i ■! ii THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA THE COLLECTION OF NORTH CAROLINIANA 0394 K87p UNIVERSITY OF N.C. AT CHAPEL HILL 00034037391 FOR USE ONLY IN THE NORTH CAROLINA COLLECTION Form No. A-368, Rev. 8/95 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from Ensuring Democracy through Digital Access (NC-LSTA) http://www.archive.org/details/observanceofspec1959nort A/ ^ -7 ,o OBSERVANCE of SPECIM DAYS FEBRUARY (;lNORTH CAROLINA PUBLIC SCHOOLS STATE FLAG OBSERVANCE of SPECIAL DAYS Issued by the: STATE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION RALEIGH, NORTH CAROLINA 1959 PUBLICATION NUMBER 319 FOREWORD The provision of suitable material for the observance of special days in the public schools of the State is authorized by law. In this publication we have selected a number of days which might be appropriately celebrated ; and have pointed out the significance of each of these days and made suggestions as to how they might be observed. It is the purpose of this publication to give meaning to the events that lay back of the days which are to be observed. The material, therefore, is presented in three main parts: (1) Historical; (2) Concepts to be learned ; and (3) Activities which may be performed. Resources for other material which the teacher may want to use are also given, a specific list with each "day" material and a general list at the end of the publica- tion. It is our hope that teachers, principals and supervisors will use this bulletin as a guide in conveying to our boys and girls the significance of days which we observe and that they will learn the values inherent in such observance, I wish to thank the following committee for the preparation of this guide: L. H. Jobe, Cora Paul Bomar, James M. Dunlap, Mrs. Faye T. Coleman, Mrs. Ruth L. Woodson, Julia Wethering- ton and Helen Stuart. I also wish to express my appreciation to the librarians, teachers and supervisors who submitted sug- gestions to the above-named committee, and to the Arizona Department of Public Instruction for permission to use material from its publication "Holiday Commemoration." State Swperintendent of Public Instructioyi January 1, 1959 [3] CONTENTS Page July Independence Day 5 September Labor Day 7 Citizenship (or Constitution) Day 9 October Fire Prevention Day 12 Columbus Day 13 North CaroHna Day 16 United Nations Week (Day) 47 Hallowe'en 49 November General Election Day 50 Veterans Day 52 American Education Week 53 Book Week 55 Thanksgiving 58 December Christmas '. 60 January Benjamin Franklin's Birthday 64 Lee's and Jackson's Birthdays 66 National Thrift Week 70 Temperance or Law and Order Day 71 February Scouting 72 Lincoln's Birthday 73 St. Valentine's Day 74 Negro History Week 75 Brotherhood Week 77 George Washington's Birthday 79 March and April Arbor Day 80 Easter 85 May Memorial Day 88 Mother's Day 90 June Flag Day 92 Father's Day 94 General Resources 96 Index of Publishers __ 100 Special Days and Weeks For Possible Observance 103 14] Independence Day July 4 From the time the first colonists landed in this country, independence was inevitable. A very natural sequence of thoughts and events led to the Revolutionary War and the adoption of the Declaration of Independence by the Continental Congress of July 4, 1776. This anniversary commemorates the birth of the United States of America as an independent nation. On July 2, 1777, the thought occurred to someone in Philadel- phia that the adoption date should be celebrated. Plans v^ere hastily made; so on July 4, bells rang all day, flags waved from the decks of warships, and soldiers paraded and fired guns and cannons. The day ended with bonfires, fireworks, and a ceremonial dinner with toasts. The custom spread. Boston first observed the day in 1783. Increasing in grandeur year by year, celebrations have followed the same general pattern of parades, patriotic oratory, military displays, and fireworks. Because of deaths and injuries, many communities now prohibit the sale of fireworks. Due to the feelings of patriotism of the citizens of our country, July 4 is now a legal holiday in every state and territory. The day is favored for starting new developments. Governor Clinton of New York broke ground for the Erie Canal, July 4, 1817. Charles Carroll, last surviving signer of the Declaration of Independence, turned sod for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad