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THE BULLETIN 
 
 OF THE 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 
 
 RALEIGH 
 
 NOVEMBER, 1923 
 
 I. FERTILIZER EXPERIMENTS WITH WHEAT 
 ON PIEDMONT RED CLAY LOAM SOILS 
 
 II. WHEAT CULTURE IN NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 Published by the State Department of Agriculture for the 
 
 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION 
 
 of the 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 
 
 and the 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA STATE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE 
 
 AND ENGINEERING. 
 
 The results published here have been obtained, in the Coopeiati\e W oik 
 
 of these Institutions 
 
 PUBLISHED MONTHLY AND SENT FREE TO CITIZENS ON APPLICATION 
 
 Entered at the Postoffice at Raleigh, N. C., as second-class matter 
 February 7, 1901, under Act of June 6, 1900. 
 

 
 
 
 K 
 
 I 
 
 
 % 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 | 
 
 Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 in 2019 with funding from 
 University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 
 
 https://archive.org/details/ifertilizerexperOOwill 
 
 
P / <?3 tci_ 
 
 9 
 
 I. FERTILIZER EXPERIMENTS WITH WHEAT 
 ON PIEDMONT RED CLAY LOAM SOILS 
 
 II. WHEAT CULTURE IN NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 BEING A REPORT ON THE RESULTS OF WORK WITH WHEAT AT 
 IREDELL BRANCH FARM IN 1911-1921 INCLUSIVE 
 
 By C. B. Williams, W. F. Pate, F. T. Meacham, S. K. Jackson, 
 
 and H. B. Mann 1 
 Division of Agronomy 
 
 GENERAL SUMMARY OF RESULTS 
 
 I. The fertilizing of wheat will pay a profit, when the materials 
 are used in the proper proportions and in right amounts. In fact, 
 without the proper use of commercial fertilizers the yields of this 
 crop will seldom be profitable on most soils and under normal market 
 conditions. What the amount and proportion should be for average 
 Piedmont soils is shown by the results of the experiments given on 
 the following pages. 
 
 II. On average Piedmont red clay loam soils, nitrogen alone, potash 
 alone, and a combination of nitrogen and potash were used at a loss, 
 in many instances not even producing as much wheat as the plats 
 receiving no fertilizer. 
 
 III. Phosphoric acid used alone produced increased yields at good 
 profits in all cases. Nitrogen with phosphoric acid, and potash with 
 phosphoric acid, gave increased yields and profits over the use of phos¬ 
 phoric acid alone. Nitrogen with phosphoric acid gave larger increases 
 of both grain and straw than did potash with phosphoric acid, but the 
 value of the increase was not enough to overcome the greater cost of 
 the treatment. Nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash used as a com¬ 
 plete fertilizer gave larger returns and profits than did any of the 
 other three constituents used singly, or any two of them combined. 
 
 The results of experiments included in Table I show that phos¬ 
 phoric acid is the main controlling constituent for growing wheat, 
 and that the use of nitrogen and potash in lesser amounts is necessary 
 
 for largest yields and profits. 
 
 ' ^Credit is due E, L. Worthen, F. N. McDowell, and E. C. Blair for the part 
 they had, during the early history of these experiments, in making them a 
 
 success. 
 
4 
 
 The Bulletin, November, 1923 
 
 IV. Lime when used alone gave an increased yield of more 
 than enough to pay for itself. When used with a complete fertilizer, 
 the yields and profits were greater than when a completer fertilizer 
 alone was used. With the rotation used in this experiment, the use 
 of lime has been found profitable with wheat. 
 
 V. The amount of nitrogen in the normal fertilizer (400 pounds 
 per acre) adapted at the beginning and applied to wheat was 3 per 
 cent or twelve pounds per acre. This amount was varied to give six, 
 twelve, twenty-four, and thirty-six pounds of nitrogen to the acre 
 to different comparative plats. The yields and profits increased as 
 the amount of nitrogen in the mixtures was increased, the largest 
 and most profitable returns being secured from the use of thirty-six 
 pounds of nitrogen per acre. 
 
 Since phosphoric acid is the first limiting factor in the production of 
 wheat on this type of soil, it is very probable that had the amount of 
 phosphoric acid been increased in the same applications as the nitrogen 
 was increased, larger yields and greater profits per acre would have 
 been secured. 
 
 VI. The amount of phosphoric acid in the normal fertilizer (400 
 pounds per acre) adapted at the beginning of the experiment was 
 7 per cent or twenty-eight pounds to the acre. This quantity was 
 varied on different plats to give fourteen, twenty-eight, fifty-six, and 
 eighty-four pounds of phosphoric acid to the acre. Increased yields 
 were secured as larger amounts of phosphoric acid were applied, 
 but the largest net profit was secured from an application of fifty- 
 six pounds of phosphoric acid per acre. As only twelve pounds of 
 nitrogen was used with the varying applications of phosphoric acid, 
 and it has been shown (Table II) that larger applications of nitro¬ 
 gen were profitable, it is probable that if more nitrogen had been 
 used with the heavier phosphoric acid applications they would have 
 shown larger gains in yield. 
 
 VII. The amount of potash in the normal fertilizer (400 pounds 
 per acre) adapted at the beginning and applied to wheat was 1% 
 per cent or six pounds to the acre. This quantity was varied to give 
 three, six, twelve, and eighteen pounds of potash in the mixtures 
 per acre. The results show that the largest yield of wheat and great¬ 
 est profit per acre was secured from the use of six pounds of potash 
 per acre. The increased yields and profits from the other applica¬ 
 tions were practically the same. 
 
 VIII. The average results show that varying the amounts of the 
 normal fertilizer (400 pounds) to the acre gave increased yields 
 and profits for all the different rates of application. After deduct¬ 
 ing the cost of the fertilizer, the different quantities used per acre 
 showed the following average profits: 
 
Fertilizer Experiments With Wheat 
 
 200 pounds of fertilizer per acre gave a profit of.$ 5.87 
 
 400 pounds of fertilizer per acre gave a profit of. 14.33 
 
 600 pounds of fertilizer per acre gave a profit of. 15.44 
 
 800 pounds of fertilizer per acre gave a profit of. 17.36 
 
 1000 pounds of fertilizer per acre gave a profit of. 18.77 
 
 Putting this in a slightly different way, the first 200 pounds of 
 fertilizer on an average gave a profit, after paying for the cost of 
 the fertilizer, of $2.93 for each 100 pounds of fertilizer; an applica¬ 
 tion of 400 pounds, $3.58 per 100 pounds; 600 pounds, $2.57 per 
 
 / 
 
 100 pounds; 800 pounds, $2.17 per 100 pounds; and 1,000 pounds, 
 $1.88 per 100 pounds of fertilizer. 
 
 IX. For the production of wheat on average upland soils in the 
 Piedmont section of North Carolina, of the same general type and 
 character of the one on which these experiments have been made, 
 and considering all the results as a whole, it is recommended for 
 best results that something like 600 pounds per acre of a fertilizer 
 mixture, analyzing about 10 to 12 per cent available phosphoric acid, 
 5 per cent nitrogen, and 1 per cent potash be used. 
 
 When soils have been built up, the nitrogen in the fertilizer mix¬ 
 ture may be considerably reduced or even entirely dispensed with. 
 This condition of the soil should be strived for by all progressive 
 farmers by growing and plowing into the soil suitable leguminous 
 crops and crop residues. 
 
 X. From the chemical analysis of the various upland soils of the 
 central and west central part of the State, the indications are that 
 the results herein reported will apply very well to most of them. 
 
I- FERTILIZER EXPERIMENTS WITH WHEAT GROWN ON 
 PIEDMONT RED CLAY LOAM SOILS 
 
 In this bulletin are given the results of experiments designed to 
 determine the fertilizer or plant-food needs of wheat grown on Pied¬ 
 mont red clay loam soils. Previous reports, as follows, have been made 
 giving the results of field experiments with other crops grown at, 
 the farm and in other parts of the State: 
 
 1. Results of Fertilizer and Variety Experiments with Cowpeag on Pied¬ 
 mont Red Clay Roam Soils at the Iredell Farm. (Bulletin, June, 
 1910.) 
 
 2. Results of Fertilizer Experiments with Cotton on Piedmont Red 
 Clay Loam Soils, and Variety, Culture, Fertilization of Cotton on 
 Piedmont Red Clay Loam, Red Clay, and the Valley Soils at the 
 Iredell Farm. (Bulletin, August, 1910.) 
 
 3. Results of Fertilizer Experiments with Corn on Piedmont Red Clay 
 Loam, and Variety, Culture, and Fertilization of Corn on Piedmont 
 Red Clay Loam, Red Clay, and Valley Soils at the Iredell Farm. 
 (Bulletin, September, 1910.) 
 
 4. Fertilizer Experiments with Cotton on the Sandy Loam Soils (Nor¬ 
 folk Sandy Loams) of the Coastal Plain at the Edgecombe Farm. 
 (Bulletin, April, 1914.) 
 
 5. Fertilizer Experiments with Corn on the Sandy Loam Soils (Norfolk 
 Sandy Loams) of the Coastal Plain, and Variety, Culture, and Fertil¬ 
 ization of Corn on Sandy Loam Soils at the Edgecombe Farm. (Bul¬ 
 letin, May, 1915.) 
 
 6. Fertilizer Experiments with Cotton on Piedmont Cecil Sandy Loam 
 Soils, and Variety, Culture, and Fertilization of Cotton on Piedmont 
 Cecil Sandy Loam and Red Clay Soils of the Central Farm. (Bulle¬ 
 tin 227.) 
 
 7. Fertilizer Experiments with Corn on Piedmont Cecil Sandy Loam 
 Soils, and Variety, Culture, and Fertilization of Corn on Piedmont 
 Cecil Sandy Loam and Red Clay Soils of the Central Farm. (Bulle¬ 
 tin 229.) 
 
 8. Report on Mountain Soils. (Bulletin, May, 1911.) 
 
 9. Report on Piedmont Soils. (Bulletin, February, 1915.) 
 
 10. Report on Coastal Plain Soils. (Bulletin, May, 1918.) 
 
 11. County Soil Report, No. 1, of Mecklenburg County. (Bulletin, 
 April, 1917.) 
 
 12. County Soil Report, No. 2, of Gaston County. (Bulletin, June, 1917.) 
 
 13. County Soil Report, No. 3, of Union County. (Bulletin, July, 1917.) 
 
 14. County Soil Report, No. 4, of Cabarrus County. (Bulletin. August, 
 1917.) 
 
 15. Relation of Mineralogical and Chemical Composition of the Fertili¬ 
 zer Requirements of North Carolina Soils. (Technical Bulletin 
 No. 9.) 
 
