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B I I 
 
 THE LIBRARY OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF N.C. AT CHAPEL HILL 
 
 10003058487 
 
 From the Library of 
 GERTRUDE WEIL 
 
 1879-1971 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 
 in 2012 with funding from 
 
 University of North Carolina at Chapel Hil 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/primarygeographyOOfrye 
 
PRIMARY 
 
 GEOGRAPHY 
 
 BY 
 
 ALEXIS EVERETT FRYE 
 
 Former Superintendent of Schools of Cuba 
 
 AUTHOR OF " CHILD AND NATURE," " BROOKS AND BROOK BASINS," " PRIMARY GEOGRAPHY," 
 
 "COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY," "TEACHERS' MANUAL OF GEOGRAPHY," 
 
 "HOME AND SCHOOL ATLAS," ETC. 
 
 BOSTON, U.S.A.. 
 
 GINN AND COMPANY, PUBLISHERS 
 
 QLl)t athenaeum flreBB 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 Text. — Teachers have long been asking for a text-book based on the topical study of 
 the earth. This Geography treats the subject topically. It holds the earth as a unit before 
 the mind, and relates all study to that unit. The memory is thus aided and much time 
 is saved. 
 
 The underlying principle of this work is comparison. Glance at the little maps on 
 pages 29 and 33, and this thought will be made clear. Each part — ocean or grand division 
 — is shown in its relation to the whole and to the other parts. 
 
 The text on people centers in child-life, and leads into the homes of the races. 
 
 Plants and animals are studied in tbeir relations to climate and physical features. 
 Here, again, the earth is the unit of study. Belts of heat are made the basis of this work. 
 
 Every child should know a great deal about his own state and about his own country. 
 The various editions of this book present special state texts, while the body of the book 
 treats of the leading industries of the United States as a whole. 
 
 This book is not a condensed edition of the larger book of the series. The leading 
 topics of the science are here clothed with stories of people, plants, animals, etc. 
 
 Pictures. — The pictures are true to nature. With but few exceptions they were 
 engraved directly from photographs. 
 
 The pictures present typical forms that supplement the text. 
 
 Acknowledgments. — In criticism of various parts of this work, Prof. W. M. Davis, of 
 Harvard University, and Mr. Justin H. Smith, of Boston, have given valuable assistance. 
 
 The relief maps were modeled under the supervision of the author, by Miss Gertrude 
 Beatrice Wright, of the Normal Art School, Boston. 
 
 The Author. 
 
 Boston, May, 1899. 
 
 Copyright, 1894, by ALEXIS E. FRYE. 
 
 All rights reserved. 
 811.3 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 HOME GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Geography 
 
 Hills and Valleys ..... 
 
 Brooks and Rivers ; Slopes 
 
 Kinds of Soil ; Work of Water . 
 
 Loose Soil ; Rain in the Soil . 
 
 How Soil settles ; Work of the Brooks 
 
 Mod Banks or Deltas 
 
 Water and Heat; Forms of Water 
 
 Springs ; Sources of Streams 
 
 Where Brooks flow 
 
 Systems and Basins 
 
 The Top of a Ridge ; Divides 
 
 How Slopes are worn . 
 
 Beds of Streams 
 
 Valleys ; Mountains ; Plains 
 
 Shore Forms .... 
 
 Work of Water on Shores 
 
 Points of the Compass 
 
 How Maps are made 
 
 Reading Maps .... 
 
 THE EARTH. 
 
 Form and Size of the Earth 
 What a Hill is made of . 
 What the Earth is made of . 
 The Air ; The Shell of Air 
 The Poles ; The Equator 
 
 SLOPES OP THE EARTH. 
 
 Page 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 3-4 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 5-6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11-14 
 
 15 
 
 . 16 
 
 18 
 
 . 18 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 . 21 
 
 21 
 . 21 
 22-23 
 
 The World Ridge 
 
 
 Andes Highland .... 
 
 25 
 
 Rocky Mountain Highland 
 
 . 25 
 
 Highland of Tibet .... 
 
 
 Highland of Abyssinia 
 
 . 26 
 
 Slopes from World Ridge 
 
 27 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Desert of Sahara .... 
 The Grand Divisions ; The Oceans 
 Bottom of the Sea ; Coral Islands 
 
 Page 
 
 28. 
 
 28-29 1 
 
 30 
 
 SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 Surface of South America . . . .31 
 
 Map Studies 33 
 
 Amazon River ....... 33 
 
 Highland of Brazil ...... 34 
 
 Pampas 34 
 
 Isthmus of Panama ...... 34 
 
 NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 Surface of North America 
 
 Map Studies 
 
 The Rocky Mountains . 
 
 Colorado Canyon 
 
 The Height of Land . 
 
 The Mississippi Basin 
 
 North of Height of Land . 
 
 Appalachian Highland 
 
 Atlantic Slope 
 
 Pacific Slope 
 
 35 
 
 37 
 37 
 38 
 38 
 39 
 40 
 40 
 40 
 40 
 
 ASIA. 
 
 Surface of Asia 41 
 
 Map Studies 43 
 
 Arctic Slope 43 
 
 Caspian Basin 43 
 
 Plains of China 44 
 
 The Ganges Basin 44 
 
 EUROPE. 
 
 Surface of Europe 
 
 Map Studies 
 
 Slopes from Swiss Highland 
 
 Valdai Hills 
 
 The Caspian Sea . 
 
 British Isles 
 
 45 
 47 
 47 
 48 
 48 
 48 
 
IV 
 
 TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 AFRICA. 
 
 Surface of Africa 
 Map Studies 
 The River Xile . 
 Oasis in the Desert 
 Kongo Basin . 
 
 AUSTRALIA. 
 
 Surface of Australia 
 
 Map Studies 
 
 PEOPLE 
 
 Tibbu, the Kongo Boy 
 Japan and its People . 
 Malay or Brown People . 
 A Lapland Home . 
 Chuglu, the Eskimo Boy . 
 Children of Indian Tribes 
 Land of the Arabs . 
 Children of the Lowlands 
 Children of the Highlands 
 Homes of the Races . 
 Homes of the Nations 
 Map Studies .... 
 
 HEAT, WIND AND RAIN. 
 
 Home Lesson for a Hot Day 
 
 How the Air is heated 
 
 How the Earth is heated 
 
 High and Low Land 
 
 The Seasons . 
 
 Change of Seasons 
 
 A Sign of Spring 
 
 Belts of Heat 
 
 The Trade Winds 
 
 The Gulf Stream 
 
 PLANTS. 
 
 Where Plants grow 
 Soil, Water and Heat 
 Plants of the Hot Belt 
 Plants of the Warm Belt 
 Plants of the Cool Belt 
 
 Page 
 49 
 51 
 51 
 52 
 52 
 
 53 
 54 
 
 55 
 
 57 
 59 
 61 
 62 
 65 
 66 
 69 
 70 
 73 
 73 
 74 
 
 75 
 
 . 75 
 
 75 
 
 . 76 
 
 76 
 
 . 76 
 
 76 
 
 . 77 
 
 78 
 
 . 78 
 
 79 
 
 79 
 80 
 81 
 82 
 
 Plants of the Cold Belt . 
 Uses of Plants . 
 
 ANIMALS. 
 
 Animals, — Their Teeth, etc. 
 Animals and their Homes 
 Animals of the Heat Belts 
 Uses of Animals 
 
 THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Surface of the United States 
 
 People ........ 
 
 July 4, 1776 
 
 Map Studies of States ; Cities . 
 Cotton ; Corn ; Wheat .... 
 Forests ; Cattle ...... 
 
 Coal ; Iron 
 
 Gold and Silver ..... 
 
 Routes of Trade ..... 
 
 New York ; Boston 
 
 New Orleans ; San Francisco ; Philadelphia 
 Chicago ; St. Louis 
 
 LEADING COUNTRIES OF WORLD 
 
 The United States 
 
 Canada 
 
 Mexico . 
 
 Brazil 
 
 Argentina . 
 
 Chile 
 
 British Isles 
 
 Germany . 
 
 France . 
 
 India . 
 
 China . 
 
 Japan 
 
 Egypt . 
 
 Cape Colony 
 
 Victoria 
 
 New South Wales 
 
 Page 
 
 . 82 
 
 82 
 
 83 
 83 
 84 
 85 
 
 . 86 
 
 S7 
 
 . 88 
 
 89 
 
 92-94 
 
 95-96 
 
 97-98 
 
 99 
 
 100 
 
 101 
 
 102 
 
 103 
 
 104 
 
 104 
 104 
 106 
 106 
 106 
 10S 
 108 
 108 
 110 
 110 
 110 
 112 
 112 
 114 
 114 
 
 SUPPLEMENT. 
 
 Cuba, Puerto Rico, Hawaii, Philippines, Guam 115 
 Statistics, Word List, etc i-viii 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Note. — All figures refer to pages. Map pages are marked thus, 25° ; picture pages are marked thus, 17*. Look first for pages in full face 
 type (26) ; less important pages are in light face type (49). Sup. refers to Supplement. 
 
 Abyssinia 25°, 26, 49, 60°, 
 
 51°, 113°. 
 Adelaide 115°. 
 Adriatic sea 109°. 
 Aegean sea 109°. 
 Afghanistan 111°. 
 Africa 28°, 49*, 50°, 55*, 
 
 56* 74, 76, 77°, 80, 
 
 81,112, 113°. 
 Air 21, 75, 76. 
 Alabama 90°, 98. 
 Alaska 78, 86, 90°, 105°. 
 Albany 90°. 
 Albuquerque 90°. 
 Aleutian islands 90°. 
 Alexandria 113°. 
 Algiers 113°. 
 Allegheny 90°, 103. 
 Alpaca 76*. 
 Alps 45*, 47°, 70*, 71*, 72* 
 
 109°. 
 Altai mts. 42°, 43°. 
 Amazon river 33*°, 80, 
 
 107°. 
 America 28°, 41. 
 Amsterdam, 109°. 
 Amur river 42°, 43°. 
 Anam 111°. 
 Andes mts. 25°, 31*, 32°, 
 
 33°, 76, 107°. 
 Animals 83*, 84*, 85*. 
 Annapolis 90°. 
 Antarctic circle 28°. 
 Antarctic ocean 28°, 29°. 
 Apia 115°. 
 Appalachian 36°, 37°, 40, 
 
 87, 90°. 
 Arabia 66*, 67*, 68*, 111°. 
 Arabian sea 42°, 43°. 
 Arabs 66*, 67*, 68*. 
 Aral sea 111°. 
 Archangel 109°. 
 Arctic circle 28°, 105°. 
 Arctic ocean 28°, 29°, 64*. 
 Arctic slope 43* 82. 
 Areas ; see Sup. 
 Argentina 106, 107°. 
 Arica 107°. 
 Arizona 11* 90°. 
 Arkansas 90°. 
 Arkansas river 90°. 
 Asia 28°, 41, 42°, 74, 76, 
 
 77°, 78, 80-82, 110, 
 
 111°. 
 Asiatic islands 111°, 116°. 
 Asiatic Russia 111°. 
 Asiatic Turkey 111°. 
 Assouan 113°. 
 Asuncion 107°. 
 Atacama desert 107°. 
 Athabasca 105°. 
 Athens 109°. 
 Atlanta 90°, 106°. 
 Atlantic ocean 28°, 29°, 78. 
 
 Atlantic slope 36°, 37°, 40, 
 
 92. 
 Atlas mts. 49*, 60°, 51°, 
 
 113°. 
 Auckland 115°. 
 Augusta 90°. 
 Austin 90°. 
 Australia 28°, 29°, 53*, 54°, 
 
 74, 76, 77°, 80, 81. 
 Austria-Hungary 109°. 
 Axis of earth 22. 
 Azores 13*. 
 
 Baffin bay 105°. 
 
 Bahama islands 105°. 
 
 Bahia 107°. 
 
 Baku 109°. 
 
 Balearic islands 109°. 
 
 Balkan mts. 109°. 
 
 Baltic sea 46°, 47°, 109°. 
 
 Baltimore 90°, 94, 103. 
 
 Baluchistan 111°. 
 
 Bamboo 44. 
 
 Bangkok 111°. 
 
 Bangor 90°. 
 
 Barcelona 109°. 
 
 Batavia 115°. 
 
 Baton Rouge 90°. 
 
 Batum 109°. 
 
 Bay 15*, 16, 17*. 
 
 Bay of Bengal 42°, 43°. 
 
 Bay of Biscay 109°. 
 
 Bay of Fundy 90°. 
 
 Beds of streams 10*. 
 
 Belgium 109°. 
 
 Belgrade 109°. 
 
 Belts of heat 75, 77°, 80- 
 
 82, 85. 
 Benares 111°. 
 Ben-Nevis 47°, 48* 111°. 
 Bergen 109°. 
 Bering sea 36°, 90°, 105°. 
 Bering strait 28°, 37°, 90°, 
 
 105°. 
 Berlin 109°. 
 Bermuda islands 105°. 
 Bern 72°, 109°. 
 Birmingham, Ala. 90°. 
 Bismarck 90°. 
 Black race 53, 55* 56* 73°. 
 Black sea 42°, 43°, 45, 46°, 
 
 47°. 
 Blue mts. 53*, 55°, 115°. 
 Blue Nile 113°. 
 Bogota 107°. 
 Boise 90°. 
 Bokhara 111°. 
 Bolivia 107°. 
 Boma 113°. 
 Bombay 110, 111°. 
 Bordeaux 109°. 
 Borneo 115°. 
 Boston 90°, 101*. 
 Brazil 100, 107°. 
 
 Brazilian highland32°, 33°, 
 
 34*. 
 Bridgeport 90°. 
 Brisbane 115°. 
 British Guiana 107°. 
 British Isles 46°, 47°, 48, 
 
 66, 78, 108, 109°. 
 Brooklyn 90°, 103. 
 Brooks 2*, 4, 5*, 7*, 8. 
 Brown race 59*, 60*, 73°. 
 Brussels 109°. 
 Budapest 109°. 
 Buenos Aires 107°. 
 Buffalo 90°, 103. 
 Bukharest 109°. 
 Bulgaria 109°. 
 Burlington, Vt. 90°. 
 Burma 111°. 
 Butte 90°. 
 
 Cairo 112, 113°. 
 Calcutta 110, 111°. 
 California 86*, 90°, 96, 99, 
 
 100. 
 Callao 107°. 
 Camden, N. J. 90°. 
 Camels 52*, 66*, 68. 
 Canada 36°, 90°, 104, 
 
 105°. 
 Canals 48, 69*, 70*. 
 Canary islands 113°. 
 Candia ; see Crete. 
 Canton, China 111°. 
 Canyon, 11* 26* 38*. 
 Canyon of Colo. 11* 38*, 
 
 90°. 
 Cape Breton 105°. 
 Cape Cod 90°. 
 Cape Colony, 112, 113°. 
 Cape Hatteras 90°. 
 Cape Horn 31, .33°, 87. 
 Cape of Good Hope 51°, 
 
 52, 113°. 
 Cape Town 52* 112, 113°. 
 Caracas 107°. 
 Caribbean sea 105°. 
 Caroline islands 115°. 
 Carpathian ; see Kar. 
 Carson city 90°. 
 Cascade 10, 12* 21*, 26. 
 Cascade mts. 36°, 37°, 40, 
 
 90°, 105°. 
 Caspian sea 42°, 43°, 40°, 
 
 47°, 48. 
 Cataract 10*, 35*. 
 Cattle 27*, 38, 39* 44, 
 
 45, 96°. 
 Caucasus mts. 109°. 
 Cayenne 107°. 
 Celebes 115°. 
 Central America 105°. 
 Ceylon 111°. 
 Chad ; see Tchad. 
 Charleston, S. C. 90°. 
 
 Charleston, W. Va. 90°. 
 Charlotte 90°. 
 Chattanooga 90°. 
 Chesapeake bay 90°. 
 Cheyenne 90°. 
 Chicago 90°, 93, 94, 96, 
 
 98, 103*. 
 Chile 106, 107°. 
 China 44, 58*, 59, 100, 
 
 111°. 
 Christiania 109°. 
 Cincinnati 90°, 103. 
 Cleveland 90°, 103. 
 Climate of U. S. 75, 76, 
 
 77°, 78-82, 92, 93, 95 ; 
 
 see Heat Belts. 
 Coal 97°. 
 
 Coast range 40, 90°. 
 Coffee 34, 60, 68, 106. 
 Colombia 107°. 
 Colombo 111°. 
 Colony 88. 
 Colorado 90°, 99. 
 Colorado canyon 11* 38*, 
 
 90°. 
 Colorado river 11*, 36°, 
 
 37°, 38, 90°. 
 Colorado springs 90°. 
 Columbia river 36°, 37°, 
 
 90°, 105°. 
 Columbia, S. C. 90°. 
 Columbus, Ohio 90°. 
 Commerce ; see countries. 
 Concord 90°. 
 Condor 31*. 
 Connecticut 90°. 
 Constantinople 45, 109°. 
 Continents 28°, 29°. 
 Copenhagen 109°. 
 Coral islands 30*. 
 Cordoba 107°. 
 Corn 39, 93°. 
 Corsica 109°. 
 Cotton 40*, 92*°. 
 Covington 90°. 
 Crete 109°. 
 
 Cuba 36°, 78, 105°, Sup. 
 Cuzco 107°. 
 
 Dallas 90°. 
 
 Damascus 1 1 1°. 
 
 Danube river 46°, 47°, 109°. 
 
 Davenport 90°. 
 
 Dayton 90°. 
 
 Delaware 90°. 
 
 Delaware bay 90°. 
 
 Delaware river 90°. 
 
 Delhi 111°. 
 
 Delta 5, 14, 44, 90°. 
 
 Denmark 109°. 
 
 Denver 90°, 103. 
 
 Deserts ; see special names. 
 
 Des Moines 90°. 
 
 Detroit 90°, 103. 
 
 Districtof Columbia (D.C.) 
 
 90°. 
 Divides 8°, 9°, 12. 
 Dnieper river 109°. 
 Dover 90°. 
 Dublin 109°. 
 Dubuque 90°. 
 Duluth 90°, 103. 
 Dunedin 115°. 
 Dutch Guiana 107°. 
 Dwina river 109°. 
 
 Earth 1, 20-22, 75. 
 
 East Indies 115°. 
 
 Ecuador 107°. 
 
 Edinburgh 109°. 
 
 Egypt 112, 113°. 
 
 El Paso 90°. 
 
 England 88, 100, 109° ; see 
 
 British. 
 Equator 23°, 25°, 75, 76, 
 
 113°, 115°. 
 Erie canal 93, 100, 101. 
 Eskimo 62*, 6.3*. 
 Euphrates river 111°. 
 Europe 28°, 45, 46°, 74, 
 
 76, 77°, 78-82, 108*, 
 
 109°. 
 Evansville 90°. 
 
 Falkland islands 107°. 
 Fall River 90°. 
 Fargo 90°. 
 Fez 113°. 
 
 Fiji islands 60, 115°. 
 Finland 109°. 
 Florida 78, 86, 90°. 
 Forests 95°. 
 Formosa 111°. 
 Forms of water 3, 5, 6. 
 Fort Smith 90°. 
 Fort Wayne 90°. 
 Fort Worth 90°. 
 France 108, 109°. 
 Frankfort 90°. 
 Freetown 113°. 
 French Guiana 107°. 
 Friendly islands 115°. 
 Frost 6, 9. 
 
 Galapagos islands 107°. 
 Galveston 90°, 103. 
 Ganges river 41* 42°, 43°, 
 
 44*, 111°. 
 Genoa 108°. 
 Georgetown 107°. 
 Georgia 90°. 
 Germany 108, 109°. 
 Geyser 7*, 8. 
 Gibraltar 109°. 
 Gilbert islands 115°. 
 Glacier 7* 11* 13*, 45*, 
 
 72*. 
 Glasgow 108, 109°. 
 
VI 
 
 IXDEX. 
 
 Gobi desert 111°. 
 God 88. 
 
 Gold 87, 99°*, 114. 
 Golden Gate 102. 
 Gottenborg 109°. 
 Government 88. 
 Grand Rapids 90°, 103. 
 Great Basin 35, 36°, 37°, 
 
 95. 
 
 Great Britain ; see British. 
 
 Great Lakes 36°, 37°, 38, 
 
 48, 86, 87, 93, 95, 96, 
 
 103, 105°. 
 
 Great Salt Lake 35, 36°, 
 
 37°, 90°. 
 Greece 109°. 
 Greenland 36°, 37°, 62*, 
 
 105°. 
 Green mts. 90°. 
 Guayaquil 107°. 
 Guiana 107°. 
 
 Guiana highland 32°, 33°. 
 Guinea 113°. 
 Gulfs 16. 
 
 Bothnia 109°. 
 California 90°, 105°. 
 Finland 109°. 
 Guayaquil 107°. 
 Guinea 113°. 
 Mexico 28°, 37°, 90°. 
 St. Lawrence 105°. 
 Gulf stream 78. 
 Guthrie 90°. 
 
 Haiti 105°. 
 Halifax 105°. 
 Hamburg 108, 109°. 
 Hammerfest 62*. 
 Harrisburg 90°. 
 Havana 105° ; Sup. 
 Hawaiian islands 115°; 
 
 Sup. 
 Heat belts 75, 77°, 80-82, 
 
 85. 
 Heating earth 75. 
 Height of Land 36°, 37°, 38. 
 Helena 90°. 
 Hemispheres 28°. 
 Highland of Brazil 32°, 
 
 33°, 34*. 
 Himalaya mts. 41*, 42°, 
 
 43°, 44, 111°. 
 Hindu Kush mts. 111°. 
 Hindustan 111°. 
 Hoangho; see Yellow river. 
 Hobart 115°. 
 Holland 14* 69*, 70, 108*, 
 
 109°. 
 Hongkong 111°. 
 Honolulu 115°; Sup. 
 Hot springs 7* 8, 53*. 
 Hottentots 56*. 
 Houston 90°. 
 
 Hudson bay 37°, 40, 106°. 
 Hudson river 90°. 
 Hue 111°. 
 Hungary 109°. 
 
 Iceland 36°, 37°, 105°. 
 Idaho 14*, 90°. 
 Illinois 90°, 97. 
 India 110, 111°. 
 Indiana 90°. 
 
 Indianapolis 90°, 103. 
 Lidian ocean 28°, 29°. 
 Indians 27* 65*, 66, 73°, 
 
 87, 93, 95. 
 Indian Territory 90°. 
 Indus river 42°, 43°. 
 Iowa 90°, 96. 
 Ireland, 108, 109°. 
 Irkutsk 111°. 
 Iron 98°. 
 Isthmus of Panama 32°, 
 
 33°, 34*, 87, 105°. 
 Isthmus of Suez 42°, 43°, 
 
 66*. 
 Italy 109°. 
 
 Jackson, Miss. 90°. 
 Jacksonville 90°. 
 Jamaica 105°. 
 James river 90°. 
 Japan 57*, 58* 59, 111°. 
 Japan current 78. 
 Java 59*, 60*, 100, 116°. 
 Jefferson, City 90°. 
 Jersey City 90°, 101. 
 Jerusalem 111°. 
 Johannesburg 113°. 
 
 Kabul 111°. 
 
 Kaffirs 56*. 
 
 Kalahari 113°. 
 
 Kamchatka 111°. 
 
 Kansas 90°. 
 
 Kansas City 90°, 96, 103. 
 
 Karpathian 109°. 
 
 Kenia 113°. 
 
 Kentucky 90°. 
 
 Key West 90°. 
 
 Kilauea 115 ; Sup. 
 
 Kilimanjaro 26*, 113°. 
 
 Kimberly 113°. 
 
 Knoxville 90°. 
 