July 4, 1828. The cornerstone of the capitol of North Carolina was laid July 4, 1833. The cornerstone of the Washington Monu- ment was laid July 4, 1850. Formal recognition of Philippine Independence was given on July 4, 1946. July 4 is a day of universal joy and pride in our great country, built on the foundation of home and church, and developed on the principles of individual freedom and equal opportunity for all. [5] Meaning of the words, "equal opportunity for all." Appreciation of the phrase, "individual freedonn." Realization that there must be conscious effort on the part of every suceeding generation to preserve this freedom. Knowledge that July 4, 1776 was the birth date of the United States. Significance of the Declaration of Independence. (CTjatiuitiE.^ • Learn of the events leading to the writing and signing of the Declaration of Inde- pendence. • Make a study of the histori- cal personalities involved in signing the Declaration of Independence. • Lear^n the history of the "Stars and Stripes." • Learn the United States Flag Code. • Write creative poems and es- says about July Ath. • Plan a field trip to nearby historical points of interest. • Develop and show a movie role of America. • Make friezes depicting pha- ses of the development of our country. • Dramatize certain events in American history. • Write a theme on "I am an American. " RESOURCES Books Dalgliesh, Alice. Fourth of July Story. Scribner, 1956. P-I See also General Resources, Nos. 2, 3, 4, 12, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 22, and 23. Music See Suprgestions listed under Memo- rial Day. Plays See General Resources, No. 58. [61 Poems See General Resources, Nos. 61, 65, and 70. Audio-Visual Materials FiLMSTRIPS Independence Day. Filmstrip House, 1956. I-U Independence Day. Encyclopaedia BritanniiCa Films, 1953. (Patriotic Holidays) I Independence Day. Eye Gate. (Story of Our Holidays) I-U LABOR DAV First Monday in September On October 9, 1884, the first Monday in September was set aside by the United States and Canada as a legal holiday to honor the wage earners and the industrial spirit of the nation. The suggestion came in 1882 from Peter McGuire, president of the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America and an active leader in the Knights of Labor. That year, and again in 1884, the Knights of Labor celebrated in New York with a parade, a picnic, and speeches. They urged that such observation should be annual and universal. On February 21, 1887, Oregon passed the first state law to that effect. Other states and territories enacted legislation later. Even though this is a national holiday, there is little formal observance of the day except by Labor. Celebrations take the form of parades, speeches, picnics, outings, athletic events, and contests. The day has come to mark the end of summer holidays and the beginning of school and autumn business. European countries have observed May 1 as an official labor holiday since 1890. A wholesome respect for work and the laborer. The interdependence among all workers from the unskilled laborer to the top executive. A knowledge of various labor organizations and of their aims and purposes. 17] ci^q-atiuiii • Develop a unit on the history of the labor movement in the United States. • Prepare a Labor Day Pro- gram.. • Invite local labor leaders to talk to the class on pro- blems of labor. • Have student panel discus- sio7is concerning aspects of the labor situation. • Have students illustrate by charts and 7nurals how labor organizations affect their daily lives. • Discuss Child Labor Laws in North Carolina — history and purposes of them. • Make a ivork-experience sur- vey of students having part - time remunerative jobs. • Invite local civic club leaders to talk ivith the social stu- dies classes on labor pro- blems, and attitudes of their oiun group toward labor. RESOURCES Books See General Resources, Nos. 3, 4, 15, 17, 19. Music See Music books listed in General Resources. Songs in keeping: with the history and concepts of Labor Day, and dealing: with various types of labor or occupations, may be found in music textbooks for each grade level. In most instan- ces, such songs may also be rela- ted to social studies units of each grade. [81 Pamphlets American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organiza- tions. Department of