, to January 10, 1935, was $5,157.05. Other expenses included $98.65 for traveling expenses, and $200.00 for office supplies, a total expenditure of $5,255.70. The Commission made every effort to determine the magnitude and nature of unemployment in this state, and to find suitable means of coping with it. All available data were sought. The reports of similar commissions in other states were consulted. Unemployment insurance systems of other countries, and the more important plans which had been proposed in this country were carefully studied. Hearings were held in four cities, Greensboro, Winston-Salem, Charlotte, and Raleigh, in order that the Commission might learn first-hand the facts of unemployment, and the sentiment of employers, employees, and the public toward unemployment insurance. Information secured in these ways was supplemented by questionnaires, and by personal interviews. As a result of its studies and findings, the Commission was unanimously of the opinion that the problem of unemployment in North Carolina was sufficiently wide-spread and serious as to warrant positive action toward its prevention and amelioration ; and that some form of unemployment compensation was feasible and desirable. These findings and conclusions, together with a bill which was drawn up by the Commission, and which it recommended be enacted into law, were presented to Governor Ehringhaus in January, 1935, in a report of approximately 125 typed pages. The bill recommended by the Commission followed the general lines of the so-called "Ohio Plan" calling for a pooled fund, for employee as well as employer contributions, and conformed to the requirements of the Federal Social Security Act as it was finally enacted, August 14, 1935. Emergency Relief in ITorth Carolina 371 THE ACCOUNTING AND AUDITING DEPARTMENT OF THE N. C. ERA In September, 1933, a Chief Auditor, who was a certified public accountant, was appointed by the State Administrator to supervise all ERA expenditures. A uniform system of accounting and auditing was installed in the state and local administrative offices. Nine Field Auditors, directly responsible to the Chief Auditor, were added to the state staff to supervise the expenditures of the county offices. From the beginning of the relief program in 1932 under RFC, the funds allocated to the counties were disbursed through the County Government Treasuries without additional cost to the ERA. With the expansion of the ERA program in 1934, the volume of work increased to the extent that it was necessary to employ full-time disbursing officers to relieve the over-worked county officials who had given their full cooperation in handling all moneys of the local ERA's. The ERA accounts were transferred from the County Government Treasuries to the ERA Assistant Disbursing Officers, and deposited by them to ERA accounts. Following the reorganization of the ERA in 1934, all divisions responsible for financial and statistical work were coordinated under a Finance Division. The Chief Auditor was appointed Assistant State Administrator and Director of Finance, with an Assistant State Auditor and an Assistant Director of Finance. The Assistant State Auditor was in charge of bookkeeping and accounting ; the Assistant Director of Finance was in charge of payrolls. The State Disbursing Officer made all disbursements for the state officers and supervised the assistant disbursing officers of the local units. The State Statistician was in charge of all social and financial statistics. A Supervisor of Field Auditors was appointed in charge of the Field Auditors. The ERA used a decentralized system of bookkeeping and disbursing. The funds allocated by the state office to the local offices were disbursed by the Assistant Disbursing Officers. The Assistant Disbursing Officer of each county, who was a bonded officer, was Director of Fi- nance of the county office. He made all payments, was responsible for financial reports, and was the chief consultant of the Administrator in cases dealing with finances. In the smaller counties, the Assist- ant Disbursing Officer, with the aid of one or two typists, was able to do the bookkeeping and report- ing but in the large offices, a bookkeeper and a payroll clerk were employed. When the counties were consolidated into districts, the County Assistant Disbursing Officers were discontinued, and the Assistant District Disbursing Officer was responsible for this work in all the counties of the district. The field audit section was made up of approximately fifteen Field Auditors at the time 107 local administrations were in operation. Each Field Auditor was in charge of approximately ten county offices with one auditor in charge of transient bureaus and one or two used at large on investigations of claims and complaints. The auditors kept in regular contact with local offices and had general supervision o\er the disbursing, bookkeeping and reporting procedures. With the consolidation of counties into districts, reducing the number of administrative units from 107 to 33, the number of Field Auditors was cut down and each was given an assistant to do the detail work in connection with the regular monthly audit reports. 373 Emergency Relief in I^obth Federal Funds Made Available Statement of Receipts and Expenditures by Funds, June i, 1933, through May Carolina by the fera Including Authorized Transfers 3i> 1936 Unobligated Total Total Balanced Available Expenditures May 31, 1936 General Relief $27,603,032.44 827,530,727.45 ^ 72,304-99 Transients 819,580.46 818,961.03 619.43 Education 1,124,859.51 I, "3,875-97 10,983.54 Student Aid 399>950.64 399,950.64 Rural Rehabilitation* 3r575>447-02 3,548,043.05 27,403-97 Materials and Skilled Labor 727=235-29 727,235-29 Rural School Continuation 500,000.00 500,000.00 Self-Help Cooperative 129,797.00 129,797.00 Relief Research 20,135.78 20,133.19 2-59 National Reemployment Serxice 27,885.31 27,885.31 Social Workers Training 20,060.00 19,740.47 319-53 Cattle Program 3,125,239.07 3,125,239.07 Resident Camp, Unemployed Women 1,912.59 1,912.59 Teachers Training 6,800.00 6,625.53 174.47 Professional Fund 86,998.89 86,998.89 Vocational Rehabilitation 3,250.00 2,902.44 347-56 WPA Acti\ities 120,000.00 117,707.01 2,292.99 Transferred to Public Welfare Department 225,000.00 225,000.00 Women's Camp 7,000.00 7,000.00 Surplus Commodities (cash \a .lue) 1,374,000.00 1,374,000.00 TOTAL 539,898,184.00 539,776,734-93 $121,449.07 Local Funds Made Available by Political Subdivisions Statement of Receipts and Expenditures June i, 1933, through May 31, 1936 General Relief| Total Available 5664,975.31 Total Expenditures 5664,975.31 Unobligated Balance May 31, 1936 * Expenditures includes funds transferred tu the N. C. Rural Rehabilitation Corporation. t Does not include local contributions to projects made in the forms of materials and cash. See projects listed by counties in appendix. J Unobligated balance includes funds to complete liquidation. Emergency Relief in North Carolina 373 Accounting forms were drawn up for the use of the state office and the county offices. Direct supervision was given the county offices both through bulletins and written instructions as well as through contact with the field auditors. The Statistical Division had charge of all reports from the counties which were of a statistical nature. The monthly reports were summarized and sent to Washington over the signature of the Statistician and the State Administrator. The charts and statistical tabulations comprise the reports of the Statistical Division. The Accounting Division had charge of all bookkeeping and financial reports as well as the preparation of all vouchers for payment. The financial reports from the counties, consolidated with the state office reports, were prepared under the direct supervision of the Assistant Chief Auditor. There were two head bookkeepers in the Accounting Division, the one having charge of project bookkeeping and the other in charge of the general ledger of the state office. In the project book- keeping department, a record of all expenditures under the Works Division was kept by projects. This gives a record of each project operated in the state, with the expenditures broken down into the different types of labor and materials. A machine bookkeeping system was installed for this purpose during the Ci\il Works Administration. The report of the Bookkeeping Division is found on page 424. In the general Bookkeeping Division, controls were kept on all types of expenditures for all funds handled. The Payroll Division handled all payrolls for the state and county offices. During the operation of the CWA and afterwards, when the Works Division of the ERA was operating at full force, the volume of payrolls clearing through this office was tremendous. Registers were kept by counties, breaking down the total expenditures into the different types of labor. Under the supervision of the Chief Payroll Clerk, the number of errors on payrolls was reduced to an absolute minimum. Copies of aU payrolls in the state and county units were sent to the FERA. The State Disbursing Officer was the Treasurer of the ERA. All funds were deposited by him upon receipt from the Go\'ernor's Office and disbursed upon the approval of the State Administrator and the Chief Auditor. Allotment checks for the counties went out from the State Disbursing Officer to the Assistant Disbursing Officers. The Chief Auditor worked in close cooperation with the Purchasing Division and the Works Division in order to keep the general financial policy of the administration uniform throughout the various departments. 374 Emergency Relief in N^orth Carolina SUPPLY DEPARTMENT April I, 1934-December 31, 1935 This department employed an average of nineteen people, including two janitors and one maid. Printing: A total of $106,901.85 worth of printed forms was distributed through this office, exclusive of all Standard Government Forms received from Washington, D. C. Supplies: Approximately seventy-five standard items of office supplies costing $52,753.68 were distributed to the local units throughout the state. Mail: The mail and express dispatched by this office includes : First Class Registered Special Third Parcel Express Delivery Class Post 342,397 426 3,380 37>973 ">407 8,116 A grand total of 403,699 pieces of mail and express was handled, using postage to the amount of $21,052.94. This does not include express charges. The above mail in all cases were addressed to the same office were packaged in one master envelope and dispatched for the actual amount of postage necessary with an estimated saving of 2 1 per cent in postage costs. The above does not include franked mail or express shipped on Government Bill of Lading. Mimeograph: With one mimeograph machine, one operator has made 5,752,500 reproduc- tions. Approximately 60 per cent of these reproductions was standard ERA forms carried in stock for distribution to the local units to eliminate printing. The remaining 40 per cent was circular letters, bulletins, booklets, monthly reports, etc. All booklets being stitched, bound, and dispatched by this office. Other: An average of four girls has numbered with hand numbering machines 4,404,272 direct relief orders (in quadruplicate) for distribution to the local units. A total of 15,414,952 sheets was numbered by hand. By purchasing printing and office supplies centrally and distributing from this office, an estimated saving of 43 per cent was effected. Emergency Relief in North Carolina 375 SOCIAL SECURITY SURVEY (A brief explanation of the Social Security Act is included in the Appendix on page 418) The several tables and charts which follow are taken from a recent publication of the North Carolina Emergency Relief Administration, "Social Security Survey of Emergency Relief Cases CoN'ered by the Federal Social Security Act." This bulletin represents the result of an extensive survey of relief families under care from Janu- ary I, 1934, through September i, 1935. Included in this group of families are ten thousand unem- ployable cases which were turned over to the local governments in North Carolina about January I, 1935. All cases under care since January i, 1935, in addition, have been covered by this survey to determine the need and the extent of need of all cases who may be covered by the provisions of the Federal Social Security Act, that is provisions of grants-in-aid to States. The Act is divided, in its essential provisions, into two parts : in the first division are provisions for Old Age Benefits (pensions) administered entirely by the Federal Government and provided for by Federal taxes to be paid by all employers and employees based on wages received in employ- ment with the exception of certain types of employment, and Unemployment Compensation (in- urance) administered by the States and provided for by Federal taxes on employers of eight or more employees with the exception of certain types of employment ; and in the latter are sections dealing with Old-Age Assistance, aid to Dependent Children, Maternal and Child Health, Crippled Children, Child Welfare, Public Health, and aid to the Blind. This survey, therefore, considered only those cases who may be covered by the latter provisions of the Federal Act which carry special and immediate aid to the States in caring for the dependent unemployed. The Social Service Division in each of the local administrations examined in detail the individual records of over 105,000 relief families in North Carolina. In many instances visits to families were made when written records were inadequate or incomplete. Transcriptions of these records and in- terviews were made on printed survey schedules which were forwarded to the state office for tabu- lation and analysis. These 29,372 schedules revealed a total of 65,026 persons, representing 29,372 families who by interpretation of the provisions of the Federal Act may be eligible for its "grants-in- aid", benefits. The analyses which follow are only a partial representation of those which have been tabulated in detail in the aforementioned bulletin : The first is a tabulation of the schedules for the State as a whole as to cases covered by the Act classified by problem, emplqyability, place of residence, and color or race. (In these analyses, employable and unemployable cases, respectively, are taken to mean families or cases wherein there are able- bodied persons of an employable age, and families where there is no one who is either able-bodied or of an employable age.) The second table is a classification according to age and family status of the total number 1,046 blind persons found to be eligible. The third and fourth are tabulations and graphical representations of the total of 39,816 depend- ent children, classified according to reason for dependency , and per cent distribution as to reasons for dependency. The fifth is a tabulation of the total of 16,313 eligible aged persons classified according to number in relief family , etc. The sixth is a tabulation of the same group of 16,313 eligible aged persons classified according to their living arrangements or residence. The last tabulation shown is similar in construction to the first — showing, however, by counties, the totals of the cases covered by the Act classified by problem, employ ability, place of residence, and color or race. 376 Emergency Relief in North Carolina NORTH CAROLINA EMERGENCY RELIEF CASES COVERED BY THE OF RESIDENCE, STATUS OF State Total NetT 3tal Aged All Counties Undupli cated Persons Cases Persons Cases Persons Total All Cases 29,372 65,206 13,629 16,313 White 16,011 34,569 7,484 9,171 Negro 13,212 30,242 6,076 7,060 Other „ 149 395 69 82 Total employable cases 22,454 54,029 8,035 9,4" Rural employable cases 13,199 33,144 5,484 6,502 White 8,535 20,088 3,490 4,169 Negro 4,546 12,721 1,944 2,275 Other 118 335 50 58 Urban employable cases 9,255 20,885 2,551 2,909 White 4,086 8,888 1,295 1,496 Negro 5,164 11,981 1,254 1,411 Other 5 16 2 2 Total unemployable cases 6,918 11,177 5,594 6,902 Rural unemployable cases 4,798 7,877 4,002 5,034 White 2,192 4,305 2,107 2,784 Negro 2,581 3,529 1,879 2,229 Other 25 43 16 21 Urban unemployable cases 2,120 3,300 1,592 1,868 White 811 1,288 592 722 Negro 1,308 2,011 999 1,145 Other I I I I Total rural cases 17,997 41,021 9,486 ",536 White 11,1x6 24,393 5,597 6,953 Negro 6,738 16,250 3,823 4,504 Other 143 378 66 79 Total urban cases ",375 24,185 4,143 4,777 White 4,897 10,176 1,887 2,218 Negro 6,472 13,992 2,253 2,556 Other 6 17 3 3 Emeeoency Relief in North Carolina 3Y7 FEDERAL SOCIAL SECURITY ACT CLASSIFIED BY PROBLEM, PLACE EMPLOYABILITY, AND COLOR OR RACE Dependent Dependent Crippled Delinquent Disabled Blind Children Children Children Persons Persons Cases Persons Cases Persons Cases Persons Cases Persons Cases Person 15,429 39,816 558 617 1,930 5,446 1,907 1,968 992 1,046 7,914 20,099 409 440 1,051 3,038 1,231 1,277 508 544 7,426 19,427 142 170 878 2,405 668 683 479 497 89 290 7 7 I 3 8 8 5 5 4,002 36,723 526 582 1,742 5,071 1,560 1,612 599 630 7,726 21,910 389 428 907 2,840 1,025 1,052 390 412 4,769 12,902 294 317 558 1,680 747 771 232 249 2,877 8,747 89 105 348 1,157 273 276 156 161 80 261 6 6 I 3 5 5 2 2 6,276 14,813 137 154 835 2,231 535 560 209 218 2,483 5,698 97 104 404 1,152 305 321 no 117 3,790 9,103 39 49 431 1,079 230 239 98 100 3 12 I I I I 1,427 3,093 32 35 188 375 347 356 393 416 921 2,077 16 18 no 241 220 224 268 283 476 1,108 9 10 57 138 131 134 120 131 439 952 7 8 53 103 86 87 146 150 6 17 3 3 2 2 506 1,016 16 17 78 134 127 132 125 133 186 391 9 9 32 68 48 51 46 47 320 625 7 8 46 66 79 81 79 86 8,647 23,987 405 446 1,017 3,081 1,245 1,276 658 695 5,245 14,010 303 327 615 1,818 878 905 352 380 3,316 9,699 96 "3 401 1,260 359 363 302 3" 86 278 6 6 I 3 8 8 4 4 6,782 15,829 153 171 913 2,365 662 692 334 351 2,669 6,089 106 "3 436 1,220 353 372 156 164 4,110 9,728 46 57 477 1,145 309 320 177 186 3 12 I I I I 378 Emeegency Relief in North Carolina EMERGENCY RELIEF CASES COVERED BY THE FEDERAL SOCIAL SECURITY ACT State Total — Blind Persons Classified According to Age and Family Status Head of Not Head of Total Per Cent Age Family Family Number Distribution (i) Under i6 82 82 7.8 (2) 16-20 3 45 48 4.6 (3) 21-29 23 54 77 7.4 (4) 30-39 88 54 142 13.6 (5) 40-49 89 39 128 12.2 (6) 50-59 144 ' 26 170 16.3 (7) 60-69 154 31 185 17.7 (8) 70 and over 144 70 214 20.4 Total 645 401 1,046 1 00.0 State Total- -Families with Dependent Children Classified According to Reason for Dependency Reason for Dependency No. Families with Dependent Children No. Depend- ent Children in these Families Per Cent Distribution of Dependent Children A. Father dead 5)i44 i3;8io B. Mother dead 709 2,070 C. Both dead 25 87 D. Father physically, or mentally incapacitated i)274 4)044 E. Mother physically, or mentally incapacitated 186 615 F. Both physically, or mentally incapacitated 421 i)234 G. Father dead and mother incapacitated o o H. Mother dead and father incapacitated 5 9 I. Continued absence from home of father 3,402 8,785 J. Continued absence from home of mother no 258 K. Continued absence from home of both i i L. Father incapacitated and mother absent from home 25 73 M. Mother incapacitated and father absent from home 233 556 N. Father dead and mother absent from home o o O. Mother dead and father absent from home 4 1 1 P. Parents unknown — living with near relatives 2,720 5,686 Q,. Father unknown — living with mother 1,170 2,577 34-7 5.20 0.219 10.20 1-55 3.10 0.0 0.023 22.10 0.647 0.003 0.183 1.40 0.0 0.028 14.30 6.48 Total 15429 39=816 100.00 Emergency Relief in Worth Carolina 379 SOCIAL SECURITY SURVEY OF EMERGENCY RELIEF CASES COVERED BY THE FEDERAL SOCIAL SECURITY ACT State Total Families with Dependent Children Classified According to Reason for Dependency No. Per Dep. Chil- Di:."L '"Cent Reason for Dependency dren ID 20 30 40 A. Father dead 13,810 1 1 1 I Continued Absence from 1 1 1 home of father 8,785 P Parents unknown — Hving \ 1 with near relatives 5,686 14-30 ■■i^^^H D Father physically, or men- 1 1 tally incapacitated 4,044 W^^^^^^M Q_ Father unknown — living 1 with mother 2,577 6.48 ■■1 B. Mother dead 2,070 5-20 ■■ F. Both physically, or men- c^ tally incapacitated 1,234 3-10 !■ E. Mother physically, or . mentally incapacitated 615 1-55 ■ M. Mother incapacitated and fatherabsentfromhome 556 1.40 I J. Continued absence from home of mother 258 0.647 1 C. Both dead 87 0.219 L. Father incapacitated and mother absent from home 73 0.183 0. Mother dead and father absent from home 1 1 0.028 H. Mother dead and father incapacitated 9 0.023 K. Continued absence from home of both i 0.003 G. Father dead and mother incapacitated 0.0 N. Father dead and mother absent from home 0.0 NCERA Social Service Division Percentages Less than 0.5 Omitted 380 Emergency Relief ix North CAROLI^fA EMERGENCY RELIEF CASES COVERED BY THE SOCIAL SECURITY ACT State Total — Dependent Persons 65 Years of Age and Over Classified According to Num- ber IN Relief Family Number Number Number Number Persons Aged Per Cent in Families Represented Persons Distribution Relief in Each by these in Each of Aged Family Category Families Category Persons I 3>044 3,044 3,044 18.7 2 3,513 7,026 4,733 29.0 3 2,160 6,480 2,747 16.8 4 1,560 6,240 1,883 "■5 5 1,130 5,650 1,342 8.23 6 784 4,704 908 5-57 7 554 3,878 646 3-96 8 341 2,728 393 2.41 9 238 2,142 273 1.67 10 139 1,390 154 •944 II 84 924 95 .582 12 40 480 43 .264 13 22 286 25 •153 14 12 168 16 .098 15 5 75 7 •043 16 2 32 2 .012 17 18 I 18 2 .012 Total 13,629 45,265 16,313 1 00.00 State Total — Living Arrangements of Dependent Persons 65 Years of Age and Over With Whom Li\ing Number Per Cent Distribution A. Living alone B. Living with spouse C. Living with children, with or without spouse D. Living with other relatives, or friends with or without spouse 3,044 7,058 4,508 1,703 18.66 43-27 27.63 10.44 Total 16,313 100.00 Emergency Relief in Korth Carolina 381 SOCIAL SECURITY SURVEY North Carolina Emergency Relief Cases Covered By the Federal Social Security Act Classified By Problem, County of Residence, and Color or Race county Dependent, Net Total Aged Dependent Crippled Delinquent Disabled Blind Unditplicated Persons Children Children Children Persons Persons Cases Persons Cases Persons Cases Persons Cases Persons Cases Persons Cases Persons Cases Persons ALAMANCE total I7S 333 White 9S 191 Negro, etc. SO 142 139 67 153 6 14 17 17 9 10 61 47 116 1 2 10 10 2 2 78 20 37 5 12 7 7 7 S ALEXANDER TOTAL 148 346 69 S3 76 210 4 4 10 37 8 8 4 4 White 124 293 59 71 62 177 4 4 9 33 7 7 1 1 Negro, etc. 24 53 10 12 14 33 1 4 1 1 3 3 ALLEGHANY TOTAL 122 276 66 74 54 146 1 1 11 46 5 5 4 4 White 105 242 64 61 60 135 1 1 9 36 5 5 4 4 Negro, etc. 17 34 12 13 4 11 2 10 ANSON TOTAL 250 577 134 155 147 396 2 2 9 9 14 16 White 67 147 32 36 38 102 3 3 5 6 Negro, etc. 183 430 102 119 109 294 2 2 6 6 9 9 ASHE TOTAL 205 438 84 138 79 220 6 7 14 39 28 29 5 5 White 194 420 76 129 77 216 5 6 14 39 25 26 5 5 Negro, etc. 11 IS 8 9 2 5 1 1 3 3 AVERY TOTAL 207 477 104 128 109 302 11 12 3 9 17 IS 6 8 White 205 473 102 126 108 300 11 12 3 9 17 18 6 8 Negro, etc. 2 4 2 2 1 2 BEAUFORT TOTAL 249 506 149 176 109 292 1 1 4 8 22 23 6 6 White 133 268 75 SS 62 147 1 1 4 8 11 12 2 2 Negro, etc. 116 248 74 88 47 145 11 11 4 4 BERTIE TOTAL 249 494 175 196 87 247 2 2 14 26 12 12 11 11 White 72 142 43 62 32 76 1 I 2 3 5 5 5 6 Negro, etc. 177 352 132 144 66 171 1 1 12 23 7 7 6 6 BLADEN TOTAL 236 589 lis 139 126 394 3 3 3 13 28 29 11 11 White 134 350 54 66 81 256 1 3 20 21 4 4 .\egro, etc. 102 239 64 73 44 138 3 3 2 10 8 8 7 7 BRUNSWICK TOTAL 161 346 82 96 S7 221 4 5 6 11 12 12 2 2 White S3 164 38 43 41 103 1 1 4 6 9 9 2 2 Negro, etc. 78 182 44 52 46 118 3 4 1 5 3 3 BUNCO BE TOTAL 1.375 2,872 496 6S0 920 2,105 10 10 44 90 65 57 30 30 White 843 1.841 361 430 525 1,298 9 9 25 56 33 34 14 14 Negro, etc. 532 1,031 135 150 396 807 1 1 19 34 22 23 16 16 BURKE TOTAL 261 677 121 153 149 442 7 7 15 47 21 22 5 6 White 179 485 78 101 109 319 5 5 12 42 14 15 2 3 Negro, etc. 82 192 43 52 40 123 2 2 3 5 7 7 3 3 CABARRUS TOTAL 37S 802 171 197 197 503 10 11 IS 62 19 22 7 7 White 201 408 92 107 101 239 8 9 11 37 11 13 3 Negro, etc. 177 394 79 90 96 264 2 2 7 25 8 9 4 CALDWELL TOTAL 131 366 63 68 76 231 4 8 8 25 13 13 6 U White 105 284 43 65 60 1S4 3 3 7 21 11 11 5 10 Negro, etc. 26 72 10 13 16 47 1 6 1 4 2 2 1 CAMDEN TOTAL 102 234 68 81 42 125 1 1 10 15 6 6 6 White 43 IDS 27 31 21 63 1 1 6 8 3 4 1 Negro, etc. 59 126 41 50 21 62 4 7 2 2 5 5 382 Emergency Relief in North Carolina SOCIAL SECURITY SVRVEY—Continued Dependent, Net Total Aged Dependent Crippled Delinquent Disab: LED Blind Unduplicated Persons Children Children Children Persons Persons COUNTY Cases Persons Cases Persons Cases Persons Cases Persons Cases Persons Cases Persons Cases Persons CARTERET TOTAL 414 714 236 277 177 378 7 7 2 3 35 37 12 12 White 324 543 181 217 138 278 5 5 1 2 30 32 9 9 Negro, etc. 90 171 55 60 39 100 2 2 1 1 5 5 3 3 CASWELL TOTAL 128 341 80 102 49 161 1 1 16 66 6 6 4 5 White 61 164 34 45 26 S3 1 1 8 29 3 3 2 3 Negro, etc. 67 177 46 57 23 78 8 37 3 3 2 2 CATAWBA TOTAL 267 640 101 118 157 460 3 3 11 25 24 25 9 9 White 210 503 75 90 131 371 3 3 6 12 19 20 7 7 Negro, etc. 57 137 26 28 -26 89 5 13 5 5 2 2 CHATHAM TOTAL 230 561 112 138 94 230 10 11 35 155 22 22 5 5 White 105 194 50 64 38 85 3 3 7 25 16 16 1 1 Negro, etc. 126 367 62 74 56 145 7 8 28 130 6 6 4 4 CHEROKEE TOTAL 285 582 147 182 149 350 14 14 8 11 16 17 7 8 White 274 558 137 171 144 338 13 13 8 11 16 17 7 8 Negro, etc. 11 24 10 11 5 12 1 1 CHOWAN TOTAL 306 650 120 142 160 389 6 6 37 88 19 19 6 6 White 52 89 26 33 22 44 1 1 3 7 4 4 Negro, etc. 254 561 94 109 138 345 5 5 34 81 15 15 6 6 CLAY TOTAL 133 275 86 111 46 139 6 6 5 15 2 2 2 2 White 131 273 84 109 46 139 6 6 5 15 2 2 2 2 Negro, etc. 2 2 2 2 CLEVELAND TOTAL 253 667 64 68 164 457 11 14 38 120 5 5 3 3 White 163 420 42 45 106 288 10 11 20 70 3 3 3 3 Negro, etc. 90 247 22 23 58 169 1 3 18 50 2 2 COLUMBUS TOTAL 246 595 100 120 137 420 4 5 5 10 30 32 8 8 White 167 408 68 83 89 283 3 3 5 10 22 24 5 6 Negro, etc. 79 1S7 32 37 48 137 1 2 8 8 3 3 CRAVEN TOTAL 424 909 225 257 157 351 6 6 75 250 30 30 15 15 White 230 479 105 119 89 176 5 6 41 153 15 15 10 10 Negro, etc. 194 430 120 138 68 175 34 97 15 15 6 6 CUMBERLAND TOTAL 504 1,157 194 235 288 755 7 7 30 8S 49 49 22 23 White 247 539 93 114 120 304 6 6 23 74 35 35 6 6 Negro, etc. 257 618 101 121 168 451 1 1 7 14 14 14 16 17 CURRITUCK TOTAL 128 230 89 102 42 101 3 4 4 16 7 7 White 70 116 49 58 20 40 1 1 3 12 5 6 Negro, etc. 58 114 40 44 22 61 2 3 1 4 2 2 DARE TOTAL 154 251 111 124 51 109 2 2 2 5 5 6 5 6 White 137 209 102 114 41 79 2 2 1 3 5 6 5 6 Negro, etc. 17 42 9 10 10 30 1 2 DAVIDSON TOTAL 268 604 107 123 134 374 6 6 28 72 10 10 19 19 White 201 436 77 86 100 280 6 6 18 42 8 8 14 14 Negro, etc. 67 168 30 37 34 94 10 30 2 2 6 6 DAVIE TOTAL 129 321 71 91 71 198 3 3 5 16 8 8 5 5 White 73 156 41 55 33 83 2 2 2 8 5 6 3 3 Negro, etc. 56 165 30 36 38 115 1 1 3 8 3 3 2 2 DUPLIN TOTAL 378 763 190 239 176 432 9 9 5 16 48 49 17 18 White 209 400 100 126 90 219 6 6 3 9 30 31 8 9 Negro, etc. 169 363 90 113 86 213 3 3 2 7 18 18 9 9 DURHAM TOTAL 1,020 2,071 320 386 705 1,492 12 13 37 90 41 42 44 48 White 326 646 134 166 185 390 8 8 11 33 16 16 31 33 Negro, etc. 694 1,426 186 220 520 1,102 4 5 26 57 26 26 13 15 Emergency Eelief in I^oeth Carolina SOCIAL SECURITY SURVEY— Continued 383 Dependent, Net Total Aged Dependent Crippled Delinquent Disabled Blind Undtjplicated Persons Children Children Children Persons Persons COUNTY Cases Persons Cases Persons Cases Persons Cases Persons Cases Persons Cases Persons Cases Persons EDGECOMB E TOTAL 464 1,141 181 208 294 772 4 7 41 121 27 27 6 6 White 164 376 63 74 94 226 1 1 22 62 13 13 Negro, etc. 300 765 118 134 200 546 3 6 19 59 14 14 6 6 FORSYTH TOTAL 9S6 2,097 299 365 581 1,281 17 18 136 289 109 118 21 26 White 4S9 1,032 162 207 276 597 14 15 51 119 69 75 14 19 Negro, etc. 497 1,065 137 158 305 684 3 3 85 170 40 43 7 7 FRANKLIN TOTAL 91 224 42 44 65 161 1 1 3 14 2 3 1 1 White 42 87 23 23 24 61 1 2 1 1 Negro, etc. 49 137 19 21 31 100 1 1 3 14 1 1 GASTON TOTAL 427 981 127 155 243 615 18 19 61 152 26 27 13 13 White 284 634 79 95 164 402 16 17 41 92 18 19 9 9 Negro, etc. 143 347 48 60 79 213 2 2 20 60 8 8 4 4 GATES TOTAL 202 408 103 123 86 213 3 3 19 42 19 20 7 7 White 50 81 24 27 18 43 3 3 1 1 6 6 1 1 Negro, etc. 152 327 79 96 68 170 18 41 13 14 6 6 GRAHAM TOTAL White 102 102 203 203 58 68 74 74 43 43 102 102 11 11 GRANVILLE TOTAL 95 268 37 44 66 196 2 2 4 21 2 2 3 3 White 47 114 25 30 24 62 2 2 3 17 1 1 2 2 Negro, etc. 48 164 12 14 42 134 1 4 1 1 1 1 GREENE TOTAL 114 263 45 50 55 191 3 3 16 16 3 3 White 41 87 16 18 18 61 2 2 6 6 Negro, etc. 73 176 29 32 37 130 1 1 10 10 3 3 GUILFORD TOTAL 1,161 2,337 378 446 723 1,597 18 22 43 111 89 94 63 67 White 624 1,011 185 232 300 620 13 16 18 57 54 57 27 29 Negro, etc. 637 1,326 193 214 423 977 6 6 25 54 35 37 36 38 HALIFAX TOTAL 658 1,427 376 439 216 526 11 11 137 400 30 30 22 22 White 236 491 109 122 91 207 4 4 48 134 20 20 4 4 Negro, etc. 422 936 267 317 125 318 7 7 89 266 10 10 18 18 HARNETT TOTAL 224 490 159 198 86 243 3 3 6 14 12 12 16 20 White 108 219 78 102 33 82 2 2 4 12 10 10 8 11 Negro, etc. 116 271 81 96 53 161 1 1 2 2 2 2 8 9 HAYWOOD TOTAL 336 827 155 193 166 463 13 14 43 127 15 16 14 15 White 314 784 140 176 169 446 11 12 40 121 15 15 13 14 Negro, etc. 22 43 15 17 7 17 2 2 3 6 1 1 HENDERSON TOTAL 243 583 105 124 109 272 5 5 53 163 13 13 6 6 White 191 456 82 100 81 195 5 5 44 143 9 9 4 4 Negro, etc. 52 127 23 24 28 77 9 20 4 4 2 2 HERTFORD TOTAL 190 386 114 125 71 190 1 1 19 53 9 9 S 8 White 54 105 31 36 22 61 2 2 3 3 3 3 Negro, etc. 136 281 83 89 49 129 1 1 17 61 6 6 6 5 HOKE TOTAL 214 504 123 161 90 270 7 9 10 39 19 20 15 16 White 68 133 43 64 24 56 4 4 3 12 3 3 4 4 Negro, etc. 146 371 80 97 66 214 3 5 7 27 16 17 11 11 HYDE TOTAL 175 304 126 165 47 114 6 6 1 5 10 10 14 14 White 97 140 74 92 15 23 6 6 1 6 7 7 8 8 Negro, etc. 78 164 52 63 32 91 1 1 3 3 6 6 IREDELL TOTAL 363 854 173 210 174 492 5 5 34 107 22 23 17 17 White 217 655 93 116 114 340 2 2 22 69 16 17 11 11 Negro, etc. 146 299 80 94 60 162 3 3 12 38 6 6 6 6 3'84 Emergency Relief in IN^orth Carolina SOCIAL SECURITY SXJRVEY— Continued Dependent, Net' rOT.\L Aged Depe.vdent Crippled Delinquent Disabled Blind Unduplicated Persons Children Children Children Persons Persons COUNTY Cases Persons Cases Persons Cases Persons Cases Persons Cases Persons Cases Persons Cises P ersons JACKSON TOTAL 271 676 127 157 150 452 12 14 7 27 22 22 3 3 White 25,S 633 125 154 140 419 11 13 6 23 21 21 3 3 Negro, etc. 13 42 2 3 10 33 1 1 1 4 1 1 JOHNSTON TOTAL 325 789 122 147 216 598 5 6 7 17 10 11 10 10 White 196 469 68 86 132 351 3 3 6 16 7 8 5 5 Negro, etc. 129 320 54 61 84 247 2 3 1 1 3 3 5 5 JONES TOTAL 175 386 103 119 82 237 3 3 2 9 16 16 2 2 White 78 142 46 55 30 73 2 2 10 10 2 2 Negro, etc. 97 244 57 64 52 164 1 1 2 9 6 6 LEE TOTAL 220 503 101 119 94 258 3 3 34 101 14 15 7 7 White 80 179 39 50 35 97 5 20 8 8 4 4 Negro, etc. 140 324 62 69 59 161 3 3 29 81 6 7 3 3 LENOIR TOTAL 257 503 137 154 116 297 5 5 4 5 32 33 9 9 White 111 194 60 65 42 105 5 5 1 2 15 15 2 2 Negro, etc. 146 309 76 89 74 192 3 3 17 IS 7 7 LINCOLN TOTAL 122 276 40 51 46 131 2 2 23 68 14 14 10 10 White 95 215 26 34 38 102 2 2 19 56 12 12 9 9 Negro, etc. 27 61 14 17 8 29 4 12 2 2 1 1 MACON TOTAL 219 463 144 189 85 207 4 4 10 37 15 17 8 9 White 205 434 133 172 SO 197 3 3 10 37 15 17 7 8 Negro, etc. 14 29 11 17 5 10 1 1 1 1 MADISON TOTAL 186 402 104 132 77 240 8 10 3 10 5 5 5 5 White 184 395 103 131 76 234 8 10 3 10 5 5 5 5 Negro, etc. 2 7 1 1 1 6 MARTIN TOTAL 188 582 68 80 142 468 3 3 3 13 12 12 6 6 White 60 154 16 17 45 125 2 2 1 6 4 4 Negro, etc. 128 428 52 63 97 343 1 1 2 7 8 8 6 6 MeDOWELL TOTAL 205 473 110 134 99 261 3 3 23 57 9 10 7 8 White 148 353 74 88 72 194 3 3 21 53 7 8 6 7 Negro, etc. 57 120 36 46 27 67 2 4 2 2 1 1 MECKLENBURG TOTAL 725 1,644 164 182 393 998 19 20 130 336 97 97 11 11 White 255 537 62 69 120 282 9 10 47 129 42 42 5 5 Negro, etc. 470 1,107 102 113 273 716 10 10 83 207 54 55 6 6 MITCHELL TOTAL 145 331 71 89 61 160 13 15 15 53 5 5 8 9 White 145 331 71 S9 61 160 13 15 15 53 5 5 S 9 MONTGOMERY TOTAL 185 355 122 142 67 177 2 2 8 17 4 4 13 13 White 115 214 75 91 42 103 5 11 3 3 6 6 Negro, etc. 70 141 47 51 25 74 2 2 3 6 1 1 7 7 MOORE TOTAL 318 742 1S2 218 169 461 4 8 8 25 14 16 13 14 White 134 288 75 96 66 160 3 7 2 9 9 11 5 5 Negro, etc. 184 454 107 122 103 301 1 1 6 16 5 5 8 9 NASH TOTAL 284 699 139 170 175 499 3 3 5 7 8 8 12 12 White 119 274 47 54 78 209 2 2 1 1 6 6 2 2 Negro, etc. 165 425 92 116 97 290 1 1 4 6 2 2 10 10 NEW HANOVER TOTAL 862 1,769 317 338 603 1.353 7 7 19 36 15 16 19 19 White 250 473 116 124 146 315 4 4 4 8 12 13 9 9 Negro, etc. 612 1,296 201 214 457 1,038 3 3 15 28 3 3 10 10 NORTHAMPTON TOTAL 357 816 186 224 148 408 8 13 41 115 35 35 19 21 White 124 223 60 70 51 109 3 7 4 11 20 20 6 6 Negro, etc. 233 593 126 154 97 299 5 6 37 104 15 15 13 15 COUNTY Emergency Relief in Worth Carolina SOCIAL SECURITY SURVEY— Continued Dependent, Net Total Aged Dependent Cpippled Delinquent Disabled Unduplicated Persons Children Children Children Persons 385 Blind Feb SONS Cases Persons Cases Persons Cases Persons Cases Persons Cases Persons Cases Persons Cases Persons ONSLOW TOTAL 257 574 133 152 124 319 5 5 10 41 39 40 14 17 White 165 35S 83 96 68 177 3 3 10 41 29 30 8 11 Negro, etc. 92 216 50 56 56 142 2 2 10 10 6 6 ORANGE TOTAL 167 384 75 83 100 282 1 1 2 4 12 13 1 1 White 72 150 27 30 47 113 1 1 1 1 4 5 Negro, etc. 95 234 48 53 53 169 1 3 8 8 1 1 PAMLICO TOTAL 168 406 92 105 86 242 2 2 9 34 18 18 5 5 White 83 161 47 56 35 85 2 2 2 5 10 10 3 3 Negro, etc. 85 245 45 49 51 157 7 29 8 8 2 2 PASQUOTANK TOTAL 242 497 149 181 103 237 2 2 20 56 9 10 9 11 White 80 142 44 56 31 64 1 1 6 16 3 3 2 2 Negro, etc. 162 355 105 125 72 173 1 1 14 40 6 7 7 9 PENDER TOTAL 137 273 69 78 56 151 7 7 7 10 17 17 10 . 10 White 69 132 35 38 29 68 4 4 7 10 9 9 3 3 Negro, etc. 68 141 34 40 27 83 3 3 8 8 7 7 PERQUIMANS TOTAL 186 410 115 141 79 213 1 2 12 39 3 4 11 11 White 64 114 42 52 20 47 5 11 1 2 2 2 Negro, etc. 122 296 73 89 59 166 1 2 7 28 2 2 9 9 PERSON TOTAL 168 371 98 117 75 211 1 2 10 33 6 7 1 1 White 62 126 37 45 27 73 1 2 2 3 2 3 Negro, etc. 106 245 61 72 48 138 8 30 4 4 1 1 PITT TOTAL 347 680 223 269 131 374 3 3 5 8 19 20 6 6 White 158 308 86 105 66 179 2 2 3 6 12 13 3 3 Negro, etc. 189 372 137 164 65 195 1 1 2 2 7 7 3 3 POLK TOTAL 92 191 48 63 28 87 5 6 15 29 3 3 3 3 White 74 153 37 49 23 69 4 5 13 26 2 2 2 2 Negro, etc. 18 38 11 14 5 IS 1 1 2 3 1 1 1 1 RANDOLPH TOTAL 138 299 76 97 58 161 2 2 10 31 4 4 4 4 White 106 230 56 76 47 125 2 2 7 21 3 3 3 3 Negro, etc. 32 69 20 21 11 36 3 10 1 1 1 1 RICHMOND TOTAL 333 896 115 135 223 637 16 16 16 62 28 28 18 18 White 126 354 38 49 78 242 9 9 10 34 15 15 5 5 Negro, etc. 207 542 77 86 145 395 7 7 6 28 13 13 13 13 ROBESON TOTAL 650 1,530 371 451 354 975 8 3 13 42 25 25 24 29 White 267 570 157 201 129 311 1 11 35 12 12 10 10 Negro, etc. 386 960 214 250 225 664 7 2 7 13 13 14 19 ROCKINGHAM TOTAL 146 340 65 75 77 226 2 3 11 16 17 9 9 White 97 209 39 47 45 131 2 10 11 12 8 8 Negro, etc. 49 131 26 28 32 95 1 1 5 5 1 1 ROWAN TOTAL 279 576 124 140 132 301 1 35 108 15 16 7 7 White 133 289 53 60 56 123 29 92 8 9 2 2 Negro, etc. 146 287 71 80 76 178 1 6 16 7 7 5 5 RUTHERFORD TOTAL 276 741 79 101 151 452 8 f 67 157 17 17 6 6 White 235 606 65 85 128 358 7 52 142 11 11 3 3 Negro, etc. 41 135 14 16 23 94 1 5 15 6 6 3 3 SAMPSON TOTAL 175 402 92 114 89 246 1 1 19 19 16 17 White 106 232 51 69 54 141 4 4 1 1 11 11 5 6 Negro, etc. 69 170 41 45 35 105 1 1 8 8 11 11 SCOTLAND TOTAL 310 721 149 174 192 516 3 3 2 6 14 14 8 8 White 115 215 59 72 62 127 2 2 1 1 9 9 4 4 Negro, etc. 195 506 90 102 130 389 1 1 1 6 5 5 4 4 38&' EiiEHGENCT Relief in ISToeth Carolina SOCIAL SECURITY SURVEY— Continued Dependent, Net rOTAL Ag ED Dependent Crippled Delinquent Disabled Blind "Unduplicated Persons Children Children Childrbn Persons Person s CO UNTY Cases Persons Cases Persons Cases Persons Cases Persons Cases Persons Cases Persons Cases Persons STANLY TOTAL 174 365 106 131 78 182 14 41 3 3 6 8 White 135 274 83 101 59 128 12 36 2 2 5 7 Negro, etc. 39 91 23 30 19 54 2 5 1 1 1 1 STOKES ■ TOTAL 187 400 97 121 92 234 5 5 9 24 11 11 5 5 White 131 265 69 90 61 154 5 5 5 7 7 7 2 2 Negro, etc. 56 135 28 31 31 80 4 17 4 4 3 3 SUREY TOTAL 329 758 188 229 157 467 5 5 4 17 28 29 10 11 White 292 677 159 194 145 424 5 5 4 n 26 27 9 10 Negro, etc. 37 81 29 35 •. 12 43 2 2 1 1 SWAIN TOTAL 161 412 67 77 91 268 8 17 56 3 3 White 15S 403 66 76 89 260 S 17 56 3 3 Negro, etc. 3 9 1 1 2 8 TRANSYLVANIA TOTAL 130 360 56 68 74 220 5 15 47 13 14 6 6 White 117 329 50 61 68 206 5 13 39 13 14 4 4 Negro, etc 13 31 6 7 6 14 2 8 2 2 TYRRELL TOTAL 145 340 77 89 66 179 4 17 55 9 9 4 4 White 68 132 42 50 24 54 4 4 16 7 7 1 1 Negro, etc. 77 208 35 39 42 125 13 39 2 2 3 3 UNION TOTAL 305 630 148 170 134 363 31 75 9 9 13 13 White 150 303 77 90 59 159 IS 45 4 4 5 5 Negro, etc. 155 327 71 80 75 204 13 30 5 5 8 8 VANCE TOTAL 145 378 47 56 83 222 4 4 23 SO 15 15 1 1 White 88 209 34 40 49 122 3 3 11 30 13 13 1 1 Negro, etc. 57 169 13 16 34 100 1 1 12 50 2 2 WAKE TOTAL 880 1,726 457 534 489 1,123 5 13 6 7 17 18 30 31 White 318 565 165 196 166 344 1 4 5 7 8 11 11 Negro, etc. 562 1,161 292 338 323 779 t 12 2 2 10 10 19 20 WARREN TOTAL 257 544 147 183 125 324 ! 2 2 3 25 25 7 7 White 74 136 40 50 28 69 1 1 2 11 U 3 3 Negro, etc. 183 408 107 1.33 97 255 1 1 1 14 U 4 4 WASHINGTON TOTAL 196 537 95 119 124 354 > 3 16 49 3 3 9 9 White 62 16S 27 35 36 112 2 5 17 2 2 Negro, etc. 134 369 68 S4 SS 242 1 11 32 1 1 9 9 WATAUGA TOTAL 231 438 134 170 92 223 12 12 6 7 24 24 2 2 White 223 419 127 163 SS 211 12 12 6 7 24 24 2 2 Negro, etc. 8 19 7 7 4 12 WAYNE TOTAL 370 857 155 186 225 589 15 15 12 35 20 21 11 11 White 173 378 84 107 84 218 10 10 7 23 13 13 7 7 Negro, etc. 197 479 71 79 141 371 5 5 5 12 7 8 4 4 WILIvES TOTAL 360 822 229 290 138 382 1 1 29 101 32 32 16 16 White 311 702 201 253 115 320 1 1 24 85 28 28 15 15 Negro, etc. 49 120 28 37 23 62 5 16 4 4 1 1 WILSON TOTAL 433 1,012 176 215 279 740 3 3 19 37 15 15 2 2 White 194 422 81 95 111 287 3 3 13 29 8 8 Negro, etc. 239 590 95 120 16S 453 6 S 7 7 2 2 YADKIN TOTAL 151 352 72 92 79 230 2 2 3 7 16 17 4 4 White 125 283 59 77 68 182 1 1 3 7 13 14 2 2 Negro, etc. 26 69 13 15 11 48 1 1 3 3 2 2 YANCEY TOTAL 239 625 lOS 141 136 401 9 9 14 43 25 25 6 6 White 231 600 102 132 133 387 9 9 13 42 25 25 5 5 Negro, etc. 8 25 6 9 3 14 1 1 1 1 Emergency Relief in North Carolusta 387 ERA STATEjADMINISTRATIVE^EMPLOYEES JUNE, 1935 EXECUTIVE DIVISION Mrs. Thomas O'Berry, Administrator R. C. Carter, Assistant Administrator Mrs. Elisabeth Greer Seese, Secretary to Administrator Mrs. Irma Wall, Secretary to Assistant Administrator Mrs. Lee Walker, Stenographer Mrs. Louise W. Frye, Director of Field Staff Mrs. M. H. Williams, Assistant Director Cora Page Godfrey, Secretary FIELD REPRESENTATIVES : T. L. Grier W. T. Mattox Mary P. Ward Columbus Andrews Elma H. Ashton ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT : T. W. Morse, Work Project Supervisor Mrs. Mary Dunaway Scheld, Secretary Philip Schwartz, Chief Office Engineer Mrs. Irene Miller, Secretary District Engineers: John Brady E. W. Cole J. M. Kennedy C. C. McGinnis James A. McGeady E. L. Winslow William Wyatt Special Field Engineers: W. P. Beckham John Donaldson Roy L. Gay W. A. Harris, A. E. Perry Field Supervisor of Occupational Records: W. C. Wilson Office Engineers: W. E. Harris, Chief Ernest Harris W. E. Haynes James L. Hales SOCIAL SERVICE DIVISION INSTITUTES FOR SOCIAL TRAIN- ING : Anna A. Cassatt, Director Dorothy E. Valantine, Assistant Director Elinor M. Perkins, Director — Adjustment of Complaints Clerks and Stenographers: {Social Service Division) Mrs. Lucy J. Douglas WORKS DIVISION J. M. Coleman, Director and Purchasing Agent Annie Lee Baines, Secretary F. O. Pearce R. A. Stephenson J. D. Swain J. A. Winston E. I. Wood, Jr. C. E. Tutde, Progress Engineer John Henry Bland, Project Register Clerk T. F. Wilkinson, Jr., Project Inspector PURCHASING DEPARTMENT : Assistant Purchasing Agents: G. W. Hutchinson F. O. Arthur Edna Mathews, Comptometer Operator SAFETY DEPARTMENT: E. G. Padgett, Director Evelyn Hampton, Secretary District Safety Supervisors: W. H. Fetter Marion McCall Anna M. Powell Fred E. Smothers T. C. Riggs Mrs. Mary Lyndon Layton Mrs. Emily S. Chapman Mrs. Belle M. Fisher Eunice Goodwin Pearl Mangum James P. Moore Hattie Morris Thelma Hill Mrs. Fred Cohn WOMEN'S WORK DEPARTMENT Mrs. C. S. Hicks,* Director of Women's Work Mrs. Eugene Armbruster, Secretary Clerks and Stenographers: ( Works Division) Margaret Guinn Mrs. Julia Lundy Wilson Viola Hall Mrs. Ruth Black Streb Mrs. Margaret McCanna Mildred Lee Marion Cobb Cooper J. Hathcock Mrs. Ethel G. Moore Eula Beth Warner Mildred Galloway Mrs. Anne Woolridge Mrs. Laura Moser Helen Gibbs lone Moye George Bradford John L. Ponser M. C. Heart (Miss) W. H. Andrews Burton Sellars Frank Busbee * Resigned March 15, 1935. 388 Emebgenct Relief in North Carolina FINANCE DIVISION R. C. Carter, Chief Auditor and Director of Finance Mrs. Irma Wall, Secretary AUDITING DEPARTMENT: C. E. Phinney, Disbursing Officer Fred Ferguson, Supervisor of Field Auditors Field Auditors: R. O. Howard Mrs. M. B. Morgan C. O. P. Hughey L. H. Parham C. C. Coppedge W. L. Gilbert W. E. Vernon W. L. Stancil H. D. White, Jr. H. C. McDaniel A. H. Kizer G. W. Cobb B. P. Pearson Willard T, Haynes Glenn Southern W. C. Barfield W. E. Pearce STATISTICAL DEPARTMENT : Hugh P. Brinton, Chief Statistician Georgia Biggs Secretary Statistical Clerks: E. J. Bland, Chief W. L. Wright C. E. Wilkins Mrs. Irene Knott Graham J. E. Umstead Margaret Arrington Cora V. Delamar Thomas A. Betts BOOKKEEPING AND ACCOUNT- ING DEPARTMENT: J. E. White, Director and Assistant State Auditor R. L. Deaton, Purchase Order Clerk J. M. Wood, Bookkeeper Accounting Clerks: E. W. Mathews Robert Copeland Mrs. Rosa Leigh Barker Leah Davidson G. A. Boatright Hugh A. Ragsdale J. V. Soden Bookkeepers: J. E. King, Chief C. J. Harris Earle N. Howard Sam Rowe L. W. Decker H. T. Johnson L. W. Smith Bookkeeping Clerks: Mrs. Margaret W. Griffin C. B. Denson W. R. Pearce, Project Clerk PAYROLL DEP.ARTMENT : Lena Simmons, Director and Assistant State Auditor Julia Jordan, General Clerk Payroll Analyzers: J. M. Monie H. D. Barham Bryan Davii Register Clerks: Mary F. Hunt, Chief Lillian Allen Mrs. Bonner Smith Mrs. Ermah Richardson Amanda Brietzke Payroll Clerks: Mrs. Gladys Taylor Cora Richmond Helen Britt Mrs. Caro Fish Tuttle Bessie Lee Britt Mrs. F. M. DeMain Mrs. Ann Erwin Merle Leslie Clerks and Stenographers: {Finance Division) Mrs. Gladys B. Harper Josephine Connell Mrs. Hazel Shaw Mrs. LaRue Battle Betts Annie Rose Ivey Neuvelle Nowell Minnie Murray Mary S. Andrews Mrs. Marion Rainey Mrs. Turner Shaw Dudley Womble Mrs. Lula M. 0"Daniel RURAL REHABILITATION DIVISION Vance E. Swift, .Acting Director Mrs. May E. Campbell, Assistant Director Alice N. Davis, Secretary George R. Ross, Director of Work Centers and Markets John S. Ruggles, Manager of Livestock Elizabeth Head, Statistician H. P. Edwards, Supervisor of Commodity Projects J. P, Smith, Supervisor of Marketing Field Supervisors: R. S. Curtis J. W. Sears R. E. Nance H. N. Steed A. M. Johnson R. W. Scott George Wood Abe S. Crosby Agriculture Agents: J. Paul Shaw L. A. Edwards Clerks and Stenographers: {Rural Rehabilitation Division) Mrs. W. C. Pegg A. V. Allen Mrs. Beulah Stephens Mrs. Virginia B, Abrams James Hopkins C. W. E. Pittman N. M. Lawrence Mrs. N. G. Berry Dorothy Huntley Mrs. Jessie B. West Emeegency Relief in North Carolina 389 TRANSIENT DIVISION J. B. Moore, Director Grace Sale, Secretary STATE OFFICE Mrs. J. M. Montague, Case Work Supervisor Dell Shutt, Statistician Walter J. Cartier, Recreation Director Athalea Holland, Stenographer Oscar Yelverton, Bookkeeper Virginia Stroble, Clerical ASHEVILLE CENTER: Jean F. Fatten, Director Bertha Rogers, Secretary Grace W. Ramsey, Case Worker Anna Moore, Case Worker Sidney Underhill, Case Aide H. R. Bradshaw, Assistant Disbursing officer Lucielle McDade, Stenographer Christine Barrus, Statistician Kristine Gaither, Stenographer Dr. J. H. Worley, Physician Carolyn Kiddey, Nurse H. B. Simpson, Commissary Clerk . M. C. Jackson, Relief Man Mrs. H. A. Smith, Dietitian GREENSBORO CENTER: Harriett R. Whitaker, Acting Director W. T. Davis, Jr., Assistant Disbursing Officer Minnie Pittman, Stenographer Edna Wooten, File Clerk Ruth Robinson, Statistician J. C. Fulton, Work Supervisor Margaret Ross, Case Worker F. Martin Howard, Case Worker Emma Kearns, Case Worker W. S. Petree, Case Worker Malcolm Heber, Case Worker Dr. J. W. Neal, Physician H. W. Park, Supt. white shelter D. J. Gilmer, Supt. colored shelter Thurman Warren, Supt. D u n 1 a p Springs Donald Parker, Night Watchman David Fennell, Night Watchman Robert Hendren, Night Watchman CHARLOTTE CENTER : J. P. Purcell, Acting Director Elizabeth Sneed, Case Work Super- visor E. Eugene Bryson, Assist. Disbursing Officer Nell H. Cobb, Assist, to Disbursing Officer Alice Vaughn, Secretary Marie LaFonte, Typist Francis Little, File Clerk Marie T. Rogers, Stenographer Wm. H. Rogers, Registrar Edward H. Jones, Registration Clerk H. B. Hayes, Purchasing Agent Harriett Isley, Case Worker Mrs. M. B. Munn, Case Worker Lucielle L. Beall, Case Worker Flora Greene, Case Worker Dr. S. B. McPheeters, Physician Christine Stanley, Nurse E. M. Lowrance, Farm Superintendent R. E. Smith, Steward J. H. Byers, Superintendent Shelter Ruth R. Hatley, Clerk and Typist Dr. H. P. Barret, Laboratory Techni- cian RALEIGH CENTER: Mrs. Betsy L. Cordon, Director Lula C. Marcom, Assistant Disbursing Officer Mabel Byron, Statistician Fred Crouch, File Clerk Katharine Brooks, Stenographer Eva Wilbon, Clerical Mrs. Thelma Liske, Case Worker Mrs. Anna Lewis, Case Worker Elizabeth Lassiter, Case Worker Lytheriel Estes, Case Worker Myrtle Jackson, Case Worker Rose Thayer, Nurse Dr. E. H. Herring, Physician Dr. R. H. Freeman, Physician Oscar Cooper, Night Manager C. S. Haithcock, House Manager Frank Bacon, Steward SALISBURY CENTER : M. E. Holcomb, Director E. B. Neave, Assist. Disbursing Officer Lula Mae Roebuck, Secretary Etta Ransdell, Stenographer Frances Davis, Stenographer Ruth Daniels, Stenographer Mrs. Annie Marsh, Statistician Mrs. Sally Bernhardt, Clerical W. F. Davis, Work Superintendent Ray Ketner, House Manager Leslie Noles, Laundry Foreman Margaret Owens, Case Worker Nancy Jones, Case Worker Mrs. Ada Walker, Case Worker Dr. J. R. Lowery, Physician M,\RION YOST CAMP: J. T. Shackford, Superintendent C. B. Worley, Project Supervisor H. E. Tandy, Assist. Camp Superin- tendent Malcolm Heber, Case Worker Fred Lyda, Night Watchman CAMP WEAVER : Rupert E. West, Director J. P. Massenburg, Assist. Disbursing Officer H. B. Bagwell, Steward W. T. Ratchford, Recreation Director J. C. Weeks, Doctor N. V. Smith, Case Worker NEW HOPE FARM: Murray Linker, Director Mack Miller, Assist. Disbursing Officer Frank Vass, Clerk W. L. Woltz, Steward R. E. Nichols, Jr., Physician G. J. Smith Farm Foreman J. C. Stuart, Construction Foreman PUBLIC RELATIONS DIVISION : Walter A. Cutter, Director Mrs. Claude Kitchin, Jr., Typist OTHER DIVISIONS CCC SELECTION: George W. Bradshaw, Supervisor Mary Weathers, Stenographer SURPLUS COMMODITIES DIVI- SION: H.J. Johnson, Director Dora Highsmith, Secretary 390 Emeegenct Relief in !N"okth Carolina Clerks and Stenographers: Mrs. Ethel Bunn McKensie EMERGENCY RELIEF EDUCA- TION DIVISION: C. E. Mcintosh, Director Lucile Stott, Secretary Mrs. Betty Fowler, Clerk NUTRITION ADVISER : Mrs. Marion Faison, Adviser Mrs. Carrie MuUican, Typist LEGAL COUNSEL: J. S. Massenburg, Legal Counsel Carey Parker, Legal Clerk Mrs. Rosabelle Creighton, Secretary SELF-HELP CO-OPERATIVE : John H. Sikes, Director Phoebe Doyle, Secretary GENERAL FILING DEPARTMENT : Mrs. Virginia Somers, Chief File Clerk File Clerks: Elizabeth Widdifield Mrs. Olive King Marr Mrs. Rebekah Glenn Helen Dobson SUPPLY AND MAILING DIVISION : L. H. Williams, Chief Clerk - Lula Herring, Bookkeepei" Clerks and Stenographers: E. C. Porter S. N. Holland G. C. Cauthen, Jr. Wallace G. Link J. H. Monk Gertrude Hamilton Mrs. Guy Dodson Bettie Green Mary Matthews Thomas H. Passmore Louise Riggin Frances White Joyner W. Davis, Warehouseman Warren J. Beck, Errand Boy David Thompson, Drayman INFORMATION CLERKS : Mrs. Locke Craig Mrs. Anna B. Thomas OFFICE BOYS : Jack Peterson Jack Vaughn JANITORS : Will Patterson Willie Dennis Annie Mire West DISTRICT PERSONNEL JUNE, 1935 DISTRICT NO. I— CHEROKEE, CLAY, AND GRAHAM COUNTIES Gray, R. VV., Administrator Dodd, Ruth Plemmons, H. H. Keener, Mae Padgett, Ruth Walker, Wayne Foord, Mrs. R. H. Lovin, Cleminy District Social Service Supervisor District Engineer District Disbursing Officer District Statistician District RR Supervisor District Home Economist Secretary to Administrator DISTRICT AND COUNTY PERSONNEL BY DIVISIONS Social Service Division Head Case-Workers : Reister, Ruby Sullivan, Jane C. Wells, Elizabeth Senior Visitors : Bales, Lura S. Cade, Betty Dewer, R. A. Howard, Dorothy Hunt, Mrs. W. T. Latham, Lois Lynam, M. J. Montony, Mrs. R. H. Ricks, Homer Snider, Lida Secretarial and Clerical : A.