 16. Effect of Different Fertilizing Materials Upon the Maturity of Cotton. 
 (Circular 12.) 
 
 17. Composition and 1 Fertilizing Value of Farm Crops and Farm Mate¬ 
 rials. (Circular 70.) 
 
 [6] 
 
Fertilizer Experiments With Wheat 
 
 7 
 
 18. Source, Availability, and Suitability of Different Plant-food Con¬ 
 stituents to Different Crops. (Circular 11.) 
 
 19. Effect of Applying Commercial Fertilizers to Corn and Cotton by 
 Different Methods, (Circular 8.) 
 
 20. Tobacco Culture in North Carolina. (Bulletin 237.) 
 
 21. Relative Value of Acid Phosphate and Rock Phosphate for North 
 Carolina Soils. (Bulletin, June, 1920.) 
 
 22. Fertilizer Experiments with Wheat on Mountain Soils. Wheat Cul¬ 
 ture, in North Carolina, (Bulletin, July, 1920.) 
 
 23. Fertilizer Experiments with Corn on Toxaway Loam (Bottom Soil) 
 and Porter’s Loam (Upland Soil) for 1911-1917. Varieties, Culture, 
 and Fertilization of Corn on Mountain Soils. (Bulletin, October, 
 1922.) 
 
 RESULTS REPORTED 
 
 In the Piedmont section of the State wheat is an important crop. 
 In fact, it appears to be a crop that, under present conditions, should 
 have a much wider use in the crop rotations of this section than it 
 does. The high prices for wheat and commercial fertilizers during 
 the past few years have stimulated the use of commercial fertilizers 
 in a more discriminating way in the growth of this crop. Wheat is 
 one of the crops, however, that under ordinary conditions will 
 require the exercise of far greater judgment and discrimination for 
 profitable fertilization than such crops as cotton and tobacco, because 
 of the lower selling price as compared to these latter crops. 
 
 In this bulletin is recorded th,e results with wheat on Fields A, B, 
 and C at the Iredell Farm during 1911-1921, inclusive. 
 
 LOCATION OE FARM AN1) CHARACTER OF SOIL 
 
 The Iredell Branch farm is located near Statesville, in Iredell 
 County, well up in the Piedmont (foothill) section of the State, the 
 elevation being 950 feet above sea-level. The main type of soil on 
 the farm is Red (Cecil) Clay Loam, the subsoil being a moderately 
 heavy clay, but the surface soil has sufficient sand in it to make it 
 a clay loam rather than a clay, though when freshly plowed it would, 
 to a casual observer, be looked upon as red clay. The main types 
 of soil in the Piedmont are Cecil Sandy Loam (gray land), Red 
 (Cecil) Clay Loam, and Red (Cecil) Clay, the latter two being the 
 predominating types. The clay and clay-loam types are rich in 
 potash, very poor in phosphoric acid, the amount of nitrogen depend¬ 
 ing upon the organic matter contained in the soil. Analyses of sam¬ 
 ples of soil from the unfertilized plats on which these experiments 
 were .conducted show that the soil contains about the follow ing numbei 
 of pounds of plant food per acre: 
 
 Surface Soil Subsoil 
 6 2/3 inches 28 inches 
 
 Nitrogen (N) 1,293 2,231 
 
 Phosphoric Acid (P 2 0-,) . 999 7,330 
 
 Potash (K 2 0) . 9-014 32,669 
 
 Lime CC'aO) . 4,585 17,769 
 
8 
 
 The Bulletin, November, 1923 
 
 THE FLATS 
 
 Tlie plats on which these experiments were conducted were em¬ 
 braced in Fields A, B, and C. Fields A and B had been long in 
 cultivation and were badly run down when work was started on 
 them in 1903. The plats in Field A were laid off in two series parallel 
 to each other, there being twenty plats to the series, with a driveway 
 or turn-way between plats. The plats are one-tenth of an acre in 
 size or 217.8 feet by 20 feet, with space between plats sufficient for 
 two rows of cotton or other crops, the row on either side of each 
 plat being fertilized like the plat which it adjoins. 
 
 The plats in Field B were laid out in a similar way to those of 
 Field A, and were of the same size. 
 
 The plats in Field C were part of an old field, covered with broom- 
 sedge, small briars, and small pines, in 1903. The pines were grubbed 
 out and the other growth turned under with a two-horse plow in 
 the spring of 1903 and cultivated in corn that year with a fertilizer 
 application of 300 pounds per acre of a normal corn mixture. In 
 the fall of 1903 crimson clover was sown, but no stand was obtained. 
 The land was prepared in the spring of 1904 and laid off into plats 
 of one-twentieth acre each, the size being 108.9 feet by 20 feet, with 
 space between plats for one unfertilized row. There is a four-foot 
 space at the ends of the plats. There are two series of sixteen plats 
 each in this field, with driveway or turn-way between. 
 
 In the case of all plats on this farm, there is a four-foot extra 
 space at the ends of the plats. 
 
 Field A. These plats were used for fertilizer experiments with 
 cotton in 1903, 1904, and 1906; for fertilizer experiments with corn 
 in 1905, 1907, and 1910; for general crop of oats without fertilizer in 
 the fall and spring of 1908; for fertilizer experiments with peas in 
 the summer of 1908; and for fertilizer experiments with cotton in 1909. 
 In case of each of three crops, the same plan or system of fertiliza¬ 
 tion was followed. By this is meant that plat one in all cases received 
 only nitrogen; plat two, phosphoric acid; plat three, potash, and so 
 on, though the quantities actually applied varied with the three crops. 
 The fertilization of the cotton plats was based on a normal applica¬ 
 tion of 400 pounds per acre of a mixture containing 7 per cent avail- , 
 able phosphoric acid and 2 y 2 per cent each of nitrogen and potash. 
 The fertilization for corn was based on a normal application of 300 
 pounds per acre of a mixture containing 7 per cent available phos¬ 
 phoric acid, 3 per cent nitrogen, and iy 2 per cent potash. For peas, 
 the fertilization was based on a normal application of 300 pounds 
 per acre of a mixture containing 8 per cent available phosphoric 
 acid, 1 per cent nitrogen, and 4 per cent potash. 
 
Fertilizer Experiments With Wheat 9 
 
 Field B. These plats were used for fertilizer experiments with 
 corn in 1903, 1904, 1906, and 1908; for fertilizer experiments with 
 cotton in 1905, 1907, and 1910; for general crop of oats without ferti¬ 
 lizer in the fall and spring of 1909; and for fertilizer experiments 
 with peas in the summer of 1909. 
 
 Field C. These plats were used for fertilizer experiments with 
 peas in 1904, 1905, 1906, and 1907; a grain crop without fertiliza¬ 
 tion preceding the pea crop in each year except for 1904;. for fertilizer 
 experiments with cotton in 1908, with corn in 1909; and oats fol¬ 
 lowed by cowpeas for seed in 1910. 
 
 In 1910, the rotation on these fields was changed from that out¬ 
 lined above to the following: 
 
 First year— Cotton, rye, on Field B in 1910. 
 
 Second year —Corn on Field A in 1910. 
 
 Third year —Wheat, red clover, on Field C 1 in 1913. 
 
 Fourth year —Red clover on Field A in 1912. 
 
 PREPARATION AND CULTIVATION 
 
 The land in all cases was well prepared by breaking with a two- 
 horse turning plow after the previous crop had been removed by 
 cutting. After breaking, the land was allowed to settle for a few 
 weeks, after which it was conditioned by harrowing immediately 
 before the seeding. Leap’s Prolific variety of wheat was used in 
 seeding all the experiments, and approximately l 1 /^ bushels of seed 
 were put in with the drill during the early fall. 
 
 FERTILIZATION AND FERTILIZING MATERIALS 
 
 The fertilizer for all the plats was weighed separately for each 
 plat and applied broadcast by hand just before the wheat was drilled. 
 Acid phosphate was used as the source of phosphoric acid, dried blood 
 for nitrogen, manure salt for potash, and finely ground limestone 
 for lime. The fertilizing materials were analyzed each year and 
 applications were made on the basis of actual analyses so as to give 
 the exact quantities of nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash indicated 
 for each plat. For the sake of simplicity and convenience in pre¬ 
 senting the results of a number of years experiments, the fertilizer 
 applications are expressed in terms of acid phosphate, containing 
 16 per cent available phosphoric acid; dried blood, contaning 13 per 
 cent nitrogen; and manure salt, containing 20 per cent potash, which 
 
 Cotton was on Field C in 1911. 
 
10 
 
 The Bulletin, November, 1923 
 
 figures represent tlie average composition of these materials. The 
 fertilizer applications in the experiments with wheat are on the basis 
 of 400 pounds per acre for the normal (NPK) application of a mix¬ 
 ture containing 7 per cent available phosphoric acid, 3 per cent nitro¬ 
 gen, and iy 2 per'cent potash; Lime, in the form of finely ground lime¬ 
 stone, was applied broadcast at the rate of 2,000 pounds per acre every 
 four years, beginning in 1910. The fertilizer applications in the 
 tables, in addition to being represented in terms of acid phosphate, 
 dried blood, and manure salt, are also indicated by the symbols, 
 N, P, K, and L, which have the following significance: 
 
 N equals nitrogen at the rate of 12 pounds per acre.or 92.3 pounds of 
 13 per cent dried blood. 
 
 P equals phosphoric acid at the rate of 28 pounds per acre or 175 pounds 
 of 16 per cent acid phosphate. 
 
 K equals potash at the rate of 6 pounds per acre or 30 pounds of 20 
 per cent manure salt. 
 
 L equals lime at the rate of 2,000 pounds per acre of actual calcium 
 carbonate in the form of ground limestone every four years broadcast. 
 
 There are columns in the tables showing the actual weights in 
 pounds of phosphoric acid, nitrogen, and potash applied to each 
 plat (expressed on acre basis) which will enable anyone to use the 
 same amounts of fertilizing constituents from other materials, if so 
 desired. The following average prices, which fairly represent the 
 cost of the several materials to the farmer at the present time, have 
 been assumed for the materials used: 
 
 16 per cent acid phosphate.$22.40 per ton 
 
 13 per cent dried blood. 93.60 per ton 
 
 20 per cent manure salt... 60.50 per ton 
 
 Finely ground limestone . 5.00 per ton 
 
 The arrangements of the plats and scheme of fertilizer application 
 are shown by the following: 
 
 The normal fertilizer application was 400 pounds per acre of a 
 mixture containing— 
 
 Phosphoric acid ... 7 per cent 
 
 Nitrogen . 3 per cent 
 
 Potash . 1 y 2 per cent 
 
 Of this normal application— 
 
 N equals 12 pounds of nitrogen or 92.3 pounds of 13 per cent dried blood. 
 P equals 28 pounds of phosphoric acid or 175 pounds of 16 per cent acid 
 phosphate. 
 
 K equals 6 pounds of potash or 30 pounds of 20 per cent manure salt. 
 