 Kongo river 49, 50°, 51, 
 
 52, 55, 80, 81, 113°. 
 Kongo state 52, 113°. 
 Korea 111°. 
 Kuenlun mts. 111°. 
 Kyoto 111°. 
 
 Labrador 105°. 
 La Crosse 90°. 
 Lakes 2, 6*, 7*. 
 
 Athabasca 105°. 
 
 Baikal 111°. 
 
 Champlain 90°. 
 
 Erie 90°, 101, 105°. 
 
 George 90°. 
 
 Great Bear 105°. 
 
 Great Salt 90°. 
 
 Great Slave 106°. 
 
 Huron 90°, 105°. 
 
 Ladoga 109°. 
 
 Michigan 90°, 105°. 
 
 Nicaragua 105°. 
 
 Ontario 90°, 105°. 
 
 Superior 90°, 105°. 
 
 Tanganyika 113°. 
 
 Tchad, 113°. 
 
 Titicaca 31, 107°. 
 
 Victoria 113°. 
 
 Winnipeg 105°. 
 Lansing 90°. 
 La Paz 107°. 
 
 Lapland 61*, 62, 109°, 
 Laramie 90°. 
 Lassa 111°. 
 Las Vegas 90°. 
 Lava 12, 13* 14*. 
 Leadville 90°. 
 Leavenworth 90°. 
 Lena river 111°. 
 Liberia 113°. 
 Lima 107°. 
 Lincoln 90°. 
 Lisbon 109°. 
 Little Rock 90°. 
 Liverpool 108, 109°. 
 Llanos 32°, 33°, 34. 
 London 108, 109°. 
 Long Island 90°. 
 Los Angeles 90°. 
 Louisiana 90°. 
 Louisville 90°, 103. 
 Lowell 90°. 
 Lower California 90°. 
 Lyon 108, 109°. 
 
 Mackenzie river 36°, 37°, 
 
 105°. 
 Madagascar 113°. 
 Madeira river 32°, 33°, 
 
 107°. 
 Madison 90°. 
 Madras 101°. 
 Madrid 109°. 
 Magdalena river 107°. 
 Magellan strait 107°. 
 Magnetic pole 105°. 
 Maine 86*, 90°, 95. 
 Malaga 109°. 
 Malakka strait 115°. 
 Malay peninsula 111°. 
 Malay race 59*, 60*, 73°. 
 Man ; see People. 
 Manchester, Eng. 109°. 
 Manchester, N. H. 90°. 
 Manchuria 111°. 
 Manila 111°; Sup. 
 Map drawing 18, 19° ; Sup. 
 
 II-V. 
 Marseille 109°. 
 Marshall islands 116°. 
 Marthas Vineyard 90°. 
 Maryland 90°. 
 Maskat 111°. 
 Massachusetts 35*, 90°. 
 Mauna Loa 115°. 
 Mekka 111°. 
 Mediterranean 28°, 46°, 47°, 
 
 81, 109°. 
 Mekong river 111°. 
 Melbourne 114, 115°. 
 Memphis 90°, 103. 
 Mesa 13*. 
 
 Mexico, city 104, 105°. 
 Mexico, country 35, 37°*, 
 
 49, 104, 105°. 
 Michigan 90°, 98. 
 Milwaukee 90°, 103. 
 Minneapolis 90°, 94, 103. 
 Minnesota 90°. 
 Mississippi 90°. 
 Mississippi river 8°, 36°, 
 
 37°, 39, 52, 87, 88, 90°, 
 
 96, 102, 105°. 
 Missouri 90°. 
 
 Missouri river 36°, 37° 39, 
 
 90°, 105°. 
 Mobile 90°. 
 Mocha 111°. 
 Modeling; Sup. IL 
 Mohawk river 90°. 
 Mongolia 111°. 
 Monrovia 113°. 
 Montana 90°, 99. 
 Montenegro 109°. 
 Montevideo 107°. 
 Montgomery 90°. 
 Montpelier 90°. 
 Montreal 90°, 104, 105°. 
 Moon 20*. 
 Morocco 113°. 
 Moscow 109°. 
 Mountains 2*, 6*, 9°, 11*, 
 
 12*, 13* 26*, 31*, 35*, 
 
 41* 45* 47*, 48* 71*, 
 
 72* 76*. 
 Mt. Blanc 47°. 
 Mt. Etna 109°. 
 Mt. Everest 41, 111°. 
 Mt. Hekla 109°. 
 Mt. Hood 90°. 
 Mt. Kenia 113°. 
 Mt. Kilimanjaro 26*, 60°, 
 
 113°. 
 Mt. Logan 90°. 
 Mt. Rainier 90°. 
 Mt. Shasta 90°. 
 Mt. St. Elias 90°. 
 Munich 109°. 
 Murray river 53, 64°, 115°. 
 
 Nanling mts. 111°. 
 
 Nantucket 90°. 
 
 Naples 45*, 109°. 
 
 Nashville 90°. 
 
 Nassau ; Sup. 
 
 Nebraska 90°. 
 
 Negro race 52, 55, 56, 73°, 
 
 112*. 
 Negro river 107°. 
 Nelson river 36°, 37°, 105°. 
 Netherlands ; see Holland. 
 Nevada 90°. 
 Newark 90°, 103. 
 New England 90°. 
 Newfoundland 105°. 
 New Guinea 54°, 116°. 
 New Hampshire 90°. 
 New Haven 90°. 
 New Jersey 90°. 
 New Mexico 90°. 
 New Orleans 90°, 92, 102*, 
 
 105°. 
 Newport, R. I. 90°. 
 New South Wales 114, 115°. 
 New York, city 19°, 66, 90°, 
 
 94, 101*. 
 New York, state 90°, 96, 98. 
 New Zealand 53*, 116°. 
 Niagara falls 10*, 35*, 39*, 
 
 90°. 
 Niger river 50°, 51°, 113°. 
 Nile river 49*, 60°, 51, 52*, 
 
 77, 80, 113°. 
 Norfolk 90°. 
 North America 28°, 29°, 
 
 35,74,76, 77°, 78, 80- 
 
 82, 105°. 
 
 North cape 109°. 
 North Carolina 90°. 
 North Dakota 14*, 90°. 
 Norway 109°. 
 Nova S'cotia 90°, 105°. 
 
 Oakland 90°. 
 
 Oasis 52*. 
 
 Ob river 42°, 43°, 111°. 
 
 Ocean currents 78. 
 
 Oceans 2*, 5, 6* 20*, 28°, 
 
 29°. 
 Odessa 109°. 
 Ogden 90. 
 Ohio 90°, 96, 97. 
 Ohio river 36°, 37°, 87, 90°, 
 
 105°. 
 Okhotsk sea 111°. 
 Oklahoma 90°. 
 Omaha 90°, 103. 
 Oporto 109°. 
 Orange river 113°. 
 Oregon 90°. 
 Organ mts. 32°, 33°. 
 Orinoco river 32°, 33°, 34, 
 
 117°. 
 Ottawa 90°, 105°. 
 Ozark mts. 90°. 
 
 Pacific islands 80, 115°. 
 
 Pacific ocean 25°, 28°, 29°, 
 78*. 
 
 Pacific slope 36°, 37°, 95. 
 
 Pamir 111°. 
 
 Pampas 34*, 118. 
 
 Panama 31, 33°, 34*, 117°. 
 
 Papua ; see New Guinea. 
 
 Para 107°. 
 
 Paraguay 107°. 
 
 Paramaribo 107°. 
 
 Parana river 32°, 33°, 107°. 
 
 Paris 108, 109°. 
 
 Pass 11*, 12, 13*. 
 
 Patagonia 107°. 
 
 Paterson 90°. 
 
 Peaks 2*. 9°, 11* 12*, 13* 
 26*, 31*, 35* 41*, 45*, 
 47*, 48«, 71* 72*. 
 
 Peking 111°. 
 
 Pennsylvania 90°, 97, 98. 
 
 Pensacola 90°. 
 
 People 1*, 23*, 27*, 34*, 
 37*, 41* 44* 48*, 
 52* 55*, 56*, 57*, 
 58*, 59*, 60*, 61*, 
 62*, 63* 64*, 65*, 
 66* 67*, 68*, 69*, 
 70*, 71*, 72*, 73°, 
 74. 87°, 88, 104, 
 106*, 108*, 110*, 
 112*, 114*. 
 
 People in U. S. 87 s , 88. 
 
 Peoria 90°. 
 
 Pernambuco 107°. 
 
 Persia 111°. 
 
 Persian gulf 111°. 
 
 Peru 107°. 
 
 Phcenix 90°. 
 
 Philadelphia 86, 90°, 102, 
 105°. 
 
 Philippine islands 111° ; see 
 Sup. 
 
 Pierre 90°. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Vll 
 
 Pikes peak 38, 90°. 
 Pittsburg 90°, 98, 103. 
 Plains 9, 14*, 27*. 
 Plant belts 77°, 80*, 81*, 
 
 82*. 
 Plants 79* 80*, 81*, 82*. 
 Plata river 32°, 34, 107. 
 Plateau 11*, 12, 14*, 76. 
 Pnum Penh 111°. 
 Points of compass 18*. 
 Poles 22, 23°, 28°, 29°. 
 Population ; see Sup. 
 Po river 109°. 
 Portland, Ore. 90°. 
 Porto Rico 105°; see Sup- 
 plement. 
 Port Said 113°. 
 Portsmouth 90°. 
 Portugal 109°. 
 Potomac river 90°. 
 Potosi 107°. 
 Prairies 30°, 37°, 39*, 40, 
 
 82, 93, 95, 96. 
 Prescott 90°. 
 Pretoria 113°. 
 Pribilof islands 90°. 
 Primary highland 24°. 
 Production maps. 
 
 Cattle 96°. 
 
 Coal 97°. 
 
 Corn 93°. 
 
 Cotton 92°. 
 
 Forests 95°. 
 
 Gold 99°. 
 
 Iron 98°. 
 
 Silver 99°. 
 
 Wheat 94°. 
 Providence 90°, 103. 
 Pueblo 90°. 
 
 Pyramids 49*, 52*, 113°. 
 Pyrenees 109°. 
 
 Quebec 90°, 105°. 
 Queensland 115°. 
 Quincy, 111. 90°. 
 Quito 107°. 
 
 Races of men ; see People. 
 Railroads 100. 
 Rain 3*, 4, 6, 75. 
 Raleigh 90°. 
 Range 12, 13*. 
 Rangoon 111°. 
 Rapids 2* 4, 5*. 
 Red race 65*, 66, 73°. 
 Red sea 42°, 43°, 111°. 
 Reefs 30, 115°. 
 Relief maps 19. 
 
 Africa 50°, 51°. 
 
 Asia 42°, 43°. 
 
 Australia 55°. 
 
 Europe 46°, 47. 
 
 Heat Belts 77°. 
 
 North America 36°, 37°. 
 
 Races of men 72°. 
 
 South America 32°, 33°. 
 United States 91°. 
 World ridge 24°. 
 
 Rhine 14*, 45*, 47°. 
 
 Rhode Island 90°. 
 
 Richmond 90°, 103. 
 
 Riga 109°. 
 
 Rio de Janeiro 31* 107°. 
 
 Rio Grande 36°, 37°, 90°, 
 105°. 
 
 Rivers 2*, 3*, 7*, 14*. 
 
 Rochester 90°, 103. 
 
 Rocky mts. 12*, 25°, 26*, 
 27, 35*, 36°, 37°, 87, 
 90°, 99, 105°. 
 
 Rome 109°. 
 
 Roumania 109°. 
 
 Roumelia 109°. 
 
 Routes of trade 100. 
 
 Russia 48, 104, 109°, 111°. 
 
 Russian Empire ; see Rus- 
 sia. 
 
 Sacramento 90°. 
 
 Saginaw 90°. 
 
 Sahara desert 28°, 49*, 50, 
 51°, 52* 113°. 
 
 Saigon 111°. 
 
 St. Augustine 90°. 
 
 St. Helena 113°. 
 
 St. Johns 105°. 
 
 St. Joseph 90°. 
 
 St. Lawrence river 36°, 37°, 
 38, 90°, 105°. 
 
 St. Louis 90°, 103. 
 
 St. Paul 90°, 103. 
 
 St. Petersburg 109°. 
 
 Salem, Ore. 90°. 
 
 Salt Lake City 90°. 
 
 Samoa 115°. 
 
 San Antonio 90°. 
 
 San Diego 90°. 
 
 Sandwich islands ; see Ha- 
 waiian. 
 
 San Francisco 86*, 90°, 94, 
 102. 
 
 San Francisco river 107°. 
 
 San Jose 90°. 
 
 San Juan ; see Sup. 
 
 Santa Barbara islands 90. 
 
 Santa Fe 90°. 
 
 Santiago, Chile 107°. 
 
 Santiago, Cuba, 105°; see 
 Sup. 
 
 Santo Domingo 105°. 
 
 Sardinia 109°. 
 
 Savannah 90°, 103. 
 
 Scotland 108, 109°. 
 
 Scranton 90°. 
 
 Sea bottom 30. 
 
 Sea of Azof 109°. 
 
 Seasons 76, 77, 80-82. 
 
 Seattle 90°. 
 
 Seine river 109°. 
 
 Selvas 25°, 27*. 
 
 Seoul 111°. 
 
 Servia 109°. 
 
 Shanghai 111°. 
 
 Shetland islands 109°. 
 
 Shore forms 15*, 16, 17*. 
 
 Shreveport 90°. 
 
 Siam 111°. 
 
 Siberia 111°. 
 
 Sicily 109°. 
 
 Sierra Leone 113°. 
 
 Sierra Nevada 36°, 37°, 40, 
 
 99, 105°. 
 Silkworms 58. 
 Silver 25, 87, 99°. 
 Singapore 111°. 
 Sioux City 90°. 
 Sioux Falls 90°. 
 Sitka 90°, 105°. 
 Slopes 2*, 8°, 9°, 24, 27. 
 Smyrna 111°. 
 Soil 3-5, 21* 79. 
 Solomon islands 115°. 
 South African Rep.; see 
 
 Transvaal. 
 South America 28°, 29°, 74, 
 
 76, 77°, 78-82, 106, 
 
 107°. 
 South Australia 115°. 
 South Carolina 90°. 
 South Dakota 90°. 
 Southern plains 36°, 37°, 
 
 40, 92°, 100. 
 Spain 109°. 
 Sphinx 49*. 
 Spices 80*. 
 Spokane 90°. 
 Springfield, 111. 90°. 
 Springfield, Mass. 90°. 
 Springs 7*. 
 
 Steppes 42°, 43°, 111°. 
 Stockholm 109°. 
 Strait of Gibraltar 47*109°. 
 Strait of Magellan 107°. 
 Strassburg 76*, 77. 
 Sturgeon 48. 
 Sucre 107°. 
 Sudan 113°. 
 
 Suez canal 51*, 66, 113°. 
 Sumatra 115°. 
 Sun 75. 
 Sweden 109°. 
 Swiss highland 45, 47°, 
 
 70*, 71*, 72*. 
 Switzerland 70*, 71*, 72*, 
 
 109°. 
 Sydney 115°. 
 Syracuse 90°. 
 
 Tabriz 111°. 
 Tacoma 90°. 
 Tahlequah 90°. 
 Tallahassee 90. 
 Tashkend 111°. 
 Tasmania 115°. 
 Tchad 113°. 
 
 Tea 44*, 110. 
 Teheran 111°. 
 Tennessee 90°. 
 Terre Haute 90°. 
 Texas 90°, 96. 
 The Hague 109°. 
 Thianshan mts. 111°. 
 Tibet 25°, 26*, 41, 42°, 43°, 
 
 44, 111°. 
 Tide 15*. 
 Tientsin 111°. 
 Tiflis 111°. 
 Tigris river 111°. 
 Timbuktu 113°. 
 Titicaca lake 31, 33°, 107°. 
 Tokyo 111°. 
 Toledo 90°. 
 Topeka 90°. 
 Toronto 90°. 
 Trade winds 78. 
 Transvaal 113°. 
 Trenton 90°. 
 Triest 109°. 
 Tripoli 113°. 
 
 Tropics 28°, 89° ; Sup. III. 
 Tucson 90°. 
 
 Tundras 25°, 27, 41* 43°. 
 Tunis 113°. 
 Turkey 109°, 111°. 
 Turkestan 111°. 
 
 United States 1, 25, 37-40, 
 86, 87°, 88, 90°, 91°, 
 92°, 93°, 94°, 95°, 96°, 
 97°, 98°, 99°, 101-103, 
 104,105°. 
 
 Areas ; Sup. III. 
 
 Cities 91. 
 
 Climate 75, 76, 77°, 78- 
 82, 86, 92, 93, 95. 
 
 Commerce 92-100. 
 
 Government 88. 
 
 Indians 65*, 66, 88. 
 
 Negroes 56, 88. 
 
 People 87°, 88, 104. 
 
 Population; see Sup. 
 
 Products 92°, 93°, 94°, 
 95°, 96°, 97°, 98°, 99°. 
 
 Relief map 36°, 91°. 
 
 Seacoast 36°, 86, 90°, 91°. 
 
 States 89, 90°. 
 
 Surface 25, 26*, 35, 36°, 
 37, 38*, 39*, 40*, 86, 
 91°. 
 Ural mts. 109°, 111°. 
 Uruguay 107°. 
 Utah 90°. 
 
 Valdai hills 46°, 47°, 48, 
 
 109°. 
 Valleys 2*, 9*, 11*, 21*. 
 Valparaiso 107°. 
 Vancouver 90°, 105°. 
 Vapor 5, 6. 
 Venezuela 107°. 
 
 Venice 109°. 
 Vera Cruz 105°. 
 Vermont 90°. 
 Vicksburg 90°. 
 Victoria, Aus. 116°. 
 Victoria, B. C. 90°. 
 Victoria lake or Nyanza 
 
 113°. 
 Vienna 109°. 
 Virginia 90°. 
 Vladivostok 111°. 
 Volcano 12, 13*, 31. 
 Volga river 46°, 47°, 48, 
 
 109°. 
 
 Wales 108, 109°. 
 Warsaw 109°. 
 Washington, city 88, 90°, 
 
 105°. 
 Washington, state 90°. 
 Water 3-5, 21, 79. 
 Waterfalls 10*, 11*, 12*. 
 Wellington 115°. 
 Western Australia 116°. 
 Western plains 27*, 36", 
 
 37°, 95, 96*. 
 West Indies 78, 105"; see 
 
 Sup. 
 West Virginia 90°. 
 Wheat 39* 94°. 
 Wheeling 90°. 
 White mts. 90°. 
 White race 66*, 67*, 68*, 
 
 69*, 70*, 71*, 72*, 73°, 
 
 87°, 88. 
 White sea 109°. 
 Wichita 90°. 
 
 Wilmington, Del. 90", 103. 
 Wilmington, N. C. 90°. 
 Winds 75, 78. 
 Winnipeg 90°, lOS". 
 Wisconsin 90°. 
 Worcester 90°. 
 Work of water 16, 17*. 
 World ridge 24°, 25°, 27, 
 
 52. 
 Wyoming 90°. 
 
 Yangtze river 42*, 43°, 
 
 111°. 
 Yarkhand 111°. 
 Yellow race 57*, 58* 59, 
 
 61*, 62*, 63*, 64*, 73°. 
 Yellow river 111°. 
 Yellowstone park 11*, 90°. 
 Yenisei river 42°, 43°, 111°. 
 Yokohama 110, 111°. 
 Yosemite valley 11*. 
 Yucatan 107°. 
 Yukon river 35, 36°, 37°, 
 
 90°, 104, 105°. 
 
 Zambezi river 50°, 51°, 113°. 
 Zanzibar 113°. 
 Zones; Sup. III. 
 
This book tells a story about the earth, 
 — the great ball of land and water on 
 which we live. 
 
 After studying that part of the earth which 
 is near our school, we shall visit the homes of 
 girls and boys in other lands. 
 
 We shall see little yellow people feeding silk- 
 worms and picking leaves from tea plants. 
 
 The Arab boy will show us his father's camels 
 and horses, and will tell us about the great desert 
 that spreads round his home. 
 
 In the land of the brown people we shall find 
 groves of spice, and shall see the brown girls 
 weaving pretty baskets. 
 
 The Eskimo boy will show us how to crawl 
 into his snow hut, and will tell us how his father 
 hunts the seal for food and clothing. 
 
 In the land of the Lapps, 
 swift reindeer will drag us on 
 sleds over wide fields of snow 
 and ice. We ma} r also peep 
 into tall straw huts, and see 
 the black people in their far-off home. 
 
 Would you not like to sail or paddle along the 
 canals of Holland, past quaint houses and bridges ? 
 
 In the United States, our own country, we 
 shall pass by acres and acres of waving grain and 
 wide fields hidden with white cotton. 
 
 We shall climb high mountains whose tops are 
 buried in ice and snow. 
 
 Every day of our journey will bring new sights 
 and tell new stories of the beautiful earth on 
 which we live. 
 
 A story of the earth and its people is called 
 Geography. 
 
HILLS AND VALLEYS. 
 
 2. Hills and Valleys. 
 
 Is there any level land near your 
 school ? Where ? 
 
 Is it exactly level ? Does any water 
 flow across it ? Where have you seen a 
 hill? Where have you seen a valley? 
 
 Find pictures of two hills and two 
 valleys in this book. 
 
 How does 
 a hill differ 
 from a val- 
 ley? 
 
 Find the swiftest part of the stream. Can you 
 tell why the water flows swiftly in the rapids? 
 
 Why does the river flow smoothly under the 
 bridge ? 
 
 Why do the brooks spread over the meadow and 
 make a pond? 
 
 Find two pictures of rivers. How does a brook 
 differ from a river ? 
 
 4. Slopes. 
 
 The side 
 
 From Source to Mouth. 
 
 3. Brooks and Rivers. 
 
 How many brooks can you see in the picture ? 
 Where does the water in the brooks come from ? 
 
 Any land that slants is a slope. 
 of a hill, or of a valley, is a slope. 
 
 Some slopes are gentle, and others are 
 steep. Where have you seen a gentle slope ? 
 Is there a steep slope near your school ? 
 Most brooks that flow among hills are 
 very swift. Can you tell Avhy ? 
 
 Look at the meadow near the pond in 
 the picture. Do you think that this 
 meadow is just level? 
 
 Why does not the pond spread out 
 farther ? 
 
 When a brook runs into a small hollow, 
 it makes a pond. Rivers often flow into 
 large hollows, and make lakes. 
 
 If all the land were level, there would 
 be no hills nor valleys, no ponds nor lakes, 
 no brooks nor rivers. 
 Find three pictures of steep slopes, and 
 three pictures of gentle slopes. 
 
KINDS OF SOIL. 
 
 5. Kinds of Soil. 
 
 Which is the finer, loam or sand ? Loam or clay ? 
 
 Pour some water on loam, on sand and on clay. 1 
 Into which does the water sink most quickly ? 
 
 Which dries soonest, the loam, the sand or the 
 clay? 
 
 What becomes of plants that die, and of leaves 
 that fall ? 
 
 Find as many kinds of soil as you can. Put each 
 kind by itself in a bottle. 
 
 What kind of soil covers the fields 
 or yards near your school ? 
 
 Can you find out what is under the 
 soil? 
 
 6. Work of Water. 2 
 
 How hard it rains! 
 
 The river is swift and muddy. 
 "Where does the muddy water 
 come from ? 
 
 Let us go out on the side of 
 the hill. Can you see the tiny 
 streams or rills which the rain 
 makes ? Look closely ! They are 
 very small. 
 
 Many of the rills are muddy. 
 These are washing away the 
 finest soil. Watch the rills that 
 are rolling sand down the steep 
 places. 
 
 The rills cannot carry sand very 
 far. They must leave it in the 
 hollows and on the level places. 
 •Can you tell why ? 
 
 What will become of the fine soil that 
 makes the rills muddy? The little streams 
 will carry some of it down to the river. 
 