\eley, Louise Cooper, Mrs. W. T. Jones, Christine B. LeMay, Margaret Scoggs, Myrtt Walker, Mariun Works Division Assignment Clerks : Barnett, L. E. Crawford, R. E. Slaughter, J. B. Clerical : Gray, Eula Johnson, Josh Financial and Statistical Division Bookkeeper : Axley, J. W. Certifying Officer : Wakefield, Lucy Rural Rehabilitation Division Senior Farm Foremen : Hyde, Jessie McClure, B. M. Payne, William P. Scroggs, P. C. Shields, John Farm Foremen : Latham, E. A. Mintz, B. H. Bookkeeper : Leatherwood, Hayes Secretarial and Clerical : Brittian, Carrie Sparks, Romie Other Division Chief Commodity Clerk : Alexander, M. H. Emergency Relief in North Carolina 391 DISTRICT NO. 2- -HAYWOOD, JACKSON, MACON, AND SWAIN COUNTIES Lancaster, J. E., Administrator Dixon, Attawa Haynes, J. C. Queen, J. A. Williams, Dorothy Browning, H. P. Henson, Louise Morrison, Margaret District Social Service Supervisor District Engineer District Disbursing Officer District Statistician District RR Supervisor District Home Economist Secretary to Administrator DISTRICT AND COUNTY PERSONNEL BY DIVISIONS SociAi. Service Division Head Case Workers : Davis, Rachel Stentz, Mary S. Woodard, Glenna Senior Visitors : Bryson, J. D. Fisher, Cora Belle Gibson, R. H. Hill, Carrie Howell, Thelma Keener, J. E. McDowell, Edwina Moody, Lyda Tessier, Reby Junior Visitors : Bulgin, Rosalind Burnette, Geneive Cozard, Margaret Daugherty, Ora H. Debord, Lottie Henson, Myrtle Hurst, Ethel Hyatt, Sue B. Liner, Louise Rippetoe, Clara Secretarial and Clerical : Barnard, Elizabeth Collins, Reva Garner, Florence Hardin, Olive Hymans, Ellen Jones, Hannah Miller, Pauline Nolan, Carolyn Patterson, M. C. Swonger, Karen Young, Adah Works Division Assignment Clerks : Conley, Z. W. Crispe, C. J. DeHart, Frank Marr, C. C. Worthington, Frank Women's Work Supervisors : Bryson, Carrie Hunter, Maude Jones, Mrs. Gilmer A. Quinlan, Mary E. Clerical : Nicholson, R. R. Financial and Statistical Purchasing Officer : Patrick, J. C. Certifying Officer : Moody, Hilda Secretarial and Clerical : Dillard, Helen Jones, Coralee Russell, Johnnie Sutton, Edith Rural Rehabilitation Division Senior Farm Foremen : Crockett, S. R. Freeman, Oscar Henson, Carey Stamey, George Junior Farm Foremen r Hughes, R. C. Osborne, Carter Stewart, George Bookkeeper : Long, E. W. Secretarial and Clerical : Calhoun, Verayle Lollis, Essie DISTRICT NO. 3— BUNCOMBE AND MADISON COUNTIES Miller, E. Grace, Administrator James, Evelyn Bryson, George W. Jones, Margaret Simpson, Agnes Lee, Elizabeth Brooks, J. R. Weaver, Elizabeth District Social Service Supervisor District Engineer District Director of Women's Work District Disbursing Officer District Statistician District RR .Supervisor District Home Economist McCutcheon, Elizabeth Secretary to Administrator DISTRICT AND COUNTY PERSONNEL BY DIVISIONS Social Service Division Senior Case- Workers : Ai-thur, Helen Auld, Elizabeth Autin, Edith Bennett, Ruth Blackburn, Emilie Davis, Emma Dowling, Meta Goodwin, Gussie Johnson, Bernadine Kinberly, Dorothy Lawrence, Edith C. Lazton, Mary McCall, Mary McCouny, Ruth McGraw, John Runnion, Hannie Shuman, Alice Junior Case-Workers and Visitors : Allman, Jennie Ashworth, Clara Day, Juanita Edwards, W. L. 392 Emergency Relief in IN'orth Carolina Elmore, Mrs. E. R. Jones, Beatrice Jordan, Mabel Lance, Mrs. Vaughty Leemon, Mary Emma Love, Betty McDevitt, Floyd McDevitt, N. B., Jr. Patton, Ellen Ross, Mary Ann Williams, Ruth Witt, Reba Secretarial and Clerical : Anders, Gladys Baird, Sarah Gray, Florence Towe, Mary Works Division Assignment Clerks : Campbell, Mary Cobb, Perry Assistant Supervisors : Sharp, Jane DISTRICT NO. 4- Weaver, Marvin Whitfield, W. A. Secretarial and Clerical : Bertram, Dorothy Britt, Emma Bryan, Virginia Redfern, Nancy ] Siel, May Financial and Statistical Bookkeepers : Arvine, J. D. Tiddy, Elizabeth Certifying Officers : Crawford, Elizabeth Eckles, F. J. Secretarial and Clerical : Beacham, Grace Brown, Opal Dinkins, S. Y. Finley, Floyd Fleming, May Hackney, Amy Jones, Ruth McCorkle, Margaret Miller, Lela Morrow, Edna Plummer, Hannah Rankin, Georgia Webb, Edith Rural Rehabilitation Division Farm Foremen : Ammons, J. C. Ashworth, Morgan Bennett, Ray Brank, Willie Brooks, Glenn Clay, G. L. Gerzentanner, L. H. Kirkpatrick, Glenn Lawrence, J. F. Morrow, Thomas Wallin, James Bookkeeper : Lipe, Jennie Secretarial and Clerical : Kerr, Estelle HENDERSON, POLK, AND TRANSYLVANIA COUNTIES HoLLOWELL, Noah, Administrator District Social Service Supervisor District Engineer District Disbursing Officer District Statistician District RR Supervisor District Home Economist Secretary to Administrator McNeill, Mrs. Deen Reagan, J. R. Hester, Ralph B. Arthur, Jeanette Miller, J. A. Turner, Charlotte R Noffz, Katherine DISTRICT AND COUNTY PERSONNEL BY DIVISIONS Jr. Social Service Division Head Case-Workers : Dotson, Nelle Johnson, Venie B. Ryan, Mrs. F. I. Senior Case-Workers : Corey, Florence B. Franklin, Mrs. B. D. Patton, Mrs. C. Y. Pridgen, Mrs. C. W., Spence, Norma Junior Case-Workers and Visitors : Hemphill, Alice H. Mottsman, Anna Whiteside, Pantha Secretarial and Clerical : Beckham, Raymon Harllee, Mrs. OUie B. Kirk, Josephine E. Mitchell, Dorothy Smith, Mrs. W. A. West, Roxie Works Division Assignment Clerks : King, Frank Todd, J. H. Secretarial and Clerical : Durham, Hugh Shepherd, John Financial and Statistical Bookkeeper ; Carson, Laurie Purchasing Officer : Souther, Dorothy Secretarial and Clerical : .Anderson, Harriett McCarson, Margie Rural Rehabilitation Division Senior Farm Foremen : Creech, J. E. Holden, F. H. Thompson, Golden Farm Foremen : Allison, Lloyd Brown, Allen E. Cannon, Will Davis, J. C. Duckworth, E. H. Duncan, W. K. England, A. E. Fisher, Walter Fitzsiramons, F. L. Foster, J. Robert Goodman, J. F. Hester, M. J. Jones, Harry Love, W. E. Maxwell, George Morgan, M. H. Moss, D. P. Nicholson, F. N. Norton, E. N. Osborne, J. D. Osteen, J. E. Pryor, E.J. Roberts, C. H. Shipman, Walter Stroup, J. S. Wilkins, Woodrow WilHams, J. E. Secretarial and Clerical : Clayton, Mrs. Mary Russ, Claris Emergency Relief in North Carolina 393 DISTRICT NO. 5— CLEVELAND, MCDOWELL, AND RUTHERFORD COUNTIES Catlin, Ruth, Administrator Reinhardt, Helen District Social Service Supervisor District Engineer District Director Women's Work District Disbursing Officer District Statistician District RR Supervisor District Home Economist Secretary to Administrator Weaver, A. F. Reid, Mrs. Gordon Dobbins, Mrs. LeRoy Huss, Miss Charlie Ward, Edgar B. Koon, Sue Lewis, Lila DISTRICT AND COUNTY PERSONNEL BY DIVISIONS Social Service Division Head Case-Workers : Goforth, Mrs. Ben Webb, Mrs. Fred Yancey, Mary Case-Workers and Visitors Arledge, Minnie Barber, Alice Edwards, Dorothy Hamrick, Mrs. Mae Hill, Zoe Howell, John Long, Carolyn Lonon, Mrs. D. N. Mcintosh, Carolyn Moore, Mary Neal, Mrs. E. W. Shurford, Mrs. George Thompson, Mrs. George Turner, Mrs. Ellis Turner, Mrs. O. C. Secretarial and Clerical : Biggerstaff, Mrs. Wm. King, Alice Goode Moss, Mrs. Spurgeon Parker, Rheba Stauffer, Mrs. Margaret Works DrvisiON Assignment Clerks : Bradsher, F. S. Hord, Robert C. Justice, C. B. Secretarial and Clerical : Connor, Aileen Marks, Lillie Financial and Statistical Bookkeeper : Grant, Sue Purchasing Officer : Blanton, Rudolph Certifying Officer : Overton, Mrs. Fay Secretarial and Clerical : Callahan, Vera Grayson, Helen Koone, Clara McDaniel, Edith Royster, Wyn Tanner, William Ware, Mrs. Miller Yelton, Mrs. Horace Carpenter, R. L. Crawford, R. E. Dixon, Max Gardner, Sylvanus Hampton, B. K. Hardin, J. H. Harrill, Claude Hemphill, Marvin Hensley, Edgar Hill, J. W. P. Hopper, M. D. Kincaid, T. W. Logan, F. D. Mackey, J. M. McKinney, W. W. Morris, Woodrow Porter, William Powell, J. C. Richbourg, W. W. Ryland, John E. Sparks, F. L. Walker, S. G. RoRAL Rehabilitation Division Senior Farm Foremen : Burgin, J. G. Dedmon, George B. Shelton, W. E. Farm Foremen : Bankhead, W. D. DISTRICT NO. 6 (Combined with District No. lo) Bookkeeper : Greer, Mrs. W. O. Secretarial and Clerical : Hulick, Mrs. B. D. Keith, Clarence E. Southern, Furman DISTRICT NO. 7— AVERY, MITCHELL, AND YANCEY COUNTIES Speck, Mrs. Lillian, Administrator Sharpe, E. G. Neal, Q.. R. Young, R. N. Proffitt, C. L. McBee, Maye District Engineer District Disbursing Officer District Statistician District RR Supervisor District Home Economist Social Service Division Head Case-Workers : Dean, Virginia Niman, Mrs. Cora Wray, Annie DISTRICT AND COUNTY PERSONNEL BY DIVISIONS Hamrick, Mrs. C. R. Leaverette, Mrs. Lila Ray, Grace Robbins, Mrs. Thelma Wilson, Kate Case-Workers and Visitors : Banner, Sue Cooper, Norman Evans, Elizabeth Gentry, Lois 394 Emeegenct Relief in ISToeth Cabolina Yelton, Rayburn Secretarial and Clerical : Banks, Margaret Hester, Ruth Wilson, Mrs. Helen Works Division Assignment Clerks : Murphy, Joe Parnell, Charles Vance, P. A. Clerical : Calhoun, O. D. Financial and Statistical Certifying Officer : Wagner, Mrs. Wayne Secretarial and Clerical : Conley, Bessie Huskins, Mrs. C. D. RuR.AL Rehabilitation Division Senior Farm Foreman : Landers, E. F. Farm Foremen : Garland, Bill Proffitt, E. R. Renfro, Charlie Silvers, R. N. Thompson, George i,',,Tilson, R. Y. Tipton, G. B. Webb, Grant Secretarial and Clerical : Gordon, Martha Stafford, Pauline DISTRICT NO. 8 ASHE, ALLEGHANY, SURRY, WATAUGA, WILKES, AND YADKIN COUNTIES Bell, Victoria, Administrator Smart, Euzelia District Social Service Supervisor Smithy, C. H. District Engineer Moore, T. E. District Disbursing Officer Norman, Guy District Statistician Miles, C. A. District RR Supervisor Blackman, Alma District Home Economist Ballon, Virginia Secretary to Administrator DISTRICT AND COUNTY PERSONNEL BY DIVISIONS Social Service Division Head Case-Workers : Bason, Ruby Choate, Mrs. Ruth Harding, Joseline Mock, Mrs. E. R. Oliver, Bryan Watson, Theodosia Case-Workers and Visitors : Alexander, Mary Bagley, Katherine Church, W. S. Dunnagan, Clallee Eller, Mrs. Clyde Erwin, Lillie Frye, Tommye Garvey-Jones, Constance Greer, Erie Hanby, Lucille Hauser, E. L. Holman, Ila Issaacs, Mrs. L. S. Jones, Sidney F. McCredie, Mary Ella Miller, Howard Miller, Margarite Mull, Nettie Scott, Bina Scroggs, Clyde Shelton, Mrs. C. B. Simpson, Mrs. Dillon Stout, Lucy Tugman, Ruth Vannoy, Charity Watts, Mrs. P. E. Secretarial and Clerical : Absher, Inez Arnold, Annie Pearl Comer, Mrs. C. G. Lewis, Bessie Logan, Mrs. Delia McNeill, Ruth Paul, Ophelia Perry, Troy Salmon, Lynette Scott, Mrs. Ethel Works Division Assignment Clerks : Barber, I. W. Ferguson, T. W. Huff", Charles B. Jones, B. W. Luther, J. A. Thompson, Bert Secretarial and Clerical : Allen, Mrs. James Call, Helen Cranor, Frances Dancy, E. D. Foster, Hazel Financial and Statistical Bookkeeper : Ball, Jeanette Certifying Officer : Lomax, Gladys Clerks : Alexander, Luna Cassel, Alice Miller, Mrs. Warner Rhodes, Agnes Rose, Bertie Underwood, Mrs. B. R. Rural Rehabilitation Division Assistant District R. R. Supervisor : Wagoner, Amos Farm Foremen : Long, J. A. McNeill, W. E. Miller, Van Moretz, Grady Proffit, O. M. Riden, C. W. Assistant Farm Foremen : Alexander, S. V. Badgett, A. J. Badgett, C. K. Crouse, J. R. Eller, John Edwards, D. M. Farthing, C. C. Fetts,J. B. Gentry, E. F. Goss, C. L. Henson, Dan Hollingsworth, J. B. Huges, W. L. Hutchens, Charles Lemy, H. H. Martin, Ralph Minor, Glenn Oliver, J. E. Poindexter, J. A. Emergency Relief in ISTorth Carolina 395 Piather, J. W. Shephard, Charlie Shoemaker, T. L. Shore, Carl Taylor, C. G. Tygman, S. G. Bookkeeper : Fletcher, Ruth Secretarial and Clerical : McMillan, Mellissa O'Danicl, Margaret Johnson, Elizabeth DISTRICT NO. 9— BURKE, CALDWELL, AND CATAWBA COUNTIES Du Bruyne, R. M., Administrator Rankin, Mary D. Kennedy, A. H. Powell, R. C. Stacy, Paul Sharpe, Ralph Squires, Mrs. Inah K. Newby, Josephine District Social Service Supervisor District Engineer District Disbursing Officer District Statistician District RR Supervisor District Home Economist Secretary to Administrator DISTRICT AND COUNTY PERSONNEL BY DIVISIONS SocLAL Service Division Head Case-Workers : Lane, Mrs. Fred Wilcox, George (Miss) Case-Workers : Arndt, Elizabeth Beach, Elizabeth Poole Cobb, Regina Duckworth, Lucy George, Lois McNeal, Mary Payne, Lola Pearson, Edith Smyre, Jane Stanton, Margaret Secretarial and Clerical : Abernathy, Jane Landon, Mrs. M. J. Powell, Sarah Works Division Assignment Clerks : Dawkins, J. E. Frazier, W. M. Waters, J. E. Secretarial and Clerical ; MuUis, Pearl Financial and Statistical Bookkeeper : Ramseur, Mary Certifying Officer : Beach, Elizabeth Secretarial and Clerical : Brown, Katherine Deitz, Isabel Fisher, Gladys Rural Rehabilitation Division Farm Foremen : Bass, Joe Erwin, Robert S. Greer, Marcus L. Jarrett, Guy Port, Horace Tuttle, Herrod Bookkeeper : Powell, Howard Secretarial and Clerical : Keever, Katherine Whitner, Mrs. H. E. DISTRICT NO. 10— GASTON, LINCOLN, AND MECKLENBURG COUNTIES Clinton, Mrs. R. S., Administrator Kellura, Chloris District Social Service Supervisor Bacon, F. R. District Engineer Froneberger, Mrs. Dan District Director Women's Work Callaham, A. B. District Disbursing Officer McComb, Mrs. Jessie District Statistician Stewart, J. N. District RR Supervisor Armstrong, Mrs. Edwin Secretary to Administrator DISTRICT AND COUNTY PERSONNEL BY DIVISIONS Social Service Division Head Case-Workers : Harmon, Mrs. C. C. Hough, Sara H. Jones, Grace C. Lones, J. H. Parker, Mary F. Rudd, Ingeborg Case-Workers and Visitors : Albea, Margaret Alexander, Bessie Anderson, Alice Anderson, Mrs. M. A. Brown, Mary Burns, Mary D'Anna, Helen Davis, Genieve Galloway, Anne Gwynn, Ruth Harkey, Josephine Hayes, Estelle Hovie, Doris Humphries, Daisy Isaacs, Beverly Jimison, Maude R. Kirby, Mrs. Florence Lockhart, Mary Massie, Katherine McAulay, Elizabeth McCoy, Margaret McCrary, Mrs. Madeline McManeus, Annette Montgomery, Lilly Moore, Kathleen Norris, Edith O'Daniel, Bonnie Patrick, Mrs. Lucy Roberts, Lola Robinson, S. E. Sansom, Blanche Sheffield, Ronie Sledge, Julia 396 Emergency Relief in TTobth Carolina Spratt, Elizabeth Stewart, Beth Sumers, Audrey Summey, Ruth Triplett, Elizabeth Vaughan, Martha Waddill, Francis D. Wideman, Elizabeth Wiggins, Landee Withers, Hannah J. Wood, Mary O. Woodson, Frances Workman, Louise Secretarial and Clerical : Adams, Johnsie Alderman, Alice Alexander, Annie Alexander, Louise Barringer, Irene Brackman, Mary Brigman, Ruth Brittian, Elizabeth Burdell, Mary Condor, Margaret Fisher, Betty Hattrick, Madge Jackson, Mrs. Carl Jackson, Mary N. Johnston, Alyce Lackey, Mrs. Lona Lewin, Annie D. McFarland, Era Neal, Lois Nesbitt, Eloise Paschall, Ruth Pickett, Helen Taylor, Mary L. Turner, Clarice Works DrvisioN Assignment Clerks : Cavin, W. M. Hickman, H. H. Lawrence, Edgar Works Supervisors : Abernethy, Myrtle Emory, S. N. Harkey, M. L. Lefler, T. S. Sutton, H. N. Taylor, J. C. Wanzer, Mrs. Ruth H. Wicker, Mrs. Bess Secretarial and Clerical : Bundy, Sadie Erwin, Grace Hendricks, Elva Lisk, B. L. McClelland, Rachel Mitchell, Maude Neal, Sara Pegram, Jennie Torrence, Ruth Financial and Statistical Bookkeeper : Beatty, Adrian Purchasing Officers : Outen, W. E. Rhyne, Mrs. Elizabeth Certifying Officers : Crandall, Maude Shelton, L. T. D. Secretarial and Clerical : Batte, R. D. Beatty, Rachel Brumfield, Mildred Burgess, Nettie Carpenter, Mrs. Miles Corwin, Zudie Bellinger, Cecil Dempster, Blanche Gable, C. L. Gilbreth, Aloha Glenn, Aline Harkey, Gingles Henderson, Pauline Kirby, Mary Laney, W. D. Rankin, C. C. Rhew, Blanche M. Steele, W. C. Wallace, Sara Wearn, Adelaide Wenhold, Isabelle Wingate, W. J. Rural Rehabilitation Division Senior Farm Foremen : Beatty, W. L Bowen, G. M. Calvin, C. M. Corruthers, T. F. Costner, J. A. Derrick, W. E. Gallant, F. S. Hovis, Louis Knox, A. C. Mauney, J. N. Ramseur, C. L. Saddler, R. P. Wilson, Lyndon Farm Foremen : Baxter, E. E. Keener, Roy Mull, George Rhodes, Tom Bookkeeper : Morton, J. D. Secretarial and Clerical : Ford, Dorothy Howard, Nancy Prim, Mrs. George B. Other DrvisiON Commodity Clerks : Jetton, H. W. Martin, J. W. Telephone Operator : Smith, Ruby DISTRICT NO. II— ALEXANDER, DAVIE, AND IREDELL COUNTIES Land, Mrs. E. M., Administrator McBride, Mrs. J. L. Tsumas, H. P. Kincaid, Mrs. J. N. Bradley, F. M. McGuire, Jane E. McHargue, W. R. Gibson, Virginia Acting Social Service Supervisor and Home Econoist District Engineer District Director Women's Work District Disbursing Officer District Statistician District RR Supervisor .Secretary to Administrator Emergency Belief in N'obth Carolina 897 DISTRICT AND COUNTY PERSONNEL BY DIVISIONS Social Service Division Head Case-Workers : Craven, Kathleen Gwaltney, Mrs. M. L. Pou, Mrs. W. C. Case-Workers and Visitors : Allen, Elsie Bessent, Bess W. Bryant, Sarah Collins, Mrs. J. A. German, Leora Hallum, Mary Holliday, Mary A. Patterson, Nell Reid, Nell Steele, Miriam Stroud, Mattie Wooten, Rachel Secretarial and Clerical : Bost, Mrs. J. L. Bradford, Rose Ford, Pauline Litaker, Ruth Walker, Mary K. Works Division Assignment Clerk : Cooper, Mrs. Albert Mooney, C. B., Sr. Moore, J. C. Nattress, Mrs. W. E. Secretarial : White, Beth Financial and Statistical Purchasing Officer : Clifford, J. H. Assistant Purchasing Officer : Wasson, Jake Bookkeeper : Poston, Mrs. J. R. Chief Payroll Clerk : McRorie, Mrs. Helen Certifying Officer : Nicholson, Mrs. Henry Secretarial and Clerical ; Bristol, Mrs. W. A. Watts, Wyllis Woollen, Margaret Rural Rehabilitation Division Senior Farm Foremen : Abernathy, V. A. Anderson, J. M. Atkins, F. H. Green, C. G. Hethcox, H. K. Kennedy, R. H. Millsaps, D. O. Ostwalt, Sam Bookkeeper : Whiting, F. H. Secretarial : Dietz, Virginia DISTRICT NO. 12— ANSON, MONTGOMERY, RICHMOND, STANLY, AND UNION COUNTIES Hawkins, C. L., Administrator Rabin, Constance Haywood, Homer Liles, N. P. Osborne, Mrs. Sallie Marsh, J. P. Biggs, Martha Moore, Inez District Social Service Supervisor District Engineer District Disbursing Officer District Statistician District RR Supervisor District Home Economist Secretary to Administrator DISTRICT AND COUNTY PERSONNEL BY DIVISIONS Social Service Division Senior Case-Workers : Armfield, Mrs. Emsley Batten, Mildred Currie, Lucille McConnell, Kathleen Plott, Vivian Case-Workers and Visitors : Adams, J. E. Barnhardt, Virginia Boatwright, Mrs. A. R. Brown Mrs. Lula M. Capehart, Mrs. Kate Crosland, Mrs. Williams Curlee, Mrs. W. C. Caddy, Mrs. W. E. Gore, Miss Bruce Harward, James A. Haywood, Nan Hodges, Charlotte Hudson, Rachel Ingram, Mrs. B. W. Ingram, Mrs. C. B. Knotts, Mrs. S. M. Long, Irving Lynch, Mrs. Mary E. McCurry, Mrs. Joel McDaniel, Mrs. Mary McLucas, Hattie Meacham, Ruth Middleton, Louise Necombe, Mrs. Dorothy O'Kelly, Phyllis Porter, Mrs. C. B. Redfern, Mrs. M. D. Redwine, Mrs. Dorothy Snyder, Mrs. Bruce Stemple, Virginia Stewart, Lydia Sutton, William A. Secretarial and Clerical : Barrett, Julia Beeker, Mrs. Gertrude Blankenship, Mrs. Caccoa Covington, Mrs. Mary T. GuUedge, Emma Kitchen, Helen Mclnnis, Mrs. Bertha McNair, Mrs. James M. McRae, Jennie Wall Parsons, Mrs. Anna Presler, Irene Redfearn, Henrietta Shepherd, Mrs. Howard Shortridge, Julia Warner, Ruth Works Division Assignment Clerks : Fesperman, H. D. Hicks, R. L. Ingram, T. J. McCraw, B. C. Shelley, O. B. Secretarial and Clerical : Burkhead, Margaret Lassiter, Orthelia Moore, Louise Financial and Statistical Certifying Officer : Russell, Alameda 3»8 Emergency Relief in T^okth Carolina Secretarial and Clerical : Allen, Letha Beacham, Miriam Dunlap, Lucie Lea Johnson, Mrs. J. N. Lee, Mrs. Wayne Lyles, Miss Willie M. Martin, Miss Locke Rural Rehabilitation Division Senior Farm Foremen : Cranford, E. Wade Litde, G. K. McAulay, H. Page Sturdivant, C. W. Utter, C. B. Farm Foremen : Bowman, Robert Diggs, W. K. Edwards, Clyde Fowler, Cliff Kirk, J. D. Lilly, Jim McDonald, J. A. Morris, Walser O'Brien, B. M. Sims, W. J. Swaringer, G. H. Tucker, D. T. Watson, Hubert Yarborough, Alvin Bookkeeper : Whitley, W. H. Secretarial and Clerical : Benton, Margaret Bridged, Sarah Davis, Ruth Evans, Mary Elizabeth Galloway, Zona Helms, J. Warren Watkins, Annabelle Winchester, Miss Murray DISTRICT NO. 13— CABARRUS, DAVIDSON, AND ROWAN COUNTIES White, E. Farrell, Administrator Clifford, Cecil R. Frick,J. G. Isenhour, M. V. Weaver, A. L. Sechler, W. R. Leazer, Mary V. Dayvault, Helen District Social Service Supervisor District Engineer District Disbursing Officer District Statistician District RR Supervisor District Home Economist Secretary to Administrator DISTRICT AND COUNTY PERSONNEL BY DIVISIONS Social Service Division Senior Case-Workers : Cuthrell, M. Claire Drake, Mary Green, Mrs. J. C. Grimes, Grace Johnston, Sarah B. Kluttz, L. A. Kyser, Nan Z. Long, Frances B. Nussman, Love Pemberton, Annie May Powers, Pauline Reisner, Charles Ross, Mary Louise Strange, Sadie Williams, Leathia Yancey, Elizabeth Young, Mattie Junior Case-Workers : Chambers, Julia Davis, Ed DeWeese, Mildred Hughes, Hattie Krider, Emily Meacham, Lucille Patterson, Faye Rushing, Bertha Thompson, Eula Secretarial and Clerical : Baker, Ellis Barrier, Laura Boger, Frances Clayton, Opal Craven, Carolina Eagan, Julia Fowler, Frances Glover, Virginia Hackney, Mrs. Fred Harrill, Ruby Holshauser, Pauline Means, Martha Paul, Florence Rusall, Jessie Works Division Assignment Clerks : Fisher, Guy J. Peeler, A. H. Secretarial and Clerical : Miller, Whitehead Murphy, Madeline Stewart, Kathleen Thomas, Mary E. FiN.ANCI.AL AND STATISTICAL DIVISION Payroll Clerks : Brown, Elizabeth Shives, Alma Certifying Clerk : Roseman, P. D. Clerical : Blume, Adelaide Gardner, Pearl Kluttz, Floyd Leonard, Hazel Warner, Johnsie Rural Rehabilitation Division Senior Farm Foremen : Anderson, Tom Counts, Robert H. Morrison, J. D. Farm Foremen : Baggett, W. R. Black, Brady Cress, J. F. Frick, Herman Graves, A. A. May, John McNeely, S. E. Patterson, S. W. Stallings, P. E. Suther, John Wynecoff, J. A. Bookkeeper : Delliner, L. C. Secretarial and Clerical : Breck, Sue K. Cecil, Louise Johns, Geneiveve Smith, Fern Underwood, Vivian Emergency Eelief in N"oeth Carolina 399 DISTRICT NO. 14— FORSYTH AND STOKES COUNTIES Hermange, Helena E., Administrator McKinney, Margaret Powell, H. Walker Shaffner, Josephine Newton, Annie May Cumberland, J. E. Williams, Minnie D. Kelman, Frances District Social Service Supervisor District Engineer District Director Women's Work District Disbursing Officer District Statistician District RR Supervisor Secretary to Administrator DISTRICT AND COUNTY PERSONNEL BY DIVISIONS Social Service Division Head Case-Workers : Clark, Beatrice Harrel, Kate Kafer, Helen Singletary, Annie M. . Senior Visitors : Branes, Georgia Browne, Hazel Chalmers, Mary Crews, Eloise Duggins, Thelma Haskins, Jessie Henney, Joyce Henry, Irma Neal Lewis, Clayton A. Mickle, Robina Vogler, Blanche Voss, May Junior Visitors : Allison, Mamie Barber, Lucy B. Bianchi, Patsy Boaz, Adelaide W. Brewer, William Chesson, Minnie P. Coren, Joyce Foote, Creola Hill, Gertrude Kimball, Susan Kennan, Queen Bess Michael, Nora Napier, Alice C. Palmer, Julia Powell, Martha Sentell, Bessie R. . Solomon, Beatrice L. Stockwell, Winifred T- Taylor, Willie G. Tillotson, Virginia Wilson, Margaret Secretarial and Clerical : Angel, Mary Belle Busick, Elizabeth Caldwell, Nellie Mae Chavis, Laura Conrad, Elsie Foy, Helen Gambelle, Lillian Hall, Theodosia Houser, Edity Longworth, Pearl Johnson, Alice Martin, Lucille Moorefield, Clarice Ogburn, Carrie Pepper, Mary Pitts, Eva Taylor, Sara Williamson, Sarah Wilson, Ada C. Works Division Assignment Clerks : Alley, D. H. Brown, C. M. Holleman, F. Poole Holt, Harry Kunze, G. A. Parris, W. H. Secretarial and Clerical : Adams, Zula H. Cottingham, L. H. Cluck, Ella White Stonestreet, Alene ' Financial and Statistical Chief Payroll Clerks : Rathledge, Abe Case, Mary B. Certifying Officer : Braziel, Lessie Secretarial and Clerical : Atkins, Pearl Beorden, Cora Brookbank, Dena N. Eads, Doris Heim, Edna S. Mahood, G. R. McDaniel, Elizabeth Power, Sadye M. Shephard, Kenneth Snyder, Lina Stanley, Martin Stockton, Margaret Sullivan, Deree Whorton, E. R. Rural Rehabilitation Division Senior Farm Foremen : Baber, Grady Whorton, A. C. Farm Foremen : Crews, J. W. Fagg, A. J. Heath, Dan Lewis, Paul Sisk, R. A. Strader, G. C. Stratton, J. G. Thader, Roy Y. Bookkeeper : McGee, C. C. Secretarial and Clerical : Hilton, G. W. King, Fern Other Divisions Chief Commodity Clerk : Wilson, Charles Switchboard Operator : Clodfelter, Dorothy A. 400 Emergency Relief in North Carolina DISTRICT NO. 15— GUILFORD, RANDOLPH, AND ROCKINGHAM COUNTIES Phillips, Charles, Administrator Dodson, Mary M. Paschall, R. E. Benbow, Mrs. E. P. Ashcraft, F. B. Black, Walton Ellis, Joe, Jr. Dobson, Sarah Wood, Nettie Alice District Social Service Supervisor District Engineer District Director Women's Work District Disbursing Officer District Statistician District RR Supervisor District Home Economist Secretary to Administrator DISTRICT AND COUNTY PERSONNEL BY DIVISIONS Social Service Division Head Case-Workers : Evans, Elizabeth Neal, Irene Price, Irene Case-Workers and Visitors : Apple, Margaret Archer, LoUie Atkins, Dora Ayers, Evelyn Brisendine, Frances Brown, Lucy Cobb Bulla, Mariam Burgess, Blanche Copenhaver, Mrs. B. Curtwright, Lola Davis, Margaret Dean, Linelle E. Duflfy, Ruth G. HoUowell, Esther Hoskins, Rebecca Huskins, Mrs. J. P. Johnson, Edna W. Johnston, Ruth Kenyon, Mrs. Minerva Kilburn, Leona Kivette, Gladys LaBarr, Mabel Lassiter, Roberta Leake, Elizabeth Lindeman, E. Martin, Melvina McPherson, Paul Miller, Emily G. Moore, Louise Morgan, Sadie Norcom, Clyde Oldham, Hazel P. Parrish, Parthenia Paul, Mrs. Lenora Price, Glady< Prince, Bessie Regan, Mrs. D. C. Reeves, Inez Rochelle, B. Rudd, Lora Scott, Anastasii E. Strange, Irene Strotz, Alice Tenney, Mrs. Edward Tesh, Bessie Wall, Mrs. Reid Wallace, Emma Withers, Rosa Mae Yates, Nellie Secretarial and Clerical : Anderson, Laura Bangs, Mrs. A. C. Baxter, Hunter Beans, Elizabeth Bell, Louise Butler, Mary Campbell, Alice Cheek, Alma Cheek, Mrs. John Chisholm, Edith Coggins, Georgia Crowder, Gwendolyn Floyd, Hazel Gawthrop, J. A. Hardee, Exie Lee Jackson, Lucy Lassiter, Mary McPherson, Mrs. Pearl Nutting, Naomi Partin, Claire Pollock, Ruth Scoggins, Marie Shipman, Hazel Smith, Pearl Suggs, Rachel Talbutt, Nell F. Welborn, Jennie Lee Williams, Mrs. H. S. Wilson, Fern Way Drum, Virginia Works Division Assignment Clerks : Atkinson, F. L. Bulla, John Burns, T. J. Smith, W. T. Jr., Vorhees, Louis Works Supervisors : Gates, T. J. Trogdon, R. D. Womack, John Secretarial and Clerical : Bunting, Lucille King, Agnes Morgan, Lottie Scarborough, Mary Financial and Statistical Bookkeeper : Lewis, William Purchasing Officer : Goodwin, J. E. Certifying Officers : Currie,J. W. Stokes, Susie Secretarial and Clerical : Albright, Dorothy Barbour, Inez Bennett, Mary E. Clarke, Ruth Clement, Mrs. Paul Culclasure, Annie Davis, T. L. Enoch, Bonnie Field H. E. Golding, Mrs. R. D. Graham, Hazel Gray, Zelda Gurr, Lucy Hewitt, Zell Jones, Mary Scott King, Gurney Marley, Ann Mitchell, Pearl Payne, Pearle Ridge, J. E. Riley, J. A. Satterfield, W. S. Shaw, Dorothy Simpson, Ruby T. Smith, Emily Emeegency Relief in North CiVKOLiNA 401 Rural Rehabilitation Division Senior Farm Foremen : Canoy, J. M. Moore,.]. V. Ray,J. S. Farm Foremen : Bowman, Roy Bunting, E. E. Cagle, Lloyd Chatham, A. D. Craddock, J. W. DeLapp, Earl Evans, J. C. Fletcher, M. L. Hall, Thomas Hardin, Wade Hendricks, D. J. Lambert, J. R. Lanier, Walter Morgan, J. W. Phibbs, Earl Roach, Lee Roberts, Walter Rudd,J. F. Simpson, Howard Varner, G. C. Bookkeeper : Johnson, N. F. Secretarial and Clerical : Brittain, Mrs. Carl Caudle, J. N. Forbis, Helen Oglesby, Daphne Seaboldt, J. C. DISTRICT NO. i6— ALAMANCE, CASWELL, DURHAM, ORANGE, AND PERSON COUNTIES Langston, a. E., Administrator Wilson, Martha K. Wilkerson, A. E. Cole, Mrs. J. E. Gardner, Mrs. Lee Crawford, G. W. Todd, N. J. Matlock, Regina Allen, Mrs. W. R. District Social Service Supervisor District Engineer District Director Women's Work District Disbursing Officer District Statistician District RR Supervisor District Home Economist Secretary to Administrator DISTRICT AND COUNTY PERSONNEL BY DIVISIONS Social Service Division Senior Case-Workers : Barker, Mrs. W. J. Campbell, Mrs. D. R. Cheek, Roma S. Merritt, Eglantine Wilson, Margaret H. Junior Case-Workers and Visitors : Abernathy, M. K. Allen, G. J. Allen, Nannie Bailey, J. H. Bathurst, E. L. Brandon, Eddie T. Brandon, Virginia Cordice, Eugenia Davis, Julia C. Douty, Mrs. Ester Garrison, Mrs. M. B. Hitt, Ethel Ingram, Wilhelmenia King, Mrs. E. P. Lineberger, Ruth Maddrey, Marion Moore, Anna H. Page, Evelyn S. Parker, Virginia Peele, Mrs. Catherine Roberts, Goldie 26 Robinson, Sue Stevenson, W. B. Thompson, Horace Tolbert, Elizabeth Troxler, Edwina Turner, Mrs. R. E. Vincent, Bertha Wagstaff, Mrs. T. C. Wallace, Martha G. Wilkerson, Edna Wilkerson, O. C. Williams, Minnie Wilson, Willie Secretarial and Clerical : Blalock, Ruth Bowles, Katherine Bruce, Laura Carver, Evelyn A. Cobb, Mrs. W. B. De Vlaming, Mrs. A. S. Edwards, Irene Fleming, Catherine Glenn, Zelma Holmes, Annie Jones, Mrs. Hazel Jones, Lillian Lewis, Tunell Maultsby, Margaret Montgomery, Mabel K. Parker, Margaret Powell, Garnette Sprinkle, Mrs. C. O. Wicker, Mary E. Works Division Assignment Clerk : Vickers, Berta Secretarial and Clerical : Long, Hazeline Matthews, Blanche Whitson, Mrs. F. C. Taylor, Mrs. Jack Financial and Statistical Bookkeepers : Jenkins, F. M. '1 iWyrick, Mrs. E. S. Purchasing Officer : Long, James Certifying Officer : Chappell, William Secretarial and Clerical : Aldridge, W. H. Branson, Mary Gates, Mason Crabtree, Katherine Hall, Helen Horton, Carolyn Latta, Mrs. F. L. Moore, Mrs. L. S. Stephens, Foye Stoner, Virginia 402 Strickland, C. P. Strickland, Mrs. Jos. Vickers, M. R. Wright, Virginia Rural Rehabilitation Division Senior Farm Foremen : Watkins, H. W. Watson, A. H. Wilkinson, H. E. Farm Foremen : Day, Roy Gentry, W. H. Emergency Relief in North Carolina Harrison, C. P. King, J. H. Liner, G. F. Mise, J. E. Moore, C. C. Moore, E. L. Moore, F. L. Pendergrast, J. ] Phillips, R. W. Rogers, B. M. Shoe, F. A. Sparrow, T. A. Taylor, W. C. Vernon, Clay Walker, E. G. Waters, D. F. Bookkeeper : Cole, Virgie Secretarial and Clerical : Gray, Virginia Horton, Mary A. Knight, Mary O'Brien, Mrs. Blanche Silver, Lillian Vickers, Frances Willard, Mrs. Pauline DISTRICT NO. 17 CHATHAM, HARNETT, LEE, AND MOORE COUNTIES Paschal, Mary, Administrator Wilkie, Mrs. L D. Phillips, G. P. Johnson, W. H. Reynolds, C. L. Oswalt, Mabel Osborne, Kathleen District Social Service Supervisor District Engineer District Disbursing Officer District RR Supervisor District Home Economist Secretary to Administrator DISTRICT AND COUNTY PERSONNEL BY DIVISIONS Social Service Division Head Case-Workers : Bendigo, Mrs. C. W. Menius, Mrs. Flora M. Strowd, Mrs. C. K. Case- Workers and Visitors : Boggs, Mrs. M. F. Broadwell, Eunice Butler, Mrs. H. K. Campbell, Mae Hockaday, Belle Johnson, Lillian Lo\'ing, Lucile Markham, Mrs. Lydia Matthews, Sadie McCallum, Mrs. David McEwan, Mrs. Sam Pearsall, Mrs. David Pegram, J. D. Seawell, Cecil A. Smith, Mrs. C. J. Swett, Mrs. J. B. Thornton, C. H. Tucker, Mrs. Clara Wicker, Mrs. M. V. Secretarial and Clerical : Harrington, Mary Ruth Mathews, Mrs. Brantley Nooe, Mrs. Henry Ross, Betsy Works Division Assignment Clerks : Frye, Haj'wood, H. McLamb, C. E. Siler, R. W. Secretarial and Clerical : Matthews, Sallie Financial and Statistical Bookkeeper : Cole Dorothy Certifying Officer : McLean, Ruth Secretarial and Clerical : Bolton, Harvey Cameron, Annie Gunter, Mrs. A. M. Henderson, Mary Lee Hood. Mildred Hurwitz, Sarah McCain, Lillian McMillan, M>Ttle Sharpe, Margaret W. Rural Rehabilitation Division Senior Farm Foremen : Fowler, A. F. McLeod. John D. Nance, P. H. Reeves, M. C. Farm Foremen : Byrd, L. R. Cameron, Edgar L. Edwards, J. M. Hancock, John Ivey, J. J.. Kelly, J. A. Measmer, L. F. Monroe, Fuller Murchison, D. E. Paschal, G. R. Perry, J. J. Phillips, Ed. S. Reed, R. J. Thompson, T. A. Wilson, E. E. Bookkeeper : Barnes, J. K. Secretarial and Clerical : Frazier, Mrs. Marguerite Martin, Louise Patton, Margaret Thomas, Mrs. Sankie P. Vansant, Emma Emergency Relief in North Carolina 403 DISTRICT NO. i8— WAKE COUNTY Farrell, H. D., Administrator Banning, Eloise Steele, George B. Walker, Mrs. N. L. Honeycutt, Roy L. Bunn, Phillip Russel, A. R. Green, Virginia Litchford, H. E. Brock, Betsy Acting District Social Service Supervisor District Engineer District Director of Women's Work District Disbursing Officer District Statistician District RR Supervisor District Home Economist District Office Manager Secretary to Administrator DISTRICT AND COUNTY PERSONNEL BY DIVISIONS Social Service Division Senior Case-Worker : Lewis, Venita Junior Case-Workers : Adams, Mary Jane Bennett, Helen Bizzelle, Bessie Britt, Irma Delaney, Mary Flowers, B. B. Fogg, Juanita Frye, Elizabeth Harper, Emily Hayes, Lewyn Hopkins, Mrs. J. H. Howell, Emma Isbell, Kathryn Jones, Florence McClennan, Louise McLean, Robena Perrin, Louise Perry, Sadie Raper,J. R.,Jr. Ray, Macy Robinson, Etholia Smith, Bonita StockstUl, George L. Stoker, Elizabeth Wilkerson, Josephine Secretarial and Clerical : Beal, Ruby Bibb, Virginia Hinton, Connie Lee, Mrs. E. G. Lightner, Margaret Lundy, C. E. Parker, Jimmie Renfrow, Marie Rogers, Pansy Turner, Marvin Wooten, Ann Young, Kathryn Works Division Assignment Officer : Ellis, W. T. Works Supervisor : Johnson, E. M. Bookkeepers ; Mangum, G. D. Phillips, T. M. Richardson, G. D. Palmer, V. D. Secretarial and Clerical : Batts, Florence Jones, Brancy Rhoney, Daisy Rubenstein, Ida Wall, Mary Louise Financial and Statistical Bookkeepers : Ratcliffe, David Pippin, Hugh Purchasing Officer : Clifton, J. V. Certifying Officers : Hawkins, W. E. Perry, Roland Secretarial and Clerical : Davis, Henry Hayes, Emma Hicks, Mary G. Lewis, William Patton, Bonnie Poe, Clara Puller, Mrs. E. P. Rideout, Addie Lee Sturdivant, Dorothy Rural Rehabilitation Division Senior Farm Foremen : Lewis, R. B. Winder, G. L. Farm Foremen : Brown, P. J. BuflFaloe,J.J. Holt, M. E. House, Eddie L. Jones, A. N. Lane, J. G. Mattox, J. J. Perry, P. B. Weaver, C. R. Bookkeeper : Young, W. V. Secretarial and Clerical : Batchelor, Dave McLean, Margaret Silver, H. A. Other DrvisiONs Commodity Clerk : Gray, T. P. Telephone Operator : Hester, Ora DISTRICT NO. 19— FRANKLIN, GRANVILLE, VANCE, AND WARREN COUNTIES DoRsEY, E. G., Administrator Tyer, Kathleen Jennette, S. E. Rooker, J. E. Jobe, H. H. Richards, Doshia EUis, Clara Mae District Social Service Super\'isor District Engineer District Disbursing Officer District RR Supervisor District Home Economist Secretary to Administrator 404 Social Service Division Senior Case-Workers : Pope, Eunice Mae Satterfield, Clyde Walters, Edna R. Nash, Mary White Case-W^orkers and Visitors : Austin, Mrs. Jeanie Bowers, Pauline Harris, Mrs. Will Jones, Mrs. J. S. Pitchford, Winkle Rooker, Susie Stephens, Margaret Sills, Jeannette Woody, Ava Warren, Josephine Yancey, L. B. Emergency Relief in Xokth Carolina DISTRICT AND COUNTY PERSONNEL BY DIVISIONS Secretarial and Clerical : Crowell, Lillian Currin, Helen Frazier, Mildred Holland, Mary V. Wimberly, L. P. Works Division Assignment Clerks : Niles, John A. Powell, T. T. Riggan, J. D. Whitfield, R. C. Secretarial and Clerical : Aycock, Virginia Financial and St.\tistical Bookkeeper : Moore, George W. Secretarial and Clerical : Duke, Mary Meadows Felts, Christine Garrett, Ora Jones, Frances Rural Reh.abilitation Division Senior Farm Foremen : Bulluck, W. E. Day, I. W. Mitchener, F. A. Person, W. T. Stallings, Theo. Tarry, W. B. Woodlief, W. D. Farm Foremen : Bulluck, A. D. Hendricks, C. F. Tarry, A. R. Secretarial and Clerical : McFarlan, Thelma Usry, Edna DISTRICT NO. 20— HALIFAX, HERTFORD, AND NORTHAMPTON COUNTIES Shepherd, N. J., Administrator Rogers, Evelyn District Social Service Supervisor Bobbitt, G. L. District Engineer Harper, J. S. District Disbursing Officer House, Mrs. E. H. District Statistician Hoover, I. J. District RR Supervisor Riley, Majorie District Home Economist Hale, Anne L. Secretary to Administrator DISTRICT .AND COUNTY PERSONNEL BY DIVISIONS Social Service Division Head Case-Workers : Flythe, Mrs. J. A. Hall, J. B. Kite, Mrs. Hilda Case-Workers : Benthall, Inez Brown, Mrs. J. W. Burt, Winnie Coleman, Anne Cox, Mrs. L. M. CuUom, Hattie Dunn, Mrs. Cora Flythe, Iris Hitchens, Bernice Holoman, Anna G. Holoman, Mrs. H. D. Jenkins, Mrs. T. M. Joyner, Emily Leight, Mary Moss, Marie Ramsey, Mrs. J. H. Smith, Mrs. Myrtle Snipes, Mrs. I. F. Swaringen, Mrs. Helen Thigpen, Mavis Secretarial and Clerical : Carter, Tempie Elmore, Mrs. J. G. Holoman, Margaret Works Di\'ision Assignment Clerks : Hedspeth, C. E. Newsome, A. T. Parker, E. S. Secretarial and Clerical : Bounds, Frances Cola, Nathalie Financial and Statistical Certifying Officer : Parker, Mrs. Sara Secretarial and Clerical : Collier, Mamie Lee Freid, Isabell Johnson, Mrs. Mabel Joyner, Dozene Whitehead, Ola Belle Rural Rehabilitation Division Farm Foremen : Britton, Guy Brown, H. T. Conner, Lindley Cooke, W. W. Dickens, C. M. Dickens, Willis Ewing, K. B., Jr. Gupton, L. W. Pope, John H. Stephenson, E. L. White, R. G. Whitley, J. B. Bookkeeper : Josey, N. B. Secretarial and Clerical : Corbett, Mrs. Robert Faison, Catherine Lassiter, A., Jr. Emergency Eelief in North Carolina 405 DISTRICT NO. 21— CAMDEN, CHOWAN, CURRITUCK, GATES, PASQUOTANK, AND PERQ,UIMANS COUNTIES LoRDLEY, E. W., Administrator Wales, Mrs. Charles P. District Social Service Supervisor Richardson, T. P. District Engineer Ryan, Walter District Disbursing Officer Dixon, M. H. District Statistician Williams, T. B. District RR Supervisor Capel, Frances District Home Economist Dozier, Mattie W. Secretary to Administrator DISTRICT AND COUNTY PERSONNEL BY DIVISIONS Social Service Division Head Case- Workers : Johnson, Chas. E. McMuUan, Mrs. J. H. Taylor, Mary W. Wilkins, Lillian Case-Workers and Visitors : Bateman, Ursula Carter, Mrs. C. H. Davenport, Ruth Edwards, Mrs. W. R. Evans, Mrs. B. U. Fields, Edna Grandy, Mrs. Elizabeth Hastings, Mrs. Joe Perry, Mrs. P. G. Secretarial and Clerical : Morgan, Bertie Munden, Mildred Murray, Mrs. Maude A. Stephenson, Nolie White, Kate Wood, Gussie Works Division Assignment Clerks : Ansell, H. B. Baker, W. E. Chalk, Fred Edney, C. S. Hinton, C. W. Secretarial and Clerical : White, Emma V. Financial and Statistical Certifying Officer : Koonce, B. G. Secretarial and Clerical : Bagley, Doris Bunch, Corie Davenport, Evelyn Heath, Verdie Lowry, Ethel Rural Rehabilitation Division Farm Foremen : Brinn, R. T. Cannon, E. H. Evans, O. C. Flora, W. C. Forbes, Clayton Hale, E. L. Lamb, H. W. Miller, J. F. Rawls, R. E. Sherlock, E. L. Bookkeeper ; Raper, Mrs. R. M. Secretarial and Clerical : Meads, Selma DISTRICT NO. 22— BERTIE, MARTIN, TYRRELL, AND WASHINGTON COUNTIES GiBBs, Julian E., Administrator Social Service Division Head Case-Workers : Ayers, Selma Carawan, Mrs. W. S. Leadbetter, Florence Pruden, C. H., Jr. Case- Workers : Beasley, Mrs. J. C. Brewer, Mrs. Gertrude Burden, Millie Burgess, J. E. Cratch, C. A. Downing, Lena Gaylord, Ella Mae Gibbs, Mrs. L. L. Harris, Sadie P. Wiggins, Winnifred Y. Pratt, W. O. Gardner, Athalia Smith, Guilford C. Hutcheson, C. G. Smith, Margaret District Social Service Supervisor District Engineer District Disbursing Officer District Statistician District RR Supervisor Secretary to Administrator DISTRICT AND COUNTY PERSONNEL BY McNair, E. Ludford Pledger, D. M, Secretarial and Clerical : Bateman, Vantilla Peal, Louise Roberson, Huldah Works Division Assignment Clerks : Barnes, W. J. Blount, Clarence Brinkley, D. J. Combs, D. G. House, M. C. Financial and Statistical Bookkeeper : Ausbon, Sara DIVISIONS Secretarial and Clerical : Bateman, Catherine Duvall, Louise Harrison, Catherine Pickett, Nevie Waters, Mildred Weatherly, Archie Rural Rehabilit.ation Division Senior Farm Foremen : Bell, John C. Blount, Fred Liverman, H. T. Modlin, David G. Farm Foremen : Armstrong, J. J. Austin, J. H. 406 Emergency Relief in K'oeth Carolina Copeland, Robert Davenport, L. M. Davis, S. D. Gaskins, E. V. Marrow, W. L. Mizelle, Pedro Morris, Plato Bookkeeper : Stillman, Willie Secretarial and Clerical : Cobb, Sarah Hardy, Ann DISTRICT NO. 23— DARE COUNTY Meekins, Theo. S., Administrator Spry, Paul Wescott, Majore District Disbursing Officer District Statistician DISTRICT AND COUNTY PERSONNEL BY DIVISIONS Social Service Division Case-Workers : Ferebee, Josie Lennon, Gladys White, Maude Works Division Assignment Clerks: Baum, O. L. Financial and Statistical Secretarial and Clerical : Dowdy, Bernice DISTRICT NO. 24— EDGECOMBE AND NASH COUNTIES BuLLUcK, Mrs. R. D., Administrator Johnston, Nellie Lane, F. S. Dozier, A. D. Cone, Paul D. Graham, Mrs. Elizabeth Whitehead, Elizabeth District Social Service Supervisor District Engineer District Disbursing Officer District RR Supervisor District Home Economist Secretary to Administrator DISTRICT AND COUNTY PERSONNEL BY DIVISIONS Social Service Division Case-Workers : Avent, Mrs. Vernon Battle, Susie Bowling, Mrs. W. H. Childress, R. N. Coppedge, Marion Gaitley, Annie C. Howell, Annie Lee Hughes, George Jenkins, Lossie Parker, Cora Phillips, R. A. Thorpe, Louis Wilder, Mrs. Roy E. Williams, Mrs. W. Gray Winstead, Mrs. T. B. Secretarial and Clerical : Brant, Dolores Taylor, Mrs. Elsie D. Wharton, Mrs. Mary C. Works Division Assignment Clerk : Doar, Frank Financial and Statistical Bookkeeper : Harris, R. C. Purchasing Officer : DeBerry, Howell Secretarial and Clerical : Edwards, Willie Ivey, Blanche Smith, Mrs. J. M. Vaughn, Mrs. Russell Wells, Swan Rural Rehabilitation Division Senior Farm Foreman : Fountain, Leon Stone, L. M. Farm Foremen : Anderson, S. T. Bennett, Ashley Strickland, Emmett Wilder, Marven Bookkeeper : Wiggans, Julia N. DISTRICT NO. 25 (Combined with District No. 26) DISTRICT NO. 26— CARTERET, CRAVEN, JONES, ONSLOW, AND PAMLICO COUNTIES Clark, Chatham C, Administrator Hammitt, Rhea Matthews, T. Gates McWhorter, Davis L. Cowell, M. A. Uzzle, Elizabeth Whitehurst, Julia District Social Service Supervisor District Engineer District Disbursing Officer District RR Supervisor District Home Economist Secretary to Administrator Emekgency Relief in North Carolina 407 DISTRICT AND COUNTY PERSONNEL BY DIVISIONS Social Service Division Head Case- Workers : Burt, Mr . J. R. Farnell, Mrs. G. T. Gossard, L. J. Land, Mis. B. B. Venters, Sallie Lee Case- Workers and Visitors : Attmore, Blanche Boylan, Mrs. M. H. Daves, Winifred Duffy, Frank George, Helen Hooker, Bessie Lawrence, Betty Marriner, Sarah H. Mason, J. I. Mebane, Mrs. W. G. Reel, Mabel Rhone, C. S. Roberts, Mrs. A. B. Roberts, Ruth Roundtree, Mrs. A. M. Rumley, Sarah Sadler, Joella Sanders, Sallie Whitley, D. D. Wynn, Mary S. Secretarial and Clerical : Bryan, Maude Godwin, Mamie Jones, Melba Meadows, Clelia Rhone, A. C. Rooker, Mrs. J. W. Smith, Sybil Teague, Olethia Williams, Rena Witherington, Mary M. Works Division Assignment Clerks : Burkhart, Glenn Flowers, R. J. Kelly, T. E. Pittman, Kenneth D. Simmons, Bruce Secretarial and Clerical i Fulcher, Eloise Wilson, A. U. Financial and Statistical Bookkeepers : Herritage, T. M. Major, Roy Purchasing Officer : Daughtery, U. W. Certifying Officer : Ramsey, Eleanor Secretarial and Clerical : Dewey, Pauline Gilliken, Elizabeth Gwaltney, Maude Ireland, Hannah Lane, Sarah Scott, R. N. Wade, Davie Rural Rehabilitation Division Senior Farm Foremen : Harris, Joseph Justice, D. D. King, R. E. McLawhorn, H. D. Parker, H. A. Farm Foremen : Ballinger, J. R. Brinson, Leo T. Caston, David Daniels, Joe Elliott, J. H. Koonce, Charlie Mack Laughinghouse, J. E. Millis, L. H. Murdock, Lee Nelson, Harry Parker, Richard Stewart, Floyd Taylor, T. E. Bookkeeper : Styron, H. S. Secreterial and Clerical : Badham, Caroline Holland, Mildred Miller, Homer Parker, Joy Williams, Pauline Homemakers : Havis, Mrs. Hubert Kornegay, Mrs. L. T. Morrison, Jean Simmons, Clellie Starling, Mrs. I. W. DISTRICT NO. 27— BEAUFORT, HYDE, AND PITT COUNTIES Hodges, Mrs. I. P., Administrator Payne, Mrs. T. S. Baughan, C. G. Ross, M. C. Old, George Koonce, Z. T. Stancill, Mrs. W. ( Parker, Ellen District Social Service Supervisor District Engineer District Disbursing Officer District Statistician District RR Supervisor District Home Economist Secretary to Administrator DISTRICT AND COUNTY PERSONNEL BY DIVISIONS Social Service Division Senior Case- Workers : Davis, Sallie Mae Purser, Lucille S. Spencer, Mrs. E. D. Junior Case- Workers and Visitors : Bragg, Kathleen Credle, Mrs. Clifton Harding, Mrs. W. B. Jackson, Mrs. W. H. R. Jones, Katharine Lanier, Mrs. Ida Mann, Mrs. N. L. McLawhorn, Kitchin Murray, Mrs. Edward Owens, Nelle Perkins, William M. Smith, Mrs. Lucy Secretarial and Clerical : Madrin, Elizabeth Mayo, R. G. Swindell, Mrs. J. L. Taylor, Mrs. Ada Tunnell, Mary Lilly Works Division Assignment Clerks : Harrell, E. L. Midyette, A. L. Pettigrew, W. J. Secretarial and Clerical : Formy-Duval, Lucy Handy, Rena Robinson, Alma Financial and Statistical Purchasing Officer : Riddick, R. B. 408 EiiEKGENCY Relief in North Carolina Shelburne, Mary Walter, Mary Rural Rehabilitation Division Senior Farm Foremen : Galloway, W. F. Mackely, M. Smithwick, D. L. Farm Foremen : Butt, T. Elwood Credle, Jeff Fields, R. A. Hodges, Earl Lowe, W. G. Mayo, C. H. Silverthorne, J. D. Secretarial and Clerical : AUigood, Gladys S. Mcllhenny, Mary Bell Wallace, Ethel Secretarial and Clerical : Capehart, Mary Ross, Christine DISTRICT NO. 28— BLADEN, BRUNSWICK, AND COLUMBUS COUNTIES Proctor, Gladys B., Administrator McRackan, Ada District Social Ser\ice Super\isor Reynolds, R. E. District Engineer Newton, E. C. District Disbursing Officer Powell, Etta Hamilton District Statistician Pickerrell, C. D. District RR Supervisor Wallace, Irma P. District Home Economist Land. Frances Secretary to Administrator _ DISTRICT AND COUNTY PERSONNEL BY DIVISIONS Social Service Division Senior Case-Workers : Greer, C. L. Johnson, Mrs. Lillian Raddatz, Leslie Case-Workers ; Barnhardt, Mrs. Agnes Campbell, Mrs. C. L. Cox, Isabella Jones, J. L. Lyon, Mrs. K. V. Marks, Louise McQueen, Mary Ruth Mercer, Frances Moore, Betty Spurgeon, Mary E. Stearns, J. S., Jr. Welch, J. L. Williams, Henry D. Secretarial and Clerical : Bragdon, Katherine Carnes, Dorothy Creech, Edna Grimes, Elizabeth Hall, Elma Heath, P. M. Marran, Victoria Moore, Duta C. Toon, Pauline Works Division Assignment Clerks : Black, D. B. Murray, W. J. Smith, H. B. Secretarial and Clerical ; Lowe, Margaret Shelton, Mrs. John Financial and Statistical Certifying Officer : Young, Frances Secretarial and Clerical : Barkley, John Burns, Eleanor Jennette, Robert Lewis, Elizabeth Moore, Roma Nance, Etta Smith, Carolyn Rural Rehabilit.\tion Division Senior Farm Foremen : Daniels, E. G. Dorward, Kenneth Elliott, Roy Gause, Charles E. Farm Foremen : Applewhite, B. F. Davis, Will J. McKeithan, L.J. Ownes, A. T. Townsend, Dan Ward, G. B. Ward, J. M. Bookkeeper : Phifer, E. C. .Secretarial and Clerical : Bridger, Julia Vann DISTRICT NO. 29— GREENE, JOHNSTON, AND WILSON COUNTIES Barnes, James T., Administrator Minshall. Susan Jones, G. B. Barkley, W. T. Rittenbury, B. C. Home, Ashley Benton, Mrs. Helen W. Duncan, Claudia District Social Service Super\'isor District Engineer District Disbursing Officer District Statistician District RR Supervisor District Home Economist Secretary to Administrator Social Service Division Senior Case-Workers : Crawford, Virginia Llewellyn, R. H. Palmer, Mrs. N. F. DISTRICT AND COUNTY PERSONNEL BY DIVISIONS Case-Workers : Alphin, Edna Brown, A. L. Church, Letta Coffman, Mrs. N. W. Etheridge, Margaret Fulghum, Mrs. Nina Harrison, Mrs. O. J. Holland, Mrs. Y. M. James, Elizabeth Emeegbncy Relief in North Carolina 409 McCracken, Sarah Meadows, Arbutus Mosely, Nett Pou, Mattie Ruffin, Mrs. Lula Smith, WiUie A. Spiers, J. D. Secretarial and Clerical : Baker, Henrietta Gold, Mrs. C. M. Prines, Ellen Spruill, Katherine Swain, Pauline Works Dh'ision Assignment Clerks : Harper, E.J. Winstead, Clarence Clerical : Morton, Mary Financial and Statistical Bookkeeper : Beaman, K. D. Purchasing Agent : Frink, H. G. Secreterial and Clerical : Bagby, R. C. Bissett, Paul Creech, Narvin Lamm, Margaret O. Stanton, Lucille Tucker, Mrs. O. M. Rural Rehabilitation Division Senior Farm Foremen : Bailey, R. H. C. Cobb, Alton P. Walton, C. B. Farm Foremen : Clark, Alex Griffin, Mrs. Russell Hall, J. L. Hales, J. P. Home, C. W. Jomp, John W. Myatt, John Stancil.J. M. Wilson, N. H. Wood, Frank Secretarial and Clerical : Johnson, Mrs. Ola DISTRICT NO. 30— DUPLIN, LENOIR, AND WAYNE COUNTIES Spicer, Laura K., Administrator Sugg, Rachel Payne Murphy, J. L. Byrd, A. D. Carraway, A. O. Southerland, Ben W. Shine, Ruth R. Marrow, Margaret District Social Service Supervisor District Engineer District Disbursing Officer District Statistician District RR Supervisor District Home Economist Secretary to Administrator DISTRICT AND COUNTY PERSONNEL BY DIVISIONS Social Service Division Head Case-Workers : Doan, Wilmot Freeman, Mrs. Laura Huggins, Mrs. Nell Case-Workers : Ballentine, Lee Barwick, Arnold Beems, Helen H. Brown, Mrs. C. R. Brown, Emily Canady, Murphy Clayton, Sarah Collier, Cora Fuller Dail, Rachel M. Exum, Susan Freeman, Myrtice Hall, Ida H. Hayes, Mrs. Perrine Heyward, L. Hines, Mary Bright Kern, Rosella Lee, Mrs. P. O. McDaniel, Mrs. D. McNewkirk, J. Mintz, Mrs. Carrie Parker, W. B. Pearman, Mary D. Pruitt, Anne Stewart, Horace Thomas, David Ward, Horace Westbrook, Edna M. Secretarial and Clerical : Blackmore, Mary Alice Chestnutt, Elizabeth Dobson, Marie Moye, Anne Belle Murphy, Velma Parrott, L. B. Satterfield, Mary C. Sloan, Gertrude P. Turnage, Ercelle Turner, Maggie P. Ward, Mrs. Lillian Works Division Assignment Clerks : Barfield, P. H. Jones, R. B. Secretarial and Clerical : Morris, Margaret Pate, Troy Pike, Evelyn Financial and Statistical Bookkeeper : Rainey, J. W. Secretarial and Clerical : Broadhurst, Marion Flowers, Mackie Roundtree, Moses Stanley, Ruth Wooten, Mrs. Janie Rural Rehabilitation Division Senior Farm Foremen : Bass, John H. Dail, J. P. Marshburn, C. J. Farm Foremen : Brown, J. B. Campbell, W. D. Coombs, Earl Crew, J. E. Kornegay, A. R. Bookkeeper : Monk, Ralph Secretarial and Clerical : Hooker, W. T. Loftin, Mrs. Ella Tyndall, Kathleen B. 410 Emekgency Relief in ISTorth Carolina DISTRICT NO. 31— NEW HANOVER, AND PENDER COUNTIES MgEachern, Mrs. Eloise, Acting Administrator McEachern, Mrs. Eloise Hibbs, W. M. Rawls, C. F. Williams, J. Carlyle Jones, Mrs. Elizabeth R. Merritt, Fleurette District Social Service Supervisor District Engineer District Disbursing Officer District RR Supervisor District Home Economist Secretary to Administrator DISTRICT .\ND COUNTY PERSONNEL BY DIVISIONS Social Service Division Head Case- Workers : Copper, Augusta Corbett, H. M. Johnston, Mary Case-Workers and Visitors : Bailey, .\ustin A. Batts, Estella Blair, Katherine Blake, Juanita Ellis, Mrs. L. O. Greene, Margaret Hargrave, Carrie Harper, Carrie Home, Elizabeth Howard, Susie Jackson, Nathaniel Jones, Mrs. Emma B. McRae, Edward Miller, Mrs. Mary N. Miller, Olivia Nash, Lucy Saunders, Theodosia Scott, Viola Shelton, Mable B. Sneeden, Mrs. Helen B. Telfair, Reginald Walton, Helene White, Robert Secretarial and Clerical : Dempsey, Carolyn Ennett, Doris Hall, Sadie Hutchinson, Mrs. Chas. Nixon, Ernestine Peterson, M. C. Sadgwar, Felice Willis, Dorothy Zellers, Ruth Works Division .Assignment Clerks : Morton, Percy Ward, G. Monroe Secretarial and Clerical : Chadwick, David Dempsey, Mary Phelps, Lillie May Financial and Statistical Certifying Officer : Thomas, J. A. Secretarial and Clerical : Burriss, Myrtle Duke, Mrs. Mary R. Elfrink, Alberta Gore, Mrs. Victor Hartley, Mrs. Mercy Perry, Ena Roderick, Violet Shepherd, Hugh D. Schroeder, Lilly Stanland, Mrs. Charles Thomas, Mrs. E. C. Wagner, Mrs. Marguerite Rural Rehabilitation Division Senior Farm Foremen : Klein, J. F. Murphy, C. D. Farm Foremen : Bosite, C. B. Edens, Luther Huggins, J. D. Hunt, R. T. Rourk, J. C. Walton, A. J. Woodcock, T. C. Wooten, Roby C. Secretarial and Clerical : Co.K, Olivia Darden, C. H. Lodor, S. H. Neal, Virginia Scott, Rena Shiel, Mrs. Anne L. DISTRICT NO. 32— ROBESON AND SCOTLAND COUNTIES Caldwell, R. D., Administrator Kuralt, W. H. District Social Service Supervisor Meeks, D. T. District Engineer Cottingham, Vernon District Disbursing Officer Woodhouse, W. W., Jr. District RR Supervisor Booe, Lucy District Home Economist Wishart, Elizabeth Secretary to Administrator Social Service Division Head Case-Workers : Giles, Mrs. E. M. McDonald, Mabel Case-Workers : Bourdelat, George Caldwell, Edith DISTRICT AND COUNTY PERSONNEL BY DIVISIONS F. McMillan, D. G. Cottingham, Mrs. C. Croom, Maude Harrington, Rosalie Jemette, Mrs. W. T. Joyce, AUie W. McCormac, Mrs. Glennie McLeod, Mrs. J. W. McManus, Frances Moore, Mrs. J. R. Paul, E. M.,Jr. Rozier, Mrs. R. G. Shaw, Mrs. Eliza Secretarial and Clerical : Allen, Mary Lois Bundy, Mrs. Preston Emergency Relief in North Carolina 411 Mason, Kathryne Sanders, Mrs. L. P. Wright, W. D. Works Division Assignment Clerks : McGugan, Layton Talbert, G. H. Secretarial and Clerical : Kearns, Louise Financial and Statistical Bookkeeper : Redmon, Mary F. DISTRICT NO. 33- Secretarial and Clerical : Caldwell, Mrs. E. W. Carter, Marie Gibson, Lucy Gray, Pendleton Guthrie, Elizabeth Rural Rehabilitation Division Senior Farm Foremen : McGirt, Dan Thompson, Geo. E. Farm Foremen : Brown, John Cogswell, R. V, Gibson, W. W. Jenrette, W. T. McCormick, A. McNeill, Carroll Powers, Boyd Wooley, Z. R. Bookkeeper ; Townsend, L. B. C. -CUMBERLAND, HOKE, AND SAMPSON COUNTIES Hawkins, S. J., Administrator Ives, Bertha M. Clark, C. E. Merritt, V. H. McKeithan, Herbert Carraway, Lois MofRt, AUene District Social Service Supervisor District Engineer District Disbursing Officer District RR Supervisor District Home Economist Secretary to Administrator DISTRICT AND COUNTY PERSONNEL BY DIVISIONS Social Service Division Head Case- Workers : Burt, Lucy Butler, Mrs. James W. HoUingsworth, Geneva Case-Workers and Visitors : Bridges, Ruth Cameron, Alberta Clark, Willie Downing, Abbie Ennis, Mary G. Ferrell, Mrs. T. M. Hollinshed, T. E. Jackson, Alice McFadyen, D. G. Perry, Isaiah P. Pickler, Beatrice Royal, Mrs. Robert Taylor, Lou E. Vann, Mrs. Isaiah Watson, Robert Williams, John C, Jr. Williston, Frank Wilson, Mrs. R. B. Secretarial and Clerical : Bain, Myra Butler, Mrs. Mary E. Davis, Nita Jackson, Cleo Johnson, Grissom Newton, Mary Rose, Bertie Simmons, Esther Smith, Annie Bell Works Division Assignment Clerks : Campbell, L. J. Jernigan, Angus Powell, Clarence Secretarial and Clerical : Dunson, AUie Huske, Addie C. Financial and Statistical Purchasing Officer : Cobb, T. K. Certifying Officers : Boynton, Carolyn Terry, H. S. Secretarial and Clerical : Ayer, Margaret Blue, Louise Bolton, Grace Cobb, Hazel Griffin, Ruth Kivette, Lillian Smith, A. D. Smith, Velma Rural Rehabilitation Division Farm Foremen : Beard, W. C. Bullard, E. M. Culbreth, Martin Currie, J. M. Dalton, D. J. Grady, J. B. McKeithan, M. L. McQueen, J. A. Oakes, B. W. Spell, A. R. Wright, W. I. Bookkeeper : Peoples, Estelle Secretarial and Clerical : Merritt, Sallie 412 Emergency Relief in North Carolina STATE ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF SEPTEMBER, 1935 Mrs. Thomas O'Berry, Administrator T. L. Grier, Assistant Administrator Mrs. Elisabeth Greer Seese, Secretary to Administrator Cora Page Godfrey, Secretary to Admin- istrator Mrs. Mary Dunaway Scheld, Secretary to Assistant Administrator SOCIAL SERVICE DIVISION : Anna A. Cassatt, Director J. S. Kirk, Director of Social Studies Grace Williams, Director — Adjustment of Complaints WORKS DIVISION : J. B. Martin, Chief Engineer W. A. Harris, Spscial Field Engineer Howell DeBerry, Jr., Purchasing .'\gent FINANCE DIVISION: R. C. Carter, Chief Auditor Fred Ferguson, Assistant Auditor R. O. Howard, ."Xssistant .'Kuditor C. E. Phinney, Disbursing Officer S. V. Rowe, Head Bookkeeper Julia Jordan, Chief Payroll Clerk Dr. H. P. Brinton, Statistician TRANSIENT DIVISION : J. B. Moore, Director Grace Sale, Secretary Miss Ethel Sneed, Case Work Super- visor AsHEViLLE Center : Jean F. Patton, Director H. R. Bradshaw, Assistant Disbursing Officer Christine Barrus, Statistician Bertha Rogers, Secretary Greensboro Center : Harriett R. Whitaker, Director W. T. Davis, Jr., Assistant Disbursing Officer Lula Mae Roebuck, Statistician Minnie Pittman, Secretary Charlotte Center : M. E. Holcomb, Director Elizabeth Sneed, Case Work Super- visor E. Eugene Bryson, Assistant Disbursing Officer Annie Moran Marsh, Statistician Alice H. Vaughn, Secretary New Hope Farm : W. L. Woltz, Director Mack Miller, Assistant Disbursing Officer Raleigh Center : Mrs. Betsy L. Gordon, Director Lula C. Marcom, Assistant Disbursing Officer Mary Daniel, Statistician Eva Wilbon, Secretary Bonnie K. Stewart, Nurse S.ALisBURV Center : E. B. Neave, Assistant Disbursing Offi- cer Marion Yost Camp : J. H. Byers, Director H. E. Tandy, Assistant Camp Super- intendent Camp Weaver : J. L. Murphy, Director J. P. Massenburg, Assistant Disbursing Officer Dunlap Springs Camp : Thurman Warren, Director PUBLIC RELATIONS DIVISION: Walter A. Cutter, Director SELF-HELP C00PER.\TIVE : John H. Sikes, Director CCC SELECTION: George W. Bradshaw, Supervisor LEGAL COUNSEL DIVISION: Carey Parker, Legal Counsel SURPLUS COMMODITIES DIVI- SION: H. J. Johnson, Director T. P. Gray, Jr., Director SUPPLY AND MAILING DIVISION : L. H. Williams, Supply Officer E. C. Porter, Assistant Supply Officer DISTRICT ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF— SEPTEMBER, 1935 DISTRICT NO. I— FORMER DISTRICTS 20, 21, 22, and 23 LoRDLEY, E. W., Administrator Shepherd, N. J., Assistant Administrator Tyer, Kathleen Bobbitt, G. L. House, Mrs. E. H. Bateman, Catherine District Social Service Supervisor District Engineer District Disbursing Officer District Statistician DISTRICT NO. 2— FORMER DISTRICTS 26, 27, and 30 Clark, C. C, Administrator Spiger, Laura K., Assistant Administrator Hammitt, Rhea Ball, Phillip K. Ross, M. C. Old, George District Social Service Supervisor District Engineer District Disbursing Officer District Statistician Emeegency Eelief in Worth Carolina 413 DISTRICT NO. 3— FORMER DISTRICTS i6, i8, 19, 24, and 29 DoRSEY, E. C, Administrator Farrell, H. D., Assistant Administrator Barnes, James T., Assistant Administrator Wilson, Martha H. District Social Service Supervisor Jennette, S. E. District Engineer Steele, George B. District Engineer Wilkerson, A. E. District Engineer Cole, Mrs. J. E. District Director Women's Work Walker, Mrs. N. L. District Director Women's Work Barkley, W. T. District Disbursing Officer Gardner, Mrs. Lee District Disbursing Officer Honeycutt, Roy L. District Disbursing Officer Moore, George District Statistician DISTRICT NO. 4— FORMER DISTRICTS 28, 31, 32, and 33 Hawkins, S. J., Administrator Ives, Bertha M. District Social Service Supervisor Clark, C. E. District Engineer Merritt, V. H. District Disbursing Officer DISTRICT NO. 5— FORMER DISTRICTS 12, 15, and 17 Langston, a. E., Administrator Crawford, G. W., Assistant Administrator Dodson, Mrs. Mary M. District Social Service Supervisor Phillips, S. W. District Engineer Smith, W. L. District Engineer Benbow, Mrs. E. P. District Director Women's Work Liles, N. P. District Disbursing Officer Osborne, Mrs. Sallie District Statistician DISTRICT NO. 6— FORMER DISTRICTS 8, 11, 13, and 14 Land, Mrs. E. M., Administrator Bason, Ruby, Assistant Administrator Kafer, Helen S., Assistant Administrator Clifford, Mrs. A. T. District Social Service Supervisor McKinney, Margaret Assistant District Social Service Supervisor Tsumas, Harry District Engineer Kincaid, Mrs. J. H. District Director of Women's Work Bradley, F. M. District Disbursing Officer Newton, A. M. District Disbursing Officer Cumberland, J. E. District Statistician 414 Emergency Relief in Nokth Carolina DISTRICT NO. 7— FORMER DISTRICTS 7, 9, and 10 Clinton, Mrs. R. S., Administator IsENHOUR, M. v., Assistant Administrator WiNGATE, Wm. J., Assistant Administrator Harmon, Fay D. District Social Service Super\isor Bacon, F. R. District Engineer Froneberger, Rebecca District Director Women's Work McComb, Jessie C. District Disbursing Officer Stacy, Paul J. District Statistician DISTRICT NO. 8— FORMER DISTRICTS i, 2, 3, 4, and 5 Miller, E. Grace, Administrator Gray, R. W., Assistant Administrator HoLLOWELL, Noah, Assistant Administrator Lancaster, J. E., Assistant Administrator James, Evelyn District Social Service Supervisor Bryson, George W. District Engineer Jones, Margaret District Director Women's Work Simpson, Agnes District Disbursing Officer Lee, Elizabeth District Statistician PERSONNEL ON STATE ADMINISTRATIVE PROJECTS (Not included in Directory of State Personnel) EDUCATION PROGRAM : Mary Dirnberger, Supr. Women's Camps Rachel McKernon, Secretary Slate Supervisors: Mrs. Mary G. Scarborough Howard Bridgman J. T.Jerome, Supr. Prison Education District Supervisors: Mabel L. Bacon Mrs. J. M. Day W. H. Jones C. C. Sorrels Carrie B. Wilson E. Louise Cooper Marie Mclver Juliette Phifer PERMANENT INVENTORY : R. L. Moore, Director J. F. Hatch, Field Representative Minnie Mae Mitchem, Typist Assistant Field Representatives: C. W. Duke F. J. Thurston Neill McRae W. L. Powell Wiley G. Fish J. N. Bryan E. G. Johnston, Jr. P. L. Sutton Scott Jones Clerks and Stenographers: R. P. Snell Charles E. Creech Allen Nelms Frank Harris C. L. Hatcher F. A. Carter C. E. Booker Sherwood Coxe, Jr. Lloyd Nooe John Duke Willie Bryan Mary Hicks Mrs. Heyward Long Anne Olive Mrs. M. B. McCurdy SURVEYS : Displaced Tenants and Rural Relief Fami- lies: Gordon Blackwell, Supervisor Bessie Mae Cowan, Stenographer Field Workers: Mrs. Marie Rowe Elizabeth Carter Grant Mary Frances Parker J. R. Raper, Jr. L. A. Edwards R. D. Jenkins Gilbert Craig Rural Social Research: {.Supervised by Dr. C. H. Hamilton, Extension Department, State Col- lege) Olaf Wakefield, As.sistant Supervisor M. Taylor Matthews, Assistant Su- pervisor Current Relief Changes: Elizabeth Pierce, Schedule Editor F. N. Finks, Field Worker Beatrice Godfrey, Field Worker Lena Hall Pounds, Field Worker Charles M. Reid, Field Worker Plantation Tenant Study: Ralph Raper, .Supervising Enu- merator Robin Williams, Tabulation Super- visor E. L. Green, Clerk W. H. Malone, Clerk Mineral Resources: A. E. Randolph, Chemical Engineer W. D. Pool, Chemical Engineer Rural Electrification: (Supervised by Dr. D. S. Weaver, Engineering Department, State College) C. W. Burton, Assistant .Supervisor J. M. Granger, Electrical Engineer George M. Jordan, Electrical Engi- neer W. A. Faulkner, Electrical Engineer W. H. Cross, Clerk Sam Pearson, Clerk Lelia M. Ingalls, .Stenographer Unemployment Insurance: Dr. H. D. Wolfe, Director Robin Hood, Research Worker Mertie Merritt, Typist Stanley Stevens, Research Worker John Pugh Abernethy, Statistician Mrs. S. P. Williams, Clerk Adelaide Southerland, Stenographer D. W. Markham, Lawyer Nathan Lipscomb, Clerk J. W. Gunter, Machine Operator Walter W. King, Machine Operator Jessie Ah-erson, Clerk DRAINAGE FOR MALARIA CON- TROL: (Directed by Warren H. Booker, State Board of Health Marion Cowper, Assistant Director) Mrs. Etta F. Mauldin, Stenographer Engineers: W. D. Alexander O. K. LaRoque, Jr. C. L. White, Jr. C. M. White , M. F. VVooten, Jr. COMMUNITY S.ANITATION PRO- GRAM : (Directed by Warren H. Booker, State Board of Health M. F. Trice, Assistant Director) District Supervisors: John E. Floyd A. B. Freeman B. L. Jessup John .'\. McLeod M. M. MeKin E. B. Roach OYSTER PLANTING SUPERVI- SION : L. W. Nelson, State Supervisor B. S. Barnes, Assistant State Super- visor SPECIAL ENGINEERING AND PLANNING : J. B. Martin, Engineer Iva O. Gray, Stenographer R. .-V. Shaw, Junior .Architect Drafts- man J. S. Trescot, .Architect Engineer R. F. Smallwood, Architect Engineer PROP.\G.ATION SCUPPERNONG GRAPE VINES : Donald McDonald, Assistant Super- visor FARM DEBT ADJUSTMENT COM- MLSSION : (Dr. G. W. Forster, E.xecutive Secre- tar>') Harry F. Watkins, .State Representa- tive Assistant State Representatives: Joseph P. Greenleaf J. Edward Kirby J. W. Lamberson David W. McPherson Mary Nordan, Secretary Katie Dean, .Secretary Willie .Andrews, .Stenographer COMPILING D.ATA OF ERA AC- TIVITIES : Clerks and Bookkeepers: Walter H. Geddy Edith B. Smith Leon Whitehurst Louise Pridgen Edgerton M. Vaughn Leuria Holmes Edward R. Thomas James McKimmon CONSERVATION OF MEAT CAN- NERY AND AB.ATTOIR EQUIP- MENT: G. E. Winston, Steam Fitter George Cross, Truck Driver Kathleen F. Nicholson, Home Eco- nomics Worker James F. Doyle, Plumber CATTLE TESTING : Dr. L. J. Faulhaber, State Supervisor G. A. Charles, Chief Clerk J. T. Farmer, Field Inspector .Annie Johnson, Stenographer N. H. Rose, Clerical STATE WAREHOUSE SUPERIN- TENDENT : R. D. Gates CONSTRUCTION OF FISH FREEZ- ING PLANTS : Herbert Brown, Tiuck Dri\'er C. P. Rogers, Purchase and Material Clerk Earl Piner, Material Clerk C. Brownie, Material Clerk David Breece, Time Keeper W. B. Bandy, Jr., Time Keeper Elliott Mathews, Time Keeper R. H. Wright, Superintendent J. L. West, Superintendent APPENDIX Congressional Acts* title i of the reconstruction finance corporation legislation, july, 1932 (as published by the United States Government Printing Office, 1932) TITLE I— RELIEF OF DESTITUTION Section i. (a) The Reconstruction Finance Corporation is authorized and empowered to make available out of the funds of the corporation the sum of S300,- 0110.000, under the terms and conditions hereinafter set forth, to the several States and Territories, to be used in furnishing relief and work relief to needy and dis- iK ^1 3,500 865 M >> 3.823 915 •^ s^ 4,500 1.220 840 6,000 Sampson 875 '- a 3,000 1,189 is 3.277 2.125 7,200 2.798 2.000 10.000 Scotland 144 -^ & 1,500 246 Sl 1.638 1.099 - Sg 1.360 2.042 550 3.500 Stanley 238 "Ml 1,100 272 ll 1.341 341 "a ^ 2,700 436 197 1.000 Stokes 709 '? 'S 1.800 832 '» "2 2.036 97« ll 2,700 1,050 236 4.000 Surry 492 3,000 643 > » cj .5 3.626 1.331 > .2 3,600 2,119 1.9S2 5.000 Swain 5S S S 1,400 224 .»^ e: O 03 1.390 614 1 1 2.700 440 290 1,000 Transylvania 300 a> o 1,800 355 » 2.036 518 JJ « o 3.150 548 422 1,500 Tyrrell 225 S g 1,000 450 1.092 55 s g 1,800 608 674 2,000 Union 276 »l 3,200 472 S S 3.r75 1,286 1% 3,150 1,707 1,465 7,500 Vance 450 3 +j tc o 3,000 600 3.626 860 3,600 1,736 985 4,000 Wake 3,119 y= c 14,000 933 "g 15.643 5,812 ui: a 18j000 6,148 3.423 35,000 Warren « 5 3,000 03 rt 3,277 1,158 S nJ 1.350 1,827 525 5.500 Washington 14- f^ 2,000 806 O -a 2.011 989 ^■^ 2,700 885 525 3,000 Watauga 512 1,000 614 1,092 614 .