Education. Aviericaji Labor Movement (Samuel Gompers) Answers To Your Questions Aboiit Unio7is Constitution of the AFL-CIO and other Official Documents Rela- ting to the Achievement of Labor Unity Crusade for Public Schools (John D. Connors) Policy Resolutions of the AFL-CIO This is the AFL-CIO What Labor Means by More (George Meany) Why Should I Join a Union Why You Need a Union Nichols, Osgood and Carkskadon, T. R. Can Labor and Management Work Together? Public Affairs Committee. North Carolina Department of La- bor, Raleigh, N. C. Abstract Summary of Labor Laws. Free. Know Your North Carolina Depart- ment of Labor (revised ed.). Free. Periodicals North Carolina Labor and Industry. (Monthly bulletin of N. C. De- partment of Labor). Raleigh, N. C. : N. C. Department of Labor. Free upon request. Plays See General Resources, No. 58, Poems See General Resources, Nos. 61, 65, and 70. Audio-Visual Materials Films Films for Labor. (A listing of films available for rental from AFL- CIO headquarters). Department of Education. American Federa- tion of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations. Film STRIPS See General Resources, No. 94. Comtitution and Citizenship Day September 17 Constitution Day, September 17, is set aside to commemorate a day in 1787, when one of the world's most unusual documents was signed. Although the thirteen colonies, comprising some four million people, had banded together to win their independence, they were far from united under the Articles of Confederation. They operated almost as independent nations. Delegates from five states had proposed that on May 14, 1787, representatives of all thirteen colonies should meet at Indepen- dence Hall in Philadelphia to consider revision of the Articles of Confederation. Some seventy-three delegates were chosen, but only fifty-five appeared at the convention. They selected George Washington as the presiding officer. Many of the dele- gates were lawyers or large land-owners. Almost all of these had been active in community affairs in their own states. Although Benjamin Franklin was then eighty-two, most of the delegates were fairly young for such a piece of work, the average age being forty-two. After meeting in closed session for nearly five months, the delegates felt that the best they could produce had gone into the new document, carefully penned by Governor Morris with the help of James Wilson. Some thirty-five delegates, repre- senting twelve states, signed it on September 17. Logically enough, this date has been celebrated through the years, more often in Philadelphia than in any other place. Here in the Old State House (later renamed Independence Hall), where the Declaration of Independence was signed and which became the home of the Liberty Bell, the United States Constitution was also signed. The national celebration of the one hundredth anniversary of the signing of the Constitution was a three-day affair in Philadelphia in 1887. Over 12,000 people took part in one parade and 30,000 in another the following day. [9] The Constitution of the United States has always been kept at the seat of government, first in New York City and then in Washington, D. C, except for a short period of time in 1812, when the Constitution and Declaration of Independence were removed to the State of Virginia for safety and later returned to the capital city. It had been the practice to keep these im- portant papers in a vault ; but in 1921 President Harding asked that they be taken from the vault in the State Department and housed in glass cases in the Congressional Library. In 1952, they were transferred with great ceremony from the Library of Congress to the National Archives Building in an armoured car. It is of interest to know that in 1952, "I Am An American Citizen Day", formerly celebrated in May for those who had become naturalized citizens, was changed to "Citizenship Day", to be celebrated on September 17. Designation of September 17 as Constitution Day and Citizenship Day makes the day doubly important to us all. To inspire children to live together harmoniously with consideration, tolerance, and respect for each other. To help children realize that the kind of life made possible by the Constitution is maintained only if all accept responsibilities as good citizens. To prove that the government, as set forth by the Constitution, is not a remote thing, but all