 The experiments were run on Fields A, B, and C, as follows: 
 
li 
 
 Fertilizer Experiments With Wheat 
 
 Size of Plats, One-tenth Acre 
 (217.8x20 feet) 
 
 First Series Application 
 
 1 . N 
 
 2 . P 
 
 3 . K 
 
 4 . O 
 
 5 . NP 
 
 6 . NK 
 
 7 . PK 
 
 8 . NPK 
 
 ® . Ni/ 2 PK 
 
 1U . N2PK 
 
 11 . 0 
 
 12 . N3PK 
 
 13 . NPi/ 2 K 
 
 14 . NP2K 
 
 15 . NP3K 
 
 16 .. NPKi/ 2 
 
 17 . NPK2 
 
 18 . O 
 
 19 . NPK3 
 
 20 . i/ 2 (NPK) 
 
 Second Series Application 
 
 12 . 1% (NPK) 
 
 22 . 2 (NPK) 
 
 32 .. 2% (NPK) 
 
 42 . 0 
 
 5 2 . NPK—Two applications of nitrogen, 
 
 y 2 as blood at planting, y 2 as nitrate 
 of soda later. 
 
 6 2 . NPK—Two applications of nitrogen, 
 
 y 2 as nitrate of soda at planting, y 2 
 as nitrate of soda later. 
 
 72 . NPK—Two applications of nitrogen, 
 
 y 2 as blood at planting, y 2 as blood 
 
 later. 
 
 09 
 
 0 . NPK—Two sources of nitrogen, y 5 as 
 
 nitrate of soda at planting, % as 
 blood at planting. 
 
 92 . NPK—Two applications of fertilizer: 
 
 y 2 at planting, y 2 later. 
 
 112 . O 
 
 142 . Lime—1,000 pounds slaked lime per 
 
 acre, broadcast every 4th year. 
 
 152 . NPKL 
 
 162 . NFK—Fertilizer applied broadcast. 
 
 182 .. O 
 
 The above represents the plats in Field A. In Fields B and C 
 they are arranged in a similar way. 
 
12 
 
 The Bulletin, November, 1923 
 
 METHOD OF DETERMINING THE EFFECTS OF THE DIFFERENT 
 
 FERTILIZING MATERIALS 
 
 The measure of the effect of the fertilizer mixture applied to any 
 plat is equal to the total yield on that plat decreased by the yield 
 of the first unfertilized plat of the group, and further increased or 
 decreased (according as the unfertilized yield decreased or increased 
 from first to last plat of the group) by the product of the difference 
 in the yield of the first and last unfertilized plats of the group by 
 the ratio of the position of the plat in the group to the whole number 
 of plats. 
 
 For example: 
 
 Let E = True measure of the effect of fertilizer mixture applied. 
 
 T = Total yield of that plat under consideration. 
 
 A = Yield of first unfertilized plat. 
 
 B = Yield of last unfertilized plat in the group. 
 
 No = Number of the last plat in group. 
 
 Nj_ = Number of the first plat in group. 
 
 N = Number of the plat to which correction is to be applied. 
 
 Then— 
 
 N — N x 
 
 E = T-A-(B — A) 
 
 No — Nj. 
 
 » 
 
 WEATHER CONDITIONS DURING THE EXPERIMENT 
 
 Soil, seed, fertilization, cultivation, and time of planting influence 
 the crop yield. However, of weather conditions, rainfall is the prin¬ 
 cipal factor to be considered. In the table presented below will be 
 found the monthly and annual rainfall for twelve years, including 
 the years covered by the experiment and the mean monthly and 
 annual rainfall for forty-five years. The rainfall during the months 
 from September to June would effect the growing of wheat in this 
 section of the State. During the fall (September to December inclu¬ 
 sive) the rainfall was above normal in 1911, 1912, 1913, 1914, 1918, 
 and 1920; and below normal in 1910, 1916, 1917, 1919, and 1921. In 
 the late winter and spring months, the rainfall was higher than the 
 average in 1912 and 1915; and lower than the average in 1911, 1914, 
 1918, and 1921. 
 
Fertilizer Experiments With Wheat 
 
 13 
 
 Rainfall in Inches at Statesville, North Carolina 
 
 
 1909 
 
 1910 
 
 1911 
 
 1912 
 
 1913 
 
 1914 
 
 1915 
 
 1916 
 
 1917 
 
 1918 
 
 1919 
 
 1920 
 
 1921 
 
 Means of 
 
 Observation 
 
 for 45 Years 
 
 January. 
 
 2.50 
 
 4.59 
 
 2.49 
 
 2.80 
 
 4.69 
 
 3.55 
 
 5.80 
 
 3.48 
 
 3.89 
 
 6.40 
 
 5.16 
 
 4.53 
 
 6.03 
 
 
 3.93 
 
 February.. 
 
 2.70 
 
 5.68 
 
 1.99 
 
 5.79 
 
 3.20 
 
 5.71 
 
 4.02 
 
 6.09 
 
 3.92 
 
 1.38 
 
 4.60 
 
 3.96 
 
 4.87 
 
 
 4.45 
 
 March_ 
 
 4.00 
 
 1.69 
 
 4.22 
 
 8.92 
 
 7.93 
 
 3.61 
 
 2.27 
 
 2.04 
 
 8.19 
 
 2.81 
 
 5.72 
 
 6.26 
 
 2.20 
 
 
 4.94 
 
 April... 
 
 3.50 
 
 2.07 
 
 3.75 
 
 4.16 
 
 2.57 
 
 2.37 
 
 0.66 
 
 2.38 
 
 3.50 
 
 5.45 
 
 4.18 
 
 6.78 
 
 2.97 
 
 
 3.57 
 
 May_ 
 
 5.58 
 
 5.40 
 
 1.40 
 
 7.29 
 
 3.93 
 
 2.13 
 
 7.92 
 
 4.32 
 
 2.01 
 
 2.39 
 
 5.32 
 
 2.57 
 
 3.92 
 
 
 4.08 
 
 June.. -. 
 
 10.67 
 
 5.96 
 
 5.60 
 
 4.45 
 
 2.54 
 
 1.67 
 
 5.93 
 
 7.42 
 
 3.98 
 
 2.55 
 
 3.23 
 
 3.29 
 
 1.65 
 
 
 4.46 
 
 July. 
 
 5.96 
 
 4.83 
 
 2.59 
 
 7.76 
 
 3.31 
 
 5.12 
 
 7.30 
 
 15.46 
 
 7.08 
 
 5.63 
 
 13.82 
 
 6.68 
 
 4.06 
 
 
 5.34 
 
 August. ... 
 
 4.95 
 
 6.49 
 
 3.54 
 
 1.36 
 
 13.71 
 
 6.57 
 
 10.11 
 
 3.46 
 
 7.71 
 
 4.33 
 
 3.59 
 
 9.22 
 
 2.81 
 
 
 5.80 
 
 September_ 
 
 1.58 
 
 3.38 
 
 1.86 
 
 7.99 
 
 3.89 
 
 2.33 
 
 1.64 
 
 1.93 
 
 3.29 
 
 4.30 
 
 0.60 
 
 4.86 
 
 4.16 
 
 
 3.74 
 
 October_ 
 
 2.92 
 
 4.48 
 
 6.13 
 
 3.63 
 
 4.58 
 
 4.44 
 
 4.88 
 
 2.85 
 
 1.95 
 
 4.98 
 
 4.77 
 
 1.00 
 
 3.18 
 
 
 3.44 
 
 November__ 
 
 1.11 
 
 0.34 
 
 4.78 
 
 2.49 
 
 2.14 
 
 3.46 
 
 3.26 
 
 1.13 
 
 0.46 
 
 2.91 
 
 2.61 
 
 6.34 
 
 2.10 
 
 
 2.73 
 
 December_ 
 
 2.52 
 
 3.61 
 
 5.31 
 
 2.15 
 
 5.63 
 
 9.37 
 
 5.61 
 
 3.52 
 
 1.01 
 
 7.23 
 
 4.46 
 
 5.77 
 
 1.83 
 
 
 4.28 
 
 Total and mean 
 Annuals. 
 
 Monthly average. 
 
 47.99 
 
 48.52 
 
 43.66 
 
 58.79 
 
 58.12 
 
 50.33 
 
 59.40 
 
 54.08 
 
 46.99 
 
 50.36 
 
 58.06 
 
 60.26 
 
 39.78 
 
 50.76 
 
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18 
 
 The Bulletin, November, 1923 
 
 EFFECT OF NITROGEN, PHOSPHORIC ACID, POTASH AND LIME 
 ALONE AND IN COMPARISON WITH EACH OTHER 
 ON THE YIELD OF WHEAT 
 
 The experiments, the results of which are presented in Table I, 
 were planned to show the effect on the yield of wheat of nitrogen 
 (N), phosphoric acid (P), and potash (K), when applied singly; 
 when two of the constituents were applied together, as nitrogen and 
 phosphoric acid (NP), nitrogen and potash (NK) and phosphoric acid 
 and potash (PK) ; and when all three of the constituents were applied 
 to make a complete fertilizer (NPK). Also to test the effects of lime 
 (L) used alone and when used in connection with a complete fertilizer 
 (NPKL). 
 
 The results secured are shown in yields of bushels of grain and 
 pounds of straw per acre for the several years, average yields, 
 average increases over the unfertilized (0) plats, which represent 
 the effect of the fertilizer application, the value of the increase, the 
 cost of the fertilizer and the value of the increased yields over the 
 cost of the fertilizer. The value of the increased yields of grain 
 and straw represents the profit from the different fertilizer appli¬ 
 cations after paying for the fertilizer itself. 
 
 Nitrogen (N) (Plats 1, 3 and 1). On Field A, the average results 
 show a loss of 0.6 bushels of grain and 75 pounds of straw from the 
 use of nitrogen; on Field C, a loss of 1.0 bushel of grain and 105 
 pounds of straw; while on Field B, an average gain was made of 
 2.4 bushels of grain and 34 pounds of straw. From the average 
 results of all three fields for nine years, the increase due to the 
 application of nitrogen alone was 0.3 of a bushel of grain and a 
 loss in straw of 49 pounds per acre. After deducting the cost of 
 the nitrogen applied, an annual financial loss amounting to $2.73 
 per acre is shown. 
 
 Phosphoric Acid (P) (Plats 2, 4 and 2). Phosphoric acid used 
 alone produced an increase in yield over the unfertilized plats, in 
 
 all of the nine years on every field. The average increase on Field 
 
 A was 2.8 bushels of grain and 207 pounds of straw; 5.1 bushels 
 of grain and 473 pounds of straw on Field B; and 5.5 bushels of 
 grain and 441 pounds of straw on Field C. The average increased 
 yields for nine years on the three fields were 6.3 bushels of grain 
 and 548 pounds of straw per acre. After deducting the cost of the 
 fertilizer an annual increase is given of $6.89 per acre. 
 
 Potash (K) (Plats 3, 6 and 3). The average results for three 
 
 years on each field show that the yields from the plats receiving 
 
 potash alone made less grain and straw than did the unfertilized 
 plats. The average results for nine years show a loss of 0.8 bushels 
 of grain and 67 pounds of straw. The annual potash applications 
 cost 48 cents, making the use of potash alone on wheat show an 
 annual loss of $2.07 per acre. 
 