 1 A small box of each will answer for the entire class. 
 
 12 Weather Record. — In a notebook keep a daily 
 Tecord of the weather. In the afternoon write whether the 
 day has been hot, warm, cool or cold; clear, cloudy, rainy or 
 snowy; calm or windy. Be sure to write the date. 
 
 This record will show you how to keep yours. 
 
 Dec. 6 .... warm rainy windy 
 
 7 .... cold clear windy 
 
 The balloon shown in the picture is floating 
 in the clear air, far above the clouds. 
 
 7. Loose Soil. 3 
 
 Pour some water on hard ground. Wait two 
 minutes, then dig and see how far the water has 
 settled. 
 
 Loosen a little patch of ground with a spade, and 
 pour on some water. After two minutes, find out 
 how far it has gone into the soil. 
 
 Rainstorm. 
 
 Farmers plow in order to turn up fresh soil, and to 
 loosen it, so that the rain can easily sink down. 
 Do you know what frost does to the soil ? 
 
 Dee. 8 
 9 
 
 .... cool 
 .... cool 
 
 clear 
 rainy 
 
 calm 
 windy 
 
 Keep the record every school day for a year. Perhaps 
 you can also take notes for holidays. At the end of the 
 year you can count and find out which month has had the 
 greatest number of warm days, rainy days, etc. 
 
 8 Home work for pupils who wish to try the exper- 
 iment. 
 
RAIN IN THE SOEL. 
 
 40. water sinks 
 ground. 
 
 8. 
 Rain in the Soil. 
 
 When it rains, some 
 into the 
 It mois- 
 tens the soil around 
 seeds. At the right season they sprout 
 and grow through the soil. 
 
 The rain flows among grass roots, and 
 little blades shoot up, making the fields 
 green. 
 
 
 is 
 
 
 ;s \ 
 
 Indian Corn. 
 
 The water is 
 taken into the roots of trees. It rises to the 
 sleeping buds, and pretty leaflets unfold. 
 
 Now the blossoms hang in clouds, and later 
 they fall like snow. Grain sprouts, grows up 
 and waves in the fields. 
 
 At length the boughs bend low with fruit. 
 Sheaves of wheat dot the fields, and 
 ears of corn ripen in the sun. 
 
 Apple Blossoms. 
 
 long 
 
 All the time the plants are growing, water 
 in the soil helps to feed them. 
 
 Have you ever seen worms crawling out of 
 the ground? 
 
 Worms grind leaves, and mix them with 
 soil. They bring rich earth to the surface, 
 and make little mounds of it. 
 
 Have you ever watched ants building their 
 hills? Do }"ou know of any place where ants 
 are at work near your school ? Where do 
 they get fine earth for their hills ? 
 
 Mounds made by worms and ants are often 
 dotted over the fields. 
 Raindrops spread these 
 mounds, and carry some 
 of the rich soil down 
 again to the roots and 
 
 Seeds. Growing Pumpkins. 
 
 9. How Soil Settles. 
 
 Mix fine soil in one glass of water, and coarse sand 
 in another. Let the water stand for a while, and see 
 what takes place. 
 
 Which settles first, the soil or the sand ? 
 
 Mix fine loam and coarse sand in a glass of water, 
 and let it stand. Which settles on the other, the 
 loam or the sand ? 
 
 
 
 ■■')■-■■ ■ 
 
 
 10. Work of the Brooks. 
 
 What is the swift part of a brook 
 called? Can you tell why ? 
 
 Below the rajnds there is a small 
 
 pond. This pond is only a wide place 
 
 in the brook. Rain has been falling, 
 
 and the brook is muddy. It has a 
 
 load of fine soil which the rills have brought 
 
 from the slopes. 
 
MUD BANKS OR DELTAS. 
 
 Let us throw two or three pailfuls of gravel 
 into the rapids. See what takes place. 
 
 The pebbles sink in the rapids, where 
 the water is swift. Some are rolling down 
 the slope under the water. Can you tell 
 what moves them? 
 
 Here is the sand below the rapids. 
 Watch it spreading on the bottom. It 
 looks like a great leaf. Why does 
 the sand settle here? Why did it 
 not settle in the rapids? 
 
 Look into the 
 pond where the 
 water is still. The 
 muddy water is 
 flowing into it. 
 Let us wait a lit- 
 tle while and find 
 out where the fine 
 soil goes. 
 
 The part of the 
 brook that flows 
 out of the pond is 
 not muddy. It has 
 left the fine soil 
 under the still 
 water. 
 
 If there were no 
 pond, what would 
 become of the 
 muddy water? 
 
 11. Mud Banks or Deltas. 
 
 Look once more at the mud on the bottom 
 of the pond. 
 
 When it rains again, more soil will be 
 brought down by the rills and brook. In 
 time a little mud bank will form near the 
 place where the brook flows into the pond. 
 
 When the water is low the mud will stand 
 above it. 
 
 Brook. 
 
 After a long time the soil may fill the 
 whole pond, except where the brook keeps a 
 path or channel open. As the new bank of 
 soil grows, grass and flowers will cover it, and 
 make it look like other parts of the field. 
 
 Thus, water wears 
 down the high land 
 and so makes the 
 slopes more even. 
 
 Mud banks that 
 form where streams 
 flow into still water 
 are called deltas. A 
 delta cannot form 
 in water that moves 
 swiftly. The soil 
 is swept away and 
 cannot settle. 
 
 Most of the rivers 
 in the world flow 
 into a great body of salt water, 
 called the ocean or the sea. Rivers 
 make many deltas on the shores of 
 the ocean. Some deltas are so 
 large that cities are built on them. 
 Let us next find out where the 
 water in brooks and rivers comes 
 from. 
 
 12. Water and Heat. 
 
 Put a few drops of water into a tin 
 cup, and heat it. Where does the water go ? 
 
 The water in the cup changes into vapor. We 
 cannot see the vapor, but it is floating in the air. 
 
 Heat a small bottle of water over a lamp. What 
 takes place inside the bottle ? What comes from the 
 bottle ? 
 
 Hold a piece of cold glass in the cloud that you can 
 see coming from the bottle. Of what is the cloud 
 made ? 
 
 Breathe against a cold window. What is in the 
 breath ? 
 
 Have you ever seen your breath? Was it on a 
 cold day or on a warm one ? 
 
FORMS OF WATER. 
 
 Put a little water into a shallow basin, and let it 
 stand in the sun. Where does the water go ? Into 
 what does it change ? 
 
 What makes the little cloud that comes from the 
 kettle in the picture ? 
 
 13. Forms of Water. 
 
 When we put water into a shallow basin, 
 and let it stand in the sun, the water 
 slowly changes into vapor, and floats away 
 in the air. v 
 
 We cannot see vapor. The kettle 
 in the picture is sending out vapor 
 which chang-es into a little cloud. The 
 vapor is in the clear space near the 
 mouth of the kettle. 
 
 Vapor rises from ponds, lakes, 
 brooks and rivers, but most of it 
 comes from the sea. 
 
 When the air is cooled enough; 
 some of the vapor in it changes 
 
 Have you ever seen any hail ? Did it look 
 like frozen rain ? 
 
 When the air is very cold a part of the 
 vapor in it sometimes freezes into crystals or 
 flakes of snoio. If you will catch some snow- 
 flakes on a piece of black cloth, you will find 
 that they have very pretty shapes. 
 
 into large clouds, such as we often see floating 
 above us. 
 
 Were you ever in a fog ? Did it look like 
 ■water dust ? Fog is a cloud near the earth. 
 
 When enough vapor has changed into cloud, 
 some of the particles of water fall through 
 the air. Many particles run together and 
 form drops of rain. 
 
 At night, when the grass 
 and stones are cold, vapor 
 often floats against them 
 and changes into dew. 
 Breathe against a cold 
 window and against a 
 warm sleeve. Upon which 
 does dew form ? 
 On very cold nights vapor freezes on 
 grass and stones and forms frost. 
 A part of the dew and frost is formed of 
 vapor that rises from the damp earth. 
 
 The ice-coat on water forms first at the 
 surface. If the freezing began at the bottom, 
 many lakes and streams would become solid 
 masses of ice. The fish in them would die, 
 and even the summer sun could not melt the 
 ice in deep water. 
 What are the uses of ice ? 
 Perhaps these words will help you to think 
 of some of the uses of water : — kitchen, 
 travel, mill, plant, river, ram, ocean, well. 
 
SOURCES OF STREAMS. 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 ,. 4 
 
 \ 
 
 
 - 
 
 14. Springs. 
 
 Why does not rain fill the soil ? 
 Have you ever seen water How out of the ground ? 
 Is there a spring near your home ? If so, tell what it is like. 
 Brooks often flow in dry seasons. Can you tell where the water 
 comes from ? 
 
 15. Sources of Streams. 
 
 The beginning of a brook or river is called its source. 
 Many springs form at the foot of hills, and also in 
 
 meadows. 
 Many others bubble up in the bottoms of 
 
 brooks, ponds, rivers and lakes. Ponds and 
 
 lakes store up water, and 
 supply it to brooks and rivers 
 long after the rain is over. 
 
 Do you see the large brook 
 or river that flows from under 
 the ice ? The tops of many 
 mountains are covered with 
 ice and snow all the year. 
 Many streams are formed by 
 the melting ice and snow. 
 
8 
 
 SYSTEMS AND BASINS. 
 
 Would you like to see hot water spout out 
 of the ground ? It often shoots up as high 
 as a very tall tree. There must be a very hot 
 place in the earth under the geyser. 
 
 From some springs there is a gentle flow of 
 warm or hot water. Find the picture of the 
 hot springs. Do you not think that they have 
 made many pretty basins ? 
 
 16. Where Brooks Flow. 
 
 Why do brooks flow in winding lines ? 
 In what direction does every stream flow ? 
 Why are some brooks swift and others slow ? 
 Why is a brook wider in some places than in 
 others ? 
 
 What are the uses of brooks and ponds ? 
 
 17. Systems and Basins. 
 
 Streams often flow from many small valleys 
 into a large valley. 
 
 All the streams that meet in one valley 
 form a system. A river system includes the 
 main river of the valley, and all the rills, 
 brooks and rivers that flow into the main 
 river. 
 
 All the land that sends water to a brook 
 
 forms the basin of the brook. A basin is 
 made of slopes. 
 
 Every stream is in a basin. A river basin 
 includes all the land that is drained by a 
 river system. 
 
 Mississippi System. 
 
 Every large basin is made of many small 
 ones. 
 
 Many brook basins send water to one river. 
 A large river basin often includes many 
 smaller river basins. 
 
 The Mississippi system drams about a 
 million square miles of land. This vast tract 
 of land forms the Mississippi basin. 
 
 The main stream of this system is the 
 longest river on earth. 
 
 How does a basin differ from a S3'stem? 
 Point to the basins and systems in the pic- 
 ture on the opposite page. 
 
 18. The Top of a Ridge. 
 
 Here is a picture of a ridge that rises between 
 two long narrow valleys. 
 
 When rain falls on the top of this ridge, into which 
 valley does it flow ? 
 
 What part of the ridge is in each valley ? 
 
 Point to the line that runs along the very top of 
 the ridge. This line is called a divide. It divides 
 the valleys. 
 
DIVIDES. 
 
 9 
 
 San Bernardino Mountains, Cal. 
 
 San Jacinto Mountains. 
 
 19. Divides. 
 
 The slopes of the large valleys in this 
 picture begin at the tops of the high ridges. 
 Each slope starts at a divide. 
 
 Some divides are on high land where snow 
 lies all the year. Other divides are low. If 
 it were not for running water it would be 
 hard to find them. 
 
 The rain that falls on any slope flows into 
 the valley to which that slope belongs. 
 
 A divide is often called a water parting. 
 Can you tell why? 
 
 Find on the map a water parting that is 
 on very high land. Find one on low hills; 
 another on land that is nearly level. 
 
 Point as near as you can to the sources of 
 all the streams that flow into the Santa Ana 
 river. All the slopes that send water to these 
 streams are in the Santa Ana basin. Trace 
 the divide that bounds this river basin. 
 
 20. How Slopes Are Worn. 
 
 Find a piece of wood that has lain a long 
 time on the ground. Cut into it. Has any 
 part begun to decay ? 
 
 Break open a small round stone, or a large 
 pebble. Which part has begun to decay? 
 Which part looks brightest ? 
 
 Wood decays, and so do rocks decay. All 
 rocks, both large and small, slowly crumble 
 into soil. 
 
 Wind blows dust and sand about. Rain- 
 drops wash tiny grains of rock together, and 
 make them finer. 
 
 Frost splits many rocks, and even wedges 
 off large pieces from cliffs. 
 
 Little by little the raindrops, rills, brooks 
 and rivers wash the fine rock or soil down 
 the slopes. 
 
 Thus, most slopes are slowly crumbling 
 and wasting away. 
 
10 
 
 BEDS OF STREAMS. 
 
 Beds of Streams. 
 
 The bottom 
 
 of a stream is 
 
 called the bed 
 
 of the stream. 
 
 We have 
 
 seen how rills 
 
 and brooks 
 
 carry away 
 
 soil. Swift 
 
 rivers often 
 
 wash tons and 
 
 tons of sand, pebbles, 
 
 and even large stones 
 
 down the slopes. 
 
 This rocky matter 
 grinds the beds and 
 thus helps to wear 
 them away. 
 
 In some rivers, 
 floating ice cuts the 
 banks and beds. Mud, sand and stones 
 are held by ice, and are carried down 
 the streams. Where does the ice leave 
 its load ? 
 
 With a hammer break a stone into 
 small pieces. What is the shape of the 
 Are they rough or smooth ? 
 Put the pieces into a bottle and 
 shake it very hard. See the grams of 
 rock on the bottom of the bottle. 
 Most of the stones in river beds are round and smooth. Can you 
 tell what rounded them ? 
 
 Part of the sand in river beds has come from these stones. 
 What becomes of the fine particles that are worn off the rocks by 
 rivers ? After long ages what will become of the rocks that are 
 now in river beds ? 
 
 Rivers often wear steep places in their beds. The water leaps 
 down, forming waterfalls. A great fall of water over a steep bank is 
 called a cataract. A little fall is a cascade. 
 
 Some of the pictures show water plunging over steep rocks. One 
 shows the rocks back of the falls. 
 
VALLEYS. 
 
 11 
 
 22. Valleys. 
 
 A valley is low land 
 between higher lands. 
 
 Which of the valleys in 
 the pictures are very deep? 
 Which have steep sides ? 
 
 Point to a valley whose 
 sides have gentle slopes. 
 
 The sides of all valleys 
 are slowly wearing away. 
 Can you tell why ? 
 
 In some places, deep val- 
 leys with steep sides are 
 called canyons. In other 
 places they are called 
 gorges. 
 
 Do you see the ice river 
 in one of the valleys ? This 
 ice river, or glacier, moves 
 only a few inches a day. 
 What do you think becomes of the ice? 
 
 Some valleys are so wide that we cannot see across 
 them. Some are in low land, and others are in high land. 
 
12 
 
 MOUNTAINS. 
 
 23. Mountains. 
 
 Which pictures show mountains with sharp 
 tops ? Which show rounded tops ? 
 
 How does a mountain differ from a valley ? 
 How does it differ from a hill ? 
 
 Most mountains are made of masses of rock 
 that are tilted and bent. The rock is often 
 hidden under a thin coat of soil. 
 
 In some places long and deep valleys have 
 been worn in plateaus. The high ridges and 
 
 Cascade Peak, Rocky Mountains. 
 
 points of land that are left standing among 
 such valleys are often called mountains or hills. 
 
 For ages and ages, melted rock and ashes 
 have been pushed up from beneath the sur- 
 face of the earth, or have been blown up by 
 gases. This melted rock is called lava. 
 
 In many places the lava and ashes are in 
 great heaps that look like mountains or hills. 
 The mouth from which the lava and ashes 
 came, is called a crater. A great heap of lava, 
 having a crater, is called a volcano. Some 
 
 volcanoes have deep valleys worn in their 
 sides, and it is thought that these are very 
 old. 
 
 A row of mountains is called a mountain 
 range. Point to the picture of a low range 
 of mountains having rounded tops. 
 
 Fmd a range with snow upon it. These 
 
 mountains are so high and cold that snow 
 
 and ice lie upon them all the year. 
 
 Do you think that it would be easy to walk 
 
 along the divide or top of a range? 
 
 You would have to climb over 
 
 the highest points, and cross the 
 
 notches between them. 
 
 The top of a range is called a 
 crest. Point as near as you can 
 to the crests of two ranges. 
 
 Which crest looks like saw 
 
 teeth ? Which looks like waves ? 
 
 High points in a crest are called 
 
 peaks. Find six sharp peaks. 
 
 Find three rounded ones. 
 
 Onty a few people live on the 
 sides of mountains. The land is 
 rough, and it is hard to make 
 good roads there. 
 
 In some places on mountains 
 there is grass enough for cattle 
 and sheep, but the soil is gener- 
 ally very poor. Can you tell why? 
 What becomes of the rock that 
 crumbles on steep slopes ? 
 
 The roads across mountain ranges run 
 through the low places, or passes, in the 
 ci'ests. Point to three passes. 
 
 Have you heard of the St. Bernard dogs that 
 have saved so many lives in a famous pass ? 
 
 Many long tunnels have been made through 
 ranges. Trains of cars run through some of 
 these, and save many miles of travel over 
 lofty crests. 
 Some tunnels are cut through solid rock. 
 
MOUNTAINS. 
 
 13 
 
14 
 
 PLAINS. 
 
 24. Plains. 
 
 How does a plain differ from a hill ? How 
 does it differ from a valley ? 
 
 How level the land is in the grainfield 
 where the men are at work. Long ages ago 
 this plain was under water. 
 
 Find the rocky plain upon which 
 low bushes are growing. Melted 
 rock or lava came up from, the 
 inside of the earth. The lava 
 spread out, cooled, hardened and 
 formed this plain. 
 
 Some plains are so wide that a swift train 
 
 of cars could not cross one of them in a day. 
 
 Find a picture of a high plain. See the 
 
 deep valleys that are worn in it. 
 
 Some high plains are even, and some low 
 
 plains are uneven, 
 but high plains are 
 generally more 
 uneven than low 
 ones. 
 
 High plains are 
 sometimes called 
 plateaus. Nearly 
 all plateaus are 
 cut by deep val- 
 leys, and are broken by high moun- 
 in ranges. 
 Most of the fertile land is on plains, 
 
 and here we must look for the 
 chief plants that supply food and 
 
 by the river. The water leaves the 
 soil here in times of overflow. 
 
 We have learned how brooks form 
 little deltas in ponds. The plain 
 upon which cows are grazing is part 
 of the delta which a river has made 
 in the ocean. On level land it is easy to make roads, to 
 
 How broad and Hat some of these plains dig canals, and to lay iron or steel rails. 
 are! They look level as far as we can see. Most people make their homes on plains. 
 There are others that are not so level. Can you tell why ? 
 
SHORE FORMS. 
 
 15 
 
 25. Shore Forms. 1 
 
 An island is a body of land having water 
 all around it. 
 
 How many islands can you see in the pic- 
 tures on this page ? Find two peninsulas. 
 
 How does an island 
 differ from a peninsula ? 
 The word peninsula 
 means almost an island. 
 
 Which picture is 
 
 marked high tide ? Which is marked low 
 tide f How do these two pictures differ from 
 each other ? The water in these pictures is 
 part of the ocean. 
 
 Twice each day the water slowly rises 
 on the beach, and twice it slowly falls and 
 lays the beach bare. 2 It takes about six hours 
 for the water to rise, and about six hours for 
 it to fall. This rise and fall of the water is 
 called the tide. 
 
 Where is the water line at high tide? Where 
 is it at low tide ? 
 
 1 Find all these forms on the map of the United States 
 on page 90. 
 
 2 A few places have only one tide a day, and a few other 
 places have more than two tides. 
 
 A cape is a point 
 of land that extends 
 out into water. 
 
 Some capes are 
 high and others are 
 low. Find three capes in the pictures. 
 
 Find an isthmus. This word means a neck 
 of land. What does an 'isthmus connect? 
 
 Look at the pictures, and tell how an 
 isthmus differs from a strait. A strait is 
 a body of water connecting two larger bodies 
 of water. An isthmus connects two bodies 
 of land with each other. 
 
 A long and shallow strait is sometimes 
 called a sound. The name sound is also given 
 to shallow bodies 
 of water lying 
 between is- 
 lands and the 
 mainland. 
 
 Some straits 
 are many 
 miles wide, 
 and are very 
 deep, but they 
 
1G 
 
 WATER ON SHORES. 
 
 are narrower than the bodies of water which 
 they connect. 
 
 In many places arms of water reach into 
 the land. Some of these are called bays, 
 some are called gulfs, and others, seas. 
 
 There are bays, gulfs and seas so wide that 
 steamers cannot cross one of them in a day. 
 
 How does a bay differ from a peninsula ? 
 
 Turn to the picture on page 9. If the tide 
 were to rise into these low valleys, where 
 would it first form islands ? Where would it 
 form peninsulas ? 
 
 Can you find a place where there would be 
 first an isthmus and then a strait ? In what 
 parts of the valleys would there be the great- 
 est number of little bays ? 
 
 26. Work of Water on Shores. 
 
 Let us visit the seashore and watch the 
 great waves roll in. How they roar as they 
 tumble over and over ! Have you ever bathed 
 in the surf ? 
 
 What is gravel ? Which bank in the picture 
 is made of gravel ? 
 
 Waves often strike against this bank, and 
 wear parts of it away. Why does the water 
 not make the bank as steep as the rocky cliff ? 
 
 Where do the pebbles and larger stones on 
 the beach come from ? 
 
 What becomes of the sand that falls with 
 the pebbles from the gravel cliff? 
 
 Find the clay cliff. Where do the large 
 stones on this shore come from ? Find a 
 stone on the face of the cliff. When will 
 it fall ? 
 
 In some places ice rubs against shores and 
 helps to cut and wear them away. Many 
 tons of sand, pebbles and even large stones 
 are held by the ice, and are carried out to sea 
 by it. What becomes of them when the ice 
 melts ? 
 
 Waves often wash gravel against cliffs, and 
 thus slowly cut them away. Frost splits and 
 loosens the rocks. 
 
 Can you see the place where a part of a 
 cliff has lately fallen? What will become 
 of the loose earth at the foot of the cliff ? 
 
 Can you tell what made the caves in the 
 middle cliff? 
 
 Find the picture which shows surf breaking 
 over rocks. This rocky ledge was once a part 
 of the main shore. After a long time the 
 waves may wear away the whole ledge. 
 
 The island in the calm sea is like a low hill 
 which has partly sunk beneath the water. 
 
 Have you ever seen seaweed growing on 
 rocks ? Which do water and gravel wear away 
 more quickly, bare rocks or the rocks which 
 are under seaweed ? 
 
 In some places the sand and pebbles that 
 are worn from soft cliffs and beaches spread 
 out and make the water shallow along the 
 shores. 
 
 Great waves that roll in from the sea often 
 strike upon shallow bottoms, and wash sand 
 and pebbles up onto the beaches. In some 
 places the wind then blows the sand into 
 drifts, like snow, and carries it far inland. 
 
 Plants sometimes grow in beach sand, and 
 keep it from drifting. Which picture shows 
 a low, grassy shore ? 
 
 An arm of the sea, or of any other body 
 of water, in which ships find shelter from 
 storms, is called a harbor. 
 
 Some harbors are made by building long 
 walls out into the water. These walls break 
 the force of the waves. 
 
 The best harbors have deep water and 
 high shores. Can you tell why deep water 
 is needed ? Of what use are the high 
 shores ? 
 
 Would you expect to find the best harbors 
 on rocky coasts, or on sandy ones ? 
 