around us in our daily living. To familiarize children with a phase of our American heritage — an understanding of the symbol of our democratic way of life. /I I f , I , • I'n^vite. a resource speaker to CZn'CLLfJLLLE^ if^l^ (^^out a part of the Constitution, such as citi- • Produce radio or TV shoivs, zenship, voting, a federal dramatizing the "Man on agency, and the courts, the Street" on ivhat is cur- rently taking place; "Noiv * Produce a play, or series of and Then", "You Are tableaux, with narrator de- There" ; good citizenship picting rights guaranteed areas, et cetera. by the Constitution. [10] • Make charts shoiving areas or divisions of government covered by Federal Consti- tution and North Carolina State Constitution. • Introduce the Constitution itself, pointing out its re- lation to our democratic 2vay of life. Children rnay debate important phases or dramatize discussions. • Use bulletin board display for: Old prints concerning the period of the signing of the Constitution. Current neivspaper and magazine articles dealing with topics influenced di- rectly by parts of the Con- stitution, including Amend- ments. • Make a constitution for the class or club, applying some of the principles set forth in our National Con- stitution. RESOURCES Books Barnes, William R. Constitution of the United States and the Declara- tion of Independence. Barnes & Noble, 1955. U Findley, Bruce and Findley, Esther. Your Rugged Constitution. Sci- ence Research Associates, 1952. I-U Fisher, Dorothea Canfield. Our In- dependence and the Constitution. Random, 1950. I-U Gordon. Dorothy. Yov. and Demo- cracy. Dutton, 1951. U Herzberg, Max J. This Is America. Pocket Books, 1950. I-U Knapp, George Leonard. Story of Our Constitution. Dodd, 19. I-U Leaf, Munro. Fair Play. Lippincott, 1939. P-I Nevins, Allan and Commager, Henry Steele. History of the United- States. Pocket 'Books, 1951. U Pioneer Children of America. Heath, 1955. P-I-U Witty, Paul A. You and the Consti- tution of the United States. Child- rens Press, 1948. I-U Music See General Resources: No. 48: "Hail, Columbia", p. 9. "America", p. 3 No. 49: "This Is My Country", p. 1. Plays See General Resources, No. 9 Pamphlets Constitution of the State of North Carolina. Raleigh, N. C: State Department of Public Instruction. North Carolina State Flag. Raleigh, N. C. : North Carolina Depart- ment of Archives and History. Periodicals North Carolina Historical Review. Raleigh, N. C: North Carolina Department of Archives and His- tory. Audio-Visual Materials Films Alexander Hamilton. Encyclopaedia Britannica Films, 1951. 17 min. U A7-e You A Good Citizen? 11 min. Coronet, 1949. U Benjamin Franklin. 20 min. Encyclo- paedia Britannica Films, 1949. U George Washington. 18 min. En- cyclopaedia Britannica Films, 1952. U John Marshall. 20 min. Encyclo- paedia Britannica Films, 1951. U Meet Your Federal Government. 15 min. Young America, 1946. U Our Living Constitution. 10 min. Coronet, 1949. U Political Parties. 10 min. Coronet, 1946. I-U Powers of Congress. 10 min. Coro- net, 1946. U 111] Fire Prevention Day October 9 "The ninth day of October of every year shall be set aside and designated as 'Fire Prevention Day,' and the governor shall issue a proclamation urging the people to a proper observance of the day " — Section 69-7, General Statutes of North Carolina. Fire Prevention Day v^^as established in North Carolina by the General Assembly of 1915. Municipalities are urged to observe the day with suitable programs. Fire prevention is an important factor in the conservation of the nation's natural resources. Avoidance of fires and fire waste will help reduce human suffering and destruction of property. The teaching of fire safety in the public schools is a means of making the individual fire-safety conscious, so that he will know what to do if fire actually takes place. To acquaint the public with fire hazards. To point out the losses caused by fires. To indicate how fire prevention may save losses of life and property. To demonstrate the purpose of fire drills and other fire precautions. c::rf'atiijiiisi± • Simulate correct treatment in case of fire hums and shock. • Demonstrate proper precau- tion to take against fires ivhen taking field trips. • Study affects of fire on plant and animal life. [12] • Prepare charts on annual fire losses and their effects upon insurance rates. • Prepare posters, exhibits