Fertilizer Experiments With Wheat 
 
 19 
 
 Fig. 1.—Wheat on Land Unfertilized (Plat 4—1st Series, Field A) Since 
 1903, but Cultivated and Seeded as Other Land. Photo 1923 
 
 Nitrogen and Phosphoric Acid (NP) (Plats 5, 7 and 4). From 
 the use of mixtures carrying nitrogen and phosphoric acid, increased 
 yields over the unfertilized plats were obtained in all nine years on 
 each of the three fields. On Field A, the average increase was 8.8 
 bushels of grain and 887 pounds of straw; on Field B, 10.4 bushels 
 of grain and 753 pounds of straw; and on Field C, 7.0 bushels of 
 grain and 641 pounds of straw ;i or an average annual increase for 
 the nine years on the three fields of 10.4 bushels of grain and 924 
 pounds of straw. This increase, after taking care of the cost of 
 the fertilizer, gave an annual net profit of $12.35 per acre. This 
 annual gain was $5.46 more than where phosphoric acid alone was 
 applied, showing that nitrogen has added decidedly to the yield 
 and profit when combined with the phosphoric acid, though the 
 nitrogen when used alone was at a loss. 
 
 Nitrogen and Potash (NK) (Plats 6, 8 and 5). There were small 
 average increased yields of grain and straw on Fields A and B from 
 the use of a mixture carrying nitrogen and potash, while on Field 
 C, the unfertilized plats gave a larger yield than this mixture. As 
 an average of all three fields, the increase was 0.2 bushels of grain 
 and 34 pounds of straw. When the cost of the fertilizer is taken 
 into consideration, this application gave an annual loss of $2.84 
 per acre. 
 
 Phosphoric Acid and Potash (PK) (Plats 7, 9, and 12-). Phos¬ 
 phoric acid and potash combined gave increased yields on all the 
 plats in the three fields, the average annual increased yield on Field 
 A, being 7.8 bushels of grain and 606 pounds of straw; on Field B, 
 9.3 bushels of grain and 877 pounds of straw; and on Field C, 5.6 
 bushels of grain and 436 pounds of straw. On an average of nine 
 years’ results for all three fields, an increase was secured of 8.7 
 bushels of grain and 761 pounds of straw, giving an annual profit, 
 
20 
 
 The Bulletin, November, 1923 
 
 over the cost of the fertilizer, of $12.39 per acre. This increase 
 is 4 cents more than that received from an application of nitrogen 
 and phosphoric acid, although the average yield from nitrogen and 
 phosphoric acid was more by 1.1 bushels of grain and 120 pounds 
 of straw than from the plats receiving a mixture of phosphoric acid 
 and potash. This difference is caused by difference in cost of the 
 fertilizer applications, it being $4.56 annually per acre on the plats 
 receiving nitrogen and phosphoric acid and $2.16 per acre for the 
 plats receiving a mixture of phosphoric acid and potash. From these 
 results, it is seen that potash added to phosphoric acid has increased 
 the yield by 3.1 bushels of grain and 266 pounds of straw respec¬ 
 tively per acre over plats receiving phosphoric acid alone; showing 
 that potash has been effective in the growth, of wheat on this soil 
 when used in conjunction with phosphoric acid. 
 
 Fig. 2.—Showing Wheat on Land (Plat 15—2nd Series, Field A) Treated 
 Continuously With a Complete Fertilizer and Lime (NPKL) 
 
 Photo 1923 
 
 Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid and Potash (NPK) (Plats 8, 10, and 
 
 6). When all three of the fertilizer materials were applied together 
 as a complete fertilizer, increased yields were obtained on all three 
 fields. The average annual increase over the unfertilized plats for 
 all three fields being 10.3 bushels of grain and 783 pounds of straw 
 per acre, which together were worth $14.33, over the cost of the 
 fertilizer mixture applied. From the standpoint of yield as well 
 as annual net returns, it is evident that it pays to use a complete 
 fertilizer for wheat on this type of soil. 
 
 Lime (L) (Plats 14 2 , 1, and 7 2 ). Increased yields were secured 
 of both grain and straw on all three fields during the nine years 
 of the experiment. The average annual increase for the three fields 
 being 2.3 bushels of grain and 289 pounds of straw per acre. After 
 allowing for cost of lime, an annual net profit of $3.70 per acre was 
 secured. 
 
Fertilizer Experiments With Wheat 
 
 21 
 
 Lime with Complete Fertilizer (NPKL) (Plats 15 2 , 2, and 9 2 ). 
 
 When lime was used in combination with a complete fertilizer, an 
 increase in yield of wheat and net profit per acre was secured on 
 all three fields. On an average, the increase in yield was 12.3 bushels 
 of grain and 923 pounds of straw, giving a net annual return, over 
 the cost of fertilizer treatment, of $16.83 per acre. 
 
 From the results given in Table I, it is shown— 
 
 1. That nitrogen used alone on this soil was not profitable. 
 
 2. That potash alone made less yields than the untreated plats and 
 was, therefore, used at a loss. 
 
 3. That phosphoric acid 1 used alone gave a large increase in yield and 
 net profit, showing that it is the planbfood constituent of first im¬ 
 portance required for profitable wheat growing on this soil. 
 
 4. That the use of lime alone gave increased yields and its use was 
 profitable. 
 
 5. That nitrogen added to the phosphoric acid gave increased yields 
 over what the use of phosphoric acid alone did and was profitable. 
 
 6. That potash added to phosphoric acid has given decided increased 
 results over the use of phosphoric acid alone and was profitable. 
 
 7. That the use of nitrogen added to phosphoric acid has given larger 
 yields than when potash was added to phosphoric acid, but on 
 account of the difference in the cost of nitrogen and potash, the 
 net returns are greater by 4 cents per acre in the former than in 
 the latter case. It is evident, therefore, that nitrogen is more 
 needed than potash for greater wheat yields, but the quantity of 
 this expensive nitrogen required to be added can be reduced by 
 the growth and turning under of legumes. 
 
 8. That when all three of the fertilizing constituents were applied, 
 larger yields of wheat were secured and the net profits greater 
 than with the use of any combination of two of the fertilizing 
 constituents. 
 
 9. The use of lime with a complete fertilizer has given larger yields 
 and greater net returns than any other treatment tried. 
 
22 
 
 The Bulletin, Novembek, 1923 
 
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26 
 
 The Bulletin, November, 1923 
 
 EFFECT OF VARYING QUANTITIES OF NITROGEN 
 
 The experiments, results from which are given in Table II, were 
 planned to show the effect of varying quantities of nitrogen on the 
 yields of wheat, while keeping the amount of phosphoric acid and 
 potash constant. 
 
 On one plat, the nitrogen was reduced to one-half normal quantity, 
 making the application 6 pounds of nitrogen per acre or 1.5 per 
 cent in the mixture. On two of the plats, the nitrogen was increased 
 by two and three times the normal (12 pounds per acre) nitrogen 
 application, making the applications 24 and 36 pounds per acre 
 respectively, or 6 and 9 per cent in the mixture. 
 
 Fig 3. —Showing Growth of Wheat on Land (Plat 20 —2nd Series, Field 
 A) Treated With 400 Lbs. Per Acre: of a Complete Fertilizer 
 
 (NPK) Since 1903. Photo 1923 
 
 The results on all three fields show very uniformly that when the 
 application was increased from 6 pounds to 12 pounds, 24 pounds, 
 and 36 pounds of nitrogen respectively, the yields of wheat showed a 
 corresponding increase. This increase was enough to give a larger net 
 return, after deducting the cost of the fertilizer, as the size of the 
 nitrogen applications were increased. With the use of 6 pounds 
 of nitrogen, the annual net returns were $12.75; for 12 pounds, 
 $14.33; for 24 pounds, $17.06; and for 36 pounds of nitrogen, $19.14 
 per acre. 
 
 Taking into consideration the data contained in Table I showing 
 that phosphoric acid was the most essential plant food to be added 
 for larger crop yields of wheat, it is quite possible that if more 
 phosphoric acid had been used in the fertilizer mixture with the 
 heavier applications of nitrogen, that larger yields of wheat would 
 have been secured. 
 
TABLE III—Results of Fertilizer Experiments With Wheat at Iredell Farm, Showing Effect of Varying Quantities of 
 
 Phosphoric Acid in Complete Mixture on Yields 
 
 Results from Field A in 1911, 1915 and 1919 
 
 Fertilizer Experiments With Wheat 
 
 27 
 
 TH 19 iI J° 1 S0 0 J9AO 
 ’ Anujg pun I'ea^AV 
 jo ssbojouj pmuuy 
 aSuiaAy jo anjuy 
 
 
 $ 8.93 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 q—H 
 
 
 
 15.41 
 
 17.50 
 
 
 9J0y J9<J 
 
 JO JSOQ 
 
 
 $ 4.20 
 
 
 
 5.04 
 
 
 
 6,72 
 
 8.40 
 
 
 uox wd 01$ 
 
 MUJjg pun -ng aaj 
 OSTS *v juoqAV W* 
 
 8SU8J0UJ JO 9njUA 
 
 
 $13.13 
 
 
 
 18.51 
 
 
 
 22.13 
 
 25.90 
 
 
 jozijijjtaj 
 oj anp aioy 
 
 jaj Avejjg spunod 
 ui asuaaouj aSujaAy 
 
 
 iO 
 
 00 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 T-H 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 945 
 
 1,039 
 
 
 •iazipjiad 
 oj anp aioy jaj 
 j^aqAS sjaqsng 
 ut as’eaiouj aSnaaAy 
 
 
 co 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 t-H 
 
 
 
 11.6 
 
 13.8 
 
 
 Yields in Pounds 
 
 Straw Per Acre 
 
 Ave. 
 
 CO CO O 
 
 »0 CO TfH 
 
 CO r —1 
 
 O CO CO 
 
 O 1 -H lO 
 
 fH OO 
 
 • 
 
 53 
 
 1,035 
 
 1,142 
 
 140 
 
 1919 
 
 120 
 
 1,010 
 
 240 
 
 OOO 
 
 10 os CM 
 
 OS !-« 
 
 120 
 
 1,120 
 
 1,090 
 
 240 
 
 1 
 
 ! 
 
 1915 
 
 28 
 
 395 
 
 80 
 
 88 
 
 530 
 
 28 
 
 28 
 
 750 
 
 1,005 
 
 80 
 
 1911 
 
 O LO O 
 
 T-H OO O 
 
 10 y—1 
 
 CM O O 
 
 CO CM t-h 
 
 OS 
 
 10 
 
 1,235 
 
 1,330 
 
 100 
 
 Yields in Bushels 
 Grain Per Acre 
 
 Ave. 
 