SEA COASTS. 
 
 IT 
 
18 
 
 POINTS OF THE COMPASS. 
 
 27. Points of the Compass. 
 Point to the place where the sun rises. 
 
 w 
 
 □ 
 
 □ 
 □ 
 □ 
 
 □ 
 
 □ 
 
 □ 
 □ 
 
 often does it rise ? 
 Where is the sun at noon ? Where does it set ? 
 Try to find out at what 
 time of day your body casts 
 the shortest shadow. 
 
 At midday all shadows in 
 oiir country point north, away 
 from the objects that cast 
 them. 
 
 Turn your face to the north. 
 Are there any trees, hills or 
 houses north of you ? 
 
 Turn your back to the 
 north. You are now facing 
 south. Name some objects 
 that you can see south of you. 
 When you face the north, 
 east is on the right, and west 
 is on the left. 
 
 The sun rises in or near the east. It sets 
 in or near the west. Point to the east, and 
 then to the west. Name some objects that are 
 east of you. Name some that are west of you. 
 
 Which is the north 
 side of your school- 
 house? Which is the 
 south side ? 
 
 Name a building or 
 any other object that 
 is north of your home. 
 Can you name a street 
 or road that runs east 
 and west ? 
 
 Point halfway between north and east. 
 This direction is called northeast. It is often 
 written N. E. 
 
 Where will you look for northwest? For 
 southwest ? For southeast ? Can you name 
 a street that runs northeast and south- 
 west ? 
 
 28. How Maps are Made. 
 
 How How long is the top of your desk ? How 
 wide is it ? 
 Draw the top of your desk, making the 
 drawing one eighth as long 
 as the desk. 
 
 How long is the school- 
 room ? How wide is it ? 
 
 Draw the sides and ends 
 of the floor. Let one half 
 of an inch on the paper stand 
 for one yard on the floor. 1 
 Put all the desk-tops hi the 
 
 □ 
 □ 
 
 □ 
 
 □ 
 
 □ 
 □ 
 □ 
 □ 
 □ 
 □ 
 □ 
 
 □ 
 □ 
 □ 
 □ 
 □ 
 □ 
 □ 
 □ 
 
 drawing. 
 
 w . w 
 
 Plan of a Schoolroom. 
 
 WEST 
 
 This picture of a school- 
 room will show you how to 
 draw yours. 
 
 Draw the room again, and 
 let one eighth of an inch 
 stand for one foot. Mark 
 places for windows and doors. 
 Make a drawing or 2^ an of the lower floor 
 of the whole building. Use one fourth of 
 an inch for each yard. 2 Make lines to show 
 where all the walls are placed. Mark places 
 for doors and windows. 
 
 Draw a plan of the same floor, using one 
 eighth of an inch for a yard. 
 
 EAST 
 
 SOUTH 
 Mariner's Compass. 
 
 r 
 
 w 
 
 h- 
 
 IF 
 
 LZ„- 
 
 -r-L 
 
 w 
 
 I 
 w 
 
 D 
 
 W 
 
 I 
 
 IK 
 
 I 
 
 If ' ' II' 
 
 Ground Plan ol a Schoolhouse. 
 
 1 If the room is very large, allow one fourth of an inch 
 for a yard. 
 
 - In some cases, teachers may find it necessary to name 
 scales, differing from those given. 
 
READING MAPS. 
 
 19 
 
 Plan of a Yard. 
 
 Make a plan of the school yard. Allow one 
 inch for twenty-five feet. Draw lines for the 
 
 walks and 
 gates. Make 
 dots for trees. 
 Mark the 
 place where 
 the school- 
 house stands. 
 A plan of any part of the earth is a map. 
 Here is a map of a school district. One 
 
 eighth of an 
 
 inch was used 
 
 for fifty yards. 
 
 On page 8 
 
 is an- 
 
 kind of 
 
 of the 
 
 district. 
 
 called a 
 
 relief map. 
 
 Make a map of a part of your school 
 district. 1 Put in it the brooks, ponds, hills, 
 streets and shores, if there are any. 
 
 You can measure distances by counting the 
 number of steps it takes to travel each 
 distance. Call each step ajsace. 
 
 1 If pupils cannot go outdoors to make a map of their 
 district, the different members of the class can doubtless 
 furnish enough facts for making a simple map indoors'. 
 City pupils can make a plan of a park, or of a few 
 blocks or squares near their school. 
 
 i. n. 
 
 there 
 other 
 map 
 same 
 It is 
 
 A School District. 
 
 29. Reading Maps. 
 
 Let us study these four small maps, and 
 learn what they show. 
 
 Find in map I. the City Hall and Post Office. 
 It takes about two minutes to walk from one 
 of these buildings to the other. This map 
 includes a few streets in the city of New York. 
 
 The next map shows the rivers on two 
 sides of the city, with wharves all along the 
 water front. 
 
 Can you find the City Hall in map II. ? 
 Why is it drawn so small ? See how narrow 
 the streets in this map are made. 
 
 Map III. includes several cities. In this 
 map the streets are shown by very fine lines. 
 The buildings and wharves no longer appear. 
 See how far New York extends up the Hudson 
 river. Brooklyn is part of New York city. 
 
 Can you find New York on map IV. ? 
 Where is Albany ? The distance from New 
 York to Albany is more than a hundred miles. 
 
 What river flows from Albany to New 
 York ? Where are the Catskill mountains ? 
 Where is the East river? 
 
 Why are the streets of New York not 
 drawn on map IV. ? How are the rivers 
 shown on this map ? 
 
 These little maps show how the large maps 
 in this book were made. Can you find New 
 York on the large map of North America ? 
 
 Maps ol New Yorli and Vicinity. 
 
THE EARTH. 
 
 30. Form and Size of the Earth. 
 The line on the earth where earth and 
 sky seem to meet is called the horizon. 1 
 
 The horizon 
 surrounds us on 
 every side. 
 
 Were you 
 ever on a high 
 hilltop? If so, 
 did you see the 
 same horizon 
 that you could 
 see from the 
 lower land ? 
 
 Which picture 
 shows vessels 
 going to sea ? 
 You can look over the sails of one vessel, 
 and see the water beyond. Another is sailing 
 
 1 This line is often called the skyline, and the name 
 horizon is applied to the circular skyline, as seen on the 
 ocean. 
 
 Soap Bubbles. 
 
 out of sight. 
 Only the sails 
 can be seen. 
 The hull is 
 below the 
 horizon. 
 
 Can you see 
 the smoke of 
 the steamer 
 that is below 
 the horizon? 
 If the earth 
 were flat, 
 could vessels 
 
 Map of the Moon. 
 
 this 
 
 way ; 
 
 VeseoiB on tne Horizon. 
 
 go out of sight m 
 
 Here is a map of the moon. 
 
 Find the long ridge just below the middle of 
 
 the moon. This ridge is a mountain range. It 
 
 is so long that it would take a swift tram of cars 
 
 all day to run from one end of it to the other. 
 
 Have you ever blown soap bubbles ? How 
 
 pretty the little globes look as they float away. 
 
 When the moon is pale and round, does it look 
 
 like a great bubble ? 
 
 If we were far off in the sky, 
 the earth would appear like a 
 great moon. 
 
 The moon is a very large ball, 
 but the earth is many times larger. 
 We see so small a part of the 
 earth at a time that it does not 
 look round like a ball. 
 
 The circumference, or the 
 greatest distance round the 
 earth, is about 25,000 miles. 
 The diameter, or the greatest 
 distance through it, is about 
 8000 miles. 
 
WHAT THE EARTH IS MADE OP. 
 
 21 
 
 31. What a Hill is Made of. 
 
 This picture shows a deep cut on the side of a hill. 
 
 Point to the solid rock. 
 
 What rests upon the rock ? 
 
 Upon what does the water flow ? 
 
 What is sand ? What is clay ? 
 
 Of what is the hill in the picture made ? 
 
 What is a pond ? What flows in all brooks ? 
 
 Have you ever seen any part of the earth that is 
 not made of rock or of water ? 
 
 Can you tell what plants feed on ? When rock is 
 broken into very fine grains, what does it form ? Do 
 you know where the water in brooks comes from ? 
 
 32. 
 
 What the Earth is Made of. 
 
 By far the greater part of 
 the earth is a ball of rock. 
 This great ball is not smooth. 
 Hills, mountains, plateaus and 
 valleys make rough places on 
 its surface. 
 
 The lower parts of the surface 
 of the rocky ball are covered 
 with water. The parts that are 
 above water are called the land. 
 You can see the land all about 
 your school. 
 
 We have learned that for 
 ages and ages rocks have been 
 decaying, and streams have been washing a 
 part of the fine rock down to the lowlands. 
 
 In most places there is a thin layer of fine 
 rock, or soil, over the solid rock. 
 
 Water covers about three fourths of the 
 surface of the earth. The other fourth of 
 the surface is land. 
 
 What is under the water? 
 
 If we picture the earth about the size of an 
 apple, the water will form a layer about as 
 thick as the peel of the apple. You must not 
 think that the water is really a thin layer. 
 
 The earth is very large, and in places the 
 water is four or five miles in depth. 
 
 33. The Air. 
 
 Drop a small piece of paper. How did it move ? 
 Why did it not fall straight down ? 
 
 Drop another piece. Did it fall like the first ? 
 Can you make two pieces fall in the same place ? 
 
 Can you see the air ? Can you feel it ? Swing 
 your hand in the air. 
 
 These words may help you to think of some of 
 the uses of air : bird, ship, windmill, rain, breath, 
 balloon, plant, wave. 
 
 Section ol a Hill. 
 
 34. The Shell of Air. 
 
 We live and move in the air. We feel it 
 about us, we breathe it, and set it at work to 
 drive ships and to turn windmills. 
 
 How gentle the air is when calm. How 
 strong it is in angry gales. 
 
 We do not know how far the air extends 
 above us, but we do know that the upper air 
 is very thin. If we should go up only three 
 miles, many of us would suffer for breath. 
 
 The air surrounds every part of the earth, 
 like a shell. 
 
22 
 
 THE POLES. 
 
 35. The Poles. 
 
 Find the dotted line in the top. It runs 
 from the head to the peg. When the top 
 
 spins, every part 
 turns round this 
 line. 
 
 We will call this 
 line the axis of the 
 top. 
 
 The earth has no 
 
 head nor peg, but 
 
 it spins like a top. 
 
 It takes a day and 
 
 turn once round. 
 
 We may think of a line in the earth like 
 
 that in the top. It is called the axis of the 
 
 earth. Once in twenty-four hours every part 
 
 of the earth turns round the axis. 
 
 The ends of the axis are called poles. The 
 
 a night to 
 
 word pole means pivot, or point upon which 
 anything turns. 
 The earth seems to float in the sky. It 
 
 turns on its axis, just as if the poles (or ends 
 of the axis) were pivots; but, of course, the 
 earth does not rest upon anything. . 
 
 When you go out to play, toss up a ball 
 and make it spin in the air. As the ball 
 spins, try to tell in what direction its axis 
 points. 
 
 Can you find the north star? Point to the 
 place in the sky where it shines. 
 
 The axis of the earth points to the north 
 
 *. 
 
 .•'' *Star 
 
 N *0 
 
 «<*" 
 
 star. The end of the axis under this star is 
 called the north pole. The other end is the 
 south pole. 
 
 If you were at the north pole you could see 
 the north star over your head. The north 
 star is often called the pole star. Can you 
 tell why ? 
 
 The land and water about the poles are 
 buried under ice and snow. Many polar bears 
 and seals are found in the frozen regions of 
 the north. Upon what do the bears feed ? 
 
 From every place 
 on earth, north is 
 towards the north 
 pole. South is to- 
 wards the south 
 pole. 
 
 Lines are often 
 drawn from pole 
 to pole on maps. 
 All such lines run 
 north and south. 
 
 Polai Scene. 
 
THE EQUATOK. 
 
 23 
 
 Map A. 
 
 This line is called the equator 
 
 It divides the surface 
 of the earth into two 
 equal parts. Find the 
 equator on the map. 
 
 The lowlands near 
 the equator have no 
 winter. The hot or 
 warm season lasts all 
 the year. 
 
 The equator extends 
 east and west. Other 
 lines may be drawn in 
 the same directions. 
 When we face the 
 north, east is along the 
 lines to the right, and west to the 
 
 How many arrows on map 
 A point north ? Plow many 
 point south ? 
 
 Which arrows point north 
 on map B ? On map C ? 
 
 Which arrows point south 
 on map B? 
 
 On map C? 
 
 36. The Equator. 
 
 We may think of a 
 line drawn round the 
 earth, halfway between 
 the poles. 
 
 Which arrows on 
 
 map 
 
 . ,_*sf2^E5*- * if, a < V. Tags 
 
 11 ■': W 
 
 Scene neat the Equator. 
 
 left. One side has 
 
 Which side of the earth 
 is light ? When will that 
 side be dark ? 
 
 What part of a ball 
 can be lighted by one 
 lamp? How large a 
 part of the earth can be 
 lighted by the sun at one 
 time ? The earth turns 
 from west to east, and 
 the sun is therefore first 
 seen in the east. 
 
 Map B. 
 
 A point east ? Which point 
 east on map B ? On C ? 
 Which arrows point west 
 on map A ? On map B ? 
 On C? 
 
 Find the north pole in 
 map D. Which lines in 
 this map run east and west? 
 Which north and south ? 
 
 When we face the south 
 pole does east follow the 
 arrows to the right or to 
 the left, round the pole ? 
 
 As the earth turns 
 round on its axis, one 
 side is light and the 
 other side is dark. 
 day, and the other has night. 
 
 Map C. 
 
 Map D, 
 
24 
 
 SURFACE OF THE EARTH. 
 
 37. The World Ridge. 
 
 Four long highlands form a loop that bends 
 nearly round the earth. This loop of high 
 land is called the ivorld ridge. 
 
 The key map on page 
 25 shows the high 
 lands in this loop, 
 
 oceans or by long gulfs, bays or seas. The 
 four long highlands of the world ridge form 
 the backbones of four continents. The Andes 
 highland is in the western part of South 
 America; the Rocky mountain highland is 
 in the western part of North 
 America; the high- 
 land of Tibet 
 extends 
 
 Relief Map Showing the World Ridge. 
 
 roof of a house. In many parts it is hundreds 
 of miles in width. The greater part of it 
 consists of wide plateaus. 
 
 The world ridge is shaped like a horseshoe. 
 The great highlands are clearly shown on the 
 relief maps on pages 32, 36, 42, 46 and 50. 
 
 The parts of the world ridge are in great 
 bodies of land called continents. The conti- 
 nents are wholly or partly separated by the 
 
 nearly east-and- 
 west in Asia; the 
 highland of Abyssinia 
 is in the eastern part 
 of Africa. 
 Asia, Africa, North Amer- 
 ica and South America 
 are the largest four conti- 
 nents. Europe and Australia 
 also are continents. Australia is 
 a very large island southeast of Asia. 
 
 Europe and Asia really form one great body 
 
 of land, — Asia being the large eastern part, and 
 Europe the small western part. Europe does not con- 
 tain any part of the great loop of highlands forming 
 the divide between the oceans. 
 
 What two capes are near the ends of the world 
 ridge? See maps of Africa and South America. 
 
 On which side of the equator are the ends of the 
 world ridge ? In how many places does the equator 
 cross this chain of highlands? 
 
 Near what part of the world ridge is the north 
 pole? 
 
ANDES HIGHLAND. 
 
 25 
 
 Key to Relief Map. 
 
 38. Andes Highland. 1 
 
 In what part of the world ridge is the 
 Andes highland? In what direction does it 
 extend ? 
 
 The Andes highland reaches one fifth of the 
 distance round the earth. It consists of a 
 long and narrow plateau, with many ranges 
 of mountains. 
 
 Some of the peaks of the Andes are so 
 high that snow lies on them all the year. 
 
 On which side of the Andes are the great 
 plains ? 
 
 A very useful animal, called the llama, is found in 
 the Andes. This little beast sometimes carries loads 
 on its back over the mountains. 
 
 The llama has a thick pad on the sole of each 
 foot, and is well fitted to climb steep rocky paths. 
 
 A few years ago, long trains of llamas often 
 went winding down the mountain sides, with loads 
 of silver ore, — the rock from which silver is taken. 
 On the return trip the llamas carried food, clothing 
 and tools to the people who worked in the silver 
 mines far above the coast. 
 
 Cars and mules now carry most of these goods. 
 
 1 The lessons in small type, in connection with pictures, 
 are for supplementary reading. The more important text 
 is in large type. 
 
 Outside the World Ridge. 
 
 39. Rocky Mountain Highland. 
 
 Where is the Rocky mountain highland? 
 In what direction does it extend ? 
 
 This mass of land is about as long as the 
 Andes. 
 
 Which of these highlands looks wider than 
 the other ? Which looks the higher ? 
 
 The Rocky mountain highland consists of a 
 wide plateau, broken by lofty ranges, and cut 
 by deep valleys. It crosses our country. 
 
 The main range is called the Rocky moun- 
 tains. 
 
 Llama 
 
26 
 
 HIGHLAND OF TIBET. 
 
 over ranges and through valleys. The sun rises and sets, and 
 we are still on the great world ridge. 
 
 The next rising sun finds us on the crest of the border 
 range, and in a few hours we descend from snowy passes into 
 a land of fruit and flowers. 
 
 Would you like 
 to cross the Rocky 
 mountain highland 
 on this train of 
 cars ? How the iron 
 
 Crossing the Rockies. 
 
 horse must puff on the steep slopes ! 
 
 In some places the track winds along the bottoms 
 of deep canyons, and crosses long bridges far above 
 rushing streams. In the high ranges, and even along 
 the plateau, the road is often blocked with snow. 
 
 Many of the sights are grand. The train dashes 
 round lofty points from which may be seen mile after 
 mile of rugged peaks, and it glides into wide valleys 
 which seem alive with cattle and sheep. 
 
 Hour after hour the train rushes on its way. Night 
 comes on, but even while we sleep the cars speed 
 
 40. Highland of Tibet. 
 
 Find on the map the highland of 
 
 Tibet. In what direction does it extend ? 
 
 This mass of land is the highest on 
 
 O 
 
 earth. Some of its snowy peaks rise 
 about five miles and a half above the 
 level of the sea. 
 
 On which side of Tibet are the 
 longest plains ? 
 
 The musk deer lives far up on the highland 
 
 of Tibet. See how large its toes are. When 
 
 the lively little creature leaps from rock to 
 
 rock, its toes seem to grasp the sharp points. 
 
 The musk deer 
 
 feeds on moss and 
 
 grass that grow 
 
 far up on the 
 
 ranges. 
 
 Thousands of 
 
 these creatures 
 
 are killed every 
 
 year for the little 
 
 sacs of musk that 
 
 form beneath the 
 
 skin. This musk 
 
 is used in making 
 
 perfumery. 
 
 Musk Deer. 
 
 Peak ol Kilimanjaro, Africa. 
 
 41. Highland of Abyssinia. 
 
 The fourth great mass in the world ridge is 
 called the highland of Abyssinia. Show on the 
 map where it is. 
 
 In what direction is Abyssinia from the 
 end of the world ridge that is nearest it ? 
 
 Let us try to climb this high mountain. It stands 
 near the equator, a little distance south of Abyssinia. 
 
 Large banana plants and palm trees grow at the 
 foot of the mountain. 
 
SLOPES FROM THE WORLD RIDGE. 
 
 27 
 
 Up we go ! Now we can look far out over the 
 lowlands. The air is cooler. See the great trees 
 with moss growing on their trunks and branches. 
 
 At length we reach grassy places and clover 
 patches, on the mountain sides. Now we have passed 
 the clover, and find only bushes and bare rocks. 
 
 Here is the edge of a great snowcap. We can 
 climb no farther, and yet the top of the peak is far 
 above us. This peak is very high, but many of the 
 peaks in the highland of Tibet are 
 much higher. 
 
 42. Slopes from the 
 World Ridge. 
 
 Each of the four great high- 
 lands sends out a long slope 
 on one side, and a short slope 
 on the other side. The long 
 slopes are inside the world 
 ridge. In most places they 
 make wide plains before reach- 
 ing the level of the sea. 
 
 The slopes outside the world ridge are 
 shorter than those inside. In most places the 
 short slopes form only a narrow lowland 
 along the shores. 
 
 43. Selvas. 
 
 3^ 
 
 i 
 
 Natives of the Selvas. 
 
 44. Western Plains. 
 
 Where is the Rocky mountain highland? 
 What have you read about this part of the 
 world ridge ? On which side 
 of the Rocky mountains is 
 the long slope? 
 
 A very large part of this 
 slope consists of wide "plains. 
 In some places they are barren, 
 but in other places they are 
 covered with grain and cotton. 
 Just east of the Rocky 
 mountains the grassy slopes 
 feed large herds of cattle. 
 These grazing plains stretch 
 away for hundreds of miles. 
 Perhaps some of the meat 
 which you have eaten came 
 from these plains. 
 
 45. Tundras. 
 
 Find the word tundras on the map. The 
 tundras are marshy and mossy plains that 
 form a part of the long slope far to the north 
 of Tibet. They lie along the shore of a very 
 cold sea. In most places the soil of the 
 tundras is frozen to a great depth. In sum- 
 
 Vast forests, called selvas, cover a large part mer it thaws slightly at the surface. 
 
 of the slope east of the Andes highland. Long 
 rivers wind through these forests and often 
 overflow the land. 
 
 Find the word selvas on the map on page 25. 
 
 Many tribes of Indians live along the borders 
 of the streams. They 
 spend their time 
 catching fish, and 
 shooting birds and 
 small animals. 
 
 Is the air cold or 
 it warm in the 
 
 Herds of reindeer feed on a small gray plant, 
 called reindeer moss, that grows on the tun- 
 dras. On page 81 there is a picture of these 
 dreary plains. South of the tundras there 
 are large forests and grassy slopes. 
 
 is 
 
 place where 
 Indians live? 
 
 these 
 
 Cattle Ranch on the Western Plains 
 
 rn 
 
28 
 
 THE GRAND DIVISIONS. 
 
 46. Desert of Sahara. 
 
 Find on the map on page 25 the place 
 marked desert. On pages 49 and 52 there 
 are pictures of parts of this desert. 
 
 Have you ever seen any land like that in 
 the pictures ? How does it differ from the 
 land near your school ? 
 
 The desert is very dry, and most parts of 
 
 it are covered with sand. Perhaps the little 
 children there never saw any rain. 
 
 South of this dry land there are long rivers 
 flowing through dense forests and over grassy 
 plains. 
 
 47. The Grand Divisions. 
 
 What strait cuts across the world ridge ? 
 
 Where is South America ? Where is North Amer- 
 ica? What isthmus joins these two parts of America ? 
 Which part is the larger ? 
 
 What lands are joined by the isthmus of Suez? 
 
 Where is Europe ? Which is the larger, Europe 
 or Asia ? 
 
 What very large island is southeast of Asia? 
 Which looks the larger, Europe or Australia? 
 
 What lands are crossed by the equator ? On which 
 side of the equator is the greater part of the land ? 
 On which side is the greater part of the sea ? 
 
 Which of these large bodies of land lie wholly 
 north of the equator ? Do any lie wholly south of 
 the equator ? 
 
 South America, North America, Europe, 
 Asia. Africa and Australia are called grand 
 divisions or continents. 
 
 What continents are in the Old World ? 
 
THE OCEANS. 
 
 29 
 
 48. The Oceans. 
 
 The sea, or ocean, covers nearly the whole 
 of one side of the earth, and also a large part 
 of the other side. 
 
 What name is given to that part of the sea which 
 is round the north pole ? To the part round the 
 south pole ? 
 
 What ocean is east of America ? On which side 
 of the Old World is the Atlantic ocean ? 
 