and other media through ivhich the school fire safety pro- gram is interpreted to .stu- dents and to the com- munity. RESOURCES Books Beim, Jerrold. Countrii Fireman. Morrow, 1948. P Colby, Carroll Burleig:h. Smoke Eaters. Coward, 1954. I-U Gramatky, Hardie. Hercules. Put- nam, 1940. P Haywood. Carolyn. Eddie and the Fire Engine. Morrow, 1949. P-I Lenski, Lois. Little Fire Engine. Oxford, 1946. P Miner, Opal Irene Sevrey. True Book of Policeynen and Firemen. Childrens Press, 1954. P Olds, Elizabeth. Biq Fire. Houghton, 1945. P-I Zaffo, George J. Big Book of Real Fire Engines. Grossett, 1950. P-I Music Many songs about firemen and re- lated suibjects will be found in the music books for primary grades listed in the General Re- sources. The study of Fire Pre- vention Week also affords oppor- tunities for the stimulation of creative activities such as the composition of original songs and poems. Pamphlets Fire Safety, North Carolina Public Schools, Publication No. 316. State Department of Public Instruction, Raleigh. 1957. Plays See General Resources, No. 60. Columbus Day October 12 Each year, on October 12, we celebrate the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus. There is evidence that other white men, such as the Vikings under the leadership of Leif Ericsson, may have reached America much earlier. However, it is to Columbus that we owe credit for the discovery in 1492 which led to the settlement of America by Europeans. Christopher Columbus was born, probably in 1436, in the Italian seaport of Genoa. At thirteen, he left home to seek his fortune as a seaman on the Mediterranean Sea, and soon became captain of his own ship. After being shipwrecked by pirates, Columbus made his way to Portugal, then the largest sea power in the world. Portuguese ships were seeking a sea passage to China and India, the wealthy lands to the east whose wonders had been described by Marco Polo. Although many people of the time believed that the world was flat, the Portuguese geo- graphers were convinced that the world was round. If so, Columbus reasoned, it must be possible to reach the east by sailing west. Therefore, a passage to Asia might be found by sailing west across the Atlantic Ocean. [13] Years went by while Columbus sought a patron to give him ships and men to search for a western route to Asia. Refused by the King of Portugal, Columbus went to the King and Queen of Spain, Ferdinand and Isabella, who finally consented to furnish ships, food, and supplies for the voyage. They agreed, if Columbus should be successful, to make him admiral of the Ocean Sea and viceroy of all lands he might claim for Spain. On August 3, 1492, Columbus set sail from the little port of Palos, with three small ships: the Nina, the Pinta, and Santa Maria (the largest, but less than eighty feet long). Few who watched them leave believed that they would ever be seen again. As they sailed westward into the unknown waters of the Atlantic Ocean, the sailors grew more and more fearful. Many hardships befell them and only Columbus remained hopeful. At last, the sailors saw signs of land : a carved stick, a branch with buds, and flocks of land birds. Following the birds, Columbus reached the island of San Salvador, one of the Bahamas group in the West Indies, on October 12, 1492, and took possession of the land for the Spanish crown. He and his crew were greeted by the natives, who believed that the strange white men were gods. Thinking that he had reached India, Columbus called these red- skinned people Indians. After visiting other islands, and leaving men to search for gold on Haiti, Columbus returned in triumph to Spain, taking samples of gold and other products and carrying several Indians with him. Back in Spain, Columbus was showered with honors and given seventeen ships, which he loaded with men eager to make their fortune in the New World. On his second voyage, Columbus touched land at Dominica and Guadeloupe, finding only hostile natives. Reaching Haiti, he found that the Spaniards left there had been killed by the Indians, whom they had mistreated. Columbus returned to Spain to ask for still more ships to continue his search for a western route to Asia. This time, he explored the mouth of the Orinoco River in South America. Puzzled by the presence of this unknown land and sick with fever, he sailed to Haiti. A scheming nobleman sent by