% !^ 3.150 744 620 4,000 Wayne 1,681 ;S 1 4,500 1.959 tf g 5.261 2,479 "3 tt 9.000 4.980 1.760 15,000 wakes 849 -g S- 1,800 986 ■"> o tS ft O 2.036 1.109 I-r jx: p. 2.700 699 549 5.000 iVilson 1,008 5,000 1,094 5.462 2,073 ^o 6;760 3,205 1,135 10.000 YadkiD 50 "^ 2,000 50 2,185 217 # 1,350 098 402 1.000 yancey TOTALS 111 1,400 273 1,390 313 1,350 491 640 1.000 60,471 3376,000 87,187 S424,00O 136,436 S513.800 166,601 97,257 $740,000 7,779 10,072 9,390 11,034 FEBRUARY 1933 MARCH 1933 4PRIL 1933 MAY 1933 JUNE 1933 Total Work Allot- Total Work Allot- Total Work Allot- Total Work Allot- Total Work Allot- COUNTY Cases Relief ments Cases Relief ments Cases Relief ments Cases Relief ments Cases Relief ments Uamance Cases Cases Cases Cases Cases 1,012 628 •S 7.000 1,428 934 S 10,000 1.142 418 % 8,000 761 465 S 7.500 406 193 S 4.360 Alexander 464 212 3.000 475 274 3,000 422 72 3,000 385 86 4.000 377 52 2,620 Alleghany 312 271 2.000 410 256 2,000 203 SO 2.000 231 294 2.500 212 438 1,760 Anson 3,463 2,100 10.000 2.390 1.989 7,000 1,616 1,010 5.000 1.088 860 3.500 710 380 2,620 \she 610 650 3.000 1.188 1.113 4,000 943 811 4.000 1.200 1.050 4.000 1,000 860 3.500 \very 702 352 2.000 779 567 2,600 546 496 2.500 653 478 2.000 946 861 1.750 3eaufort 3.979 1,518 12.000 3.157 1.710 12,000 2,366 1,109 12,000 1,383 727 5.000 1.180 611 3,600 Gertie 1,433 927 6.000 1.540 510 10,000 1,822 320 10.000 1,780 280 6.000 l.OSO 232 5,200 ■ iladen 2,591 863 8,000 2,326 1.019 8,000 2,005 573 8.000 718 476 6.000 660 500 5,200 Brunswick 1,432 1.300 8,000 1.253 1.003 8,000 999 800 6,000 979 718 6.000 927 615 6.200 buncombe 3,621 1.643 40.000 3.798 1,695 40,000 4,538 1,623 40.000 3,570 1.560 20.000 3,283 1.469 17.500 Uirke 1,358 176 4.000 1.528 384 8,000 1,587 534 8.000 1,546 288 8.000 648 198 3,500 ^abarrus 2,162 666 8.000 2.393 626 8,000 1,762 413 8,000 1,679 352 7.000 947 231 4,380 ■aMwell 973 698 5.000 1.220 732 5,000 1,020 100 5.000 1,013 90 4.000 766 165 2.620 ''aiiuien 401 170 2.000 450 150 2,000 115 47 1.500 138 31 1.500 187 23 1.310 .'arteret 915 457 5,000 984 708 10.000 1,220 749 8.000 813 367 7.500 710 173 5.200 .'aswell 1,393 1.223 6,600 1.309 855 7.500 1,266 590 7.600 1,255 551 6.000 1,049 516 5.200 "atawba 1.728 930 10,000 2,056 1,395 10.000 2,162 1,385 12,500 1,485 975 10.000 1.358 675 6.100 !liatham 1.540 338 7,000 1,350 701 9,000 1,416 607 7,000 1.104 294 8.000 1.072 216 6.100 'licTokee 927 648 3,500 1,120 925 8.000 1,100 1,000 8,500 1.138 1.038 6.000 1,663 1.060 3,600 'iiowan 376 154 2,000 333 77 2,600 243 78 2.500 282 60 2.600 242 83 1.760 ■•lay 523 229 2,000 691 322 2,000 783 226 2.500 515 67 2.000 407 61 1,750 Cleveland 1,416 4,775 8,000 958 553 8,000 833 377 8.000 688 298 5,000 278 138 3,940 'nlumbus 2,080 833 6,000 1.463 1,163 8.000 1,479 912 6,000 368 239 5.000 1,918 215 4.350 "raven 2,163 1,248 15,000 2.580 1.187 15,000 2.429 1,152 15.000 2.338 1.148 12.500 2,220 1.127 10,960 Cumberland 3,076 2.416 10.000 2.964 2.209 15,000 2,021 1,185 16.000 1.654 630 12,000 1,195 583 8.710 Currituck 475 140 1.500 360 180 2,500 620 200 2.000 340 60 2,000 310 40 1.760 >are 254 186 2.000 239 154 2.000 199 121 2,000 226 129 2,000 239 127 1.750 >avidson 1,614 613 12.000 1.625 890 18,000 1,545 814 18.000 1.325 681 16,600 984 494 14,460 )avie 513 345 4.000 624 266 4,000 457 100 2.000 466 90 3,600 383 60 2,620 :)uijlin 4,000 4.600 9,000 4.010 1,317 9,000 1,793 195 9.000 2,540 800 8,000 1,526 300 5,200 'urham 2,243 1.007 18,000 2.682 1.266 30.000 2,591 1,207 22.500 2,573 1.169 35,000 2,465 998 30,650 Cd^eeombe 4,014 864 12,000 3.871 609 16.000 3,403 452 10,000 2,342 362 10,000 1,491 400 6,100 ■ursyth 4,142 2.009 45,000 3.396 2.029 47.500 3,350 1,763 45,000 3,056 1.S13 35.000 2,658 1.788 26.250 ranklin 1.442 1.275 7,000 1.490 1.325 12.000 785 425 8,000 850 175 6,000 1,704 260 4.350 aston 2.786 1.629 15.000 2.964 1.773 20.000 2,523 1,461 15,000 1.913 999 35,000 1,267 611 17,500 ates 421 191 2.000 427 186 2.000 284 122 2,000 242 45 2,000 263 67 1,750 raham 420 254 2.000 454 358 4,000 426 390 4.000 410 380 3,500 353 326 2,190 ran\'ille 2,912 1,365 8.000 2.695 1.290 9.000 1,386 620 9.000 1.328 254 7,000 1.014 296 4,350 'reene 668 215 2.000 968 260 5,000 70S 280 3,000 565 37 8,000 370 65 3,500 ,' uilford 5,147 2.602 50.000 2.540 2.700 60.000 6,192 2,703 60.000 5.698 2.990 90.000 5.326 2.897 69,300 [alifax 2,385 1.920 15,000 2.170 1.645 15.000 2,306 1,542 9.000 1.310 374 5.000 1.227 300 3,500 (arnett 1,605 1,962 10.000 970 370 10.000 845 289 10.000 540 163 2.600 419 123 2,190 428 Ap PENDIX FEBRUARY 1933 MARCH 1933 APRIL 1933 MAY 1933 JUNE 1933 Total Work Allot- Total Work Allot- Total Work Allot- Total Work Allot- Total Work Allot- j COUNTY Cases Relief Cases ments Cases Relief Cases ments Cases Relief Cases ments Cases Relief Cases ments Cases Relief Cases ments Haywood 1,675 1,056 S 9,000 1.750 1,100 S 10,000 1,019 647 S 10,000 2,559 324 S 4.000 607 371 S 2,620 Henderson 1,152 751 4,500 1,644 1,144 7,500 1.061 741 7,500 836 830 6.000 728 531 4,350 Hertford 850 600 4,000 526 174 3,000 830 75 3,000 361 75 2,500 633 50 1.750 Hoke 903 4.000 603 311 3,000 454 162 2,500 423 96 3,500 336 75 1.760 Hyde 185 446 2,000 227 206 2,000 272 152 2,000 150 79 2,000 130 61 1,750 Iredell 3,130 750 8,000 2,803 1,137 16,000 2.689 1,016 15,000 1,129 660 18.000 1,377 780 13.140 Jackson 835 S09 4,000 1,000 877 6,000 839 780 6,000 741 688 4.500 855 818 3.500 Johnston 4,961 4,000 15,000 5.104 4,600 15.000 2.783 2.000 15.000 2,572 1.800 10.000 1.364 500 8.710 Jones 850 500 6,000 988 760 7.000 755 350 6,090 612 239 4,000 467 160 3.060 Lee 1,704 665 6,000 954 672 9.000 832 410 4,600 812 351 4,000 790 350 2.620 ' Lenoir 2,557 1,229 15,000 2,347 1,335 20,000 2.711 970 15.000 1,695 518 12,000 1.426 352 10.510 Lincoln 570 84 3,000 632 63 3,500 526 93 3.500 380 46 3,000 358 63 2,620 Macon 460 400 2,000 546 520 3,000 1,100 450 3.000 1,100 380 2,000 400 260 1.750 Madison 700 500 2,500 800 700 7,000 738 7.000 781 680 5,000 745 680 3,940 Martin 1,473 450 6,000 1,092 321 8,000 645 207 8,000 320 100 3,600 323 72 3,060 McDowell 950 723 5,000 920 372 6,000 S35 561 5,000 804 210 3,000 717 201 2,620 Mecklenburg 8,100 3.900 50,000 7,300 3.000 60.000 6.969 2,652 65,000 7,120 2.102 65,000 6.670 1,883 54,760 Mitciiell 550 450 3,000 450 300 3.000 400 300 3,000 310 98 2.000 289 135 1.750 Montgomery 1,440 700 6,000 1,600 600 6.000 800 500 4.000 530 300 4,000 425 200 1.750 Moore 1,683 1,441 7,000 1,089 1.460 7.000 1.067 708 7.000 1,165 793 6,000 851 511 3.060 Nash 1,887 1,107 12,000 1,680 1.091 15.000 1,853 646 10,000 1,260 195 10,000 1,350 201 6.100 New Hanover 3,500 1,123 25,000 3.500 1,095 33.000 3,600 27,600 3,600 25.000 3,323 1,098 20.520 Northampton 1,448 1,051 12,000 1.387 882 10,000 1,596 448 7,000 318 170 8,000 327 209 7,000 Onslow- 585 453 3,000 615 500 3,000 585 356 3,000 577 315 5,000 482 202 4,380 Orange 766 528 6,000 825 307 S.OOO 818 207 8,000 763 163 9.000 717 134 7,SS0 Pft'inlico 772 617 4.000 595 452 5,000 890 443 6,000 766 418 2.600 303 11 2,190 Pasquotank 334 120 4.000 368 208 6,000 474 187 4,000 295 136 2.000 209 113 1,750 Pender 1,333 534 6,000 1.360 404 6,000 377 82 6,000 1.060 74 4,000 960 137 2,620 Perquimans 438 352 3.000 492 334 2,500 389 82 2,500 425 140 2,000 325 162 1,760 Person 1,159 1,000 8.000 1.541 725 8,000 1,430 475 7,000 1,215 315 5.000 1,262 277 3,600 Pitt 2,996 849 15.000 3.2S5 1,285 22,500 3,791 657 17,500 2,250 460 12,500 1,675 367 10.510 Polk 741 422 2,500 779 471 3,000 627 210 3,000 337 2,500 336 2.190 Randolph 1,271 431 5,000 1.687 500 10,000 1,694 403 8,000 1,418 392 6.000 1,032 205 4.350 Richmond 2,413 1,100 7,000 1.418 900 8,000 1,130 460 7,000 946 400 4.000 860 525 3.060 Robeson 4,385 2,285 25.000 4.645 3,231 20.000 2,533 1,823 15,000 2,704 1.196 12,500 2,210 844 8.710 Rockingham 1,945 990 12.500 1.529 813 12,500 1.531 831 10,000 1,023 7,000 993 214 6.100 Rowan 2,422 924 15.000 2,148 660 18,000 2.050 458 18,000 1,415 402 16.500 1,347 479 14.500 Rutherford 1,492 522 6.000 1,318 549 6,000 1,142 436 6,000 851 241 5.000 1,058 256 4,350 Sampson 3,294 1,500 12.500 3.428 1.612 12,600 3,381 1,015 12,500 3,319 1,089 10.000 1,937 719 8,710 Scotland 2,500 9 6,000 2,600 9 6,000 1,500 9 4,000 1,400 10 2,500 850 10 2,190 Stanley 568 298 3,000 407 565 5,000 241 163 4,000 257 130 2,000 171 38 1,750 Stokes 1,253 232 4,000 1,282 333 6,000 1,187 614 5,000 618 166 4.000 422 137 2,620 Surry 1,696 1,446 6,000 1,757 1.662 9,000 1,807 1,652 7,000 777 286 7.000 656 197 3,500 Swain 374 338 2,500 508 446 3.000 496 115 3,000 422 247 2,000 531 294 1,750 Transylvania 393 405 2,000 388 269 6.000 300 117 3,600 343 222 2,500 335 229 2.190 Tyrrell 649 320 2,500 547 365 3.000 583 248 3,000 421 234 2,000 229 172 1,750 Union 2,061 1,792 10,000 1,238 694 12.600 891 769 7,000 693 192 3,500 460 61 3,060 Vance 1,514 703 6,000 1,421 783 9.000 1,018 569 7,000 610 400 6,000 688 366 4,350 Wake 6,726 2,674 40,000 6,587 2.545 45.000 5,865 2,194 40,000 6,414 1,744 42,600 5,588 1,809 36,040 Warren 1,573 1,628 8,000 1,612 1.629 8.000 1,435 158 8,000 445 175 5,000 483 290 3,500 Washington 971 493 5,000 1,006 493 4.000 988 274 3,000 487 93 3,000 120 67 2,190 Watauga 903 755 4,500 723 456 3.000 616 178 4,000 889 261 4,000 914 487 2,020 Wayne 5,233 2,298 15,000 5,337 2,451 20,000 3,764 524 16,000 1,435 463 12,000 595 116 8,710 Wilkes 844 719 6,000 784 166 6,000 896 608 5,000 721 336 4,000 410 271 2,620 Wilson 3,575 1,365 15,000 3,364 1,276 20,000 3,125 1,089 17,500 2,132 841 12,500 1,812 784 10,510 Yadkin 1,091 445 2,000 1,275 850 4,000 992 406 3.000 624 80 4,000 666 62 2,620 Yancey 600 600 2,000 876 824 3,000 523 276 3,000 556 556 2,500 421 286 2,190 TOTALS 176,124 98,484 5893,600 168,183 90,929 81.071.000 148,692 61.286 8947,000 122,963 46.823 $866,000 102,744 40,667 5662,350 Transients 10,428 9,912 11,522 8,763 11.366 Appendix 429 AVERAGE MONTHLY NUMBER OF CASES RECEIVING DIRECT RELIEF BY COUNTIES AND BY Q.UARTERS JULY, 1933, THROUGH DECEMBER, 1935 COUNTY THIRD FOURTH FIRST SECOND THIRD FOURTH FIRST SECOND THIRD FOURTH QUARTER QUARTER QUARTER QUARTER QUARTER QUARTER QUARTER QUARTER QUARTER QUARTER 1933 1933 1934 1934 1934 1934 1935 1935 1935 1935 163 173 293 238 227 168 119 114 126 97 277 241 312 330 225 293 236 209 205 89 69 109 222 166 151 101 67 124 74 51 203 950 1,214 505 300 411 435 356 213 188 142 351 727 578 301 353 130 345 259 283 96 166 783 473 643 493 536 520 208 161 245 465 700 332 321 302 113 119 107 153 463 790 973 640 358 293 154 89 69 67 147 255 375 371 330 293 301 359 251 216 310 636 1,266 418 562 486 607 455 362 241 2,056 2,515 2,935 3,606 2,680 3,101 3,275 3,076 2,646 2,823 431 540 410 616 231 233 322 388 552 380 224 371 821 766 584 667 705 562 515 340 457 321 269 389 450 286 216 207 275 187 156 204 204 168 182 141 80 42 49 28 522 850 979 496 406 396 235 403 501 373 412 365 284 326 191 161 202 136 81 44 862 787 659 434 505 352 309 307 395 301 640 446 494 413 263 269 174 220 104 58 140 352 670 472 422 387 497 537 435 557 170 407 566 308 312 289 325 256 205 138 101 152 204 254 190 194 165 252 238 233 345 470 850 375 297 271 336 362 391 246 157 259 693 424 268 363 418 347 149 226 910 774 948 577 534 382 427 601 408 312 661 611 745 593 687 752 736 621 826 516 HI 237 386 336 412 240 170 91 155 78 138 250 316 209 212 263 269 285 149 143 516 336 457 570 623 470 404 670 411 348 293 402 242 236 176 134 123 100 116 59 392 744 1,526 637 762 597 548 290 216 172 1,117 867 915 1,114 1,128 953 1,308 878 654 677 489 629 1,233 823 800 489 787 705 254 247 1,383 1,604 2,743 2,653 1,902 1,796 1.889 1,891 2,026 1,344 79 206 710 316 347 221 165 254 120 63 451 938 2,039 1,152 2,173 1,961 1.042 1,204 1,237 631 132 182 191 212 165 175 98 126 113 75 50 90 252 105 63 74 157 225 179 239 312 318 436 200 165 110 132 167 75 43 170 143 225 311 167 140 135 139 104 92 2,689 2,886 3,628 3,682 2,984 2,760 3,197 2,727 2,364 1,336 371 669 1,274 752 1,007 1,088 1,060 704 583 339 237 201 391 244 228 290 307 401 194 228 333 461 688 588 463 445 516 591 504 422 37 224 904 484 385 378 747 347 495 608 404 465 414 501 349 221 219 174 139 89 214 174 343 264 217 197 248 198 210 183 132 273 537 255 193 417 129 55 95 82 674 882 884 838 702 613 684 517 446 469 lis 168 455 556 484 244 455 372 275 339 630 727 1,020 714 614 840 789 622 579 275 175 171 429 273 183 194 320 264 178 164 401 547 544 300 219 324 234 189 90 85 889 738 1,610 654 413 384 440 384 293 215 211 186 204 176 227 59 83 147 189 88 47 99 358 5 8 30 356 469 431 379 139 286 697 391 241 428 302 498 442 239 156 231 312 333 211 157 182 185 158 128 575 515 489 166 144 213 320 440 335 249 3,956 3,814 4,365 2,938 1,754 2,630 2,843 2,379 1,943 1,772 119 178 386 260 237 264 109 134 76 60 241 396 679 326 382 237 259 220 215 150 293 976 2,120 861 883 864 461 370 213 150 626 668 813 691 292 208 173 144 23 80 1,289 1.654 1,584 1,626 1,699 1.980 1,991 1.840 1,710 1,676 106 528 519 501 361 231 247 141 122 90 284 262 439 253 374 218 184 173 159 107 403 389 451 491 503 345 394 211 138 95 292 551 853 265 232 211 264 301 262 150 150 362 570 444 368 338 282 179 193 122 252 348 465 267 334 280 274 180 104 95 147 256 490 354 238 172 160 197 189 105 510 490 606 388 467 280 182 103 91 93 302 482 1,223 712 461 348 191 202 123 77 127 121 126 111 136 130 142 83 93 82 473 551 623 591 579 405 337 325 209 199 398 530 1,002 909 697 485 314 382 351 282 1,038 1,047 2,343 3,453 J, 578 818 625 748 400 415 266 309 394 422 370 261 381 332 243 138 996 1,008 1,497 1,114 1,246 1,107 924 718 531 334 430 Appendix AVERAGE MONTHLY NUMBER OF CASES RECEIVING DIRECT RELIEF BY COUNTIES AND BY Q^UARTERS JULY, 1933, THROUGH DECEMBER, ic^^^^Continued COUNTY Rutherford Sampson Scotland Stanly Stokes Surry Swain Transylvania Tyrrell Union Vance Wake Warren Washington Watauga Wayne Wilkes Wilson Yadkin Yancey THIRD FOURTH FIRST SECOND THIRD FOURTH FIRST SECOND THIRD FOURTH QUARTER QUARTER QUARTER QUARTER QUARTER QUARTER QUARTER QUARTER QUARTER QUARTER 1933 1933 1934 1934 1934 1934 1935 1935 1935 1935 422 431 646 617 739 514 651 515 500 397 305 666 791 391 483 449 380 236 197 188 260 315 1,131 786 689 453 659 488 283 366 131 113 126 193 197 223 171 203 174 227 a 378 325 504 422 238 182 150 255 311 136 1 460 687 878 754 737 434 457 506 414 226 ^ 53 114 238 39 150 143 103 235 183 295 115 197 400 121 47 125 271 316 245 210 243 539 726 150 137 195 142 137 132 60 350 327 536 572 665 509 421 275 358 184 294 408 469 423 239 191 119 216 lOS 152 2,418 2,842 4,311 2,936 2,124 2,155 1,389 1,360 1,060 1,191 344 505 869 326 242 179 140 91 51 27 79 337 703 307 244 287 227 163 129 85 398 429 769 524 547 507 323 258 240 228 769 781 1,153 1,045 756 690 889 739 505 293 134 304 834 876 - 1,051 946 408 494 425 274 1,035 564 1,108 1,030 456 313 698 711 295 275 457 563 679 628 700 346 397 270 237 179 130 413 729 336 309 366 179 240 221 128 AVERAGE MONTHLY NUMBER OF CASES RECEIVING WORK RELIEF BY COUNTIES AND BY (QUARTERS JULY, 1933, THROUGH DECEMBER, 1935 COUNTY THIRD QUARTER 1933 FOURTH QUARTER 1933 *FIRST QUARTER 1934 SECOND QUARTER 1934 THIRD QUARTER 1934 FOURTH QUARTER 1934 FIRST QUARTER 1935 SECOND QUARTER 1935 THIRD QUARTER 1935 FOURTH QUARTER 1935 Alamance Alexander Alleghany Anson Ashe Avery Beaufort Bertie Bladen Brunswick Buncombe Burke Cabarrus Caldwell Camden Carteret Caswell Catawba Chatham Cherokee Chowan Clay Cleveland Columbus Craven Cumberland Currituck Dare Davidson Davie Duplin Durham Edgecombe Forsyth Franklin Gaston Gates Graham Granville Greene Guilford Halifax Harnett Haywood Henderson Hertford Hoke Hyde 190 166 24 12 107 93 233 75 306 156 334 253 84 40 167 16 119 12 183 82 1,333 855 38 72 119 67 77 12 23 14 94 426 169 110 278 125 109 42 293 1 72 37 15 10 124 16 42 37 417 190 375 189 20 2 60 43 379 243 60 30 180 84 763 322 206 68 1,410 743 106 66 149 12 58 8 227 154 258 85 34 11 2,102 1,325 135 2 129 1 314 11 436 271 15 4 42 4 . 84 57 107 168 178 292 341 293 92 25 165 72 178 216 179 40 32 93 61 89 157 140 39 78 218 167 523 307 250 109 402 599 245 550 529 527 175 49 13S 142 341 403 258 75 90 94 60 197 201 91 36 42 70 43 S7 63 30 16 92 145 80 112 133 16 11 122 328 236 400 331 221 134 869 2,123 2,038 2,7S7 2,646 1,976 434 83 257 163 253 344 302 107 153 386 400 492 556 558 206 65 175 137 198 280 260 89 3 26 29 53 43 IS 9 168 253 208 411 385 344 186 124 318 247 281 101 72 20 169 303 329 272 293 219 53 86 292 178 316 228 201 64 210 440 313 554 742 808 184 61 156 120 217 192 201 36 39 96 82 224 303 332 98 86 234 254 303 314 259 116 51 211 149 296 206 99 56 136 411 849 749 422 269 164 176 371 294 520 707 471 105 4 7 137 188 156 20 31 103 112 195 267 161 55 126 312 293 334 663 581 174 17 93 42 73 135 126 36 181 359 165 268 177 93 86 643 1,057 766 1,086 1,619 1,335 560 144 540 385 569 573 509 141 629 1,546 1,256 1,620 1,903 1,573 607 35 120 . 82 212 228 166 27 334 1,060 1,530 1,680 1,220 1,126 316 7 65 28 76 83 55 14 163 215 129 228 257 258 65 167 224 55 145 141 78 42 32 65 37 35 59 21 14 282 1,857 2,088 2,491 2,577 2,395 922 64 320 243 420 525 457 165 52 226 110 289 287 246 95 16 314 357 501 500 564 58 274 295 107 405 645 320 57 174 84 38 151 .91 54 17 19 44 85 94 176 126 42 89 260 143 374 291 226 69 ■ I Appendix 431 W'ERAGE MONTHLY NUMBER OF CASES RECEIVING WORK RELIEF BY COUNTIES AND BY QUARTERS JULY, 1933, THROUGH DECEMBER, ig^^— Continued COUNTY redell Fackson Fohnston Tones jcnoir liincoln blacon Madison llartin tfcDowell decklenburg ditcbell if outgo mery tfoore ^ash ■^ew Hanover •J^orthampton )n8low )range amlico asquotank 'ender 'erquimans erson itt oik Randolph tichmond lobeson lockingham towan lutherford ampson 'Gotland Itanly tokes uiry wain ransylvania yrrell Tnion ance >'ake farren Washington Watauga Wayne Wilkes Wile on adkin ancey THIRD FOURTH •FIRST SECOND THIRD FOURTH FIRST SECOND THIRD FOURTH QUARTER QUARTER QUARTER QUARTER QUARTER QUARTER QUARTER QUARTER QUARTER QUARTER 1933 1933 1934 1934 1934 1934 1935 1935 1935 1935 431 127 244 70 285 32 150 21 77 9 174 39 79 41 46 85 657 403 78 32 12 22 .324 465 27 40 35 336 151 39 7 681 119 190 18 82 5 117 42 180 12 159 61 286 114 73 45 185 158 331 49 394 220 126 48 404 143 180 S3 240 17 50 7 12 1 130 90 45 27 215 59 159 68 213 227 167 68 166 28 1,872 944 297 14 56 26 173 175 208 86 175 189 222 48 26 8 171 94 159 437 366 429 SS3 559 196 63 141 28 79 473 649 185 147 590 55 140 398 131 170 11 112 114 86 96 70 35 126 238 162 203 204 184 87 112 283 131 249 219 110 34 SI 291 217 261 218 161 57 404 458 304 331 478 506 134 96 202 175 230 176 15 83 26 101 62 97 80 53 21 136 333 264 337 442 391 176 755 1,985 2,153 2,498 2,379 2,135 503 37 206 228 214 272 192 52 91 221 346 363 331 296 158 356 386 244 217 267 215 81 202 129 12 SO 54 27 20 418 698 815 957 1,004 2,909 345 333 252 87 177 136 80 16 37 50 20 84 161 87 35 132 319 271 317 270 224 79 23 57 38 79 89 109 55 65 79 79 187 224 105 50 34 93 SO 111 144 182 48 16 113 87 165 127 96 42 136 221 106 135 106 113 43 148 201 93 376 363 407 51 12 28 17 26 94 60 17 63 191 184 205 240 209 94 136 370 707 696 467 430 152 390 462 313 747 1,090 611 188 105 169 111 164 253 217 61 103 289 426 586 569 594 263 79 162 430 504 493 437 135 49 180 96 209 174 140 55 58 121 231 395 517 347 30 123 326 324 428 341 334 142 101 115 50 109 184 228 65 121 287 371 440 518 290 118 153 86 71 177 291 446 134 316 169 104 72 123 134 21 276 251 120 209 98 54 27 107 376 372 571 413 343 84 154 322 182 495 410 228 100 1,056 1,977 1,821 1,855 1,911 1,800 916 92 197 114 294 206 114 41 41 120 125 210 120 51 38 2 224 85 277 398 329 127 195 768 523 479 433 265 75 48 351 357 697 803 842 348 174 323 608 526 395 138 82 25 55 15 73 289 149 76 231 227 186 219 262 156 44 •Period of CWA no ERA Works Program. 432 Appendix AVERAGE MONTHLY NET NUMBER OF CASES RECEIVING RELIEF BY COUNTIES AND BY QUARTER; JULY, 1933, THROUGH DECEMBER, 1935 THIRD FOURTH FIRST SECOND THIRD FOURTH FIRST SECOND THIRD FOURTH COUNTY QUARTER QUARTER QUARTER QUARTER QUARTER QUARTER QUARTER QUARTER QUARTER QUARTER 1933 1933 1934 1934 1934 1934 1935 1935 1935 1935 Alamance 352 330 293 343 393 343 378 409 349 159 Alexander 301 250 312 335 367 306 300 297 260 161 Alleghany 196 202 222 189 233 155 148 197 162 83 Anson 350 991 1,214 569 490 552 884 620 385 258 Ashe 450 607 727 787 853 667 695 601 677 404 Avery 444 405 783 508 762 595 734 641 406 210 Beaufort 320 463 700 421 414 362 310 320 191 175 Bertie 584 797 973 682 408 323 217 137 90 72 Bladen 221 226 375 400 438 362 399 444 263 222 Brunswick 444 703 1,266 539 890 721 882 653 486 313 Buncombe 2,673 2,929 2,935 3,952 332 3,710 3,840 3.695 3,268 2,923 Burke 461 571 410 666 472 379 527 586 610 412 Cabarrus 299 407 821 870 848 848 892 779 674 380 1 Caldwell 427 332 269 449 606 421 401 400 383 228 Camden 174 215 204 171 192 153 99 67 66 32 1 Carteret 585 1,163 979 665 656 604 646 685 687 521 Caswell 576 414 284 335 459 379 398 196 133 60 Catawba 1,078 4,139 659 586 677 621 543 481 462 317 Chatham 702 542 494 486 614 410 441 273 225 99 Cherokee 421 350 670 542 627 581 833 867 896 602 '1 Chowan 207 1,156 666 350 406 374 449 373 317 159 i Clay 116 162 204 293 267 256 335 397 409 256 ; Cleveland 434 481 850 429 454 442 454 500 462 296 Columbus 194 288 693 464 443 463 621 447 245 263 ij Craven 1,145 885 948 697 868 984 1,034 738 631 388 ! Cumberland 945 787 745 748 955 942 1,100 1,061 934 576 Currituck 130 239 386 339 412 247 266 239 225 92 Dare 247 285 316 239 308 359 450 458 283 182 Davidson 743 526 467 599 749 643 633 786 649 378 Davie 311 379 242 241 235 161 151 163 169 83 Duplin 451 838 1,626 794 1,075 732 732 417 271 219 Durham 1,624 901 915 1,413 1,637 1,479 1,938 2,304 1,765 916 Edgecombe 529 657 1,233 931 1,187 831 1,188 1,080 690 325 Forsyth 2,057 1,909 2,743 2,967 2,837 2,459 2,669 2,627 2,293 1.429 ' Franklin 185 272 710 361 432 266 339 352 232 77 , Gaston 673 942 2,039 1,355 2,703 2,191 1,802 1,452 1,452 728 Ij 83 ^, 246 78 Gates 174 179 191 213 209 192 160 163 136 Graham 270 241 252 268 278 188 329 316 288 Granville 464 370 436 337 350 156 235 226 131 Greene 204 154 225 332 201 155 156 169 118 99 , Guilford 3,884 3,380 3,628 4,414 3,915 3,862 4,074 3,645 3,296 1,659 , Halifax 492 668 1,274 801 1,267 1.280 1,324 1,077 875 416 1 Harnett 364 202 391 284 448 396 432 449 375 288 Haywood 435 468 688 590 624 692 729 776 698 435 Henderson 469 363 904 758 591 405 843 784 656 625 Hertford 416 445 414 652 368 246 336 243 186 100 Hoke 266 178 343 277 262 262 323 319 272 191 Hyde 216 329 537 344 439 567 503 346 290 136 Iredell 977 947 884 911 1,008 844 875 825 675 537 Jackson 369 223 455 576 587 260 458 690 691 366 Johnston 872 754 1,020 836 963 868 866 832 635 389 Jones 293 189 429 278 269 300 364 309 216 184 Lee 451 555 544 426 433 459 330 235 205 139 Lenoir 961 747 1,610 740 644 484 679 506 355 238 i Lincoln 284 225 204 249 402 251 280 248 206 108 Macon 93 183 358 408 466 334 523 642 609 390 , Madison 796 696 697 487 443 568 443 576 513 288 ! Martin 218 267 312 355 303 211 251 231 188 140 McDowell 577 526 489 302 477 461 526 622 531 331 Mecklenburg 5,091 4,143 4,365 3,388 3,102 3,371 3,544 3,084 2,512 1,945 : Mitchell 193 217 386 297 373 426 276 314 223 99 Montgomery 371 396 679 404 529 540 528 413 403 231 Moore 605 1,112 2,120 1,081 1.091 949 651 446 322 196 Nash 954 668 813 889 421 220 210 187 81 92 New Hanover 1,289 1,692 1,584 1,933 2,151 2,281 2,386 2,358 2,222 1,794 Northampton 325 541 519 601 613 310 380 256 192 101 Onslow 388 159 439 289 384 237 239 282 204 136 Orange 330 392 451 587 688 549 643 462 330 139 Pamlico 329 603 853 288 2S8 248 306 347 302 181 Pasquotank 247 365 670 473 396 378 368 328 253 141 Pender 361 368 465 301 426 329 353 291 150 107 Perquimans 363 251 490 371 361 253 311 275 235 128 Person 661 523 606 438 559 355 272 191 182 118 115 90 Pitt 418 594 1,223 833 650 429 567 566 246 Polk 418 162 126 123 164 147 146 141 110 Randolph 766 624 623 639 718 648 486 411 301 221 Richmond 967 674 1,002 969 964 1,123 953 696 614 358 Robeson 663 1,083 2,343 3,492 1,953 1,117 1,322 1,676 865 498 Appendix 433 AVERAGE MONTHLY NET NUMBER OF CASES RECEIVING RELIEF BY COUNTIES AND BY QUARTERS JULY, 1933, THROUGH DECEMBER, ig-^^— Continued THIRD FOURTH FIRST ,SECOND THIRD FOURTH FIR.ST SECOND THIRD FOURTH CO INT V QUAHTEH QUARTER QUARTER QUARTER QUARTER QUARTER QUARTER QUARTER QUARTER QUARTER 1933 1933 1934 1934 1934 1934 1935 1935 1935 1935 ?ockingliain 656 340 394 ,501 508 354 482 463 339 166 {owan 1,098 942 1,497 1,173 1,415 1,388 1,201 966 776 481 {utl>crf;insylv:ini:l 238 248 400 426 214 227 318 357 286 221 'yrrcU 398 607 726 391 345 264 271 178 165 79 'nion 470 358 536 603 947 815 773 483 400 198 'ance 1,301 435 469 516 508 332 466 503 379 198 Vake 2,392 3,384 4,311 3,599 3,451 3.157 2,394 2,199 2,051 1.465 \arren 405 519 869 356 439 278 401 251 144 61 Washington 333 360 703 331 342 338 345 235 156 109 i'atauga 616 568 769 526 676 560 561 517 434 290 I'ayne 632 819 1,153 1,216 1,398 1,101 1,142 905 604 319 i'ilkes 307 477 834 918 1,260 1,189 1,029 1,021 949 378 I'ilson 1,149 607 1,108 1,204 780 883 959 939 390 338 'adkin 467 566 679 581 729 361 439 409 315 22s 'ancey 287 475 729 565 522 492 353 377 314 163 OBLIGATIONS INCURRED FOR DIRECT RELIEF BY COUNTIES AND BY Q,UARTERS JULY, 1933, THROUGH DECEMBER, 1935 THIRD FOURTH FIRST SECOND THIRD FOURTH FIRST SECOND THIRD FOURTH COUNTY QUARTER QUARTER QUARTER QUARTER QUARTER QUARTER QUARTER QUARTER QUARTER QUARTER 1933 1933 1934 1934 1934 1934 1935 1935 1935 1935 lamance S 2.215.11 S 4,062.70 S 3.972.18 8 3,996.79 •S 2.757.78 ? 2.899.80 S 2.211.50 5 1,384.34 .5 2.437.33 S 1,693,32 lexandcr 3,421.56 5,501.82 6,186.46 5.965.74 3,128.95 7,531.07 4.365.73 4.240.76 4,706.44 3,463,62 lleghany 1,316.28 4.082.31 4.879.28 5.683.29 2,108.03 900.89 1.298.08 2,263.87 1.372.91 1,489.85 nson 4,113.48 9.577.93 11,765.36 7,564.19 3.925.68 8,157.28 5,818.42 4.674.35 3.394.40 3,522.43 she 1,191.94 3.123.50 12,983.51 11,602.76 3.628.47 6.314.12 1,820.85 4.181.03 3.601.54 4.659.55 very 93a. 46 2,554.59 10,702.01 9.546.81 9,057.01 6.404.37 5.795.16 8,739.96 2,368.21 2,532.83 eaufort 5,640.79 7.449.95 12. 339. ,85 6,152.80 3,805.79 5,898.29 1,033.45 1,294.72 1,437.00 2,893.64 ertie 6.588.61 13.198.91 10,993.37 9.890.05 4.970.22 4,813.17 2,930.16 3.044.97 1.748.93 1,568.54 laden 1.595.96 2.293.94 6.196.90 7,197,91 4.442.04 6,211.67 6,255.94 9,614.17 6,678.49 6,147.49 runs ^\ irk 3.645.89 8.149.04 10.408.92 8,544.44 5,383.44 7.586.00 8,435.29 7.061.67 4.480.98 3.866.11 unconibe 36,765.83 56,816.89 99.181.15 92,766.10 59.932.80 72.398.62 78.721.98 72,492.17 72,616.11 110.169.87 urke 6,653.06 11,577.33 10.796.29 5,076.56 2.325.81 4.518.11 5,179.55 6.609.32 8.266.26 6.817.09 abarnis 3.828.46 6.348.70 14.540.45 19,314.73 11.388.95 18.009.80 13.429.56 11,497.67 7,019.60 8.773.26 aldwell 3.312.33 2,360.68 2,595.53 5,121.21 6.550.66 3,226.22 3,808.95 2,496.03 4.309.32 4,782.30 amden 1.595.39 3.413.37 4,115.84 4.436.34 4.505.87 2,715.90 1,200.99 783.67 769.63 641.42 arteret 5,826.27 14.307.75 29.784.54 10,451.61 6.965.92 12.318.84 5,320.65 6,677.50 8,622.17 3.784.72 aswell 4,631,13 10,470.27 7,234.64 6.056.50 2.273.17 1.886.56 932.02 1.256.59 1.693.85 1,401.01 atawba 7,776.43 9,777.67 12,218.28 8.226.27 10.070.15 7,213.38 6,632.83 6.116.97 7.800.19 7,573.47 hatham 6.426.32 6,657.05 11,568.14 7.109.58 2.234.24 5,197.43 1.161.08 1,047.61 1,308.72 763.93 herokee 2,462.01 6.066.31 13.300.18 6.568.15 5.278.25 9,365.58 7.648.40 5.870.12 4.293.52 12,262.41 howan 1.818.27 6.814.07 9,357.46 6.462.79 3.581.05 6,102.07 6.903.17 6,352.23 3,632.55 2.976.09 lay 994.30 1.874.32 5.273.80 4.997.68 3.541.91 3.348.81 1,799.79 3,293.69 2,635.41 5,707.68 leveland 5.148.56 7,761.68 14,238.67 9,040.15 4.981.10 6.878.36 13.404.54 7,344.64 5,437.39 5.706.19 olumbus 2,241.71 6,040.29 14.606.25 11,538.00 4,992.32 7.496.53 8.201.05 7.623.59 3.216.36 6,666.92 raven 9,668.79 13.621.54 14.367.53 13,535.46 7,560.63 5,630.36 6.174.63 9,298.95 6,444.61 4.485.98 umberland 9,354.38 13.396.95 20.009.89 12,513.29 9.872.58 16,321.29 18.036.83 14.7S0.39 15.693.70 14,658.29 urrituek 1,784.25 3.556.82 5,896.55 5,395.37 4.716.98 3,075.81 1.890.87 1,310.18 2,400.62 1,846.40 are 2.033.00 4,643.27 4,551.88 3,597.79 2,282.31 4,715.25 3.627.43 4.473.26 2,935.62 2,517.54 'avidson 5,471.58 5.788.15 7.200.05 8.629.16 10,642.58 10,059.88 7,385.05 10,947.58 6.238.22 7,579.71 lavie 3,172.26 7.121.09 4.064.11 5.389.83 2,117.36 3,289.03 3.528.97 1,602.43 1.623.26 1,566,77 • uplin 6.033.01 12.877.64 19,146.58 13.070.20 11.743.63 11,161.95 9.478.64 6.165.03 3.546.84 1.734.76 lurham 19.508.28 27,372.37 31.278.02 23.202.39 41.523.22 45,847.18 41.062.74 29,577.86 18.023.72 13,945.43 dgecombe 4,953.96 8.956.73 16.089.73 12,461.24 9,371.71 10.308.00 12,681.57 14,803.92 4.303.60 5.101.04 orsyth 20.381.75 33.272.16 67.215.40 74,796.64 41,259.47 47.056.72 49,192.84 45,904.93 45,631.39 34,847.65 ranklin 980.27 4,873.99 17.460.64 11.127.68 6,614.89 7,735.39 3.337.85 4.359.64 1,730.44 2.012.79 aston 7,507.69 20,306.26 41,425.72 32,436.42 55.433.39 30.920.90 30.376.96 17.899.92 21,971.61 21.631.99 ates 1.684.46 3.226.77 3.188.39 5.532.56 4,395.77 4.790.28 979.73 2,566.56 2,036.42 1.922.96 raham 743.09 1.823.93 6,756.13 1,857.70 914.49 597.51 1,638.87 1,969.62 1.594.27 6.459.11 ranville 4,519.78 8,063,47 8.318.55 4,827.12 2,630.64 3.020.16 3,795.33 4,446.30 1,267.43 1,116,36 reene 3.307.11 2,769.41 4.401.77 6,168.12 1,795.50 2.501.75 3.170.96 2,977.08 2.427.32 2,374.90 uUford 54.412.69 86,102.51 143.427.95 103.595.27 69.461.75 83.900.06 83,852.28 62.262.18 54.164.59 32,759.86 alifax 6.062.36 12,680.64 23,277.77 18.221.28 15,544.46 25,043.67 19,710.79 12,678.42 10,943.08 8.443.23 arnett 3.430.51 2.978.28 6,489.94 6.461.79 2.969.79 4,457.91 1.951.86 2.260.81 1,747.50 2.465.23 aywood 3,192.55 7,485.98 17.371.38 15,167.26 9.963.40 9,272.56 13,384.97 12,044.43 7,516.25 12,052.24 enderson 430.40 2,944.38 11,935.15 9,029.77 4,827.88 6,704.08 6,712.01 8,531.22 9,394.86 11,842.12 ertford 2,960.41 8,474.31 8,317.11 6,321.11 4,289.66 4,979.80 3.621.54 3,241.10 2,563.87 2,613.37 434 Appendix OBLIGATIONS INCURRED FOR DIRECT RELIEF BY COUNTIES AND BY QUARTERS 91 JULY, I 933, THROUGH DECEMBER > 1935- -Continued THIRD FOURTH FIRST .SECOND THIRD FOURTH FIRST SECOND THIRD FOURTH COUNTY QUARTER QUARTER QUARTER QUARTER QUARTER QUARTER QU,4J{TER QUARTER QUARTER QUARTER 1933 1933 1934 1934 1934 1934 1935 1936 1935 1935 Hoke .? 2,667.52 s 3.063.14 S 4.637.07 .S 6.610.48 .? 3.614.29 .? 4,521.62 S 8.234.64 S 4.905.10 .? 4.280.97 S 5.234.00 Hyde 2,249.50 7,260.26 11.099.06 6.307.16 2,336.65 4,753.07 1.078.17 423.50 1.097.50 1.242.73 Iredell 10,624.81 15,931.50 14.887.74 16.603.39 11,215.47 12,892.67 13.314.22 8.097.19 4.133.49 5.726.79 Jackson 1.600.17 4,673.31 10.195.71 7.403.48 5,951.47 5,297.78 7.865.27 5.939.68 2.573.41 S. 523. 22 Johnston 11,099.98 13,844.87 23.310.87 20.619.16 10,8£8.12 22,448.10 17.178.47 12.481.43 8.990.31 4.830.01 ' Jones 3,456.08 3,590.40 12.379.49 6.648.08 3,097.67 5,206.96 7.283.68 6.577.98 4.659.93 2.360.60 Lee 6,520.27 10,402.37 12.865.75 6.659.63 1,701.11 4,331.81 2.661.83 762.84 1.091.30 1.447.80 Lenoir 11,432.51 13,714.17 46.324.72 12.715.70 9,581.33 10,157.14 10.176.95 9.224.62 6.772.86 5,365.95 Lincoln 3,283.58 4,458.01 5.660.64 6.064.75 6,151.36 2.010.28 5.916.09 3.188.85 4.320.70 2.305.80 Macon 307.32 1,229.92 4.060.82 54.30 110.62 300.75 6.287.71 5.741.53 4.506.26 9,124.78 Madison 1,358.57 6,129.62 12.288.55 5.260.00 2,807.25 6.301.24 4.432.53 10.852.86 9.011.23 3,558.26 Martin 2,161.10 4,316.29 8.300.65 6.373.53 2,509.81 3.656.09 5.426.06 5.106.86 3.425.82 2.636.72 McDowell 6,293.06 9,154.48 12. 567. .59 7.955.50 4,162.43 4.693.43 8.262.35 6.893.96 4.499.69 8,264.09 Mecklenburg 87,648.68 78,607.90 88,281.67 64.186.89 23,762.28 32.323.62 40.265.90 31.031.17 30,164.01 45.758.88 Mitchell 5,254.77 3,772.33 10,233.58 e. 666. 82 3,606.36 3.596.65 1.297.10 1,954.97 764.49 887.85 Montgomery 2,624.94 7.212.39 10,984.69 5.435.90 2.807.90 2.829.76 3.863.96 3.428.95 3.026.01 2.113.48 Moore 2,481.17 23.380.80 29,156.29 16.713.66 10.890.80 9.189.67 6.811.86 4.256.56 3.813.95 2.762.56 Nash 5,846.21 11.799.36 14,794.46 8.596.35 4.549.12 7.815.45 4.434.48 3.756.49 1.116.64 2,281.36 New Hanover 28.392.93 44.776.18 46,625.76 33.960.34 29.675.33 38.104.88 39.126.27 39, 868., 89 32,156.74 46,405.77 Northampton 5,959.73 12.427.42 9,585.33 10.372.89 3.034.68 4,038.97 4.298.13 2,757.66 2,600,91 2,469.33 Onslow 6,287.33 8.306.59 10,420.00 6.750.68 4.286.46 5,061.47 4.315.99 3,513.08 2,444.12 1.532.33 Orange 8,224.79 10.737.75 14.739.80 10.873.77 9.610.94 9.666.87 8.569.02 9,141.09 4,807.39 3.613.76 Pamlico 4.407.72 12.201.18 14.976.04 11,166.50 4,363.27 4.625.16 6,153.46 6,664.96 4.812.97 3.065.41 Pasquotank 1.806.19 5.690.34 10.262.30 5,837.81 6.291.51 6.932.42 5,537.92 2, .849. 10 2.785.86 2.254.78 Pender 4,202.76 6.837.67 9.866.58 6.830.33 4.926.57 6.426.26 5,536.29 3,902.16 1.738.77 2.019.12 Perquimans 1,495.95 2.918.33 7.597.79 4.901.67 4.080.92 3.500.11 2.810.28 3,430.69 2.958.54 2.424.27 Person 4,124.99 6.198.38 9.012.84 9.163.13 6.116.37 6.300.54 3.893.50 3,583.77 2.623.78 2.913.35 Pitt 5.076.83 7.802.72 21,614.04 15.868.03 6.437.45 7.231.55 3.075.34 2,747.73 1.643.39 1,860.94 Polk 3.129.61 2.190.70 2,187.78 3.629.82 2.433.31 2.850.72 2.379.82 1,900.06 1.190.61 1,807.46 Randolph 5,697.52 7.739.32 12,385.75 12,647.11 10.354.01 11.005.24 6,169.63 3,737.38 2.959.76 3.692.42 Richmond 3,182.45 2.294.41 5,961.55 6,133.75 5.023.97 6.435.03 4,767.62 6,068.35 5.587.28 5.076.85 ! Robeson 9,785.92 13,268.97 56,369.23 22,833.02 18.620.02 21.876.90 12,130.88 11,531.51 8.540.82 8.077.86 Rockingham 5,004.62 7,964.22 10,227.66 6,331.35 6.185.13 6.339.96 8,493.77 4,764.50 3,376.53 3.706.13 i Rowan 13,694.02 19.171.04 28,699.31 22,807.57 18.359.69 20,038.66 17,271.00 11,401.01 7,459.42 3.493.74 J Rutherford 4,517.57 10.308.35 12,616.76 10,637.48 11,144.38 11,129.66 16,779.82 9.030.02 5,976.81 11.112.67 Sampson 5,244.63 10.506.49 15,543.29 14,079.17 6,950.94 12.934.30 8,626.35 5.919.18 3.960.13 4.244.61 Scotland 2,868.72 3.815.36 16,820.70 20,245.85 15,713.61 11.909.96 10,917.86 8.966.80 4.815.99 7.091.34 Stanly > 4,528.65 3.297.69 2,760.45 2,500.98 2,067.56 2. .805. 51 1,804.98 2.669.52 2.502.19 4.753.71 Stokes 2,815.45 5.208.73 8,427.19 7,771.94 1,862.27 3.614.05 2,961.20 4.762.34 6.362.18 4.367.78 1 Surry 6,166.42 9.723.54 21,340.70 11,936.56 8,645.47 S. 094. 44 8.685.56 7.444.84 6.345.47 3,911.42 Swain 1,024.96 2.398.99 4,865.36 810.68 2,066.36 3.359.56 2.743.37 4.012.66 1.591.13 6.432.E0 Transylvania 1,654.99 3.582.65 8,721.33 1,358.24 1,095.86 4.276.72 6.817.28 7.281.57 3.852.23 4.527.86 ! Tyrrell 1,0S1.S3 8.782.69 12,300.58 6,372.18 2,278.96 4.037.98 2.648.67 2.166.59 2.093.18 1,880.47 L^nion 5,398.12 5,372.93 8,297.73 10,392.20 7,055.58 8.343.01 7.358.97 2.755.83 6.600.56 3.854.49 Vance 2.408.38 5,383.08 8,230.90 8,621.93 3,053.47 3,073.16 2.804.79 2.742.19 1.185.50 1.782.21 Wake 29.931.60 64,908.39 104,126.27 53,754.17 33,369.28 44,328.14 23.272.67 21.224.22 13.969.43 17.126.30 Warren 3,607.27 6.566.06 12,363.77 6,820.87 2,806.98 2.444.30 1.908.60 1.676.77 450.53 282.35 Washington 1,197,31 2.933.35 13,007.81 8,498.61 6,334.77 5,063.37 4.263.98 3,647.61 2,442.65 2.010.88 Watauga 3,144.29 6,478.98 15,368.77 7,681.68 6,369.13 9,032.48 6.305.70 3,017.71 3,839.63 3,466.35 Wayne 9,184.79 14,500.70 25,338.75 22,910.91 10,921.29 11,055.89 20.834.86 16,589.75 9,456.56 6.455.21 Wilkes 1 ,249.04 5,576.67 13,963.71 11,243.20 12.033.76 17.615.56 6.406.36 6,623.50 4.878.31 5.640.48 Wilson 13,838.29 10,524.61 24,825.53 19,963.18 8.000.26 5.213.23 16.806.39 14,759.72 2.477.84 2,963.45 Yadkin 4.565.39 12,956.01 16,374.80 9,663.91 9.790.08 13.138.83 9,031.89 4,396.71 3,487.58 2.728.94 Yancey 1.292.86 6,623.07 12,433.27 4,916.92 3.908.77 8.046.24 2,229.44 4.356.32 2,460.32 1.013.01 TOTAL 8672,829.89 81.094.131.30 51,780,577.87 51,306,398.99 S8S5.583.04 SI .049.858.30 5970,429.37 S831.970.56 5661,296.19 5707.523.00 Appendix 435 OBLIGATIONS INCURRED FOR WORK RELIEF BY COUNTIES AND BY QUARTERS JULY, 1933, THROUGH DECEMBER, 1935 THIRD FOURTH 'FIRST SECOND THIRD FOURTH FIRST SECOND THIRD FOURTH COUNTY QUARTER QUARTER QUARTER QUARTER QUARTER QUARTER QUARTER QT'ARTER QUARTER QUARTER 1933 1933 1934 1934 1934 1934 1936 1935 1935 1935 Alamance S 8,830.40 S 8,879.97 S 5,660.65 S 9,343.81 S 12,129.91 S 21,141.37 $ 19,791.26 S 11,798.33 $ 4,130.10 Alexander 830.78 149.53 195.27 2,937.99 1,688.60 6,078.48 7,. 845. 00 4,664.80 1,406.35 Alleghany 2,194.80 1,530.15 1,256.02 3,140.44 2,463.53 3,745.00 6,040.00 2.939.75 973.75 Anson 4,595.59 1,440.01 4,273.70 8,497.20 6,460.25 20,601.15 16, .853. 36 12,687.65 3,410.35 Ashe 2,375.37 5,178.30 5,599.94 18,896.69 14,390.80 16,778.60 16,746.26 12,663.20 3,842.85 Avery 2,433.64 2,903.41 613.88 3,039.45 3,457.45 6,827.31 7,660.26 6,746.90 2,029.15 Beaufort 1,06S.76 943.39 4,942.95 5,104.46 3,064.49 10,661.08 13,425.85 4,264.15 2,0.59.20 Bertie 3. 894. 01 427.58 1,073.55 3,409.15 1,489.75 4,322.96 4.434.75 1,961.56 757.70 Bladen 2,942.37 567.20 5,113.00 9,065.80 4,437.10 4,128.60 6,627.36 1,381.95 749.65 Brunswick 3,756.78 1,426.75 4,193.05 11,846.62 10,221.10 10,773.58 14,752.96 10,321.45 5,270.95 Buncombe 35,601.67 26,313.39 30,097.41 77,142.41 112,081.93 99,246.14 110,139.24 71.247.43 21.894.56 Burke 552.36 1,328.33 3,830.02 10,037.15 8,941.25 10,356.00 13,745.70 8,592.80 3,297.70 Cabarrus 3,861.46 3,322.02 3,342.90 12,974.95 19,702.25 23,036.47 25,008.15 20,062.77 7,069.35 Caldwell 1,861.78 447.52 3,227.36 10,007.28 9,481.35 12, ,509. 38 13,860.95 10,626.70 3,742.43 Camden 461.37 489.85 123.30 1,051.63 1,228.95 2,628.10 2,030.66 679.70 403.25 Carteret 3,418.71 12,975.57 9,535.68 15,973.09 12,616.06 21,188.43 17,926.68 22,239.82 14,383.68 Caswell 3,125.36 4,372.77 4,237.52 10,331.09 7,155.52 7,591.95 4,747.08 3 758.95 1,052.65 Catawba 6,462.34 2,258.74 6,618.95 15,310.24 19,035.40 15,381.95 15,663.54 9,861.46 2,552.95 Chatham 2,590.10 1,529.80 3,486.80 13,530.24 6,119.40 11,665.66 11,928.70 6,139.29 2,287.40 Cherokee 3,207.77 86.84 4,830.94 6,900.63 4,258.44 8,248.55 15,373.73 16,339.35 4,023.61 Chowan 1,066.57 681.88 2,331.92 6,593.90 5,829.00 8,236.10 7,906.35 6,276.80 1,280.60 Clay 202.71 260.75 510.60 1,317.90 1,837.65 3.891.46 6,367.40 6,257.46 1,679.16 Cleveland 1,397.06 314.60 2,688.20 7,645.96 9,200.45 7,161.10 12,036.05 6,494.10 3,083.10 Columbus 771.85 1,554.03 1,714.70 7,966.96 7,157.48 10,797.69 9,794.21 6,343.26 2,998.43 Craven 13,452.87 6,050.63 8,744.36 26,792.12 66,052.53 54,691.05 23,619.31 14,097.33 7,182.60 Cumberland 4,270.84 1,834.52 4,760.85 11,512.30 11,486.39 14,824.08 23,339.73 11,134.42 2,949.80 Currituck 332.10 65.90 96.. 30 303.71 7,461.00 6,178.90 4,755.30 941.30 Dare 1,076.97 1,440.80 1,930.20 5,600.00 3,242.85 7,290.16 8,118.82 6,197.45 2,247.85 Davidson 16,760.91 11,400.00 4,211.85 14,588.25 14,886.55 16,370.29 24,392.30 22,371.12 5,069.30 Davie 1,624.87 901.68 558.00 3,356.80 1,270.00 3,074.16 5,400.05 2,782.66 1,008.60 Duplin 5,226.41 1,857.50 6.344.87 13,804.05 9,920.56 11,780.85 10,200.99 6,570.22 4,730.35 Durham 24,237.13 11,528.98 24,912.44 37,485.95 34,936.48 58,422.48 109,316.32 73,402.75 20,171.19 Edgecombe 5,573.20 2,989.16 9,819.92 33,277.66 29,583.42 26,612.74 27,614.80 24,694.90 9,148.00 Forsyth 61,090.46 36,208.15 26,464.91 84,173.46 88,339.61 101,938.88 113,906.82 91,662.78 24,337.91 Franklin 2,721.86 . 443.43 2,888.80 6,583.75 3,559.70 8,638.46 9,560.30 6,662.25 1,192.86 Gaston 5,214.13 798.35 17,370.74 51,108.40 50,370.06 69,990.82 56,860.55 50,968.26 12,461.37 Gates 795.81 289.63 52.00 1,986.10 1,616.90 3,569.30 3,063.70 1,200.10 614.80 Graham 3,278.88 2,593.54 1,027.21 3,263.27 2,438.76 4,173.26 6,621.94 6,433.15 1,322.85 Granville 5,306.53 1,877.35 7,244.24 7,827.22 2,690.65 3,999.75 7,691.91 3,703.45 2,375.80 Greene 3,933.79 156.55 1,496.13 3,590.46 1,563.36 1,421.41 3,063.66 1,245.05 773.43 Guilford 97,940.09 50,652.60 85,143.24 116,342.10 164,571.29 170,478.22 169,064.37 141,601.67 46,216.60 Halifax 1,415.43 162.08 2,641.53 15,701.47 12,452.36 17,787.35 27,358.20 14,764.80 7,439.75 Harnett 1,138.61 100.00 2,160.13 8,666.73 7,941.77 8,068.87 13,642.50 11,053.01 3.043.47 Haywood 2,442.46 164.08 308.95 7,391.89 23.783.16 18,726.11 15,091.34 14,773.70 1,457.76 Henderson 11,113.71 3,155.34 6,131.25 8,360.81 5,108.29 10,453.00 13,638.66 6,014.85 1,990.35 Hertford 553.78 241.15 1,294.45 3,196.05 1,104.17 5,614.35 4,460.53 2,165.00 747.95 Hoke 1,043.80 237.65 1,642.90 2,514.28 4,414.80 3,724.75 7,597.60 3,644.98 1.240.60 Hyde 966.30 959.00 4,818.04 11,081.33 8,158.63 15,990.81 15,305.54 7,618.10 3,562.70 Iredell 10,594.92 3,647.50 6,469.35 16,201.56 14,947.53 20,465.06 28,929.98 23,865.18 7,145.00 Jackson 2,566.46 1,668.20 1,372.96 2,693.06 880.25 642.41 15,302.88 13,913.45 3,199.05 Johnston 3,402.65 1,291.69 6,388.59 6,913.75 4,364.05 4,981.71 22,206.70 5,704.79 4,383.00 Jones 6,725.33 3,057.68 501.75 7,220.33 8,817.92 6,044.10 6,255.60 4,112.43 1,896.95 Lee 1,196.15 620.28 4,975.43 11,868.34 8,199.65 7,785.41 11,066.06 7,273.63 2,230.20 Lenoir 3,627.72 1,175.01 6,355.90 12,760.39 9,759.30 14,439.48 14,141.61 6,067.83 2,821.19 Lincoln 1,319.68 550.03 2,363.82 4,534.84 8,745.35 7,985.20 9,221.65 5,853.15 2,033.80 Macon 1,011.00 1,284.24 6,644.76 8,360.18 7,071.48 3,721.60 12,586.66 12,080.67 1,618.20 Madison 5,629.75 8,841.71 6,386.87 8,482.75 6,364.10 8,387.45 6,719.60 4.210.70 2,646.50 Martin 2,141.00 766.33 1,995.87 3,561.75 3,490.26 6,969.81 4,862.95 2,743.05 1,671.85 McDowell 242.40 670.70 2,017.65 7,725.55 7,321.60 9,547.07 18,009.33 19,758.06 9,508.86 Mecklenburg 60,774.96 18,956.03 35,611.16 85,032.65 102,888.72 113,043.50 112,257.58 90,327.31 22,175.30 Mitchell 521.45 892.52 2,094.77 5,302.01 5,716.76 4,365.70 6,601.40 4.563.35 1,057.35 Montgomery 827.34 3,763.26 10,087.10 21,694.77 17,929.33 13,001.15 10,807.60 4,243.70 Moore 4,250.72 2,392.97 10,503.36 12,441.90 11,383.22 6,7f3.27 14,348.93 7,435.98 2,803.52 Nash 456.02 264.27 11,236.80 7,368.25 974.90 2.145.85 3,072.21 999.00 261.00 Xew Hanover 24,842.35 7,861.70 23,410.73 46,866.22 45,406.94 67,861.41 64,942.69 60,275.34 13,185.86 Northampton 4,851.90 590.40 1,197.15 4,765.43 3,746.35 7,120.07 7,868.33 3.981.23 943.80 Onslow- 1,125.50 7.50 1,605.92 3,175.90 1,897.71 3.770.39 9,334.67 4,513.47 2,375.90 Orange 2,006.28 864.98 9,163.64 17,468.89 22,991.99 18,897.76 19,343.73 12,861.06 4,084.09 Pamlico 1,452.79 3,575.29 2,911.38 1,674.59 5.021.29 3,841.47 4,675.40 5,354.56 2.845.64 Pasquotank 2,540.79 213.15 2,252.82 3,411.20 3,613.65 9,096.26 10,372.20 4.418.00 1,781.15 Pender 3,150.46 1,124.86 2,193.40 5,266.45 3,026.60 4,833.85 7,481.66 3,367.60 1,183.05 Perquimans 2,391.22 532.00 742.55 6,187.50 5.316.40 9,459.25 6,765.35 2,863.90 1,610.15 Person 3,336.46 1,180.03 2,039.39 6,974.38 3,451.15 3.791.71 4,225.70 4,241.63 1,628.04 Pitt 11,404.05 3,433.49 8,284.49 11,994.85 6,786.12 22,285.92 22,963.25 6,928.00 3,389.89 Polk 2,684.54 1,764.58 352.50 861.65 667.80 711.18 2,152.86 925.40 223.20 Randolph 5,080.13 6,377.98 2,884.20 9,719.28 10,493.63 11,222.07 13.949.84 10,122.35 3.726.60 Richmond 3,845.23 1,146.50 4,975.15 15,460.66 63.000.29 48,240.98 24,183.29 14,601.50 4,837.10 Robeson 5,102.93 4,225.73 5,600.15 28,686.93 31,176.30 33,768.93 48,575.77 19,896.45 7,795 25 • Period of Civil Works Administration. Program of Civil Works Service not indicated. 436 Appendix OBLIGATIONS INCURRED FOR WORK RELIEF BY COUNTIES AND BY QUARTERS JULY, 1933, THROUGH DECEMBER, ic^'^'^— Continued THIRD FOURTH 'FIRST SECOND THIRD FOURTH FIRST SECOND THIRD FOURTH COUNTY QUARTER QUARTER QUARTER QUARTER QUARTER Q-UARTER QUARTER QUARTER QUARTER QUARTER 1933 1933 1934 1934 1934 1934 1935 1935 1935 1935 Rockingham S 6.634.76 5 2,916.53 S 4,036.90 8 8,966.65 8 7,906.22 8 12,718.27 5 18,981.00 8 12.703.63 5 2,760.45 Rowan 17,158.55 7,351.89 3,579.37 12,741.97 19,533.25 24.751.46 30,633.23 26,062.48 13,204.21 Rutherford 5,938.26 1,879.64 2,478.80 8.526.58 13.155.17 12,526.73 19,389.83 9,988.13 3,302.10 Sampson 3,378.34 902.55 2,930.02 11,192.30 6,857.20 8,482.33 8,223.55 4,537.62 1,738.60 Scotland 714.46 4S4.00 2,151.15 4,876.75 10,0.54.15 15.686.72 21,688.75 11,376.00 1,253.30 Stanly 526.53 57.60 5,478.40 12,792.25 12.130.90 20,343.30 17,321.20 11,667.20 3,823.80 Stokes 3,532.87 2,931.78 1,849.90 4,326.96 4,244.80 7,027.45 7.4S0.40 8,888.82 1,667.10 Surry 1,088.42 1,107.38 7,888.88 16,024.15 19.935.96 20,331.14 22,421.97 10,926.85 6,479,43 Swain 1,787.83 1,120.82 3,818.27 1,422.65 1,213.49 2,387.55 8,627.45 10.321.10 1,490.85 Transylvania 3,364.79 1,367.50 10,208.30 6,527.42 6.798.07 3,686.68 3,591.50 2,636.75 779.90 Tyrrell 3.735.34 4,835.20 2,699.86 10.042.,<.2 4.008.42 9,113.75 6,970.84 2.183.85 1,504.00 Union 2,964.13 2,335.12 4,117.f0 19,901.18 17,203.24 24.685.45 17,401.85 8.630.10 2,398.00 \'ance 4,478.86 520.28 4,041.55 13.787.75 11.334.62 16.024.60 18,524.30 9,979.30 4.582.20 Wake 57,428.35 46,071.11 58,695.38 131,375.16 145,415.70 140.341.42 119, 394. f3 98,444.76 36,603.81 Warren 4,255.14 756.74 2,177.46 11,379.90 4,595.41 10,997.11 9,162.04 4,492.45 2,869.35 Washington 1,686.26 694.65 1,867.75 7,843.00 5,787.42 10,689.46 8,062.79 2,868.75 4,127.30 Watauga 2,098.10 6,052.85 173.75 4,842.25 1,669.15 8,539.35 12,311.40 6,236.35 3,480.90 Wayne 7,442.43 3,218.47 10.957.22 40,845.83 26,041.46 27,871.30 25,455.41 14,323.93 4,799.50 Wilkes 2,108.34 5,580.05 2,065.62 10,382.58 13,490.00 23,604.68 26,515.30 16,033.61 7,364.00 Wilson 8,812.75 3,194.76 8,833.57 25,245.25 54,153.51 32,807.35 25,372.13 6.452.87 4,494.87 Yadkin 442.03 472.74 1,558.85 1,320.55 716.45 3,330.46 8,400.23 3,039.68 2,132.00 Yancey 2.625.30 1,358.50 7,539.95 6,499.88 4,327.81 4,858.90 7,956,25 4,296.30 1,363.60 Sub-Total 8690,318.57 8389,577.96 8654,884.80 81,491,941.22 81,642,812.36 81,891,841.67 52,071,396.81 81.453,883.98 8487,979.44 State Projects 12.734.77 20, .557. 61 TOTAL 3690,318.57 8389,577.96 .5667,619.57 81,512,498.83 51.642,812.36 81,891,841.67 52,071,396.81 81.453,883.98 -5487,979.44 OBLIGATIONS INCURRED FOR SPECIAL PROGRAMS BY COUNTIES AND BY QUARTERS JULY, 1933, THROUGH DECEMBER, 1935 COUNTY' THIRD QUARTER 1933 FOURTH QUARTER 1933 FIRST QUARTER 1934 SECOND QUARTER 1934 THIRD QUARTER 1934 FOURTH QUARTER 1934 FIRST QUARTER 1936 SECOND QUARTER 1935 THIRD QUARTER 1935 FOURTH QUARTER 1935 A-lamance Alexander Alleghany Anson Ashe Avery Beaufort Bertie Bladen Brunswick Buncombe Burke Cabarrus Caldwell Camden Carteret Caswell Catawba Chatham Cherokee Chowan Clay Cleveland Columbus Craven Cumberland Currituck Dare Davidson Davie Duplin Durham Edgecombe Forsyth Franklin Gaston Gates Graham Granville Greene Guilford 1.50 273.40 29.29 18.17 6.06 1,166.02 19.82 15.25 35.38 5.78 5.00 9.0s 6.30 4.00 40.00 14.29 30.50 117.49 None 16.15 5.00 71.45 1,854.67 106.45 885.43 92.81 None 18.50 None 2,831,03 11.50 6.40 .90 15.90 34.20 29.62 9.50 ,333.68 67.10 381.60 8.50 4.50 17.38 13.59 14.22 22.46 24.96 51.01 328.50 18.75 3.20 111.85 1,213.91 101.72 858.13 22.00 28.40 4,474.33 3.40 3.75 .65 18.20 40.05 2.60 2.00 44.40 47.58 228.85 46.55 5.00 2.50 26.73 9.40 31.53 38.56 152.11 11.50 30.69 345.29 8.22 19.19 34.90 79.62 466.80 .57 .63 22.00 13.25 4,468,31 8.05 54.23 1.50 363.15 4.17 90.95 5,625.53 S 28.74 5 48.00 25.97 21.50 6.00 287.06 1.17 46.66 153.72 6.10 5.65 9.35 2.38 9.50 19.95 25.00 2.007.63 7,419.73 9.792.83 29.97 40.29 18.21 46.98 9.25 3.55 305.05 241.31 8.75 19.20 7.90 2.70 18.58 33.85 69.30 1.75 25.39 4.35 46.41 17.51 15.70 16.35 13.89 1.80 50 00 75.00 1.00 78.95 18.20 10.25 19.38 15.24 43.49 56.48 62.26 27.76 338.45 352.06 94.51 None 1,697.47 12,298,79 9,014.03 292.29 6.85 .50 9.82 3.50 .70 452.35 474.85 .40 1,884.26 7,190.42 7,827.17 127.59 137.63 141.25 836.05 1,975.32 206.95 570.85 4.02 3.70 ,912.60 1.55 3.50 ,134.26 68.30 181.47 6,063,72 5,002.95 6,966.07 15.75 2.00 5,036.38 94.46 60.06 6,880,44 5,478.34 68.90 130.21 .00 7,102.04 None 14,579.25 10,150.60 29.00 4,213.17 Appendix OBLIGATIONS INCURRED FOR SPECIAL PROGRAMS BY COUNTIES AND BY QUARTERS JULY, 1933, THROUGH DECEMBER, i4' 25 2S7?4 60 1,007 67 2311-2 27 None signed. 729M 275 406K 58 2,WH 167 rnVt 104 138H 53 326K 92 10914 23 2,16412 190 289 58 62 10 1,010=4 150 176 47 133 8 156 11 137 6 428 20 ism 40 24614 42 132 11 1,905 149 359110 41 1,036 119 2031 i 48 428 89 272 28 913 92 190=4 12 None signed. 68U2 129 964M 74 2,187M 390 250 38 None signed. 6 1 443! 2 86 1,458K 113 None signed. 4 285 18 1 30 106 27 37 16 34 26 4 1 IS 3 4 3 20 6 30 39 26 8 20 1 20 14 14 182 5 145 96 8 15 3 12 18 3 1 1 2 27 42 7 6 23 13 2 3 15 1 5 57 49 45 8 35 6 33 4 2 4 17 2 6 1 1 10 1 1 3 4 19 1 1 5 15 3 3 1 21 1 4 1 4 5 2 4 1 2 20 23 1 19 58 143 1 5 2 4 21 25 10 16 19 TOTAL 52,868.83 1,469 .267 531 ,737 655 442 Appendix NORTH CAROLINA SPECIAL REPORT OF LAND ACQUIRED IN CONNECTION WITH THE RURAL REHABILIATTION PROGRAM, THROUGH MARCH 31, 1935 STATEMENT A— Land Acquired I. Land held under option in connection with the Rural Rehabilitation Program as of March 31, 1935. County Total Number of Acres 1,400 246 767 842 879 477 2,164 5,047 S21 783 687 1,350 230 1,466 628 270 4,300 1,083 Total Optioning Price Number of Families Anson Beaufort Bladen Caswell Duplin Gates Graham Halifax Hyde Iredell Macon Nash Pitt Randolph Robeson Rutherford Scotland Surry Swain Wilkes S 28,000.00 10,000.00 10,000.00 30,000.00 3,500.00 9 738.00 252 350.00 12,000.00 25.000.00 7.500.00 17,500.00 20,000.00 5,800.00 29,320.00 18,500.00 13,640.00 8,100.00 23,500.00 32.000.00 4 15 7 9 4 2 80 3 7 10 3 2 19 14 5 5 50 26 ^ TOTAL 23,140 $556,448.00 II. Land purchases or under contract to purchase by the Rural Rehabilitation Corporation from the beginning of the program through March 31, 1935. County Total Number Total Number of of Acres Purchase Price Families 1,816 S 14,528.00 110* 181 1,875.00 3 Site 5,000.00 1,180 4,000.00 2 267 4,500.00 7 11,200 36,000.00 43 582 23,025.00 5 15,226 S 88,928.00 58 Chatham Duplin McDowell Robeson Stokes Tyrrell Wake TOTAL STATEMENT B— Purposes for which Land was acquired. I. The number of acres under option as of March 31, 1935. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) II. Land to be cleared Resettlement Land Self-liquidating Project TOTAL (a) (b) (e) (d) 10,592 2,164 5,047 None «,300 767 270 23.140 1.628 None 13,016 582 TOTAL 15.226 Appendix 443 Eligible Workers 16-64 Years of Age, On Relief' With First Priority Ranking For Work, Classified By Type of Usual Occupation, Place of Residence,' Color and Sex* Part i . First Priority Ranking For Work. Color or Race — ALL^ NORTH CAROLINA, MARCH, 1935 USUAL OCCUPATION TOTAL Total 1 Male Female Total 65,445 47,692 17.863 White Collar 3,010 1,758 1.2S2 Professional and Technical Workers^ 478 190 288 Proprietors, Managers and Officials 331 292 39 Office VVorkers< 1,018 474 544 Salesmen and Kindred Workers 1,183 802 ,381 Construction 7,033 7,033 Skilled Workers and Foremen. BuildinK and Construction 4.625 4,625 Senii-Skilled Workers. Buildinp and Construction 2.408 2,408 Unskilled Workers 19.279 17,103 2,176 Unskilled Laborers (Except Farm) 9.874 9,640 234 Farm Laborers 9.405 7,463 1,942 Semi-Skilled Workers. Manufacturing and Other Industries 10.217 6,752 3.465 Skilled Workers and Foremen. Manufacturing and Other Industries 1.420 1,406 14 Domestic and Personal Service Workers 8,254 1,654 6.600 Farmers^ 11,296 10,854 442 Inexperienced Persons 4.894 993 3,901 Unknown Occupation 42 39 3 USUAL OCCUPATION-URBAN TOTAL Total Male Female Total 30.577 20,828 9,749 White Collar 2.054 1,210 844 Professional and Technical Workers^ 296 118 178 Proprietors, Managers and Officials 217 193 24 Office Workers' 704 328 376 Salesmen and Kindred Workers 837 671 266 Construction 4.491 4,491 Skilled Workers and Foremen, Building and Construction 2.850 2,850 Semi-Skilled Workers, Building and Construction 1,641 1,641 Unskilled Workers 7,845 7,323 522 Unskilled Laborers (Except Farm) 5,798 5,613 185 Farm Laborers 2,047 1,710 337 Semi-Skilled Workers, JIanufacturing and Other Industries 6.726 4,272 2,454 Skilled Workers and Foremen. Manufacturing and Other Industries 805 796 9 Domestic and Personal Service Workers 6.118 1,316 4,802 Farmers^ 1,123 1,086 37 Inexperienced Persons 1.403 324 1,079 Unknown Occupation 12 10 2 USUAL OCCUPATION— RURAL TOTAL Total Male Female Total 34,868 26.764 8.104 White Collar 956 648 408 Professional and Technical Workers^ 182 72 110 1 Proprietors. Managers and Officials 114 99 15 ■ Office Workers* 314 146 168 Salesmen and Kindred Workers 346 231 115 Construction 2,542 2.642 Skilled Workers and Foremen. Building and Construction 1.775 1.775 Semi-Skilled Workers, Building and Construction 767 767 Unskilled Workers 11,434 9.780 1.654 [ Unskilled Laborers (Except Farm) 4,076 4,027 49 Farm Laborers 7,358 5,753 1.605 Semi-Skilled Workers, Manufacturing and Other Industries 3.491 2,480 1.011 pkilled Workers and Foremen. Manufacturing and Other Industries 615 610 5 Domestic and Personal Service Workers 2,136 338 1.798 Farmers^ 10,173 9,768 405 Inexperienced Persons 3,491 669 2,822 Unknown Occupation 30 29 1 1 Based on complete census of eligible workers on Relief. 2 "Urban" includes all cities and towns with a population of 2.500 or more persons in 1930; "Rural" includes open country areas and to\ !,500 persons in 1930. J Excludes Certified Public Accountants. ' Includes Certifie ^ Excludes Farm Laborers. ' Includes "White," "Xegro," "Other" and "Unknown color or race." *Federal Emergency Relief Administration Div vns and villages with i Public Accountants. ision of Research, Stati a population of under 3tics and Finance. 444 Appendix Part 2. First Priority Ranking For Work. Color or Race — WHITE / USUAL OCCUPATION TOTAL Total Male Female Total 1 38,677 29,980 8,697 White Collar 1 2,796 1,652 1.144 Professional and Technical Workers^ 1 369 158 21! Proprietors, Managers and Officials 1 295 266 29 Office Workers" 1 990 460 530 Salesmen and Kindred Workers 1 1.142 768 374 Construction 1 5.010 5,010 Skilled Workers and Foremen, Building and Construction 1 3,689 3,689 Semi-Skilled Workers, Building and Construction 1 1,321 1,321 Unskilled Workers 8,454 7,723 731 Unskilled Laborers (Except Farm) 1 4,012 3,971 41 Farm Laborers 1 4,442 3,752 690 Semi-Skilled Workers, Manufacturing and Other Industries 1 7,588 5 , 138 2.450 Skilled Workers and Foremen, Manufacturing and Other Industries ! 1,194 1,182 12 Domestic and Personal Service Workers 1 1,317 292 1.025 Farmers^ 8,587 8,296 291 Inexperienced Persons 3,703 661 3,042 •' Unknown Occupation 1 28 26 2 TOTAL USUAL OCCUPATION— URBAN Total Male Female Total 1 13,873 10,253 3,620 White Collar 1 1,889 1.131 758 Professional and Technical Workers^ 213 97 116 Proprietors, Managers and Officials j 190 173 17 Office Workers* 1 678 315 363 Salesmen and Kindred Workers 1 808 546 262 Construction 1 2,800 2,,S00 Skilled Workers and Foremen, Building and Construction 1 2,073 2,073 ! Semi-Skilled Workers, Building and Construction 1 727 727 Unskilled Workers 1 1,873 1,783 90 Unskilled Laborers (Except Farm) 1 1,307 1,289 18 Farm Laborers 1 566 494 72 Semi-Skilled Workers, Manufacturing and Other Industries j 4,469 2,970 1.499 Skilled Workers and Foremen, Manufacturing and Other Industries 1 636 629 7 Diomestic and Personal Service Workers 1 619 155 464 Farmers^ 1 614 596 18 Inexperienced Persons j 965 182 783 :' Unknown Occupation 1 8 7 1 TOTAL USUAL OCCUPATION— RURAL Total Male Female Total 24,804 19,727 5,077 White Collar 1 907 521 386 Professional and Technical Workers^ 1 156 61 95 Proprietors, Managers and Officials 1 105 1 93 12 Office Workers^ 312 1 145 167 Salesmen and Kindred Workers i 334 1 222 112 Construction I 2,210 1 2,210 Skilled Workers and Foremen, Building and Construction 1 1,616 1,616 Semi-Skilled Workers, Building and Construction 1 594 1 594 Unskilled Workers 1 6,5S1 1 5.940 641 Unskilled Laborers (Except Farm) ! 2,705 1 2.682 23 ; Farm Laborers 3,876 j 3,258 618 Semi-Skilled Workers, Manufacturing and Other Industries 3.119 1 2,168 951 Skilled Workers and Foremen, Manufacturing and Other Industries 558 1 553 5 Domestic and Personal Service Workers 698 1 137 561 J Farmers^ 7,973 1 7,700 1 273 Inexperienced Persons 2.738 1 479 1 2,259 Unknown Occupation 1 20 1 19 1 1 j 1 Based on complete census of eligible workers on Relief. - "Urban" includes all cities and towns with a population of 2,500 or more persons in 1930; "Rural" includes open country areas and tow 2,500 persons in 1930. 3 Excludes Certified Public Accountants. * Includes Certified Public Accountants. 5 Excludes Farm Laborers. ns and villages with a population of under Appendix 445 Part 3. First Priority Ranking For Work. Color or Race — NEGRO TOTAL Male 1 Female Total 1 26,508 17.410 9,098 White Collar 1 205 100 105 Professional and Technical Workers^ 1 107 31 76 Proprietors, Managers and Officials | 34 1 24 10 Office Workers^ | 26 13 13 Salesmen and Kindred Workers I 38 32 6 !!)onst ruction | 2,002 2,002 Skilled Workers and Fo*remen, Building and Construction | 921 921 1 Semi-Skilled Workers, Building and Construction 1 1.081 1,081 Unskilled Workers | 10,694 9,269 1,425 Unskilled Laborers (Except Farm) | 5,832 5,641 I 191 Farm Laborers 1 4,862 3,628 1 1,234 Semi-Skilled Workers. Manufacturing and Other Industries | 2,606 1,600 1 1,006 Skilled Workers and Foremen, Manufacturing and Other Industries | 224 222 1 2 Domestic and Personal Service Workers | 6,921 1,361 1 5.560 Farmers^ | 2,665 2,515 1 150 nexpericDced Persons | 1,178 329 1 849 Unknown Occupation I 13 [ 12 | 1 TOTAL Total 1 Male | Female Total 1 16.646 10,536 1 6,110 White Collar | 159 75 1 84 Professional and Technical Workers^ | 81 20 1 61 Proprietors, Managers and Officials | 26 19 1 7 Office Workers^ | 25 12 1 13 Salesmen and Kindred Workers | 27 24 1 3 Construction | 1,676 1,676 Skilled Workers and Foremen, Building and Construction 1 765 765 Semi-Skilled Workers, Building and Construction | 911 911 Unskilled Workers | 5,961 5,531 430 Unskilled Laborers (Except Farm) | 4,484 4.318 166 Farm Laborers | 1,477 1,213 264 3emi-SkiIled Workers, Manufacturing and Other Industries | 2,243 1,293 950 Skilled Workers and Foremen, Manufacturing and Other Industries 1 169 ( 167 [ 2 Domestic and Personal Service Workers | 5,490 | 1,161 | 4,329 Farmers^ | 508 | 489 | 19 [nexperienced Persons | 436 141 | 295 Unknown Occupation 4 | 3 [ 1 TOTAL Total Male 1 Female Total 9.862 6,874 2,988 White Collar 46 25 21 Professional and Technical Workers^ 1 26 11 15 Proprietors, Managers and Officials | 8 | 5 | 3 Office Workers' 1 1 1 Salesmen and Kindred Workers | 11 8 1 3 Ponstruction | 326 326 1 Skilled Workers and Foremen, Building and Construction I 156 156 1 Semi-Skilled Workers, Building and Construction | 170 170 Jnskilled Workers | 4,733 3,738 995 Unskilled Laborers (Except Farm) | 1,348 1,323 25 Farm Laborers | 3.385 2,415 970 Semi-Skilled Workers, Manufacturing and Other Industries | 363 307 56 Jkilled W'orkers and Foremen, Manufacturing and Other Industries | 55 65 1 Domestic and Personal Service Workers j 1,431 | 200 1 1,231 Farmers' | 2,157 | 2,026 | 131 nexperienced Persons 1 742 | 188 | 554 Jnknown Occupation [ 9 | 9 I 1 Based on complete census of eligible workers on Relief. 