 What ocean is west of America ? On which side 
 of the Old World is the Pacific ocean ? 
 
 What ocean is south of Asia ? What land is west 
 of the Indian ocean ? What land is east of it ? 
 
 What lands border on the Pacific ocean ? On the 
 Atlantic ocean ? On the Arctic ocean ? 
 
 What oceans touch the shores of North America ? 
 Of Asia? Of Australia? Of Africa? Of South 
 America ? 
 
 Which is the largest ocean? Next in size? 
 
 / F / C 
 
 Os *£. £. /t A/ 
 
30 
 
 CORAL, ISLANDS. 
 
 49. The Bottom of the Sea. 
 
 In some places there are very long and wide 
 banks under the sea. The tops of many 
 ranges and ridges also rise above water, and 
 form islands. 
 
 Many volcanoes rest upon the bottom of the 
 deep sea. Their peaks form hundreds of 
 lonely islands, far out in the ocean. Most of 
 these volcanic islands are in the Pacific ocean. 
 
 By far the greater part of the bottom of 
 the sea is a vast smooth plain. 
 
 Sunlight does not go very far down in the 
 sea. If we were to sink in this great body of 
 water, we should find the light growing fainter 
 as we went deeper. At less than one fourth 
 of a mile below the surface, the 
 ocean is always in darkness. 
 Yet, in some places, the water 
 is five miles in depth. 
 
 Near the surface of the sea, 
 and on the bottom, there are 
 many kinds of fish and other 
 creatures. At times the shal- 
 low water near the shares of 
 
 the 
 
 grand 
 
 divisions seems to be alive with fishes. 
 50. Coral Islands. 
 
 (A Reading Lesson.) 
 
 Have you ever heard of the pretty islands 
 that grow in the sea? Let us visit one of 
 them, and find out how it grows. 
 
 The water round the island is clear, and we 
 can look far down into it. What are those 
 little branches that grow under the water? 
 Reach down with a long pole, and break off 
 a branch. 
 
 It looks like a small tree, but it is as hard 
 as stone. There; are tiny soft spots on the 
 sides and ends of the branch. 
 
 This is one of the wonders of the sea. Each 
 soft spot is a living body. It lias a mouth and 
 a stomach, and takes its food from the water. 
 
 This tin}' creature is called a polyp, and the 
 hard part is coral. The coral is part of the 
 body of the polyp. 
 
 Some polyps grow in form like trees, and 
 send out buds that form branches. The 
 polyps on the branches bud again, and thus 
 a dense coral forest grows. 
 
 Polyps lay tiny eggs in the water, and the 
 eggs float about. If they reach a rocky 
 bank or a hard bottom where the water is 
 shallow, clear and warm, they start another 
 forest of coral. 
 
 When the coral has grown nearly to the 
 surface of the sea, waves break off many 
 branches and wash them onto the top of the 
 coral mass. Each storm sends 
 up more, till the bank rises 
 above the water and forms an 
 island. 
 
 The waves soon grind some 
 of the coral to powder. Sea- 
 plants drift to the new shore, 
 and mix with the coral dust- 
 Soil is thus formed on the island. 
 
 Eine seeds are carried many miles by winds 
 in storms. Other seeds drift with the sea 
 from shore to shore. In some such ways 
 seeds reach the new island, and grow to trees 
 or smaller plants. Now the coral island is 
 ready for man to come and make it his home. 
 In the warm parts of the ocean, polyps 
 have made many long banks, or reefs, along 
 the shores of islands and continents. 
 
 Ships often strike upon these reefs, and are 
 wrecked. 1 
 
 There are many kinds of coral, and they 
 take many pretty shapes. 2 
 
 \ The famous war vessel, Kearsart/c, was wrecked on a 
 coral reel'. 
 
 - It is often stated that islands like that in the 
 picture are built upon other sinking islands. It. is now 
 thought that this has taken place only in rare cases, 
 if in any. 
 
SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 51. Surface of South America. 
 
 Cape Horn is at one end of the world ridge. 
 It is on a great mass of rock, rising from the 
 sea. 
 
 Round this bleak point the sea is often 
 very rough and stormy. Icebergs, or huge 
 blocks of ice, sometimes drift past this cape. 
 
 The Andes highland extends northward 
 from cape Horn. How long is this highland ? 
 
 The widest part of the Andes highland is 
 near the great bend in the Pacific coast. 
 Here the ranges inclose a lofty plateau. 
 
 On this part of the highland lies the beauti- 
 ful lake Titicaca. It is about two miles and 
 a half above the level of the sea. 
 
 Steamers cross this lake, and connect the 
 villages with a railroad that winds down to 
 
 the coast. Rich grainfields spread round lake 
 Titicaca, and the mountains that inclose its 
 basin have rich silver mines. 
 
 What part of South America is crossed by 
 the equator ? 1 
 
 Near the equator stands a group of noted 
 volcanoes. Among them spread high and 
 fertile plains. 
 
 Where is the isthmus of Panama ? 
 
 The Andes highland covers about one sixth 
 of this grand division. 
 
 The long slope of South America is on the 
 east of the Andes highland. What have you 
 read about the selvas ? 
 
 The long bridge in this picture is near the 
 city of Lima. Find Lima and Rio de Janeiro 
 on the map. 1 
 
 1 See the colored map of South America. 
 
RCLIBP MAP OP SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
AMAZON RIVER. 
 
 33 
 
 52. Map Studies. 
 
 What oceans border on South America ? 
 
 What part of the world ridge is in South America ? 
 Along what coast does it lie ? 
 
 Which part of the Andes highland looks the widest ? 
 Which part looks the highest ? 
 
 On which slope of the Andes are there no long 
 rivers ? Why ? Find cape Horn on the map. 
 
 Where is the isthmus of Panama? 
 
 53. Amazon River. 
 
 What large river near the equator flows 
 towards the east ? Where does the Ama- 
 zon river rise ? Would you like to sail up 
 the Amazon river ? What large trees grow 
 along the banks ! Long vines hang from 
 the branches, and weave thick nets. 
 
 The river is very wide, and many little 
 bays indent its banks. Let us enter one of 
 them. Tall reeds line the banks, and grow 
 far out in the shallow, muddy water. Beauti- 
 ful birds flit about. Noisy parrots scream 
 at us, and many monkeys chatter as we pass. 
 
 See the sleepy stork with long neck and 
 long legs. It is standing on a large lily 
 leaf that floats on the water. The blossom 
 of this lily is as large as the head of a 
 
 barrel. It is pink-white, with a golden center. The 
 forest is so large that we might spend many 
 years following the streams that wind through it. 
 We should see wonderful sights, — trees whose sap 
 is made into rubber, cat-like animals with bodies 
 larger than our own, and great alligators basking in 
 the sun. 
 
 Scene on the Amazon. 
 
34 
 
 HIGHLAND OF BRAZIL. 
 
 54. Highland of Brazil. 
 
 A highland rises near the east 
 coast and extends far inland. 
 This is the highland of Brazil. 
 It is only about one sixth as high 
 as the Andes highland. 
 
 The coffee plant needs warm weather 
 and a great deal of rain. 
 
 See the pretty white blossoms and 
 the little berries that look like cherries. 
 When the berries turn dark red and 
 begin to shrivel, they are picked and put 
 into a machine that takes out the seeds. 
 
 Each berry has two seeds. Before 
 the seeds are used, they are baked and ground. Have 
 you ever seen a grocer grinding coffee seeds ? 
 
 Most of the coffee used in our country is raised on 
 the highland of Brazil. 
 
 55. Pampas. 
 
 Where is the Plata river ? In what direction does 
 the Plata basin slope ? 
 
 Which is the larger, the basin of the Amazon or 
 that of the Plata ? 
 
 What highland divides the streams of these basins ? 
 
 The greater part of the Plata valley is a vast 
 
 plain. Its soil is 
 deep and rich. 
 During the 
 wet season, 
 many parts of 
 this plain are 
 covered with 
 tall, coarse 
 grass, above 
 which wave 
 white silky 
 plumes. The 
 grassy plains 
 of the Plata 
 valley are 
 called pampas. 
 Large herds 
 
 Pampas Crass. 0I CattlC aiHl 
 
 Coffee Plantation. 
 
 sheep graze in this wide valley, and many 
 miles of the rich soil are planted with grain. 
 Where is the Orinoco river? 
 
 A large part of the Orinoco valley consists 
 of wide, grassy plains, called llanos. Large 
 herds of cattle graze on the llanos. 
 
 56. Isthmus of Panama. 
 
 This village is on the slender neck of land that 
 connects the two Americas. What is the name of 
 this isthmus ? 
 
 Describe the houses shown in the picture of the 
 Panama village. 
 
 A person on horseback can cross the isthmus of 
 Panama in a day, but the ride over the hills is a long 
 and hard one. 
 
 There is a railroad across this isthmus. 
 
 A Panama VUlage. 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 57. Surface of North America. 
 
 Where is the gulf of Mexico ? x 
 
 West of this gulf lies the plateau of Mexico. 
 It is about a mile and a half above the level 
 of the sea. High ranges of mountains lie 
 
 along its borders and steep 
 
 slopes descend from them to 
 the shores. 
 
 Between the isthmus of 
 Panama and the plateau of 
 Mexico the world ridge is low. 
 Low ranges lie along this part 
 of the Pacific coast. 
 
 North of the plateau of 
 Mexico lies the Great Basin. 
 It is a wide plateau, crossed 
 by many ranges and cut by 
 many valleys. 
 
 In most places the Great 
 
 Water is led to them from the mountains, 
 and around them spread many fertile 
 gardens. 
 
 Northward from the Great Basin the world 
 ridge is lower and narrower. 
 
 Basin is very dry. Its surface is nearly a mde 
 above the level of the sea, and border ranges 
 shut out most of the rain clouds. 
 
 In this basin lies the Great Salt lake. 
 Near its shores there are large cities. 
 
 1 See map on page 37. 
 
 The Yukon river is in the far north, and 
 flows through a very cold country. Snow 
 and ice cover the ground during a large part 
 of the year. 
 
 The long slope of North America is on the 
 east of the Rocky mountain highland. 
 
RELIEF MAP OP NORTH AMERICA. 
 
UNITED STATES. 
 
 37 
 
 \^V /, A B C T I 
 
 KORTH AMERICA 
 
 KEY TO RELIEF MAP 
 
 58. Map Studies. 
 
 Find on the map the place where you live. 
 What oceans border on North America ? 
 Which part of the world ridge is in North America? 
 Along which coast does it lie ? 
 
 What does the relief map tell you about North 
 America ? 
 
 The children in the picture live on the plateau of 
 Mexico. Can you tell whether their home is in a 
 warm place or in a cold one ? 
 
 What kind of clothing do these children wear ? 
 Of what are the huts made ? 
 
 This picture shows only country life. On some 
 parts of the plateau of Mexico there are large towns 
 and cities. 
 
 59. The Rocky Mountains. 
 
 Where are the Rocky mountains ? 
 tion do they 
 
 In what direc- 
 
 Mexlcan Children. 
 
 The lofty 
 range of 
 the Rocky 
 mountains 
 runs along 
 the eastern 
 border of a 
 part of the 
 world ridge. 
 
 Do you not think that this is a very heavy load for 
 a little animal? What tools has he on his back? 
 Can you tell what each tool is used for ? 
 
 . 
 
38 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 Canyon of Colorado. 
 
 Do you remember our long ride in the cars across 
 the world ridge ? We climbed into high passes, and 
 rode through deep canyons. In places the road led 
 along the sides of steep cliffs and across long bridges. 
 Of course no wagons could cross those rough places. 
 
 Here the little donkey proves his worth. He can 
 climb rocky paths and is not afraid to walk along the 
 sides of steep cliffs. His slender legs are very strong, 
 and he can carry a heavy load up the mountain sides. 
 
 The donkey in the picture carried tools and food 
 for men who built a railroad to the top of a high 
 mountain, called Pikes peak. 
 
 60. Colorado Canyon. 
 
 Where is the Great Basin ? What mountains are 
 east of the Great Basin ? What range is west of it ? 
 
 What river basin lies south of the Great Basin ? 
 What river is on the north ? 
 
 The Colorado river is noted for the deep valley 
 which it lias worn. In some places this stream flows 
 between steep banks of solid rock, more than a mile 
 in height, 
 
 Many of the branches of the Colorado river have also cut 
 deep can3'ons in the rock. 
 
 In some places the land south of the Colorado 
 
 river looks like that in the picture below. The 
 
 valleys or canyons, are deep and wide. The 
 
 soil is poor, but it supports enough grass 
 
 to feed thousands of cattle. 
 
 In the rainy months large streams rush 
 
 through some of these canyons, but when 
 
 the rain is over, the beds of the rivers 
 
 are dry and sandy. 
 
 61. The Height of Land. 
 
 Where are the Great Lakes ? How 
 many of these lakes are there ? 
 What large river flows from one of the 
 lakes ? 
 
 About halfway between the gulf of 
 
 Mexico and the Arctic ocean a low swell 
 
 of land runs eastward from the Rocky 
 
 mountains. It is called the Height of Land. 
 
 Some parts of the Height of Land are hilly, 
 
 but in most places the land slopes so gently 
 
 that it looks level. 
 
 The Great Lakes are in a chain of valleys 
 on the southeast slope of the Height of Land. 
 The St. Lawrence river flows from the lowest 
 of the lakes. 
 
 The Niagara river flows from lake Erie to 
 lake Ontario. This stream is noted for the 
 grand falls which are about midway between the 
 lakes. See map, page 90. 
 
 Canyon In Arizona. 
 
UNITED STATES. 
 
 39 
 
 Just above the falls of Niagara the 
 river is about a mile wide. Below this 
 point the stream narrows and plunges 
 over a precipice about one hundred and 
 fifty feet in height. 
 
 Below the falls the river flows in a 
 wide, rocky gorge. 
 
 The water that in a single minute 
 makes the leap of Niagara would fill a 
 box fifty feet wide, fifty feet high and 
 more than a mile long. 
 
 A canal has been made between lake 
 Erie and lake Ontario, and ships can 
 go back and forth, without sailing upon 
 the Niagara river. 
 
 62. The Mississippi Basin. 
 
 What large river basin is south of 
 the Height of Land ? 
 
 In what general direction does this 
 basin slope ? 
 
 Into what body of water does the Mis- 
 sissippi river flow ? 
 
 What bounds the basin of the Missis- 
 sippi on the west ? On the east ? 
 
 Where is the Ohio river ? 
 
 What large river from the west flows 
 into the Mississippi ? Where does the 
 Missouri river rise ? 
 
 Niagara Falls. 
 
 In what direction does the Ohio river flow ? 
 Into what does it flow ? 
 
 Where are the prairies ? Where are 
 the Western plains ? Where are 
 the Southern plains ? 
 
 The vast plains that spread 
 round the Great Lakes on nearly 
 all sides are called prairies. The 
 soil in most places is deep and 
 fertile. 
 
 Mile after mile of nodding 
 cornflower, mile after mile of 
 waving wheat, grassy fields 
 dotted with sleek cattle, — these 
 are some of the sights on the 
 prairies in summer. 
 
 Mile after mile of drifting 
 snow, mile after mile of frozen 
 streams, — these are some of the sights on the prairie in winter. 
 
40 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 The Southern plains are very fertile, and they are 
 warmer than the prairies. A great deal of corn is 
 raised on these plains. Here are also vast fields of 
 cotton. What have you learned about the growth 
 of this useful plant ? 
 
 Going to Market. 
 
 Perhaps some of the clothing which you now wear 
 is made of cotton that grew on the Southern plains. 
 What have you read about the Western plains ? 
 
 63. North of the Height of Land. 
 
 Where is Hudson bay ? A large 
 river flows into Hudson bay, and 
 another flows into the Arctic 
 ocean. 
 
 The basins of these rivers are 
 mostly in cold regions. 
 
 Northwest of the Great Lakes 
 there are broad prairies, with 
 many rich grainfields. 
 
 64. Appalachian Highland. 
 
 What highland is on the east of the 
 Mississippi basin ? Is it higher or 
 lower than the Rocky mountain high- 
 land ? 
 
 Why are there no very large rivers 
 east of the Appalachian highland? 
 
 The mountains of the Appalachian high- 
 land are not very high. They consist chiefly 
 of long rounded ridges or folds. 
 
 65. Atlantic Slope. 
 
 Many short rivers flow across the narrow 
 plains east of the Appalachian highland. Some 
 of these streams are deep enough to float large 
 vessels. The slope east of the Appalachian 
 highland is called the Atlantic slojie. 
 
 Where is the Hudson river ? 
 
 The largest city in America is at the mouth of the 
 Hudson river. 
 
 Find out at home all you can about this city, — its 
 long bridge, its great statue, its bay and its park. 
 
 66. Pacific Slope. 
 
 The slopes west of the Sierra Nevada and 
 Cascade ranges are short, and some of them 
 are very fertile. A low range lies near the 
 shore of the Pacific. It is called the Coast 
 range. 
 
 The picture on page 9 shows a very small part of 
 the Pacific highland. This part is not very far from 
 the southern end of the Sierra Nevada range. 
 
 Orange Grove. 
 
 Many beautiful groves of oranges and lemons grow 
 in these warm valleys, along the foot of the ranges. 
 
 The region west of the Sierra Nevada and 
 Cascade ranges is part of the Pacific slope. 
 
67. Surface of Asia. 
 
 Asia is the largest of the 
 grand divisions. Its area is 
 nearly equal to that of America. 
 
 The highland of Tibet is the 
 highest part of the world ridge. 
 Its plateau is nearly three miles 
 above the level of the sea, and some 
 peaks are almost as high again. 
 
 of its 
 
 'Working Elephant. 
 
 The giant range of Himalaya mountains 
 rises at the southern edge of Tibet. The 
 word Himalaya means the abode of snoiv. 
 Even during the hottest part of summer a 
 white mantle covers this range for a distance 
 of about two miles from its crest. 
 
 Mt. Everest, in the Himalaya range, is 
 thought to be the highest peak on earth. It 
 rises five miles and a half above the level of 
 the sea. 
 
 On the north, east and south, vast slopes 
 stretch away from Tibet. They form wide 
 plains along the shores of three oceans. 
 
 The pictures show a Himalaya peak, a 
 group of natives on the tundras and a bath- 
 ing scene in a large river south of Tibet. 
 
 What is the elephant doing? 
 
i 
 
 s 
 
 a 
 
ARCTIC SLOPE. 
 
 43 
 
 68. Map Studies. 
 
 What oceans lie between North America and Asia ? 
 
 What ocean is south of Asia ? 
 
 Where is the highland of Tibet ? On which side of 
 Tibet is the longest slope ? 
 
 In what direction would you have to travel from 
 your home to reach Asia ? 
 
 What strait separates North America from Asia ? 
 
 Look at the relief map, and describe Asia. 
 
 69. Arctic Slope. 
 
 The longest slope in Asia extends north- 
 ward to the Arctic coast. A large portion 
 of this slope is a vast low plain, and is crossed 
 by several large rivers. 
 
 During the greater part of the year the 
 Arctic coast of Asia is icebound. The 
 ice then reaches from the shore to the north 
 pole. 
 
 What have you read about the tundras? 
 Where are they ? 
 
 A dense forest covers a large part of the plain south 
 of the tundras. In this forest live many little ani- 
 mals that are hunted for their thick fur. 
 
 Here is found the cunning beaver. It feeds on 
 berries, leaves and bark. The beaver builds its hut 
 at the edge of a river or lake. 
 
 Do you know any stories about beavers? Have 
 you ever seen any beaver fur ? 
 
 The elk is a very large kind of deer that is found 
 in the northern parts of Asia and Europe. 
 
 70. Caspian Basin. 
 
 Where is the Caspian sea ? Can you find any 
 streams flowing from this sea to the ocean ? 
 
 The great plains around the Caspian sea 
 send no rivers to the ocean. These plains 
 are mostly level 
 and grassy, like 
 the pampas or 
 prairies. They are 
 called steppes. 
 
44 
 
 PLAIXS OF CHINA. 
 
 Large herds of cattle and horses graze on 
 the steppes. 
 
 The Caspian sea has no outlet, and it is 
 therefore salt. Several 
 ,, -, ; lars;e rivers flow into this 
 
 great inland sea. 
 
 far 
 
 Tea Farm. 
 
 71. Plains of China. 
 
 The most important slopes of Asia are 
 east and south of Tibet. On the east lie 
 the plains of China, sloping to 
 the Pacific ocean. 
 
 The tea plant grows on the plains of 
 China, east of Tibet. It has a pretty 
 white blossom, with a yellow center. 
 
 This plant is raised for its leaves. 
 Several times a year the new leaves are 
 picked and baked. They are then sent 
 to people in nearly all parts of the 
 world. 
 
 When fresh tea leaves are roasted 
 quickly they form green tea. When 
 dried in the sun and then roasted they 
 form black tea. If you will unroll a 
 piece of coarse tea grounds you will 
 see a tea leaf. 
 
 72. The Ganges Basin. 
 
 The warm slopes of the Ganges basin lie 
 
 south of Tibet. In what direction does the 
 
 Ganges river flow ? Where does it rise ? 
 
 The Ganges river flows from melting ice and snow, 
 
 up on the side of the Himalaya mountains. 
 
 Countless little streams rise near by and 
 
 flow to join the Ganges. 
 
 This river enters the sea through a 
 great delta which swarms with people. 
 The soil of the delta is very rich, and 
 here may be seen acres and acres of flat 
 rice fields, with groves of bamboo and 
 cocoanut trees. 
 
 One of the most useful products of 
 doutheast Asia is bamboo. This is a 
 coarse grass, growing to the height of 
 from fifty to seventy feet. 
 
 The seeds and tender shoots of the 
 bamboo are used for food. The hollow 
 stems make good water pipes. 
 
 Strips of the stem are used in mak- 
 ing baskets, chairs, beds, boats and 
 weapons. 
 
 Strong fibres of bamboo are woven 
 
 into cloth and twisted into rope. The 
 
 hull, ropes and sails of the vessel shown 
 
 were all made of this useful plant. 
 
 Many of the native huts are made of bamboo, with 
 
 dried grass for roofs. Groups of such huts are 
 
 often hidden by groves. 
 
 on page i ! 
 
 A Village near the Ganges. 
 
EUROPE. 
 
 73. Surface of Europe. 
 
 Europe lies west of Asia. 
 
 The greater part of southwest Europe con- 
 sists of low plateaus and 
 high ranges. This region is 
 known as High, Europe. 
 
 tops of some of the peaks are buried in snow 
 and ice all the year. Long rivers of ice creep 
 down the sides of the mountains, and melt, 
 thus forming beautiful streams and lakes. 
 
 Low Europe 
 includes the vast 
 plains that lie 
 north and northeast of High Europe. 
 
 Where is the Swiss highland ? Where are 
 the Alps ? 
 
 The Swiss plateau is low, but the ranges 
 that rise above it are high and rocky. 
 The Alps are famous for their beauty. The 
 
 In summer, herds of 
 cattle and flocks of 
 goats feed on the high 
 slopes, but as the 
 snowcap widens on the 
 ranges, the animals are 
 driven into the lower 
 valleys. 
 
 High Europe is cut 
 off from southwest Asia 
 by the Black sea and 
 its outlet. 
 
 A very old myth tells of a pretty maid, named Io, 
 who was changed into a heifer, to conceal her from 
 an angry goddess. Io swam the strait that forms 
 the outlet of the Black sea. 
 
 The strait took its name from this story, for the 
 word Bosphorus means heifer's ford. 
 
 At its narrowest part, the strait of Bosphoras is 
 only a few hundred feet wide. 
 
 The great city of Constantinople is built near this 
 strait. See colored map of Europe. 
 
H 
 
 a 
 o 
 i 
 
 D 
 H 
 
 Hi 
 
 
 
SWISS HIGHLAND. 
 