Ferdinand and Isabella, who had heard that Columbus wanted to make himself king over the Indian islands, arrested Columbus and and sent him back to Spain in chains. The King and Queen freed him, but made another man viceroy in his place. On his fourth and final voyage to America, Columbus explored the coast of Central America. After many hardships he returned [14] to Spain, where he spent the rest of his days at his home in Valladolid. Bitter over his failure to find his Avay to the East, he never realized that he had discovered an unknown continent. Awareness of the true significance of Columbus' voyage. He did not really discover America, since the Indians were already here; but he dispelled the fear of sailing into the ocean. Knowledge that Spanish influence on American continents was due to his voyages. Appreciation that many things we enjoy today originated in Spain — Mexican art, food, architecture, music, fiestas. Appreciation of the significance of Spanish heritage as a result of discoveries by Columbus. Familiarity with the life and work of Columbus. cyTciiuiti i(JLtLE± • Locate birthplace of Colum- bus. • Make map showing route fol- loived by Columbus on each of his voyages to America. • Cornpare ships he used tcith modern steamships. • Compare his voyage with similar voyages today. • Prepare paper on suggested subjects : Superstitions in Columbus' Day Why Columbus Succeeded Getting Aid for the Voyage First Glimpse of Land Columbus in the New World The Return to Spain • Make posters. • Collect pictures of ships of Columbus' day and Spanish architecture. RESOURCES Books Aulaire, Ingri and Edgar Parind'. Columbus, Doubleday, 1955. P-I Delgliesh, Alice. Columbus Story, Scribner, 1955. P-I Graham, Alberta Powell. Christo- pher Columbus, Discoverer. Abing- don, 1950. I Hodges, Cyril Walter. Columbus Sails. Coward, 1950. U Hogeboom, Amy. Christopher Colum- bus and his Brothers. Lothrop, 1951. I Sperry, Armstrong. Voyages of Christopher Columbus. Random, 1950. I-U Syme, Ronald, Columbus, Finder of the Neiv World. Morrow, 1952. I See also General Resources, Nos. 4, 9, 15, 19, 22, and 23. Plays See General Resources, Nos. 57 and 60. See General Resources, Nos. 61, 70, and 71. [151 NORTH CAROLINA DAV October 12 Before the coming of the white man, the territory that is now North Carolina was inhabited by the Tuscaroras, the Catawbas, the Cherokees, and other Indian tribes. Beginning with Italian explorer, Verrazano, in 1524, various French, Spanish, and English explorers also touched this area. De Soto and his men marched through the mountain region in 1540. The first English colonies in the New World were founded on Roanoke Island, 1585-87, but these failed. The first permanent settlers entered the Albemarle from Virginia about the middle of the seventeenth century. In 1663 King Charles II of England granted Carolina to eight proprietors. The settled area was gradually expanded, but the progress of the colony was hindered by a dangerous coast and by poor government. Early in the eighteenth century North Carolina was separated from South Carolina, and became a royal colony in 1729. Pro- gress now was rapid. English settlers pushed inland from the coast, Scottish highlanders settled the upper Cape Fear Valley, and large numbers of Scotch-Irish and Germans entered the Piedmont. When the first United States census was taken in 1790, North Carolina ranked third in population among the states of the Union. North Carolina and the other colonies overthrew Royal control of Great Britain in 1775, An independent State government under a constitution was set up the next year. The decisive Whig victory at Moore's Creek Bridge in February, 1776, led to the famous Halifax Resolves, April 12, 1776, by which North Caro- lina became the first colony to instruct its delegates in the Continental Congress to vote for independence. Cornwallis in- vaded the State in 1780, but at the battle of Guilford Courthouse, March, 1781, his army was so weakened that his subsequent surrender at Yorktown, Virginia, was a natural sequence. [16] North Carolina sent delegates to the Continental Congress and participated in the government under the Articles of Con- federation. She held back in the movement for a stronger central government, however, failing to ratify the new Constitution of the United States at the Hillsboro convention of 1788 and rati- fying only at