2 "U^rban" includes all cities and towns with a population of 2,500 or more persons in 1930; "Rural" includes open country areas and towns and villages with a population of under ,500 persons in 1930. 3 Excludes Certified Public Accountants. * Includes Certified Public Accountants, s Excludes Farm Laborers. 446 Appendix Eligible Workers 16-64 Years of Age, On Relief/ Classified by Type of Usual Occupation, Place of Residence,^ Color, and Sex* Part i. All Priority Rankings For Work. Color or Race — ALL'' NORTH CAROLINA— MARCH, 1935 USUAL occupation Total TOTAL Male Female Total 1 119.972 | 63.489 56,483 White Collar | 4,771 | 2,402 2,369 Professional and Technical Workers^ | 780 [ 242 538 Proprietors, Managers and Officials | 447 | 373 74 Office Workers* | 1,468 j 619 849 Salesmen and Kindred Workers j 2,076 | 1,168 908 Construction | 7,987 | 7.987 Skilled Workers and Foremen, Building and Construction | 5,125 | 5.125 Semi-Skilled Workers, Building and Construction | 2,862 | 2,862 Unskilled Workers | 30,491 | 24.219 6,272 Unskilled Laborers (Except Farm) | 12,954 | 12,472 482 Farm Laborers , | 17,537 | 11,747 5,790 Semi-Skilled Workers, Manufacturing and Other Industries | 17,511 | 8,638 8,873 Skilled Workers and Foremen, Manufacturing and Other Industries | 1.676 [ 1.658 18 Domestic and Personal Service Workers 1 18,808 | 2,253 16,555 Farmers' I 13,158 | 12,309 849 Inexperienced Persons 25,461 | 3,947 21,514 Unknown Occupation 1 109 1 76 33 TOTAL 1 Total Male Female Total 1 53,780 27,2.53 26,527 White Collar | 3,249 1,670 1,579 Professional and Technical Workers' | 450 145 305 Proprietors. Managers and Officials j 283 | 245 38 Office Workers' | 1.015 | 437 578 Salesmen and Kindred Workers | 1,601 | 843 658 Construction | 5,043 | 5,043 Skilled Workers and Foremen, Building and Construction | 3,138 | 3,138 Semi-Skilled Workers, Building and Construction | 1,905 | 1,905 Unskilled Workers 1 11,023 | 9,558 1,469 Unskilled Laborers (Except Farm) | 7,519 7,149 370 Farm Laborers 1 3,504 2,409 1,095 Semi-Skilled Workers, Manufacturing and Other Industries | 11,364 5,579 5,785 1 Skilled Workers and Foremen, Manufacturing and Other Industries | 939 | 928 11 Domestic and Personal Service Workers | 13,083 | 1,758 11,325 Farmers' | 1,300 | 1,225 75 Inexperienced Persons | 7,751 | 1,471 6,280 Unknown Occupation | 28 | 21 7 TOTAL ] USUAL OCCUPATION— RURAL „ . , ,, , Total Male Female Total 1 66,192 36,236 29,956 White Collar 1 1,522 732 790 Professional and Technical Workers' | 330 | 97 233 Proprietors, Managers and Officials | 164 | 128 36 Office Workers' 1 453 182 271 Salesmen and Kindred Workers | 575 325 250 1 Construction | 2,944 2,944 Skilled Workers and Foremen, Building and Construction | 1,987 1.987 Semi-Skilled Workers, Building and Construction j 957 957 Unskilled Workers | 19,468 | 14,661 4,807 Unskilled Laborers (Except Farm) | 5,435 | 5,323 112 Farm Laborers I 14,033 | 9.338 4,695 Semi-Skilled W'orkers, Manufacturing and Other Industries | 6,147 | 3,059 3,088 Skilled Workers and Foremen, Manufacturing and Other Industries | 737 | 730 7 Domestic and Personal Service Workers | 5.725 495 5,230 Farmers' I 11,858 11,084 774 Inexperienced Persons | 17,710 2,476 15,234 Unknown Occupation | 81 I 55 26 1 Based on complete census of eligible workers on Relief. 2 "Urban" includes all cities and towns with a population of 2,500 or more persons in 1930; 2,500 persons in 1930. ^ Excludes Certified Public Accountants. 6 Excludes Farm Laborers. 8 Includes "White," "Negro," and "Other" "Unknown color or race." 'Rural" includes open country areas and towns and villages with a population of unde * Includes Certified Public Accountants. *Federal Emergency Relief Administration Division of Research, Statistics and Finance. Appendix: Part 2. All Priority Rankings For Work. Color or Race— WHITE 447 USUAL OCCUPATION TOTAL Total 1 Male Female Total 70,829 39,956 30,873 White Collar 4,403 2,242 2,161 Professional and Technical Workers' 583 196 387 Proprietors, Managers and Officials 1 398 338 60 Office Workers* 1 1.418 594 824 Salesmen and Kindred Workers 1 2.004 1,114 890 Construction 1 5.742 5,742 Skilled Workers and Foremen. Building and Construction 1 4,105 4,105 Semi-SkiUed Workers. Building and Construction 1,637 1,637 Unskilled Workers 13,884 11,588 2,296 Unskilled Laborers (Except Farm) | 5.515 5,385 130 Farm Laborers I 8,369 6,203 2,166 Semi-Skilled Workers, Manufacturing and Other Industries | 13,119 6,426 6,693 Skilled Workers and Foremen. Manufacturing and Other Industries | 1.419 1,403 1 16 Domestic and Personal Service Workers | 3,209 409 1 2,800 Farmers^ 9,943 9,423 1 620 Inexperienced Persons 19,032 | 2,670 | 16,362 Unknown Occupation 78 | 53 | 25 USUAL OCCUPATION-URBAN TOTAL Total Male Female Total 24.413 13,494 10,919 White Collar 2,975 1,547 1,428 Professional and Technical Workers' | 311 115 196 Proprietors. Managers and Officials | 250 219 31 Office Workers^ | 969 414 555 Salesmen and Kindred Workers | 1,445 799 646 Construction 1 3,186 3,186 Skilled Workers and Foremen, Building and Construction 2,305 2,305 Semi-Skilled Workers, Building and Constructinn 881 881 Unskilled Workers 2,920 2,556 364 Unskilled Laborers (Except Farm) 1,874 1,804 70 Farm Laborers 1,046 752 294 Semi-Skilled Workers, Manufacturing and Other Industries 7,522 3,760 3,762 Skilled Workers and Foremen, Manufacturing and Other Industries | 748 739 9 Domestic and Personal Service Workers | 1,349 209 1,140 Farmers^ | 723 688 35 Inexperienced Persons | 4,975 798 4,177 Unknown Occupation 1 15 1 11 4 USUAL OCCUPATION— RURAL TOTAL Total Male Female Total 1 46,416 26,462 19,954 White Collar | 1,428 695 733 Professional and Technical Workers' | 272 81 191 Proprietors, Managers and Officials | 148 119 29 Office Workers* | UQ 180 269 Salesmen and Kindred Workers 559 315 244 Construction 2,556 2,556 Skilled Workers and Foremen, Building and Construction | 1,800 1,800 Semi-Skilled Workers. Building and Construction 756 756 Unskilled Workers 10 . 964 9,032 1,932 Unskilled Laborers (Except Farm) 3.641 3,581 60 Farm Laborers | 7,323 5,451 1,872 Semi-Skilled Workers, Manufacturing and Other Industries 5,597 2,666 2,931 Skilled Workers and Foremen, Manufacturing and Other Industries 671 664 7 ' Domestic and Personal Service Workers 1,860 200 1,660 Farmers^ 9,220 8,735 485 Inexperienced Persons | 14,057 1,872 12,185 Unknown Occupation 1 63 42 21 1 Based on complete census of eligible workers on Relief. 3 •'Urban" includes all cities and towns with a population of 2,500 or more persons in 1930; "Rural" includes open country areas and tov 2,500 persons in 1930. 'Excludes Certified Public Accountants. * Includes Certified Public Accountants. * Excludes Farm Laborers. 'ns and villages with a population of under 448 Appendix Part 3. All Priority Rankina;s For Work. Color or Race— NEGRO TOTAL Total 1 Male Female Total 1 48.675 23.264 25,411 White Collar | 355 154 201 Professional and Technical Workers'' [ 192 | 45 147 Proprietors, Managers and Officials | 47 33 14 Office Workers* | 48 24 24 Salesmen and Kindred Workers 1 68 52 16 Construction | 2,223 2,223 Skilled Workers and Foremen. Buildins and Construction | 1.005 1.005 Semi-Skilled Workers. Building and Construction | 1.218 1.218 Unskilled Workers | 16,363 12.480 1 3.883 Unskilled Laborers {Except Farm) | 7.405 7.056 349 Farm Laborers | 8,958 5.424 3,534 Semi-Skilled Workers, Manufacturing and Other Industries | 4.352 2.191 2,161 Skilled Workers and Foremen, Manufacturing and Other Industries | 255 253 2 Domestic and Personal Service Workers [ 15.564 1.841 13,723 Farmers^ | 3,158 2,834 324 Inexperienced Persons | 6.376 1,267 6,109 Unknown Occupation j 29 21 8 TOTAL lotal Male Female Total 1 29.263 13,700 15,563 White Collar | 267 119 148 Professional and Technical Workers^ | 136 29 107 Proprietors. Managers and Officials ] 32 25 7 Office Workers* | 45 22 23 Salesmen and Kindred Workers [ 54 43 11 Construction | 1,841 1,841 Skilled Workers and Foremen, Building and Construction | 821 821 Semi-Skilled Workers. Building and Construction | 1,020 1,020 Unskilled Workers | 8,084 6,988 1.096 Unskilled Laborers (Except Farm) | 5,636 5,337 299 Farm Laborers | 2.448 1,651 797 .Semi-Skilled Workers. Manufacturing and Other Industries | 3,817 1,804 2.013 Skilled Workers and Foremen, Manufacturing and Other Industries | 191 189 2 Domestic and Personal Service Workers | 11.714 1,547 10.167 Farmers^ I 574 534 40 Inexperienced Persons | 2.763 669 2.094 Unknown Occupation 1 12 9 3 TOTAL Total Male Female Total 1 19.412 9,564 9.848 White Collar | 88 35 53 Professional and Technical Workers^ | 56 16 40 Proprietors, Managers and Officials j 15 8 7 Office Workers' | 3 2 1 Salesmen and Kindred Workers | 14 9 5 Construction | 382 382 Skilled Workers and Foremen, Building and Construction | 184 184 Semi-Skilled Workers, Building and Construction | 19S 198 Unskilled Workers | 8,279 5.492 2,787 Unskilled Laborers (Except Farm) | 1,769 1.719 50 Farm Laborers | 6,510 3,773 2,737 Semi-Skilled Workers, Manufacturing and Other Industries | 535 387 148 Skilled Workers and Foremen, Manufacturing and Other Industries | 64 64 Domestic and Personal Service Workers | 3,850 294 3,556 Farmers* | 2,584 2,300 284 Inexperienced Persons | 3,613 598 1 3,015 Unknown Occupation | 17 12 5 1 Based on complete census of eligible workers on Relief. 2 "Urban" includes all cities and towns with a population of 2,500 or more persons in 1930; "Rural" includes open country areas and towns and villages with a population of under i 2,500 persons in 1930. 3 Excludes Certified Public Accountants. « Includes Certified Public Accountants. 6 Excludes Farm Laborers. Appendix 449 ANALYSIS OF TOTAL EXPENDITURES UNDER CWA AND ERA WORK PROGRAMS (Not including miiterial donated by sponsors) Classified as to Federal and Local Government Funds Federal Gov. Funds Local Gov. Funds NAME CWA ERA CWA ERA GRAND TOTAL NAME Federal Gov. Funds Local Gov. Funds CWA ERA CWA ERA GRAND TOTAL Child welfare survey, state-wide S Symphony orchestni, state-uide, headquarters in Chapel Hill Office and field ERA sanitary engineers, state-wide Geodetic control survey, admin- istrative, throughout state Oyster planting supervision, state- wide Sanitation supervisory personnel, state- wi<.le Malarial control supervision, seven districts Study of trend and extent of un- employment, state-wide Study and survey of rural electri- fication, 75 selected North Caro- lina counties Survey of displaced tenants, state- wide Promotion birth registration, state-wide Safety project, state-wide Caring for and utilizing draught cattle, state-wide Operation of stock yards, state- wide Propogation of grape vines, state- ide Rural social research, state-wide Rural social research, state-wide Survey of mineral resources, state-wide Land appraisals, state-wide Survey of corporation land in Chatham County Checking CWA and ERA mate- rials and tools, throughout state Production of fertilizer, state- wide Supervision of rural rehabilita- tion construction work, state- wide Supervising and investigation for rural rehabilitation, state-wide Rural social research, state-wide Repairs to state ERA office Searching for stray cattle, state- ide Current relief changes, state-wide Delivering trucks, state-wide iFarm debt adjustment, state- wide Dismanteling meat cannery into vegetable cannery, state-wide Inspecting and appraising textile machinery, state-wide Making ERA reports, throughout state Supply warehouse for beef can- nery, state-wide Survey of fish markets, state-wide N. C. relief tannery. Old Fort ^becking transcription sheets, office in state office Distribution of surplus commod- ities, state-wide Lecture-concerts on Negro folk music, state-wide Plantation-tenant study, state- wide iRural electrification engineer, throughout state Conservation and development campaign, state-wide Assembling data for State Engi- neering Department, state-wide 29 STATE 513,768.80 S ■5 4 .000.00 $17,708.80 68,096.42 68,096.42 3,718.46 3,718.46 10,776.83 10,776.83 3.215.84 3.215.84 12,924.78 9 450.00 22.374.78 12,188.15 12,325.00 24,513.15 367.35 367.35 7,274.28 7,274.28 4,967.80 4,967.80 5,872.66 5,872.66 8.144.42 8,144.42 4,741.48 4,741.48 887.50 887.50 1,832.88 1,832.88 1,468.26 1,468.26 1,682.70 1.682.70 1,230.80 1,230.80 187.04 187.04 82.50 15,072.26 131.63 230.80 1,012.02 9,164.70 2,323.06 825.50 9,287.00 54.00 3.770.25 3.710.06 86.55 2,762.70 203.04 115.39 131.55 873.74 549.85 438.05 2.219.26 773.68 524.25 1,314.40 15,072.26 131.63 230.80 1,012.02 9,164.70 2,500.00 4,823.06 825.50 9,287.00 54.00 3.770.25 3,710.06 86.56 2.762.70 203.04 115.39 131.55 873.74 549.85 438.05 2,219.26 773.68 524.25 1.314.40 Supervising construction fish plants. state-wiJe .? .5 5.665.90 .5 Storing and distriijuting com- modities. Raleigh 736.02 Farm tax delinquencies at State College. Raleigh 594.81 Cliecking occupational code num- bers, state-wide 397.10 Survey personnel for fisheries, state-wide 2.101.72 Transfer of building materials, throughout state 1.420.14 Sign painting, fisheries, Morehead City, Southport, Manteo 659.80 Perpetual inventory in eight districts 6.990.71 ALAMANCE COUNTY Road improvement, Saxapahaw, Swepsonville road S Extension Church Street from Burlington city limits I niprovement , Grahara-Hopeville road Sewerage disposal line repairs, Elon College Grading and planting shrubbery, E. ,\1 Holt school Building walks, preparing grounds for seeding. Elon College Repairs to building, windows, .Mebane school Two local sewer lines, Elmire mills and on Stockard .Street Quarrying and crushing stone and placing same on cit.v dirt streets, Burlington Road improvement, .Snow Camp- Siler City road Improvement of Gibsonville-Ossi- pee road Road improvement, Kimesville- Alamance road Improvement, Daily-.Murray road to Caswell County line Sanitary sewer outfall, Burlington Construction of sanitary privies, county-wide Grading, draining and topsoiling road, route 103 from .Mebane to route 144 Ditch from North Side Disposal Plant of town of Gibsonville Street improvement, Graham Street improvement, Graham Reconditioning streets, Burling- ton Cemetery repairs, Mebane Street improvement, iVlebane Pine Hill cemetery, Burlington Construction Willowbrook park. Burlington Burlington City Hall renovation Gilliam cemetery, ground im- provement, rebuild fence, grade and topsoil driveways Road repair, from iMebane to in- tersection of Foster road Hopedale-Glenco road repair Street improvement, Elon College Repairing streets, Burlington Construction sanitary sewer out- fall, Burhngton Street improvement. Graham Road repair, route 10. 10-A, 54. 62, 93, 100, 155 Project signs, Graham S 5,665.90 736.02 594.81 397.10 2,101.72 1.420.14 659.80 li.990.71 3,116.45 S .5 112.15 .? 5 3,228.60 1,162.45 50.00 1.232.45 3,149.50 3,149.50 2,991.63 2,991.63 486.00 150.00 636.00 247.50 15.00 262.50 30.00 12.50 42.50 2,911.15 656.57 3,667.72 4,684.95 1.070.00 5,754.95 3,044.63 75.00 3,119.63 1,344.90 100.00 1,444.90 2,482.96 2,482.96 2,948.56 2,948.56 15.755.00 2,247.10 4.210.00 2,029.75 24.241.85 ,241.53 6,332.80 32,062.50 15,092.00 62,728.1 3,392.62 3,836.22 434.46 434.46 1,174.85 50.00 1,224.85 2,128.85 2,128.85 12,613.65 7.825.00 20,438.65 325.63 325.63 1,623.03 1,310.10 13.00 2,946.13 4,452.89 1,922.90 2,000.00 225.00 8,600.79 2,652.64 643.00 330.00 3,625.64 1,534.44 678.45 39.00 2,251.89 387.91 84.50 472.41 552.10 100.00 652.10 383.22 383.22 2,833.68 411.20 700.00 75.00 4,019.88 5,814.79 2,141.70 1,264.00 9,220.49 935.50 307.20 200.00 4.00 1,446.70 1,603.20 2.675.20 150.00 4,428.40 326.00 225.00 651.00 4,668.77 200.00 4,868.77 450 Appendix NAME Federal Gov, Funds CWA ERA Local Gov. Funds GRAND TOTAL CWA ERA Road improvement Snow Camp- Siler City road from Cane Creek church General school repair, Burlington district Tools and sundry equipment, county-wide Sewing rooms Recreational directors, Burlington Canning, various parts of county Cannery building, Burlington Recreational directors, Mebane Recreational directors, Burlington Recreational directors, Graham Administrative Construction mattress tables, Mebane Mattress making, Mebane Community garden, Burlington Emergency labor, Graham Pasture projects relief cattle, Bur- lington Completing barbed wire fence on farm Herding drought cattle Canning of commodities, Bur- lington Reconditioning warehouse, Gra- ham Emergency teachers, county-wide Stenographic aid at Courthouse Nursery School helper, Burlington Fencing Lake Latham farm, Mebane Sewer Improvement , Alexander Wilson school Sewer improvement, Sylvan school Sewer extension, Saxapahaw school Sewer improvement. Haw River school Sewer improvement, negro school, Graham Sketches for proposed murals, courthouse Renovation graded school, ^^ebane School lunches, relief families Sewer extension, Burlington Installation, occupational records Sanitary sewer line, Burlington Water shed patrol. Burlington Sewer and water improvement, Graham Stenographers for reemployment office, Burlington Street improvement, Graham Dirt street improvement, Bur- lington Sidewalk construction, Saxapa- haw Sewer outfull, Burlington Sewer extension, Graham Renovation of quarters for T. B. patients, Graham Painting, repairing rural schools Wildflower paintings in Tempra Repairs in lieu of rent, A. L. Lind- ley farm Federal housing program Secretary for farm debt adjust- ment, Graham Recreational directors, Mebane, Graham, and Burlington Supervision and plowing gardens County store room House numbering map, Burling- ton Home making Grading grounds, Hillcrest school, BurIij:'gton Construction water line, Graham Prices farmers pay Farm housing, Burlington Census, Burlington S 1,357.00 s s 815.60 8 ? 2,172.60 24,328.41 7.245.66 31,574.07 244.40 216.71 457.11 1,173.90 1 12,345.83 210.38 783.25 126.99 174.60 138.15 63.90 9,713.03 30.53 974.06 1,386.00 14,905,73 210.38 783.25 126.99 174.60 138.15 63.90 9,713.03 30.53 974.05 2,112.80 950.00 3.062.80 14.15 14.15 151.17 189.40 1.326.38 429.77 131.06 152.50 1,702.20 100.37 79.00 686.70 792.00 409.50 232.45 1,424.90 221.60 754.25 132.00 979.70 535.55 2,104.90 166.80 1,544.55 518.20 1,856.30 2.500.30 2, 255,, 50 20,076.90 360.75 148. fO 3,485,40 200,00 31.00 510,10 193,60 241.89 516.55 961.89 245.60 1,889.43 2,870.70 251.30 27.00 2,903.08 313.70 3,453.25 2,171.30 151.17 189.40 1.326.38 429.77 131.06 152.50 1,702.20 100.37 79.00 1,351.07 2.037.77 560.15 1,352.15 250.70 660.20 390.86 623.30 323.70 1,748.60 33.00 2E4.60 451.70 1,205.95 132.00 4S7.30 1,467.00 535.55 1,298.75 3,403,65 166.80 1,648.10 3,192.65 518.20 1,220.00 3.076.30 2,400.00 4.900.30 675.00 2,930.50 16,220.00 36,296.90 268.60 629.35 52.30 200.90 2,548.30 6,033.70 20.40 220.40 31.00 510.10 193.60 241.89 516.55 961.89 1,245,60 1,889.43 6,323.95 2,422.60 27.00 2.903.08 313.70 NAME Federal Gov. Funds Local Gov. Funds GRAND TOTAL CWA ERA CWA ERA Geological survey. Burlington ? 318,95 ? Indexing and bringing up to date old water records, tax records, and meter records, Burlington 175.50 Reemployment office, Siler City Road 2,185.81 S 318.95 270.00 ALEXANDER COUNTY Excavating for building additional room to Hiddenite high school ? 342.90 S S Grade and drain Whittenburg Con- solidated school grounds 252.90 710.40 Erect rock retaining wall, Hid- denite high school 835.25 Regrading and topaoiling two streets. Ta.vlorBville 4,067,45 Planting trees and beautifying town plots, Taylorsville 175.50 Overhauling steam pipe line con- nections between heating plant and Taylorsville high school building 43.20 County road from Taylorsville via Liledown to intersection N. C. route 96, etc., drain, blast, etc, 4,533.85 Drain, blast and resurface Sulphur Springs road from Hiddenite to Iredell County line 5.034.35 Underground sewerage plant at Whittenburg Consolidated school 1,302.40 Repairs to .M iller township road 224 . 40 Repairing Little River township road 1,550.26 Construction of sidewalks of Hid- denite 2,971.65 Grading Ellendale school grounds 3,156.75 Repairs, all hard surface streets in Taylorsville 351,00 Retaining wall on playground, Stony Point high school 40.75 Building three miles street and sidewalk in Stony Point 2,782,15 Indexing records for clerk of court office, Taylorsville 84.00 Privy construction, county-wide 2.774.34 Cement hall floor, Stony Point high school basement 127.35 Construction Negro school build- ing, Taylorsville 5,859.40 263.30 Improving and grading streets, Taylorsville 234.45 Regrading and topsoiling streets, Taylorsville 88.80 CWA Administration 1,278.33 Tool project, county-wide 390.36 Canning project, county-wide 190.90 Covering house, relief family, near Taylorsville 16.00 Canning fruits and vegetables 1 , 461 . SO Administrative 5,570,63 Emergency teachers, county-wide 72.00 Building office furniture, Taylors- ville 65.64 Draining branch, Taylorsville 1,941 ,80 Street work, Stony Point 632,90 Sewing, Taylorsville 2,764,60 County-wide cattle program 198.05 Farm relief, county-wide 184.38 Distribution of government com- modities, Taylorsville 1,118.74 Clerical for records for Rural Re- habilitation, county-wide 31.50 Pasturing ERA cattle, county- wide 4,241,25 Delivered wood, county-wide 25.35 Installation of occupational rec- ords, county-wide 473.70 Construction at Hiddenite high school building 3,129,35 Quilting projects, county-wide 1,875.43 Home nursing service in county 335.60 1,926.73 i 342.90 963.30 835.25 4,067.45 25.00 200. SC 43.2rf| 556.26 5,090, 10| I 631.25 5.665.60 1,302.. 224.. 756.25 2.306.1 2,971. 3,426.' 361. 40.' 2,782. 84.1 4,062.50 7,282.80 16.046.1 10.00 137.; 500.00 703.51 7.326. 500.00 734.. 88.1 1.278.; 390.: 190.! 16.1 1,461.; 5,570,1 72.1 65.1 1,941. 632.! 2,764.1 198.1 184.; 1,118.; 31.1 4,241.i 25. i 473.; 6,027,75 9,157.1 1,875.^ 335. f Appendix 451 NAME Federal Gov. Funds CW.\ ER.\ Local Gov. Funds CVV.\ ERA GRAND TOTAL NA.VIE Federal Gov. Funds Local Gov. Funds GRAND TOTAL CWA ERA CWA ERA Grading ball park, Taylorsville high school S S 2,380.35 ? Grading plaj'ground, Hiddenitc high school 301.40 Individual gardens. Stony Point 290.70 Road repair, county-wide 163.45 Grading streets, Taylorsville 1.057.75 Home making 373.75 Stenographic, reemployment office 192.50 Sewerage disposal plant at Hid- denite school Repairing books, Hiddenite high hool 27.00 Janitorial, clerical, truck hire, ER.\ local warehouse 27.00 Assistant supervisors 508.90 Census 105.50 Reemployment office 727.92 38.40 ? 2. 418.75 616.90 301.40 290.70 1.425.00 1,588.45 300.00 1,357.75 373.75 192.50 709.73 1,326.63 27.00 27.00 508.90 105.50 727.92 ALLEGHANY COUNTY Preparing and serving lunches to school children in relief familes, Piney Creek and Sparta schools Repair road from Piney Creek post office to Scottsville Quarry, crush and haul stone for county road from NC 26-18 at Beh-ins cross roads Road repairs from Sparta to NC 26 Road repair from NC 28, Ashe- Alleghany line to NC S Laurel Springs Road repair from Sparta north to NC 26 to Virginia line ainting Wolf Branch schoolhouse binding and indexing records, courthouse, Sparta ?-3 1-3-21 ■load improvement from Hill's store to Stratford load repair from New Hope church to Cranberry church on the county line Iparta high school gymnasium 'iney Creek high school gym- nasium mproving grounds and painting Wolf Branch school ;!onst ruction sanitary privies, county-wide load improvement from NC 28 from 1 mile east of Stratford to Stratford )igging well. Whitehead school grounds luilding two dams, Roaring Gap state fish hatchery Uacksmith project, county-wide ounty-wide tools and sundry equipment project idministrative encing leased land 'ounty canning campaign, Sparta onstruction of cannery, Sparta arm and garden project, county- wide mergency labor, Sparta onstruction of work benches, Sparta driving cattle, county-wide ounty-wide cattle project overing barn on relief farm istallation of occupational rec- ords, Sparta hestnut Grove road construction nloading mules eautifying Sparta high school grounds onstruction of Stratford road iiilding office furniture, Sparta ? 56.10 .? .? ? S 56.10 6.274.80 871.25 7.14C.05 5,298.20 1,221.25 6.519.45 3,561.40 582.50 4,143.90 2,311.10 1,440.00 3,751.10 5,522.70 740.00 6,262.70 36.00 20.00 56.00 171.00 223 50 194.30 588.80 198. SO 198.80 665.50 250.00 619.10 2,450.40 2,233.10 400.00 671.60 1,019.10 162.50 5,517.60 2,665.20 2,977.60 671 60 162.50 6,476.90 36.45 36.45 493.32 8.062.50 8,555.82 809.70 675 00 1,484.70 128.20 20.50 148.70 795.90 77.20 733.75 1,529.65 77.20 374.10 5,776.37 780.60 526. 75 51.70 8,936.16 14.00 37.82 397.20 1,102.90 19.20 873.25 1,788.40 181.30 1,491.45 818.80 209.68 374.10 5,776.37 780.60 526.75 51.70 8,936.16 14.00 37.82 397.20 1,102.90 19.20 873.25 1,788.40 181.30 1,491.45 818.80 209.68 Highway improvement from No. 691 to county line Painting ERA office, Sparta Sewing room, Sparta Highway improvement from NC IS Improvement of Meadow Fork Road Road improvement near Blevins cross-roads Improvement of highway from New Hope church Improvement of highway from Coal Kennedy's store Improvement of fish hatchery grounds, Roaring Gap Distribution of surplus commod- ities Clerical help, farm debt adjust- ment, Sparta Improvement of highway from Piney Creek road, Scottsville Street improvement, Sparta Visiting housekeepers, county- wide Stenographic help, reemployment office, Sparta Canning program, county-wide Building fence and clearing land on Rural Rehabilitation farm Census Bureau Agricultural Economics Supervisor and assistant Reemployment office CWA office .? 1,669.10 $ 43.83 3,199.77 155.60 560.60 1,260.60 356.80 70.20 620.20 180.24 12.60 237.70 45.60 S 1.669.10 43.83 3,199.77 155.60 560.60 1,250.60 221.25 578.05 242.00 312.20 44.00 664.20 180.24 12.60 455.00 692.70 296.26 341.85 244.26 244.25 287.65 374.90 355.40 44.10 9.00 479.35 932.60 944.40 ANSON COUNTY Street repair, Ansonville Resurfacing streets and sidewalks, building small bridges, Morven Street and sidewalk repairs, Polk- ton Repair road, state route 515 Repair county road between Wadesboro and Union County line Road repair from Wadesboro through Burnsville to Union County line Dirt sidewalk public school, Liles- ville Sink water connection for free lunch kitchen at school. Wades boro Repairs, Peachland nigh school Repairs, heating plant, county home Construction of shed at county home Repairs to county roads Nos. 20, 19 and 15 Road repair, county road No. 8, from Ansonville to county road No. 15 Road repair, county road No. 50, Wadesboro to South Carolina state line Grading school grounds, surfacing ball diamonds and play areas, Lilesville Assistant librarian, county public library. W^adesboro Street and sidewalk repair, Mc- Farlan Repairs, Union School for Ne- groes Repairs, Deep Creek Negro school Repairs , Brown Creek colored school Laying pipe for storm sewer, prep- aration for planting grass and shrubbery, county home 4.982.51 5,485.31 657.40 48.30 971.09 96.00 492.50 6,333.08 5,283.19 5.564.72 1,346.25 1,296.25 288.00 125.80 291.48 390.00 700.00 475.00 ,397.40 14.40 752.00 27.93 55.10 10.00 10.00 287.55 374.90 355.40 44.10 9.00 479.35 932.50 944.40 ?4,890.60 .S 8 2.036.00 .$ S 6.926.60 1,476.00 1,100.00 2,676.00 2,386.85 1,250.00 3,635.85 7,821.06 2,000.00 9,821.06 1,426.85 6. 328.76 6,781.56 945.40 48.30 971.09 221.80 783.98 6,723.0« 6,983.19 6.039.72 2.691.40 14.40 847.00 37.93 65.10 6a. 17 1,911.85 452 Appendix NAME Federal Gov. Funds Local Gov. Funds GRAND TOTAL CWA ERA CWA ERA NAME Repairs, grounds and building, Thomas colored school, Polkton S Repairs, building and grounds, Ingram colored school Painting and repairing furniture at colored school, Polkton Grading grounds at Negro 8ehool, Wadesboro Repairing grounds at Wadeeboro school for white Outside painting at high school and teacherage at Wadesboro Construction streets and sidewalks at Peachland school School ground improvement at Morven Painting outside building, Carlo school for Negroes, Morven Painting and repairs at Morven high school Sanitary privies, county-wide Paving sidewalks, E. Martin Street, Wadesboro Surfacing No. 802 Morven tointer- section No. 802 and No. 20 Repairs to two school buildings, Wadesboro Janitors for school, county School lunches for undernourished children, cou,nty-wide Gardening and farm work for re- lief, Wadesboro and Polkton Janitorial service for county home and relief buildings General repairs to several county high schools, Salem, Shady Grove, Pinewood , Savannah CWA Administrative County drainage engineer Surveying and preparing drainage map, Brown Creek swamp Painting hospital, Anson Sani- torium Repairs to county jail, Wadesboro Repairs to high school building, Wadesboro Construction storage boxes, brand- ing tools, Wadesboro Blacksmith, highway office Tool project, local warehouse Improvements, Wadesboro water works Extension Wadesboro sewer works Sewing project, Peachland Clerical aid, register of deeds of- fice, county Librarian, county library Sewing room , Wadesboro Canning, Wadesboro Recreational director, Wadesboro Clerical aid relief offices, Wadesboro Dispensing government commod- ties, county Clerical work, reemployment of- fice, Wadesboro Administrative, Anson Unloading cattle, county-wide Pasture project, relief cattle, county Pasture relief cattle, county Pasture project relief cattle, county Repairing ERA office, Wadesboro Hauling wire for pastures, county Pasture project, relief cattle, county Unloading relief cattle, county Pasture project, relief cattle, county Pasture project, relief cattle, county Rural Rehabilitation, Wadesboro Unloading relief cattle, county Unloading relief cattle, Wadesboro Unloading reUef cattle, Wadesboro Gathering relief crops, county Building salt troughs for cattle, Wadesboro 17.00 S $ 10.00 S S 27.00 45.80 10.00 55.80 131.35 s.oo 136.35 ,106.42 345.00 2,451.42 297.96 25.00 322.96 314.26 10.00 324.25 489.50 501.25 3,990.75 391.20 25.00 416.20 117.00 10.00 127.00 420.98 15.00 435.98 145.39 1,092.20 32,062.50 59,192.98 99,493.07 007.48 3,007.48 747.50 850.00 1,597.50 201.75 26.00 226.75 139.50 139.50 89.10 89.10 19.20 19.20 38.40 38.40 859.67 90.00 949.67 092.61 3,092.61 173.10 23S.0d 408.10 99.90 537.75 838.95 395.00 54.00 132.00 182.65 ,966.93 ,260.75 492.30 115.20 773.20 36.00 13,237.80 24,951.80 2,179.85 297.45 7,532.97 2,895.11 178.00 662.85 1,944.25 775.25 8,175.11 80.20 283.40 889.30 10.90 555.75 34.65 10.20 17.25 343.75 24.20 - 1,433.89 23.40 37.40 484.80 55.50 400.00 155.00 25.00 150.00 75.00 957.95 1,687.16 456.00 35.00 89.00 85.00 217.00 182.66 3,629.09 23,833.82 50.00 1,200.00 30,562.65 492.30 538.63 2.718.48 180.00 477.46 36.00 7,568.97 197.50 3,092.61 178.00 662.85 1,944.25 776.25 8,176.11 80.20 283.40 889.30 10.90 666.76 34.66 10.20 17.25 343.75 24.20 1.433.89 23.40 37.40 484.80 65.50 4.80 Caretakers and holding pens, re- lief cattle, county i Hauling and storing feed and food crops, Wadesboro Blood testing relief cattle, Wades- boro Repairing building, relief families, Wadesboro Pasture project, relief cattle, An- sonville Pasture project, relief cattle, Liles- ville Pasture project, relief cattle, Mor- ven Pasture project, relief cattle, An- sonville School lunches, Polkton School lunches, Ansonville School lunches, Burnsville, McFar- land, Deep Creek School lunches, Wadesboro School lunches, Wadesboro Storage of potatoes, Monroe Nursery school helpers, Wadesboro Clerical, materials andequipment, ERA otEce, Wadesboro Clerical aid, ERA office, Wades- boro Grading Ansonville high school grounds Clearing lands and cutting wood, Wadesboro Installation water and sewer works, Morven Federal housing program, county Improvement of streets, Peachland Repairs at Lilesville high school Clerical help, Debt Adjustment Commission, Anson Repairing Wadesboro schools StenographerforEmergency Seed Loan office, Wadesboro 5 1,364.25 S 10.80 43.05 346.88 343.40 12.00 209.40 149.40 36.00 18.00 148.50 22.50 39.00 46.00 97.90 2,111.25 761.00 3,560.60 1,022.35 2,623.45 134.86 974.60 669.60 40.25 172.35 343.00 v. Funds GRAND TOTAL ERA S S 1,364.2; 10.81 43.0,' 345.8: 343.41 12. Oil 209.41' 149.41 36.01 18.01' 148. 5i 22.61} 39.01- 46.C)j 97. ti 2,111.2;; 761.01 611.00 4,071.61 760.00 1.772.3, 1,895.40 4,518.81' 134.8 144.00 1,118.61 132.50 802.11 40.21' 33.60 205.8; 343 m' Repairing house in lieu of rent. occupied by relief family, Liles- ville 4.25 4.2. Repairing house in lieu of rent. 1 occupied by relief family. White Store township 15.00 15.0' Repairing Lilesville high school library 73.60 73.5' Grading Wadesboro city school ' grounds 883.25 87.20 970.4 Inventory of F. S. R. C. storeroom, county 280.00 280.0' Painting and repairing county home. Wadesboro 147.80 187.60 335.3' Visiting home makers, county 1,278.00 1,278.0 W^rapping and crating soap, Liles- ville 618.20 518,2; Stenographer for Productive Credit Association, Wadesboro 99.75 99.7,' Street improvement, Ansonville 594.00 421.00 l,016.o' Improving N. C. Sanitorium grounds 1,229.00 268.00 1,497,0;. Sewing room supervisor, county 44.90 44.9' Care of rehabilitation mules, county 148.50 148.6 1 ASHE COUNTY Construction Cranberry road .? 8,342.28 S 890.45 S S 1,316.20 no, 548.9; Making sanitary water supply, forty schools, Ashe County 80.00 80.01 Constructing gymnasiums. Healing Spring, Jefferson and Lansing 666.00 666. Oi Construction of AppleGraveroad 7,309.39 4,745.15 800.00 12,854.6 Construction, Sussex road 4,940.95 2,479.70 1,339.70 8.760.31 Additional classrooms, Lansing high school 186.30 186.3; Construction, Hopkins-Glendale road 6,682.48 470.60 1,072.20 8,125.21 Grassy Creek high school gym- nasium construction 8.57.27 868.90 1,400.00 3,126.1 Construction of Big Laurel road 6,430.91 1,858.00 936.50 8,225.4 Appendix 453 NAME Federal Gov. Funds CWA ERA Local Gov. Funds CWA ERA GRAND TOTAL NAME FederalGov. Funds Local Gov. Funds GRAND TOTAL CWA ERA CWA ERA Construction, Mill Creek road Construction of sanitary privies, county Gymnasium, Elk land high school Water supply for Nathan's Creek high school Nathan Creek high school West Jefferson high school gyni- nasium County road repair from South Fork bridge to Jefferson-Grassy Creek highway Construction of road, Negro Mountain Nathan Creek high school gym- nasium Making sanitary water supply for forty county schools Sanitary privies for schools, county Fleetwood high school gymnasium Lansing high school gymnasium Fleetwood high school construction Jefferson high school gymnasium Jefferson liigh school construction West Jefferson high school New River high school construction New River hign school gymnasium Repairing school buildings, Green Valley, Orion, Ball Mountain Healing Springs high school Addition to water system, West Jefferson School lunch room, county Administrative help Tool and sundry equipment proj- ect, county Janning and preserving food, county \ssistantfarm supervisor, county Administrative building cattle pens, West Jefferson 3uilding mattress tables. West Jefferson Remodeling ERA office, county Distribution, surplus commod- ities, county Vlaintenance stock pens. West Jefferson Emergency labor, West Jefferson Construction work benches, county Making safety kits, county liUnchrooms, Lansing, Fleet- wood, New River Usistant to county school super- intendent iewing room , Jefferson ;!!overing West Jefferson cattle pens nstallation of occupational rec- ords, county assistant librarian , West J eff erson )itching and draining streets. West Jefferson Srading Jefferson high school grounds Fading Healing Springs high school grounds lepairing Chestnut HilJ road Htighway improvement between No. 16 and No. 681 lighway improvement on Jefferson Boone highway *hotograph records, county improving state road from No. 681, Phoenix Creek, Bower's Bridge mproving Nathan's Creek high school grounds anitorial work, ERA office. West Jefferson ederal Housing Administration project, West Jefferson Hearing grounds. New River school S 4,499.52 S 3.352.70 S 4,312.86 1,363.50 3.028.66 102.91 2,727.15 1,302.10 1.085.60 S 1,197.50 S 9.049.72 4.312.86 4,090.95 809.65 233.95 1,691.61 7.701.01 10,229.37 6.271.90 88.42 387.93 625.60 5,982.83 18.90 20.60 15.00 1,530.75 63.00 1,612.70 2,957.57 1 .447.90 191.60 1 ,393.95 1 .543.75 890.10 2 089.85 3 135.95 1 772.05 117.60 1 .197.20 940.49 74.40 192.60 402.80 70.00 5,140.41 1,086.60 1,685.62 1,438.80 1,438.80 781.62 781.62 897.00 2,529.67 275.00 263.70 3,965.37 887.60 887.50 2,393.55 2,036.70 502.00 6,620.00 11,462.26 1,057.90 5,126.67 1,018.90 7,803.47 1,448.80 5,887.30 692.50 8,028.60 1,003.10 3,129.00 500.00 426.25 6,068.36 2,122.85 4.040.07 600.00 6,662.92 4,073.75 6,341.30 425.00 10,840.06 4,843.08 17,282.94 510.00 2,811.50 25,447.62 2,120.65 3,480.30 550.00 6,160.95 1,477.40 4,761.17 957.75 7,186.32 2,591.04 3.663.76 6,264.79 1,804.75 5,345.20 422.50 7,572.45 65.25 154.20 240.50 459.95 217.20 199.60 416.70 2,611.10 2,611.10 336.86 1,691.61 7,701.01 10,229.37 6,271.90 88.42 387.93 625.60 5,982.83 18.90 29.60 15.00 1.530.75 63.00 1,812.70 2,957.57 1,447.90 191.50 1,393.95 1,613.75 890.10 2,492.35 3,135.96 1,772.05 30.00 147.60 70.00 1,267.20 222.50 1.162.99 74.40 192.60 402.80 Visiting housekeepers, county Rural survey and farm classifica- tion, county Stenographic help, reemployment office, county Highway improvement near Haynes Gap Caretakers of livestock. West Jefferson Beautitication, Jefferson cemetery Buying material for canning, county S 222.60 7.50 315.00 545.40 18.10 263.80 S 222.60 26.00 33.60 315.00 84.00 929.40 18.10 263.80 1,091,80 Red Cross sewing room, county Cleaning, ditching and scaling banks of state roads, county Crushing rock for surfacing Sugar Mountain Road Repair, route 194, county Repair, Flat Springs road Repair, Big Meadows road Repair, Linvillte Gap road Grading, Cranberry high school grounds Ditching, grading, draining, small fill, Newland Grading schoolgrounds, Newland Grading and surfacing streets, Newland Grading athletic field and play- grounds, Newland high school Constructing road, Linville to Roseboro Clerical help, reemployment of- fice, Newland Interviewer for women, reemploy- ment office, county Janitorial service, relief offices, Newland Clerical work, relief office. New- land Improving Linville streets Improving Linville streets Newland sewer system installation P-31-6-30 Construction sanitary privies, county -wide Disbursing office Gymnasium, Altamont high school and Crossnore c o m - munity completion County project manager Clerical help, CWA office, county Emergency relief education, county Sewing room, Newland Janitorial, county Administrative Rural Rehabilitation, county Threshing small grain, county Construction work benches, county Pasture rental, relief cattle, New- land Repairing building for potato storage, Plumtree Digging and hauling potatoes, Plumtree Emergency labor, county Building office and painting, ERA office, Newland School lunches, Wilson Creek, Toe River, Altamont Repairing storage house, Newland Installation of occupational rec- ords, Newlajid Repairs to Altamont high school Supervising distribution of com- modities, Newland Baling hay. Bell View Farm AVERY COUNTY S 18.00 33.00 927.00 4,581.60 5,036.40 3,894.40 4.796.80 S73.55 ,339.60 1,748.55 2,441.60 333.84 148.50 18.00 48.00 293.75 293.75 641.85 414.90 2.121.78 .31 12.00 224.46 1,211.90 2,585.95 2.122.50 745.92 136.80 141.10 3.310.50 1,263.70 3,084.60 285.00 3,822.30 167.55 4,194.67 455.55 10.80 1.579.99 32.00 375.75 9.00 70.00 1,124.10 11.70 529.60 1,716.90 569.35 42.90 1,373.24 1,011.94 1,128.12 1,376.97 2.136.49 1,582.15 382.23 711.13 950.31 87.88 184.12 468.72 267.56 64.86 26.00 18.00 33.00 927.00 8.540.79 8,170.84 5.768.44 6,310.57 3,451.60 873.55 2,801.10 5,221.09 1,748.55 4,023.75 333.84 148.50 18.00 48.00 293.75 293.75 641.85 414.90 6,463.90 382.54 12.00 393.91 1,211.90 285.00 4,533.43 167.56 5,144.98 4,601.24 639.67 10.80 2,038,71 289.56 430.60 35.00 194.20 1,124.10 11.70 629.60 1,716.90 262.78 822.13 45.45 88.35 454 Appendix NAME Federal Gov. Funds CWA ERA Local Gov. Funds CWA ERA GRAND TOTAL Federal Gov. Funds Local Gov. Funds GRAND NAME TOTAL CWA ERA CWA ERA Care of Rural Rehabilitation mules, county Improvement of Jonas Ridgeroad Highway improvement up Henson Creek Assistant for home economists, county Highway improvement from No. 194, Vale Assistant to reemployment of- ficer, county 48.30 S 2,106.75 5S4.S5 510.90 393.00 •s 48.30 2,106.75 584.55 510.90 393.00 123.60 BEAUFORT COUNTY Dispensing government commod- ities, Washington > Janitor, Federal building, Wash- ington School lunches, Belhaven Janitorial service, Washington Clearing parking space for school busses, Washingt,on BeautiHcation streets, Bath Construction brick shed rear of city office, Washington Road repair between route No. 1 and Pinetown Road repair, Bonnerton-Aurora Road repair, NC 126 from route No. 30 to Pitt County line Road improvement, Belhaven Road repair between Ransomville and Yatesville Repair maintenance of school bus- ses Aurora, Washington, Bath, Pantego Rebuilding Old Home state high- way Repairing colored school near Bath Repairs, Bridge Street, Belhaven Drainage at Porter's Creek Road repair, Hamtown road Road repair between Washington and Douglas cross roads Road repair, Core Point road Road improvement, from route No. 91 to Camp Leach to No. 92 Drainage, Pantego Assistant janitorial service, Wash- ington schools Janitorial service. Highland school Washington Janitorial service, Legetts school, Washington School lunches, Bath Sewing room, Washington Clerical work, Washington Road improvement, Winsteadville- Pamlieo beach road Construction sanitary privies, county-wide School lunches for relief families, county-wide Building public play ground. Aur- ora Drainage at municipal park, Jacks Creek, Washington Drivers for school busses, Aurora Sewing room, ]3elhaven Clearing out Pungo Rivei Building museum, Washington Building concrete sewers, Wash- ington Cleaning Oakdale cemetery, Wash- ington Drainage of Shumake Creek, Bel- haven Mosquito eradication, Belhaven Building addition to school toilets, Pantego Grading Washington colored school grounds 51.00 ■S 2,271 10 S ■S .5 2,322.10 48.00 19.50 36.00 278.40 95.40 326.40 19.50 131.40 622.74 1,811.57 326.00 522.74 2,137.57 1,560.66 ,371.16 2,921.82 4.140.26 3,587.94 75.00 75.00 4,215.25 3,662.94 2.307.80 7,543.63 40.00 886.60 135 50 2,347.80 8,565.63 !, 139.75 50.00 1,052.32 1,052.32 1,563.87 1,663.87 895.71 895.71 1,748.90 46.00 1,793.90 835.55 835.55 824.16 824.16 3,658.70 640.00 4,298.70 1,559.45 5C2.00 2,061.25 4,909.48 8S5.00 5,794.48 1,790.61 100.00 1,890.51 54.00 54.00 119.70 119.70 145.80 145.80 18.00 18.00 283.20 566.00 849.20 211.05 211.06 1.963.05 425.00 2,378.05 7,277.68 32,062.50 39,340.18 83.55 83.56 1,222.40 1,222.40 9,564.80 5,180.30 1,600.00 16,245.10 326.70 326.70 81.00 669 35 300.00 1,050.35 441.31 181.00 622.31 2,015.29 514 10 1,190.20 3,719.59 4,464.31 1,284 46 214.96 6,748.76 214.96 1,137.77 1,137.77 661.99 3,915.00 66.00 4,641.99 875.82 1,465 60 ■ 2,341.42 687,07 687.07 Improving Jackson swamp road S Drainage, Aurora Administrative Tool project Tool project Reindexing real estate records Administrative, Washington Public library work, Washington Resident home managers (canning) county-wide Repairs to city hall, Belhaven School teacher, county-wide Farm relief program, county-wide Administrative Cattle corral, relief cattle, Belhaven Forest fire prevention, county-wide Caring for relief cattle, Belhaven Janitor at Federal building, Wash- ington Re-indexing records Emergency labor Clerk in reemployment office, Washington Clerk in office of district engineer, Washington Clerk in seed loan office, Washing- ton Typist clerks f 01 CCC enrollment, Washington Caring forreUef cattle, county-wide Caring for dairy cows, Pinetown Installing toilet and sewer facil- ities, Pantego Cold storage plant, county-wide Holding pens at slaughtering house Night watchman, Washington Construction of hide storage house Remodeling district office, Wash- ington Sanitary privies, county-wide Manufacture of office furniture Installation of office records Janitorial help, ERA office Drainage, Winsteadville, R a n - somville and Sidney ^Malaria control, drainage engineer and party, county-wide Clerks and typist in ERA office Care of Rural Rehabilitation mules Survey of fishermen, county-wide Drainage, Lucas canals and ponds, Bath Township Drainage around Washington Improving athletic field, Washing- ton Preparing land of ERA farms Water supply for fire prevention in Pantego Painting building and tank, Bel- haven Clerk, Farm Debt Adjustment, Washington Clerical help, ERA office Truck, drivers and helpers, county- wide Garden supervisors Stenographer for home demonstra- tion office, Washington \'isiting housekeeper, county-w^ide Federal housing program, county- wide Clerical help in county office Emergency labor, county-wide Nursing, county-wide 593.25 331.66 151.60 383.85 36.00 364.50 2,753.44 74.20 1,624.15 597.80 996.63 SS9.70 132.00 858.45 7,098.69 95.20 1,337.80 143.55 7.20 55.20 10.50 760.60 25.20 210.40 120.00 680.00 1,488.25 31.80 68.80 12.00 1,638.11 3,280.80 815.00 912.36 477.20 180.00 722.05 131.00 174.05 1,379.40 549.40 262.55 24.16 218.00 47.60 141.75 460.95 1.331. SO 260.00 78.40 1,637.20 128.25 314.00 62.30 70.00 BERTIE COUNTY S 1,298.25 406.86 181.60 383.85 36.00 384.00 2,372.65 2,753.44 597.80 996.63 589.75 1,479.45 132.00 858.46 7,098.69 95.20 1,337.80 143.55 1,638.11 57,129.62 60,410.32 815.00 145.40 50.00 56.00 .Sidewalk and street improvement, Lewiston .S 2,568.40 .? Building sand coated sidewalks, and grading streets, Woodville 1,097.90 Building sidewalks, repairing streets, Windsor 1,966.85 60.00 S 2,718.401 1,187. 90 I 2,016.851 Appendix 455 NAME Federal Gov. Funds CWA ERA LocalGov. Funds GRAND TOTAL CWA ERA NAME Federal Gov. Funds LocalGov. Funds GRAND TOTAL CWA ERA CWA ERA Building sidewalks, repairing streets, Kelford S Road repair, between Roxobel, Aulander and Rhodes Road construction, Askewville Road improvement on Roanoke River bottom Grading road and bridging swamp near Mars Hill Grading and draining sidewalks and streets. Aulander Road construction from Merry Hill to Windsor Road repair, twelve miles of county roads around Republican Road improvement around Cole- rain Road improvement, county road east of Lewistpn Building sidewalks, Powellsville Road construction, Roanoke River bottom Repairs to schools, county-wide Repairs to Aulander school build- ing Sanitary toilets at thirty Negro schools, county-wide Administrative Construction of sanitary privies, county-wide Drainage, Windsor Drainage on Cashie River, Windsor Drainage for malarial control, Windsor Construction cement sidewalks, Colerain I Malarial control near Woodville Drainage of residences in Windsor Road repair from Todd's Cross to route 35 near Colerain Drainage mosquito control, Au- lander Cleaning main drainage canal, Windsor Rent on instrument level rod, etc. Tool project, county-wide Canning program, county-wide Nurse for county health officer, county-wide Farm supervisors, county-wide Drainage of Cashie River Ch'ic improvement, Roxobel Painting school buildings, county- ■ide Administrative Tool and sundry equipment, county- wide Pasture project, relief cattle Pasture project, relief cattle Pasture project, relief cattle Drainage near CCCcamp, Windsor Gasoline for drainage engineer Emergency labor, county-wide Office maintenance Emergency Labor Distribution surplus commodities Drainage in Windsor township Construction of culvert, Aulander Distribution of goods to unem- ployed, county-wide [nstallation of occupational records Malarial control drainage, Coler- ian Drainage near Askewville school Vlalarial control drainage in Wood- ille County malarial control drainage supervisor, county-wide Moving relief clients, county-wide Supervision and planting gardens, Windsor and Lewiston 'ederal Housing program epair of ERA office clerical help, reemployment office 1,369. SO $ 3 661.75 G 658 75 1 214.65 397.40 2 005 19 2,3S1 25 3 792.91 2 097 20 3 475.89 2 178 15 3 860 IS 354 60 698.25 198.67 ,514.78 .591.53 ,317.84 681.02 ,216,27 ,339,45 559.70 689.98 ,284.00 611,32 40,00 4S0.44 495.00 1,495.05 3,899.05 951.80 1,461,15 1,7 ,75 432.00 2,335.90 243.45 727.80 209.50 10,542,37 59.10 340.20 733.80 129.90 1,423,05 429,24 134,47 403,20 9.15 287,42 2,320,80 572,60 473,26 436,55 447,60 54,00 569,20 785.10 18.67 112,50 174,05 4.80 126.00 178.00 87. SO 445.00 370.00 670.00 75.00 175.00 350.00 115.00 12.00 445.00 S 1,369 SO 3,661 75 7,153,75 1,392 65 484 90 2,005 19 2,826,25 4,162 91 2,097 20 4,145 89 2,253 15 3,860 18 1,849 65 873,25 548,67 1,514.78 6,311.76 13,802.34 3,432,84 693,02 2,703,15 ,230.00 4,907.42 1,339,45 559,70 1,134.98 5,064.35 611.32 40.00 480.44 1.798,75 432.00 2,335.90 243,45 727,80 138.66 348,16 10,542,37 59.10 340.20 733.80 129.90 1,423.05 429.24 134.47 403.20 9.15 287.42 2,320.80 557.50 1,130.10 473.26 436.55 447.60 54.00 785.10 18.67 112.50 174.05 63.40 6S.20 126.00 Visiting housekeepers Malarial control drainage, south Aulander Malarial control drainage, Broad swamp Clerical help, ERA office Janitor service, ERA office S 409.65 49G.60 47.86 37.50 359.18 409.65 496.60 47.86 37.50 359.18 BLADEN COUNTY Road repair, highway 53 from White Oak t o Cumberland County line S Road repair, road from Ammons to Cumberland County line Road repair from Bryant's mill to Center road Road repair, route 21 from Kelly to Long View Malaria drainage, Bryant swamp Road repair, route 41 from White I^ake to Sampson County line Painting Bladen courthouse and jail Construction sanitary privies, county-wide General school repair, county-wide Malarial drainage in Clarkton Construction, young farmers tar heel camp, White Lake Malarial drainage, tar heel camp Construction of sanitary privies, county-wide Roadside beautification of state highways, Elizabethtown t o White Lake Construction two room addition to county jail, installing water system in jail Road repair, route No. 211 at Council crossing Building one room addition to courthouse at Elizabethtown for relief office Administrative Drainage engineering assistants Malarial drainage in and near Council Drainage supervisor and equip- ment, county-wide Elizabethtown sewer line Tool project, county-wide Home canning project, county- wide Canning centers, county-wide School repairs, Tar Heel Bladenboro school repairs Painting county schools Repairs to Duplin school Repairs to Kelly school Abbottsburg school repairs Repairs to White Oak school Distribution surplus commodities Clerical help, ERA, Elizabethtown Administrative Pasture for relief cattle. White Oak township Pasture for relief cattle, Carver's Creek township Pasture for relief cattle. South River General herding projects, county- wide Clerical help, reemployment office, Elizabethtown Repairing Indian school. Carver's Creek township Bladenboro nursery school Clerical work, ERA office School lunch supervisors, county- wide Lunch room, county-wide 3,344.40 ? ? 1,140.00 S ■S 4,484,40 1,317,15 302.50 1,619,65 3,078.45 287.50 3,365,95 3,975,55 1,105,00 5,080.55 8,141.60 5,447.00 13.688.60 4,096.95 1,105,00 5,201.95 391.15 300,00 691.15 300.00 1,708,75 2,008,75 772.55 772.55 6.381.75 1.040.00 37.50 7,459.26 2,541.94 117.60 300.00 2,959,54 752.00 752.00 4,543.45 20,062.50 24,605.95 295.00 ,046,50 1,134,40 692,05 ,320,65 126,00 540.00 576.20 372.36 409.98 819.43 12,068.55 499.05 1,425,16 1,629,80 44,80 11.40 167.40 70.20 21.60 168.00 434.75 1,031.64 213.35 5,011.84 1,110,45 2,664,45 1,926.97 2,809,21 537.75 506.60 111.70 168.00 494.60 42.00 1 046.50 2 134.40 692,05 1 320.65 126.00 782.33 26,887,98 499,05 131.00 1,556.16 1,629.80 69.10 113.90 288.75 300.15 255.75 423.15 140.25 210.46 17.50 39.10 71.50 239.50 319.65 754.40 1,031.64 213,35 5,011,84 1,110.45 2,664,45 30.00 1,966.97 2,809,21 637.75 107.20 612.80 111.70 168.00 494.60 42.00 456 Appendix Federal Gov. Funds Local Gov. Funds NAME GRAND TOTAL CWA ERA CWA ERA Repairing houses Rural Rehabili- tation farms, Hutaff and Lyon farms ) Painting Clarkton high school Bookkeeper for farm debt adjust- ment, Elizabethtown Constructing temporary house, rural rehabilitation farm, Hu- taff farm Truck equipment and drivers Plow hands, Rural Rehabilitation farm, county-wide Home makers, county-wide Nurses for relief families Rounding up relief cattle Rounding up relief cattle Clerical reemployment office .S 769.55 S 29.60 2,130.31 224.20 80.50 1,346.01 163.70 160.00 164.00 374.75 S 769.55 290.36 319.96 400. SO 2,130.31 224.20 80.50 1,346.01 163.70 160.00 164.00 374.75 BRUNSWICK COUNTY Completing addition. Waccamaw schooJ Grading and curbing, Brunswick County hospital grounds Lunch room, schools in Shallotte Mosquito control, Southport Repairs, Southport streets County- wide school repairs County-wide school repairs Laying sewer pipe, Leland school Road repairs, Makatoka, north to county line Repair, Fort Caswell road Road repair, Leland to Navassa road Road repair, Shallotte to Holdings beach road Road repair. Supply to Holdings beach road Drainage in Waccamaw township Planting oysters, all along coast ilalarial drainage survey, county- wide Repairing county jail Repairing county schools, county- wide Drainage, Waccamaw River County privy repair, county-A\ ide Repairing courthouse, Southpcrt Repairing consolidated county schools, county-wide Rebuilding Warnke road Lunch room, Town Creek con- solidated school Construction sanitary pri\ ies, county-wide ] Administrative 4 Librarians for county schocls, county-wide Malarial mosQuito control, l^ulch- man creek Painting school busses, county-wide Malarial control, Ashe Malarial control drainage ] Road repair, Bolivia to Smith's crossing Roadrepair, Seaside and Bennet- towns roads 1 Roadrepair, Winnabow, Funston, Town Creek to Mill Creek roads Tool project, county-wide Home and community canning County homecanning building Garden supervision, county-wide Janitors for ERA otfite Supervision local warehouse. South- port Stenographic help ERA office, county office Pasture for relief cattle, Leland Administrative S4.491.96 s S -S •S 4.491.96 1.6S0.S4 1.227.94 16.622.66 8.005.61 73.50 217. S5 349. £6 4 264 40 100.00 253.73 435.00 SCO. CO 1.730.84 1,227.94 16.622.C6 12.2T0.01 327.23 652.85 549.55 3,044.15 3. 338. 35 2 OiO 65 570.00 285.00 544.00 3,614.15 6,218.00 2.408.50 2,408.50 3.921.40 525.00 4,446.40 3,879.00 540.55 3.325.45 12 671 OS 2.675.00 2,675.00 3,879.00 540. £5 21,346.53 251.70 261.60 543 53 73.00 795.23 334.60 :f5.25 491.75 546. cO IC4.I0 330.40 80.40 265.65 491.75 676.70 104.10 232.10 1.2,':5.45 £0.00 282.10 1.2f5.45 5£9.68 345.66 266.50 290.53 1.559.6S 4.429.66 915.55 1.429.72 123.76 42S.0O 569.25 .275. £0 4.812.75 718.26 535.00 424.40 785.00 571.75 785.00 154.22 687.00 268.56 2,355.83 144.00 656.90 476.20 1.120.40 1,997.93 768.30 9,563.45 181.55 2,345 27 551 76 559 25 6, OSS 25 1,253 26 2,209.40 1,356 75 S4I 22 2,024 39 325.55 655 90 476 20 1,120.40 1,997.93 768.30 9.563.45 NAME Federal Gov. Funds Local Gov. Funds GRAND TOTAL CWA ERA CWA ERA Census of school children, county- wide S Pasture for relief cattle, counly- uide Unloading pen Construction of county home, near Southport Pasture for relief cattle, North West township Pasture for rehef cattle, Town creek township Forest fire prevention, county-wide Pasture tor relief cattle. Town creek township Repairing plumbing in county schools, county-wide Herding relief cattle, county-wide Pasture for relief cattle, Waccamaw township Sewing room, Southport Community farm and garden, county farm Pasture for relief cattle, North West township Repairs to ERA office, county office Rural Rehabilitation, county-wide Cutting and storing beef, county- wide Clerical work, ERA office, county office Survey of fishermen, county-wide Addition to colored school. South- port Bookkeeper for farm debt adjust- ment Distribution of relief commodities, county-wide Repairing ERA aub-office, Shallotte Sewing room, Leland Sewing room , Ashe Sewing room, Shallotte Home makers, county-wide Malarial control drainage, lakes and ponds, county-wide Federal housing program Rounding up relief cattle, county- wide Construction of fish holding and canning plant, Southport Repairs to jail, Southport S 378.80 S 1.058.40 259.10 5S2.90 1,081.60 825.20 4.837.92 776.90 344.60 7,556.90 213.20 4,870.85 2,021.70 481.50 205.95 18.44 542.79 916.55 414.00 207.60 36.00 58.50 145.03 1,971.35 306.90 1,493.60 1,089.34 20.00 418.90 38.70 14.278.81 67.20 BUNCOMBE COUNTY Geodetic control survey I Repairs at county home Sewing rooms, Emma Woodgin Additional classrooms Arden school. Limestone township Highway beautification Road repair, route 20 from Juno to Piney Mountain road Three miles sidewalk Road repair, route 695 between Barnardsville and Yancey County line Road surfacing on Y. M. C. A. and Lake Gap road, Black Mountain Road repair, Weaverville to Keames Creek road Road repair, connecting N e w Found River with Herron Cove Road Repair maintenance, Weaverville streets Road repair, Piney Mountain Road to Madison County line Improvements public schools, waterline, Swannanoa Repairs to Grassy Branch road from Riceville to Oteen 1,058.40 259.10 6,277.06 6,859.96 1,081.60 825.20 4,837.92 1,815.72 S S S S 1,816.72 3,403.58 3,403.58 1,479.80 10,708.49 180.00 12,368.29 351.36 311.00 662.36 2.119.53 390.00 2.609.53 14,137.67 14,137.57 6,929.82 271.00 7,200.82 776.90 344.60 7,566.90 213.20 4,870.85 2,021.70 481.60 139,80 345.75 18.44 542.79 916.55 414.00 80.02 287.62 36.00 58.60 145.03 1,971.35 305.90 1,493.60 1,089.34 20.00 418.90 38.70 3,000.00 17,278.81 147.90 215.10 6,074.77 5,588.50 5,653.99 4,419.00 8,754.61 5,678.86 196.65 5,593.68 270.00 610.00 ,620.00 594.00 195.00 5,344,77 6,198.50 7,173.99 4,419.00 9,34S.61 6,115.76 190.65 5,593.68 Appendix 457 Name Federal Gov. Funds CVVA ERA Local Gov. Funds CWA GRAND TOTAL ERA NAME Federal Gov. Funds CWA ERA Local Gov. Funds GRAND TOTAL CWA ERA 4,255.78 90. SO 14,970.80 300.00 Grading athletic field, Chandler highschool S 122.10 S 2. 