 47 
 
 ^FaiTr^^^l 
 
 74. Map Studies. 
 
 Look at the relief map, and describe Europe. State 
 ■where it is ; what large bodies of water surround it ; 
 where its highlands and lowlands are, etc. 
 
 On which side of the world ridge is Europe ? 
 
 75. Slopes from the Swiss Highland. 
 
 The slopes that extend from the Swiss high- 
 land to the sea are short, and the river basins 
 are small. 
 
 Where does the Danube river rise? In what 
 direction does its basin slope ? Into what sea does 
 the river flow ? 
 
 Where does the Rhine river rise? 1 
 In what direction does its basin slope ? 
 
 What long peninsula is south of the 
 Swiss plateau? Where is the Spanish 
 peninsula ? 
 
 The strait of Gibraltar connects the 
 Atlantic ocean and the Mediterranean 
 sea. Near this strait a huge mass of 
 rock rises on the coast of Spain. 
 
 Erom a distance this rock of Gibraltar 
 looks bleak and barren. A nearer view 
 shows many grassy slopes, with groves 
 of olive and orange trees. 
 
 At times wild flowers cover many parts of the rock. 
 The deep caves that run through nearly every part 
 
 1 See pictures of the Rhine on page 14. 
 
 2 Gibraltar belongs to Great Britain. 
 
 of this great mass have given it the name " hill of 
 caves." 
 
 In these great hollows the rock has been changed 
 to icicle-forms of great size and beauty. Some of 
 these look like animals, and others look like forests 
 of marble, rising to the roofs. 
 
 A few small apes live on the highest parts of 
 Gibraltar. They often injure the fruits, but nobody 
 tries to harm the little creatures. 
 
 Gibraltar is a strong fortress. 2 On some parts of 
 the rock cannon bristle at every point. 
 
 The small building on the very 
 >p of the rock is a signal station. 
 7hj was it built so high ? 
 
 Find the strait of 
 Gibraltar on the col- 
 ored map of Europe. 
 
 Rock of Gibraltar. 
 
48 
 
 BRITISH ISLES. 
 
 76. Russian Plain. 
 
 Where are the Valdai hills ? Where does the 
 Volga river rise ? Into what sea does the Volga flow ? 
 
 The Valdai hills rise only a little above the 
 
 great jDlain of Europe. They __„ , - 
 
 contain the sources of 
 many large streams 
 
 The Volga river 
 rises in a marsh 
 in the hill re- 
 gion, and flows 
 into the Cas- 
 pian sea. The 
 basin of the 
 Volga is the 
 largest river basin 
 in Europe, but it 
 is not one half so large 
 as that of the Mississippi 
 
 What seas receive streams 
 from the region of the Valdai hills ? 
 
 The Caspian sea is often swept by cold winds from 
 the north. In winter the mouth of the Volga is 
 closed by ice. During the open season many vessels 
 trade at the ports by the sea and on the rivers. 
 
 The Caspian sea and the streams that flow into 
 
 r-j, — „ it are very rich in fish. Among 
 
 these is the sturgeon. 
 
 This fish often grows to 
 the length of ten feet. 
 Part of its body is 
 covered with bony 
 plates. Its mouth 
 is small and tooth- 
 less, and is under 
 the long snout. 
 Many thousand 
 people earn their 
 living by catching 
 W fish in this sea and 
 in the streams that 
 flow into it. 
 
 Sturgeon Fishing. 
 
 78. British Isles. 
 
 The vast plain that spreads round the Valdai hills 
 is crossed by a network of canals. These connect 
 with the rivers, and form the main highways of 
 trade. 
 
 The canals reach lumber and fur regions on the 
 north, rich mines of gold and silver in the moun- 
 tains that lie to the east, and fertile grainfields on 
 all sides. 
 
 In return for the products of these regions, the 
 canals carry cloth, tea, sugar and farming tools to 
 the people of the plain. 
 
 77. The Caspian Sea. 
 
 The Caspian sea is the largest body of water 
 having no outlet to the ocean. 
 Its area is much larger than that 
 of the Great Lakes of North 
 America. 
 
 The Caspian sea is salt, and its 
 surface is a little below the level 
 of the ocean. 
 
 What islands are west of the mainland of 
 Europe ? 
 A few low ranges cross the British Isles. 
 
 These are the most important islands on earth. 
 The trade between the people of the British Isles 
 and of the United States is very large. 
 
 Ben-Nevis is the highest mountain in the British 
 Isles. Find it on the key map, page 47. 
 
 Ben-Nevis, Scotland. 
 
 A Highland Cottage. 
 
AFEICA. 
 
 79. Surface of Africa. 
 
 A part of the world ridge extends along 
 the eastern side of Africa. 
 
 Nearly all Africa is a plateau. The northern 
 half is not so high as the southern. 
 
 also is in middle Africa. The main slope of 
 this basin is towards the west. 
 
 Nearly all the northern part of Africa is a 
 vast desert. It is called the desert of Sahara. 
 Which picture on this page shows a part of 
 the desert? 
 
 Ranges of mountains lie near the 
 greater part of the coast. Between 
 these ranges and the sea there are low, 
 narrow plains. 
 
 The highest parts' of Africa are in 
 the east and south. 
 
 Where is the highland of Abyssinia? 
 What have you read aboiit a great 
 mountain south of this region ? The 
 highland of Abyssinia is about as 
 lofty as that of Mexico. 
 
 Africa has several very large river 
 basins. Among these are the Nile 
 and the Kongo. 
 
 The upper part of the Nile basin is in the 
 plateau of middle Africa. This basin is long 
 and narrow, and it slopes to the north. 
 
 The upper portion of the Kongo basin 
 
 Africa is a land of large and fierce animals. 
 On page 85 there are pictures of some of 
 these ? 
 
 Find the Atlas mountains on the colored 
 map of Africa. 
 
RELIEF MAP OF AFRICA. 
 
THE RIVER NLLE. 
 
 51 
 
 AFKICA 
 
 KB' TO fffiUEF MSB 
 
 80. Map Studies. 
 
 What bodies of water surround Africa ? 
 
 Look at the relief map, and describe Africa. 
 
 What isthmus joins Asia and Africa ? 
 
 A great ship canal has been dug across the isthmus 
 of Suez. Thou- 
 sands of steamers 
 pass through it 
 every year. 
 
 Before the Suez 
 canal was made, 
 the water route 
 from Europe to 
 southeast Asia 
 led round the 
 southern end of 
 Africa. This 
 canal cuts off 
 about one half 
 
 the distance. Two Views ol the Suez Canal. 
 
 What seas are joined by the Suez canal? Does 
 the land near the canal look fertile or barren ? 
 
 81. The River Nile. 
 
 Where does the Nile river rise ? In what direction 
 does its basin slope ? Into what sea does the river 
 flow? 
 
 Every summer the Nile overflows its banks. The 
 water comes from great lakes near the middle of 
 Africa and from rainfall on the mountains of Abys- 
 sinia. 
 
 At this time hundreds of muddy streams flow 
 
 down the steep slopes, and swell the branches of the 
 
 Nile. The river rushes and foams over the rough 
 
 places in its bed, and the 
 
 muddy water rises higher and 
 
 higher. 
 
 In its lower part the Nile 
 flows through a long valley 
 that is only a few miles wide. 
 The valley is shut in between 
 high cliffs. A vast desert 
 stretches away beyond the 
 cliffs, on both sides. 
 
 **l^m - 
 
52 
 
 OASIS IN THE DESERT. 
 
 Day after day the 
 river creeps farther 
 from its banks. Wider 
 and wider flows the 
 stream. It covers the 
 fields, and looks like a 
 vast lake. 
 
 At length the river begins to grow smaller. Weeks 
 pass, and now it flows again in its narrow bed. 
 
 The water has left a thin coating of soil on the 
 banks. The land is ready for seeds, and the long 
 valley will soon be covered with grain. There will 
 be food for the next dry season. 
 
 Thus the high slopes supply soil for plants, and 
 it is carried down by the great river Nile, just as it 
 is by tiny rills and brooks. 
 
 82. Oasis in the Desert of Sahara. 
 
 What have you read about the great desert ? 
 
 What rivei 
 flows across its 
 eastern part ? 
 
 What sea lies east of the desert ? What ocean is 
 on the west ? 
 
 In some parts of the great desert there are springs 
 of fresh water. After days of hot and dusty travel, 
 how glad the thirsty people and camels are to reach 
 a spring ! Here they find rest. 
 
 Villages grow up near these 
 springs. Date trees are planted, 
 and soon bear clusters of sweet 
 fruit. 
 
 Dates are the chief food of 
 many people who live in hot 
 deserts. Some of the fruit 
 is pounded and pressed into 
 cakes. Camels and horses are 
 sometimes fed on dates. 
 
 A fertile spot in a desert 
 The vast barren tract in the 
 
 Low and High Nile. 
 
 is called an oasis. 
 
 north of Africa is the desert of Sahara. 
 
 •-•>' v> 
 
 Cape Town. 
 
 An Oasis. 
 
 83. Kongo Basin. 
 
 It is thought that the basin of the Kongo 
 is about 
 equal in 
 area to that 
 of the Mis- 
 sissipp i. 
 The Kongo 
 river flows 
 on a pla- 
 teau till it 
 reaches the 
 
 range near the west coast. There it rushes 
 through the mountains, and flows into 
 the low plains that lie along 
 the shore. 
 
 Vessels cannot sail very far 
 
 up the Kongo. For this 
 
 reason there is very little 
 
 trading done with the negroes 
 
 who live in the Kongo basin. 
 
 The world ridge ends near the 
 
 cape of Good Hope. 
 
 Find Cape Town on the colored 
 
 map of Africa. 
 
53 
 
 AUSTRALIA. 
 
 84. Surface of Australia. 
 
 Australia is 
 divisions. • Its 
 third that of North America. 
 
 the smallest of 
 area is equal to 
 
 the grand 
 about one 
 
 The largest river basin in Australia is 
 
 that of the Murray. It is thought to be 
 
 nearly one half as large as the basin of the 
 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Where does the Murray river rise? In 
 
 what direction does its 
 
 basin slope ? 
 
 A group of large is- 
 lands, called New Zea- 
 and, lies southeast of 
 
 Hot Springs, 
 
 New Zealand. 
 
 Ranges of moun- 
 tains lie along the 
 coast, except on 
 the south. Broad 
 plains cover a large 
 part of middle 
 Australia. In many 
 places these plains 
 are dry and sandy. 
 
 None of the 
 ranges in Australia are very high. The main 
 range lies along; the shore of the Pacific 
 ocean. This range is highest near its southern 
 end. 
 
 The mountains along; the north and west 
 •coasts are in low and broken ranges. In 
 places they are but little more than hills. 
 
 Tree Ferns. 
 
 Many strange animals are found in Australia. 
 Among these is the kangaroo. There is a picture 
 of this animal on page 85. 
 
 See how large its hind legs are ! These strong legs 
 are used in making long leaps. 
 
 The black people of Australia eat the flesh of the 
 kangaroo. Many of the skins are sent to our country 
 to be made into shoes. 
 
54 
 
 
 
 RELIEF MAP OP AUSTRALIA. 
 
 85. Map Studies. 
 
 In what direction from Asia is Australia? In 
 what direction is it from Africa? From North 
 America ? 
 
 On which side of the equator is Australia ? On 
 which side of the world ridge is^ it ? What bodies of 
 
 water surround 
 this grand divi- 
 sion ? Describe 
 the surface of 
 Australia. 
 
 What large is- 
 land is north of 
 Australia ? 
 
 How does this 
 grand division 
 compare in area 
 with South 
 America ? 
 
 AUSTRALIA 
 
 KEVTO RELIEF MAP 
 
55 
 
 PEOPLE. 
 
 86. The Kongo Boy. 
 
 This tall hut is the home of little Tibbu. It is 
 near the great river Kongo. Find this river on 
 the map, page 51. 
 
 baboons away from the cornfield, and so he sets out 
 early with his little bow and arrows. He will 
 not be lonely, for he will make a play-hut, just 
 like the one in which he sleeps. 
 
 Shall we watch him make the hut? First he 
 breaks off many strong reeds, and sets them in 
 a circle in the ground. Then he ties others 
 together to form the roof. He has no string, 
 but he uses long grasses in its place. 
 
 Now he ties bunches of grass all over the reeds, 
 
 and his hut is done. He has left a place for a 
 
 doorway, but there are no windows. He needs 
 
 no chimney, for the fire is built outdoors. 
 
 What will Tibbu put in his hut ? 
 He is making a pretty mat of grass 
 for a bed. Now he is shaping little 
 dishes in clay. He will bake the 
 clay in a fire, and it will become 
 very hard. 
 
 Come, Tibbu, it is time to go 
 home. The sun is low in the sky, 
 and the lions and elephants will 
 soon come down to the river to 
 drink. Take your bow and arrows, 
 and run very fast. 
 
 What has Tibbu's sister been 
 
 doing to-day ? In the morning she 
 
 pounded corn between two stones, 
 
 Then she helped 
 
 her mother make cloth. 
 
 You could never guess how they made the cloth. 
 
 They soaked long strips of bark in water, and then 
 
 pounded them till 
 
 they were soft. 
 
 When the bark was 
 
 dry, they gave it to 
 
 the father to make 
 
 into clothes. 
 
 Would you like 
 
 to know what these 
 
 black children eat? 
 
 Supper is ready and here are eggs, fresh fish 
 
 and corn porridge. When they wish sweet food, 
 
 they eat sugar cane or bananas. 
 
 Everybody goes to bed at dark, for there are 
 
 no lamps in the village. Isn't this a queer place ? 
 
 There are no books nor schools, and Tibbu never 
 
 saw a picture. If you should show him the picture 
 
 of a Hon, he would not know what it meant. 
 
 Carrying Ivory to the Coast 
 
 Tibbu's face and made meal for porridge 
 is black and his 
 hair is woolly. 
 All the girls and 
 boys with whom 
 he plays are of 
 the same color, 
 and have the 
 same kind of 
 hair. 
 
 To-day Tibbu 
 must drive the 
 
 Baboon. 
 
56 
 
 PEOPLE OF THE BLACK RACE. 
 
 The Negro children are veiy fond of music. 
 They keep time well, and often make sounds 
 like birds and running brooks. They have many 
 games, also, and like to dance and play ball. 
 
 Many Negroes have been taken from their 
 homes in Africa, and sold as slaves. In our 
 own land there are millions of black people, but 
 they all are free. 
 
 dishes made of baked clay, spoons and pans of 
 tortoise shell, and skins tilled with milk. For 
 weapons there are clubs, bows and arrows. 
 
 Among the Hottentots women do all the hard 
 work about home. They help also to tend the 
 cattle and sheep. 
 
 The dress of these people is very simple. It 
 
 Kallir Giil and I s . 
 
 Many tribes 
 of people, 
 called Kaf- 
 firs, live in 
 the southern 
 part of Africa. 
 Their color 
 varies from red-brown to black, but they all 
 belong to the black race. 
 
 The Kaffirs make garden tools and weapons 
 of copper and iron. They are a brave people, and 
 have fought hard to prevent the white men from 
 taking their lands. 
 
 The Kaffirs have herds of cattle, and they raise 
 large crops of corn. Milk and corn are their chief 
 articles of food. 
 
 Let us look into this Hottentot hut. Here are 
 
 Kafllr Huts. 
 
 consists of the skin of some animal, wrapped about 
 the body. Chiefs wear the skins of wild animals, 
 but the common people wear only sheepskins. 
 
 The Hottentots live in southern Africa. They 
 often move from place to place in search of grass 
 for their cattle and sheep. This is one reason 
 why they dwell in tents. 
 
 Many white people have now settled in southern 
 Africa. These have taught the tribes near them 
 how to make better homes and to use better weap- 
 ons. Other tribes still live in their wild state. 
 
 Does Tibbu live in a warm land or in a cold one? 
 
 Name some of the plants that grow in the Kongo basin. 
 
 Name some of the animals that are found there. 
 
 Describe the hut which Tibbu made. 
 
 Can you tell what the Kaffir huts are made of? 
 
 Tell how the Hottentot hut is made. 
 
PEOPLE OP THE YELLOW RACE. 
 
 57 
 
 87. Japan and its People. 
 
 To-day we will visit the homes of the little 
 yellow people who live on the islands east of Asia. 
 
 The girls and boys of Japan have round faces, 
 bright black eyes and pearly teeth. 
 They often have ruddy cheeks, though 
 their skin is brownish yellow. 
 
 It will puzzle you at first to know 
 which are boys, for they dress nearly 
 like girls. Look closely and you will 
 see that the boys' heads are shaved 
 almost bare, while the girls' 
 hair is twisted into all sorts 
 of odd shapes. 
 
 What large sleeves ! Let 
 us look inside one of them. 
 It is used as a pocket, and 
 here are dolls, tops, small 
 kites and many other toys. 
 How would you like to wear 
 a pair of their shoes ? They 
 are simply wooden soles tied 
 on with strings. These shoes 
 are not worn in the house, but 
 are slipped off at the door. 
 
 The fathers and mothers of 
 Japan do a great deal to make 
 the children happy. You 
 should be there on the day 
 which is set apart for the 
 "feast of the dolls." 
 
 Every girl has a set of 
 dolls. Perhaps her mother 
 used some of them years ago, 
 but they are very pretty. 
 Here is one that looks like 
 the Mikado, or ruler of 
 Japan. This one looks like 
 his wife, and there are many 
 other dolls like the nobles and ladies of high rank. 
 
 Each set of dolls has a full outfit for house- 
 keeping. Here are tiny wooden pillows, soft 
 mats and tea sets. On this happy day the whole 
 land is alive with dolls. 
 
 Then there is the "flag day" for boys. On 
 this day every boy plays with a set of dolls 
 dressed like soldiers. Here are armies of dolls, 
 with flags, guns, swords, cannon and pretty 
 uniforms. At this time the boys hear many 
 
 stories about 
 the great war- 
 riors of their 
 land. 
 
 The streets 
 are lined with 
 shops in which 
 toys are sold. 
 Here is a man 
 on a street cor- 
 ner, shaping 
 animals out of 
 rice paste. The boys and 
 girls crowd around and call 
 out the names, as soon as they 
 guess what he is making. 
 They know the monkey, wolf, 
 bear and many other animals 
 that are found in Japan, but 
 they do not know the sheep. 
 This man has an oven 
 which he rents to boys and 
 girls. He gives them batter, 
 and they cook and eat their 
 own little cakes. If you do 
 not like battercakes, he will 
 sell you a cake that is cov- 
 ered with seaweed and fish. 
 
 Have you found out what 
 the girls in the picture have 
 on their backs? They wish 
 to play, but there are little 
 babies at home who must be 
 cared for. The girls tie the 
 babies upon their backs, and 
 are soon playing just as hard as the other children. 
 Shall we enter one of the houses ? It is made 
 of bamboo, and has very wide eaves. See the paper ! 
 paper windows, paper doors, paper fans, lanterns, 
 hats, cups, cloaks, napkins and many other things. 
 
 Scenes in Japan. 
 
58 
 
 PEOPLE OF THE YELLOW RACE. 
 
 Isn't this a queer bed? "Would you like to 
 crawl into one of the wadded quilts, and rest your 
 
 is 
 
 A. Japanese Village. 
 
 head upon the wooden pillow? This girl will 
 soon wake and drink a cup of tea. Can you see 
 the pretty tea set ? 
 
 There are no chairs in the house. The Japanese 
 sit on mats of wadded cloth or of straw. Sit 
 on a mat, and your little friends will bring you a 
 lunch. There is no table, but the boiled rice and 
 steaming tea will be served on a dainty tray that 
 stands on short legs. In some houses you would 
 see meat, fish, beans and a grain called millet. 
 
 It would amuse you to see the people of Japan 
 eat rice. Two slender chopsticks of wood or of ivory 
 
 take the place of a spoon or 
 a fork. You would find it 
 hard to get the rice to your 
 mouth, but see the skill of 
 the little yellow people. 
 
 Chinese Village 
 
 Peep into this workshop. Here is a man who 
 making beautiful vases of clay. Another is 
 carving pretty figures in ivory. A third is 
 spreading fine varnish over wood. Near by 
 there is a room in which soft silk is being 
 woven into costly cloth. 
 
 Now let us leave the city and take a trip 
 into the country. Climb into this light cart 
 and away we will go. There are ponies in 
 Japan, but most people prefer to travel in the 
 way shown in the picture on page 57. 
 
 What is this tall grass with feathery tops 
 and long sharp leaves ? It looks like corn 
 but it is many times as tall. This is bam- 
 boo, of which many of the houses are made. 
 We know what grows on the flat land, for 
 we have seen pictures of fields of rice in our own 
 country. But what 
 is this shrub with 
 white flowers and 
 green leaves ? Oh, 
 yes, it is tea, like 
 that we saw on the 
 plains of China. 
 
 Here is a puzzle ! 
 What are these lit- 
 tle white and yellow 
 rolls? They look like 
 birds' eggs, but are 
 soft and silky. 
 
 Have you ever seen a spider spin its web ? 
 
 These soft rolls were spun by silkworms. They 
 
 made the fine thread, and then wound themselves 
 
 in these glossy prisons. It took about three days 
 
 to wind each silken case, or cocoon, and 
 
 if the thread were umvound it would 
 
 reach more than two miles. Now you 
 
 know where the people get the silk 
 
 with which they make thread and 
 
 cloth. 
 
 Some of the sports of the girls and 
 
 boys of Japan are like your own. 
 
 They spin tops, walk on stilts, fly 
 
 kites and sometimes roll snowballs. 
 
 Most of the Japanese children are 
 
 »#«§ 
 
 4 
 
 Rain Coats. 
 
MALAY OR BROWN PEOPLE. 
 
 59 
 
 always clean. They bathe in tubs of very hot 
 water, just before going to sleep in thick quilts 
 that are laid on the floor. They often have two 
 or three baths a day. 
 
 The people of Japan are eager to learn, and 
 they have 
 very good 
 schools. 
 
 They 
 build 
 great 
 temples 
 in the 
 midst of 
 beautiful 
 gardens, 
 for they 
 are very 
 fond of 
 flowers. 
 
 Shall 
 we follow 
 the girls 
 and boys 
 to one of 
 the tem- 
 ples on a 
 holiday 
 
 or festival day? They leave their 
 little shoes or clogs at the door, 
 enter the temple and stand clap- 
 ping their hands softly. This is the way they 
 offer their childish prayers. Then they go out 
 and play in the gardens. 
 
 Before we return home let us spend a few days 
 in China. 
 
 As we enter one of the great rivers of China 
 we see many houses built on boats. On the 
 decks there are small gardens, and also coops 
 for chickens. 
 
 The babies on these boats are tied at the ends 
 of long cords, and the little girls and boys have 
 light gourds or pieces of hollow bamboo tied upon 
 their shoulders. The bamboo keeps them from 
 sinking, when they fall into the water. 
 
 The people of China are yellow and their eyes 
 are set aslant. Some day we shall learn more 
 about the house boats and the large cities of 
 this land. 
 
 Japan is part of the continent of Asia. What ocean is 
 east of Japan ? See colored map of Asia. 
 
 Tell all you can about the clothing of the people of 
 Japan. 
 
 What would you see in a Japanese house, that you cannot 
 see in your own home ? 
 
 Name some animals that are found in Japan. Name, 
 some plants that grow there. 
 
 What articles are made in the workshops of Japan ? 
 
 Name some of the sports of Japanese girls and boys. 
 
 Malay or Brown People. 
 
 Perhaps you think that 
 this is a little negro girl, 
 but she is not. Her skin 
 is light brown, and her 
 hair is long and straight. 
 Can you tell why her eyes 
 
 do not look like 
 your own ? 
 
 This is the 
 brother of the 
 little girl. Do 
 you not think 
 that his eyes are 
 full of fun? 
 