the Fayetteville convention, November, 1789, as the twelfth State. For several decades after 1789 the State's progress was slow, and North Carolina came to be known as "Old Rip Van Winkle." The adoption of a number of constitutional amendments in 1835, however, which gave more political power to the growing- western half of the State, marked a re-awakening. Canals, rail- roads, and plank roads helped solve the problem of transporta- tion ; the State university, opened in 1795, came to be recognized as one of the leading educational institutions in the entire nation ; North Carolina was the first Southern state to set up a tax-supported system of public schools; and industry and agriculture made progress. By 1861 the State was moving ahead in many ways. With the outbreak of the War for Southern Independence, North Carolina having cast her lot with the other Confederate states, supplied approximately 125,000 men to the Southern armies. Early in the war Federal forces occupied much of the eastern part of the State, but the port of Wilmington remained open until January, 1865, and was an important source of sup- plies for the Confederates. Sherman and his army invaded North Carolina in March, 1865, and the next month General Joseph E. Johnston surrendered his Confederate army to General William T. Sherman at Bennett House, near the present city of Durham. The Reconstruction period saw carpetbaggers, scalawags, and Negroes at the helm of the government. The Democratic party re-established white control in 1876, but in 1894 a fusion of Re- publicans and populists brought another political upheaval. In the meantime the State was gradually recovering from the effects of the war and its aftermath, and was laying the founda- tion for later rapid progress. The democratic party won control of the State government in 1900 and has remained in the saddle ever since. During these decades remarkable progress has been made in almost every line. The State's population has more than doubled, so that in 1950 North Carolina ranked tenth in the Union. In industry 117] she has gone rapidly forward, and in 1953 ranked fourteenth in value added by manufacture. Her agricultural advance has been significant, so that in 1955 she ranked third in cash income from the sale of crops. In the 1920's the State pioneered in construc- ting a fine system of hard-surfaced roads, and in 1933 took over the administration and upkeep of all roads, both primary and secondary. Development in public and high school education has been marked, and the University of North Carolina and Duke University have won world-wide recognition. At the middle of the twentieth century, North Carolinians viewed their history with pride and looked to the future with confidence. *Name and Nicknames In 1629 King Charles the First of England "erected into a province" all of the land from Albemarle Sound on the north to the St. John's River on the south, which he directed should be called "Carolina" from the Latin "Carolus" for Charles. In 1710 Carolina was divided, the northern or older part becoming North Carolina, the Old North State, and the southern part, South Carolina. During the War Between the States, the story is told, a column supporting North Carolina troops was driven from the field of battle, leaving the North Carolinians to fight it out alpne. Following the battle the North Carolinians were greeted by members of the derelict regiment with the question : "Any more tar down in the Old North State, boys?" (Tar, pitch and turpentine were the principal products of the State then.) Quick as a flash came the answer from the North Carolinians, "No! Not a bit; old Jeff's (Jefferson Davis, president of the Confederate State) bought it all up." Another question: "Is that so; what is he going to do with it?" And the answer: "He is going to put it on you'uns heels to make you stick better in the next fight." When this story was told to General Lee, he said "God bless the Tar Heel boys." And from this incident, it is said, native North Carolinians have taken the nickname "Tar Heel." "I'm a Tar Heel born I'm a Tar Heel bred And when I die I'm a Tar Heel dead." 118] *State Flag The official State flag in use today was adopted in 1885. The colors, red, white and blue, are the same as those in the national emblem. The dates in the scrolls are those of two North Caro- lina declarations of independence