476.10 Sanitary privy construction 8,312.82 7,068.70 Improving school grounds. Flat Creek schools 1,448.80 Grading athletic field. Sand Hill school 2,748.96 Clerical help, county courthouse 829.60 1,931.05 Road repair. Pond road in lower Harmony townsliip 1,945.06 Road repair. Flat Creek 2,100.54 Road repair, lieech-BarnardsviUc 4,551.91 3,343.40 Road repair on the Old Fort- Morgan Hill-Upper Flat Creek roads 3,775.20 Road grading, upper Harmony 6,774.98 5,610.85 Road repair, Glady fork road 54.50 Surfacing road, Emma section 54.00 Nursing project, county-wide 141.21 Maintenance and repairs to water works. Black Mountain 4,357.33 Lake and community house, Black -Mountain 4,506.07 School building repair, Weaver- ville 912.00 Rebuilding golf course. Black Mountain 733.25 Locating proposed road from Martin's Creek to Yancey County line 1,127.43 Clerical help. Buncombe County 016.00 Grading and beautification school grounds. West Buncombe school 1,305.14 Repairs, four cottages, mountain test farm, Swannanoa 55.50 Repair building, mountain test farm, Swannanoa 183.15 Repair buildings. State Test Farm, Swannanoa 341.50 57.40 Ditching and grading test farm lands, Swannanoa 91.35 Janitors, Buncombe County schools, county-wide 45.00 Administrative 3,707.10 Tool and sundry equip m e n t, county-wide 1,649.67 2. SO Road construction near Beaver Lake 4,028.15 Highway beautification. No. 69 14,676.40 Nurses, county home 408.00 Canning and preserving, Oakley and Woodfin 10,902.46 Water line extension. Haw Creek 244.80 Highway repair, No. 095 502.20 Farm rehef garden, counfy-wide 3,110.97 Administrative 14,554.86 Making mattresses, county-wide 5,952.49 School repair, Swannanoa 215.02 Construction at county sanito- rium 641.70 Grinding cattle bones Distribution of government com- modities, county-wide 492.60 Construction at Chandler high school 1.935.15 Recreation park road improve- ment, Asheville 2,142.40 Haywood road, widening and re- location 6,762.92 Installation of occupational rec- ords, county office 8,339.80 Purchase and maintenance of trucks, Asheville 3,162.62 Maintenance and repair of water- works. Black Mountain 3,403.60 Sewing room, Weaverville 3,835.35 Federal housing program 902.40 Supervision of transient labor, Weaverville 475.55 Making chairs (hand labor) near Black Jlountain 875.00 Hospital grounds improvement, Oteen 7,919.75 353.00 8 70.00 S 3,021.20 14,889.28 30,270.80 1,196.60 32.60 124.50 285.00 108.00 440.00 570.00 370.00 660.00 50.00 60.00 393.50 30.00 195.00 134.00 273.50 2,044.30 2,781.46 2,760.55 2.070.16 2,385.54 8,003.31 4,215.20 356.00 13.317.83 424.50 614.00 141.21 4,357.33 5,080.11 13.901.96 16.00 1,068.80 3,000.00 1,865.00 20,569.05 1,177.43 616.00 128.75 13,873.39 85.50 378.15 123.20 656.10 91.35 46.00 3,767.10 1,652.47 4,028.15 14,676.40 408.00 1,656.10 12,557.66 390.00 634.80 115.50 617.70 3,110.97 14,554.86 315.00 6,267.49 368.62 583.64 1,064.61 2,289.95 1.100.00 1.373.60 840.00 1,332.60 2,388.76 4,323.91 2,399.78 4, 542. IS 2,613.50 9.376.42 8,339.80 3,162.62 1,450.15 4,853.75 3,835.35 902.40 475.55 875.00 7,919.75 School ground improvement, Bar- nardsville I Beautification of Flat Creek school grounds Lindley training school repairs, Asheville Office help in U. S. Geological of- fice, Asheville Feeding and care of Rural Reha- bilitation mules, county-wide Construction of athletic field, Asheville senior high school iMiramonte road sewer, Asheville Supervisor, teachers and clerks, ERA programs, Asheville Commodity distribution, Asheville Haywood road sanitary sewer Jr. stenographer, emergency crop loan, county office Home gardens and small farms, county-wide Farm garden, North Fork Razing buildings, Oteen Road construction with highway No. 69 Emergency labor for repair, ERA Buildings TVA soil erosion demonstration, county-wide Shelborne road, sanitary sewer Ra^ing building No. 709, Oteen Repair, county school buildings, county-wide Greenhill Avenue sewer Tending Japanese beetle traps, Asheville Demonstration home makers, county-wide Clerical help, reemployment office Maintenance of building and equipment of cannery, Asheville Vegetable cannery operation, Asheville Street sewer, Asheville Watchman for ERA property, Asheville Drainage or incinerator tract, Asheville Surfacing Lakey gap road Repairing Weaverville high school Feeding and handling ERA cat- tle, county-wide Land water line, Asheville Janitorial service, city schools Bridge across on Chuntius Cove Road Clerical help city schools Resurface Broadway Beautification, city owned property 6 General park improvement, city parks North Fork River line Resurface Chestnut Street Widening of Merriman Avenue Sewing for white women, city Water main, north Ann Street Hornney Heights swimming pool Resurfacing Haywood Street Widening of Broadway Widening of Biltmore Avenue Skating rink at Recreation Park, Asheville Repairs to Public Relief Building, Asheville Silico Street sewer Repairs to Biltmore Fire Stat ion Public Health nursing, Ashevilje Indexing clerks, Sondley Library Woodyard for Belief Department, Asheville Painting and repairing city schools, Asheville Librarians for high schools and elementary schools, Asheville S 2,040 10 1,026 75 135 00 141 75 765.00 13.394 60 473 30 420.00 3,283 78 89 75 S 2,040.10 1,020.75 135.00 141.75 765.00 7,287.10 20.681.70 289.67 762.97 420.00 000.00 3,883.78 74.73 164.48 308.00 4,512.62 9,879.42 4,813.00 2.899.75 441.67 116.00 393.00 277.60 1,224.50 614.00 796.74 884.85 1S2.60 19,140.23 1.037.80 4,512.62 500.00 10,379.42 517.00 6.330.00 1,193.00 4.092.75 441.67 116.00 269.00 062.00 78.13 355.73 3,430.00 4,654.50 240.40 854.40 520.00 791.25 667.1 226.80 795.74 884.85 182.60 19,660.23 1.829.05 667.88 406.26 405.25 586.73 1,785.00 2,371.73 226.76 624.60 850.25 1,354.81 1,354.81 1,732.15 44.36 1,776.51 303.30 303.30 1,771.55 264.87 2,036.42 424.95 424.95 5,225.31 2,077.62 7,902.93 1 6,437.93 1,208.50 7,646.43 9.829.10 1,720.76 11,549.86 33,947.60 61,936.30 10.063.38 473 74 202,421.11 2,788.95 991.15 3,780.10 10,177.59 4.671.15 2,407.03 41 37 17,297.14 1.013.56 39,935.00 3,897 76 44,846.31 436.50 109.77 546.27 3.212.00 16,097.02 6,321 52 20.230.64 3.542.60 2.846.40 0,389.00 9,766.60 14.077.70 2,053.02 311 3S 26,209.30 15,021.14 12.440.67 4,094.80 194 79 32,351.40 6,305.70 51.28 1.373.40 464.12 4,174.40 168.60 894.12 427.62 3,503.55 232.71 108.00 42.00 690.40 2. 585. SO 23,851.20 6,073.69 16,700.50 1,817.63 45.00 5,350.98 1.837.62 5,237.12 4,103.78 108.00 732.40 26,437.00 24,879.67 45.00 458 Appendix NAME Federal Gov. Funds CWA ERA Local Gov. Funds GRAND TOTAL CWA ERA NAME Federal Gov. Funds CWA ERA Local Gov. Funds GRAND TOTAL CWA ERA Repairing water line Houston and Hallatreets S 874.20 S Construction of barracks at Rec- reation Park, Asheville 1,095.00 Resurfacing Montford Avenue 5,931.61 Drain lake, Craig City Recreation park 453.15 Rhododendron gardens park, Ashe- ville 1,242.89 Construction of sidewalks in vicin- ity of schools 2,382.35 Administrative 4,219.88 Office and attendance help, city schools Sewing room for negro women, Asheville .Stenographer, Mayor's office Clerical help, City Health De- partment Stenographer,officeof city engineer Recreational and educatioral pro- gram for negroes, Asheville Department of Relief cannery, Asheville Administrative Playground Director, Asheville Janitors for city schools Secretary and vocationrehabilita- tion Secretary and District Engineer's office Building and purchasing Relief Office equipment, Asheville Tool andsundry equipment, Ashe- ville Cooperativefarm garden, Asheville Testing and distribution of cattle, Asheville Workersin Department of Relief Building, Asheville Commodity storage and distri- bution Home garden and canning in- struction, Asheville Mattress making, Asheville Street resurfacing, Asheville Supplies and equipment stock pens, Asheville Emergency labor, Asheville Construction of tables, canning beef, Asheville Tables for mattress making Kniergency corning beef, Asheville Dispensers of government com- modities Clerical workers in Department of Relief, Asheville Assistant attendance officer Installation of canning equipnient, Asheville Secretary and local office Federal Housing Administration , Ashe- ville Meat cannery operation, Asheville Installation of heating equipnient of mattress factory, Asheville G eneral street improvments, Ashe- ville Planning project, Asheville Repair and equipmejit barn , Ashe- ville Construction of Commodity Build- ing, Asheville Boning of beef, Asheville Cattle barn operation HelperandincidentalBin nursing schools, Asheville Relief nurses, Asheville Sewer construction , Haywood Road 2.637.05 231.90 18,942.95 21.60 937.80 378.00 8,748.80 21,191.24 619.20 2,637.05 598.05 675.00 1,245.22 946.00 13,940.35 9,932.75 12,629.87 684.25 2,135.00 9,610.00 2,046.40 1,662.20 52.30 9.60 26.40 2,339.25 2,250.83 6,806.58 1,149.25 3,589.20 418.60 52,009.67 3,691.60 41,575.i0 614.26 3 I 1 016.92 916.22 64S.95 I 85.30 045.25 166.14 i 136.20 70.40 S 1 040.34 1 231 20 s 568 66 523 55 4 089 29 2 382 35 4 219 88 231.90 ,179.07 20,122.02 21.60 937.80 378.00 474.55 3,138.32 11,887.12 2,570.84 23,762.08 619.20 2,637.05 698.05 675.00 979.92 2,225.14 946.00 1,160.23 16,100.68 9,932.76 79.45 12,709.32 2,016.48 2,700.73 314.51 159. S4 2,100.27 4,361.10 2 9 2 236.00 924.61 ,045.40 1 662.20 212.14 2 9.60 26.40 339.25 6,806.58 1,149.25 3,589.20 4IS.60 3,049.36 55,069.02 3,691.60 41,575.30 12.38 626.63 3,016.92 48.77 1,964.99 1,648.96 54.54 139.84 1,046.26 BURKE COUNTY i 27.00 S 29.70 27.00 6.30 18.00 40.50 9.00 18.00 46.80 68. .'O 9.00 School lunches, Drexel school $ School lunches, \'aldese school School lunches. Salem school Janitor service school, Valdese Janitor service, school, Oak Hill Janitor service, school, Oak Hill Janitor service for school, Valdese Janitor service for school, Valdese School lunch for Hildebrand school Janitor service for schools, Glen Alpine Janitor service school, Drexel Janitor service, school, George Hil- debrand school 4.50 Janitor service, Icard school 9.00 School lunches, Jonas Ridge 29.70 Sewer extension, Morganton 1,216.85 Road repair, Dysartville 3,622.07 Road surfacing. Rhodhiss 3.296.42 Widening Morganton road 7.087.90 Sidewalk, Valdese 3,714.18 Road repair, Clearwater Branch road 4, Widening streets, Drexel 1, Repairing school buses 1, Water supply, Oak Hill school School ground improvement. Oak Hill school Installing steam heating plant, Morganton Laying concrete walks on school ground, Oak Hill school 1. Constructing and surfacing drive- ways at school, county-wide Beautifying school grounds, Mor- ganton Road repair, route 10 near Catawba lines Streets repaired at C o n n e 1 1 y Springs and Hildebrand Repairing cottages and barns, sup- erintendents' home NC school for deaf, Morganton Grading playground at Glen Alpine school Improving grounds at primary school, Oak Hill School Beautifying school grounds at Glen Alpine P-31-12-61 Improvements and beautifieation of streets and cemetery, Mor- ganton Repairing public schools, county- wide Improving streets and school grounds. Glen Alpine P-3 1-12-65 P-31-12-66 P-3I-12-67 Constructing sidewalks at Drexel 2,972.60 Construction concrete sidewalks, Glen Alpine 8,915.02 292.90 Construction of curb and gutters, Morganton 3.533.35 2,279.55 Janitorial, Morganton school P-3 1-12-73 Janitorial service, county-wide Laying sidewalks, Valdese Repairing State Hospital, Morgan' ton Repairing public school buildings, county-wide 2 Repairing buildings and grounds of Morganton city schools 17 Privy construction, county-wide 7 Street beautifieation and improve- ment, Morganton 3,847.72 641.26 412.95 269.10 445.00 591.35 72.50 ,524.01 495.00 524.94 462.66 768.10 757.78 ,322.30 .137.00 138.45 ,550.80 460.80 038.90 ,358.15 957.85 267.15 305.94 .533.35 114.90 ,171.80 31.50 ,722.79 ,068.77 ,284.71 195.87 706.36 235.00 $ S 27.00 29.70 27.00 6.30 18.00 40.50 9.00 18.00 46.80 68.40 9.00 4.60 9.00 29.70 1,216.85 3,622.07 3,296.42 7,087.90 3,714.18 4,641.26 1.412.95 1,269.10 445.00 591.35 72.50 1,524.01 496.00 1,524.94 3.462.66 768.10 1,992.78 1,322.30 1,137.00 3,138.45 3,550.80 1,460.80 2,038.90 5,358.15 1,957.85 267.15 2,306.94 150.00 3,122.60 161.66 9,369.58 1,781.00 7,593.90 114.90 1,171.80 31.60 1,722.79 3,068.77 2,284.71 17,195.87 32.327.54 43,127,70 3,847,72 Appendix 459 Federal Gov. Funds CWA ERA Local Gov. Funds GRAND TOTAL CWA ERA NAME Federal Gov. Funds CWA ERA Local Gov. Funds GRAND TOTAL CWA ERA Beautification of Oak Hill school $2,218.30 Repairs and alterations to build- ings. Glen Alpine 610.20 Repairing school, Valdese high school 1,895.75 Administrative 3.543.46 Constructing water supply system, Glen Alpine 2,287.37 Water and sewer system. Glen Alpine Road construction. Route No. IS to Caldwell County line 1,450.90 Johnson Road repairs 1,276.70 Completing rock wall around Court Square 436.55 Street construction, Valdese 1,536.24 Sidewalk construction, Morganton 4,008.04 Sewer extension, Valdese 418.95 Repainting steel water tank, Mor- ganton 149.74 Community House. Morganton 516.10 P-31-12-112 through 120 9.45 Tool and sundry equipment, county-wide Canning and preserving, county wide Grading Rock School ground Jonas Ridge school lunch Painting school buses, county- wide Farm and garden supervision, county- wide Improving school grounds, Mor- ganton Administrative Rock School repairs Rock School construction Commodity distribution, county- wide Paving streets, Valdese Playground and Athletic Field re- pairs, Morganton Painting N. C. School for Deaf, Morganton Emergency labor, county office Reemployment clerical help, Mor- ganton Construction electric line, Glen Alpine to Oak Hill General farm relief, county-wide Commodity warehouse, Morganton Beautifying Glen Alpine school grounds Fish Hatchery on Whites Creek Installation of social service rec- ords Valdese athletic field Repairing books of ilorganton Library Janitor for ERA office, county office Painting of State School for Deaf, .Morganton Beautification of Drexel colored school grounds Making comforts, county-wide Gradmg Athletic Field, Morgan- ton high school Secretary assistants. Farm Debt Adjustment Beautification of Chesterfield school ground Beautification of Mull school grounds Work on county school grounds, county-wide Beautifying Morganton graded school grounds Beautifying county school grounds, Icard Painting and repairing county school buildings, county-wide 16.00 S 352.15 3,004.50 2,325.00 9,711.92 40.00 3,613.68 440.40 108.00 481.95 2,041.63 593.00 6,914.08 8,149.50 230.40 3,603.82 4,433.60 1,127.00 254.00 11.70 1,458.30 860.00 1,940,29 6.00 3,431.10 237.80 634.90 1. 084. 80 209.90 267.20 268.00 5 862.01 1 022.00 316.75 975.20 1 .963.00 949.40 841.20 494.60 405.40 469.53 576.00 S 2,234.30 610.20 1,895.75 3,643.46 2,904.12 3,004.50 1,450.90 1,276.70 436.55 4,330.77 14,295.96 418.95 189.74 516.10 9.45 339.17 3,613.68 440.40 108.00 481.95 2,041.63 593.00 6,914.08 7,507.89 15,657.39 1,134.10 1,364.50 3,603.82 2,562.50 6,996.10 312.50 1,127.00 90.00 344.00 11.70 1,458.30 738.00 1,598.00 1,940.29 6.00 33.75 3,454.85 ,215.69 1,453.49 634.90 200.00 1,284.80 209.90 267.20 268.00 10.25 5,872.26 1,022.00 316.75 92.82 1,068.02 103.12 2,066.12 126.62 1,076.02 841.20 72.32 566.92 16.50 421.90 Home making, county-wide i Urban individual gardens, county- wide School lun,ch room, Morganton School lunch room, Shiloh school School lunch room, Rock Hill School School lunch room, McAlpine school Scliool lunch room, Dry Pond school School luncli room, Chesterfield school School lunch room, George Hilde- brand school School lunch room, Absher school Moving commodity house to new location Administrative Scliool lunch room Lunch room Lunch room Hauling potatoes Distribution of commodities Lunch room S 7,333.99 S 483.40 40.50 21.60 18.90 S 7.333.' 45 00 36.00 9 75 58.50 61.20 8 50 41 40 IS 00 31 50 64 80 CABARRUS COUNTY Drainage of streams. Concord S Road repair, old Charlotte road and Robert mill road Road improvement. Rocky River and Pioneer mills Drainage, Popalar Tent road Hauling and stocking field in county Road improvement, county-wide Road improvement, county-wide Drainage of streams in KannapoHs Widening of Means Street, Concord Beautifying Concord high school grounds Drainage of Rocky Piver Water works extension. North Concord Privy construction, county-wide ] Janitorial service, Concord schools Painting buildings, inside and out, draining school grounds. Jack- son school Wood cutting, county-wide Sewmg room, county-wide Clerical work. Cabarrus schools Janitorial service, Concord city schools Grading south Spring Street Painting public buildings, Concord Drainage Brown brickyard swamp Reconstruction Garmon's mill bridge Construction school gymnasium, Kannapolis Construction of underpass and ap- proaches to underpass, Jackson training school Construction of dirt sidewalks, Concord Grading and draining Negro cem- etery, Concord Drainage ot Coddle creek Painting city schools. Concord Improving school grounds at Bethel school Administrative Nurses and stenographers, county health department. Concord Librarians, city and county schools P-31-13-39 through 42 483.40 40.50 21.60 18.90 18.00 19.80 22.50 45.00 36.00 9.75 58.50 61.20 8.50 41.40 18.00 31.50 64.80 6,092.05 S .5 450.00 S S 6,542.05 4,192.30 270.00 4,462.30 4,718.30 4,718.30 4,728.50 4,728.50 2,993.70 1,270.00 4,263.70 5,284.25 810.00 6,094.25 4,955.15 810.00 5,765.15 6,582.30 6,582.30 354.60 354.60 3,571.45 251.70 3,823.15 9,166.78 2,363.70 1,000.00 12,530.48 3,114.80 8,646.00 11,760.80 14,464.52 14,464.52 294.60 294.60 8,706.42 1,968.00 10,734.42 253.20 253.20 333.60 333.60 75.00 75.00 232.20 232.20 651.30 651.30 4,417.15 401.00 4,818.15 871.15 50.00 921.15 1,119.73 1,119.73 9,656.05 2,761.45 12,417.50 1.504.34 1,564.34 1,824.30 300.00 2.124.30 3.527.40 3,527.40 7,053.60 578.80 7,632.40 2.727.08 1,618.26 4,354.34 428.60 428.60 4,171.98 4,171.98 216.00 2,187.90 2,403.90 310.50 310.60 10.80 10.80 460 Appendix NAME Federal Gov. Funds CWA ERA Local Gov. Funds GRAND TOTAL CWA ERA NAME Federal Gov. Funds Local Gov. Funds GRAND TOTAL CWA ERA CWA ERA Tool and sundry equipment, county-wide S 2,293.86 Stenographer, Concord Janitor service, Concord Librarian, Concord Construction new waterline, Con- cord Construction new waterline. Con- cord Cutting wood, county-wide Nurses preventorium Distribution of commodities, county-wide Street construction. Concord Traffic control (clerical work), Concord Maintenance of water works, county-wide Construction of playground, Mt. Pleasant Privy construction, W. Kannapolis Construction new street) Concord Canning and preserving, county- wide Recreation facilities, W. R. Odell high school Mattress making, county-wide Construction of new sewer, Concord Construction uf new waterline, highway No. 15 to Minecall school Garden products, county-wide Administrative Making mattress covers, county- wide Maintenance of school buildings Repairing school busses, Concord Eradication of disease bearers, Kannapolis to Concord Eradication of disease bearers, Afj-ican River Cemetery landscaping. Concord Drainage, Kannapolis Clerical help, reemployment office Wall construction. Slippery Rock Sewing room, Concord Repairing houses, relief families, county-wide Tool and sundry equipment, county-wide Repairs to two schools, Kannapolis Repairing ERA office Grading athletic field. Cannon Memorial high school Construction of school buildings, Hartsell mill Repair playgrounds, Concord higli school Farm Rehabilitation (cancelled), county-wide Construction of gymnasium, Lo- gan colored school Repairing warehouse, Concord Distribution of cattle, county-wide Pasture for relief cattle, Harrisburg Pasturefor relief cattle, T. M. Query farm Sewing room, Kannapolis Records and clerical wotk, county- wide Remodeling mattress building, Concord Pasture for relief cattle, W. R. Archibald farm Pasture for reliief cattle, J. A. Teeter farm Pasture for relief cattle, H. T. Wallace farm Construction of recreation facilities and playground. Concord high school Improvement of county roads Construction of sidewalks, Mt. Pleasant s s 496.80 1.155.00 307.80 149.70 93.00 6,907.50 253.80 7,289.51 464.70 351.90 802.20 481.50 1,717.50 317.40 3,433. 122.40 3 335.68 855.30 129.90 746.20 3 528.13 82.58 2 580.10 1 515.60 3,718.20 5,806 80 227.70 189.90 1,118.95 230.70 14,126.30 72.36 119.08 81.60 164.70 4 302.10 5,039.70 369.40 1 507.29 3 782.70 1 097.05 129.20 12.00 4.50 1 132.05 1 229.70 81.76 381.90 7.20 391.50 3 656.80 2 495.60 •S 2,293.86 496.80 1,155.00 307.80 264.00 413.70 507.92 600.92 6,907.60 3,407.95 3,661.75 7.289.51 280.00 744.70 351.90 802.20 220.00 701.50 3,034.50 4,752.00 327.00 644.40 ,433. 342.40 464.80 3,335.68 593.50 1,448.80 540.78 670.68 746.20 13,528.13 82.58 2,580.10 1,515.60 3,718.20 5,806.80 227.70 189.90 1,118.95 287.00 517.70 689.00 14,815.30 72.36 119.08 87.50 169.10 164.70 620.00 4,922.10 7 859.87 22,899.67 369.40 1,607.29 4 177.51 7,960.21 773.20 1.870.25 129.20 12.00 4.50 790.00 1.922.05 1,229.70 81.75 381.90 7.20 391.50 1 903.04 15,559.84 2 878.20 6,373.80 Construction of main waterline, Rain Street, Concord S $ 94.80 S Construction of new water main, Booker Street, Concord 192.30 Cutting wood, Kannapolis 1.970.90 Construction of disposal plant, Harrisburg high school 1,398.00 Installation of occupationalrecords 1, 153.09 Engineer for sanitation, county- wJde 143.32 Grading sidewalks, Concord 880.70 Construction of teaeherage, W. R. Odell high school 1,710.60 Privy construction, county-wide 3,079.80 Federal Housing Program 609.85 Construction of Winecoff high school playground 1,187.60 Construction of sewer line. Con- cord 699.20 Construction of water works in Jackson Park section 115.80 Remodeling county jail and court- house 67.40 Grading Hartsell school grounds 301.30 Making furniture for relief families 1 , 294 . 97 Construction of water works. Con- cord 256.80 Extension of garden projects, county-wide 404.25 Purchases of mules for ERA, county-wide 516.70 Construction of sewer line. Concord 1, 177.70 Nurses county preventorium. Con- cord 610.40 Japanese beetle traps, Concord 30.00 Construction sewer line, Concord 881.20 Water works extension along high- way 15 351.60 Visiting home makers, county-wide 1 . 620. 87 Grading Faggart Cross roads school grounds 2,424.40 Clerical help. ERA office, Concord 310.40 S 635.84 S 730.64 806.80 999.10 1,970.90 1,174.00 2,572.00 1,153.09 143.32 880.70 2,577.61 4,288.21 4,833.17 7,912.97 609.85 73.45 1,261.05 491.80 1.190.70 141.68 257.48 242.43 309.83 301.30 1,294.97 493.50 750.30 404.25 516.70 427.30 1,605.00 3,269.95 3,880.35 30.00 190.00 1,071.20 853.00 1.204.60 1,620.87 81.30 2,505.70 310.40 CALDWELL COUNTY 521.05 Improvement of streets, Granite Falls Road improvement on Zack's Fork road Drainage and surfacing Connelly Springs road on No. 17, south Draining surface of Greasy Creek and Goforth roads out of Lenoir School privies, county-wide Construction of electric line. Granite Falls Sewer line in streets of Lenoir Road improvement, Buffalo road Grading sidewalk (work in cem- etery), Lenoir Surfacing streets, Granite Falls Roadimprovement, Stair Hill Road improvement, Granite Falls via Dudley Shoals to route 90 Community building and park, Lenoir Mosquito control, Lenoir Rebuilding bleachers, Lenoir pub- lic school Day nursery, Lenoir Privy construction, county-wide Construction gymnasium, Hudson Paint and general repair on jail and county home, Lenoir Librarian and assistant, county library, Lenoir Privy construction, Lenoir Repairs to public school building, Lenoir Street improvement. Blowing Rock 7,810.70 S -S 150.00 S S 7,960.70 4,978.53 171.25 1,275.00 1,240.00 7,664.78 4,828.65 825.00 5,653.65 3,978.38 830.00 4,809.38 365.10 365.10 753.75 99.00 600.00 5S5.00 2,037.75 3,889.75 23,889.75 5,328.13 135.50 785.00 720.00 6,968.63 2,335.05 425.00 2,760.05 2,286.72 437.90 1.360.00 2,137.00 6,221.63 4,164.47 S9S.50 715.00 100.00 5.877.97 861 48 825.45 205 60 126.00 315.09 344 77 2,099.65 1,300.00 214.00 692.75 236.84 1,363.02 18.00 952.94 47.48 596.32 5,595.88 8,953.88 825.45 275.60 126.00 8,315.09 3,073,61 1.363.02 18.00 ,684.84 15,499.12 47.48 596.32 Appendix 461 NAME Federal Gov. Funds CWA ERA Local Gov. Funds GRAND TOTAL CWA ERA NAME Federal Gov. Funds Local Gov. Funds GRAND TOTAL CWA ERA CWA ERA Road repair from Whitnel school- house to intersection Ganewell road Drainage and surfacing Indian Grave road Road improvement, Calico road Tools, county-wide Administrative, Lenoir Librarian, county library, Lenoir Sewing room, Lenoir Improving and surfacing streets, Lenoir Administrative Improving and surfacing streets, Lenoir Canning, county-wide Recreational program, Lenoir Farm and garden program, Lenoir Paving on Payne Street, Lenoir Assistants, reemployment office Distribution of cattle, county-wide Teaching illiterate classes, county- wide Dispensing surplus commodities, Lenoir Farm and garden supervision, county-wide Covering and remodeling houses for relief families, county-wide Grading and draining, Hibriten road Emergency labor, county-wide Addition to Hudson teacherage Sewing room, Lenoir Personnel for Federal Housing Administration, county office Cutting wood, county-wide Grading grounds at community house, Lenoir General farm relief, county-wide Installation of social service rec- ords, county office Painting welfare offices, Lenoir Repairing City Hall, Lenoir Landscaping of county farm, high- way 18 near Lenoir Nursing care, county-wide Repairing Dudley Street, Granite Falls Painting county home building, near Lenoir Repairs and renovation to ERA office, county office Secretary assistants. Farm Debt Adjustment, county office Janitorial services, ERA office, Lenoir Clerical help for PWA engineer, local office Road improvement from Globe to Upton Home making, county-wide Urban individual garden, Lenoir S 1,716.80 S ,716.80 1,933.85 814.85 :,094.25 189.55 2,013.75 1,744.45 1,481.35 13,772.80 5,534.73 14,358.10 4,938.75 519.00 86.85 1,256.75 696.90 552.30 537.50 2,566.55 322.50 291.46 864.15 13.40 77.05 3,229.99 1,140.80 2,227.70 131.80 267.80 785.40 33.45 5,315.55 1,332.00 86.40 569.00 354.75 554.64 286.13 224.50 283.50 1,253.70 6,198.20 405.00 CAMDEN COUNTY Road repair, county road $1,109.25 S I Repairs, county courthouse 1,034.04 Painting courthouse 92.95 Road repairs, road from Shilofa to Currituck Une via Indian town 3,347.75 Road repair from Delcross to Indian Town 3,156.70 Road repair from Shiloh to Old Trap via Philadelphia colored church 3,519.30 Workmen to improve grounds at Camden high school 222.50 Construction of privies, South Mills high school 84.60 Administrative 1 , 579 . 58 1,020.00 3,768.70 1,094.25 189.55 2,163.75 770.00 2,514.45 40.00 1,521.35 7,363.00 21,135.80 5,534.73 9,796.00 24,164.10 4,938.75 250.09 769.09 86.85 1,544.50 2,801.25 696.90 552.30 72.00 609.50 230.00 2,796.55 322.50 291.46 177.00 1,041.15 13.40 77.00 154.05 110.00 3,339.99 353.00 1,493.80 100.00 2,327.70 190.00 321.80 267.80 785.40 33.45 5,574.13 10,889.68 70.00 1,402.00 86.40 780.00 1,349.00 265.00 619.75 654.64 286.13 224.50 283.50 985.00 2,238.70 6,198.20 405.00 470.00 300.00 $ 1.109.25 1,034.04 5.00 97.95 3,817.75 3,676.70 3,519.30 522.50 84.60 1,579.58 Road construction, county road west of Bclcross S Road improvement, state highway route 343 Privy construction, county-wide Painting school buildings, coun- ty-u ide Demolition of burned buildings, South Mills school Tool and sundry equipment, Cam- den County courthouse Lunch rooms for relief children, South Mill,? school Home canning, county-wide Gardening. Camden, county-wide Administrative Painting South Mills school Eradication and control of mos- quitoes, county-wide Malarial control survey, county- wide Practical nursing, county-wide Emergency labor, county-wide Assistants to farm supervisor in Camden County Caring for cows Assistant school janitors, county- wide Store house on Camden court- house grounds School lunch room, county-wide Handling and distribution of com- modities, county-wide Malarial fever control, county-wide Drainage of Portahonk Creek in Shiloh community Beautification of courthouse Constructing sewer system. South Mills high school Installation of occupational rec- ords, Camden County Distribution of commodities, county-wide Malarial control drainage. Gum- berry Swamp Malarial control drainage, Cam- den Swamp Sewing rooms, county-wide Herding wild cattle in Camden County Repairing Horse Shoe farm house, South Mills Malarial control drainage. South Mills Home making and canning, coun- ty-wide Clerical help, Farm Debt Adjust- ment at Camden Clerical help, ERA office 1.219.70 S 1 374.00 .S 370.00 S 854.00 .; 3 817.70 3,072.25 766.68 51.70 2,063 46 3 2 072.25 871.80 603.00 370.25 287.50 205.00 1 ,366.75 325.06 325,05 30.66 25.09 55.75 3 89.10 990.66 61.50 445.51 616.10 131 92 3 89.10 990.66 61.50 445.51 748.02 1,379.86 1,236.12 213.30 32.30 886.57 236.20 530.85 691.00 92.49 150.10 1.090.40 217.40 784.00 236.90 216.51 51.10 431.25 1,857.68 22.40 83.50 37.15 98.40 7.35 145.00 CARTERET COUNTY Repairs to Comfort colored school , Beaufort S 401.60 S Repairs to Atlantic teacherage, Atlantic 37.80 School repair, Davis school 91.80 Repairs to Harkere Island school 4.20 Road repair for Bogue to Stella 3,034.95 Sewer repairs, Morehead City 2,437.72 Grading and beautifying school grounds, Beaufort 2,163.06 Construction of docks for public use, Turner Street, and Craven Street, Beaufort 1,665.84 Grading and claying Beaufort streets 9,418.10 Road construction. Fort Macon Park 21,974.22 Road improvement from Inland Waterway to Craven County line 1,688.66 217.65 72.70 801.86 1,379.86 1,236 12 213 30 32 30 886.67 236.20 530.86 691.00 92.49 150.10 1,090.40 290.10 1,585.85 236.90 216.51 51.10 431.25 1,857.68 22.40 83.50 37.16 98.40 7.36 145.00 S 401.60 37.80 91.80 4.20 3,034.95 2,437.72 2,380.70 1,665.84 10,145.15 22,410.22 1,688.66 462 Appendix Federal Gov. Funds Local Gov. Funds NAME CWA ERA CWA ERA GPjAND TOTAL NAME Federal Gov. Funds Local Gov. Funds GRAND TOTAL CWA ERA CWA ERA Road repair, road from Cedar Island west 4 miles across tidal Hat S Paint and repair Municipal Hos- pital, Morehead City 3 Inlproving streets and alleys, Morehead 4 Public playgrounds, Morehead Paint and renovate Municipal Building, Morehead City 1 Drainage in and around towns of Beaufort and Morehead City 6 Improving public school grounds and athletic field, Morehead 4 Restoration and improvement of grounds and buildings, U. S. Fisheries, Biological Station , Beaufort 3 Road repair on Markers Island 2 Draining and clearing Deep Creek, Newport Township Sidewalk construction, Newport 2 Draining swamps, Newport Town- ship Repair Beaufort colored school 3 Oyster planting, county 35 Digging wellfor Beaufort graded school 1. Repairing Beaufort gradedschool 3 Repairs, Beaufort colored school 1, Sanitary privy construction, county-wide 3, Repairs electrical equipment, Beaufort school Repairs, Morehead city school (colored) I , Repairs, grounds and buildin^g, Lukens school Repairs, building and grounds, Merrimon colored school Repairs and painting, Stella col- ored school Repairs, schoolandground Bogue colored school Repairs school and grounds, Ports- mouth school Repairsschool and grounds. North River colored school 1, Repairs, school and grounds, South River school Repairs, building and grounds, Merrimon white school Repairs to Harkerslsland school Repairs.school and grounds. Cedar Island school Repairs, school and grounds, Smyrnaschool Repair, school and grounds, Wil- liston school Repairs to Davis school Repairs of Straits school Repairs, grounds and building, county home 1 Drainage at MarshaUberg Drainage o f ponds, Harkers Island 1, Extension of Front Street, Beaufort 1 Construction of playground equip- ment, athletic equipment, library equipment, tables, chairs, for white school and teacherage, Beaufort school 2 Drainage at White Oak Construction school privies 1 Repairs, Atlantic teacherege Repairs, Otway school Repairs, Newport school Repairs to MarshaUberg school Repairs to Stacey school Repairs to Bettie school Repairs to Smyrna school Repairs to Wild Wood colored school Repairs to Camp Glenn school 462.00 ,393.39 ,540.58 42.60 ,3S7.3S .659.10 ,243.40 566.22 307.10 185. S5 432.77 352.50 537.65 407.13 356.77 ,1?5.09 7SS.97 196:79 284.50 039.12 647.85 323. IS 18.00 254.55 683.77 666.95 369.38 560.82 507.65 274.75 426.81 575.37 590.68 75.00 080.25 ,053.50 3,148.95 1.347.75 10,867.80 507.75 1,648.35 213.60 496.20 866.40 2,038.00 2,231.50 121.42 508.49 673.85 214.80 370.80 237.96 619.05 1.439.30 422.37 216.00 347.10 194.40 93.82 28 6. SO 409.50 45.00 361.20 166.00 436.80 50.00 S 462.00 3,393.39 4,540.58 42.60 1,387.38 6,659.10 4,243.40 3,566.22 2,357.10 185.85 2,432.77 3.501.45 4,885.40 2,470.00 48,744.93 1,356.77 3.185.09 2,296.72 3,196.79 284.50 1.205.92 647.85 323.18 55S.60 254.55 683.77 1.666.95 369.38 560.82 2.156.00 274.75 426.81 575.37 804.28 571.20 1,622.49 866.40 3,118.25 720.00 4,005.00 2,881.12 121.42 152.00 2,334.34 585.60 857.01 1,439.30 638.37 541.50 380.62 409.50 406.20 602.80 Repairs to White Oak school S Repairs to Sea Level school Repairs to Atlantic school Repairs, building and grounds, -Mansfield school (colored) Morehead school gymnasium Laying sidewalk and grading Beaufort graded schools School lunches, county-wide Tool project, county-wide Gymnasium Beaufort school Research, Comparative Embry- ology, Beaufort County library and branches Installingsewer at Camp Glenn Repairs to electrical and water system at Camp Glenn. Construction of boxingring, Camp Glenn Repairing sewers, Camp Glenn Canning program, county-wide Repairsto buildings, Camp Glenai Malaria control survey project, county-wide Stenographers in public offices, Beaufort Drainage of ponds, Beaufort Farming and garden program Administrative Holding pen for cattle Construction of pathway, Ports- mouth Island Care of cattle, county-wide Sewing room, county-wide Emergency labor Stenographer, Farm Debt Adjust- ment Clerk, reemployment ofiice Women workers in public office, Beaufort Supervisor and filing clerk for cattle, Beaufort Distribution of commodities Repairs, county home Secretary and canvasser for Fed- eral Housing Survey. Installation of occupationalrecords Drainage around Sea Level Repairs to docks, Morehead City Repairs to Diamond Back Ter- rapin ponds Stenographers for various offices, Beaufort Repairsto county courthouse and annex Grading and surfacing streets, Morehead City Photography of work projects, county-wide Survey of fishermen, county-wide ERA office repairs in lieu of rent Caring for mules, rural rehabilita- tion Malaria control drainage around Stella Malaria control drainage around Otway Cattle searching, county-wide Clerical help for Farm Credit Ad- ministration Drainage engineer, county-wide Construction of garage. Fish Hatchery, Fivers Island Paving driveway, Fish Hatchery, Fivers Island Drainage near Mill Creek Repairs to Morehead City school Garden supervision, Beaufort and Morehead Relief nursing, county-wide Home makers, county-wide Distribution ol commodities, More- head City Janitor service, ERA office 133.93 S 1,477.35 S 318.66 322.90 1,520.05 87.68 159.09 6,226.52 1,725.90 399.60 357.90 1.377.21 903.51 121.42 4.360,96 16,841.35 113.44 2,056.50 755.55 335.40 227.70 86.40 2,138.05 3,078.15 773.17 1,263.50 1,622.75 1,714.13 9,386.83 149.63 332.40 3,394.49 6.804.90 22.00 105.35 922.95 1,150.80 352.70 4,090.44 434.40 286.50 1,304.67 649.40 529.05 216.40 1,372.00 3,528.48 1,281.70 602.35 329.00 258.68 30.00 13.50 1,313.00 368.00 241.50 110.39 334.25 295.00 313.50 724.90 90.00 249.38 2,034.28 274.70 437.73 > S 1.611.28 641.56 1.520.05 87.68 6.385.61 672.. 50 2,798.00 1,735.11 1,024.93 2,250.00 23.452.31 3,000.00 3.113.44 2.056.50 755.65 335.40 227.70 86.40 2,138.05 3,078.15 773.17 1,263.50 1,522.75 1.714.13 9.386.83 149.63 332.40 3,394.49 6,804.90 22.00 105.35 922.95 1.150.80 352.70 4,090.44 434.40 286.50 1,304.67 649.40 400.00 929.05 216.40 1.372.00 3,554.35 7,082.83 1,440.00 2,721.70 602.35 329.00 258.68 30.00 13.50 1,313.00 368.00 241.50 110.39 317.57 651.82 1.166.00 1,461.00 313.50 991.75 1.716,65 90.00 249.38 2,034.28 274.70 437.73 Appendis 463 Federal Gov. Funds CWA ERA Local Gov. Funds GRAND TOTAL CWA ERA NAME Federal Gov. Funds CWA ERA Local Gov. Funds CWA ERA GRAND TOTAL Tyinc fiph nets S Drainage Dear White Oak school Fish freezing: and holding plant, Morchead City Clerk for reemployment office Drainage of ponds, Davis Drainage of ponds, Stacey Stenographers, various offices Clerk help, ERA cffice Grassing causeway to Fivers Island Clerical help in county offices Marine laboratory building, Beau- fort 3 22 n b Mount 98.00 98.00 Secretarial help for various offices. 5C Rocky Mount 298.50 298.50 (n Clerical help, reemployment office, 10 L Rocky Mount 769.30 769.30 n Construction of privies, Rocky 1 Mount 2,897.20 10,780.16 13,677.36 CO Distribution of surplus commodi- Da J ties. Rocky Mount 1,126.72 1,126.72 IE Repairing ERA office. Rocky ii k Mount 222.00 18.76 240.75 Installation of occupational rec- CO St B G ords. Rocky Mount 1,052.00 1.052.00 Federal housing program. Rocky Mount 723.80 723.80 Planting and beautifying city lake 4,438.70 2,090.00 6,528.70 )a Sewer construction. Rocky -Mou'nt 6,663.30 5.515.20 12,178.50 IC Photographic records, Rocky dt U E Mount 613.33 613.33 Rental on farm forrelief families. Rocky Mount 115.60 116.60 E Repairing books, Rocky .Mount 462.75 462.75 r fr Clerical help for farm debt associ- ation. Rocky Mount 122.50 122.50 !e( Tending Japanese Beetle traps, i Rocky .Mount 152.00 152.00 Remodeling basement of high school. Rocky Mount 1,338.30 376.68 1,714.98 P Canning and preserving. Rocky )0 Mount 1,929.37 1,929.37 CO Clerical help emergency relief of- ID J fice. Rocky Mount 208.25 208.25 sa Harvesting bean and corn crop, Oi Rocky Mount 273.40 200,00 473.40 in Stenographers and clerical help. :o Rocky Mount 461.25 461.25 f Educational help. Rocky Mount 2,546.45 2,546.45 d Storage warehouse. Rocky Mount 10.00 10.00 FORSYTH COUNTV lU Q B Cleaning banks of Salem creek S 4,268 79 8 ■S 25.00 s $ 4,293.79 n Grading grounds, Griffith schools 703 11 703.11 It Trestle at Forsyth County Home P repaired 295.93 295.93 Construction of road from Win- t ston-Salem Air Port, south to ii Winston-Salem city limits 1,69.5 00 1,695.00 m Resurfacing and straightening a Sullivantown Road 3,874.45 400.00 4,274.45 D. Preparation to Kernersville road for surfacing 4,770.81 325.00 5,095.81 p Rebuilding road from Lewisville Til to West Bend-Smith Williams u road 3.S67.20 3,042.85 676.00 75.00 7,660.06 Reconditioning road from Rural ttd Hall to Bethania 5.071 68 660.00 5,721.68 lb Appendix 477 NAME Federal Gov. Funds Local Gov. Funds GRAND TOTAL CWA ERA CWA ERA NAME Federal Gov. Funds Local Gov. Funds GRAND TOTAL CWA ERA CWA ERA econditioning road from ^'ienna school, south to Lewisville road § 2 swing room, county-wide swing room, county-wide 3wing room, Rural Hall swing room, Kernersville orsyth consolidated school. Jan- itorial services uilding gravity sand filter from filter plart of Kernersville nlarging and repairing filter beds of West Side sewer dis- posal plant iterior and exterior trim of T. B. hospital painted, two coats andscaping T. B. hospital listribution service, county courthouse Fading sidewalk adjacent to Mineral Springs school .emoving sewerage filter from its pre&ent location to a point clear of playgrounds, Griffith school [aintenance of school buildings, repairing doors, windows and floors, Walkertown, So. Creek trading playKrounds, \'ienna school trading sidewalk along highway for 2 miles adjacent, Griffith high school 'rivy construction and repairs, county-wide 2 toad repairs, Salisbury road 'ublic health nur,=ing and bed- side nursing, county-wide !lerical help in public offices, county office Jxtending playgrounds at Red Bank, L^nion Grove, Piney Grove and Mt. Tabor schools load repair. Old Town school )ne engineer to supervise minor drainage for malaria control, 'Muddy Creek illeaning and grading ditches, Kernersville traightening and resurfacing road from Germanton to Rural Hall llectrical repairs to the schools, Walkertown .dmlnistrative, county ools, small tools to be used on all projects, county-wide onls and sundry equipment, cniinty-wide onimodity distribution, Winston- Salem detic survey, county-wide banning and presen-ing food, county-wide lerical help.supt. of schools ^dividual gardens, county-wide lenographer. Farm Debt Adjust- ment Office, Winston-Salem Dunty-wide herding mergency labor, county-wide fwing room, Oghunn station aring for relief cat tie, county-wide iwing room, Kernersville Repairs to road, Salisbury, via Clemmons road iitting wood, W^inston-Salem LStallation of occupational rec- ords, county courthouse rading Griffith school grounds )nstruction of bos. Mountain ■cad spairs and painting fire station, R^inston-Salem [uipping building for ERA .ndscaping Clayton school ground 99S.39 180.00 39.00 57.00 100.50 26.95 1,42S.66 874.43 .732.53 2S1.44 ,348.62 $ $ 350.00 S 1,6S0.00 62.00 54.00 S 3,348,39 180.00 39.00 57.00 100.50 26.95 3,108.66 9,955.02 6,763.77 936.43 4,786.53 281.44 1,348.62 715.75 1,921.75 6,763.77 3,953.71 5,986.53 4,519.67 40,062.50 27,250.00 97,818.70 2,158.38 375.00 2,533.38 94.50 94.50 119.19 119.19 1.077.97 1,077.97 1,236.00 1,236.00 358.65 358.65 258.60 12,544.18 93.00 503.67 13,399.45 922.54 300.00 1,222.54 102.00 87.20 189.20 7,818.29 7,818.29 242.37 30.00 272.37 1,238.95 449.83 1,688.78 2,582.79 1,192.00 3,774.79 113.08 113. C8 2,932.90 321.80 3,254.70 1,729.06 1,729.06 6,577.55 10.25 6,587.80 12,265.91 12,265.91 991.51 300.00 1,291.51 14.78 4.10 18.88 2,058.79 2,058.79 29.36 29.36 2,115.76 42.00 2,157.76 2,070.15 19.70 2,089.85 3,164.36 1,900.00 5,064.36 158.25 50.00 208.25 2,345.45 2.345.45 3,572.97 4,135.85 98.88 465.45 174.41 3,747.38 1,700.00 5,835.85 98.88 Clerical helpers in various offices, city hall, health department S Painting county farm buildings, county farm Road construction from Old Rich- mond Road Surveying of Lower Muddy Creek Dredging Muddy Creek Repaving roads around Winston- Salem Photographic records, Winston- Salem Construction oi sanitary sewer and water works. Van Hoy Street Clerical workers for ERA district offices Repairing house and farm build- ings, county-wide Revision of house numbers, county- wide Repairs to road by Stumpton Price study, county office Repairs to nurses house at T. B. hospital Sewer and water extension, Har- rison Avenue to Glenn Avenue Making rag rugs, Winston-.Salem Making rag rugs, county-wide Making overalls, Winston-Salem Community gardens, county-wide Individual gardens, county-wide Construction cottage, Washington park Making First Aid Kits, Winston- Salem Malarial control drainage Kern- ersville Planting grass. Miller M. Airport Japanese beetle traps, Winston- Salem Mill creek drainage Repairing sewing machines. Wal- nut Cove Operation ERA trucks, county- wide Construction Warners ChapelRoad Construction Grapevine School- house Road Repairs to Forsyth County jail, Winston-Salem Repairs to office equipment, Winston-Salem Repairs to city schools, Winston- Salem Barracks to T. B. hospital, county Repairs to county ERA office S 1,988 17 -S 1,022.65 4,000.35 972 60 1,003 80 14,206.40 41 20 1,017 25 6,443 10 1,272 75 41 60 8,831 75 469.64 138.00 2.102.85 3.837.27 3,047.50 2,324.38 6.552.97 13,994.73 1,721.05 357.61 7,081.79 3.878,90 176.93 1,884.55 187.02 1,. 339. 42 1,468.35 1,261.00 3,064.90 240.13 1,570.65 999.21 768.46 WINSTON-SALEM, FORSVTH COUNTY Repairing and greasing equipment, Winston-Salem S Drivers and helpers on team, trucks, cars, tractor, and road machines for city to be used on CWA projects, Winston-Salem Repairs to sewer and watersystem, Winston-Salem Improving South Park school grounds, Winston-Salem Painting city hospital, Winston- Salem Repairing water plant buildings, Winston-Salem Old incinerator repairs, Winston- Salem Repairs city library Repairs sewer plant buildings, Winston-Salem Repairs to public schools, city wide Repairs to city hall Public highway improvement, Winston-Salem 2.897.24 ? 1,003.21 ? 4,445.01 10,249.95 4,631.35 11.064.34 38,803.50 3,293.90 20,755.42 2,043.86 2,384.48 986.68 248.26 1,710.00 183.00 16.332.72 1,005.91 s S 1,988.17 648.00 1.670.65 200.00 4,200.35 972.60 1,003.80 14,206.40 41.20 850.00 1,867.25 6,443.10 1,272.75 600.00 641.60 8.831.75 469.64 193.00 331.00 1,708.25 3,811.10 3,837.27 3,047.50 2,324.38 6,552.97 13,994.73 846.00 2,567.05 357.61 7,081.79 512.00 4,390.90 176.93 2,600.00 4.484.55 1,339.42 45.00 1,513.35 42.60 1,303.50 3,064.90 240.13 900.00 2,470.65 1,025.00 2.024.21 1,148.47 1,916.93 50.00 S 3.950.45 845.00 20,249.96 620.00 16,645.69 .50.00 42,347.40 150.00 23,339.28 96.50 2.480.98 986.68 248.26 54.25 237.25 300.00 16,632.72 1,005.91 6,663.67 478 Appendis NAME Federal Gov. Funds Local Gov. Funds GRAND TOTAL CWA ERA CWA ERA 1,572.25 7,960.26 6,SS5.01 4,924.70 36.00 4,260.28 Building and clay streets, Wins- ton-Salem S 14 Improving reservoir on Salem creek 45, Grading and constructing crushed stone sidewalk to grade school, Winston-Salem 12 Haynes park and athletic field 12 Parks, playgrounds, and school grounds improvement, Columbia Heights 10 Grading, landscaping, and devel- oping Fairview school grounds and Lockland Avenue park Grading and developing grounds. Winston and Salem Water plants Water and sewer extension on Courthouse Square Opening and straightening Peter's creek Grading grounds and filling Old Creek Channel Skyland school Home demonstrators, county-wide Ordinary repairs to paved road- ways and streets within the cor- porate limits of the city, Wins- ton-Salem Repairs to drainage, Winston- Salem Miller Municipal Airport Highway improvement on Holly- wood Street Painting and repairing Teachers College Delivery of wood and coal, Wins- ton-Salem Building head walls at ends of ex- posed drain pipes and culverts, Winston-Salem Painting standpipes and two water towers at Winston-Salem Preservation of trees, Winston- Salem Administrative, county-wide Tool project, county-wide Tool and sundry equipment, Wins- ton-Salem Janitor service in schools, Winston- Salem Sewing rooms, city-wide Distributing government com- modities, city-wide Clerical work, city hall and pub- lic schools Canning garden products, city-wide Garden project, district-wide Public recreation, public schools Public education, Winson-Salem Reemployment office, Winston- Salem Administrative, city-wide Mattress table making, city Mattress making, city Cutting wood and lumber, Guth- ries Station Clerical, emergency crop loan, city Engineering for ERA projects, city wide Emergency nursery school helper JIaking kraut. Liberty Street Additions to city hospital Housing canvassers, city wide Watchmen for projects, Winston- Salem School lunches, city schools Painting kraut factory and dis- trict office Sust. of occupational records, FERA works division Installation social service records, city hall Sanitary sewer, Suburban and Miller streets 550.05 S 31,194.80 S 2,079.00 S 715.00 ,5 48,538.85 271. 5S 3,783.70 75.00 49,130.28 693.45 12,693.45 567.44 26,674.20 342.50 39,484.14 382.69 22,941.93 2,265.00 3,409.80 201.22 500.00 36,089.62 3,409.80 11,572.25 7,960.26 6,885.01 4,924.70 36.00 4, SSI. 60 6,239.93 74,397.28 12,743.65 54,254.42 1,000.00 3.50.00 19,333.58 129,651.70 11,438.28 11,438.28 15,728.09 15,728.09 6S.40 68.40 1,912.90 350.00 2,262.90 8SS.45 SS8.45 2,050.34 4,337.00 322.38 250.00 2,050.34 4,687.00 322.38 997.20 313.19 933.10 6,013.79 5,451.15 45,203.11 9,225.48 3,974.70 5,607.24 15,517.33 1,351.79 2,586.50 1,198.65 53,492.62 201.22 13.101.58 15,239.40 480.91 1,926.50 100.21 12,484.17 1,770.95 2,941.49 219.00 1,263.00 598.35 1,634.51 1,403.43 3,308.10 4,102.02 6,013.79 5,451.15 46,200.31 9,538.67 4.907.80 5,607.24 15,517.33 5,453.81 2,586.50 1,198.65 53,492.62 201.22 13,101.58 15,239.40 480.91 150.00 2,076.50 100.21 12,484.17 1,000.00 2,770.95 2,941.49 219.00 1,263.00 598.35 1,634.51 1,403.43 975.00 4.2S3.I0 NAME Federal Gov. Funds Local Gov. Funds GRANT TOTAL CWA ERA CWA ERA FRANKLIN COUNTY Servicing sidewalks and dirt streets, Louisburg Repairs to streets and sidewalks, Youngsville Grading, leveling, and draining school grounds. Alert Grading, leveling, and draining Cedar Road, Cypress district school grounds Working streets and sidewalks, Franklinton Janitor and maid at six school districts in Franklin County Maid at Franklinton school Drain, grade, and level school grounds in eight county schools, Epsom school district Grading, draining and leveling ten buildings at ten county schools, county-wide Serving lunches at school, county- wide Lunches to school children, Mills high school, Louisburg Removal of three buildings that had been ruined by fire, Louis- burg Janitor and handy man, Louisburg Privy construction, county-wide Repairs done in the town of Louis- burg to public property Repairs done to public property, city of Franklinton Janitor, Franklinton Road repair by Stallings Cross Roads Road repair by Bobbitt S. W. of Tar River Mechanics assistant for servicing school trucks, county-wide Shrubbing, draining, grading and soiling school bus and mail routes, Youngsville Replacing windows, and cleaning grounds at high school, Harris school Road repair at Louisburg Road repair from prison camp on route 501 toward Bobbitt Sewing room in ten communities, county-wide Supervisor for school lunch room, Louisburg Distribution of commodities, county-wide Assistant janitor public school, Louisburg Clean sewer system, Franklinton Tearing down of abandoned brick smoke stack at city power plant at Louisburg Grading, draining, cleaning up school grounds, Franklinton Building and remodeling to privies in white and colored schools, county-wide Demolishing warehouse, Frank linton Draining swamp at Ja^ckson's pond 2,656.80 Remodeling Mitchell school 797.35 Construction gymnasium, Edward Best school 2.00 Water main and sewer extension, Louisburg 2,240.80 Painting new boiler house and watei tank at Edward Best school 123.00 Remodeling school house at Mount Grove school Administrative 3,663.77 Building concrete and dirt side- walks in town of Youngsville 1,561,50 S 1,314.00 S S 745.00 s 3,715.66 314.50 6,413.75 745.00 2,817.90 258.75 1,182.85 540.00 70.20 13.50 1,670.55 1,213.40 618.05 15.00 616.55 18.00 6,145.4S 1,329.45 1,633.40 18.00 704.20 1,308.20 27.00 1,792.10 889.65 2,195.60 677.10 202.50 1.65 156.20 18.00 458.10 479.60 1,154.60 1,793.82 328.50 33.75 72.60 90.00 75.00 780.90 76.00 106.20 287.60 488.00 123.00 704.70 3,3.16.65 1,419. 1,708. 18. 704. 1,308. 27. 1,792. 889. 2,195. 677. 202. 86, 937 18 458 479 1,229 1,793 1,093.20 1,797 3,' Appendix NAME Federal Gov. Funds Local Gov. Funds GRAND TOTAL CWA ERA CWA ERA Repairing Franklinton Township schools Building eight hundred school desks for Franklin County Malaria control at Edward Best school Engineer to supennse and look after all types of projects in I Franklin County ' Street repairs in town of Wood I Construction on Gold Sand school ! gymnasium Assistant caretakers, armory, Louisburg Tools, county-wide Repair roof, Louisburg high school Clerical and supervision assistants, Louisburg Food conservation (canning), county-wide Building canning cookers, county- wide Gymnasium floor at Mills high school Roof, Youngsville high school Roof, ERA office, county-ofEce Coal bin storage, Louisburg Plowing relief gardens, county-wide Spraying gardens, county-wide Drainage, malarial control. Woods, N.C. Administrative Sewer extension, Louisburg General nursing, county-wide Stenographers and clerks, seed loan agents Unloading cattle, county-wide Supervising assistants, farm and garden, Louisburg 35-D4-32 Waterworks improvement, Frank- linton Clerical installation of occupa- tional records Laying water line, Franklinton Nursingscbool (overdraft), coun- ty-wide Limch room (overdraft), county- wide M. C. Drainage, Louisburg M. C. Drainage, Franklinton Waterworks improvement, Louis- burg Building stable. R. J. Campbells Grading athletic tield, Frankton Landscaping grounds, Goldland Repairing floor, Mills high school gymnasium Rebuilding streets and sidewalks, Franklinton [mprovements ERA office, coun- ty office M. C. drainage, Sally Kearney Creek iHome makers, county-wide Sewing rooms, county-wide Clerical, reemployment office, county office Home makers, county-w^ide Building club house, Oxford golf ' course Puilding tobacco barn and stable, i 22 miles from Oxford .? 