 CM CO i-H 
 
 O !>• 
 
 1.5 
 
 10.8 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.2 
 
 12.2 
 
 14.5 
 
 1.1 
 
 1919 
 
 CO CM CO 
 
 O O 1 
 
 3.0 
 
 10.2 
 
 0.3 
 
 0.3 
 
 11.8 
 
 11.8 
 
 1.3 
 
 1915 
 
 O C 5 CM 
 
 O ^ 
 
 cq co O 
 
 P 00 0 
 
 0.0 
 
 10.5 
 
 13.9 
 
 1.2 
 
 1911 
 
 0.2 
 
 6.9 
 
 0.8 
 
 0.3 
 
 13.8 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.2 
 
 14.4 
 
 17.8 
 
 0.8 
 
 aaoy Jaj (0 Z H) 
 qsujoj spunod 
 
 
 1 1 1 CO 
 
 1 1 1 
 
 1 1 1 
 
 1 1 1 
 
 t 1 1 
 
 
 
 ! 1 1 co 
 
 1 1 1 
 
 1 1 1 
 
 1 1 1 
 
 1 1 t 
 
 
 
 1 1 1 co 1 1 co 
 
 1 II II 
 
 1 II II 
 
 1 II II 
 
 1 II II 
 
 
 aioy aaj (so^) 
 pioy "sogj spunod 
 
 
 1 1 1 
 
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 1 1 r-H 1 
 
 1 1 1 
 
 1 1 1 
 
 1 1 1 
 
 
 
 1 1 1 
 
 1 1 00 1 
 
 1 1 CM 1 
 
 1 1 1 
 
 1 1 1 
 
 1 1 1 
 
 
 
 56 
 
 84 
 
 
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 uaSoijijq spunoj 
 
 
 1 1 ■ 
 
 1 CM 1 1 
 
 I i-H 1 1 
 
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 1 1 1 
 
 
 
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 1 CM 1 1 CM 1 1 
 
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 1 11 11 
 
 1 11 11 
 
 1 11 11 
 
 
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 c-q 
 
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 a 
 
 02 
 
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 o 
 
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 c3 
 
 U1 
 
 02 
 
 S-i 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 c3 
 
 O 
 
 CO 
 
 m 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 *o 
 
 o 
 
 CM 
 
 02 
 
 P 
 
 P 
 
 O 
 
 co 
 
 T3 
 
 02 
 
 S3 
 
 f-4 
 
 02 
 
 C3 
 
 P 
 
 £ P M 
 
 ^ CM ^ 
 
 02 
 •4-3 
 
 o3 
 
 02 03 
 
 £ % M 
 
 CO 
 
 T3 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 ffl 
 
 o 
 
 © ^ 
 
 CC 
 
 02 
 
 Pi 
 
 3 
 
 c3 
 
 'T3 
 
 02 
 
 S3 
 
 P 
 
 02 
 
 u-* 
 
 P 
 
 Is ^ vO 
 
 ^ 2 © 
 
 <M 
 
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 P 
 
 P 
 
 03 
 
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 03 
 
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 p 
 
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 00 
 
TABLE III—Results of Fertilizer Experiments With Wheat at Iredell Farm, Showing Effect of Varying Quantities of 
 
 Phosphoric Acid in Complete Mixture on Yields 
 
 Results from Field B in 1912, 1916 and 1920 
 
 28 
 
 The Bulletin, November, 1923 
 
 JO JSOQ J9AO 
 
 Avnjjg pun jnaq^ 
 jo asnajouj junuuy 
 aSmaAy jo anjn^ 
 
 
 S 11.26 
 
 
 19.40 
 
 
 21.24 
 
 15.10 
 
 
 aiay J9(j 
 
 J9ZipjJ9^ JO JSOQ 
 
 
 $ 4.20 
 
 
 5.04 
 
 
 6.72 
 
 8.40 
 
 
 U0£ J9d OIS U? 
 MUJjg pun 'ng J9j 
 
 0ST$ U* u«>qM qii^ 
 asnajouj jo anjn^ 
 
 
 $15.46 
 
 
 24.44 
 
 
 27.96 
 
 23.50 
 
 
 I3ZIJIJJ9J 
 
 o j anp aaoy 
 J9J M.UI'Jg spunoj 
 
 UX 9SU9J0UJ 9SUJ9Ay 
 
 
 CM 
 
 © 
 
 © 
 
 
 r- 
 
 CM 
 
 © 
 
 
 1,092 
 
 859 
 
 
 jazipjjaj; 
 oj anp aidy aaj 
 juaqM sjaqsna 
 asnajauj aSnaaAy 
 
 
 CO 
 
 oo 
 
 
 13.2 
 
 
 © OO 
 
 to CM 
 
 
 
 Ave. 
 
 CO 
 
 oo 
 
 685 
 
 CM 
 
 1,036 
 
 83 
 
 1,210 
 
 977 
 
 00 
 
 ^H 
 
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 © 
 
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 © 
 
 CO 
 
 o 
 
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 CO 
 
 rH 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 r-H 
 
 © 
 
 
 
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 CM 
 
 
 CM 
 
 ^H 
 
 
 
 O) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 ▼-H 
 
 
 
 
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 CO 
 
 1 s 
 
 X o 
 
 PQ u 
 
 0> 
 
 gPh 
 • >—« 
 
 «.s 
 
 T3 o3 
 
 r-H hi 
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 a> 
 
 > 
 
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 00 
 
 © 
 
 o 
 
 cm 
 
 © 
 
 00 
 
 © 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 CM 
 
 © 
 
 CO 
 
 © 
 
 CO 
 
 © 
 
 00 
 
 TfJ 
 
 © 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 
 
 1920 
 
 0.0 
 
 6.0 
 
 0.0 
 
 16.9 
 
 0.0 
 
 18.8 
 
 17.0 
 
 0.0 
 
 1916 
 
 2.2 
 
 13.2 
 
 4.7 
 
 13.5 
 
 2.2 
 
 15.3 
 
 11.7 
 
 3.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 © 
 
 © 
 
 aioy Jaj (0 s >1) 
 qsnjoj spunOjj 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 "co' 
 
 
 
 
 © 
 
 1 © l 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 1 
 
 ajoy Jdj ( g O z d) 
 pioy ’soqj spunoj 
 
 
 
 rH 
 
 
 
 
 OO 
 
 CM 
 
 
 
 
 © 
 
 © 
 
 
 00 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 aaoy aaj (n) 
 uaSojji]^ spunoj 
 
 
 CM 
 
 
 
 
 CM 
 
 rH 
 
 
 
 
 CM 
 
 rH 
 
 
 1 
 
 CM 1 
 
 rH 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
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 1 
 
 1 
 
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 <D 
 
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 *H 
 
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 fin 
 
 C5 
 
 O 
 
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 -x> 
 
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 m 
 
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 53 & « 
 
 co , 
 
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 g* 
 
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TABLE III—Results of Fertilizer Experiments With Wheat at Iredell Farm, Showing Effect of Varying Quantities of 
 
 Phosphoric Acid in Complete Mixture on Yields 
 
 Results fx’om Field C in 1913, 1917 and 1921 
 
 Fertilizer Experiments With Wheat 
 
 29 
 
 'lil J8 J JO JSOQ j0ao 
 MBJJ g puB J138l{A\ 
 jo OSU8JOUJ junuuy 
 03BJ9AY J° 8 n l^A 
 
 
 $ 7.34 
 
 10.12 
 
 11.26 
 
 12.19 
 
 9I0y J0g 
 J9ZIJIJJ9J JO JSOQ 
 
 
 $ 4.20 
 
 5.04 
 
 6.72 
 
 8.40 
 
 uoj, J9d 01$ jn 
 Aveijg pun 'ng jag 
 OS'IS V* pxaqM qiTAi 
 
 9SU0J0UJ JO 9njUA 
 
 
 $11.54 
 
 15.16 
 
 17.98 
 
 20.59 
 
 J9ZipjJ0jJ 
 
 oj 9np 9ioy 
 J9J AVBJJg spunog 
 ui 9SU9J0UJ eSuaeAy 
 
 
 OO 4—i io oo 
 
 CM CO o 
 
 ^ CO 02 
 
 agzipjjoj 
 oj gnp 9joy jag 
 jBgqAV sjaqsng 
 ui 0 SB 0 JOUJ 03uj0Ay 
 
 
 5.8 
 
 7.7 
 
 9.2 
 
 10.7 
 
 Yields in Pounds 
 
 Straw Per Acre 
 
 Ave. 
 
 192 
 
 760 
 
 913 
 
 1,027 
 
 1,100 
 
 1921 
 
 o o o o o 
 
 05 ^-5 ic 05 
 
 lO CO CO 
 
 1917 
 
 o o o o o 
 
 O -cf Tti tj< 
 
 (NO lO 00 
 
 1913 
 
 285 
 
 1,130 
 
 1,550 
 
 1,620 
 
 1,720 
 
 Yields in Bushels 
 Grain Per Acres 
 
 « 
 
 > 
 
 <1 
 
 2.0 
 
 7.8 
 
 9.7 
 
 11.2 
 
 12.7 
 
 CM 
 
 C2 
 
 y—4 
 
 0.5 
 
 4.5 
 
 6.2 
 
 6.8 
 
 7.7 
 
 1917 
 
 o 
 
 co O O ir. 
 
 . . . . o 
 
 cm r^ oo i-H 
 
 1913 
 
 3.3 
 
 12.0 
 
 15.8 
 
 18.3 
 
 20.3 
 
 ejoy joj (o z H) 
 qsujog spunog 
 
 
 i i CO i > CO i * CO i i CO 
 
 II II II II 
 
 II II II II 
 
 II II II II 
 
 II II II II 
 
 ejoy Jag (so'd) 
 pioy ’soqg spunog 
 
 
 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 
 
 1*^1 i CO 1 1 CO i ixfi 
 
 I 1—II i CM i 1 lO 1 i 00 i 
 
 i i i i i i i i 
 
 i i i i 1 i i i 
 
 i i i i 1 i i I 
 
 9Joy Jag (N) 
 uoSoijt^q spunog 
 
 
 ii ii ii ii 
 
 CM i i CM i i CM i i CM i i 
 
 t-HII t—III i-HII »-hii 
 
 ii ii ii ii 
 
 ii ii 11 ii 
 
 it ii ii ii 
 
 o 
 
 s-. 
 
 O 
 
 Sh 
 
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 43 
 
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 -c 
 
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 05 »o 
 05 co 
 
 T3 
 
 O 
 
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 s 
 
 65 
 
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 m 
 
 -Q 
 
 m 
 
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 cj 
 
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 42 
 
 hP 
 
 o 
 
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 a> 
 
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 CX -4— > 
 co 
 
 T? 
 