preceding the national declara- tion at Philadelphia. May 20, 1775, is the date of the Mecklenburg Declaration and April 12, 1776, the date of the resolution adopted at Halifax empowering North Carolina members of the Conti- nental Congress to concur in declaring independence. *State So7ig The song known as "The Old North State" was legally adopted as the official anthem of North Carolina by an act of the General Assembly of 1927. *State Motto The State's motto, "Esse Quam Videri," was adopted in 1893. This motto, freely translated "To be rather than to seem," is found in Cicero's essay on Friendship (Chapter 26) when he wrote: "Virtute enim ipsa non multi praediti esse quam videri volunt," meaning, when translated literally, "For indeed not so many wish to be endowed with virtue as wish to seem to be." *State Toast The following composition by Mrs. Harry C. Martin, a former resident of North Carolina, was adopted officially as the State's toast by the General Assembly of 1957 : "Here's to the land of the long leaf pine. The summer land where the sun doth shine. Where the weak grow strong and the strong grow great, Here's to 'down home,' the "Old North State ! "Here's to the land of the cotton bloom white. Where the scuppernong perfumes the breeze at night, Where the soft southern moss and jessamine mate, Neath the murmuring pines of the Old North State! "Here's to the land where the galax grows, Where the rhododendron's rosette glows, Where soars Mount Mitchell's summit great. In the 'Land of the Sky,' in the Old North State! "Here's to the land where maidens are fair, Where friends are true and cold hearts rare, The near land, the dear land, whatever fate, The blest land, the best land, the Old North State!" 119] *State Color's Red and blue of shades appearing in the flags of North Caro- lina and the United States were adopted in 1945 as the official colors of the State. "''State Seal The present Great Seal of the State was adopted in 1893. It is 2-1/4 inches in diameter. The figures depicted are those of Liberty and Plenty. The date, May 20, 1775, is that of the Meck- lenburg Declaration of Independence. *State Bird The cardinal was adopted as the State Bird as of March 4, 1943. *State Floiver The dogwood was adopted as the State Flower by the General Assembly of 1941. Knowledge of the history and development of North Carolina. Knowledge of the resources and geography of North Carolina. Knowledge of the State flag, seal, motto, colors, flower, and song, and their significance. Knowledge of names of some of the pioneers and their contributions to the State. drraiiuitis.^ • Make an illustrative bulletin hoard depicting life in early and 'present day North Carolina, • Visit Raleigh, the capital, and other historical places of interest. • Compare present day North Carolina ivith the State when it 2vas admitted into the United States. • Make a sand box display de- picting the development of North Carolina. [201 • Have pupils do research and reports co7icerning dif- ferent phases of the history and geography of North Carolina. • Learn and sing songs of North Caroliyia. • Dramatize a colorful event in North Carolina history. • Make a peep show (out of shoe boxes), dramatizing some of the pioneer stories. • Dramatize the adoption of the State flag, floiver, seal, colors, or song. RESOURCES Books Ehringhous and Goerch. North Caroliva Almanac and State In- dustrial Guide. Almanac, 1954. Hobbs, Samuel Harrington, Jr. and Bond, Marjorie N. North Carolina Today. U. N. C. Press, 1947. I-U Lawson, John. History of North Carolina. Garrett, 1952. Lefler, Hugh T. and Newsome, A. R. No)th Carolina, the History of a Southern State. U. N. C. Press, 1954. U Lemert, Benjamin Franklin. North Carolina Geography. Harlow, 1954. I-U Powell, William S. Carolina Charter of 1663. N. C. Department of Archives and History, 1954. Robinson, Blackwell P. (ed.). North Carolina Guide. U. N. C. Press, 1955. Sharpe, William. New Geography of North Carolina. Vol. 1. State Magazine, 1954. Warren, Jule B. North Carolina Atlas a)id Outline Maps. Warren, 1952. I-U Music Home Demonstration Clubs of North Carolina. Come, Let's Sing. Dela- ware, Ohio: Cooperative Recrea- tion Service, Inc. p. 2: "Ho! for Carolina" p. 4: "The Old North State" Pamphlets State Department of Puhlic Instruc- tion, Raleigh, North Carolina: Studying the State of North Caro- lina.' 1946. 25