365.93 ■S2,301.15 .; •S 510.00 S3, 177.08 748.50 748.50 109.50 109.50 98.23 808.45 98.23 808.45 263.50 1.50 535.21 387.80 4132.20 1,787.40 3,251.89 38.77 377.05 242.70 111.45 127.05 1,020.50 570.80 1,286.50 7,533.23 285.30 363.25 616.05 1,141.27 301.00 3,972.16 2,474.85 358.20 855.30 24.60 832.80 433.07 1,385.80 227.05 218.60 923.20 50.60 197.20 1,540.10 352.44 385.05 630.70 1,126.55 355.20 418.25 878.46 48.00 GASTON COUNTY irading school ground at Flint- Grove school 55,263.47 S Completion of project at Highland negro school that consista of grad- ing, leveling the playgrounds, Gastonia 969.65 986.40 853.62 1.50 535.21 1,448.60 1,787.40 3,251.89 38.77 1,007.85 1,168.75 706.85 253.05 1,020.50 570.80 1,286.50 7,533.23 550.30 363.25 616.05 1,141.27 301.00 3,972.16 490.00 2,964.85 630.80 926.05 595.40 126.00 265.00 772.50 746.70 358.20 1,627.80 24.60 832.80 433.07 1,385.80 227.05 295.10 923.20 50.60 273.05 1,540.10 352.44 385.05 630.70 1,126.55 355.20 418.25 1,625.16 48.00 55,263.47 969.65 NAME Federal Gov. Funda CWA ERA 479 Local Gov. Funda GRAND TOTAL CWA ERA Malarial control by drainage, Gaatonia Completion of athletic field at Mt. Holly school Top soiling atreet in Cherryville Completion of swimming pool and park, Bessemer City Sanitary sewer construction, Bel- mont Road improvement by Belmont Widening and grading road from iMt. Holly Construction of concrete and steel culvert on Chestnut Street, Gas- tonia Sanding, soiling, and shaping school bus and mail route in neighborhood of Cherryville Improving road from Dallas to Stanly Grading, shaping, soihng mail routes in vicinity of Bessemer City Sanitary sewer construction, Gas- tonia Improvements to playground at Second and Dalton streets, Gaatonia Improvement of athletic field at Gastonia Improvement of grounds at Or- thopedic Hospital, Gastonia Cleaning drainage system of city of Lowell Privy construction, county-wide Extension of Finis Street, Cherry- ville Painting publicschoola of Gaston County National Reemployment office in Gaatonia Adminiatrative Librarians to be placed in Dallas, Cramerton, Victory, Cherry- ville and Ranlo schools Visiting nurse in schools of Lowell Two sewing rooms in Gastonia Stenographers for city and coun- ty offices Cook at Gaston County Colored Hospital Sewing room project, Bessemer City Janitresa work in building with inadequate maid service, county Painting inside of Cherryville villehigh and grammar school Addition to county home of Gas- ton County Repairs to exiating building and constructing two dormitories for T. B. prevention, Gastonia Repairs and painting 7 public school buildings, Gastonia Grading Wilkerson Highway, Gas- tonia Building sidewalks along high- way No. 7, Gastonia Road improvement in \-icinity of Belmont Grading a ball field and play- ground at Stanly Correcting sanitary sewer condi- tion, Bessemer City Renovating and repainting the first courthouse, Dallas Playground improvement at Low- ell school Grading streets in Mt. Holly Street paving, Gastonia Warehouse operation, Gastonia Ball Park, Bessemer City Concrete Culvert, Gastonia Construction community center Belmont S 662.93 2,188.80 364.05 3,426.19 26,617.90 6,375.85 5,918.60 952.32 5,699.40 5,602.60 5,891.30 14,128.44 36.10 1,085.50 732.22 1.547.45 18,051.00 6,269.94 7,124.45 s 662.93 2 188.80 364.05 36,940.36 3,426.19 26,348.23 89,906.49 6,375.85 5,918.60 952.32 1,974.65 8,602.97 289.45 3,241.85 185.40 28.80 516.00 218.55 3,3C9.33 13.35 533.40 7,588.18 5,699.40 5,602.60 5,891.30 594.00 16,697.09 36.10 1,085.50 732.22 1,547.45 20,230.00 46,883.97 6,269.94 7,124.45 289.45 3,241.85 185.40 28.80 516.00 1,129.50 3,897.85 1,179.74 7,687.91 12,242.75 40,305.67 3,920.70 3,423.30 4,882.71 1,749.71 242.29 1,343.20 1,322.40 6,865.53 20,473.26 1,148.70 2,836.17 8,372.16 17,999.75 9,901.74 13,860.00 10,607.20 13.35 8,121.58 1,129.50 2,221.08 3,897.85 1,179.74 7,687.91 7,844.00 60,392.42 3,920.70 3,423.30 4,882.71 1,749.71 125.00 1,710.49 1,322.40 6,865.53 4,400.00 42,873.01 324.00 11,374.44 196.00 16,892.17 4,375.40 23,354.76 1,318.02 3,711.86 2,241.50 7,271.38 480 Appendix NAME Federal Gov. Funds Local Gov. Funds GRAND TOTAL CWA ERA CWA ERA No project TooU for CWA projects, county Betterment of employment sur- vey, Gastonia Supervision recreational program, Gastonia Farm and garden supervisor, county-wide County Fair Grounds, Gastonia Administrative Canning garden products, county CoEstruction Ranking Lake Park, Gastonia Grading new colored sclioolgrounds, Cherryville Cutting wood Office help and reemployment, Gas- tonia Construction school building, Gas- tonia Home making classes, county wide School lunch rooms, county-wide Sewing rooms, county-wide Street improvement, Gastonia Cutting and distributing meat, county-wide Landscaping Orthopedic Hospital grounds, Gastonia Institutional occupational records, county office Construction watermain, Cherry- ville Entrance road to Rankin Lake, Gastonia Beautifying grounds, Bessemer school Federal housing program, county- wide Workers for G astonia library Garden supervisors and inspectors, county-wide Beautification of community center, Belmont Employment of ERA teachers, county-wide Improvement high school stadium, Gastonia Painting schools, Gaston County, county-wide Janitress service of various offices, Gastonia Worker for Red Cross, Gastonia Street improvement, Gastonia Beautifying Bessemer City, colored school grounds Sewer construction, Cherryville Japanese beetle traps, Gastonia Home making instructions, county-wide Canning farm and garden products, county-wide Construction sewers, Belmont Reconstruction street to water plant, Bessemer City Sanitary sewer, Gastonia Clerical help, ERA office 212.40 1,403.67 514.05 5.231.27 1,957.65 1,869.60 20,207.29 4,272.30 12,416.15 5,726.85 18,321.47 828.92 360.50 2,532.03 2,405.65 2,532.15 501.30 594.01 GATES COUNTY Courthouse improvements, Gatesville ' Canal drainage, District 1 Road repair, west of Rudeco Widening and repairing road. Drum Hill Painting 10 schools and teacher- ages, county-wide Reconstructing road west of San- bury Roads around Hobbsville and Trotgville improved 729.31 403.10 3,654.29 2,408.32 1,084.69 405.01 247.80 1,156.28 1,208.60 260.95 1,992.50 292.00 8,000.00 212.40 1,403.67 514.05 6,387.55 1.957.65 3.078.20 20,207.29 4,533.25 14.408.65 6,018.85 26,321.47 4.111.50 5,684.97 3,202.51 21,106.65 18,878.00 4.090.65 606.00 400.00 6.481.20 8,202,15 6,190.97 3,202.51 21,506.55 25,359.20 314.01 314.01 6.690.65 1,620.00 8,210,66 1,865.71 1,865.71 506.50 1,019.49 1,525.99 3,706.95 1,482.36 5.189.30 4,902.65 338.31 6,240.96 1.743.35 347.60 1,743.35 347.60 2,927.80 2,927.80 395.90 153.00 548.90 200.00 200.00 1,559.60 906.25 2,465.85 9.656.58 3,308.10 12,964.68 856.60 76.80 13.299.13 6,336.10 856.60 76.80 19,634.23 1,540.30 690.80 285.95 85.87 300.75 1,626.17 991.55 286.95 360.50 108.00 2,640.03 2,224.75 4,630.40 201.60 2,733.75 204.60 705.80 694.01 S 100.00 $ 325.00 NAME Federal Gov. Funds Locnl Gov. Funds GRAND TOTAL CWA ERA CWA ERA Certain roads between routes 30 and 321 clearing, draining, and surfacing S Painting and repairing plaster in courthouse, Gatesville Repairing Gates school building Highway drainage, vicinity of Eure Draining Thircket road Draining swamp around Ray- nor's bridge School lunch room, Eure Street and sidewalk improve- ment, Gatesville Constructing privies, county-wide Drainage around Bennetts' Creek Engineer and assistant engineer for technical work Fire trail construction, county- wide Grading school grounds and walks, Hobbsville Concrete sidewalk in village of Gates School addition at Sanbury Administrative Tool and sundry equipment, county-wide Distribution of food and com- modities, county- wide Drainage, Sunbury Installation of occupational rec- ords, Gatesville Sewing room, county-wide Distribution of commodities, county-wide Improvement county school grounds, county-wide Federal housing program, Gates- ville M. C. drainage, Gatesville Home making and canning, coun- ty-wide Construction road, Gatesville Township Clerical help ERA offices, Gates- ville Canning fruits and vegetables, county-wide High school library, Sunbury Ditching relief farm, near Eure Remodeling and repair, Gates- ville high school Malaria control, Gatesville Administrative, Gatesville Remodeling Sunbury high school Malaria control surveys, county- wide Secretary farm relief adjustment Assistant to farm supervisor Lunch room, Eure M. C. and drainage, Gates Emergency labor, county-wide M. C. Sunbury-Sandy section Rehabilitation program, county- wide Clerical reemployment office, Gatesville ; 829.31 650.90 3,654.29 2.408.32 1,351.88 $ s $ S 1,381.88 469,85 95.40 36.00 80.00 42.50 87.00 672.86 137.90 938.57 66.00 ,468.70 5.00 25.00 2,432.27 61.00 1,696.68 18.00 1,696.68 18.00 1,919.67 2,422.58 1,027.89 1,331.50 125.00 3,376.17 2,422.58 1,027.89 100.75 100.75 594.97 275.20 870.17 512.46 253.60 766.06 834.10 683.77 984.20 1,822.66 834.10 2,606.42 984.20 63.90 35.90 333.40 661.70 1,781.90 233.50 216.40 268.20 108.60 301.70 13.20 120.00 902.13 46.80 149.70 52.60 1,199.65 4,503.21 19.20 12.45 194.40 1,165.57 189.0,8 1,156.00 15.00 1,055.95 533.84 642.16 GRAHAM COUNTY Grading and surfacing Tusheegee road 5 Draining and widening, grading, surfacing 3.7 miles of West Buffalo Road River road repair, county-wide Stecoah, Japan road improve- ment Privy construction , Robersonville Road work on Robinsville streets 3,632.32 S ,944.30 4,505.39 6,460.90 4,811.35 2,328.03 1,482.35 4,316,28 973.69 48.00 164.75 105.06 135.00 71.70 36.90 333.40 661.70 1,781,90 233,50 264.40 268.20 108.60 301.70 167.95 120.00 902.13 46.80 149.70 157.66 1,199.66 4,503.21 164.20 12.45 194.40 1,165.67 189.08 1,156.00 15.00 1,055.95 S 475.00 S 6,061.6! h 3m 4,811.3; i«r' 4,577.68 8,387.9- 1,057.50 6,347.4 H Appendix 481 Federal Gov. Funds Local Gov. Funds NAME CWA ERA CWA ERA GRAND TOTAL NAME Federal Gov. Funds Local Gov. Funds GRAND TOTAL CWA ERA CWA ERA Clerical assistants in CWA oflBce of Disbursing Agent S 1,262.59 S Sewing room project, Roberson- ille 490.50 Work on Rye Field branch road 587.60 Construction of Yellow Creek road 3,189.52 9,589.80 Bus stations for school buses, county-wide 328.02 35.30 Tools, county-wide 396.80 Administrative, county 7,712.42 County road construction, coun- ty-wide 15,221.80 Food conservation, county-wide 1,993.34 Holding pen and unloading, county-wide 511.50 Repairing Stecoay and Tapoea 662.95 Emergency labor, county-wide 11.20 Farm, Robbinsville 651.91 Sewing rooms, Robbinsville 3,079.51 County Fair 218.10 School lunch rooms, county-wide 984.41 Construction storage houses for potatoes, county-wide 1,054.07 ERA office, renovation and equipment 76.10 Wood yard, West Buffaloe and River roads 241.80 Clerical work for Social Service records 384.00 Hauling commodities ERA office, county-wide 647.96 Stenographer for Reemployment office 442.75 Distribution of special commodi- ties, county-wide 26.10 Janitors ERA office, Robbinsville 21.75 Repairs ERA office, Robbinsville 10.05 S 1,262.59 490.50 587.60 2,919.00 15,6 1.32 363.32 396.80 7,712.42 2,391.00 17,fil2.S0 1,993.34 168.81 630.00 511.50 831.76 11.20 651.91 3,079.51 218.10 1.614.41 1,054.07 76.10 241.80 384.00 847.96 442.75 26.10 21.75 10.05 GRANVILLE COUNTY Janitorial services. Oak Hill high school $ Janitorial services, Stovall high school Janitorial services Janitorial services Road improvement, Grassy Creek and Salem Road Road improvement from Dixon's place Cleaning shoulders of road. Creed- more to Stem Road improvements, Stem to Belle Town Road improvement, Berea to Moriah [Road improvement, Amos Chapel to Virginia Line Soiling road and selective cutting of trees around Oak Hill section Soiling road and selective cutting of trees around Creedmoor Road improvement around Stem Cleaning right-of-way, from Dick- ens Creek to Moriah Cutting right-of-way, Culbreth to Dicken's Creek Roadside clean up, Stovall Surfacing Oxford-Durham road Surfacing old route 75 from Provi- dence to Stem Surfacing old route 75 from Knapp to Durham County line Surfacing old route 75 from Stem to Knapp of Reeds School room construction to col- ored school. Stovall Well at Creedmoor school Construction of swimming pool, i Oxford -S 364.18 S 604.95 3,890.98 1,620.20 900.00 990.00 626.85 990.00 456.00 990.00 796.50 990. CO 754.80 1,000.00 899.85 900.00 236.45 421.60 19.80 503.00 1,563.00 1,006.87 784.42 1.153.00 1,231.35 1,573.05 1,563.00 806.10 707.50 1,625.85 1,563.00 401.26 438.00 120.80 360.78 i $ 364.18 604.95 3.890.98 1,620.20 1,890.00 1.616.85 1,446.00 1.786.50 1,754.80 1,799.85 236.45 924.60 1.582.80 1,654.07 784.42 1,153.00 1,231.35 3,136.05 1.513.60 3,188.85 401.26 558.80 1.878.37 2.239.15 Putting in window panes at col- ored graded school, Oxford $ Privy construction, county-wide Ditching and grading land at Tobacco Test Farm, Oxford Repairs to Superintendent's home at Tobacco Test Farm, Oxford Painting buildings at State Test Farm, Oxford Gymnasium and recreational build- ing, Milton high school Repair inside and outside of col- ored graded school at Oxford Building rock wall around school grounds at Stem Repairing 6 white schools, county- wide Painting inside of colored graded school at Oxford Painting roof and outside of Ox- ford high school building Street repair, Creedmoor Town public toilets, Creedmoor Town public cemetery to be cleaned ofF, Creedmoor Grading and top soiling RR street, Creedmoor Grading and topsoiling Lyon Street. Creedmoor Draining swamps and pond. Stem To connect New Street with 56 highway and cemetery at Creed- moor Grading and topsoiling Church Street at Creedmoor Repairs to street and sidewalks, Stem Reemployment office, Oxford Serving hot soup, county-wide Repair Oxford higti school Installing electrical fixtures in Granville tubercular hut Privy construction, county-wide Building privies for schools, county- wide Repairing school bus bodies to be used as stations along the roads, county- wide General repairs to buildings at county home, Oxford Installing heating and plumbing fixtures, Oxford Installing heating and plumbing fixtures, Oxford Installing electrical fixtures, Gran- ville county home Cutting wood for relief famildes, county- wide Recreational center Epr Oxford school children Repairing streets, Oxford Extension of water line, Oxford Water main extension, Oxford Construction of water main from corner of Raleigh and Kings streets, Oxford Soiling roads and cutting right of way, county-wide Painting walls and ceiling of aud- itorium and class rooms in Ox- ford graded schools Repairing windows at Oxford high school School repair. Oak Grove school (colored) Repairs to Huntville colored school Extension of sewer lines for town of Oxford Malarial control by drainage, county-wide Improving streets and sidewalks at Stovall Malarial control, Oxford Community center at Culbreth 69.15 ? S 150.01 315.02 75.00 62.00 75.00 160.50 169.50 172.60 888.23 2,712.20 113.95 593.45 802.37 150.25 285.50 200.55 50.00 167.80 21.25 212.80 50.00 466.05 50.00 4.50 50.00 180.00 139.50 655.20 100.00 152.90 82.50 227.38 75.00 120.75 208.00 46.95 274.78 2,251.79 1,670,67 384.01 4,253.58 653.24 413.28 631.92 225.75 045.96 986.06 066.94 754.28 $ 69.16 150.01 390.02 137.00 170.23 672.73 4,600.43 1,113.95 593.46 4,802,37 150.25 285.50 250.55 189.06 262.80 516.05 54.50 180.00 139.50 755.20 1,235.40 227.38 930.00 1,125,75 208.00 46.95 6,871.30 12,397.87 220.00 783.20 32.80 1,831.50 ,132.23 478.65 ,156.03 191.84 60.50 149.87 ,787.91 7,335.31 253.73 1,241.80 346.35 16.20 81.00 1,670.67 604.01 5,036.78 653.24 446.08 631.92 225.75 7,877.46 4,986.06 2,066.94 1.754.28 4,132.23 478.65 1.156.03 191.84 60.60 230.87 316.00 11,439.22 253.73 450.00 1,691.80 346,36 600.00 616.20 '4S2 Appendix Federal Gov. Funds Local Gov. Funds NAME GRAND TOTAL CWA ERA CWA ERA Tools, county-wide S 594.00 CWA offices, county office 3,854.85 Nursing, county-wide 54.00 Cleaning public buildings, county- vAde 558.65 Se^^-ing rooms, county-wide Records and clerical, register of deeds, county office Janitor service, county office Canning and preserving food, county-wide Community garden, Oxford Repairs and maintenance of roads, Bullock road Adult education, county-wide County school buildings, Berea Public health campaign, county- wide Canning and preserving, county- wide Farm rehabilitation and garden, county-wide Razing high school building, Berea Administrative Clerical-emergency crop loan, Ox- ford Repairs to ERA office Pasture rental, B. P. Thorpe, S. O. 568 Pasture rent, B. P. Thorpe Institutional occupational records Clerical help, reemployment office, county office Improvements, municipal golf course, Oxford ERA store room, county office Grading dirt streets, Oxford Planting grass, municipal golf course, Oxford Repair buildings on W. L. Taylor farm Librarian, county library, Oxford 604.95 3. 890.98 1.620.20 560.10 409.40 2.260.94 447.60 84.00 881.45 2.00 1,093,77 2.851.17 537.60 5.239.65 995.30 180.85 143.85 1.75 1,127.55 831.20 791.85 873.94 1,443.69 726.55 263.00 658.00 GREENE COUNTY fr. Snow Hill school ground Colored schools in county Drain, clear, widen road Hookerton to Lizzie Finishing two-room addition to Snow Hill colored school Drilling wells at colored schools, county-wide Road repair, Jason to Snow Hill Surfacing route 123 Road repair by Walstonburg Canal in Ormond's township Walstonburg teacher's home and school repairs Mosquito and Malaria control, Pole Cat swamp Brann branch project for malarial control Dixon's swamp for malarial control 1,567.25 Clearing right-away, Chapel branch Drainage of Dog swamp Churchill and Stock's bog pond drainage Draining Falling creek Repairs to run of bran ch through Snow Hill Maury school to be constructed, gymnasium Bull Head township community swimming pool and place for church to make baptisms Grading and lerveling lot back of Snow Hill white school Beautification of the town of Snow Hill t 95.81 718.62 2,198.65 1.148.12 413.54 2.327.80 4.055.89 2.183.10 432.00 72.00 2,749.17 983.95 1,088.58 596.47 501.90 609.50 1.499.55 1.200.88 471.34 349.09 99.20 820.00 ; 594.00 3,854.85 418.18 1.163.60 3.890.98 1,620.20 560.10 409.40 2,260.94 1,297.60 84.00 881.45 902.00 1,093.77 2.851.17 537.60 5.239.65 995.30 180.85 143.85 1.75 1,127.55 831.20 791.85 873.94 1,443.69 726.55 263.00 658.00 1.811.02 ? 95.81 817.82 2,198.65 1,148.12 413.54 2,327.80 4.055.89 2.183.10 432.00 72.00 2,749.17 9S3.95 1,567.25 1,088,58 596.47 501.90 1,092.60 1,499.55 2,972.63 471.34 349.09 1,811.02 Federal Gov. Funds Local Gov. Funds GRAND TOTAL CWA ERA CWA ERA Road improvement by Walston- burg S 1 School garage for Walstonburg Building community hou,se, Hook- erton 2 Repairs to Hookerton high school Fort Run drainage 1 Janitor for county supply room County school mechanics Lunch room project, county, Clerical help, ERA, county Mars branch swamp drainage Paul's Chape! colored school Repairs to county school garage Invitation colored school painting, county Re-submitting project for con- struction of privies, county Falling Creek main run project Watery branch colored school re- pairs Academy marsh drainage Tools for county warehouse Establishing public library. Snow Hill Clerk for commodity room, county Helper, nursery school lunch room, county Repair library books, county schools, Hookerton and Walston- burg Establishing public library, Snow Hill County-wide canning, county Repairing relief office, county Building tennis courts, Snow Hill Gardening and farm relief, Hook- erton Administrative Establishing public library. Snow Hill Mattress factory, county Making mattress tables. Snow Hill Ormonds township, S. D. No 567 Tools and seed, county-wide Repairs to rehabilitation house, Greensboro Herding and feeding cattle, Ormonds Farm Rural Rehabilitation, county Building cots for nursery school, Snow Hill Emergency labor, county Operating nursery school, county Disiribuiion of commodities, county Sewing room. Snow Hill Repairing community house. Snow Hill Clerical, ERA office, county Stenographer for farm debt adjust- ment county Federal housing program, county Truck and driver, county \'isiting housekeepers, county Clerical helpers, county office Public library. Snow Hill 054.55 S 90.15 451.98 504.16 201.75 645.20 IS. 00 301.55 180.00 133.95 210.45 36.00 168.44 377.60 199.65 947.66 214.50 326.90 2,315.00 1,064.00 29.25 573.90 1,110.00 1,689.22 33.60 589.85 295.30 32.75 1.113.94 42.25 76.80 10 00 4 432 89 581 50 1 021 42 143 45 400.63 580.50 199 89 2 .734 40 21.32 11.10 94.10 42.15 3,370.48 162.70 14.40 320.00 183.25 66.40 387.90 80.00 45.00 GUILFORD COUNTY 48.00 .? l,054.5i 90.11 3,004.1. 201.7," 1,645.2( 319.5; 180. 0( 350.41 36. 0( 546. 0( 199.6) 1,162.11 150.00 50.00 326. 9( 2,315.01 1,064.0( 29.2; 1,683.9' 1,689.2; IS3.6C 589. 8f 8.55 345.; 32.75 1,113.94 42.25 463.62 94.10 42.15 ,370.48 162.70 14.40 320.00 183.25 66.40 387.90 80.00 45.00 General repaira to all schools, count,v-wide Uratly road, off of No. 70. im- proved Road off highway No. 10 to be cleared Grading two roads in the Rankin school district Topsoiling road from Summertield 3.868. Topsoiling, and placing sand on right-of-way on road from Geth- eemcne church 1,594.05 941.30 .S .5 1,000.00 .? 5 2.941.30 202.85 202.85 820.30 820.30 311.10 868.90 311.10 3,868.1,0 1,594.05 Appendix 483 NAME Federal Gov. Funds CWA ERA Local Gov. Funds GRAND TOTAL CWA ERA NAME Federal Gov. Funds Local Gov. Funds GRAND TOTAL CWA ERA CWA ERA IGrading road and sidewalk con- struction near Rankin school $ Sidewalk construction near Bessemer school 4 Sidewalk construction from fair- grounds 3 Sidewalk construction Sand clay road construction, Oak Ridge-Summerfield road Sidewalk construction, Summer- field-Stokesdale road 1 Clearing right-of-way from Deep River church 2 Road improvement from Oseeola 1 Improving road from Oakdale Mill 1 Supplying 30 men to be used on roads in country 2, Sidewalk construction, Oak View school road Road construction, Greensboro- High Point road Sidewalk construction by Climax road 1, Sidewalk construction, state route 810 2, Construction of sidewalks, Hamp- town road 3, Road improvement, Sunset. Drive 6 Julian road improvement 1 Summer Mill's road improved Road repair, Guilford County 6 Clearing, grading, and hauling etone from colored school to make sidewalk to Gibbonsville colored school Clearing and grading Bethel Street, Gibsonville Sidewalk for Gibsonville road Sidewalk construction to cemetery, Burhngton road Repairing and painting county home 2, Repairing and painting county property 2, Surfacing road known as Waling- ton mill road, near Greensboro 2, Road repair by Allan Jay school 2. Widening east Greene Street, near High Point Airport road improvement, near Guilford college 1, iload repair near Alamance church 2, lExcavating in order to complete I classrooms, summer school [Constructing work room for Agri- I culture work, Sum merfield school 1, Janitoral work, county-wide Privy construction, county-wide 18, Painting and repairing county courthouse Widening street back of courthouse Gibsonville athletic field Stanley road improvement 2 , 220. 90 Painting inside of buildings at Sanitorium Building bridge, William road 1, Improvements to Wright's road 2, Elimination of wall, county home 1, Tool project, county-wide Administrative 4,241.29 Sewing room, Greensboro Clerical work, Greensboro Nursing relief, county-wide Geodetic control survey, county- wide Repairs, painting schools, county- wide School addition (one room), sum- mer school Drainage for malaria control, Gar- ner's meadow and Long Branch Community center, Summerfield Canning project, county-wide ' 619.35 S 275.40 -S 037.03 398.39 295.60 912.17 320.50 274.50 485.50 670.90 052.10 7S3.S0 555.47 940.47 280.42 259.30 336.30 179.81 722.80 532.40 002.80 99.60 479.10 63.00 136.50 203.90 118.20 735.26 230.50 239.95 794.90 146.90 232.60 258.60 331.85 626.60 153.75 162.90 082.90 163.80 3,644.25 929.26 1.671.35 387.40 5,362.09 903.37 2,958.25 1. 823. 62 745.80 31.47 3,594.23 4,842.40 2X6.00 49.36 7,504.88 561.20 656.13 9,604.55 355.04 S 50.00 -5 944.75 4,037.03 3,398,39 295.60 912.17 64.00 1.659.00 2,485.50 1,670.90 1.052.10 2,783.80 555.47 940.47 36.40 1.576.12 2,336.30 150.00 4,052.61 6.532.40 1,002.80 99.60 6,479.10 63.00 136.50 203.90 118.20 2,889.01 2,491.40 2,239.95 2,794.90 1,146.90 2,232.60 345.10 1,082.90 3,808.05 4,033.75 24,634.36 934.17 6,683.66 650.00 1,553.37 480.00 3,438.25 2,220.90 1,686.95 3,510.57 1,258.60 2,331.85 191.10 2,563.50 98.53 130.00 4,241.29 3,594.23 4,842.40 100.00 316.00 49.36 2,748.50 10,253.38 349.70 910.90 656.13 4,766.40 14,370.95 27.00 382.04 Sewing room. High Point section 8 S 160.80 § Administrative 18.921.79 Renovating, Monticello school 437.40 Rehabilitation 2.207.49 Repairs to rehabilitation home, county-wide 132.56 Fencing pasture land, county- wide, High Point 313.95 Fencing piistiire land, county- wide. High Point 453.10 Fencing pasture land, county- wide, High Point 1,316.15 Fencing pasture land, county- wide, High Point 405.50 Hauling cattle to S. D. 719 12.90 Repairing fence and hauling 209.05 Boning and hauling meat, coun- ty-i\ide 769.10 Sewing room supervisor, Greens- boro 201.60 Feeding and care of sick cattle, Dulian pasture 90.85 Emergency labor, county-wide 22.50 Repairs to rehabilitation barn 79.55 Repairs to ERA office, county office 63.28 Handling surplus commodities, county-wide 743 . 70 Lunch room workers, county schools, county-wide 753.00 Herding, hauling and feeding cattle, county-wide 788.28 Installation of occupational rec- ords, county office 446.60 Repair of house for county welfare office, Greensboro 130.80 Repair of district ERA office, Greensboro 4 , 158 . 1 1 Improvement, municipal airport, Greensboro 19 . 320 . 97 Grading at Price school, Greens- boro 3.466.95 Research on the consumption of water, Greensboro 573.65 Improving grounds at Peck school 2,806.75 Repairing school furniture, Greens- boro 453.00 Grading Glenwood school grounds 5,542.85 Storm sewer drainage, Greensboro 215.50 Grading Washington Street school grounds 4,256.86 Park improvement map, Greens- boro 364.00 Canvassing for reemployment off- ice, county office 526.15 Janitors for historical museum, Greensboro 289.50 Subsistance gardens for Greens- boro 9,734.69 Planting grass on public property, county- wide 865.04 Safety man for fifteenth district 600.00 Filing and indexing records, Greens- boro 214.60 Making brooms, Greensboro 333.50 Construction janitors house, city playgrounds, Greensboro 1 .371 .90 Repairing negro library, Bennett college, Greensboro 544.60 Clerical help, farm debtors adjust- ment, county office 185.40 Development of Lindley park 5, 110.60 Construction fire escape, ERA office 217.28 Weaving rugs, Greensboro 109.38 Grading athletic field, Rankin 614.75 Com,munity garden, Greensboro 2, 605.80 Construction of abbattoir, A and T College 356.00 Di.'»mantlingcannery equipment, Greensboro 116.00 Sewing rooms, Greensboro and county 11,512.06 Japanese beetle traps, county-wide 90.30 S 170.00 S 330.80 18.921.79 101.50 538.90 2,207.49 132.66 313.95 453.10 1,316.15 405.50 12.90 209.05 769.10 201.60 90.85 22.S0 70.55 63.28 743.70 753.00 788.28 446.60 158.21 289.01 4,158.11 19,320.97 3,466.95 573.65 621.75 3,428.50 860.70 1,313.70 5,542.85 472.10 687.60 4,256.86 30.00 394.00 526.15 289.50 9,734,69 225.75 1,090.79 600.00 214.60 333.50 373.50 1,745.40 353.78 898.38 185.40 5,110.60 683.00 900.28 109.38 30.00 644.75 2, 605.80 250.00 606.00 116.00 11,512.06 90.30 484 Appendix NAME Federal Gov. Funds CWA ERA Local Gov. Funds GRAND TOTAL CWA ERA Educational home demonstration, county-wide S Installation of canning equipment, Greensboro Canning, Greensboro Repairs to library building, Greensboro Operation of cannery, Greensboro Repairing school books, Greensboro Making furniture for relief families, county-nide Clerical help, county ofEce Upkeep, ERA car, county office Repairs and painting signs, Greens- boro Stenographer, resettlement direc- tor, county office S S02.42 S 1.3S6.03 S34.92 120.00 20,167.25 1,20S.70 115.14 2.728.76 98.00 115.75 67.50 GREENSBORO Road improvement and golf course construction, NCCW Concrete work, NCCW Repairs at NCCW Building tennis courts A & T Col- lege WorkatA&TCollege Opening driveway at high school, Greensboro Repairs to Greensboro schools City tax map. City Hall Renovating Mechanical building Constructing new heating tunnel for NC A & T College Painting interior walls of senior Qigh school Development of cemeteries, Greensboro Painting walls of Lindley school City park construction Sewer extension Resurfacing streets, Greensboro Storm sewer extension, Greens- boro Repairing roofs on Caldwell and Mclver Schools Reemployment office Beautification of high school campus 2, School lunch room, Greensboro Enlarging coal bins in city schools 2, Cutting wood to be used as fuel, Greensboro Community Center, Greensboro 4, Central.! unior High school grounds 2 Recreation center and gymnasium Keeping NRA records in Cham- ber of Commerce office Watching CWA material and equipment Stenographic service in new Poet Office building Painting window trims in City Hall Improvement of grounds at Dud- ley school Painting inside Dudley and Gil- lespie school CWA Payroll Department par- tition Necessary office furniture and equipment for CWA office CWA administrative Repair of streets Improving city parks Secretarial and stenographic as- sistance Librarians to assist librarian in public library Janitorial services, Greensboro Office work in city schools Teaching Braille to blind 44,215.88 815,643.03 .S 25,130.78 1,359.40 34,157.03 1,980.00 7,158.45 1,637.05 4,594.78 5,577.14 126.54 101.45 2,735.77 10,770.00 16,206.90 4,828.30 1,165.07 5,442.38 1,203.50 72,337.56 30,371.71 4,516.45 1,965.35 52,440.67 8,022.30 2,522.78 891.30 431.92 2,496.33 71.90 2,578.93 241.90 4,552.66 047.95 156.70 34.40 18,902.53 204.98 ,594.38 15.75 737.90 ,317.25 ,839.20 25.40 769.13 ,184.67 ,426.40 ,523.93 69.00 30.00 59.40 454.15 128.40 3,738.35 1,519.80 5 802.42 1,386.03 834.92 65.55 285.65 20.157.25 93.50 1,302.20 115.14 2,728.76 98.00 40.05 155.80 67.50 559,858.91 26,490.18 36,137.03 7,158.45 1,637.05 10,171.92 126.54 101.45 2,735.77 792.83 27,769.73 5,993.37 5,442.38 1,203.50 102,709.27 6,481.80 60,462.97 2,522.78 891,30 431.92 2,496.33 71.90 2,735.63 241.90 4,587.06 2,047.95 7S0.61 19,683.14 204.98 1,594.38 15.75 737.90 6,055.60 4,359.00 25.40 769.13 14,184.67 1,426.40 16,489.53 69.00 30.00 59.40 454.15 128.40 NAME Federal Gov. Funds Local Gov. Funds GRAND TOTAL CWA ERA CWA ERA Storage and distribution of sur- plus commodities S Clearing, grading, hauled and placed stone dust from 10th Street to Gibsonville colored school Tools for CWA projects Mattress making A & T College Murals for highschool auditorium Nursing and First Aid work, Greensboro Negroschools, lunches city schools Distribution commodities, Greensboro Wood yard Janitorial and watchman service Juvenile Court workers City recreational grounds super- visor Cutting and making garments Clerical work in city schools Librarians, N.C.C.W. Records for Nursing Council Repairing school books, Greens- boro Nursing and First Aid work Canning supervision Mosquito control, Greensboro Community Center Privy construction, city Training unemployed for work Teaching blind people Moving Community Center Greensboro Municipal Band Garden and farm placement Stenographers. U. N. C. Wumi.n*s College Administrative Painting at A & T CoUepe Cattle holding pens, Greensboro Canning plant, alterations to building Reemployment office Painting city schools Collective farms Building holding pens Installation of canning equipment Clerical help in welfare building Housing survey Making mattress tables Operation of stock yards Office and impro\ enient, cattle pens Emergency nursing school Storm sewer extension, Greensboro Quilt making A & T College Installation of occupational records Clerical work and janitors in CWA office -^ Supervisors for playgrounds at High Point Repairing City Hall and remodel- ing public library Pruning trees in city parks Municipal park improvement, High Point Reconstruction of sanitary sewers from Perry pump station to Forest Avenue Chamber of Commerce park Landscaping disposal plant. East Side Leveling fifteen acres of junk from incinerator Grading at two schools, Leonard Street and Junior high school City streets and drains connecting Jones Street and West Point Avenue 573.60 S 36.00 ,211.97 7,229.06 161.07 983.80 138.00 12,842.60 21,810.92 7,178.95 168.75 8,483.50 14,672.56 505.45 160.35 178.50 1,644.90 4,209.60 1,224.25 2,075.82 1,617.90 3,582.40 1,950.33 3,542.82 161.54 43.22 6,574.55 1.760.50 40.143.54 7,704.70 2,522.95 9,811.70 303.10 7,457.32 616.73 2,544.70 5,539.59 116,988.05 2.425.00 247.26 5.093.92 3,317.60 162.20 1,271.95 29,929.15 3,194.35 HIGH POINT 8 1,021.10 S 1,370.65 6,498.85 1,919.44 10,270.32 1,280.40 13,085.49 18,550.29 6,306.75 2,636.61 469.35 9,271.70 1,053.97 4,928.15 17,530.07 15,956.20 $ 673.60 36.00 1,211.97 7,229.06 48.92 209.99 983.80 138.00 12,842.60 21,810.92 7,178.95 168.75 8,483.50 14,672.56 505.45 160.35 178.50 351.80 1,996.70 4,209.60 1,224.25 993.50 3,069.32 1,617.90 10,956.00 14,538.40 1,950.33 3,542.82 35.47 197.01 300.00 343.22 6,574.55 1,760.50 40,143.54 601.05 8,305.75 734.30 3,257.26 6,062.05 15,873.75 303.10 587.00 8,044.32 616.73 2,544.70 5,539.59 116,988.05 1,584.00 4,009 00 247.26 5,093.92 3.317.60 162.20 964.63 2,236.58 29,929.15 3,194.35 .? 1,021.10 7,869.50 257.12 12,446.88 1,280.40 13,085.49 24,857.04 50.00 3.155.96 4,714.90 Appendix 485 NAME Federal Gov. Funds Local Gov. Funds CWA ERA CWA ERA GRAND TOTAL NAME Federal Gov. Funds Local Gov. Funds GRAND TOTAL CWA ERA CWA ERA 88.80 Landscaping city cemetery S 4, Springdale Avenue sewer English Street sanitary sewer out- fall Blair municipal and golf course 3S, National reemployment office Stenographer for city schools Maid service, city schools 1, Clerical. City Hall Clerical and janitorial, city garage, High Point 619.20 Personnel to city nurses. High Point Repairs to city schools Municipal park improvements, High Point 92, Mosquito and malarial control, county- wide Administrative 3 Supervisors for city schools Project supervisor Tools and sundry equipment used on all projects in High Point 1 District material and commodities, county-wide Librarians, High Point School for illiterates. High Point Nursery school, High Point Clerical for Public Work of Art Program of North Carolina Canning, county-wide Home making class, county-wide Repair of building for mattress factory, city of High Point Supervision of gardens, county-wide Janitor service in reemployment office Administrative Janitor service. Welfare building. High Point Water and sewerage, CCC Camp Lunch room, city schools Sewing room, county-wide Janitors and maids. City Hall Operation of city farm at High Point Clerical, reemployment Mattress making, county-wide Slaughtering and distribution of cattle, county-wide Federal Housing Campaign, county-wide Stenographers and clerks at ERA office, High Point Helper in nursery school. High Point Installation of occupational rec- ords. High Point Distribution of meat to sixteen ERA units First aid supplies, city of High Point Japanese beetle traps in High Point Canning supervision, county-wide Mending books in city schools ,479.56 $ 10.20 93.03 947.50 515.75 79,884.86 4S5.30 915.05 3,346.52 090.80 2,547.00 4,456.68 116.25 189.05 516.00 579.20 139,638.39 854.65 3,995.70 667.14 125.40 32.00 306.59 5,409.15 1,021.10 954,40 1,504.85 159.75 658.70 510.67 750.60 3,207.30 1,419.50 30,511.09 4,994.90 443.80 4.450.30 47,748.00 1,807.50 1,929.05 2,219.70 5,708.19 2,697.08 996.80 5,915.05 10.00 702.60 907.14 9.13 151.20 735.80 261.90 HALIFAX COUNTY School laach, county-wide $ Completion Aurelian Springs high school gymnasium Improvement to Weldon water works Weldon street improvement County road from EnBeld to NC 125 (Tillery road) County road from Thelma to Littleton County road southeast from Roa- noke Rapids 18.00 S 27.00 S 2,073.22 993.37 S 4,479,56 10.20 1,040.53 118,400.61 485.30 4,261.57 3,637.80 4,456.68 619.20 305.30 516.00 15,410.00 247,627.69 4,8:0.35 3,667.14 125.40 32.00 1,799.73 5,409.15 1,109.90 1,044.40 1,985.35 159.75 658.70 690.67 760.60 3,232.30 1,419.50 30,511.09 90.00 480.50 180.00 4,994.90 627.12 1,070.92 4,410.30 1,350.00 49,098.00 1,807.50 2,049.05 2,219.70 25.00 5,733.19 2,697.08 996.80 5,915.05 10.00 702.60 907.14 9.13 151.20 735.80 261.90 3,001.55 2,861.45 2.568.15 ! 45.00 G24.66 2,073.22 993.37 3,001.55 2,861.45 2,568.15 State road, NC 561 from Halifax to Tillery County roads from Hobgood to Palmyra and NC 125 County road, NC 482 from Prink- leyville to Nash County lino County road NC 482 from Litte- tontoNCSel ( County roads west of Scotland Neck Painting Roanoke Rapids school buildings Repairs to RoanokeRapids school Surveying, county-wide Streets in the town of Scotland Neck Street improvements, town of Halifax Grading school grounds, Roanoke Rapids Street improvements, town of Littleton Building public school toilets, county-wide Survey work for mosquito drain- age project, county-wide County road near Thelma County road, NC 9o, from Hob- good to Edgecombe County line (Lawrence) County roads in. \urelian Springs section County roads, Ringwood to Nasfi County line Street improvement, town of Enfield Improvements to Scotland Neck school yards Privy construction 300, county- wide Janitorial service, Roanoke Rapids County roads east from Enfield County roads west from Weldon to Halifax County roads w est of Enfield from S 3,404.65 .S 2,004.55 6,491.24 3,090.95 320.85 216.00 69.30 4,741.54 4,868.81 515.64 1,286.43 536.20 586.06 1,393.93 3,539.43 2,539.08 1,788.70 1,124.65 14,224.49 2,113.38 2,054.65 1,220.12 1,160.60 2,193.65 1,142.94 701.89 1,520.25 1,235.63 County roads northeast Heathsville County roads northeast from Scotland Neck County road near Tillery Repairs to Weldon school Painting county school buildings Drainage for mcsquito control, Scotland Neck Drainage for mcsquito control, Weldon 1,162.35 Drainage for mosquito control, RoanokeRapids 1,681.24 Extra clerk in district office, Wel- don 202.50 Drainage tor mcsquito control, Tillery 1,340.70 Improving entire road system, district No.4 750.00 Repairs to heating and plumbing plant, Roanoke Rapids high school 951.46 Assistant disbursing officer for Halifax County, CWA 253.55 Repairing and remodeling com- munity house, Halifax Laying concrete sidewalk, Roa- noke Rapids Consrruction of c o ni ni u n i t y house, Scotland Neck Lunch worker, Springfield school Lunch worker, Goldmine school Indexing records, Halifax Administrative staff, CWA Lunch room worker, Hollister school Lunch room worker, Littleton Tool and sundry equipment, county-wide 1,196.86 $ 3,404.65 2,064.55 6,491.24 6,098.56 3,090.95 320.86 216.00 69.30 4,741.54 4,868.81 515.64 1,286.43 636.20 586.06 ,123.40 209.30 3,777.60 304.06 1,747.93 679.72 16,093.58 14.565.36 9.00 27.00 8.10 25.20 108.00 118.40 135.78 18.00 27.00 32.95 1,393.93 3,539.43 2,539.08 1,788.70 1,124.65 323.78 6,069.00 22,416.89 209.30 2,113.38 2,054.65 1,220.12 1,160.60 2,193.65 1,142.94 701.89 211.50 5,609.35 1,235.63 1,162.35 1,681.24 202.50 1.340.70 750.00 951.46 253.55 49.60 5,101.59 10,692.49 37,465.79 6,902.53 21,467.89 36.00 33.30 226.40 135.78 18. CO 27.00 1.229.81 486 Appendix NAME Federal Gov. Funds CWA ERA Local Gov. Funds GRAND TOTAL CWA ERA NAME Federal Gov. Funds Local Gov. Funds GRAND TOTAL CWA ERA CWA ERA Lunch room worker, Littleton $ Lunch room worker, Scotland Neck Luncli room worker, Thelma Lunch room worker, Enfield Lunchroom worker, Dawaonschool Lunch room worker, colored school, Littleton Drainage, Pittard pond Canning leaders, county-wide Lunch room worker, Hobgood white school Lunch room worker, Scotland Neck Improvement of streets, Weldon Teachers for illiterate adults, county-wide Street improvement, Hobgood Street improvement, Enfield Local farm supervision, county- wide Administrative Drainage for mosquito control, Weldon Building cattle fence, Weldon Building cattle fence, Butterwood Building cattle fence, Butterwood Building cattle fence, Brinkley- ville Building cattle fence, Littleton Building cattle fence, ConocoD- nara Building cattle fence, Butterwood Building cattle fence, Brinkley- ville Building cattle fence, Butterwood Unloading and herding cattle, county-wide Drainage, Littleton Clerk, emergency crop loan Warehouse rent Transportation of commodities, county-wide Emergency nursery school helper, Scotland Neck Beef distribution, county-wide Lunches forschool children, coun- ty-wide Storm drainage, Roanoke Rapids Installation of occupational rec- ords Remodeling and building farm homes, county-wide Operation of farm (Tillery) Painting county buildings Malaria control, Enfield Construction of shelves and tables for ERA office Grading Enfield high school grounds Grading streets, Halifax Malaria control engineer, county- wide Sewing room, Roanoke Rapids M. C. drainage, Pierce's Crossroads M. C. drainage, Aurelian Springe Clerical work. Farm Debt Com- mission Clerk, reemployment, Halifax Janitorialservicesfor ERA offices M. C. drainage, Hobgood Bridges at Tillery farm Sewer and water extension, Roa- noke Rapids Street improvement, Roanoke Rapids Repairing sewer outfall, Roanoke Rapida Visiting housekeepers, county- wide Emergency labor, Tillery farm Blacksmith shop, Tillery farm Moving R. R. clients and care of livestock, Tillery farm Livestock feeding, Tillery farm 5 30.60 $ 25.20 26.10 26.10 34S.20 31.50 620.40 828.64 9.00 9.00 4,247.60 2S8.00 2,481.80 2,201.20 3,171.00 6,003.36 2,531.90 4,844.28 792.10 445.80 601.95 595.20 1.147.75 695.50 338.20 438.00 4,573.64 4,636.05 643.65 501.71 2,363.96 528.85 6,568.42 3,078.11 3,114.10 1,940.10 69.77 30.60 25.20 26.10 26.10 348.20 31.50 620.40 828.64 9.00 9.00 191.75 5,439.35 28S.00 IS. 00 2,500.70 2,201.20 3.171.00 6,003.36 2,531.90 540.00 5,3S4.2S ISO. 00 972.10 100.00 545.80 90.00 691.95 180.00 775.20 240.00 1,387.75 90.00 7S5.50 120.00 458.20 60.00 498.00 4,573.64 4.636.05 643.65 501.71 130.55 1.30.55 78.87 78.87 1,163.95 1,163.95 0,839.30 11,683.15 22,522.45 628.85 6,568.42 3.07S.11 607.90 3,622.00 1,940.10 69.77 637.80 220.00 857.80 992.70 832.00 1,824.70 490.00 490.00 6,602.92 75.00 6,677.92 833. fO 833.80 514.20 514.20 291.55 291.55 364.70 364.70 3.20 3.20 516.00 516.00 44.40 44.40 1,730.30 4,936.80 6,667.10 502.40 3,039.80 3,642.20 1,102.80 3,534.50 4,637.30 403.93 403.93 881.25 881.25 45.50 - 45.50 651.60 651.60 772.05 772.05 Growing feeds for livestock, coun- ty-wide § Sidewalk construction, Roanoke Rapids Federal housing program Supervisors andean vassers, Enfield Supervisor and canvassers, Scot- land Neck Painting schools, county-wide Paintilngschool buildings, Weldon Storage shed, Tillery Clerical help ERA offices Repairs on Tillery farm, Tillery 94.50 S 1 887.90 102.90 21.00 31.50 295.90 310.90 609.30 412.50 1 ,494.89 HARNETT Improve streets and sidewalks, Dunn .?23,S35.50 .S .Street work, Lillington 6,730.95 2,104.75 Road from Dunn to Newton, runs to Johnston County line 2,718.40 Road from Spout Springs on Route 53 to Moore County line 4,717.15 Road from Buies Creek on Route 60toRoute210 3,388.85 Construction of bridge on River road 3,663.67 Road improvement, beginning at route 210 and running to the Norrington road near Little River 2.746.02 Drainage canal, route 217, near Erwin bridge 6 , 828 . 64 2 , 462 . 50 Road improvement on route No. 217 2,917.60 Completion of Buckhorn school 1,540.81 Repairs to 71 school buildings, county-wide 3,969.77 4,853.00 Road improvement beginning at Rawls Church on route 21 2,863.93 Rebuilding toilets in old building belonging to Campbell College 201.29 Building thirty-four (34) toilets in Harnett County schools 710.48 Road from Coats to Johnston County line 1. ISO. 50 Route No. 217 from Cumberland County line toward Erwin 2 , 442 . 95 Privy construction, 160 county- wide 3,113.54 2,618.90 Improvement school bus road 549.40 Drainage of canal in Averasboro Township 5,113.77 Improvement of county road. Highway No. 60 1,568.40 School construction, Shawtown, colored S61.89 Drainage canal, in and around the town of Bunnlevel 24.90 Women for mending books for public school libraries, county- wide 247.50 Repairs Kivett school 572.74 1,001.60 Road construction, Jacksonville 342.90 Street improvement in town of Angier 224.60 CWA signs for projects, county- wide 92.88 County-wide tool project 745.36 Geodetic control survey, county- wide 78.54 Canning and preserving vege- tables, county-wide 1,503.18 Drainage, Lillington 855.70 Courthouse improvement, Lil- lington 82.50 Canning, Boone Trail school 679.61 Farm assistants, county-wide 2,340.59 Harnett County farm 72.00 Administrative, county 8,334.76 Drainage, Dunn 3,681.20 1,437.00 1,055.05 92.00 ; 94.50 3,324.90 102.90 21.00 31.60 1,350.95 402.90 609.30 412.50 1,494.89 823,835.50 1,086.00 9,921.70 2,718.40 4,717.15 3,388.85 3,663.67 2,746.02 8,281.04 2,917.60 1,540.81 714.33 9,537.10 2,863.93 201.29 710.48 1,180.50 2,442.95 ,034.50 8,766.94 549.40 6,113.77 1,568.40 861.89 24.90 247.60 222.53 1,796.87 342.90 150.00 144.00 224.50 92.88 745.36 78.64 1,503.18 865.70 232.50 678.61 2,340.59 216.00 8,334.76 3,681.20 Appendix 487 Federal Gov. Funds Local Gov. Funds GRAND TOTAL CWA ERA CWA ERA NAME Federal Gov. Funds Local Gov. Funds GRAND TOTAL CWA ERA CWA ERA Water system and cattle pasture, No. 468 ? Fencing pasture. No. 469 GatberinK crops of relief farms, county-w ide Fencing pasture. No. 604 Fencing pasture. No. 578 Fencing pasture. No. 470 [mprovemenl Keuliaven school grounds Street repair, Angier Road construction, Bever Dam road Fencing pasture, No. 665 Fencing pasture near Lillington Street work, Dunn Cattle project, county-wide Emergency labor, county-wide Building storage warehouse, county-wide Clerical, emergency crop loan office Lunch rooms, county-wide Meat cutting (distribution of com- modities), ERA meat house, Dunn Fruck driver (ERA truck), coun- ty-wide Installation of occupational rec- ords, county-wide Repairing streets, Coats, N. C. Grading Boone Trail school grounds lanitorial service, Relief building office, Lillington, N. C. Beautifying school grounds, An- derson creek Privy construction, county-wide Beautifying Lafayette school grounds Drainage of Canal from Erwin to Bunnle\ el Repair of Olivia school grounds Construction of building, trucks and slroragc, Lillington, N. C. Laying storm sewerage, Dunn Home making, county-wide Japanese beetle traps, Dunn Jlalarial control drainage, Erwin Athletic Field, Dunn high school Repairing sewer plants, county schools ; 1,333.50 S 1,778.15 439.05 613.30 402.25 291.60 643.20 96.00 1,346.84 990.10 45.70 4,774.15 1,963.95 10.80 741.11 481.40 889.70 125.50 930.77 756.40 899.40 150.00 647.60 2,727.50 822.20 1,546.27 398.50 4,289.00 3,063.18 939.46 43.05 1,054.20 3,630.13 438.00 HAYWOOD COUNTY Building bridge, Clyde high school S Improvement of grounds of State Fish Hatchery, Waynesville iStreet improvement. Canton, re- pair deep well pump, Canton Street repair, Clyde Street improvement, Waynesville Rural sanitation project, county- wide Miscellaneous project for relief and civil works office City school grounds. Canton Improvement and protection of watershed, Waynesville Street improvement, Hazelwood Improving county roads between Wocdrow and Canton Improving road around Canton Improving road on Panther creek Improvement of roads around W I /ae5\ilk and Lake Junaluska Improvement of county roads, route No. 289 Improvement of road from Clyde I via Huder mountain to Route I No. 209. Clyde ' Improvement of school grounds. Rock Spring Hospital grounds, Waynesville 1 ,SS1, ,37 672, ,96 6 ,756 .72 2 ,306.85 5 ,124, .15 45.00 7,522.66 1,261.60 5,671.70 328.80 3,442.80 6.380.75 6,745.10 2,953.30 6,130.61 6,245.04 4,943.98 2,315.61 789.32 2,325.18 776.65 S 1,333.60 1,778.15 439.05 613.30 402.25 291.60 643.20 312.50 408.50 1,646.84 990.10 45.70 8.305.15 1,963.95 10.80 3,531,00 332.45 1,073.56 481.40 889.70 125.50 930.77 756.40 899.40 160.00 138.00 785.60 5,929.00 8,656.50 138.00 960.20 1,546.27 40.00 438.50 5,148.90 9,437.90 6,630.00 9,693.18 939.46 43.05 40.00 1,094.20 2,370.60 6,000.63 446.35 •S 1,881.27 672.96 6,756.72 2,306.85 5,124.15 969.16 46.00 8,784. 26 6,000.60 3,442. 80 6,380. 75 6,745, ,10 2,953.30 6,130 .61 6,245 ,04 4,943.98 47.35 3,152 .28 3,601 .83 Extra mechanic for school busses, Waynesville $ Librarian at Clyde, Bethel, and Fines Creek high school Haywood County hospital Clerical work at Hazelwood ele- ment aryscliool and Waynesville liigh school Two additional nurses for Hay- wood County hospital Librarian, Waynes » ille i igl,' school Secretary and librarian. North Canton school Sanitary privies construction, county-wide 7 County administration CWA projects, Waynesville S Improvement of Roland road and Highway No. 10 -; Canning, Waynesville Sewing room, Canton Sewing room, Hazelwood Sewing room, Clyde Construction school building, Waterville Sewing room, Waynesville Nursery school, county-wide Clerk, stenograpners Administrative Cattle rangers, county-wide Emergency labor Rebuilding barn, county farm, Waynesville Improvement of highways, coun- ty-wide Distribution of surplus commodi- ties, county-wide Addition to Bog Bend school Feeding and hauling cattle, coun- ty-wide Caring for cattle, county-wide Meat canning plant, Hazlewood Lunch room helper, Waynesville Lunch rooms, county-wide Nursery school lunch room, Can- ton Furnishing fuel to relief families, county-wide Nursing, county-wide Operating meat cannery, Hazle- wood Installation of occupational records Repairs and alterations to ERA office Stenographer county farm agent Laying water line. Canton Repairs and improvements, fish hatchery. Balsam Feeding stock for rural rehabil- tation, county-wide Janitors for ERA office Sewing rooms, county-wide Clerical help for emergency crop loan Farm and garden inspectors, county-wide Building park, Waynesville Beautification of streets, Waynes- ville Street improvement, Hazlewood Repairing library and school books, county-wide Home makers, county-wide Assistant librarian and repair laborers, Waynesville 232.50 S 36.00 18.00 48.00 36.00 42.00 543.16 5,626.20 ,526.03 ,231.31 1,958.05 4,810.64 4,859.29 2,240.05 336.75 4,908.05 552.00 1,037.75 11,389.19 6,187.33 4.20 1,343.42 10,808.47 6,543.86 393.30 6,556.77 794.90 7,609.55 138.98 996.95 83.30 807.00 164.40 34,876.94 967.03 129.73 45.00 1,456.60 335.49 112.25 601.38 6,664.37 253.60 832.50 2,424.05 515.00 1,951.26 198.75 2,357.20 183.45 Grading grounds of courthouse $ 1,638.80 Improvement of grounds at Fleth- er'8 school 1,644.25 Mills River school park 2,118.34 HENDERSON COUNTY 912.00 $ S 232.60 36.00 18.00 84.00 48.00 36.00 42.00 31,336.27 44,505.63 2,626.03 4,231.31 1,968.05 4,810.64 4,859.29 2,240.05 228.00 1,040.00 1,374.00 223.80 664,75 4,908.06 1,592.00 1,037.75 11,389.19 5,187.33 4.20 2,717.42 10,808.47 6,543.86 617.10 4,9)0.00 6,556.77 794.90 3,239.85 10,849.40 138.98 996.95 83.30 807.00 164.40 34,876.94 967.03 129.73 46.00 6,396.50 335.49 112.25 501.38 6,664.37 253.50 832.50 3,962.06 765.00 2,239.25 198.76 2,357.20 183.46 1,638.00 240.00 288.00 1,876.65 $ 360.00 $ 2,910.80 183.60 3,704.40 2,118.34 488 Appendix NAIIE Federal Gov. Funds Local Gov. Funds GRAND T,OTAL GWA ERA CWA ERA NAME Federal Gov. Funds Local Gov. Funds GRAND TOTAL CWA ERA CWA ERA Improving Edensville school grounds S 2,270.59 Deepening Mud Creek 1,234.31 Improving city school grounds, Heudersonville Grading athletic field at East Flat Rock school 1,103.65 Improving grounds at Flat Rock 6,671.89 Fraitland road improvement 3,266.46 From Cedar Springs church, sur- facing 3,280.17 Road improvement, near Calvary cnurch 3,340.82 Grading road No. 191 3,272.94 I mproving road known as Big Willow road 3,817.12 Grading and grassing athletic field at Etowah school 2,992.10 Completion of athletic field at Dana consolidated school Balfourschoolimprovement 3,018.73 Balfour school grounds Improvement of McAdoo road 1,121.35 Crystal Spring park improvement 914.45 Completion of Municipal golf course 5,154.52 Grading and placing sand on streets in Heudersonville 1,226.10 Tuxedo school grounds Grading Hebron Road 3 , 833 . 32 Dana road improvement 1,674.35 Surfacing road from Fruitland Institute 3,197.25 Widening road from Sugar Loaf Road 2,497.17 Hoad running from route No. 191 improved 2,467.80 Administrative 807.60 Home school nursing, county- wide 81.90 Privies constructed, county-wide 2,494.12 Renovating and painting County Jail and Courthouse roof 497.31 Beautification of route No. 191 509.25 Fletcher high school repaired 164.79 Flat Rock school 6.00 Grading at Brickton schools Clerical help for disbursing agent, county-office 2,680.55 Lunchroom project, county-wide 1,116.75 Sewer line extension, Heuderson- ville 891.17 CWA tools, Hendersonville 671.70 Tools and sundry equipment, county-wide Cleaning interior Courthouse, Hendersonville Tourist information bureau, Hendersonville Red Cross sewing room, Hender- sonville Grading grounds of County Home, Hendersonville Food conservation, county-wide Community recreational director, Hendersonville Farm and garden, county-wide Farm and garden work, county- wide Administrative Musical recreation, Henderson- ville Painting relief office, county office Janitorialservice, Hendersonville Janitress to assistant principal, Hendersonville Farm and garden work, county- wide Herdsmen, near Hendersonville Emergency nursing, county-wide Clerical help , emergency crop loan Emergency labor, county-wide S 1.513.22 S 2,254.50 3,138.50 3,490.75 2,555.19 1,343.78 678.75 134.60 1,445.00 1,758.27 395.11 67.00 115.20 7,057.28 912.00 4,762.55 67.50 3,386.23 70.20 11,811.41 1,224.65 663.30 176.10 1,203.16 3,312.63 81.10 538.80 317.05 S 229.50 S 4,013.31 1,234.31 660.00 6,053.00 1,103.65 100.00 10,262.64 3,266.46 3,280.17 3,340.82 3,272.94 3,817.12 62.00 5,609.29 1,343.78 3,697.48 134.60 1,121.35 914.45 5,154.52 1,226.10 25.00 1,470.00 3,833.32 1,674.35 3,197.25 2,497.17 2,467.80 807.60 81.90 7,804.60 12,056.99 497.31 509.25 164.79 6.00 31.80 2,680.55 1,116.75 100.00 3,654.89 671.70 395.11 14.00 81.00 200.00 315.20 119.18 7,176.46 1,272.00 4,762.55 67.50 3,386.23 70.20 11,811.41 164.05 1,388.70 663.30 176.10 1,203.16 3,312.63 81.10 538.80 317.05 Cattle control, south of Hender- sonville Distribution of government com- modities, county-wide Relief lunch rooms, county-wide Federal housing survey Removal of storm sewers, Hen- dersonville Installation of social service rec- ords, county office Janitors for ERA building Janitor for ERA office, county office Repairs to US highway No. 64 Reparis to LIS Highway No. 25 Painting high school buildings, county-wide Improvement of nighways, coun- ty-wide Excavating Rainbow Lake Grading Bat Cave school grounds Grading city streets, Henderson- ville Clerical help for County Farm Agent Individual gardens, Henderson- ville Checking Japanese beetle traps, county-wide Instruction in home making, county-wide Clerical help, reemployment of- fice, Hendersonville Canning project, county-wide Local farm foreman S 761.71 S 1,138.73 307.45 318.30 688.50 1,664.05 523.20 295.00 452.00 1,085.00 898.10 5,355.60 411.60 436.80 495.20 178.20 341.45 33.60 3,719.22 431.25 2,167.90 318.73 HERTFORD COUNTY Repairing in general at Murfrees- boro school $ 32.40 % County road repaired from Win- ton store 4,928.85 Repairing and whitewashing walla at Harrellsville 121 .50 Repairs to school buses 92.00 Grading school grounds in Union County 270.47 Truck shed at Waters training school 153.00 Widening road between Winton and Mapleton 2,354.15 School repairs in general at Mt. Sinai colored school 131.62 Waters training school grounds improved 83.62 Reconstruction and surfacing roads of Ahoskie 2,728.90 Road repairs running to North- ampton line 2,636.11 Road repairs from Winton 2,752.15 Winton white school repaired 302.95 Sanitary improvements at Tunis 223.85 Cleaning streets at Tunis 161.94 Playgroun d improvement at Pleasants Plain school 404.99 Menola drainage project 2,237.24 Storm sewer drainage 6,873.95 Street improvement, Ahoskie Water works improvemen t , Ahusk ie County road improved 1,345.35 Sewer system at town of Mur- freesboro 9,457.84 Sanitary privies, county 2,226.62 Municipalstreet repairs 6,317.27 Grading grounds at Ahoskie school 53.00 Truck shed for Ahoskie school 43.88 Engineer to supervise all proj- ects, county 230.80 Ditches drained and cleaned out in the proximity of Winton 454.07 Senior stenographer and secre- tary to home demonstration agent, Winton 40.60 2,736.25 253.00 322.20 731.! 6,508.34 504.40 78.00 S 761.71 1,138.73 307.45 318.30 766.50 1,664.05 523.20 295.00 452. OJ 1,085.00 565.00 1,463.10 5,355.60 411.60 436.80 300.00 795.20 178.20 341.45 33.60 3,719.22 431.25 2,167.90 318.73 i 32.40 4,928.85 j 121.50 92.00 270.47 153.00 2,354.15 131.62 83.62 2,728.90 2,636.11 2,762.15 302.95 223.85 161.94 404.99 2,237.24 9,610.20 253.00 322.20 1,345.36 10,980.00 21,169.82 2,226.62 12,825.61 557.40 43. S8 230.80 454.07 40.60 NAME Federal Gov. Funds CWA ERA Local Gov. Funds CWA ERA App GRAND TOTAL Administrative $ Canning leaders, county Secretary to home demonstration agent, Weldon Assistant farm supervisors, county Administrative Lunch room supervisors, Winton, Como Repairing houses, rural rehabili- tation cases, couDty Clerical assistant, reemployment office, Murfreesboro Handling special commodities, county Installation of occupational rec- ords, county Malaria control drainage, Ahos- kie swamp \'isiting housekeepers, county Clerical help ERA offices, county 7.68 $ 1,018.50 544. SO 5,142.06 4.665.27 129.00 190.09 182.95 620.21 430.47 290.00 338.48 270.00 .? 7.68 1,018.50 544.80 5,142.06 4,665.27 129.00 190.09 182.95 620.21 430.47 290.00 338.48 270.00 Erection of community power line $ Route 70 surfaced and drained Topsoiling road from Ashemont school Clearing, and grading road from Reservation to cross roads Privies constructed, county-wide Grading road from McDiarmid's Old Mill to McNair Farm Preparing school lunches, coun- ty-wide Draining road from Mildouson school Grading road from Ashley Heights to Moore County line Draining road from Duffie Sta- tion to Robeson County line Road graded, widened, and sur- faced from Raeford Ditching in town of Raeford Road from Mt. Pleasant Church by Lobelia Water purification for State Sana- torium Sanitary privies for schools, coun- ty-wide Repairing school buildings, coun- ty-wide CWA office at Raeford Re-indexing Register of Deeds office Purchase of tools, county-wide Geodetic Survey, county-wide Canning garden supplies, county- wide Gardening among relief cases, county- wide Drainage, Raeford Administrative Relief cattle pastures, county-wide Hauling and distribution of com- modities, county-wide Repairs to ERA office, county Emergency labor, county-wide Cattle herding, county-wide School lunch room, county-wide Reemployment office help, Rae- ford Propagating grape vines, county- wide Building quarters for cattle, county-wide Sewing room, Raeford Installation of social service rec- ords, social service office Malarial control drainage of Long Swamp Janitor for ERA office, county HOKE COUNTY 2.287.26 2,046.00 1.391.10 S 291.60 $ S 452.83 S 3,031.69 2,046.00 1.391.10 1,348.85 108.50 1,457.35 2,330.79 16,062.50 18,393.29 1,394.95 400.00 1,794.95 304.60 304.50 1,545.50 1,105.00 2,050.50 904.90 904.90 1,593.75 620.00 2,213.75 1,240.45 335.00 1,575.45 3,497.42 3,497.42 3,392.80 3,392.80 2,846.98 2,846.98 450.75 450.75 1,941.91 1,280.25 3,222.16 924.33 924.33 304.50 30.00 334.50 735.86 735.86 80.13 80.13 1,103.60 4,025.24 3,056.13 4,326.21 702.45 1,276.19 455.95 15.05 277.30 1,100.30 92.25 1,723.31 43.77 3,493.76 447.65 849.65 110.80 1,103.60 4,025.24 148.00 3,204,13 4,326.21 702.45 90.00 1,366.19 455.95 15.05 277 30 1,100.00 2,200.30 45.00 137.25 1,723.31 43.77 3,493.76 NAME 489 Federal Gov. Funds Local Gov. Funds GRAND TOTAL CWA ERA CWA ERA Drainage, Long Branch in Little River township S Malarial control, Ashley Privy construction, county-wide Care of mules and horses, county- wide Malarial control, county-wide Repairing library books, Rae- ford, N. C. Visiting housekeepers, county- wide Sewing room supervisor, county- wide Reemployment office help Store room, county-wide 980.01 $ $ $ 980.01 552.72 552.72 ,095.44 15,779.40 16,874.84 332.37 332.37 448.20 448.20 133.25 133.25 319.59 319.59 29.93 29.93 90.90 96.90 709.46 709.46 HYDE COUNTY 447.65 849.65 110.80 Building new Lake road S CJeodetic control survey, county Ocracoke drainape Fairfield road improvement Road repair from Scranton to Sladfsville Oyster Creek road improvement Post officerepairing.SwanQuarter Lake Landing, repairs to homes Lake Landing, repairs to homes Post office repair at Lake Landing Putting down pump at Slocum colored school Building sidewalks in Engelhard Putting down pump at Lydig colored school Gathering and transplanting seed oysters, Gulrock Pump at Swan Quarter colored school Sanitary privies, county-wide Work project supervisor Clerk for reemployment office Swan Quarter high school play- ground Construction of privies, county- wide Malarial control at Fairfield Swan Quarter county adminis- trative Trained nurse for schools School lunches, county Canning, Swan Quarter, Slades- ville, Fairfield. Scranton Repairing school building, Slocum Sladesville, drainage Lake Landing drainage Stredeick, drainage Julian O'Neal rural rehabilita- tion Gulrock, drainage Building canneries. New Lake and Lake Landing Farm and gardens, county Administrative Swan Quarter, drainage Scranton, drainage Building office cabinets and tables, Washington Repairing Berry building Road construction, county Unloading and transporting cattle, county Unloading and transporting cattle, Belhaven to New Lake Pasture expense for cattle, West New Lake Pasture rentalforcattle, New Lake Unloading and transporting cattle, Belhaven to New Lake Cattle pasture rentals, Hyde Park Survey party for malarial con- trol, county Farm shops at Swan Quarter 2,327.27 $ 263.20 $ 986.10 38.30 1,569.66 4,344.45 6,972.47 1,904.72 5,013.06 40.50 52.20 48.00 43.20 81.60 1,101.73 829.90 58.50 76.80 4,985.23 9,669.47 85.49 889.64 1,871.69 42.00 45.00 489.12 240.06 694.49 145.48 54.00 8.10 26.40 930.00 228.50 354.55 789.00 141.00 4,278.00 3,674.40 105.32 1,153.30 520.59 1,058.85 5,685.73 4,723.75 5,314.15 346.66 100.25 111.64 876.67 807.50 511.13 638.55 585.22 431.75 173.33 518.25 ; J 2,590.47 1,024.40 5,914.11 6,972.47 1.904.72 5,013.06 40.50 £2.20 48.60 43.20 27.00 108.60 500.00 2,431.63 5.25 140.55 7,950.00 22,604.70 85.49 2,137.99 4,899.32 42.00 45.00 37.50 38.00 489.12 725.50 303.96 1,624.49 145.48 54.00 236.60 354.55 1,734.00 141.00 4,278.00 3,674.40 143.32 1,153.30 540.59 1,058.85 5,685.73 4,723.75 5,314.16 346.66 100.25 221.64 876.67 807.50 511.13 638.55 585.22 431.75 173.33 1,243.75 490 iVpPENDIX NAME Federal Gov. Funds CWA ERA Local Gov. Funds GRAND TOTAL CWA ERA Emergency labor, county % Sewing rooms, county School lunch room, county-\^ide Reemployment assistant Lake Landing, drainage Supervisor for lunch rooms, coun- ty schools Trucking surplus commodities, county Butchers for cutting beef, county Installation of occupational rec- ords, county office Survey of fishermen, county Drainage near Middletown Hounding up stray cattle, county Rebuilding bridge at Ocracoke Distributing surplus commodi- ties, Scranton Clerk farm debt adjustment, Swan Quarter Janitor ERA office Malarial control drainage, Fair- field Visiting housekeepers, county North Lake farm drainage Clerical help ERA office Reemployment office assistant Malarial control drainage Clerical help in county office Nursing, county Office rent, county ; 88.39 4,012.86 2,292.62 67.50 7.374.10 117.00 586 13 409 72 532.51 81 60 2,293 66 30.00 281 60 217.00 67.80 773.60 137.20 163.00 400.00 136.50 836.60 63.00 195.19 25.50 3S.96 4.051.S2 140.00 2,432.62 67.50 7.374.10 117.00 586.12 409.72 532.51 81.60 2.293.65 30.00 70. 