 O 
 
 J2 
 
 s 
 
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 C 
 
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TABLE III—Results of Fertilizer Experiments With Wheat at Iredell Farm, Showing Effect of Varying Quantities of 
 
 Phosphoric Acid in Complete Mixture on Yields 
 
 Average Results for Nine Years in Fields A,B and C 
 
 30 
 
 The Bulletin, November, 1923 
 
 •II5J0J JO JSOO J9AQ 
 
 AVBjjg pun jnaqM 
 jo gsngjouj jnnuuy 
 8 §nj 0 Ay jo onjny 
 
 
 $ 9.18 
 
 
 14.33 
 
 
 15.97 
 
 14.93 
 
 9J0y J9J 
 jgzqijig^ jo Jsoq 
 
 
 $ 4.20 
 
 
 5.04 
 
 
 6.72 
 
 8.40 
 
 uoj J9d oil jn Avnjjg 
 pun jgqsng agj 
 0ST$ jn jnoqM qjiM 
 gsngjouj jo enjny 
 
 
 OO 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 <s 
 
 
 19.37 
 
 
 22.69 
 
 23.33 
 
 J9ZIJIJJ9J 
 OJ 9UQ 9J0y J9J 
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 gsngjouj 93ni9Ay 
 
 
 lO 
 
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 957 
 
 935 
 
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 10.3 
 
 
 11.9 
 
 12.4 
 
 9AISUJ9UJ Xo6X <U 
 
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 ui spjgiy 9Snj9Ay 
 
 
 CO 
 
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 oaisujouj I 26 J oj 
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 11.7 
 
 
 13.2 
 
 13.8 
 
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 1 00 1 
 
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 84 
 
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 73 
 
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 73 
 
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 73 
 
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 ft 
 
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 32 
 
 ft 
 
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 N 
 
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 ft 
 
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 £ ft p 
 
 T5 
 
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Fertilizer Experiments With Wheat 
 
 31 
 
 EFFECT OF VARYING QUANTITIES OF PHOSPHORIC ACID 
 
 The experiments, results of which are given in Table III, were 
 planned to show the effect on the yields of wheat of varying quan¬ 
 tities of phosphoric acid; the quantities of nitrogen and potash 
 applied remaining constant. To carry this out, on one plat one-half 
 the normal quantity of phosphoric acid was applied, making the 
 application 14 pounds of phosphoric acid per acre or 3.5 per cent 
 in the mixture. On two of the plats, the phosphoric acid was increased 
 by two and three times the normal (28 pounds per acre) application, 
 making the application, therefore, 56 and 84 pounds of phosphoric acid 
 per acre, respectively, or 14 and 21 per cent in the fertilizer mixture. 
 
 Fig. 4.—Showing Wheat on Experimental Field (Plat 15—1st Series, 
 Field A) to Which a Complete Fertilizer High in Phosphoric Acid 
 (NP 3 K) Has Been Applied Continuously Since 1903. Photo 1923 
 
 With the exception of plat 2 2 on Field B, which received an appli¬ 
 cation of 84 pounds of phosphoric acid to the acre, the results on all 
 three fields uniformly show increased yields of wheat as the phos¬ 
 phoric acid application was increased. An average of nine years 
 experiments on the three fields show that the largest profit was 
 obtained from an application of 56 pounds of phosphoric acid per 
 acre. As the profit on this plat is only $1.64 more than the profit 
 from the plats receiving 28 pounds of phosphoric acid per acre, it is 
 probable that unless the nitrogen application is increased the most 
 profitable amount of phosphoric acid to use would be around 42 
 pounds per acre. 
 
32 
 
 The Bulletin, November, 1923 
 
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I'ABLE IV—Results of Fertilizer Experiments With Wheat at Iredell Farm, Showing Effect of Varying Quantities of 
 
 Potash in Complete Mixture on Yields 
 
 ___ Results from Field C in 1913, 1917 and 1921 
 
 The Bulletin, November, 1923 
 
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 90 Lbs. 20% Manure Salt 
 
36 
 
 The Bulletin, November, 1923 
 
 EFFECT OF VARYING QUANTITIES OF POTASH 
 
 The experiments, results of which are given in Table IV, were 
 planned to show the effect on the yield of wheat of varying quan¬ 
 tities of potash, the quantities of nitrogen and phosphoric acid used 
 remaining constant. In carrying this out, on one plat one-half the 
 normal quantity of potash, making the application 3 pounds of pot¬ 
 ash or 0.75 per cent in the fertilizer mixture, was used. On two 
 plats, the potash was increased by two and three times the normal 
 (6 pounds per acre) application, making the applications 12 and 18 
 pounds of potash, respectively, or three and six per cent in the fertil¬ 
 izer mixture. 
 
 With the exception of plat 19 on Field A, which gave the largest 
 yield of wheat and net returns per acre, the results are uniform in 
 showing that an application of 6 pounds of potash is more profitable 
 to use than either the use of 3, 12, or 18 pounds of potash per acre. 
 In most cases, the use of three pounds per acre gave larger net returns 
 than did the use of 12 and 18 pounds per acre. 
 
 The indications are very strong that 1.5 per cent potash is all 
 that is needed for wheat on this type of soil, when it is used with 
 the regular quantity of nitrogen and phosphoric acid contained in 
 the normal fertilizer mixture. 
 
 The results throw further light on the comparative value of nitro¬ 
 gen and potash for growing wheat on this soil and give unquestion¬ 
 ably a more important place to nitrogen than to potash. 
 
TABLE Y—Results of Fertilizer Experiments With Wheat at Iredell Farm, Showing Effect of Varying Quantities of 
 
 Complete Fertilizer on Yields 
 
 Results from Field A in 1911, 1915 and 1919 ____ 
 
 Fertilizer Experiments With Wheat 
 
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38 
 
 The Bulletin, November, 1923 
 
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 »J 
 
 . o 
 CO co 
 
 T3 
 
 0 > 
 
 S3 
 
 Fh 
 
 0 ) 
 
 53 
 
 P 
 
 c3 O 
 
 iO 
 
 lO 
 
 
TABLE Y—Results of Fertilizer Experiments With Wheat at Iredell Farm, Showing Effect of Varying Quantities of 
 
 Complete Fertilizer on Yields 
 
 Results from Field 0 in 1913, 1917 and 1921 __ 
 
 Fertilizer Experiments With Wheat 
 
 39 
 
 1° 1SOQ J9A0 
 
 - Ain.i:jg pun 
 jo esnajouj jnnuuy 
 eSuieAy jo enjuA 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 
 10.12 
 
 
 7.94 
 
 15.09 
 
 14.60 
 
 0 joy leg 
 •iazqipieg jo jsoq 
 
 $ 2.52 
 
 
 5.04 
 
 
 7.56 
 
 10.08 
 
 12.60 
 
 uox -wd 01$ U3 
 Avnijg pun ’tig ieg 
 02'I$ l^sqAv qiiAv 
 esnerouj jo enjuA 
 
 $ 2.52 
 
 
 15.16 
 
 i 
 
 
 15.50 
 
 25.17 
 
 27.20 
 
 J0ZI[IJJ0jJ 
 
 oj enp eioy 
 .ieg AYUijg spunog 
 ui esnajouj eSuieAy 
 
 CO 
 
 T“H 
 
 ^H 
 
 
 H 
 
 CM 
 
 
 760 
 
 1,193 
 
 1,270 
 
 J 0 zigj.ieg 
 oj. anp eioy jeg 
 jnaq^V sjeqsng 
 ui asnaiouj aSnaaAy 
 
 CO 
 
 rH 
 
 
 r- 
 
 
 7.8 
 
 12.8 
 
 13.9 
 
 Yields in Pounds 
 
 Straw Per Acre 
 
 Ave. 
 
 o u- 
 
 CO T-H 
 
 CM rt 
 
 CO CM 
 
 T-H Oi 
 
 O T-H 
 
 877 
 
 1,310 
 
 1,387 
 
 117 
 
 1921 
 
 170 
 
 50 
 
 650 
 
 90 
 
 770 
 
 1,040 
 
 1.060 
 
 50 
 
 1917 
 
 O O 
 
 CM oo 
 
 T-H 
 
 » 
 
 540 
 
 200 
 
 420 
 
 890 
 
 1,040 
 
 80 
 
 1913 
 
 400 
 
 220 
 
 1,550 
 
 285 
 
 1,440 
 
 2,000 
 
 2,060 
 
 220 
 
 Yields in Bushels 
 Grain Per Acre 
 
 Ave. 
 
 ^ t-H 
 
 CM t-H 
 
 9.7 
 
 2.0 
 
 8.9 
 
 13.9 
 
 15.0 
 
 1.1 
 
 1921 
 
 1.5 
 
 0.2 
 
 6.2 
 
 0.5 
 
 7.7 
 
 11.0 
 
 11.0 
 
 0.2 
 
 1917 
 
 o u- 
 
 t-H O 
 
 7.0 
 
 2.3 
 
 4.7 
 
 10.8 
 
 12.7 
 
 0.7 
 
 1913 
 
 4.7 
 
 2.5 
 
 15.8 
 
 3.3 
 
 14.3 
 
 20.0 
 
 21.3 
 
 2.5 
 
 aaoy J 0 j (CFH) 
 qsnjog spunog 
 
 ' r i co 
 
 i i 
 
 i i 
 
 * i 
 
 i i 
 
 
 1 1 CO 
 
 1 1 
 l 1 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 7^ i O i i CM i i 
 
 II II i—H 1 1 t-H 
 
 II •! 11 
 
 II II 1 1 
 
 II II • 1 
 
 0 jay jag (sQzg) 
 ptoy -soqg spunog 
 
 i i 
 
 1 Tfl 1 
 
 1 T-H 1 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 i 00 1 
 
 1 CM 1 
 
 i i 
 
 i i 
 
 i i 
 
 
 42 
 
 56 
 
 70 
 
 eioy J0g (n) 
 uaSoj^i^q spunog 
 
 1 i 
 
 CD 1 1 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 I i 
 
 CM » i 
 
 t-H 1 1 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 00 i i -hJH i i Oil 
 
 t-H 1 1 CM 1 1 CO 1 1 
 
 II II I 1 
 
 II II 11 
 
 Unfertilized 
 
TABLE V—Results of Fertilizer Experiments With Wheat at Iredell Farm, Showing Effect of Varying Quantities of 
 
 Complete Fertilizer on Yields 
 
 Average Results for Nine Years in Fields A , B and C _ 
 
 40 
 
 The Bulletin, November, 1923 
 
 JO JSOQ J9AQ 
 Avejjg pun jnaip^ 
 jo asnaaouj junuuy 
 oSujOAy jo anju^ 
 
 
 $ 5.87 
 
 
 14.33 
 
 
 15.44 
 
 17.36 
 
 \ 
 
 18.77 
 
 ajoy jag 
 jaziqpiag jo jsog 
 
 
 $ 2.52 
 
 
 5.04 
 
 
 7.56 
 
 10.08 
 
 12.60 
 
 uoq. J8d oi$ B3 Avejjg 
 pun pqsng jag 
 05'I $ W 
 
 asnajouj jo anjey 
 
 
 $ 8.39 
 
 
 co 
 
 05 
 
 rH 
 
 
 23.00 
 
 27.44 
 
 31.37 
 
 jaziqpiag 
 oj anQ ajoy jag 
 Avna-jg spunog ui 
 
 8SU9J0UJ 9SUJ9Ay 
 
 
 00 
 
 co 
 
 
 CO 
 
 oo 
 
 
 920 
 
 1,227 
 
 1,293 
 
 jaziqpiag 
 oj 9nQ 9Joy 
 jag uiujg sjaqsng 
 ui asuaioui a&ujaAy 
 
 
 co 
 
 rji 
 
 
 CO 
 
 o 
 
 rH 
 
 
 12.3 
 
 14.2 
 
 16.6 
 
 9Atsnpuj xg3i oj 
 1161 sjuay joj 9ioy 
 jag jAnijg spunog 
 
 UI Spj9ty 9§UJ9Ay 
 
 
 *o 
 
 05 
 
 
 rH 
 
 03 
 
 05 
 
 
 1,018 
 
 1,322 
 
 1,384 
 
 9Aisnj9U j 1361 oj 
 1161 sjuay joj aaoy 
 jag uiujq sjaqsng 
 ui sppty 9§uJ9Ay 
 
 
 T}H 
 
 nO 
 
 
 11.7 
 
 
 13.1 
 
 15.0 
 
 17.3 
 
 ajoy J9g (o z H) 
 qsujog spunog 
 
 
 • 1 CO 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 i i co 
 
 i i 
 i i 
 i i 
 i i 
 i i 
 i i 
 
 a 
 
 i i 05 i N i i iO 
 
 II 1 1 T—1 1 1 T-H 
 
 ii ii ii 
 
 ii ii it 
 
 ii ii ii 
 
 ii ii ii 
 
 ii ii it 
 
 ajoy J9g («0 z d) 
 pioy -soqg spunog 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 -Tf 1 
 