 These little 
 people live on the 
 island of Java, southeast of Asia. Java is a land 
 of fruit and flowers. It is so beautiful that people 
 often call it the "Pearl of the East." Would 
 you like to visit the home of the brown people? 
 
 A Malay Boy. 
 
 
60 
 
 MALAY OR BROWN PEOPLE. 
 
 Brown People ol Fiji Islands. 
 
 Here it is, — a pretty hut in a shady grove. The 
 hut is made of bamboo. 
 
 Our little brown girl helps her mother keep 
 tliis hut very neat and tidy. She stuffs pillows 
 with soft white down that grows on a tree near 
 by, and she weaves dried grasses into the mats 
 that are used as 
 beds. Then she 
 covers them with 
 pretty cloth. 
 
 Her brother 
 pounds the yellow 
 husks off the rice 
 which they will 
 have for breakfast, 
 and he gathers a 
 few cocoanuts and 
 a bunch of ripe 
 bananas. The fruit 
 is eaten raw, but 
 the mother cooks 
 the rice till it is 
 soft and white. Their only table is a mat, and all 
 sit around it on the ground while eating. 
 
 Now they are ready for the day's work. The 
 coffee berries are turning dark rerl and the father 
 says it is time to pick them. Tnis will be the 
 work of the mother and the girl, for the father 
 and the boy must let water in over the rice fields. 
 
 A coffee tree is a pretty sight. It has rich 
 gray bark, large green leaves and white waxy 
 blossoms. In a few months the little seed pods 
 of the blossoms grow into clusters of red or 
 purple berries that look like cherries. Our little 
 girl must be very careful, for while the berries 
 are ripening other blossoms are growing on the 
 ends of the new branches. These blossoms must 
 not be broken off. 
 
 The berries are spread out to dry, then the 
 pulp is pounded or rolled off, and out come the 
 coffee seeds ready for market. 
 
 Java is very near the equator, and by ten 
 o'clock the sun is so hot that work in the fields 
 is stopped. Now the brown people sit in the 
 shade of palm trees and weave baskets. When 
 
 thirst}- they break open cocoanuts and drink the 
 cool milk that is inside. 
 
 The father says that snares must be set, for 
 bats have been nibbling the corn and the tender 
 shoots of the palms. Have you ever seen little 
 bats that look like mice with wings ? Some of the 
 bats of Java are very large and are called flying 
 foxes. During the day they hang in dark clusters 
 in trees, but in the evening they flit about in 
 search of food. This evening the snares and nets 
 will be set to catch some of them. 
 
 By four o'clock the air is cooler, and the father 
 goes back to the rice field. Now the little girl 
 will help her mother spin cotton into yarn. Some 
 day they will weave the yarn into cloth, and 
 make new clothes for the whole family. 
 
 What is the little brown boj r doing ? There he 
 goes tripping across the rice fields towards the 
 south shore. He knows of a cave in which 
 many swallows build their nests, plastering them 
 upon rocks. These nests are made of a glue-like 
 substance, and a few of them will make soup 
 for supper. Many of these nests are sold to 
 people of other lands. 
 
 Nearly all the girls and boys 
 of Java dress like these in the 
 pictures. While working in the 
 sun the boys often wear large 
 hats made of very thin strips of 
 bamboo. 
 
 The brown people are called 
 JIalai/s. Most of them live on 
 the large group of islands south- 
 east of Asia. In some places the 
 Malays have built cities, but the 
 white man rules over most of 
 the brown race. Many of the 
 Malays are savages, like the 
 people in the black tribes of 
 Africa. 
 
 Find Java on the colored map of Australia. In what 
 direction is Java from Japan? 
 
 What new sights could a Javanese girl see in Japan? 
 What could she see in Tibbu's home ? 
 
 What do the people of Java eat? Of what are their 
 clothes made? 
 
 A Java Girl. 
 
ARCTIC PEOPLE OP THE YELLOW RACE. 
 
 fil 
 
 89. A Lapland Home. 
 
 yellow people. Your sister, who is holding a 
 dipper, has dark hair, but yours is light. 
 Does this family live in a warm land or in a Let us glance into the hut. What is in this 
 
 cold one? Can you prove your answer by the bundle that hangs from the roof? It is a ham- 
 picture ? mock made of the warm skin of a deer, and iu 
 Which has the warmest coat, the deer, the dog it swings a pretty baby girl with eyes as bright 
 or the little boy peeping through the door ? and cheeks as soft as your own. 
 
 /* ■ ' ,." ;: iiii.-' ,"''■,''""' i" 
 
 
 : -:"■ 
 
 fc'3.i.: :: 
 
 
 A Lapland Home. 
 
 Isn't this a warm hut? See the thick sods 
 upon it. Do you think that rain can leak 
 through the roof ? See how the sods are placed. 
 What holds them up ? 
 
 Why is the hut so dark? Can you see any 
 chimney ? 
 
 Come out, little hoy, where we can see you. 
 What large round eyes you have, and what a tiny 
 flat nose ! Your eyes are as straight as ours, but 
 your face tells us that you are one of the little 
 
 Would you like to know where these people 
 live? 
 
 Their home is in the north of Europe, near the 
 Arctic shore. They are called Lapps and they 
 live in Lapland. Can you find Lapland on the 
 colored map of Europe ? 
 
 Ah ! here is a snowstorm. Now we know why 
 the Lapps wear boots with high tops bound 
 tightly round their legs. Come ! Let us hurry 
 into the hut. 
 
62 
 
 ARCTIC PEOPLE OF THE YELLOW RACE. 
 
 See the long strips of smoked meat hanging on 
 the walls. Here are dishes of sweet milk also, 
 and cakes of new cheese. Do yqu wonder that 
 the Lapps are kind to their deer ? Where do you 
 think all this food came from ? 
 
 Hammerfest. 
 
 Let us look at the boots and at this great hairy 
 coat. Can you tell what they are made of? 
 Some of the coats are made of cloth. At night 
 the children sleep side by side between large 
 warm deerskins. 
 
 Of course you wish to know what the reindeer 
 feeds on. In summer it bites off tender shoots 
 of trees and bushes, but in winter it paws away 
 the snow to find a little gray plant, called reindeer 
 moss. 
 
 It has stopped snowing. Now for a ride ! 
 Harness a deer to a sled and away we will fly 
 
 over the snow. How fast we go ! Will the fleet 
 deer never grow weary ? His master tells us that 
 he has driven him a hundred miles in one day- 
 Would you like to live in Lapland? Do not 
 think that there is snow on the ground all the 
 
 time. As early as May the fields are dotted with 
 pretty flowers, the birds sing sweetly, and later 
 the bushes and vines are loaded with berries. 
 
 Perhaps you would like to live with the Lapps 
 who catch salmon and trout in lakes and rivers, 
 or with those who wander with tents from place 
 to place, in search of good pastures for their herds 
 of deer. You would find that the Lapps are very 
 kind. 
 
 Hammerfest is a town that the Lapps often 
 visit. It is the farthest north of all the towns 
 of Europe. 
 
 Where do the Lapps live? 
 
 What are the uses of the reindeer? 
 
 Can you tell some of the sights that Tibbu often sees, 
 but that the Lapland boys never see? 
 
 What would the Japanese boys miss if they went to 
 Lapland to live ? 
 
 Why does Tibbu not wear clothes like those which the 
 Lapland boys wear ? 
 
 If you were to go into a Lapland hut, what should you 
 expect to see? 
 
 90. The Eskimo Boy. 1 
 
 If we knew the words that little Chuglu uses, 
 he could tell us a wonderful story about the land 
 of snow and ice in the far north. 
 
 Here is a picture of the hut in which he lives. 
 It is built of stones, with turf thrown upon it to 
 keej3 out the biting wind. The hut is now 
 covered with snow. During the summer 
 Chuglu lives in a tent made of deerskins. 
 
 The Eskimos are found along the north 
 coast of North America, and on the islands 
 near by. They live also along the south- 
 west shores of Greenland. Find Greenland 
 on the map of North America. 
 When Chuglu was a baby his mother kept him 
 in a bag of feathers. That was his cradle and his 
 bed. Day after day he lay in the smoky hut, till 
 he was old enough to walk, and then his mother 
 made him a very pretty suit of sealskin clothes. 
 
 1 Chuglu was one of the Eskimos at the World's Fair 
 in Chicago. The baby, Columbia, was born on the 
 World's Fail - grounds. 
 
THE ESKIMOS. 
 
 63 
 
 On his jacket she sewed a fur hood that he could 
 draw over his head on very cold days. 
 
 The mother has a large hood on the back of 
 her own jacket, and many a cozy nap has Chuglu 
 taken in this hood, before he could walk. 
 
 At length Chuglu is old enough to go out and 
 see his father hunt seals. Bring out the sled and 
 harness the dogs ! Snap ! goes the long whip, and 
 away they glide over the snow. The father knows 
 
 whale. He paddles his canoe, or kayak, very 
 swiftly, and throws his harpoon with great skill. 
 
 The kayak is long and narrow. It is covered 
 with sealskins. The skins are sewed over the top 
 of the canoe, making it water-tight in all parts. 
 Eskimos are so skillful that when a kayak upsets 
 they can right it again in the water. 
 
 Under the skin of the whale there is a thick 
 layer of fat, or blubber, which keeps the icy water 
 
 where the seals crawl 
 out of the icy water 
 to bask in the sun. 
 Columbia. Now they are near 
 
 the place. Chuglu 
 is left with the dogs, while his father creeps up 
 behind a huge block of ice. Yes, there are the 
 seals ! A rush, a blow, and one unlucky creature 
 is held on the end of the sharp spear. 
 
 It seems very cruel, but Chuglu must have 
 food, and now he can eat the flesh of the seal. 
 His mother will also make a new jacket of soft fur 
 for him. 
 
 It is great sport for the Eskimo to chase a 
 
 Chuglu. 
 
 from chilling the muscles. The Eskimo uses this 
 blubber to warm and light his hut. 
 
 Let us return to the hut. Stoop low, and 
 creep on your hands and knees. Now we are 
 inside. Can this be the home of little Chuglu? 
 How does he breathe in such a close and smoky 
 place ? 
 
 Look at the lamp. It is a hollow stone, with 
 moss for a wick. Where did the oil come 
 from? The lamp smokes, but it keeps the hut 
 warm. 
 
 Along one side of the room there is a long 
 bench. During the day it is used as a seat, but 
 at night it forms the family bed. 
 
64 
 
 THE ESKIMOS. 
 
 • Look at Chuglu as he takes off his jacket and 
 boots. He wears a shirt of birdskin, and stock- 
 ings of dogskin. 
 
 Inside an Eskimo Hut. 
 
 Now we can see his face clearly. The blight 
 black eyes are aslant, the hair is coarse and black, 
 and the skin is yellowish brown. Perhaps Chuglu 
 belongs to the same great family as do the children 
 of Japan, China, Lapland and Java. 
 
 Dinner is ready. Will you dine with Chuglu ? 
 He will have a feast to-day, for his mother has 
 given him a large piece of blubber. His father is 
 eating a slice of raw frozen 
 flesh. Now he helps him- 
 self to a piece that has 
 been boiled. 
 
 In this cold region no 
 grain grows, and so these 
 people have no bread. 
 There is no fresh milk 
 nor cheese such as we saw 
 in the Lapland home, for 
 Chuglu's father lias no 
 tame deer. 
 
 Some days they eat fish and sea fowl, and when 
 Chuglu's father kills a great white bear, its flesh 
 feeds them for a Ions' time. 
 
 Eskimos often move from place to place, to find 
 seals and fish. Sometimes they hunt far out over 
 the frozen sea. When they settle in a place for a 
 short time only, they make huts out of blocks of 
 snow, with ice for windows. 
 
 White people often visit the cold seas of the 
 north, in search of seals and whales. These people 
 give or sell to the Eskimos, knives, needles, cloth 
 and other articles. 
 
 In making clothes the Eskimo women are very 
 skillful. They cut the sealskins to fit well, and 
 then sew them neatly together. Do you not think 
 that Chuglu has on a pretty jacket? 
 
 In autumn the days at the far north are very 
 short. Then the Eskimos hunt all the time while 
 it is light. They store up food for the long winter 
 nights that are near at hand. Some Eskimos five 
 in places where the longest night lasts many weeks. 
 In summer there is a day that is just as long. 
 
 Would you not like to watch the sun during 
 the long day ? Every noon it is in the south, and 
 at midnight it is in the north, but it does not dip 
 below the horizon. By and by you will learn the 
 reason why. 
 
 Can you find out how Chuglu's sledge is made ? 
 
 "Where do the Eskimos live ? 
 
 Describe an Eskimo hut. What do Eskimos eat? 
 
 What strange sights would a Lapland boy see, if he were 
 to visit Chuglu's home ? 
 
 What objects in your home would seem strange to 
 Eskimo children? 
 
 '.> 
 
 
 An Arctic Scene. 
 
 Which people wear the best clothing, those of Java, 
 of Japan, of Lapland or of the northern coast of North 
 America? Give a reason for your answer. 
 
PEOPLE OF THE RED RACE. 
 
 05 
 
 91. Children of the Indian Tribes. 
 
 Can you tell what is in the cradle that hangs 
 on the tree ? It is a tiny baby with round black 
 eyes and red-brown skin. 
 
 This cradle is made of a 
 
 piece of board, wrapped in 
 
 cloth. There are pretty 
 
 beads on the cloth. 
 
 Which do you like best, the 
 
 hood in which Chuglu slept, the 
 
 hammock of the little Lapland 
 
 girl, or the cradle of the Indian 
 
 baby? 
 
 Day after day 
 the Indian baby 
 will swing from 
 the branch of a tree. He will also 
 take long journeys on his mother's 
 back. 
 
 When those chubby fingers are 
 strong enough to use a bow and 
 arrows, the little Indian boy will 
 
 Some tribes of Indians live in good houses 
 made of wood, brick or stone. These have large 
 herds of cattle and fields of grain. 
 
 In some places many families live in one large 
 house or pueblo. It is made of stone or of brick 
 dried in the sun. The walls are thick and the 
 floors bare. 
 
 a 
 
 large buildings 
 
 Indians and their Camps. 
 
 whole village. 
 
 S3 
 
 learn to shoot. He 
 will also be tied on- 
 to a horse and will 
 learn to ride. 
 
 As he grows older 
 he will run races, wrestle, swim, play ball, hunt 
 and fish. 
 
 Can you tell what holds the tents up ? What 
 do you think the tents are made of? 
 
 Some of the tribes that live in 
 pueblos have large fruit groves and grainfields. 
 
 Let us visit an Indian camp in the evening. 
 
 Here is a drum made by stretching a skin over 
 a hollow log. The beating of this chum calls 
 the tribe to an evening dance round the camp 
 fire. At first the dancers move slowly. Then the 
 drum beats faster and the dance becomes more 
 rapid, till it breaks into fierce leaping, and the 
 Indians yell as if they were fighting a battle. 
 
 The children look on with delight. Some day 
 they will go through the same kind of dance. 
 This evening they listen to stories of the brave 
 deeds of their fathers, and then go to their tents to 
 dream of the time when they will be warriors. 
 
66 
 
 DARK BRANCH OF THE WHITE RACE. 
 
 The Indians are very skillful in making bows 
 and arrows, but their chief weapon now is the rifle. 
 
 The red-brown man taught the white man how 
 to make canoes of birch bark, and shoes of soft 
 deerskin. The dusky savage also showed the 
 paleface how to make corn grow in a forest. 
 The trees were first killed by cutting a ring 
 of bark from their trunks, or by burning off the 
 bark. The hot sun could then ripen the corn, as 
 there were no leaves to shade it. 
 
 Is there nothing to say about the Indian 
 girls? 
 
 While the boys are wrestling or hunting, the 
 girls must stay at home and work. They must 
 learn to cook, to hoe in the garden, to skin 
 the animals that -* 
 
 have been killed, 
 and to take down 
 and put up the tents 
 when moving camp. 
 They must also help 
 to carry all the tents 
 and kettles from 
 place to place. 
 
 The little Indian 
 girl finds some time 
 for play. She is very 
 fond of dolls. What 
 kind of dresses do 
 you think she makes 
 for her dolls ? What kind of playhouse does she 
 like best? 
 
 Indians are found in nearly all parts of South 
 America, and in the western part of North 
 America. Only a few tribes live east of the 
 Mississippi river. 
 
 The number of Indians in the United States is 
 small. There are about as many here now as 
 there were when the white men first settled in 
 America. 
 
 Where are Indians found? Can you draw an Indian's 
 tent? 
 
 What has the Indian taught the white man? 
 
 If an Indian girl were to visit Japan, what strange 
 sights would she see? What could an Indian girl teach a 
 Lapland girl? 
 
 Caravan 
 
 92. The Land of the Arabs. 
 
 We start to-day for a land that lies far to the 
 southeast of the isthmus of Suez. The first 
 part of our trip is to New York. Can you show 
 on the map the shortest route by water from 
 New York to the isthmus of Suez ? 
 
 It will take about two weeks to cross the ocean 
 and the long Mediterranean sea. 
 
 Now we are passing the great rock of Gibraltar 
 near the strait that opens into this long sea. 
 What grand division is this on the south ? What 
 one is on the north? 
 
 Here we are at the isthmus. A small boat is 
 waiting to take us from the steamer to the land. 
 
 We are just in time, 
 — a caravan starts 
 to-day for the very 
 place we wish to 
 visit. 
 
 We must travel 
 on the backs of 
 camels, as our route 
 winds across a wide 
 desert. Here is a 
 camel kneeling for 
 you. Now you are 
 on, — hold fast while 
 it rises. 
 
 Let us wait a few 
 minutes near the great Suez canal. 1 Here is a 
 long line of steamships ready to pass through. 
 Would you like to look inside these ships and see 
 what they carry? This one is from southeast 
 Asia. It is loaded with tea, cotton, silk and grain. 
 This cargo will be carried to the British Isles. 
 
 The steamer from which we landed is bound to 
 Australia. Below its decks there are thousands of 
 yards of cloth and many kinds of machines and 
 tools. This ship will bring back a cargo of wool. 
 Now the caravan is ready to start. We turn 
 our faces towards the southeast, and soon lose 
 sight of the little city by the canal. How dry 
 and sandy the land is, and how hot the air ! 
 
 1 On page 51 there are two views of this canal. 
 
DARK BRANCH OF THE WHITE RACE. 
 
 67 
 
 We camp to-night near this well of cool water. 
 In the early morning we are off again, and at 
 about ten o'clock we reach another well. Here 
 we rest till the sun is low. 
 
 Arab Family. 
 
 Days pass, and we are still in the midst of the 
 burning sands. Now the wells are far apart, and 
 we must carry water in bags made of camel's skin. 
 
 It is noon, and we have halted for the day. 
 How the sun beats down ! 
 
 See the dust whirling towards us ! What is 
 going to happen? The camels are burying their 
 noses in the sand. 
 
 We must be quick, or a hot whirlwind will 
 reach us before we are ready for it. Place a 
 piece of cloth on the sand, and press your face hard 
 down into it. While the hot wind is passing, 
 you must breathe the air that is in the sand. 
 
 Now the wind is here. We are stifling ! It 
 seems as if hot coals were burning our bodies. 
 The whirling sand almost buries us. Five minutes 
 pass. They seem like hours. Now the camels 
 are raising their heads, and the storm is over. 
 This is the simoon, or stifling wind of the desert 
 of Arabia. Where is this desert? 
 
 As we travel over the hot sand, clouds of locusts 
 fly about us. They look like grasshoppers. Bees 
 and wasps swarm upon the rocks that jut out of 
 the sand. Countless scorpions, with poison stings, 
 creep over the dry surface. 
 
 The plant life is scanty. The camels find a 
 few tufts of coarse grass, sharp thistles and 
 cactus plants. 
 
 Our route now leads over higher land. Here 
 and there we see tents pitched under spreading 
 date palms. In the distance low mountains rise 
 on the plain. To-morrow our journey will end. 
 
 Here we are at last in a land of flowers ! It 
 looks like a vast island-garden in a sea of sand. 
 Mile after mile of groves and grainfields stretches 
 away to the south. This is the land of the Arabs. 
 
 Would you like to go to school with these 
 Arab boys ? They are reading the Koran, which 
 is their Bible. Listen to the strange words which 
 tell them not to press wine from grapes. In all 
 this fair land no wine is made from grapes, but 
 the fruit is eaten. 
 
 The Arab boys are dark, but they belong to 
 the white race. Have you not seen boys that 
 look like these? 
 
 School is over for the day, and our little friends 
 will show us their homes. First we must see the 
 horses. 
 
 How the Arab loves his horse ! He oils 
 its hoofs so that the hot sand will not crack 
 them. He chooses for it the finest grass and the 
 purest water, and often feeds it on dates and 
 
 Arab School. 
 
 barley. He places no cruel bit in its mouth, but 
 guides the noble animal by pressing his knees 
 against its sides. The Arabs have the most 
 beautiful horses on the earth. 
 
68 
 
 DARK BRANCH OF THE WHITE RACE. 
 
 Next we will look at the camels. These 
 animals are more useful than horses to the Arahs. 
 One kind of camel is used for speed, and another 
 for carrying heavy loads. The former will run 
 one hundred miles a day, and in 
 the cool part of the year will 
 sometimes travel eight days with- 
 out drinking. 
 
 Camels are to the Arabs what 
 reindeer are to the Lapps. For 
 supper to-day we shall drink the 
 milk of the camel, and eat its 
 boiled flesh. We shall have fresh 
 butter and cheese, but these are 
 made of goat's milk. 
 
 The hair of the camel is soft 
 and fine. It is used in making 
 cloth. The tents of the Arab 
 tribes that live in the desert are 
 made of this kind of cloth. We 
 need not stop to look at the sheep and cattle, 
 for we can see many like them in our own land. 
 
 Let us go into the gardens. Here are bright 
 flowers, and the scent of sweet herbs fills the 
 air. The stifling wind never reaches this fertile 
 region. 
 
 Date Palm. 
 
 Arabia takes the place of wheat as used in our 
 
 own land, of rice in Japan and of fruit in Java. 
 Would you like to look into one of the wells? 
 
 It is only a few feet in depth, and the sides are 
 built of stone. In the desert the 
 wells are much deeper. All the 
 gardens of this laDd are watered 
 from wells, for the seasons are 
 often very dry. 
 
 Coffee is the chief drink of the 
 Arabs. The coffee berries grow 
 on the hilly lands, near the strait 
 that forms the outlet of the Red 
 sea. 
 
 Some Arabs live in good houses 
 of stone or of wood. The people 
 are very kind and polite, and we 
 are sorry to leave the dusky 
 white boys, but we must begin 
 our long journey back to the 
 
 dearest land of all, — America. 
 
 What bodies of water should you have to cross in going 
 from your home to Arabia? 
 
 Of •what grand division is Arabia a part ? 
 
 In deserts, why are camels more useful than horses? 
 
 Name some animals that are found in Arabia? 
 
 Studying the Koran. 
 
 Inside ol an Arab House. 
 
 As far as the eye can reach, beautiful date 
 trees wave in the valleys. For breakfast to-morrow 
 we shall have fresh dates and also sweet cakes 
 made of the same kind of fruit. The date in 
 
 Of what use are camels to Arabs ? 
 
 What do Arabs eat ? What berries that grow in Arabia 
 are used to flavor drink ? 
 
 Where else does coffee grow ? 
 
LOWLAND PEOPLE OF THE WHITE RACE. 
 
 69 
 
 93. Children of the Lowlands. 
 
 To-day we will visit Holland, the land of canals. 1 
 It is part of the low plain through which the river 
 Rhine flows to the sea. 
 
 This land is crossed by a network of canals and 
 ditches. Its wide meadows look as level as a 
 
 fathers find work. When they are old enough 
 the boys have boats of their own. 
 