4S 352. OS 495.10 217.00 67. SO 773.60 1,137.20 163.00 400.00 136.50 S36.60 63.00 195.19 25.50 IREDELL COUNTY Statesville extension of water, sewer $ Jenning's road improvement Road from Troutman repaired Painting City Hall, Mooresville Cleaning sewers in Mooresville Sidewalk of sand and gravel and street extensions, Mooresville Playground at Park View school, Mooresville Clearing creek banks at Moores- ville Improving streets in Statesville Work on Soldiers cemetery, States- ville Grading grounds at city schools, Statesville Building bridge on East Avenue leading to Lawerence Hospital, Mooresville Athletic field, Mooresville Repairs, Scott's school Lookout Dam road repairs, route 90 to Alexander line Road improvement, Mooresville to Mecklinburg line Union Grove road drained Sewerage disposal plant for Troutm ans consolidated school Construction of a sewerage dis- posal plant at Monticello school Sewerage treatment plant for Celeste Henkel school Sewerage disposal plant for Cool Springs school Sewerage disposal plant for Sha- ron consolidated school Painting building at Davie Ave- nue school, Statesville Mulberry school repaired, States- ville JMorningsidc school repaired and painted, Statesville D . Matt Thompson school build- ing repaired, Statesville Oakwood cemetery cleaned, States ville 599.20 S $ 402.50 S $ 1,001.70 7,132.08 7,132.08 4. 854. 57 4,So4.57 58.97 30.00 88.97 697.06 9,383.17 10,080.23 2,956.22 2,956.22 181.50 181.50 931.93 931.93 9,195.96 3,010.00 12,205.96 5,000.38 1,190.40 275.50 lis 25 6,584.53 853.48 853.48 7,961.53 947.00 2,870.00 11,778.53 5,398.25 2,250.69 120.00 266 12 8,035.06 2,127.50 296.40 6.00 94 50 2,524.40 6,516.65 5,123.40 6,810.23 1,088.68 1,638.90 1,098.42 1,191.09 1,333.59 2,626.75 2,441.85 1,698.00 2,276.60 3,066.90 6,516.65 5,123.40 6,810.23 1,088.68 1,638.90 1,098.42 1.119.09 1,333.59 2,626.75 2,441.85 1,698.00 2,276.60 3,896.90 NAME Federal Gov. Funds Local Gov. Funds GRAND TOTAL CWA ERA CWA ERA Troutman street repairs, States- ville § 1, Construction of curb and gutter, Patterson Street at Statesville 1, Clearing and beautifying city property, Statesville 2, Avery Sherrill school plastered and repaired, Statesville 1, P-3 1-49-34 Celeste Henkel school gymnasium improved 3, Warehouse for Red Cross supplies, Statesville Harmony school general repairs 1, City of Mooresville fire hydrants painted G eneral repairs to Monticello school .building 1, General repairs to Iredell school grounds Buildings at N.C. Piedmont State Test Farms repaired Cutting fire wood, county-wide State Test Farms of Agriculture buildings repaired, Statesville Test Farms, gU'tters of superin- tendent's home and tenant houses, Statesville Clearing branches covering sew- erage and draining malarial swamps, Statesville Celeste Henkel school gymna- sium improved Repairing heating system of States- ville city schools Repairs to Harmony school Repairs to privies and construc- tion of new ones, county-wide 1 Sanitary sewer on Drake Street, Statesville 4 Charlotte Highway 21 beautified 1 Piedmont State Test Farm super- intendent's home painted Repairs to Fire House, Statesville Clearing right-of-way at Iredell County roads Drainage of roads in Iredell Coun- ty, county-wide Dig wellsforruralschools, county- wide Repairing old school building at Harmony Tool andsundry equipment, coun- ty-wide Pruning street shade trees, States- ville Office assistant, engineer's office, Statesville Stenographic and clerical help in government loan office, States- ville 235.20 Stenographer for crop production loan office, Statesville 30.50 Nurses Statesville school Home nursing service in county, county-wide Nurse in Mooresville schoo's Librarians for Mooresville Sewing rooms, county-wide Broad Street sewing room, Moores- ville Branch storehouse, Mooresville Repairs to welfare offices, States- ville Clearing Fourth Creek right-of- way Nurses county schopls, county- wide Welfare office janitors, Statesville School teachers, county-wide Canning and preserving food, Statesville Canning and preserving food, county-wide 416.80 s s s S 1,416. to ,586.96 1,170.00 2.756.C6 616.09 500.00 3,116.09 ,649.55 1,649.55 152.40 152.40 421.56 2,138.10 225.00 728.65 6,513.31 11,868.51 525.00 12,393.51 ,158.06 1,158.06 559.08 559.08 139.27 262.40 1,401.67 856.01 856.01 628.22 628.22 3,170.40 700.00 3,870.40 383.66 832.96 ,483.04 721.37 ,607.48 ,088.68 527.55 403.20 154.75 918.00 ,939.39 15.06 460.12 297.06 486.65 149.50 1,9 165.00 1,868.50 520.40 32,000.00 409.66 81.75 470.49 462.66 832.96 1,648.04 721.37 5,475.98 5,057.50 50,135.70 1,312.05 4,088.68 I ,627.56 403.20 718.71 918.00 2 939.39 1 915.08 I ,460.12 3 ,609.11 486.55 149.50 149.50 235.20 860.85 36. .'■0 860.85 1,615.40 205.20 803.25 3,163.37 1,615.40 205.20 803.25 3,163.37 6,909.82 566.70 6,909,82 566.70 29.30 29.30 5,995.85 15,995.85 783.90 372.10 849.00 783.90 372.10 849.00 1,968.70 1,968.70 3,401.75 3.401.75 Ai 491 NAME Federal Gov. Funds Local Gov. Funds GRAND TOTAL CWA ERA CWA ERA NAME Federal Gov. Funds CWA ERA Local Gov. Funds GRAND TOTAL CWA ERA Canning, Mooresville S Geodetic control survey, county- wide Clearing woods and grubbing stumps, Seotts school Administrative, Iredell Draining East Fork of Rocky River Assistant attendence officer Mattress making, Statesville Handling cattle, county-wide Lunch room directors, county-wide Stenographer, reemployment, States\ille Construction mattress tables, Statesville Emergency labor, county-wide Improving fair grounds. Trout- man Fair Repair ERA offices, Statesville Repairs to houses of relief fam- ilies, county-wide Clerical help, city hall, States- ville Farm relief, county-wide Nursery school helper, Mooresville Clerical help for Federal housing survey, Statesville Drainage of Rocky Creek and Olin Creek, North Iredell Building cots for nursery school, Mooresville Malaria control dredging Fourtli Creek Engineer, dredging Fourth Creek Constructing office furniture, Statesville Remodeling county jail, Iredell County Installation of occupational rec- ords, Statesville Photography of work projects, county-wide Landscaping Court Square Repair of county courthouse Making axe handles, county-wide Quilting project, county-wide Janitor for ERA office, Statesville White oak split bottom chairs, county -wide Furniture assembling a,nd finish- ishing, ERA office Engineering on East Rocky River Stenography assistants, ERA of- fice Beautification of Broad Street, Statesville Clearing Third Creek right-of-way Individual gardens, Statesville Repairing Clark school. East Monbo Street construction, Mooresville Nursery school, Statesville Production of food for canning, county-wide Mattress making, Statesville Clerical help, emergency crop loan office, Statesville Book mending (school books), county-wide Cutting fire wood, county-wide Repairing and painting scliool, Troutman Dredging Third Creek Work stock, county-wide Cooperative farm equipment, county-wide Painting swimming pool, States- ville Screening ERA office House making, county-wide Japanese beetle traps, county- wide S 592. 7S S 40.28 296.40 15,401.69 6,697.50 06.00 4,560.15 3,003.83 808.55 S 592.78 40.28 1,287.35 47.42 14.00 273.40 6,010.43 245.45 226.70 6,807.59 131.88 1,798.55 141.20 4 474.50 1 195.53 63.90 3 ,410.60 38.25 4,938.29 280.60 238.00 747.30 1,493.30 37.00 3,129.00 2,403.52 44.00 195.20 150.80 915.40 155.40 296.40 15,401.69 6,697.50 66.00 4,560.15 3,003.83 808.55 1,287.35 47.42 14.00 273.40 6,482.96 12,493.39 245.45 380.30 380. L'O 3,826.42 3,826.42 124.97 124.97 2,915.00 2,915.00 1,112.95 1,112.95 16.00 16.00 17,170.86 10,000.00 27,170.86 1,595.03 1,595.03 617.14 617.14 1,067.48 1.067.48 685.00 685.00 405.45 405.45 229.30 3 75 233.05 50.60 23 50 74.10 68.20 68.20 8,185.12 8,185.12 333.06 333.06 6,807.59 131.88 1,798.55 50.00 191.20 4,474.50 1,195.53 83.65 147.55 479.40 3,890.00 38.25 4,938.29 347.70 628.30 87.81 835.11 700.00 2,193.30 37.50 74.50 3,129.00 2,403.52 44.00 396.30 150.80 915.40 155.40 Book mending for city acliools, Statesville S Stenographic lielp, office PWA, Statesville Canning foods, Statesville School demolition, Mooresville Rental on feed storage barn, county Right-of-way, Back Creek Farm and garden supervisor, ERA, county-wide 17.60 S 65.20 1,178.84 348.50 90.00 273.10 90.00 S 784.05 S 801.65 65.20 1,178.84 348.50 90.00 273.10 90.00 JACKSON COUNTY Rock wall around Sylva ceme- tery, Sylva S Cleaning streams in Sylva .Jackson County courthouse, Sy]-\ a Digging ditch in Tuckaseegee Widening NC 106 Pressley Creek road from Speed- well Glen-\'ille post office to Big Bridge, road improvement Road improvement. Gay Cullowhee road repairs Drain pipe in No. 281 Road improvements from Tran- sylvania County line Road repairs from Wayehutta road Shoal Creek road improvement Reemployment office, Sylva Re-roofing Town Hall, Dillsboro Sanitary privies, county-wide Improvement watershed at Dills- boro Administrative Highway improvement at White- side Cove CWA project tools Janitresses for public buildings, county-wide Walkway to school, Sylva Teaching adult education, coun- ty-wide Canning, county-wide Improving of highways, county- wide Construction at county home, Webster Farms and gardens, county-wide Administrative Pit privies (20 school pits), coun- ty-wide Handling cattle, county-wide Sewing rooms. Cashiers, Cullow- hee and Sylva Emergency labor, county-wide Ranging cattle, SO 540 Ranging cattle. Green Creelc Township Ranging cattle, SO 453 Holding pen for cattle, Foster Siding .Moving special commodities, Sylva Cattle field men, count.v-wide Installation of occupational rec- ords, Sylva Handling horses and mules, coun- ty-wide Construction feed racks for rural rehabilitation horses, county- wide Repairs to ERA office, Sylva Construction of shelves and tables for ER.\ office, Sylva Improvements to county home property, Webster Janitor for ERA office, Sylva Jaritorial service, ERA office, Sylva Sewing rooms, county-w ide 5,544.68 1,288.96 1,968.26 374.45 3,722.64 2,970.35 3,861.72 4,168.46 4,636.42 3,067.28 1,330.83 2,488.23 2,479.59 265.40 378.39 2,271.59 727.48 1,426.10 298.21 4.04 620.53 .S 675.00 390.00 113,40 28.80 845.90 243.00 2,S96.44 2,827.60 366.40 995.90 450.00 308.70 23,957.60 1,581.28 51.00 8,182.57 521.10 2,805.36 3,229.05 55.60 700.00 321.00 318.00 50.90 5,309.64 165.00 933.70 280.45 38.40 96.30 788.70 207.95 279.66 6,348.29 890.00 835.00 932.25 1,020.00 24.00 5.20 710.00 12.00 767.00 S 6,961.71 1,288.96 2,495.66 408.45 4,612.64 3,805.35 6,349.87 5,443.46 8.299.86 3,067.28 1,330.83 2,488.23 114.00 3,044.29 265.40 378.39 8,092.00 13,191.19 727.48 1,426.10 298.21 4.04 76.20 442.60 233.75 1,229.65 50.00 500.00 308.70 1,581.28 25,538.88 1,016.68 2.597.96 51.00 8,182.57 746.60 1,267.70 2,805.36 343.75 3,572.80 55.60 700.00 321.00 318.00 50.90 100.00 5,409.64 165.00 933.70 280.45 38.40 96.30 121.21 24.96 909.91 207.95 279.66 6,348.29 492 NAME Federal Gov. Funds CWA ERA Local Gov. Funds GRAND TOTAL CWA ERA Clerical help for emergency crop loan, Sylva S Street repair, Sylva Building partitions, commodity store room Construction of incinerator, Sylva Clerical help, reemployraent Clerical work for county farm agent, Sylva Home makers, county-wide Clerical work, emergency crop loan, Sylva s 63.00 1,576.95 61.25 650.45 362.26 173.25 1,652.35 JOHNSTON COUNTY Street improvement in town of Clayton i Improving recreational park, Smithfield Cleaning out septic tanks at 12 rural schools, county-wide Street improvement, Four Oaks Street improvement, Princeton Street improvement, Selma Improvement route No. 210, be- ginning Harnett County line Building road north of town of Micro Improving county road, between Stancils Chapel and Moores school Improving county road, Pea- cocks Cross Roads via Four oaks Improving road from Pythian Home to Clayton Improving road from Benson to Garner Improving road west of Benson towards Coats Building county road, from Glenn Dale school to route 22 Improving county road, from Selma via Wilson Mills Improving road north of Kenly State Forest Nursery, Clayton Street improvement, Benson Lunch rooms (overdraft), county- wide Clerical, professional, and super- visory work in FERA, county- wide Improving county road, Smiths chapel to Sardis church Repairs to Johnston County Courthouse Construction of T.B.unit, Smith- field Building house for negro county dependents, Smithfield Two playgrounds, Smithfield Improving county road, Old Riv- er Road Malaria drainage, Kenly Mosquito and malaria control, Selma Malarial drainage, Benson Improving school grounds, Selma Improvement of Selma Cemetery Administrative, county Repairs to Smithfield grammar school Sanitary privies, courty-wide Road building from Frost Place and Sandy Ridge road Beautification of highways near Benson Widening Selma-Wendell road Road improvement near Cleve- land school Topsoiling road between Clayton and Archer Lodge schools Clearing debris from Little River 7,962.42 S 2,622.70 4,333.80 6,529.60 4,030.90 5,340.05 1,980.40 5,307.01 3,189.13 1,934.15 2,071.41 4,715.50 2,897.61 1,075.80 5,161.88 2,876.10 646.65 3,245.05 S 63.00 670.20 2,247.15 61.25 703.50 1,353.95 362.25 173.25 1,652.35 1,459.25 2,922.90 1,673.76 1,638.10 1,839.10 1,783.65 { 7,962.42 2,622.70 4,333.80 5,529.60 4,030.90 5,340.05 1,980.40 6,307.01 3,189.13 1,934.15 2,071.41 4,715.50 2,897.61 1,075.80 5,161.88 2,875.10 646.65 3,245.05 649.80 268.80 268.80 4,334.74 4,334.74 2,270.80 2,270.80 1,886.24 1,886.24 1,720.20 1,720.20 1,720.25 1,720.25 2,447.40 2,477.40 1,846.60 2,047.40 3,894.00 7,569.20 7,569.20 626.10 1,124 60 1,750.70 1,037.36 1,037.35 1,747.30 1,747.30 4,706.74 4,706.74 2,130.25 2,130.25 6,320.28 3,008 13 28,483.84 37,812.26 1,459.25 2,922.90 1,573.75 1,538.10 1,839.10 1,783.65 rDix Federal G i 1 ov. Funds Local Gov. Funds GRAND NAME TOTAL CWA ERA CWA ERA Improving streets in Wilson Mills •S 883.71 S $ S S 883.71 Debris removed from Buffaloe Creek in O'Neal's township 543 60 543.60 Garage and gymnasium at Smith- field grammar school 2,810.42 2,810.42 Mosquito and malarial control, near Smithfield 7,611 11 5,421.05 2,460.60 15,492.66 ' Community house to be built at Benson 847 19 847.19 Community building to be located at Smithfield 772.26 772.25 Building negro school in Selma 872 15 5,675.30 32,519.75 39,067.20 Distributing and recording, coun- ty-wide 2,215.85 2,215.85 Janitors, county ERA offices, Smithfield 470.70 470.70 1 Repairs to tenant houses, near . Clayton 545.11 646.11 1 Repairs to tenant houses, rural rehabilitation, near Clayton 199.80 199.80 Food canning and preserving. county-wide - 756.90 756.90 Administrative farm supervisors, county-wide 3,022.00 3,022.00 Administrative, county 10,422.85 10,422.86 Ditching and building ERA farms, county-wide 21.60 21.60 Government relief cattle pasture rentals, county-wide 1,262.20 1,262.20 Relief cattle pasture fence, county- wide 331.50 331. EO Drainage, Selma township 5,358.35 5,358.35 Government cattle pasture fence, county-wide 580.20 580.20 Fencing government cattle pas- ture, county-wide 163.70 163.70 Pasture fencing for cattle, coun- ty-wide 364.80 364.80 Cattle pasture rentals. Boon Hill township 769.10 769.10 Cattle pasture rentals, VVillard Springs, Pleasant Grove town- ship 489.70 489.70 Cattle pasture rentals. Micro township, 5 miles N. E. of Selma 14.40 14.40 Cattle pasture rentals, Wilson Mills 257.60 257.60 Cattle pasture rentals, 20 miles S. E. of Bentonville township 318.00 318.00 Cattle pasture rentals, 10 miles west in Cleveland township 165.60 166.60 Keepers of government cattle. county-wide 1,480.33 1,480.33 Unloading cattle, county-wide 603.90 603.90 Construction of community house. Smithfield 4,878.60 2,680.00 7,658.60 Emergency labor, county-wide 16.85 16.85 Cattile pasture fencing, Cleveland township 195.10 195.10 Reemployment clerk, Smithfield 621.25 621.25 Cattle supervisor, county-wide 432.15 432,15 Care of cattle, county-wide 2,994.73 2,994.73 . Truck and driver, county-wide 2,975.08 2,975.08 Farm rehabilitation, county-wide 9,149.16 9,149.15 1 Malarial drainage, Smithfield 10,781.08 10,781.08 Pasture rental for cattle, Wilders township on Buffalo Creek 189.00 189.00 Pasture rental for cattle. Smith- field township, Smithfield 478.80 478.80 ] Lunch room project, county-wide 721.80 721.80 Nursery school, county-wide 100.70 100.70 ., Installation of occupational rec- ords, county-wide 1,156.90 1,156.90 Visiting housekee; ers, county- wide 665.00 665.00 F House nursing, county-wide 313.00 313.00 1 Stenographer for Farm Credit P Association, Johnston and Wil- > son counties 372.05 372.06 Feeding cattle, county-wide .95 • 95 B Malarial control, Wilson Mills 2,670.80 2,670.80 B Grading playground, Benson 366.60 1,340.00 1,706.60 c Stenographer for Farm Debt Ad- C justment office, Johnston Coun- P ty 225.90 226.90 Appendix 493 NAME Federal Gov. Funds CVVA ERA Local Gov. Funds CWA ERA GRAND TOTAL NAME Federal Gov. Funds Local Gov. Funds GRAND TOTAL CWA ERA CWA ERA Malarial control drainage of Lit- tle Creek Federal Housing program, Johns- ton County Tools and sundry equipment, county-wide Malarial control drainage. Micro Repairs to farm house, two miles east of Wilson Mills Janitorial services, county ERA oiBce Individual gardens, county-wide Individual garden supervisor, county-wide S 3,940.95 5 1,046.30 321.65 613.05 107.55 1,056.13 824.00 .? 3,940.95 1,046.30 321 65 613 05 20.70 107.55 1,056.13 824.00 JONES COUNTY Completion of new building, Com- fort highschool -? 2. Repairs to Mill Run colored school Mayesville school repairs Comfort school grounds improved I , White Oak River drainage 3 . Trent River drainage 1 , Smith Mill Run cleared 1. Repairs to Maysville Town 1, Road improvement, ten mile fork to Trenton 2, Trent River to be cleared Repairs to Holly Branch school (colored) Repairs, Trenton school building Road improvement to Carteret line beginning at Maysville 1, PoUocksville, repairing streets and drains 1, Public road improvement, Wyse Fork to Trenton 1, Trent River cleared I, Beaver Creek cleaned Sanitary privies, county-wide 2, Office help for farm and home demonstration agents Repairs to Trenton school building Maysville school repairs Colored school repairs, county- wide Completion of Comfort school Repairs to county school trucks Trent school gymnasium Improvement of Myatsville school grounds Improvement PoUocksville school grounds Secondary public road by Trenton Surfacing snndy streets nt Tren- ton 1 Clearing Trent River of logs Tool and sundry equipment, county- wide Repairs to Black Swamp road Cattle searching, county-wide Clerical help in county office Clearing and Grading Long Point I Farm [Repairs to farm houses in lieu of rent Stenographer for Farm Debt Ad- justment Malarial control drainage in and around Comfort Repairs to streets in PoUocksville House makers, county-wide Partition offices, county office Malarial control drainage, Mill Creek Repair barns. White Farm Developing grounds, Trenton Clerical help ERA office Clerical help in county office Privy construction, 600, county- wide 422.65 235.77 641.94 479.14 116.25 ,974.46 372.15 829.00 782.90 697.50 05.00 357.00 605. 3S 418.09 469.85 ,198.30 165.41 ,257.60 39.30 363.25 484.10 446.54 355.25 270.90 170.25 530.51 1.045.55 839.15 868.20 535.13 339.00 158.01 868.10 153.75 1,420.27 232.06 192.00 557.00 591.60 527.80 87.60 259.00 620.00 335.40 746.35 10.50 372.40 54.40 2S7.0O 100.10 376.50 1,294.75 s 50.00 500.00 $ 2,422.65 235.77 641.94 1,529.14 3,455.55 1,974.46 1,372.15 2,329.00 20.00 2,782.90 717.50 162.50 200.00 174 80 257.50 837.70 390.50 1,995.88 1,418.09 225.00 1,694.85 1,198.30 165.41 2,257.60 72.00 39.30 363.25 842.50 97.00 431.40 1,589.09 1,625.80 270.90 1,038.45 535.13 339.00 2,080.11 1,574.02 232.06 192.00 557.00 591.60 527.80 259.00 620.00 435.40 746.35 10.50 372.40 54.40 257.00 100.10 376.50 Canning project, county-wide S Farm rehabilitation Supervisors, farms and gardens Administrative Unloading and holding pens, county Cattle herdsmen, Great Lakes area Mining of Marl lime Repairing ERA office, county of- fice Dipping vat and fences. White Oak, Pocoson School lunch rooms, county-wide Branch reemployment office Bookkeeper for county accountant Installation occupational records Janitor for ERA building, coun- ty office Store room clerks, etc. Stenographer for Home Demon- stration Agent Malaria control drainage, Tren- ton Malaria control drainage, Mays- ville S 1,982.17 S $ 296 85 S 2,279.02 5.22 30.00 35.22 1,207.50 lOO.OO 1,307.50 3,702.58 3,702.58 2,626.35 2,626.35 10,524.07 10.524.07 2,309.31 2,309.31 98.50 60.90 1,214.68 1,019.90 378.00 214.20 339.60 2,118.79 336.00 492.00 711.20 60.90 242.00 1,456.68 70.00 1,089.90 378.00 339.60 2,118.79 336.00 492.00 711.20 12,138.00 13,432.75 Beautifying grounds, Lee County Hospital, Sanford I Beautifying grounds, waterworks station, Sanford Road repair near Jonesboro Road repair from Jonesboro to .Sanford Grading and graveling Wicker Street, Sanford Road repair, from U.S. 1 by Lenton Springs to NO 53 Painting and beautifying schools in Lee County Demolishing old water works plant, Sanford Constructing sidewalks, Sanford Repairing and painting city hall, beautifying grounds, Sanford Constructing sidewalks around W. Sanford high school Renovating courthouse and coun- ty home Lee County training school Repairing gymnasium of ,Sanf ord high school Installing water system, Mclver school, Sanford Constructing privies at county schools Renovating Jonesboro school building Street improvements and water works, Sanford Repairing county school busses Golf course, Sanford Ccnitruction of gymnasium. Deep River school Constructing Jonesboro school gymnasium Constructing Greenwood school gymnasium .Sanford Constructing Broadway school gymnasium, Broadway Road repair from the Osgood road to the Sanford-Corinth road Repairing county road, old plank road .Stenographer and office manager for reemployment office Dry creek drainage, .Sanford Drainage, Carbonton LEE COUNTY 179.55 4,605.67 28.82 4,139.17 3,008.92 2,367.47 1,438.69 330.30 131.05 720.00 2,096.04 184.05 2,683.68 77.20 1,078.73 4,455.20 535.00 608.50 236.00 855.85 10,466.02 97.20 2,504.65 1,844.40 20.00 650.00 160.00 1,264.37 816.02 2,170.00 2,111.24 335.01 2,170.00 1,303.71 991.87 1,514.12 385.93 1,047.70 1,175.30 79.00 2,429.60 971.71 8 30.41 179.55 4,605.67 563.82 4,139.17 3,617.42 3,367.47 1,438.69 330.30 367.05 720.00 2,284.69 184.05 2,683.68 97.20 1,078.73 5,105.20 11,321.87 257.20 4,349.05 337.80 4,588.19 135.10 4,751.35 338.10 2,633.68 338.10 2,238.15 1,047.70 1,175.30 79.00 2,429.60 971.71 494 Federal Gov. Funds Local Gov. Funds GRAND TOTAL CWA GWA ERA \^: Repairing library books and school furniture, Sanford high school Dietitian and helper lunch room, Mclver grammar school, San- ford .Janitorial service, county schools Renovating county training school Construction at Sanford high school Constructing school privies, 13 Painting Sanford city schools Drainage of creeks and beautify- ing town of Sanford Constructing gymnasium, Lee County training school Additional material to be used on county school projects Constructing community center, Sanford Remodeling dwelling used by sta- tion operatcrs, Sanfr.rd water works Draining Little Buffalo creek Lee County training school build- ing Building booksheh-es and library tables, Sanford Public Library Replacing hot air with steam heating, Mclver school, San- ford County road repair Sewing room at Sanford Tool and sundry equipment Records and clerical service, San- ford Library service in county insti- tutions Clerical and stenographic work Bedside nursing, rural section Public recreation, Sanford Janitorialservice, public office Canning food Constructing Greenwood school grounds, Sanford Canning food School lunches, county Production of food and gardens Administrative .Mattress making Tables for mattress making Pasture for relief cattle Pasture for relief cattle Pasture for relief cattle Making household goods Supervision for production of food Emergency labor Cutting wood Lunchrooms, county schools Pasture for relief cattle Pasture for relief cattle Pasture for relief cattle Pasture for relief cattle Housing and feeding ERA cattle Nursery school helpers, Sanford Herding and caring for cattle Pasture for relief cattle Repairing ERA office Pasture for relief cattle Installation of occupational rec- cords Distribution of surplus commod- ities Improving swimming pool and community house, Sanford Producing hay Making comforters and garments, Sanford Care of livestock and goods for rural rehabilitation Repaired houseforrelief family Malarial control drainage, San- ford ome making S 20.25 S 9S.95 13.60 125.97 1,631.09 37S.92 4,812.25 41.82 704.25 226.00 30.36 511.57 1,005.88 521.07 670.71 25,568.64 26.50 664.91 211.49 154.65 526.08 151.35 9.S5.24 312.80 638.25 31.20 365.40 897.60 1,. 531. 55 591.87 48.60 1,560.35 39.70 256.60 615.23 143.25 6,260.30 4,325.50 1.610.43 59.95 113.80 175.30 219.10 52.05 364.60 25.75 73.85 425.90 146.70 192.65 371.00 200.90 560.10 81.65 1,229.78 99.60 519.09 143.10 258.95 640.10 960.68 421.00 24.00 29.59 i S 20.25 98.95 13.50 123.16 5.7S0.S2 3,323.29 11,614.46 41.82 100.00 1,029.25 30.36 337.80 2,855.25 4.521.07 2,389.92 36,629.27 152.50 664.91 30.00 140.10 2,121.1 459.1 211.49 164.65 677.43 985.24 981.05 31.20 365.40 897.60 1,531.55 591.87 48.60 1,560.55 39.70 396.70 515.23 143.25 6,260.30 4,325.60 1,650.43 59.96 113.80 176.30 219.10 62.05 364.60 25.75 73.85 425.90 146.70 192.65 371.00 200.90 560.10 81.65 1,229.78 99.60 619.09 143.10 258.95 640.10 475.00 1,435.68 421.00 24.00 29.59 2,121.68 459.90 rDix Federal G 5v. Funds Local Gov. Funds GRAND NAME TOTAL CWA ERA CWA ERA .Japanese Beetle traps 5 ? 66.00 S S S 56.00 ■ .lanitorial service ERA office 153.20 153.20 Storage for commodities 43.75 43.75 LENOIR COUNTY Engineering party for nLilaria control, county-wide ? 1,911.91 S 625.58 S J 80.00 $ 2,617.49 i Drainage engineer for county 106.42 106.42 Library helper, Kinston Library 36.00 36.00 Widening Pollocks Street. Kins- ton 385.43 385.43 Completing athletic field. Kins- ton school 3,487.06 440.15 110.00 4,037.21 .lanitor for Graingers school, ..Graingers 18.00 18.00 Janitor for Harvey school, Kins- ton 36.00 36.00 Lunch room helper and janitor. Lewis school 36.00 36.00 Privies at county schools, coun- ty-wide 177.35 177.35 Road repair from Wootens Cross Road to route 11 1,064.73 1,064.73 Road repair from Wheats Swamp to Falling Creek Station, then to Hillcrest 1,279.90 1,279.90 Road repair from Pink Hill to Duplin County line 1,393.97 1,393.97 Reconditioning water system at Caswell Training school. Kins- ton 758.77 758.77 Public swimming pool. Kinston 5,517.16 18,646.78 2,489.80 7,241.05 33,894.79 Improving playgrounds at Cas- j well Training school. Kinston 1,261.35 1,261.35 Enlarging boys' dormitory Cas- well Training school. Kinston 432.39 432.39 Painting and repairing employees houses, C-iswell Training school. Kinston 1,317.20 1,317.20 Street beautification, Kinston 4,414.62 4,414.62 Adding two feet on two silos. Caswell Training school. Kins- ton 33.30 33.30 Beautification of town of La Grange 831.87 831.87 Clearing lands and grading on State Farm Colony for women, near Kinston 3,647.63 3,647.53 Clearing land and ditching on farm at Caswell Training school, Kinston 2,424.26 2,424.26 Remodeling gymnasium. Caswell Training school, Kinston 907.30 342.00 1,249.30 Malaria drainage, Stonyton Creek 3,573.50 3,573.50 .Malaria drainage. Falling Creek 5,365.66 5,365.66 Storm sewer through La Grange from Highway 10 to Grounge- mut Creek 4,316.57 4.316.57 Sidewalks and curb drains. La Grange 6,941.01 200.00 6,141.01 Painting interior and exterior buildings, Caswell Training school, Kinston 3,503.10 3,503.10 Building syrup plant. Caswell Training school. Kinston 42.30 42.30 Plastering and brick work. Cas- well Training school, Kinston 350.80 350.80 Local work project for county 34.62 34.62 Sewing room. La Grange 163.20 163.20 Drainage of Stonyton Creek 3,648.21 3.648.21 Construction of sanitary privies, county-wide 6,990.67 5.990.67 Repairs on county school build- ings, county 2,120.40 135.90 30.00 2.286.30 ' Drainage of Luzzane Swamp 1,466.43 1.466.43 Timekeeper for city of Kinston project 280.00 280.00 Storm sewer construction, Kins- ton 6,159.45 6,159.45 School gymnasium. Moss Hill school 3,216.68 1,241.82 196.70 4,655.10 Appendix 495 Federal Gov. Funds Local Gov. Funds CWA ERA CWA ERA GRAND TOTAL NAME Federal Gov. Funds Local Gov. Funds CWA ERA CWA ERA GRAND TOTAL Malaria drainage. Briery Run , Repairing water pipes and in- stalling hydrants under Queen ' Street, Kinston Malaria drainage, Jericho Creek Clearing land at Farm Colony for Women, near Kinston Painting county white school buildings, county Repairing sanitary sewer under Queen Street, Kinston I Painting and repairing Jesse W. Grainger high school, Kinston Painting and repairs, Lemuel Harvey school, Kinston Paint and repairs to Richard H. Lewis school, Kinston Paint and repairs on Tower Hill negro school, Kinston Paint and repair Lincoln negro school, Kinston Paint and repair Atkin negro school, Kinston Library assistant, Kinston Clerical office of superintendent of public welfare Adniinistration > Addition to city owned building to be used as building for pub- lic offices, Kinston Dynamite crew for malaria con- trol, county-wide Drainage, slough running through First Slough Bridge, ne^r Kinstijn Malaria drainage, Trent River, near Jones County line Malaria drainage, Bear Creek Malaria drainage, Tuckahoe Swamp Paint and repair county court- house Paint and repair buildings, im- prove grounds, Caswell Train- ing school, Kinston Paint and repair buildings, im- proving grounds, Caswell Training School. Kinston Malaria drainage within city limits of Grifton Installation index system clerk of superior court office Installation index system, regis- ter of deeds office Librarian, Kinston Public Li- brary Clerical work, county storeroom Tool and sundry equipment, county- wide Repairing storm se.ver, Kinston Clerical work, county storeroom Repair to Parr Jt& mill dam Farm rehabilitation Canning and preserving Clerical help, emergency crop loan Emergency relief teachers, county Clerical help reemployment ofiicc Administrative Library assistants and book menders, Kinston Repairs to building at Farm Colony, near Kinston Pasture for reief cattle Pasture for relief catte Pasture for relief cattle Pasture for relief cattle Pasture for relief cattle Pasture for relief cattle (herding) Repairs to county schools Pasture for relief cattle Pasture for relief cattle Pasture for relief cattle ? 2,593.44 $ 12.00 ? 1,543.97 1,537.S6 2.524.05 192.40 1,243.S5 3.927.10 4,S47.I1 3,538.00 372.40 2S0.75 339.20 1.231.10 181.60 130.93 199. .■JO 19.80 5.50 3,694.08 395.68 266.36 2,679.09 2,671.40 1,980.83 719.12 1,742.23 1,331.66 438.78 11,132.86 13,120.83 1,958.15 497.70 3.998.00 3.768.60 54.00 90.00 310.51 5.45 197.20 1,866.82 458.60 6,829.35 3.089.02 643.53 1.120.80 2,337.56 9,873.49 797.10 3.998.00 629.10 86.10 794.70 54.00 499.40 1.613.E0 67.00 268.90 387.25 1,192.80 S 2,605.44 1,543.97 1,537.86 2,716.45 5,170.95 744.95 9,130.06 372.40 280.75 1,570.30 181.60 130.93 199.35 19.80 5.50 3,694.08 395.68 266.36 1,980.83 719.12 1,742.23 1,770.44 24,253.1 1,958.15 497.70 3,998.00 3,387.20 7,155.80 54.00 400.51 50.00 55.45 1,783.20 1,980.40 1,866.82 458.60 6,829.35 3,089.02 643.53 1,120.80 2.337.56 9,873.49 S97.10 2,435.36 6,4.33.36 629.10 86.10 794.70 54.00 499.40 1.613.90 57.00 268.90 387.25 1,192.80 Drainage Centennial school grounds Repairs to county schools, Wliit- ney's Creek school Stenographers, federal housing ad- ministration Cattle herding Sewing room. La Grange Building portable testing shute Handling government commodi- ties Pasture for relief cattle Lunch room, Kinston Installation of occupational rec- ords Janitor for ERA building Malaria control, Kinston Drainage Barrow Pits, La Grange Developing Emma Webb park, Kinston Storeroom for surplus commodities Painting and repairing county home Painting county jail \'isiting housekeepers Repairing Heritage Street, Kins- ton Japanese Beetle traps Clerical help ERA office S 171.60 S 158.5a 767.70 5,412.86 1.837.10 40.00 58.39 1,294.90 246.60 1,477.38 510.45 929.18 3,676.00 5,661.52 1,168.38 783.60 323.00 672.85 1,310.59 102.40 168.00 $ 51.04 % 222.64 394.95 LINCOLN COUNTY 37 10 13 50 401 57 585.01 322 20 849 11 Addition to city filtering, Lincolnton $ 49.50 S Partition in office of local CWA office Clerical help, ERA office Sidewalks parallel state highway No. 7 Straightening road in city of Lincolnton Janitor services, schools and court- house Reepsville road improvement Rebuilding county road southeast of Lincolnton 4,651.65 Grading football field. Oak Lawn school Clericalhelp, Lincolnton National Guard organization 36.00 Beautification of Denver high school, Macpaela grammer school and Triangle scliool 216.00 Road repair, from Cat Square NC 27 4.133.00 Road repair, from Lowesville to Lincolnton 3,950.50 Road repair, Linculnton-Cherry- villeroad 3,674.79 Rifle range improvement, Lin- colnton 564.65 Construction of earth wall to divert flow of water (Lincolnton water supply) 566.15 Cleaning garbage dump one-fourth mile from Walker Branch 184.36 Putting down hardwood floor, public library, Lincolnton 89.70 Dirt sidewalks, cement drains, in Denver 1.928.38 Building sidewalks, Lincolnton 3.067.23 Cleaning out intake city reservoir, Lincolnton 361.05 Clerk reemployment office, Lincolnton 50.00 Re-indexing auditor's books, courthouse, Lincolnton 45.00 Construction of graded sidewalks, Lincolnton 1.048.24 Dirt sidewalks, Crouse 1,242.36 Dirt sidewalks in Iron 1,705.67 Construction of streets, Lincolnton 3,697.12 1,386.45 759.95 767.70 5,412.86 73.50 1,910.60 40.00 58.39 1,294.90 468.00 714.60 1,477.38 510.4S 929.18 3,676.00 170.00 5,831.50 1,168.38 574.93 1,358.. 53 210.00 533.00 672.85 233.40 6,543.99 102.40 168.00 49.50 461.9 37.10 13.50 2.401.57 6,585.01 1.708.65 4,849.11 4,651.65 769.96 36.00 216.00 4.133.00 3,950.50 3.674.79 8.00 720.65 566.15 184.36 89.70 1,928.38 3,067.23 361.05 50.00 506.94 1,048.24 1,242.36 1,705.67 3,697.12 496 Appendix NAME Federal Gov. Funds Local Gov. Funds GRAND TOTAL CWA ERA CWA ERA Improvements to grounds (schools), near Lincolnton S 1,965.16 Construction of Rock Springs gymnasium Construction North Brook No. 1 3.695.62 gymnasmm Grading school football field, Lincolnton Construction sanitary pri\'ies, county- wide Improvement grounds and build- ing, Hickory Grove grammar school Cleaning channels and banks, Clark's Creek Grading and fencing Lincoln high school athletic field Cleaning off watershed, Lincolnton Tool project, county-wide Administrative Nursery schools in adult education, county- wide Preservation of food, county-wide Fainting case workers office, Lincolnton Care of livestock, county-wide Making garments f\Or relief families, Lincolnton Administrative Rebinding library books, county- wide Rural Rehabilitation Rural Rehabilitation Bridge construction, Clark's Creek ERA office interviewer, Lincoljiton Tool and sundry equipment, county-wide Cattle distribution, county-wide Nursery school helper, Lincolnton Lunch room, Laboratory school Lunch room, Oak Lawn high school Installation of occupational rec- ords, county office Construction of water mains, Lincolnton Warehouse operation, Lincolnton Janitress for county courthouse, Lincolnton Home making classes, Lincolnton Federal housing survey, county- wide Garden and supervisor and in- spection, county-wide Sewer construction, Lincolnton Street construction, Lincolnton Bookkeeper for crop loan office Improvement, playgrounds, Lincolnton Reconstruction, Long Street, Goodsonville County farm and garden produce, county-wide Home making for Rural Rehabili- tation families, county-wide Reconstruction of streets, Lincolnton Clerical, ERA office, local office 2,353.31 582.00 4,313.62 551.97 1,587.66 480.10 1,341.63 1,507.88 s S $ 1,965.16 1,1.36.35 75.00 4,906.97 880.52 100.00 3.333.83 582.00 3,224.65 10,115.00 17,653.27 551.97 8,770.42 8,770.42 1,160.05 132.40 132. 40 3,012.51 480.10 1,341.63 1,507.88 150.00 2,247.82 146.22 150.00 2,394.04 7.20 764.10 7 20 764.10 4,691.29 5,366.51 4,691.29 5,366.51 665.50 3,745.06 18.90 2,497.10 113.40 188.22 3,320.20 853.72 3,745.06 18.90 5,817.30 113.40 466.31 99.70 112.57 224.80 466.31 99.70 112.57 224.80 62.80 62.80 290.20 290.20 945.60 485.89 3,111 .83 4,057.43 485.89 568.20 224.77 32 .00 568.20 256.70 759.40 1 457.50 91.40 1 376.15 202.30 1 ,058.65 4,047.35 446.95 57. 7S 936.80 90.00 MACON COUNTY Golf course and awimming pool, Franklin 8 8,512.39 5 2,669.35 S Franklin high school, recreational building and playground 3,300.65 1,519.00 Repairing and improvement schools and grounds, county-wide 4,514.85 2,166.25 Repairing county home 2,841.60 840.00 ' Franklin cemetery improvement 270.00 .Street repairing, Franklin 5,219.75 3,675.75 Road repair on Clarka Chappel road 5,994.18 759.40 1,457.50 133.72 225.12 495.50 1,871.65 202.30 213.00 1,271.65 278.10 4,325.45 54.00 120.00 500.95 67.75 1,056.80 90.00 8 390.40 811,572.14 400.00 5,219.65 358.50 7,039.60 487.50 4.169.10 270.00 8,895.. 50 5,994.18 NAME Federal Gov. Funds Local Gov. Funds GRAND TOTAL CWA ERA CWA ERA Road repair, Highlands out Horse Cove road 8 2,741.20 $ Road repair, Cowee road from No. 286 to Leatherman post office 3,676.60 Road repair, Ellijay road 3,317.53 Clerical help, county offices and schools 179.70 Repairs to school house and grounds, Highland school, Highlands 5,251.88 Sanitary privies, county-wide 1,401.83 School sanitation county schools, county-wide 1,496.63 Tool project, county-wide 377.44 CWA sign 38.80 Administrative 1,503.68 Sewing room at Franklin Completing records at courthouse, Franklin Indexing and rebinding books, library, Franklin Canning leaders and helpers, Franklin Repairing county roads, county- wide Administrative Mattress making Tables for mattress making Teaching, Highlands and FrankUn Clerical help, reemployment office, Franklin Repairing ERA office and sewing room, Franklin Emergency labor Lunchroom, county-wide Lunch room, county-wide County-wide cattle feeding Clerical help tor special com- modities, county-wide Janitor service ERA offices Installation of occupational rec- ords, Franklin Home making, county-wide Clerical work, county agent's office Clerical help, reemployment office, Franklin Farm and garden inspection, county-wide 1,762.40 979.50 976.09 18.645.47 6,977.23 37.61 62.27 383.64 563.80 392.52 90.95 894.67 10.56 966.00 2,428.55 187.16 286.50 2,422.40 32.00 69.75 412.80 MADISON COUNTY Community house. Hot Springs 8 1,326.71 8 309.00 8 Koad repair from Punching Fork to Little Creek Repair Laurel Valley road Repair of Bakers Creek road Road repair. Rice Cove to Big Laurel Road rep.air and build new road on Clover Branch road Painting roof of Meadow Fork school Building bus house. Blood River Building bus house, .Shooting Creek Project number P-31-57-32 Build bus house. Luck Build bus house, Wooley Shot Branch Community house, Whitey Rock Extending water line for fire pro- tection. Hot Springs Road repair, from Walnut to Sandy Bottom,s Construction of highway, Meadow Fork road Improving Crooked Creek road from Bridge to Paint Fork road Road repair, route 213, Canto to old route 20 and Worley Cove road Highway construction, Big Laurel road 11,713.26 1,638.00 623.25 243.45 197.20 570.75 358.79 202.55 272.65 229.50 153.30 182.60 996.45 2,270.55 2,026.25 7,670.06 5,052.04 7,090.71 1,421.15 t 2,741.20 3,676.60 3,317.53 477.50 7,491.78 1,401.83 200.00 2,676.13 377.44 38.80 1,503.68 200.00 18,085.99 97.20 812.05 15.00 165.00 976.09 7,627.00 26,272.47 6,977.23 37.61 62.27 383.64 10.00 10.00 563.80 392.52 90.95 904.67 20.66 966.00 2,428.55 187.16 664.00 120.00 7,090.7!| 450.00 13,801.2(1 Appendix 497 NAME Federal Gov. Funds Local Gov. Funds CWA ERA CWA ERA GRAND TOTAL NAME Federal Gov. Funds CWA ERA Local Gov. Funds GRAND TOTAL CWA ERA Repairing streets, water lines, and back aUeys, Marshall $ I. Repairing Rear-Wallow Gap and Highland school road Grading school grounds and con- structing football field. Walnut high school 2, Community house, Hut Springs Repairing water line, surfacing streets. Mars Hill 1. Janitorial service, county-wide Sewing room at Walnut Sewing room. Hot Springs Commissary clerk, assistant case worker and interviewer, county office Building bus house at Joe Robin- son's Painting county schools, county- wide Repairing county school busses county-wide Privy construction, county-wide 5, Clerical Help, local office Supervisor for CWA school projects, county-wide New construction of walls. Walnut 1. Tools, county-wide Replacing roof. Walnut high school Repair and maintenance, bridge. Marshal School lunches, children of relief families, county-wide Food canning and preserving, county-wide Sewing room. Mars Hill Sewing room at Marshall Repair and maintenance of schools, Mars Hill New construction of schools, Meadow Fork, Joe, N. C. Repair of water works (dam) Hot Springs Adult education, county-wide Production of food, county-wide Tools, Rural Rehabilitation, county-wide Administrative Improving ERA office, Marshall Water works construction, Marshall Farm and garden program, county- wide Herding cattle, county-wide Distribution of government com- modities, coun.ty-wide Construction of corn crib, Hot Springs Feeding and handling cattle, county-wide Lunch rooms, county-wide nstallation of occupational rec- ords, county office Survey of school property, county- wide Seautifying highway to Mars Hill Repair of houses, county-wide ilepair of commissary roof, Marshall Stenographer for Emergency Crop Loan, Marshall 3ome gardens and small farms, ' county-wide I!lerical help, reemployment office, * Marshall J 3ome makers, county-wide Operation and maintenance of relief, county office MARTIN COUNTY 445.40 $ 252.00 411.70 814.20 323.30 424.20 3S7.00 1,381.40 424.. 50 3.493.13 2,956.99 111.00 214.20 623.35 325.50 644.90 954.60 696.60 257.44 594.65 1,284.60 44.12 890.40 160.56 365.40 323.10 3,526.28 444.61 3,533.44 1,510.10 1,410.10 1,069.15 336.38 7,000.14 62.43 5,403.66 80.90 9,010.50 369.88 337.25 1,432.05 130.24 430.55 906.40 1,014.10 274.60 17.50 773.40 46.06 9.60 100.80 228.90 503.39 S 1,445.40 252.00 3,225.90 323.30 1,424.20 1,768.40 150.00 4,067.63 225.00 3,180.99 111.00 214.20 623.35 325.50 6.599.60 696.60 257.44 1,100.00 3,979.25 44.12 890.40 728.47 1,254.43 323.10 3,526.28 60.00 504.61 225.00 3,758.44 41.00 1,551.10 1,707.20 3,117.30 582.85 1,652.00 336.38 7.000.14 62.43 5,403.66 80.90 9,010.50 369.88 337.25 1,432.05 150.24 430.55 906.40 1,014.10 274.60 655.50 773.40 46.06 9.60 100.80 228.90 503.39 90.00 Sewer disposal, Robersonville $ Road repair, Washington-James- villeroad 4, Road repair, Stokes-Williamston road 2. Road repair, Hassell road 4, Repairing and painting county schools, county-wide 2, Repairing and painting school building, Robersonville Covering pipes with asbestos, county schools 1, General street improvemeirt, Jamesville 2, Street and sidewalk construction, Williamston 3, Drainage, Hamilton Road repair, Washington-.James- viUeroad 4, Painting Oak City and farm-life teacherage Constructing gymnasium, Wil- liamston 4, Painting andrepairing liigli school building, Williamston 1 Drainage, Robersonville 4 Road repair. River road, Hamilton 4 Privy construction, county-wide 8 Drainage, Parmele 1 Repairing streets and sidewalks, Williamston 3 Drainage and street work,Everett8 School construction. Bear Grass school 1 Regrading ditch, extending sewer lines, farm-life school Drainage, Williamston 1 New construction of street, Bear Grass Drainage, Oak City 1 Digging well, Robersonville Construction of road from Bear Grass toward Williamston Tool project, county-wide Building parks for Farm Reha- bilitation, Williamston Administrative 1 Privy construction, county-wide Clerical assistant reemployment office Canning, county-wide Pasture for relief cattle, near Janies\'i.lle Pasture for relief cattle, county- wide Cattle herdsmen, county-wide School construction. Oak City Wood for relief families, county- wide Pasture for relief cattle near Jamesville Stenographer, sheriff's office, Wil- liamston Farm relief, county-wide ERA truck driver, county-wide Repair relief homes, county-wide Installation of occupational rec- ords, county-wide Caring for mules, county-wide Drainage supervisor, county-wide Sewing room, county-wide Moving relief clients, county-wide Stock room for commodity dis- tribution Searching for relief cattle, county- wide Repairing Gold Point school building. Gold Point Clerical assistance, seed loan office Building offices for ERA, Wil- liamston 789.80 129.00 966.75 179.80 190.90 907.50 027.20 851.06 098.75 647.55 038.25 926.13 342.52 ,208.35 640.19 020.87 ,147.55 052.25 ,319.12 922.35 2.430.65 2,221.60 862.44 916.03 4,204.65 682.64 38.40 306.02 1.052.70 837.60 619.35 504.83 1,495.01 048.40 3,433.73 2,228.10 52.80 2,538.37 991.10 238.00 27.48 112.80 133.50 315.90 372.00 3,744.84 59.96 97.40 374.90 10.50 193.56 3,848.15 279.41 379.34 160.41 402.80 136.60 403.20 } 789.80 4.129.00 2,966.76 4,179.80 2,190.90 907.60 1,027.20 20.00 5,301.71 3,098.75 647.56 4,038.25 926.13 729.00 7,293.12 1,208.36 6,616.79 4,020.87 8,147.55 1,052.25 3,319.12 922.35 382.00 2,454.55 862.44 6,120.68 621.04 2,358.72 837.60 619.35 604.83 1,495.01 4,482.13 16,. 548. 14 18,776.24 62.80 88.00 2,626.37 450.50 312.00 480.87 991.10 238.00 27.48 563.30 133.50 315.90 372.00 3,744.84 69.96 97.40 374.90 10.60 193.56 4,160.15 279.41 379.34 160.41 629.46 136.60 884.07 32 498 Appendix NAME Federal Gov. Funds CWA ERA Local Gov. Funds GRAXD TOTAL CWA ERA Supervision and planting gardens, county-wide Ball park at high school Federal Housing Program, county- wide Clerical workers, reemployment office, county-wide Sewerage extension, Williamston Visiting housekeepers, county- wide Janitress, Williamston Clerical help, ERA office S 111.50 S 353.10 194.60 32.40 469.95 22i.65 67.00 376.00 2S3.00 S 111.50 635.10 32 40 SSO 69 221 65 57.00 375 00 McDowell couxtv Building dam, Pete Murphy fish hatchery S Road improvement, city reservoir Street improvement and drainage, Old Fort Extension of sanitary sewer, Marion Privy construction, Old Fort, Marion Marion community house Improving Crooked Creek road Repairing road from Dysartville to Vein Mountain Gravel and surface road, Nebo to No. 190 Repairing streets and short roads, Marion Marion airport Retaining wall and school grounds improvement, Old Fort Retaining wall around cemetery. Old Fort Concrete sidewalks at Nebo Painting courthouse, Marion Making comforts, Marion Sewing room, county courthouse Improving public park, Marion Road repair, from Sevier to Ash- ford Improving school grounds and buildings at Dysartville Improving school grounds and buildings at Glenwood-Dysart- ville high school Impro\'ing grounds and buildings. Pleasant Garden high school P-3 1-59-32 Sewerage plant at West Marion school Bringing up to date tax records, city tax office, Marion Assistant librarian, city library, Marion Clerical worker, accountants, Marion Bringing up to date old records, county tax office, Marion Water line ditching and refilling, Marion Grading and laying sidewalks, Marion Erection of concrete pond, Pete Murphy fish hatchery Grading school grounds, Marion Filter bed at sewerage plant, Marion Repairing sidewalks, IVIarion Rebuilding two bridges. Old Fort Digging and walling well for water supply, Nebo Heating plant, West Marion school Community building, gymnasium, Pleasant Gardens Grading and excavating town lot, Marion Water supply, West Marion school 2,955.65 S •S 497.00 s S 3,452.65 2,442.50 2,442.50 3,750.30 460.30 190.00 4,400.60 9S2.30 700.50 1,682.80 5,0S9.35 3,302.70 2,062.50 16,689. 75 37,144.30 8,230.50 7,066.93 15.297.43 3,499.70 150.00 3,649.70 3,573.S5 3,573.85 4,690.03 700.00 5,390.03 4, ISO. SO 315.00 4,495.80 715.55 482.00 1,197.65 5,117.00 797.50 200.00 6,114.50 3,072.90 3.072.90 4,202.33 518.00 200.00 240.00 5,160.33 2,160.00 386.80 2,646.80 79.20 1,180.80 1,260.00 157.20 4,907.23 5,064.43 170.10 100.00 270.10 4,431.70 S45.15 6,276.85 2S6.61 286.61 533.10 533.10 1,481.05 1,481.06 2S.80 28.80 2,746.55 303.65 400.00 3,450.20 21.00 21.00 28. SO 28.80 43.20 43.20 117.60 117.60 119.62 146.65 300.00 552 00 1,118.27 2. 784.42 2,784.42 2.251.70 2,251.70 14,449.57 3,510.00 17,969.57 6,426.26 1,079.90 450.00 192 00 7,148.16 1,532.62 427.24 1.959.86 1,808.76 136.80 16.00 1,961.56 1,414.07 1,414.07 1,072.81 299.80 100.00 1,472,61 4,955.91 7,049.52 1,273.45 13,308.88 9,326.72 ' 9,326.72 639.50 363.80 1,003.30 Federal Gov. Funds Local Gov. Funds GRAND NAME TOTAL CWA ERA CWA ERA Partitioning four offices in court- house for CWA and ERA g 299.60 ^ S % % 299.60 Tool project for county 607.87 607.87 Administrative 2,202.36 2,202.36 Geodetic control survey, county 7.61 7.61 Adult illiteracy classes, county 131.00 131.00 Indexing clerks, county tax office 470.40 470.40 Canning, county 1.304.90 1,304.90 Cleaning wells, Nebo high school 164.30 164.30 ' Farm and garden supervision, county 676.50 676.50 Grading school grounds. East Marion 640.36 640.35 Tool superintendent and ware- house manager, county 487.16 487.16 Clerical help, reemployment office, county 1,097.20 1,097.20 Improving grounds, Glenwood high school 1,839.95 1,839.95 IBook binding, county schools 312.00 312.00 Janitorial service, county schools 92.80 92.80 Emergency labor, county office 19.20 19.20 Clerical worker, emergency crop loan, Shelby 289.00 289.00 Distribution of surplus com- modities, county 3.54.43 364.43 Repairing Crooked Creek road 6,323.66 6,323.66 Installation of occupational rec- ords, county 720.25 720.25 Constructing and equipping tan- nery. Old Fort 26,199.97 26,199.97 N. C. relief tannery. Old Fort 46,726.40 46,726.40 Repairing sidewalks at Marion 290.40 290.40 Constructing school bus shelter, county 245.40 245.40 Grading reservoir grounds at Marion 478.60 478.60 Stenographer, ERA office, Clarion 177.60 177.60 Supervision, individual gardens, Old Fort and Marion 1,398.80 1,398.80 -Janitorial service, ERA office, Clarion 134.66 134.56 Repairing View Point Drive, Marion 416.66 415.55 Grading athletic field, Nebo high school 1,745.05 1,746.05 Road construction, west of Old Fo t 2.665.86 2,665.85 Road construction. Pepper Creek road 2,136.80 2,135.80 Home making program, county 4,183.45 4,183.46 Book repairing. Old Fort schools 329.20 329.20 MECKLENBURG COUNTY Clerical help NRA office, Char- lotte S 99.00 .? s s S 99.00 General improvements County Home, Charlotte 9,732.30 2,100.00 11,832.30 Construction of Farm road, gen- eral improvement of hospital grounds 2,942.65 2.942.65 Drainage in Pineville 4,610.10 4, 610. in! Beautification public play- grounds, Charlotte 7,366.88 7,365.SS Changing creek channels, Char- lotte 7,339.30 13,342.40 20,681.70 Wilkerson Boulevard beautifica- tion 17,331.17 21,517.00 175.00 1,960.00 40,983.17 Planting and grading Hunters- ville public park 741.76 13.00 764.75; Street and sidewalk repair, Char- lotte 20,911.7!) 20,911.79 Street and sidewalk repair, Char- lotte 13,762.99 13,762.99 Street and sidewalk repair, Char- lotte 27,130.03 1,410.00 28,540.03 Street construction, northeast 97,269.83 section of Charlotte 88,672.88 1,559.15 5,662.00 1,486.80 Janitor service, Charlotte schools 1,963.80 1,963.S( Tennis courts at playground. Charlotte 12,978.29 1,490.00 14,468.28 Si Drainage inside town limits. Davidson 1,240.00 1,240.90 Appendix 499 NAME Federal Gov. Funds CWA ERA Local Gov. Funds CWA ERA GRAND TOTAL NAME Federal Gov. Funds Local Gov. Funds GRAND TOTAL CWA ERA CWA ERA Pla.vground leaders, Charlotte $1,026.75 S 5.9S0.34 $ $ Construction of seats, Indepen- dence Park 10. 314. S3 S35.30 975.00 CHy playgrounds, various parl Clerical work county offices, Boone Road repair, Bethel-Reese road Highway improvement from NC 28 Road improvement, Tamarach Road repair, Triplett Constructing (Elkland ) gymnasium and improving county school grounds General repairs of county school buildings, county-wide Regrading school playground, Boone General repair and maintenance of county buildings Finishing equipment at Cove Creek high school Remodeling school lunch room, Boone public school Flooring, Boone public school Repairing Appalachian Teachers College Water system on campus of Ap- palachian Teachers College Improving Cove Creek high school Labor and material for state farm on New River Landscaping, Appalachian State Teachers College County sanitation at schools, county-wide Office help and laborers, A. S. T. C. Middle Fork-Aho and Payne Branch road Road improvements, C I a r k s Creek Repairing streets of Boone Installing index system, register of deeds office Janitorial service in county schools (four) Labor, material needed wrecking old building Privy construction, county-wide Repairing buildings, A. S. T. C. Installing clorinator, A. S. T. C. Constructing library and gym- nasium, A. S. T. C. Repairing heating system and plumbing, Cove Creek school Administrative Plastering rooms and regrading grounds, Oak Grove school Improving playg round and building of Boone high school Improving roads near Boone Draining and surfacing Foscoe- Grandf ather road Road improvement, route 605 from No. 60 to Watauga River Bridge General highway maintenance, county-wide Repairing streets in Boone Tool project, county-wide Road improvement, Poplar G rove Administrative Remodeling ERA office CannuLg of farm produce, coun- ty-wide County farm program, county- wide Repairing basement. A. S. T. C. Improving state fish hatchery Stenographer crop loan office, Boone S 465.75 66.00 66.00 5,041.04 3,878.55 990.00 9,909.59 8,128.19 1,026.00 1,285.30 343.30 10,782.79 6,246.12 3,686.80 1,045.70 890.00 11,868.62 5,776.48 843.80 6,620.28 506.53 456.40 962.93 270.00 270.00 655.37 655.37 154.95 154.95 187.00 187.00 51.15 51.15 228.27 228.27 956.10 956.10 767.25 767.25 2,160.26 1,898.00 685.20 4,743.46 572.65 250.00 822.65 85.50 85.60 546.49 546.49 54.00 54.00 3,443.93 1,508.60 715.00 5,667.53 3,283.38 889.70 775.00 4,948.08 2,322.35 750.00 3,072.35 792.00 1,303.90 346.00 2,441.90 67.50 67.50 5.70 5.70 2,608.41 738.50 9,143.46 12,490.37 198.30 198.30 3,292.38 100.00 189.58 3,581.96 4,199.10 6,785.46 10,984.56 150.75 150.75 2,086.63 2,086.63 102.60 284.40 2.694.63 189.30 1,333.55 144.60 532.80 8,328.61 83.45 446.10 6,047.46 390.55 2,547.50 484.95 1,400.00 102.60 284.40 2,694.63 189.30 1 333.55 144.60 1 932.80 8 328.61 83.45 446.10 6,047.46 482.00 872.55 1,621.66 4,169.16 484.95 532 Appendix NAME Federal Gov. Funds Local Gov. Funds GRAND TOTAL CWA ERA CWA ERA NAME Federal Gov. Funds Local Gov. Funds GRAND TOTAL CWA ERA CWA ERA Construction work benches, Boone Manufacturing gurnionts, eounty- wide Distribution of surph:s coniinod- ities, county-wifle Maintaining relief cattle, county- wide Stenographer federal land bank office, Boone Lunch room wcrkers, Cane Creek school Emergency employment Construction of hospital build- ing, Appalachian State Teach- ers College Grazing cattle, county-wide Storage and distribution com- modities, county-wide Emergency labor Assistant to field representatives, county-wide Farm foreman, county-v\ ide Improving Green \'alley school Improving Howards Creek roads Highway improvement US 221 Highway improvement, Juna- luska Turnpike Highway improvement Alio to Penley Highway improvement Tripiett to Middle Cane Highway improvement Windj' Gap to Kellersville Unloading mules, county Stenographers for installation of occupational records Improving Bairds Creek school Improving county courthouse Bridge construction across Elk Creek Completing gymnasium, Boone public school Janitorial service, ERA office Road improvement from Mabel Beautifying cemetery, Boone Road improvement Silverstone to Mabel Improving Glenn Bernig park Improving county home property Improving streets, Boone Clerical help, farm debt adjust- ment Making office furniture, ERA of- fice Building tunnel. State Teachers College Improving school groiinds, A. S. T. College Sewing rooms (four) Improving Wildcat Road, Stony Creek Visitinjg housekeepers Stenographer, reemployment of- fice Improving Rominger scliool Painting Rutherwood scliool Stenographer for county agent Buying material for canning, county-wide S 49.08 $ 894.28 445.40 681.47 481.95 608.70 16.60 1,892.00 209.50 13.90 30.77 574.80 1,058.60 1.351.40 607.20 1,396.20 568.20 1,956.00 886.40 6.00 2. 