 1 rH 1 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 i i 
 
 i OO 1 
 
 • Cd 1 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 i i i i i i 
 
 i 03 i i CO i i o • 
 
 1 Ht* 1 1 to 1 1 t>- 1 
 
 1 1 1 1 1 1 
 
 1 1 1 1 1 1 
 
 1 1 1 1 1 1 
 
 1 1 1 1 1 1 
 
 aaoy aag (N) 
 uaSojjijq spunog 
 
 
 1 1 
 co i i 
 
 i i 
 i i 
 i i 
 i i 
 i i 
 i i 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 03 I l 
 rH 1 1 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 II II II 
 
 OO 1 1 rH i i Oil 
 
 rH 1 1 Cd 1 1 CO I I 
 
 II II ll 
 
 II II ll 
 
 II II ll 
 
 II II II 
 
 ll Ii II 
 
 © 
 
 (H 
 
 © 
 
 <1 
 
 u 
 
 © 
 
 P 
 
 C 
 
 O 
 
 '-P 
 
 o3 
 
 "a 
 
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 Pi 
 
 © 
 
 KJ 
 
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 rC 
 
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 CD 
 
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 J=l 
 
 fa 
 
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 < 
 
 TS 
 
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 c3 
 
 m 
 
 © 
 
 Pi 
 
 3 
 
 a 
 
 & 
 
 PH 
 
 73 
 
 <D 
 
 CO 
 
 rH 
 
 CO 
 
 rH 
 
 
 73 
 
 O 
 
 CO 
 
 rH 
 
 S3 
 
 
 
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 S3 
 
 
 f—H 
 
 00 
 
 pQ 
 
 c n 
 
 rO 
 
 <M 
 
 • H 
 
 m 
 
 rO 
 
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 <D 
 
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 03 
 
 p3 
 
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 <-t—i 
 
 CO 
 
 £ 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 • 
 
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 CO 
 
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 rH 
 
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 V-_ . 
 
 
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 V - 
 
 T3 
 
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 sj 
 
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 CD 
 
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 4j 
 
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 P 
 
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 !>• 
 
 & 
 
 m 
 
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 p 
 
 sj 
 
 fl 
 
 S3 
 
 kH 
 
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 03 
 
 g2 
 
 Hi 
 
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 T3 
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 13 
 
 •43 ai 
 
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 P 
 
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 £5 c3 
 
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 3 2 
 
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 ^ § 
 
 rH 
 
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 1—3 03 
 
 X> 
 
 CO lO 
 
 rH (N 
 
 O 
 
 £ 
 
 c3 
 
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 00 
 
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 rH 
 
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 7 
 
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 CO 
 
Fertilizer Experiments With Wheat 
 
 41 
 
 EFFECT OF VARYING QUANTITIES OF FERTILIZER 
 
 The experiments, results of which are given in Table Y, were 
 designed to show the effect on the yield of wheat of decreasing and 
 increasing the normal (NPK) fertilizer application, which consists 
 of 400 pounds per acre of a mixture containing 7 per cent available 
 phosphoric acid, 3 per cent nitrogen, and 1.5 per cent potash. The 
 applications were made at the rate of 200 %(NPK) pounds; 400 
 (NPK) pounds; 600 iy 2 (NPK) pounds; 800 2(NPK) pounds,’- and 
 1,000 2%(NPK) pounds per acre, broadcast at seeding. 
 
 Fig. 5.—Wheat on Land (Plat 3—2nd Series, Field A) to Which 1,000 Lbs. 
 Per Acre of Complete Fertilizer (2 y 2 NPK) Has Been Applied 
 
 Photo 1923 
 
 The average results for the nine years show increased yields and 
 profits for all the quantities of fertilizer used, 1,000 pounds giving 
 the largest net returns. For Fields A and C, the largest net returns 
 were secured from the use of 800 pounds per acre; while for Field 
 B, the use of a 1,000 pounds of fertilizer produced the greatest profit. 
 
 Concisely, the average results with the different quantities of fertil¬ 
 izers were as follows: 
 
 Fertilizer 
 
 Per Acre—Pounds 
 
 Average Yield Per Acre 
 
 Average Increase Over 
 Unfertilized Plats Per Acre 
 
 Average Value 
 of Increase 
 Over Cost 
 of Fertilizer 
 
 Grain 
 
 Bushels 
 
 Straw 
 
 Pounds 
 
 Grain 
 
 Bushels 
 
 Straw 
 
 Pounds 
 
 200 
 
 5.4 
 
 495 
 
 4.3 
 
 378 
 
 $ 5.87 
 
 400 
 
 11.7 
 
 921 
 
 10.3 
 
 783 
 
 14.33 
 
 600 
 
 13.1 
 
 1,018 
 
 12.3 
 
 920 
 
 15.44 
 
 800 
 
 15.0 
 
 1,322 
 
 14.2 
 
 1,227 
 
 17.36 
 
 1,000 
 
 17.3 
 
 1,384 
 
 16.6 
 
 1,293 
 
 18.77 
 
II. WHEAT CULTURE IN PIEDMONT NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 Wheat is most important in the Piedmont and Mountain regions 
 of the State. There are a few soils, however, in the Eastern portion 
 of the State on which this crop can be grown fairly successfully, 
 such soils being those that are well drained and are of a clayey, sandy 
 clay or loamy nature, underlaid by clay or sandy clay subsoils. The 
 importance of the wheat crop of the State may be appreciated by 
 recalling that the 1919 crop was valued at almost seven million dollars. 
 
 Wheat need not be an expensive crop to produce as it is put in 
 during the fall after a crop of corn or some summer-growing legume 
 like cowpeas or soybeans, and is removed in time the following spring 
 for the land to go again into cowpeas, soybeans, or corn in some cases. 
 The writers are fully convinced, however, that in many cases in 
 normal times wheat would be far more profitable harvested for hay 
 than for grain. The objection raised to the growth of wheat on many 
 farms is that the harvesting and threshing of it comes at a time of 
 the year when many general farmers can ill afford to spare their 
 time and teams from planting and cultivating their other crops. It 
 is under such circumstances as this that farmers might seriously 
 consider the advisability of converting their wheat crop into hay. 
 They would be able to get their land for other crops at least ten 
 days to two weeks earlier than they could were they to allow the 
 wheat to stand, mature the grain and then have to thresh the crop 
 from the field. 
 
 WHEAT EXHAUSTS THE SOIL SOME 
 
 It should be remembered that wheat, when both grain and straw 
 are removed from the land, will exhaust considerable of the reserve 
 fertility of the farm. It will, this season, require an expenditure for 
 plant food in mixed fertilizers of about 27 cents for each bushel of 
 wheat produced and removed. Again, for every ton of straw removed 
 from the land it would cost $2.76 to replace the fertilizing constit¬ 
 uents carried away. All or most of these fertilizing constituents 
 must be returned to the soil, if the soil i§ to be maintained in a pro¬ 
 ductive state. 
 
 SOIL AND ITS PREPARATION 
 
 Although wheat will grow in a diversity of soils, it does best on 
 the rather close heavy soils of the clayey or loamy types. The light 
 clay soils, having the proper degree of compactness and organic mat¬ 
 ter, are more retentive of moisture and plant food and are generally 
 better adapted for wheat growing than are the loams. Alluvial soils, 
 when not too rich, usually prove good wheat lands, as they are deep 
 
 [42] 
 
Fertilizer Experiments With Wheat 
 
 43 
 
 and fertile and contain clay, sand and humas mixed in the proper 
 proportions to render them friable and porous, and easily drained. 
 For spring sowing the loams are well suited. The light sandy soils 
 of the Coastal Plain region of the State are not generally well suited 
 for the culture of this crop. Soils which are wet, peaty or sour in 
 their nature are not at all suited for wheat growing. Good drainage 
 of the soil and subsoil are essential with any type of soil. The nature 
 of the soil influences the yield to a much greater extent than it does 
 the quality of the grain which is governed to a large degree by cli¬ 
 matic conditions. Land intended for wheat should be plowed or 
 disked as early as possible after the removal of the previous crop— 
 at least three or four weeks before seeding time—in order to allow 
 the land ample time to settle and to facilitate a conservation of the 
 
 moisture content of the soil. Before the seed are put in, the soil 
 should be thoroughly pulverized to a depth of three or four inches 
 in order to bring about the most favorable conditions for the germi¬ 
 nation of the seed, and the growth and development of the young 
 plants. In many cases, this condition can be brought about by means 
 of a disk and smoothing harrow. Where necessary to use the plow, 
 as in the case of excessive weed or grass growth, the breaking should 
 not be done to a greater depth than about 6 inches, and should be 
 done early enough in the season to allow the weeds and grass to rot 
 and the soil to settle. If the growth is too heavy to be turned under 
 well, it may be best to cut them with a mowing machine, allowing 
 them to thoroughly dry out before attempting to turn the soil with 
 a plow. When the land is plowed it will be well to disk and barrow 
 it soon afterwards in order to facilitate the settling and compacting 
 of the soil. This may be repeated if necessary to keep down the grass 
 and weeds that may germinate up to the time of seeding. . 
 
 In some cases for soil moisture conservation, wheat grown m the 
 Northwestern States is given a light harrowing m the spring, bu m 
 the Eastern States all the work is generally given to the soil before 
 the crop is put in. Even here, however, during the dry season, the 
 
44 
 
 The Bulletin, November, 1923 
 
 use of a light harrow or weeder in the spring will frequently prove 
 of benefit. If the land is too open and loose, rolling or planking will 
 prove beneficial after plowing and before seeding, especially so if the 
 fall is dry. This will crush the clods and lumps and compact the soil. 
 