084.36 634.00 684.20 269.60 311.20 240.00 65.80 350.40 2,037.60 362.00 375.30 580.20 76.60 294.90 1,094.80 1.087.81 793.80 579.40 120.75 273.00 33.60 96.00 135.00 Cutting wood for reliff fariiilic,';. city of Goldsboro P-31-96-2 Repairing driveways, Willowdule cemetery, Goldsboro Repairing and constructing priv- ies, Eureka Repairing privies, Adamsvillc WAYNE COUNTY 3,102.49 .S 49.08 894.28 445.40 681.47 481.95 60S. 70 16.60 1,981.80 13,873.80 209.50 688.89 13.90 30.77 574.80 508.00 1,566.60 1,351.40 535.00 1,142.20 1,396.20 568.20 1,956.00 SS6.40 6.00 2,084.35 634.00 1,021.76 1,706.95 106.00 375.60 658.60 869.70 240.00 525.00 590.80 187.60 537.90 355.00 2,392.60 176.76 638.76 237.50 612.80 696.50 1,276.70 76.50 294.90 1,686.00 2,779.80 726.00 1.S13.S1 793.80 370.00 949.40 120.76 273.00 28.23 61.83 24.78 120.78 135.00 1,235.20 287.20 408.60 470.60 S S169.80 287.20 3,102.49 408.60 470.60 Repairing privies at Dudley Highway and geodetic survey, Wayne County Drainage, Mt. Olive Repairing and erecting privies, Pikeville Repairing and erecting pri\ies, Fremont Repairing and erecting pri\'ies, Seven Springs Repairing and erecting privies, Mt. Olive National reemployment, oflice lielp, Wayne County Draining Thunder swamp, near Mt. Olive Repairing sidewalks throughout county Building and repairing privies, ' Goldsboro (Iciicral repairs to county school buildings throughout Wayne County Fire wardens for Wayne bank buildings Making improvement on drive- ways at water plant in Wayne County Huild new driveways, walkways, fill in old graves, colored ceme- tery, Wayne County Malarialcontrol, Stony Creek Bedside nursing, Goldsboro, Fre- mont and Mt. Olive Sewing room, Mt. Olive Erection of community house Road improvement, Dobbers- villeroad Improving road, Fremont to Green County line Improving route 102 from route 40 to Sampson County line Building road from 102 to Stephens Xiillroad Repairing road and building bridge near Aycock school Building bridge and repairing roads from Langston towards route 40 Swimming pool, Memorial com- munity building, Wayne County Road repair, route II, soutli of Goldsboro Road repair from Pike\'ille to Greenleaf Road repair from route 117 to Camp Tuscarora Janitorial service, county schools, county-wide Painting and repairing county schools, county-wide Building sidewalks, repairing streets at N.E. River and Tliun- der Swamp Administrative, county Improving dirt streets and ex- tending streets Erection of community center, Pikeville Sewing room , G oldsboro Clerical assistants, superintendent of city schools, Goklsboro Library assistants, public 11 brarj', Ci oldsboro Clerical assistants. City Hall. Gtjldsboro Visiting nurses, throughout county Nurses for city schools, Golds- boro Road repair from Pinkney Church near Johnston County line Additional room at Diggs school 637.40 1,446.60 .? 9.30 S ? 36.50 S 4,338.33 365.93 682.60 4,652.90 559.25 664.23 765.38 684.00 242.64 278.82 1,996.71 313.20 1,108.50 9,087.05 3,449.86 821.68 573.60 1,002.37 28,029.15 6,750.27 190.80 382.65 1,892.95 1,430.72 1,774.70 3.179.31 4,033.30 776.85 689.06 6.2S2.6S 5,380.93 3,896.18 2,227.25 1.933.32 115.20 1,295.86 1,748.46 1,010.00 1,724.61 552.44 8.60.75 292.80 5,028.86 105.30 36.00 94.50 108.00 1,219.80 666.25 689.06 1,618.35 13,281.96 3,896.18 2,227.25 1,933.32 115.20 1,295.86 356.93 1,724.61 1,066.39 464.50 1,304.50 1,504.00 2,370.89 464.50 Ai'i'KNOix 533 NAME Federal Gov. Funds Local Gov. Funds GRAND TOTAL CWA ERA CWA ERA NAME Federal Gov. Funds Local Gov. Funds GRAND TOTAL CWA ERA CWA ERA Repairing Mt. Cartnel colored school $ 447.69 $ Additional room at Christ school, colored 44S.23 Additional room at Reid school 449.48 One room addition at Davis col- ored school 381.05 Two additional rooms at Wesley colored school 601.95 Two additional rooms at Shady Grove colored school 682.71 Improving playground and Improving equipment and play- ment, county schools, Wayne County 14.002.17 General repairs to school build- ings, county-wide 10, SOU. (59 Sidewalk and storm ditches, Eureka 2.013.17 Laying storm sewer. Goldsboro 10,991.25 Filling in street car tracks, Golds- boro 911.31 Improving public buildings and grounds in Goldsboro 1,587.40 Building road from Saulston to Hoods Swamp school road 1.705.40 Gymnasium for Williams Street school. Goldsboro 3.280.13 Clearing right-of-way, sewerage disposal plant, Mt. Olive 5,217.94 Clearing right-of-way. Thunder Swamp Church to Thorough- fare Swamp 2.626.54 Clearing rijiht-of-way, Ay cock Swamp Privy construction, county-wide Isolation ward, Goldsboro Hos- pital Street repair, Fremont P-3 1-9 6-77 Engineering for Anopheline drainage, county-wide 2,409.58 Gravel sidewalks and streets, Pikeville 2,760.09 Administrative, county 2,721.31 Road repair from Seven Springs to Highway 10 1,496.80 County road repair throughout Wayne County 1,313.96 Forest fire prevention, county- wide 972.37 PaintinK state hospital for col- ored, Wayne County 2,269.23 Extending pipe tunnel, state col- ored hospital, Wayne County Additional room, construction of brick walls, Xahunta school 4,120.40 Barber in consolidated school for relief clients of Wayne 28.50 Clerical and general office work, county offices of clerk, regis- ter of deeds 816.65 Storekeeper for Wayne County store room 47.25 General office work, W'ayne Coun- ty schools 807.60 Janitors at Wayne County con- solidated schools 118.50 Nahunta school construction 1S6.68 Construction of library and com- munity center, Mt. Olive Assistant truant officer for Wayne County 34.50 Improving city municipal Air- port, Goldsboro 877.55 Beautifying Herman Park 618.97 Drainage, Goldsboro 5.209.34 Tool project 1,588.44 Nursing relief families, through- out Wayne County Stenographer and typist-clerks in Wayne County schools and offices S 447.69 109.00 4,696.25 1,440.60 701 . 70 6,296.35 432.43 3S4.10 3.609.52 3,123.45 505.20 137.00 497.40 56.25 263.00 50.00 3.709.85 5,404.46 448.23 449.48 3S1 05 661 95 8S2 71 14,111.17 16,449.54 2,714.87 17,720.03 1,332.91 1,587.40 1,705.40 8,093.25 5,217.94 2,626.54 2,752.40 2,752.40 8,025.06 523.63 1,117.50 4,652.90 14,319.09 2,921.00 344.60 256.00 275.55 3,797.15 1,693.95 1,463.00 172.03 278.82 3,435.77 172.03 2,546.58 1,451.16 3,257.49 2,721.31 1,553.05 1,313.96 972.37 5,655.68 666.25 1,171.45 4,120.40 2S.50 816.65 47.25 857.60 118.50 36.50 3,933.03 3,449.85 8,854.31 34.50 877.55 618.97 5,209.34 1,588.44 1,451.16 3,603.80 Canning for fifteen consoUdatJod -schools throughout county $ Drainage, Camp Tuj3carora Rebuilding road from Mt. Olive Highway to Camp Tuscarora Cannery plant located on corner George and Holly streets Erecting fence in Mt. Olive Geodetic control survey, county- wide National reemployment office at Goldsboro Administrative, county Drainage cattle land so that water will enter Little River below Goldsboro water supply Fencing pasture for relief cattle on Thoroughfare Swamp Constructing cattle pens at Golds- boro on site of fair grounds Maintenance and care of cows, Wayne County fairgrounds Pasture for relief cattle, pasture "A" and "C" Fencing pasture for cattle, 4 miles east of Goldsboro Mattressfactory, Wayne County Forest fire control covering Wayne County Distribution of government com- modities and store keeper, Wayne County Pasture f orrelief cattle, eight miles southeast of Goldsboro Sewing room, Mt. Olive Cattle herding, county-wide Rural rehabilitation, Wayne Coun- ty Drainage, Mt. Olive colored high school basement .\lterations and repairs, county ERA office Emergency labor for administrative Stenographers ERA office for Ad- ministrators office Nursery school helper located in Mt Olive Nursery school helper, Goldsboro Resurfacing streets, Mt. Olive Hauling commodities throughout county Wood cutting at wood yard at 719 N. William Street, Goldsboro Senior stenographers, ERA, county office Store room for commodities for Wayne County and Goldsboro Watchman and janitor ERA office of Administrator Butchering cattle at Goldsboro stock pens School lunches throughout county Installation of occupational rec- ords, Wayne County Improving Goldsboro airport, county Information clerk, county ERA office Construction of tubercular cot- tages, Wayne County Stock piling manures, Goldsboro .Malarial control, Wayne County Home Ruralrehabilitation, farm families in Wayne County Repair and making furniture for local ERA office Federal housing program in Wayne County Supervision of recreational activ- ities in and around Goldsboro Repair to ERA truck, Wayne County S 2,999.37 $ 385.80 473.95 1,241.30 174.40 97.69 1,800.75 13,789.74 1,435.55 1.301.15 5,256.78 41,383.75 4,614.35 579.50 980.94 115. SO 406.80 6.877.46 3,149.80 8,070.12 137.60 1.179.41 57.30 .$ 2,999.37 385.80 473.95 114.36 81.94 382.50 2,957.97 4,432.57 500.25 3,295.89 407.40 388.00 933.00 1,019.56 633.30 374.50 623.32 4,670.75 7,400.06 416.94 475.62 493.18 1,567.13 55.50 573.50 1,241.30 747.90 97.69 1,800.75 13,789.74 1,435.55 1,301.15 5,256.78 41,383.75 4,614.35 579.50 980.94 863.20 115.80 406.. SO 6,877.46 3,149.80 8,070.12 137.60 1,179.41 57.30 510.70 114.36 81.94 1,450.00 1,832.50 2,957.97 1,304.50 5,737.07 500.25 3,295.89 407.40 888.00 933.00 1,019.56 109.00 742.30 374.50 432.43 1,055.75 120.00 4,790.75 7,400.06 416.94 475.62 493.18 1,567.13 55.50 534: NAME Federal Gov. Funds Local Gov. Funds GRAND TOTAL CWA ERA CWA ERA Clerical help, seed loan office in Wayne County S Painting Fremont high school Constructing houses, Kentucky farm Repair of park and playgrounds, Goldsboj-o Stenographer farm debt adjust- ment office located in Goldsboro Collection data land utilization, Wayne County Shed room addition to cannery at Goldsboro Visiting housekeepers for rural rehabilitation clients in Wayne County Repairing school building equip- ment, county-wide Mattressfactory in Wayne County Beautifying grounds, Mt. Olive library Filing old records, county ERA office Operation of cannery, Wayne County Clericalhelp in county ERA office Harvesting crops of rural rehabili- tation clients, county-wide Emergency labor, county-wide Clearing road to Miller's farm, Grantham Township Recreational director, Goldsboro Community garden, Goldsboro Making playground equipment, Goldsboro Administrative , city Construction of brick bridge, Goldsboro Repairingstreets, Goldsboro Assistant attendance office, Goldsboro Building streets, Center Street to George Street Japanese beetle traps, Wayne County 65S.05 1,316.18 2,315.30 277.60 376.50 101.82 34.30 1,054.20 447.15 1,329.87 9.00 42.00 562.94 424.00 52.00 45.15 239.50 67.50 2. 388.77 86.90 1,660.26 1,074.25 548.00 85.40 1,793.10 112.00 1,117.50 S 658.05 2,433.68 2,315.30 172.03 449.63 376,50 137.00 238.82 56.25 90.55 1,054.20 263.00 710.15 1,329.87 9 00 42 00 562 94 424 00 52 00 45 15 239 50 67 50 2,3S8 77 S6 90 1,660 26 1,439.10 2,513.35 2,256.00 2,804.00 85.40 1,793.10 112.00 WILKES COUNTY School ground improvements, Wilkesboro i Improving grounds, Walling Spring, make school desks, Harmon school Completing and repainting N. Wilkesboro school Road repair from Traphill to Elkin Road repair from Fair Plains to Daughton Sewerage, North Wilkesboro Dig well and construct curb. Pleasant Hill Grading county school grounds, Wilkesboro Drainage line down main street, Wilkesboro Build tennis courts, improve foot- ball field, construct sheds, Wilkesboro schools Construct water line down Bridge Street, Wilkesboro Repairs streets and sidewalks, Wilkesboro Repairs to county schools Paint and repair Union school. Cricket Grading driveway to school. Cricket Paint and repair county jail, Wilkesboro 'Dig well, installing new pumps, Roaring River 93.00 % S 11.05 S 175.50 80.70 256.20 2,779.04 78S.S0 1,930.71 5,498.55 4,905.75 3,143.40 621.25 8,670.40 5,260.40 9,104.58 1,321.25 1,157.50 16,843.73 1,445.85 173.00 1,618.85 456.30 108.95 565.25 1,091.40 163.20 80.00 1,334.60 300.00 49.00 349.00 1,468.52 1,468.52 1,325.70 1,325.70 3,089.05 2,873.01 144.30 47.00 6,153.36 166.40 253.00 419.40 68.20 68.00 136.20 824.85 43.20 387.70 1,255.75 995.20 72.00 100.25 25.50 1,192.95 349.05 s.oo 354.05 DIX Federal Gov. Funds Local Gov Funds GRAND NAME TOTAL CWA ERA CWA ERA Sanitary sewer line, North Wilkesboro § 815.60 S S S S 815.60 Cutting wood and making play- grounds, Goshen 9,731.90 9,731.90 Dig well and construct curb, Miller's Creek school 420.00 5.00 425.00 Grading streets. North Wilkes- boro 8,827.30 7,668.58 16,495.88 Repairing home economics room, seats in auditorium and boilers, Wilkesboro high school 322.45 322.45 Grading F Street, North Wilkes- boro 2,566.75 497.75 3,064.50 Grading 7th Street, North Wilkes- boro 1,018.60 1,018.60 Grading city streets. North Wil- kesboro 1,815.10 575.28 190.50 2,580.88 Road improvement from No. 60 at Cricket post office to Hen- . drix 8,441.77 9,688.35 495.00 18,625.12 Road improvement from Ronda to Iredell County line 6,409.00 5,033.84 540.00 11,982.84 Road improvement from No. 60 to IS 5,231.03 13,573.38 545.00 50.00 19,399.41 Painting Whittington school building 96.00 143.25 239.25 Mechanics for county school buses, Wilkesboro 247.50 363.00 610.50 Painting county courthouse 1,306.05 38.40 346.00 10.50 1,700.95 Beautification of Cain Creek school grounds 67.50 67.50 Constructing road and grading playgrounds. Sheets 780.00 95.00 875.00 Clerical help in county offices 262.80 262.80 Painting and repairs North Wilkesboro high school 2,028.71 696.00 218.60 51.90 2,995.21 Making chairs for county schools 1,462.80 72S.0O 663.25 2,854.05 Grading streets. North Wilkes- boro 689.10 689.10 Distributing government com- modities. North Wilkesboro 110.40 6,961.87 7,072.27 Clerical assistance county offices. Wilkesboro 440.25 440.25 Janitorial service Wilkesboro high school 13.50 13.50 Repairs to boilers in county schools 242.25 165.00 407.25 Making tables and teachers desks. county schools 860.32 262.80 380.00 264.95 1,768.07 Repair and paint and improve grounds, Burke school in Murtie 963.76 40.00 1,003.76 Digging well at Cherry Grove school 239.20 111.90 2.00 353.10 Janitorial service, ERA offices. Wilkesboro 58.50 469.81 528.31 Repairs to building and grounds. Friendship in Vannoy 100.50 2.00 102.60 Grading I Street, North Wilkes- boro 40.50 40.50 Rebuilding Ferguson school building, Ferguson 10,380.97 1,423.00 3,550.00 1,012.53 16,366.50 Painting and repairing school. Summitt 192.70 2.00 194.70 Privy construction, county-wide 8,056.09 7,264.50 9,162.50 33,318.31 57,801.40 Indexing vital statistics, Wilkes- boro 219.00 76.90 295.90^ Paint and repair New Hope school, Purlear 145.98 3.00 148.98 Sewer line, Wilkesboro 2,016.19 65.00 2,081.19 Water line, North Wilkesboro 2,804.28 160.00 2,964.28; Grading B Street, North Wilkes- boro 4.75 4.75 Grading G Street, North Wilkes- boro 984.70 984.70 Indoor painting, Wilkesboro school 746.17 705.80 412.73 1,864.69 Painting and repairing Hay Meadow scliool 100.80 93.60 194.40 Grading and repairing streets, Wilkesboro 1,687.26 3,783.78 61.50 5,532.54 Labor and material for establish- ing nursery school 231.05 231.05 Beautification of city streets. Wilkesboro 313.90 313.90 Appendix 535 Federal Gov. Funds Local Gov. Funds NAME CWA ERA CWA ERA GRAND TOTAL NAME Federal Gov. Funds Local Gov. Funds GRAND TOTAL CWA ERA CWA E^A Gas and oil for project supervisor Tool for blacksmith shop Cook at nursery school, North Wilkesboro Laying water line, Wilkesboro Teacher in illiterate school, Boomer Teachers forilliterate and nursery schools, Boomer Reroofing Mt. Crest school Constructing concrete sidewalks, Wilkesboro Farm supervisors' assistants, county- wide Farming project, county-wide Administrative Painting Lincoln Heights school roof Deepening well and building curb, Purlear Building ERA office equipment, ^ county-wide School census takers, North Wilkesboro Reconstructing sidewalks, Wilkes- boro Painting teacherage, Ronda Highway repairs from Elkville to county line Constructing work benches, county-wide Janitor, North Wilkesboro high school Emergenc5' crop loan office help, North Wilkesboro Emergency labor, county-wide Preparing records of rural reha- bilitation, county-wide Nursery school helper, North Wilkesboro Cattle project, North Wilkesboro Reroofing house west of Moravian Falls Building cots for nursery school, North Wilkesboro Lunch rooms, North Wilkesboro Quilting comforts. North Wilkes- boro Sewing room, county-wide Opening and repairing streets, Wilkesboro Caring for ERA cattle, county Rem,odeling and painting relief offices, county-wide Planting turnip patches, Cling- n^an Plowing and harrowing turnip patch Clerical help, PWA engineer's office. North Wilkesboro Regrading streets. North Wilkes- boro Grading playgrounds, North Wilkesboro Meat cutter Installation of occupational rec- ords. North Wilkesboro Highway repair, county Repairing roof, Mt. View school Regrading and drainage streets, Ronda Highway repair near Alleghany County line Highway repair, Wilbur to Shew Improving highway, Summitt to Pattons Ridge Repairing flue. North Wilkesboro school Grading driveway to Concord school Clerical help, farm debt adjust- ment Unloading mules, county Erecting fence around county jail 34. 5S § § 232.77 S7.20 156.90 279.60 319.00 62.40 10S.95 34.58 319.97 156.90 3SS.55 441.00 266.55 993 47 7,132 91 9,391 47 SI 60 66.00 1, SOS. 00 2S.S0 337 71 213 SO 93S 70 29.03 1S5 20 312.70 25.00 70.42 15.60 54.21 123.26 1,016.S5 615.16 5,414.00 3,726.88 80.00 1,060.91 3.00 16.00 180.50 1,957.24 982.93 61.00 4,493.12 1,071.00 106. SO 1,364.18 3.664.40 1,056.20 1,202.95 14.00 445.80 10.50 298.55 300.87 319.00 144.30 206.70 219.50 486.06 993.47 7,132.91 9,391.47 87.50 169.10 26.80 92.80 1,808.00 3.95 32.75 175.50 513.21 96.40 310.20 938.70 29.03 166.20 312.70 26.00 70.42 16.60 54.21 123.26 1,016.85 615.16 21.00 6,435.00 18.00 3,844.88 80.00 1,060.91 3.00 16.00 180.50 54.00 2,011.24 22.60 1,005.43 61.00 4,493.12 1,071.00 69.26 176.05 48.30 1,402.48 3,664.40 1,056.20 1,202.95 15.02 29.02 445.80 10. SO 298.56 35.95 836.82 Caring for rural rehabilitation mules Demolition of house, Mt. View Improving Arbor school grounds. Call Improving highway from NC 268 Improving highway Ejom Congo Road to No. 60 Planting trees, Wilkesboro Beautifying cemetery, Wilkesboro Street improvement, North Wilkesboro Land utilization areas Highway improvement from No. 115 Road improvement from NC 268 Clerical help, farm debt adjust- ment, North Wilkesboro Building office furniture, county Highway improvement to Boone Trail Repair Mt. View high school Practical nurses, county Improving Maple Springs school Painting Hendrix schools Visiting housekeepers, county- wide Improving of streets, Roaring River Caring for Jaoka, county Federal Housing Program , North Wilkesboro Improving grounds, Mt. View high school Buying material for canning, county Rearing and protecting bees, county Painting county jail, North Wilkesboro Demolition of Gordon school, North Wilkesboro Administration office $ 16.00 $ 1,156.60 193.05 2,295.61 1,987.45 61.25 469.25 210.36 327.00 831.15 162.96 10.60 60.00 451.72 4,937.00 137.73 214.00 289.50 396.60 307.20 45.00 10.50 339.00 1,009.10 218.50 96.50 748.85 2,263.02 WILSON COUNTY Repairs to city and county schools Repairs to city and county schools Repairs to water main and hy- drant, Wilson Improvements to city-o w n e d white and colored cemeteries Malaria control. Elm City Malaria control, Toisnot S\vamp Malaria control through swamp adjoining Stantonsburg t o Contentnea Creek Malaria control. Harmony Swamp Construction sewerage disposal plant, Elm City Sewer and water extension, Wil- son Road repairfrom Wilson to John- ston County line Road repair from Stantonsburg to Black Creek Road repair from Saratoga to Gardner school Repairs to house occupied by Wilson utilities engineer Extension of city park, Wilson Road repairfrom Kenly to Bailey Repairing material storeroom at the utilities plant, Wilson Repairing Peter Bailey Mill Road Sanitary privy construction, county- wide No project Administrative $ 16.00 1,156.60 193.05 2,295.61 3,368.00 6,355.45 66.80 128.05 52.60 521.76 409.00 619.35 142.00 469.00 831.15 152.95 10.50 21.71 81.71 461.72 2,137.48 7,074.48 137.73 84.26 298.26 80.10 369.60 280.00 115.00 143.00 396.60 587.20 46.00 10.50 454.00 1,009.10 218.50 239.50 748.85 2,263.02 7,309.79 S $ $ $ 7,309.79 24,874.37 24,874.37 2,502.20 2,502.20 1,399.75 1,399.75 2,029.40 2,029.40 15,242.92 1,038.85 16,281.77 979.58 979.68 5,017.12 6,017.12 934.70 934.70 48,788.27 24,356.18 912.76 74,067.20 6,884.86 6,884.86 872.15 872.15 987.95 987.95 686.50 6S6.50 6,717.63 6,717.63 3,572.01 3,572.01 3,809.68 3,809.68 1,170.60 5,422.52 6,593.12 9,590.47 931.44 13,636.02 24,156.93 115.80 116.80 3,315.72 3,316.72 536 Appendix NAME Federal Gov. Funds CWA Jjoca) Gov. Funds CWA ERA GRAND TOTAL na:\. E Federal Gov. Funds Local Gov. Funds GRAND TOTAL CWA ERA CWA ERA Wells and pumps and privies for schools, county-wide $ Rural electrification, county-wide Forest fire prevention, county- wide School lunch room, county-wide Sewing room, county-wide Recreational facilities city parks, Wilson Supervising recreational facilities, Wilson Community canning, county- wide Community farm garden, coun- ty-wide Administrative Cattle pens adjacent to abattoir, Wilson Meat canning building construc- tion, Wilson Emergency nursing, county-wide Rural rehabilitation School attendance supervision, county- wide Fire fighting and control, county- wide County-wide cattle herding Fencing pasture, county-wide Installation canning equipment, Wilson Fencing pasture, coqnty-wide Canning beef, Wilson Fencing pastures, county-wide Clerical lielp, reemployment office Stenographer for Federal Hous- ing Program, county-wide Clerical help, ERA office Nursery school maids and jani- tors, county Distribution of government com- modities, county-wide Painting courthouse, Wilson Nursery school teaching, Wilson Illiterate teaching, county Installation of occupational rec- ords, county Remodeling ERA office, Wilson Janitorservice, ERA office Federal Housing Program, county Care of rural rehabilitation mules, county Photographic records, county Memorial construction, county Distribution of fresh meat, county Rural electrification, Wilson Surfacing streets, Wilson Japanese beetle traps, W^ilson Delimiting utilization areas, county Repairing buildings on rural re- habilitation farm Individual gardens, county Individual garden supervisors, county 1,196.65 S 1,050.80 ? 43.20 900.90 7,818.71 2,141.20 1,030.80 1,173.76 9,009.96 12,428.78 268.90 1,732.15 699.75 6,163.77 313.20 755.40 7,076.46 1,002.25 1,546.98 1,120.65 59,549.62 1,560.80 1,017.35 855.75 1,707.88 292.14 330.43 40.00 164.40 47.50 1,532.39 1,397.46 284.39 963.20 148.77 8.15 235.10 30.36 10,988.60 90.40 270.49 575.63 174.56 $ 2,247.45 43.20 108.00 900.90 1,202.25 9,020.96 300.40 2,441.60 1,030.80 1,173.76 637.00 9,646.96 12,428.78 44.00 1,391.60 3,123.75 103.00 802.76 6,163.77 313.20 755.40 7,076.46 1,002.25 1,546.98 1,120.65 1,700.00 61,249.62 1,560.80 1,017.35 855.75 1,707.88 292.14 330.43 1,576.65 1,616.65 164.40 47.50 1,532.39 1,397.46 284.39 597.00 963.20 148.77 8.15 832.10 30.36 6,224.90 17,213.50 1,023.00 1,023.00 1,316.60 90.40 399 49 675 63 174 56 316.60 Improvements to county home property § Improvement of public ruad near Huntsville Street and sidewalk repair, Booneville Repairs to high school and gym- nasium, Yadkinville Paint and repair Hamptonville and Windsors Cross Roads schools Grading and beautifying grounds, building rock wall, Jonesville high school Construction of sanitary privies, county-wide Installing water and sewer system, county courthouse Construction of gymnasium, East .Bend high school Street and sidewalk repair, Booneville Improvement county home prop- erty Administrative Clerical workers in four high schools Hot lunches in schools, county Farm and garden program Clerical work, reemployment of- fice, Yadkinville Administrative Painting and repairing court- bci'se, Yadkin Cemetery improvement, Jones- ville Clerk in commodity store room Clerical work, farm debt adjust- ment, county Building furniture for ERA office, county Emergency labor, county-wide Installation of occupational rec- ords, county-wide Janitorial service, courthouse Improvement to East Bend school Improvement to grounds, East Bend school -* Remodeling ERA office Sewing rooms, county Tool and sundry equipment Pruning trees on school property Construction of road east of Yad- kinville Repairing streets, Yadkinville Drainage, Deep Creek Highway improvement from East Bend Highway improvement on No. 60 Improvements to Courtney school Improve highway from No. 26 Visiting housekeepers, county Buying materials for canning, county 6,089.16 651.20 1,721.35 1,107.67 324.00 1,059.49 3,825.17 1.266.05 1,757.87 4,625.45 4.698.38 138.35 236.80 2.846.17 723.40 1,280.02 202.80 135.00 3,008.15 626.70 7.575.19 423.25 754.70 299.07 12.00 1,557.15 166.75 254.10 72.20 202.61 5,357.58 111.99 38.04 56.30 1,131.20 4,311.84 868.14 527.50 493.43 801.80 216.00 671.75 144.50 $ 6,089.16 651.20 1,721.35 1,107.67 705.30 1,059.49 10,013.85 16,685.19 1.500.00 511.35 4,000.80 2,942.00 S66.20 6,846.09 4,625.45 567.70 6,890.38 138.35 202.80 135.00 80.00 3,088.15 626.70 7,575.19 647.00 2,063.05 158.00 581.25 754.70 210.00 299.07 12.00 1.557.15 166.75 273.33 527.43 94.60 166.70 202.61 5,357.58 111.99 38.04 169.40 225.70 470.00 1,601.20 4.311.84 414.00 1,282.14 393.00 920.50 433.50 926.93 45.00 846.80 216.00 671.75 YADKIN COUNTY Janitorial service. Red Cross, Yadkinville S 22.50 S Repairing county roads, Yadkin- ville to NC 60 5,357.70 Repairing county roads from No. 26 to No. 90 4,976.36 Road repair from Jonesville to Iredell County line 3,752.60 TopsoilinE and draining county roads, county-wide 3,966.61 Road repair from Rockford to NC 80 3,783.10 YANCEY COUNTY General maintenance of county 22.50 highways, county-wide $ 635.70 $ ! Highway improvement. State 5,357.70 highway 695 4,435.56 Road repair from Burnsville to 4,976.36 Day Book 7,697.29 Highway construction below Day 3.752.60 Book, Huntsdale 4,086.31 4,138.10 Surfacing Green Mountain road, 3.965.61 Micaville 3,048.74 Repairing side streets, draining 3,783.10 ditches. Burnsville 2,726.80 $ 635.70 4,435.56 7,697.29 484.00 8,708.41 3,048.74 2,726.80 Appendix 537 NAME Federal Gov. Funds Local Gov. Fuiida GRAND TOTAL CWA ERA CWA ERA Federal Gov. Funds Local Gov. Funds NAME CWA ERA CWA ERA GRAND TOTAL Erecting sanitary privies at seliools, county-wide S Improving playgrounds at Bald Creek high school Grading athletic field and play- grounds, Burnsville, high school Watersupply for Bald Creek high school 1, Clerical work, reemployment oiEce Repairingschoolbus road off 104 Surfacing road, Brush Creek sec- tion 1, Road repair, Mine Fork to Pig Pen Road 1 Surfacing O'Possum-Trot Road I Highway improvement, Blue Rock Road 2 Addition to watersystem, Burns- ville I StateGame Farm and Fish Hatch- ery near Busic II 'I Privy construction, county-wide 2 Gymnasium and assembly hall at Bald Creek high school 5 Tool and sundry equipment, coun- ty-wide State game farm and fish hatchery Sewing room, Burnsville Rural rehabilitation, county-wide Tlepairing highway 693 Farm and garden supervisors' helpers, county-wide Administrative 5S0.45 s 951.09 505.90 756.29 243.60 90S. 62 ,978.15 ,980.35 ,065.80 1,223.40 ,352.04 464.35 ,612.40 ,735.26 4,447.72 ,591.52 2,795.90 210.09 6,203.80 4,982.62 1,256.21 532.40 1,911.00 5,071.66 S 580.45 951.09 505.90 1,756.29 243,50 908.62 1,849.85 1.978.15 1,980.35 64.00 3.353.20 43.00 1,859.39 11,612.40 21.625.87 28,808.85 .00 ,475.42 210.09 4,949.33 11,153.13 12.50 4.995.12 1,256.21 532.40 1,911.00 5,071.66 Holding pen construction, cuunty- wide Farm and garden program, county- wide Hauling surplus commodities, Burnsville Pasturing and ranging cattle, county-wide Lunchrooms, county-wide Micaville high school gymnasium floor Repairing road to Hominy Church, Radford Creek Clerical help, installation of occu- pational records, Burnsville Care of rural rehabilitation mules Nursing relief clients in Jack's Creek Township Reforestation of state park, Mt. Mitchell Highway improvement on Cat Tail Creek, near Pensacola Street impro\ enient, Burnsville Painting administrative office Assistants for home economist, county-wide Highway improvements from Burnsville Clerical help. Reemployment of- fice Stenographer, county farm agent Construction of Power Dam in Mt. Mitchell game refuge ERA office janitor, Burns^'ille S 606.45 6,943.65 696.22 1,075.15 1,386.50 206.85 2,478.80 265.40 60.00 16.03 229.80 1,598.50 1,665.50 57.60 1,015.00 224.70 202.40 163.90 S 606.45 1,482.52 8,426.17 696.22 18.40 1,075.15 1,386.50 121.00 327.85 32.00 2,510.80 265.40 60.00 16.03 3,466.00 3,694.80 260.00 1,868.50 330.00 1,995.50 67.60 1,015.00 64.00 288.70 202.40 153.90 1,690.46 1,708.85 36.80 Only contributions on which value was reported by sponsors are shown. f INDEX Page ACCOUNTING AND AUDITING DEPARTMENT. .27, 371 Federal Funds Made A\ailable by the Federal Emergency Relief Administration — Statement of Receipts and Expenditures by Funds, Including" Authorized Transfers — June, 1933-May, 1936, (Table) 372 Local Funds Made Available by Political Subdivisions — Statement of Receipts and Expenditures, (Table) 372 Personnel — June, 1 935 390 Personnel — September, 1 935 412 BENEFITS OF THE EMERGENCY RELIEF PRO- GRAM 59 A\erage Relief Benefits, Per Capita, Per Relief Person, and By Size of Family, (Charts) 42, 43, 134 CANNING Accidents in Abattoirs and Meat Canning Plants, (Table) 351 Federal Surplus Commodities 356, 357 Projects, Summary of 243 Vegetables and Fruits Canned from Gardens, (Tables) 292 CASE LOAD Case Load, By Months, (Tables and Charts) 24, 32, 38 Case Load Turnover — November, ig34-October, 1935, (Table) .... 37 Case Load and Federal Fund Allotments, (Table) 426-428 Cases Receiving Relief, (Table) 141 Cases Receiving Direct Relief, By Counties, (Table) 429-430 Cases Receiving Work Relief, By Counties, (Table) 430-43' Cases Receiving Relief, Net Number of. By Counties, (Table) . . . .432-433 Distribution of Resident Persons on Relief in North Carolina, (Map) 32 Families and Single Persons Receiving Relief, By Months, (Chart) 39 Intensity of General Relief in the United States, (Map) 46 Intensity of Relief in North Carolina and in the United States, Comparison of, (Chart) 46 Number and Distribution of Families By Size, (Tables) 137, 139 Number of Relief Cases Employed on Projects, (Table) 151 Population — General and Relief, By Color and Place of Residence, (Chart) 33 Population — General and Relief, Classified By Counties as to Persons and Families, (Table) 54 Residence of Relief Cases, (Chart) 36 Residual Case Load as of December 5, 1935, Analysis of, (Table). . 142 Size of Family — Relief and General Population, (Charts) .... 136, 138 White and Colored, Distribution of Case Load Between, By Coun- ties, (Chart) 130 CATTLE PROGRAM (Drought) 61, 347 .\ccidents in Abattoirs and Meat Canneries, (Table) 351 Federal Surplus Commodities, (Table) 356-357 CIVILIAN CONSERVATION CORPS 25, 61, 359 Act of Congress, March 31, 1933, Creating CCC, (Appendix) 415 EnroUees, Employment Status of, (Table) 364 Enrollees, Tabulation of, (Tables) 362, 363, 364 Legislation of 13 COMMODITIES See Surplus Commodities Division COMPENSATION Legal Counsel Personnel 390 Under CWA 112 CONSOLIDATION OF COUNTY UNITS 29, 137 N. C. ERA Districts After Consolidation of County Units, Novem- ber, 1934-August, 1935, (Maps) 30 N. C. ERA Districts After September. 1 935, (Maps) 30 COOPERATIVE ORGANIZATIONS See Self-Help Cooperatives DENTAL CARE 145 DEVELOPMENT OF RELIEF ADMINISTRATION IN NORTH CAROLINA 22 Page Administration of CWA 31 Cost of Relief 41 County Aid 47 Economic Conditions, Trends of — 1933- 1936 31 Establishment of North Carolina Emergency Relief Administration . . 26 Governor's Council on Unemployment Relief 22 Governor's Office of Relief 23 Observations and Recommendations 63 Relief Standards 51 Reorganizations of ERA Following CWA 55 Source of Funds 45 State Aid 45 Volume of Relief 37 DIRECT RELIEF 51 Average Monthly Number of Cases Receiving Direct Relief, By Counties and By Quarters — July, 1933-December, 1935, (Table) 429-43° Obligations Incurred for Direct Relief, (Tables and Charts) 52, 53, 149-150, 433-434 EMERGENCY EDUCATION 61, 317 Camps for Young Women, Number of Trainees, and Cost, (Table) . . 327 College Student Aid 329 College Student Aid — Number of Students Aided and Amount Earned, (Table) 330 Institutes, Number of Trainees, and Cost, (Table) 327 Number of Teachers and Pupils and Costs, (Table) 319 Number of Teachers Employed and Salaries, By Months, (Tables).. 317 Nursery Schools, (Table) 324 Personnel — June, 1935 390 Projects, Types of — Number of Teachers, Number of Pupils, and Amount of Money Involved, (Table) 320-321 Relation to Social Service Division 131 Youth Camps 327 EMPLOYMENT CCC Enrollees, Employment Status of, (Table) 364 CWA Quota 71 Labor for ERA Work Projects, Selection of '54- '59 Re-Employment Service 65, 73 Work Program Earnings and Persons at Work, (Chart) 152 Work Relief Program of the N. C. ERA, (Chart) 166 EXPENDITURES AND OBLIGATIONS Direct Relief, Obligations Incurred for, By Counties and By Quar- ters-July, 1933-December, 1935, (Table) 433-434 Distribution of Relief By Type^uly, 1934-February, 1935, (Chart) 132 Emergency Education Camps for Young Women, Cost of — August- October, 1 935, (Table) 327 Emergency Education Institutes, Cost of— July, 1 934-September, 1935. (Table) 327 Emergency Education Program, Amount of Money Involved, By Months — September, ig34-September, 1935, (Table) 320-321 Emergency Education Program, Cost of, By Months — September, 1934-August, 1935, (Table) : 319 ERA Expenditures and Expenditures of Governmental Units for the State of North Carolina By Field of Activity — March 29, 1934-December 5, 1935. (Chart) 161, 163 ERA Expenditures, Classified According to Fields of Activity of Projects and Labor — March 29, 1934-December 5, 1935, (Table) 424-425 Expenditures of ERA Dollar — Based on Obligations Incurred for Twelve Months Ending March 31, 1935, (Chart) 50 Expenditures of ERA Dollar — April, 1935, (Chart) 126 Expenditures Under CWA and ERA Work Programs, Analysis of, (Table) 449-537 540 Index Page Funds (Local) Made Available by Political Subdivisions — Statement of Receipts and Expenditures, (Table) 372 Funds (Federal) Made Available By the FERA — Statement of Re- ceipts and Expenditures by Funds including Authorized Transfers — -June I, ig33-May 31, 1936, (Table) 372 How the Client's Dollar is Spent — Based on Obligations Incurred for Relief — April, 1934-March, 1935, (Chart) 129 Public Funds, Obligations Incurred from. By Months — April, 1933, to December, 1 935, (Table) 38 Public Funds, Obligations Incurred fiom. By Quarters — April, 1 933-December, 1 935, (Chart) 40 Relief, Obligations Incurred for, in North Carolina, from Public Funds, (Chart) 152 Relief, Obligations Incurred for, By Type of Goods or Service Ex- tended — .-Vpril, ig34-March, 1935, (Table) 128 Special Programs, Obligations Incurred for, By Counties and By Quarters — ;July. 1 933-December, 1935, (Table) 436-437 Transients, Current Operations and Permanent Plant and Equip- ment Costs, and Cost Per Person, By Months, April, I934-Decem- ber, 1935, (Table) 337 Work and Direct Relief, Obligations Incurred for in North Carolina — January, ig33-December, 1935, (Chart) 53 Work and Direct Relief, Obligations Incurred for. Per Cent of Total Obligations for Work Relief. By Month.s — January, 1 933- December. 1935, (Table) 52 Work and Direct Relief, Obligations Incurred for. By Ciounties — April, ig34-March, 1935, (Table) 149-150 Work Relief, Obligations Incurred for, By Counties and B\ Quarters — July. 1 933-December, 1935, (Table) 435-436 FARM DEBT ADJUSTMENT COMMISSION 315 FARM AND GARDEN PROGRAMS 25 Chart of Farm and Garden and Rehabilitation Program 293 Data Relating to the Farm and Garden Program, (Table 438-442 Projects, Summary of 245 Vegetables and Fruits Canned from Gardens. (Table) 292 FEDERAL CIVIL WORKS ADMINISTRATION 65 Creation — Executive Order of the President 15 Funds Made Available to the FEIL'V and the Source of these Funds . . 417 Plan for CWA 15 Specific Set-Up and Procedure 65 FEDERAL EMERGENCY RELIEF ADMINISTRA- TION 26 Emergency Relief Act of May. 1 933 14 (Full text found in j'Xppendix, Page 416) Emergency Relief Appropriation .'\ct of 193" 16 FERA ,\ct of May 12, 1933 ... 416 FERA Grants to States — May 23, 1933 — November 30, 1935, (Chart) 48 FERA Grants to States (Per Capita) — May 23, ig33-September 30, I935> (Chart) 49 FERA Grants to the State of North Carolina — May 23, 1933-Feb- ruary 1 1, 1936, (Table) 422-423 Funds Made Available to FER.\ and the Source of these Funds. . 417 President Roosevelt's Message of March 21, 1933, to Congres- . . . . 12 President Roosevelt's Message to Congress — January 4, 193^ 18 President Roosevelt's Statement of February 28, 1934 16 FEDERAL PROJECTS (CWA) 91 FINANCE DIVISION 27, 371 Accounting and Auditing Departmer' 37'"373 Bookkeeping Department -37 1-373 Disbursing Department 371-373 E.xpenditures, Classified According to Fields of Activity of Projects and Labor, (Table) 424-425 Expenditures Under CWA and ERA Work Programs, .'\nalysis of, (Table) 449-537 Expenditures by Funds, (Table) 372 Pay Roll Department 37^-373 Personnel — June, 1 935 388 Administrative Staff — September, 1935 412 Statistical Department , 37'-373 Page FOREWORD 7 FUNDS Analysis of Total Expenditures Under CW.\ and ERA Work Pro- grams, Classified as to Federal and Local Government Funds, (Table) 449-537 Cost of Relief — Grants and Expenditures 41 Federal Funds Made Available by the FER.'\, (Table) 372 Local Funds Made .\vailafale by Political Subdivisions, (Table) .... 372 GOVERNOR'S COUNCIL ON UNEMPLOYMENT AND RELIEF 22 GOVERNOR'S OFFICE OF RELIEF 23 GRANTS FERA, Funds Made .'\vailable by, (Table) 372 FERA Grants to North Carolina, Analysis of, (Table 422-423 FER.A Grants to States, (Charts) 48, 49 Local Funds Made Available by Political Subdivisions, (Taole) .... 372 RFC Grants to North Carolina and County .\IlotmenLs, By Months, (Table) 23 INTRODUCTION 9 LABOR RELATIONS, WAGE RATES, AND WORK- ING HOURS 24, 66, 67, 73, 265 LEGISLATION Act of Congress, March 31, 1933, Creating the CCC 415 Emergency Relief .Appropriation Act of 1935 16 Emergency Relief Act of May 12, 1933 14, 416 Explanation of the Provisions of the Social Secuiity Ac 418 North Carolina Rural Rehabilitation Corporation ,'\ct 418 RFC Legislation — Title I — July, 1 932 415 MEDICAL CARE 25, 145 Cost of Medical Care 128, 146, 148 NORTH CAROLINA CIVIL WORKS ADMINISTRA- TION 31, 67 Classification of CWA Projects By Type and By Size 99-104 Compensation 112 Employment Quotas 71 Expenditures Under CWA and ER.A Work Programs, .\nalysis of, By Counties, (Table) 449-537 Interruption of Social Program by CW.\ and Problems Growing out of CWA 135 Purchasing Division 75 Safety Division 107 Transfers from Relief Rolls and Employment Placements 73 NORTH CAROLINA EMERGENCY RELIEF ADMIN- ISTRATION Accounting and Auditing 371 Administration, Development of 22 .Administration of Civil Works 31 Administrative Personnel 27 Cooperation with Other Agencies 62 Consolidation of County .Administrative Units 29, 137 Commission 26 Direct and Work Relief 51 Districts After Consolidation 30 Establishment. (May, 1933) 26 Expenditures under CW.-\ and ER.\ Work Programs, .Analysis of. By Counties 449-537 Liquidation 8, 41 Local Administrations 29 Observations and Recommendations 63 Organization Chart — Rural Rehabilitation Division 284 Organization Chart — N. C. ER.A 56-57 Reorganization of ERA following CWA 55 Rural Rehabilitation Program 55, 285 Safety Division 60, 275 .Social Service Division 55, 1 23 Works Division 59, I5r, 265 NORTH CAROLINA FISHERIES, INCORPORATED 61, 341 Index 541 Page NORTH CAROLINA SELF-HELP CORPORA- TION 6i, 341 NURSERY SCHOOLS 324 NUTRITION DEPARTMENT 340 Personnel — June, 1 935 390 OBLIGATIONS AND EXPENDITURES See Expenditures and Obligations OBSERVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 63 OCCUPATIONAL SURVEY Census of Eligible Workers on Relief 156, 157 Summary of Occupational Survey in North Carolina — March, 1935 +43-448 OLD FORT TANNERY 266 PERSONNEL Distribution of District Administrative Personnel By Field of Activity 28 District Adininistrative Staff — September, 1935 412 District Personnel — June, 1 935 390 Local CWA and ERA Administrators 116 State Administrative Staff— June, 1935 387 State Administrative Staff — September, 1935 412 State CWA-ERA Administrative Staff 115 POPULATION General and Relief 33. 54 Number and Distribution of Families, By Size 37, 139 Per Cent of Population on Relief, By Counties, (Maps) 143, 144 PUBLIC RELATIONS DIVISION 339 Personnel — June, 1935. and September, 1935 3B9. 412 PUBLIC RELIEF, HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF 9 PURCHASING DIVISION 270 CWA 75 Personnel — June, 1 935 387 Purchase and Contribution of Materials, Supplies, and Equipment. . 77 RECOMMENDATIONS AND OBSERVATIONS 63 RECONSTRUCTION FINANCE CORPORATION Case Load and Federal Fund Allotments 426-428 Governor's Office of Relief 23 Grants to North Carolina, By Months 23 Legislation — July, 1932 12, 415 Loans to States for Relief Purposes, President Hoover's Statement Proposing 11 RELIEF ADMINISTRATION IN NORTH CAROLINA, DEVELOPMENT OF See Development of Relief Administration in North Carolina RESEARCH AND SURVEYS See Surveys and Research RURAL ELECTRIFICATION 62, 365 Projects r 99, 252 Surveys 365 RURAL REHABILITATION DIVISION 55, 285 Budgets 310 Clients Accepted for Rural Rehabilitation, Number of, and Average Amount of Fund Advances 299 Corporation, The North Carolina Rural Rehabilitation 294 Act — Public Laws of North Carolina — Chapter 314 418 Farm Colonies and Work Centers 299 Farm Debt Adjustment Commission 315 Farm and Garden and Rehabilitation Program — 1934 293, 438-442 Home Economics Program 305 Live-at-Home Program 289 Organization Chart 284 Outlook for Rural Rehabilitation in North Carolina 311 Personnel — June, 1935 388 Plan for Rehabilitation of Farmers in Eastern North Carolina. . . .281-283 Projects 306 State Functions og^. SAFETY DEPARTMENT 60, 107, 269, 275-279 Accidents in .-Abattoirs and Meat Caiming Plants 351 Lost-Time Accidents 279 Page Personnel — June, 1935 387 SELF-HELP COOPERATIVE 61, 341 SELF-HELP CORPORATION See N. C .Self-Hclp Corporation SOCIAL SECURITY SURVEY 62, 142, 375 Explanation of the Provisions of the Social .Security Act 418 N. C. Relief Cases Covered by the Federal Social Security Act. .376-386 SOCIAL SERVICE DIVISION 55, 123 Complaints, .Adjustment of 135 Interruption of .Social Program by CWA and Problems Growing Out of CWA 135 Investigation and Eligibility 51, 1 25, 127 Objective and Responsibility of 123 Organizational Development of 131 Relation to Special Programs 131 Relation to Works Division 125, 153, 273 Research and .Surveys r 39 Service Cases • 131 Services to Other Federal Agencies 142 Social Security .Survey .62, 142, 375 Social Work Problems 1 24 Standards of Relief 127 Training of Personnel 25, 13T, 133-135 SPECIAL PROGRAMS Civilian Conservation Corps 359 Commodity Distribution 352 Drought Cattle Program 347 Emergency Education 317 Expenditures Under CWA and ERA Work Programs, Analysis of. By Counties, (Table) 449-537 Fishermen's Self-Help Cooperative 341 Nutrition 340 Obligations Incurred for Special Programs t3f'-437 Old Fort Tannery 266 Public Relations 339 State Projects, Cost of 449 Transient 331 SPECIAL PROGRAMS SPONSORED BY STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA 365 North Carolina Commission on Unemployment Insurance Rural Electrification State Projects, Cost of STUDENT AID 329, SUPPLY AND MAILING DIVISION Administrative Personnel^ — September, 1935 Personnel— June, 193^5 SURPLUS COMMODITIES DIVISION Federal Surplus Commodities 353, Personnel — June, 1 935 Personnel — Administrative — September, 1935 Relief Commodities SURVEYS AND RESEARCH 62, Child Welfare Survey 139, Displaced Farm Tenants Rural Electrification Survey Social Security Survey 62, 142, Study of Rural Relief Families Study on Unemployment Insurance Unemployment Relief Census TRANSIENCY — Observations and Recommendations. . . . TRANSIENT DIVISION 62, Relation to Social .Service Division Transients Cared for. Current Operation and Permanent Plant and Equipment Costs and Cost Per Person WORK PROJECTS CWA Classification of CWA Projects By Costs Classification By Type Streets, Roads and Highways •99. 370 365 449 374 412 390 352 3,56 389 412 355 139 252 139 365 375 285 370 147 64 331 131 337 104 80 80 542 Index Page Schools and Universities 83 Parks, Playgrounds and Other Recreational Facilities 84 Rural Community Centers and Fair Grounds 84 Public Buildings 84 Airports 84 Cemetery Improvements and Repairs 85 Improvements to State and Public Lands 85 Pest Control 90 Sanitation 90 Water Works and Water Supply 90 Utilities 91 Administrative, Professional and Clerical gi Federal Projects 91 Public School Improvements Under CWA 97 ERA Amounts Approved for ERA Projects, (Chart) 160, 162 Classification of Types By Field of Activity 164 Planning Projects 167 Projects on Roads, Streets, Bridges, etc 167 Public Building Projects 1 73 Sewers, Drainage and Public Utility Projects 187 Construction and Repair of Recreational Facilities 203 Conservation of Fish and Game : State Oyster Planting 231 Waterway and Flood Control Projects, Including Water Con- servation in Drought Areas 233 Landscaping, Grading, Erosion Control 235 Eradication and Control of Pests and Disease Bearers 239 Other Projects on Public Property, (Airports) 239 Projects to Provide Housing 240 Making of Clothes 241 Canning and Preserving of Food 243 Garden Projects 245 Production of Fuel 247 Production of Household Goods 248 Production of Construction Materials 248 Public Welfare Projects 249 Public Education, Arts and Research 252 Detailed Description of Projects Completed by ERA 1 67-265 Expenditures on ERA Projects, (Chart) 161, 163 Expenditures, Classified According to Field of Activity of Projects and Labor, (Table) 424-425 Page Emergency Work Relief Program of the N. C. ERA, (Chart) 166 Number of Women Employed, (Table) 265 Number Relief Cas'es Employed, (Table) 151 Selection of Laborers 1 54- 1 59 State Projects, Cost of, (Table) 449 Types of Women's Projects 257-261 Work Projects, By Counties, Type, Location, and Cost 449-537 RURAL REHABILITATION 306 WORK RELIEF 51 Emergency Work Relief Program of the N. C. ERA, (Chart) 166 Lost-Time Accidents, (Table) 279 Number of Cases Receiving Work Relief, (Table) 430-431 Number Relief Cases Employed on Projects, (Table) 151 Number on Work Relief, By Months, (Table) 24 Number Women Employed, (Table) 265 Number Women Employed on CWA and CWS Projects, (Table) . .261-263 Obligations Incurred for Work Relief, (Charts and Tables) 53, 149, 1-50, 435-436 Obligations Incurred for Work and Direct Relief and Number on Work Relief, By Months, (Table) 52 Work Program Earnings and Persons at Work, By Weeks, (Chart) . . 152 Work Relief Earnings as a Per Cent of Total Relief Granted, (Chart) 58 WORKS DIVISION 59, 151, 265, Amounts Approved for EIL\ Projects, (Chart) 160, Analysis of Purchase and Contribution of Materials, Supplies and Equipment, (Table) 77 Classification of ERA Work Projects According to Fields of Ac- tivity 164-167 Detailed Description of Projects Completed by ERA 167-265 Emergency Work Relief Program of the N. C. ERA, (Chart) 1 66 Engineering Division 153 Expenditures, Classified According to Field of Activity of Projects and Labor, (Table) 424, 425 Expenditures on ERA Projects, (Chart) 161 , 163 National Reemployment Service Registrations and Placements.... 73 Purchasing Division 270 Personnel — June, 1935 387 Personnel — September, 1 935 412 Relation to Social Service Division 125, 153, 273 Selection of Labor 154-159 Women's Work Division 256-273 273 162 GUIDE TO APPENDIX LEGISLATIVE ACTS, EXPLANATIONS, AND SUMMARIES: TITLE I of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation Legislation, July, 1932 415 Act of Congress, March 31,1 933, Creating the CCC 415 The Federal Emergency Relief Act of May 12, 1933 416 Federal Appropriation for the FERA and the Federal CWA — A Summary of the Funds Made Available to FERA and the Source of These Funds 417 Chapter 314 Public Laws of North Carolina, (N. C. Rural Rehabilitation Corporation Act) 418 Explanation of the Provisions of the Social Security Act 418 TABLES IN APPENDIX: FERA Grants to the State of North Carolina, Distributed According to Activities for which Funds were Earmarked — May 23, 1933, through February II, 1936 422, 423 N. C. ERA Expenditures, Classified According to Fields of Activity of Projects and Labor — March 29, 1934, through December 5, 1935 424, 425 Case Load and Federal Fund Allotments, October, 1932, through June, 1933 — By Counties and By Months 426-428 Average Monthly Number of Cases Receiving Direct Relief, By Counties and By Quarters — July, 1933, through December, 1935 429, 430 Average Monthly Number of Cases Receiving Work Relief, By Counties and By Quarters — July, 1933, through December, 1935 430, 431 Average Monthly Net Number of Cases Receiving Relief, By Counties and By Quarters — July, 1933, through December, 1935 432, 433 Obligations Incurred for Direct Relief, By Counties and By Quarters — July, 1933, through December, 1935 433, 434 Obligations Incurred for Work Relief By Counties and By Quarters — July, 1933, through December, 1935 435, 436 Obligations Incurred for Special Programs, By Counties and By Quarters — July, 1933, through December, 1935 436, 437 Data Relating to the Farm and Garden Program — 1934 Season 438-442 Summary of Occupational Survey — North Carolina, March, 1935 : First Priority Ranking for Work 443-445 All Priority Ranking for Work 446-448 Analysis of Total Expenditures Under CWA and ERA Work Programs, Classified as to Federal and Local Government Funds : State Projects 449 Local Projects, By Counties 449-53 7 Index 543 LIST OF TABLES IN TEXT RFC Grants to North Carolina, County Allotments, Case Load, and Number on Work Relief, By Months-October, 1932, through May .0^^ ^^Z Dase Load Turnover, November, 1934-October, 1935 ^^ 4- :;ase Load and Obligations Incurred From Public Funds, By Months— April, 1933, to December 1935 ^ '' Obligations Incurred for Work and Direct Relief. Number on Work Relief and Per Cent of Tmal Obligations' for' Work Relirf,'By Months-janua'rv' 1933, through December, 1935 ' jmiudiy, I opulation- General and Relief— Classified, By Counties, as to Persons and Families ^^ Vlational Reemployment Service Registrations and Placements ^^ \nalysis of Purchase and Contribution of Materials, Supplies and Equipment-November iyi'm'^^-March 'o',"in,I ''^ :ost of Oyster Planting, By Counties ''' ^-^^ 77 'ubiic School Improvements in North Carolina Under CWA to March 15, 1934 ' . ' ^^ Percentage Distribution of CWA Projects— By Type of Project .' ^^ :;iassification of Civil Works Administration Projects, By Type and By Size ^^ Obligations Incurred for Relief, By Type of Goods or Service Extended-April,' '1934-March 1935 ^^"'°3 "lumber and Percentage Distribution of Families, By Size, for North Carolina- 1930, and Case Load-January 'iqo. ' s'umber and Percentage Distribution of Families, By Size, for North CaroHna-1930, and Case Load-June iqZ '^^ Analysis of Residual Case Load as of December 5, 1935 '. '4-1 :ost of Medical Care, By Months— February, 1935-December, 1935 '^^ Obligations Incurred for Work and Direct Relief, By Counties— April, 1934, through March, 1935'. ... ..'. '^^ dumber Relief Cases Employed on Projects— April, 1934-November, 1935 ■49-'50 Classification of Fields of Activity of Work Projects, (Key to Charts on pages i6o-'i 63) ..'.'..'....'.'.'... '. '^' telative Proportion of Men and Women on Relief— March 28, 1934 '^ lumber of Women Employed on CWA and CWS Projects-December," i'9'33'-M'a"rch, ' 1934'. .'.'...'.'.. '. .' ^^' lumber of Women Employed— April i, 1 934-December 31, 1935 261-263 ,ost-Time Accidents— April i, 1934, to November 28, 1935 ^^5 'egetables and Fruits Canned from Individual Gardens— 1934 ^^9 'egetables and Fruits Canned from County or Community Gardens— 1934 ^^^ umbt ff^T^fh ''^%''"7'^" °^ \"^^' Rehabilitation Clients Accepted, Week'by ■we'e'k,'and' ;h;'Ave'rag'e'A'm'o'u'nt' of 'Fund's' Advan^^d: :::;': 290 umber of Teachers Employed in Emergency Education Program and Salaries, By Months-November, 1933, through May, 1934 If, r 4 r'" "rp '' ' '1'^ ^"'^ of Emergency Education Program, By Months-September, ,934. through August, ,935 . '^ "-S:t:rb:,T9;::"rgh' L^r:;::";:.:". -";-°_--|^;-;^_-ount of Money mvolved in Eme%enc^y Educ^L Prog;am,' B'y' M;nth; "^ ata Concerning North Carolina Emergency Nursery Schools— 1934-1935 ^21 nergency Education Institutes, Number of Trainees, and Cost-July, 1934, through 'septe'm'be'r,' 103^ ^'* nergency Education Camps for Young Women, Number of Trainees, and Cost-August-October 103= ^'^ nergency Education-College Student Aid-Number of Students Aided and Amount Earned-Se;tembe'r',';934; throug'h June ':'93, ''' rrCatdP ' T °r^"'.°":"'^ ^^.^^-^^'^^ ^^-^ -^ equipment Costs, and Cost Per Person, By MonL-April, .934 through 'oec^b^r ','03; IT, ought Cattle Program-Acctdents m Abattoirs and Meat Canning Plants, (Safety Division Report) iJecember, 1935 337 stnbution of Federal Surplus Commodities— April i, 1934, to January i 1936 35i ibulation of CCC Enrollees, By Dates of Enrollment-April, 1933, through Octobe'r' '.'935 ^f aTovment°s7:"1 T '^ ""aT"" ^^"'''1'^'"'''"' °' *^ ^'"'' '^'^°"'' ^"^ ^"^'^^ ^^""^^ °f ^^^ «'"'-" Cons'er'v'ation 'co^p; ! i i i ! ! £ "''!!l" °' ';r"^°'^■"^'=^" ^°''^" '^^'"•^'^■-^ °^*e First, Second, and Third Periods of the Civilian Conservation Coros. Classified as t^ 'Tim'; 'Jni: '' 364 '^^^^^^'^'^^^^^^^^^^^-^^^^^ent of Receipts and Exp^ndin^t;.; By Fund^; Includ;ng'Auth;;rized'T;an;fbr.; June '.;.,,,: [^o:.^ '"' cal Funds Made Available By Political Sub-divisions'-'st'atement 'of R'ec'eipts' and Expenditures ^^ iial Security Survey-Emergency Relief Cases Covered By the Federal Social Security Act': ^^^ State Total— Blind Persons, Classified According to Age and Family Status State Total-Families with Dependent Children, Classified According to Reason for 'D'ep'e'ndency ^^o State Tota -Dependent Persons 65 Years of Age and Over, Classified According to Number in Relief Family ll: btate Total-Living Arrangements of Dependent Persons 65 Years of Age and Over ^T County Tabulations— By Problem and By Race 3*^0 381-386 LIST OF MAPS AND CHARTS IN TEXT Cent Distribution of District Administrative Personnel, By Field of Activity-January, 1935, and June, .935 28 C. ER.^ Districts After Consolidation of County Units-November, 1 934-August, 1 935 ^^ C. ERA Districts .After September, 1935, Arranged By Areas Coterminous with WPA ^° tribution of Resident Persons on Relief in North Carolina— June 1935 3° 'r' ^ff?^''' ^"^"^ ^°' ^°''^ Carolina, By Months-April, 1 933, through December, ' ,935 i 3' Cent Relief and General Population in North Carolina, By Color and Place of Residence-April' '1935 ^^ idence of Relief Cases-North Carolina-June, 1935. ^ ' ^^^ 33 36 544 Ikdex Pac Families and Single Persons Receiving Relief, By Months — April, 1933. through December, 1935 < Obligations Incurred from Public Funds, By Quarters — .April, 1933, through December, 1935 ^ Average Relief Benefits, Per Capita, By Counties, for 12 Months — .April, 1934, through March, 1935 ^ Average Relief Benefits per Relief Person, By Counties — June, 1935 ^ What the States Have Received to Date in Emergency .\id — February 19, 1934 . What the States Paid to the Federal Treasury in Taxes in 1933 j Intensity of General Relief in the United States — July, 1 933-June, 1 935 ^ Comparison of Intensity of Relief in North Carolina and in the United States — July, 1 933-June, 1 935 ^ Total FERA Grant to States — May 23, 1933, through September 30, 1935 ^ Per Capita FERA Grants to States — May 23, 1933, through September 30, 1935 , Expenditure of the ERA Dollar — Based on Obligations Incurred for the Twelve Months Ending March 31, 1935 5' Obligations Incurred for Work and Direct Relief in North Carolina — January, 1933, through December, 1935 c Outline Map of North Carolina and Its Counties ^ Organization Chart — North Carolina Emergency Relief .Administration ^6, 5 Work Relief Earnings as a Per Cent of Total Relief Granted for Twel\-e Months Ending March 31,1 935 — By Counties 5 Expenditures of ER.A Dollar — ^April, 1 935 12 How the Client's Dollar is Spent, (Based on Obligations Incurred for Relief — April, 1934, through March, 1935) I2 Per Cent Distribution of Case Load Between White and Colored, By Counties. June, 1 935 i o. Distribution of Relief, By Type — July, 1 934, through February, r 935 13 Average Relief Benefits Per Person, By Size of Family — February, 1 935 10 Size of Family — Relief and General Population — January, 1 935 1 31 .Size of Family — Relief and General Population — June, 1 935 i q(i Per Cent of Population on Relief, By Counties : August, 1934 I4[ October, 1934 i^l January, 1935 14; May, 1935 I Cost of Medical Care, By Months — February, 1935, through December, 1935 14! How the ERA Dollar was Spent for Medical Care — February, 1935, through December, 1935 14J Emergency Relief Work Program Earnings and Persons at Work, By Weeks, Ending .April 5, 1934, through November 14, 1935 15; Obligations Incurred in North Carolina for Emergency Relief from Public Funds 15: Summary of Eligible Workers 16 to 64 Years of .Age Based on Complete Census of Eligible Workers on Relief, with A/I Priority Rankings for Work, North Carolina — March, 1935 ijf Summary of Eligible Workers 16 to 64 Years of Age Based on Complete Census of Eligible Workers on Relief, with First Priority Ranking for Work, North Carolina — March, 1935 15 Amounts .Approved By the North Carolina Emergency Relief .Administration and By Governmental Units for Projects in Various Fields of Activity — March 29, 1934-December 5, 1935 160, 16! Emergency Relief Administration Expenditures and Expenditures of Governmental Units for the State of North Carolina, By Fields of Activity — March 29, 1934-December 5, 1935 161, 16 Emergency Work Relief Program of the North Carolina Emergency Relief .Administration — .April i, 1934 to December 5, 1935 i6( Organization Chart — Rural Rehabilitation Division of the N. C. ER.A 28^ Chart of Farm and Garden and Rehabilitation Program — 1934 Season 29; Social Security Survey of Emergency Relief Cases Covered By the Federal Social Security Act : State Total — Families with Dependent Children Classified According to Reason for Dependency 37; , ^!>. , 'r. I 1.1 . o 1,1 ' ■f^ ."•>!; ;•;■?.? SNu: I ■'l ■. .Is