 FERTILIZATION 
 
 As the removal of the straw and grain from the field makes wheat 
 an exhaustive crop, on the soils of the older States of the South like 
 North Carolina, commercial fertilizer and barnyard manure are being 
 more generously applied to this cereal or to the crops in rotation 
 with it, than possibly in any other portion of the country. The best 
 fertilization for wheat will depend upon the character of the soil, 
 the kind of crops that have been grown on the land prior to the wheat, 
 and the treatment which has been accorded these. To get the most 
 out of any fertilizer or manure it should be applied in a finely divided 
 condition and should be intimately mixed in the surface inch or 
 two of soil, so that the delicate and rather superficial root-system 
 of the young plants may get at it, for if buried deep the roots would 
 not be able to get the necessary plant-food required to make a good 
 growth of the plants. With most of our soils, especially the older 
 ones, used for wheat growing, humus and phosphoric acid and nitro¬ 
 gen to a less extent, are most needed. Without a good supply of 
 humus, commercial fertilizers do not produce their maximum value. 
 Potash seems to be less often required with most of our soils. Under 
 certain conditions green-manuring with leguminous crops is desirable, 
 but if the growth of these is heavy, it will be found best to have 
 another crop come in between, but if the green crops are light they 
 should not be plowed under immediately before sowing to wheat. 
 
 Wheat is usually greatly benefited by applications of stable manure 
 or by plowing under the stubble of such crops as cowpeas, soybeans 
 or red clover. In cases where moderately large quantities of manure 
 is to be used it will be better practice to apply only small amounts 
 before seeding and reserve the greater portion to be applied broad¬ 
 cast during the late fall or early winter. Very large applications of 
 nitrogenous materials either in the form of barnyard manure or com¬ 
 mercial fertilizing materials should be guarded against, as they will 
 tend to promote the production of an excessive growth of straw which 
 will show a tendency to lodge. 
 
 For soils that have become sour, applications of ground limestone, 
 at the rate of 2,000 to 3,000 pounds per acre, will prove beneficial. 
 The lime should be applied, when practical to do so, two to four 
 weeks in advance of seeding and should be thoroughly worked into 
 the soil. A large vigorous growth of stalks and leaves of a dark 
 green color is a good sign that nitrogen is not necessary to be added, 
 but if the plants are small and of a pale green color, if the physical 
 
Fertilizer Experiments With Wheat 
 
 45 
 
 condition of the soil is good, nitrogen is indicated to be necessary in 
 the fertilizing application. On the average wheat soils of the Pied¬ 
 mont section of the State, that have been well prepared for wheat, 
 the use of something like 600 pounds per acre at the time of seeding 
 of a fertilizing mixture analyzing 10 to 12 per cent available phos¬ 
 phoric acid, and about 3 per cent nitrogen, and 1 per cent potash at 
 seeding should be found to give profitable returns where good seed 
 are used and sown at the proper time. Should the plants in the 
 spring just at the time they are beginning to send up stems for the 
 formation of seed heads not be making satisfactory growth, a side¬ 
 dressing of 75 to 100 pounds per acre of either nitrate of soda or 
 sulphate of ammonia will usually prove beneficial, especially so where 
 the land is poor or about the average and the percentage of nitro¬ 
 gen in the mixture is not more than 3 per cent. Wheat, if selling 
 at a satisfactory price, should usually pay fairly well for liberal 
 applications of fertilizers if the land has been put in good condition 
 before planting, good seed being used -and planted properly. As a 
 rule, however, fertilizers properly used, generally prove more profit¬ 
 able with this crop planted on clay soils than when grown on sandy 
 and sandy loams. 
 
 VARIETIES TO SEED 
 
 There is no best variety for all sections of the country, but for each 
 locality there are varieties which outyield all others. However, a 
 best-yielding variety in one section of the country may be a poor 
 vielder in another. Some high yielders will likely not prove profitable 
 because of the inferior milling and baking qualities of their grain; 
 while others possess these good characteristics but are poor yielders. 
 It is fortunate, however, that all these qualities may be combined in 
 the same varieties to a considerable degree. As a general thing, the 
 white grain wheats are inferior in quality. Gains secured though 
 the use of seed of the better varieties are the cheapest the farmer can 
 secure, but before making any great investment in seed of a new 
 variety, he should know for certain that it is better than the one he 
 is already growing. Some of the leading varieties are for North 
 Carolina : Leap’s Prolific, Purple Straw and Fulcaster. 
 
 SELECTING SEED 
 
 With different varieties and strains in the same variety there are 
 marked differences in hardiness, resistance to drought, lodging and 
 insect ravages, quality of grain and productiveness. This being so, 
 great opportunities are presented in almost every field for making 
 the variety of wheat being grown on any farm not only more pro¬ 
 ductive, but also more desirable in other respects such as in special 
 qualities for special purposes by intelligent field selection of seed in 
 
46 
 
 The Bulletin, Hovembek, 1923 
 
 the field, just before harvesting, from the most prolific plants. The 
 good qualities of any type of plant may be fixed by careful and sys¬ 
 tematic selection of seed. Most of the varieties grown at the present 
 time are the result of the selection of seed from individual plants 
 produced by accidental crosses in the general crop. 
 
 By the use of seed of the better varieties, the yields in many cases 
 may be increased two to four or more bushels per acre; and then 
 the selection of seed in the field from the most productive stalks will 
 result in a still further increased production per acre. As experi¬ 
 ments have demonstrated that the use for planting of the larger, 
 plumper seed of any variety will generally produce larger yields per 
 acre than the average seed secured in the usual way, the grading of 
 the seed by the use of a fanning mill will usually be found to be wise. 
 
 TREAT THE SEED FOR SMUT 
 
 Considerable wheat is damaged each year by smut. Much of this 
 could be prevented by treating the seed just before the time of plant¬ 
 ing. A good solution for treating wheat may be made by mixing 
 one pound of formalin with 40 gallons of water. The formalin is 
 a liquid which may be secured from any drug store. In order to 
 treat the seed, the wheat is piled on a clean floor or sheet and sprinkled 
 with the solution of water and formalin. The seed are sprinkled and 
 stirred repeatedly until all of the grains are wet with the solution. 
 The pile is then covered with sacks and left for two or three hours. 
 After this treatment the seed are spread out to dry. 
 
 SEEDING WHEAT ON WEEDY LAND 
 
 Where one has a piece of land that is covered with a dense growth 
 of weeds in the summer, it will be necessary during the late summer 
 or early fall to cut these weeds, allow them to dry and then turn 
 them into the soil three to four weeks before planting time in order 
 that the land may be put in proper condition when seeding time comes 
 around. If the turning of the weeds is delayed too long, they are 
 liable to cause the land to be too open for best results with wheat. If 
 the growth of weeds is small or moderate in amount, it will not be 
 necessary to cut the weeds with a mower or some other suitable imple¬ 
 ment before turning the land. However, if the growth is heavy it 
 will be, generally speaking, absolutely necessary to do this in order 
 to get the land in good shape for the proper seeding of the wheat. 
 
 Where a heavy growth of green weeds is turned into the soil, with¬ 
 out first cutting and drying, the soil will be much more likely to be 
 soured than would be the case if the weeds are cut and dried partially 
 before turning. Under no circumstances should a dense growth of 
 weeds be turned in to form a layer, three or more inches below the 
 
Fertilizer Experiments With Wheat 
 
 47 
 
 surface, that will cut off the movement of the water from below to 
 the surface. If this is done the wheat will likely suffer from an 
 insufficient supply of moisture and the results generally will not be 
 satisfactory. 
 
 The organic material turned under should be so handled that it 
 will have time to thoroughly decompose and be thoroughly incorpo¬ 
 rated with the top few inches of soil. Where the land is broken in 
 the way suggested above and allowed to settle for three to four weeks 
 before seeding, there should be no difficulty in getting a good seed-bed 
 and a good stand of wheat, provided other conditions are made satis¬ 
 factory for germination of the seed. 
 
 SOWING THE SEED 
 
 Heavy and plump kernels, free from dirt and foreign seeds, should 
 be used for seeding, as they germinate quicker and produce much 
 hardier and stronger plants, which are usually much more productive 
 than those grown from small light or immature seed. In North Caro¬ 
 lina the seeding should take place as soon as possible after the first 
 light frost. If sown before that time the wheat is liable to be injured 
 in localities where the Hessian fly is troublesome. After a well- 
 prepared seed-bed has been provided, the seeding should take place 
 at the rate of 6 to 8 pecks per acre. On poor land and stiff clay 
 soils, the seeding should be heavier than on fertile and loamy soils. 
 If the seed are sown late or be broadcast by hand, it will usually 
 require more seed than where the seeding is early or they are put 
 in with a drill. Varieties with large kernels or with limited stooling 
 capacity should be seeded at a heavier rate than those with small 
 seed or with a strong tendency to stool or tiller. 
 
 The depth of seeding should be governed by the texture and mois¬ 
 ture content of the soil. Under favorable conditions, a depth of one 
 inch or less will be ample, but where the soil is loose, dry and lumpy 
 a slightly deeper seeding will frequently be advisable. Usually the 
 seed are covered to a depth of one to two inches; deep enough to be 
 deposited in moist soil. It often pays to harrow the ground after 
 the grain is sown in order to make the soil compact below and fine 
 and mellow at the surface. 
 
 ROTATIONS 
 
 With wheat as with other crops a good system of rotations is one 
 of the essentials of success. The system of rotation should be so 
 planned that a liberal supply of nitrogen, the most costly fertilizing 
 constituent, will be abundantly stored in the soil by the growth of 
 nitrogen-gathering crops like cowpeas, hairy vetch, soybeans and clo¬ 
 vers. When this is done, it will only be necessary to keep the soil 
 
48 
 
 The Bulletin, JNTovembee, 1923 
 
 sweet by the use of lime and to maintain the supply of the far less 
 expensive plant-food mineral constituents—phosphoric acid and pot¬ 
 ash. Wheat should be in rotation with deep-rooted crops as far as 
 practicable as shallow-rooted plants like other small grains and corn 
 make practically the same demands upon the soil and in the same 
 feeding zone as does this cereal. 
 
 For the Piedmont cotton belt of the State, a good three-year rota¬ 
 tion would be hist year, wheat followed by cowpeas or soybeans; 
 second year, cotton with crimson clover sown in it after first picking • 
 and third year, corn followed by wheat in the fall. 
 
 For the clay and valley lands of the Piedmont and Mountain sec, 
 tions, excellent results are usually secured from a four-year rotation 
 consisting of a fall-sown wheat with red clover harrowed in during 
 the spring; red clover with the second crop turned under in the sec¬ 
 ond year; and corn the fourth year. Other leguminous crops such 
 as soybeans, hairy vetch, peanuts and velvet beans may be worked 
 into different rotation combinations with wheat, the ones used being 
 governed by local conditions. 
 
 The growth of wheat continuously on the same land without other 
 crops can not be too strongly condemned, as it not only leads to 
 
 reduced yields, but it is liable to leave the land in bad mechanical 
 condition. 
 
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