 Let us take a trip on one of the house boats. 
 
 See the long rows of windmills ! They are 
 pumping water from the low fields into ditches. 
 When the corn is ripe the windmills will help 
 grind it to meal. 
 
 What are these men doing ? Thev are c-utting 
 strips of soft earth, and placing them where they 
 will dry. These strips are filled with roots and 
 grass, and will be sold for fuel. They are burned 
 by all except the rich people. 
 
 Here is a band of haymakers. See the girls 
 
 floor. No fences are needed, 
 for water separates the fields. 
 
 Boats with white sails 
 seem to skim over the mead- 
 ows, but of course they are 
 
 in the canals. In handling the boats, girls are 
 often more skillful than boys. 
 
 Some of the children in Holland are born on 
 boats, and spend their lives floating about the 
 canals. They go from place to place where their 
 
 1 Holland is also called The Netherlands, which means 
 lowlands. 
 
 Scenes In Holland. 
 
 working in the field. Yes, the mothers and 
 sisters in Holland often make hay, dig potatoes, 
 sow grain, hoe corn and do other kinds of hard 
 work. They even help to draw boats along the 
 canals. 
 
 What queer shoes the horses wear in the fields ! 
 They are small boards tied under the hoofs. Why 
 do the horses wear them? 
 
70 
 
 LOWLAND PEOPLE OP THE WHITE RACE. 
 
 A large part of this low land is very soft and 
 boggy. It seems like a wet sponge. The ground 
 trembles under even the little children at play. 
 If it were not for wide shoes, the horses would 
 sink deep into the soil. 
 
 What a land this is for the barefoot girls and 
 boys ! They can splash in the puddles, wade in 
 
 Scene In the Alps. 
 
 the ditches, sail boats on the canals and catch 
 fish nearly everj^where. 
 
 You should see the children in winter, when 
 the canals are frozen. How swiftly they skim 
 over the ice ! For miles and miles the canals are 
 then alive with skaters ! 
 
 Poor children use wooden skates, but they have 
 much fun. People go to market on skates. Here 
 is a little girl going to sell a basket of eggs. 
 She will bring back a small red cheese and a 
 loaf of bread about two feet long. 
 
 Would you like to wear wooden shoes? Of 
 course you would take them off at the door, and 
 not wear them in the house. Do you not think 
 that our leather shoes are much better than 
 wooden ones? 
 
 Here we are at a bridge. Our house boat 
 cannot pass till the bridge is raised. The men 
 who move the bridge swing out to us a little 
 wooden shoe on the end of a pole and line, and 
 we drop into it a small piece of money to pay 
 them for their work. 
 
 Now we are near a city. It looks like a forest 
 of masts, trees and steeples. Boats, boats every- 
 where ! The houses are very neat. Perhaps the 
 kitchen is the front room, but what of it? 
 
 Woidd you like to five in Holland ? 
 
 AVhat large river flows across the plain of Holland ? 
 
 Where does the Rhine river rise ? In what direction is 
 Holland from the Swiss plateau ? 
 
 What is a house boat ? Are the rivers of Holland swift 
 or slow ? 
 
 What do the people of Holland use for fuel ? 
 
 Of what use are windmills to the people of Holland ? 
 
 Of what use are canals ? 
 
 Name some of the farm products of Holland. 
 
 94. Children of the Highlands. 
 
 Let us leave the "land of canals," and sail far 
 up the river Rhine. Hans, a Holland boy, will go 
 with us to visit the Swiss boys who live on the 
 plateau near the high Alps. 
 
 Here we are in a pretty village, close by the 
 snowy peaks. Wilhelni, a little Swiss boy, comes 
 down the road to meet us. 
 
 How strange the place looks to Hans ! He has 
 always lived on low land by the sea. Now for the 
 first time he sees great rocky ranges upon which 
 snow lies all the year. 
 
 What do you think that Hans misses most? 
 Yes, the quiet canals. In Wilhelm's home no 
 white sails seem to skim across rich meadows. 
 Many of the Swiss streams rush and roar over 
 steep, rocky beds. Hans feels of the water and 
 finds it icy cold. Wilhelrn says that it flows from 
 a long glacier. 
 
 The Swiss village is all alive to-day. Spring 
 has come, and the flocks must be driven up the 
 mountains to feed. 
 
 The men who go with the flocks will be away 
 from home till near the end of summer, and many 
 carts are loaded with food and bedding for them. 
 Hans and Wilhelrn are very happy, for they are 
 going on the long trip. 
 
 Wben all are ready they set out with long lines 
 of cattle and sheep. The flocks graze for a few 
 days at the foot of the range, then as the snow 
 
HIGHLAND PEOPLE OF THE WHITE RACE. 
 
 71 
 
 melts they climb higher. In the valleys they find 
 the grass green and tender. Here they will graze 
 till the snow drives them down the slope. 
 
 Hans and Wilhelm help to tend the flocks, and 
 then they play by the swift streams, or search 
 for wild flowers. Once in a while they catch a 
 glimpse of a nimble chamois or an ibex, as it leaps 
 from crasr to eras 1 far above them. 
 
 The chamois looks partly like a 
 deer and partly like a goat. It is 
 very shy, and has keen scent and 
 sight. 
 
 In- winter this little creature 
 feeds on tender shoots of fir and 
 pine trees. In summer it is found 
 close to the lower edge of the 
 snowcap on the highest peaks. 
 
 soon it crashes along, sweeping all before it. 
 Large trees snap and break. Huge rocks whirl 
 down the slope. The earth trembles, and the fly- 
 ing mass gives out an angry roar. 
 
 That evening Hans tells a story about the sea 
 breaking through the dykes of Holland, and flood- 
 ing his father's field. Wilhelm tells about the 
 soft snow that slid down the mountain side last 
 
 Wilhelm's Home. 
 
 The chamois is noted for its long leaps from 
 rock to rock, over deep chasms. It is very play- 
 ful, and is often seen sporting about in the light 
 feathery snow. 
 
 Often at night the boys lie awake and listen 
 to the ice cracking and groaning, as it winds 
 slowly past their cabin. Wilhelm says that the 
 glacier walks and talks. 
 
 One day when the boys are far up the mountain 
 side, they see a great mass of ice and snow slide 
 into the valley. At first it moves slowly, but 
 
 Remains of a Snowsllde. 
 
 winter, and buried the village 
 in which he lives. 
 
 Weeks pass, and at length 
 the snow creeps down the 
 mountains, into the high valley 
 where the flocks are grazing. 
 They must at once start for 
 home, or they may be caught 
 in a blinding storm. 
 
 It is the middle of Septem- 
 ber, and the village is dressed for a holiday. 
 To-day the fathers and elder brothers come home 
 with their flocks from the mountains. The girls 
 and boys march out with bells and flags to meet 
 them. They all return shouting and singing. 
 
 The day is given over to sports and games. 
 The young men wrestle, run races and shoot. In 
 the evening bonfires are kindled, and many dancers 
 keep time to music. In the midst of the festival a 
 heavy snowstorm begins, showing that winter is at 
 hand. How strange it all seems to little Hans. 
 
72 
 
 HIGHLAND PEOPLE OF THE WHITE RACE. 
 
 What have the girls and boys in the village been 
 doing all summer? 
 
 They have helped their mothers mow grass, 
 plait straw into hats, and take care of the cattle 
 that were not driven to the mountains. They 
 have also milked the cows and goats, and have 
 made butter. and cheese. 
 
 Have you ever seen a churn ? In this Swiss 
 village the merry little streams are set at work 
 turning churns. Milk and cheese are leading 
 articles of food. Very little meat is eaten. 
 Many potatoes are raised, and these often take the 
 place of bread. Dried apples and pears are also 
 used for food. 
 
 Every year many thousand people visit the 
 Alps to see the snowy peaks, the long glaciers 
 and the mountain lakes. Many young men earn 
 a living by serving as guides to the visitors. One 
 of the pictures on this page shows a party climb- 
 ing an ice point on a glacier. 
 
 An Ice Point. 
 
 Wilhelm has met girls and 
 boys from many lands. He has 
 heard them tell of great ships that 
 
 sail on the ocean, and of vast level lands, called 
 prairies. Next }-ear he will visit Hans and will 
 see many strange sights along the canals. 
 
 Now the time 
 has come for Hans 
 to return home. 
 He will remain a 
 few days in the 
 beautiful Swiss 
 cities of Geneva 
 and Bern, to see 
 the great work- 
 shops. Here he 
 will watch the 
 people spin silk. 
 and weave cotton 
 and wool into 
 cloth, but this work will not be new to him. He 
 has seen the same kind of work in the cities of 
 Holland, near his own home. 
 
 Where is the Swiss highland? 
 Why are many of the streams of this 
 highland very swift ? 
 
 Where do glaciers come from ? 
 Describe a Swiss cottage. Can you 
 tell why heavy stones are placed on 
 the roofs of cot- 
 tages ? 
 
 What kinds of 
 work can the 
 girls and boys of 
 Switzerland do? 
 What do the 
 people of Switz- 
 erland use for 
 food? 
 
 Name six ani- 
 mals that Swiss 
 boys see. 
 
 What kinds of 
 goods are made in 
 Swiss cities ? 
 
 Find Switzerland 
 on the map of Eu- 
 rope. In what di- 
 rection is it from 
 A Swiss cotuigo. Holland? 
 
95. Homes of the Races. 
 
 People live in nearly every land. Of course 
 there are many more people in some places 
 than in others, and we have seen that not all 
 look alike. 
 
 Most of the black tribes live south of the 
 desert of Sahara and in Australia. 
 
 The " red men," or red-brown tribes, are 
 found in many parts of America. 
 
 The people of the brown race make their 
 homes mainly on the islands southeast of 
 Asia. 
 
 The yellow people live in the river basins 
 of Asia and Europe sloping to the Pacific 
 and Arctic oceans. They are also found 
 along the Arctic coast of America. 
 
 In the Old World the home of the white 
 race is between the lands of the black and 
 the yellow races. 
 
 The map will sbow what parts of America 
 and Australia are now held by white people. 
 Page 87 tells about the people of the land 
 in which toe live. 
 
 96. Homes of the Nations. 
 
 A long time ago Europe was the home of 
 many tribes of white people. Some tended 
 their flocks and others tilled the soil. 
 
 The tribes often fought for the best lands. 
 Those that lived on wide plains were open to 
 attack from all sides. In some places ranges 
 of mountains and arms of the sea kept the 
 tribes apart. 
 
 Here and there a strong tribe would con- 
 quer many weak ones, and a single chief 
 would rule over all. Perhaps he would add 
 to his land till it reached to the sea, to a 
 wide river or to a range of mountains. 
 
74 
 
 MAP STUDIES. 
 
 In these and in other ways, the small tribes 
 grew to large ones, under a few rulers. As 
 years rolled by, the people of each large tribe 
 learned to use the same names for things 
 about them. After a time they began to 
 trade with other tribes, and to learn how they 
 did their work, how they dressed and what 
 they thought. 
 
 At length people found out how to print 
 books from type, and then they became much 
 wiser. Now, of course, they have fine schools, 
 beautiful houses and railroads. Thus the 
 tribes have grown to nations, each having 
 its own land and its own rulers. 
 
 For ages and ages nations have been grow- 
 ing in nearly all lands, but there are still 
 many savage tribes. The home of a nation, 
 or the land in which it lives, is called a 
 country. The city or town in which the laws 
 of a nation are made is called the capital of 
 the country. 
 
 A nation may be a part of one race, or 
 it may be made of people of two or more 
 races. 
 
 97. Map Studies. 1 
 
 North America} 
 
 In what country do you live ? What ocean is on 
 the west ? What other bodies of water help to bound 
 the United States? 
 
 What country is north of the United States ? 
 What ocean is north of Canada? What ocean is 
 on the east ? On the west ? What great bay indents 
 the north coast ? What bodies of water lie between 
 Canada and the United States ? 
 
 What country is south of the United States? 
 What ocean is west of Mexico ? What body of water 
 is on the east ? What river flows along the northeast 
 border of Mexico ? 
 
 Where are the West Indies? Name the largest 
 island of this group. 
 
 1 Many teachers may prefer to omit these map studies. 
 
 2 For answers, study the colored maps of continents. 
 
 South America. 
 
 What large river basin is almost wholly in Brazil ? 
 Which part of Brazil is a low plateau ? What ocean 
 is on the east ? 
 
 Where is Chile ? What is its shape ? Into what 
 ocean do the streams of Chile flow ? 
 
 Name the long country east of Chile. What 
 divides the two lands ? Name the river system that 
 drains the northern part of Argentina. 
 
 Europe. 
 
 Where are the British Isles? What sea is on 
 the east ? What ocean is on the west ? Where is 
 Ireland ? Where is Scotland ? Where is England ? 
 
 What country covers the greater part of the low- 
 land of Europe ? Name the largest river basin in 
 Bussia. What bodies of water touch the shores of 
 Bussia ? 
 
 What country lies north of the Swiss plateau? 
 Upon what seas does Germany border ? 
 
 Between what countries are the Pyrenees moun- 
 tains ? What bodies of water partly bound Spain ? 
 What bodies of water partly bound France ? In what 
 country is the greater part of the Bhone basin ? 
 
 Where is Italy? What is its shape? 
 
 What large country is in the middle part of the 
 Danube basin ? Name the countries that lie north 
 of Austria-Hungary. On what sea does Austria- 
 Hungary border? 
 
 Africa. 
 
 Where is Egypt ? What large river flows across 
 it ? On what seas does Egypt border ? 
 
 What river system drains the Kongo State ? 
 
 Asia. 
 
 In what country is the Ganges basin? What 
 highland is north of India ? What ocean is on the 
 south ? 
 
 What large country is east of Tibet? In what 
 direction do the great rivers of China flow ? What 
 ocean is east of China ? 
 
 Where is Japan ? What vast country covers the 
 northern part of Asia ? What oceans border on 
 Siberia ? What country is west of Siberia ? 
 
 Australia. 
 
 Where is New South Wales ? Where is Victoria ? 
 
HEAT, WIND AND RAIN. 
 
 98. A Home Lesson for a Hot Day. 
 
 Find a place where the sun shines upon sand or 
 upon hard bare ground. 
 
 Hold your hand one inch from the sand or the 
 bare ground, then one foot away, and three feet 
 away. At which height is the air warmest ? 
 
 Find a flat rock. Can you feel heat coming from it ? 
 
 Place your hand near the sand and then near some 
 water that stands in the sun. Which is warmer, the 
 air above the water or above the sand? 
 
 99. How the Air is Heated. 
 
 On a clear summer day, how hot the air is 
 over a sandy field, and how cool a breeze 
 from over the sea. 
 
 A flat rock in the sunshine may be hot, while 
 green grass close by it feels cold. On very 
 hot days, why do we like to sit in the shade ? 
 The sun warms the surface of the earth, 
 and the earth then warms the air just as a 
 stove does. 
 Dust and clouds also receive warmth from 
 
 the sun, and help to 
 warm the air about 
 them. Can you now 
 tell why the air be- 
 comes cooler when 
 heavy clouds form be- 
 tween us and the sun ? 
 When the sun is 
 shining, some parts of 
 the earth become 
 warmer than other 
 parts. For this reason, 
 the air in some places 
 in others. 
 
 Figure I. 
 
 is warmer than it is 
 
 100. How the Earth is Heated. 
 
 Let us suppose that the straight lines in 
 figure I. are rays coming from the sun to the 
 
 Figure II. 
 
 earth at noon and also at about nine o'clock 
 in the morning. 
 
 Count the slanting rays. Count the vertical 
 or upright ones. Which rays spread out 
 farther over the surface 
 of the earth? 
 
 The nearer overhead 
 the sun is, the more 
 thickly its rays reach 
 the earth. In the morn- 
 ing, when the sun is 
 low in the sky, the rays 
 are very slanting, and 
 the earth warms slowly. 
 
 Which part of a day 
 is generally the warm- 
 est ? Why does the 
 earth become cool or cold in the evening? 
 
 In summer the sun shines higher in the 
 sky than it does in winter. In the coldest 
 part of the year, the sun's rays are more 
 slanting than they are in summer. 
 
 On places near the equator, the sun shines 
 almost straight down every day in the year, 
 and makes a wide hot belt round that part of 
 the earth. 
 
 As we travel north or south from the hot 
 belt, the sun's rays become more and more 
 slanting, and therefore we reach cooler and 
 cooler parts of the earth. Round the poles 
 there are wide res-ions of ice and snow. 
 
 o 
 
 In figure II., as many rays fall upon B as 
 upon A. Over B the rays are nearly vertical, 
 but over A they strike the surface with greater 
 slant. 
 
 Which is the wider space, A or B ? Upon 
 which do the , rays strike nearer together ? 
 
 Figure II. shows that while the sun is shining 
 nearly straight down on the hot belt, its rays 
 fall with more slant on other parts of the earth. 
 
76 
 
 THE SEASONS. 
 
 101. High and Low Land. 
 
 The alpaca lives near the equator. Look at its 
 long wool. Do you not think that this little animal 
 suffers from heat ? The wool is very 
 
 fine, and is made into cloth. i&2i3mL Have you 
 
 '■''&&-s*frv^tl m ever seen 
 
 any alpaca 
 cloth? 
 
 The alpaca 
 looks like a 
 little camel, 
 but it does 
 not live in a 
 sandy desert. 
 Each toe has 
 a tough sole 
 to help climb 
 rocky places where the alpaca goes to find grass. 
 
 The home of the alpaca is high among the Andes. 
 Even in summer it can see snowy peaks only a little 
 distance above the places where it feeds. Do you 
 think that the alpaca needs its warm coat of wool? 
 
 Some mountains near the equator 
 are very cold. The sun often 
 shines straight down on 
 lofty peaks ihat are cov- 
 ered with snow. 
 
 The thin pure air on 
 high plateaus and 
 mountains is colder 
 than the air of the 
 lowlands which are 
 at the same distance 
 as the highlands from 
 the equator. 
 
 102. The Seasons. 
 
 Which is the coldest 
 part of the year ? Which 
 is the hottest part ? 
 
 What season comes be- 
 fore summer? What one comes before winter? 
 
 Can you name three kinds of fruit that ripen in 
 autumn ? Three in summer ? 
 
 In what season do most of the wild flowers 
 blossom ? 
 
 What can you see on a winter day that you cannot 
 see on a summer day ? 
 
 What games do you play in winter ? What ones 
 in summer ? In spring ? In 
 autumn ? 
 
 Which season do you like 
 best? 
 
 A Snowstorm. 
 
 Storks of Strassburg. 
 
 103. Change of Seasons. 
 
 Once a year the earth 
 goes round the sun. The 
 path of the earth is almost 
 a circle, with the sun near 
 its center. For six months 
 the vertical rays of the sun fall north of the 
 equator. During the other half of the year 
 they fall south of that line. 
 While the sun is north of the equator we 
 have spring and summer. While 
 south of the equator we 
 ve autumn and winter. 
 When it is winter on one 
 side of the equator it is 
 summer on the other 
 side 
 
 104. 
 A Sign of Spring. 
 
 One sign of spring is 
 the coming of the storks. 
 They visit nearly all parts 
 of Europe, going as far 
 north even as Lapland. 
 The storks make their 
 nests of sticks on the tops 
 of buildings and in tali 
 trees. There they lay 
 their large white eggs. 
 These birds are always 
 welcome, as they are thought to bring good luck. 
 
 When the cold season begins in Europe, the storks 
 fly south. They cross the great sea and visit Africa. 
 
 pg^Bafcr 
 
Some of the storks wade along the shores of the 
 Nile, searching for frogs, snakes and fish. Others 
 feed in the swamps and marshes of the lake region, 
 where the Nile rises. Still others fly to the far-off 
 southern part of Africa, where summer reigns while 
 it is winter in Europe. 
 
 What does this lesson tell about the seasons north 
 and south of the equator ? 
 
 Strassburg is in the upper part of the valley of 
 the Rhine. 
 
 105. Belts of Heat. 1 
 
 What river basins does the equator cross ? 
 
 What rivers flow into the Arctic ocean? Are their 
 basins cold or warm ? 
 
 What river basins are about halfway between the 
 equator and the poles ? 
 
 Which part of the earth is in the hot belt ? 
 What river basins are in this belt? 
 
 The hot belt has no winter. Here some 
 parts of the year are cooler than others, and 
 some months are rainy while others are dry. 
 
 What river basins are in the warm belts? 
 
 The warm belts are a little cooler than 
 the hot belt. They have long summers and 
 short winters. Snow is seldom seen in the 
 warm belts, except on mountains, but there 
 are many frosty nights in winter. 
 
 What river basins are in the cool belts ? 
 
 The cool belts have cold winters and hot 
 summers. The air of spring and autumn is 
 cool. The land is white with snow during 
 a large part of winter and early spring. 
 
 There is but little land in the southern cool 
 belt. 
 
 The cold belt of the north has very long 
 winters and short summers. Along the Arctic 
 coast in this belt the soil is deeply frozen the 
 year round. The hot sun of summer thaws 
 it only a few inches in depth. 
 
 Even in summer a wide field of ice and 
 snow spreads round each pole. 
 
 1 See Supplement for map of zones of light. 
 
78 
 
 THE TRADE wTXDS. 
 
 106. The Trade Winds. 
 
 In nearly all parts of the hot belt, and 
 for a short distance be} ? ond it, brisk winds 
 blow in a westerly direction. These are 
 called trade winds. 
 
 The trade winds blow over about one half 
 the surface of the earth. As they sweep 
 over the sea they gather up a vast amount of 
 moisture and give it to the river basins in 
 their path. 
 
 What great river basins are in the hot 
 belt? 
 
 A Chinese Junk on the Pacific 
 
 In some places over the land, the trade 
 winds turn from their westerly course. Over 
 the sea these winds often blow for weeks 
 without changing either their speed or their 
 direction. 
 
 The winds that bear moisture to the river 
 basins of the warm and cool belts of the north 
 blow mainly from the southwest and west. 
 
 On the cover of this hook there is a picture 
 of the fleet of Columbus. The trade winds 
 filled the sails of this fleet, during the famous 
 voyage to America, in 1492. 
 
 107. The Gulf Stream. 
 
 There are many streams of salt water in 
 the sea. These are called ocean currents. 
 Some are warm and others are cold. 
 
 Wide ocean currents flow westward under 
 the trade winds. A branch of one of these 
 currents winds among and around the West 
 Indies, and then flows northeast across the 
 Atlantic ocean. After passing Cuba this cur- 
 rent is called the Gulf stream. 
 
 Between Cuba and Florida this stream is 
 about forty miles wide and half a mile 
 deep. It flows about five miles an hour. The 
 water is dark blue and quite 
 warm. 
 
 As the Gulf stream crosses 
 the Atlantic, it widens and 
 flows more slowly. West of 
 -• Europe this warm stream 
 divides. One part flows 
 along the northwest shore 
 of Europe while the other 
 part turns towards Africa. 
 
 The Gulf stream warms 
 the winds that sweep oyer 
 it, and these winds bear 
 much warmth to western 
 Europe. Thej^ give mild 
 weather all the year to 
 the British Isles. By and by we shall learn 
 about other great currents in the sea. 
 
 The strange vessel in the picture is called a junk. 
 It is made of bamboo, — a large grass-like plant that 
 grows in southeast Asia. 
 
 Several years ago a junk was wrecked off the 
 coast of China. Its masts were broken off and its 
 sails were blown away. 
 
 For weeks and weeks the hull drifted in a great 
 ocean current. At length it was found upon the rocky 
 shore of Alaska, thousands of miles from the place 
 where it lost its masts. 
 
 The junk drifted in the Japan current. In what 
 direction does this current flow ? 
 
Can you name a plant that grows in a swamp ? 
 Can you name one that grows in a sandy place ? 
 
 What flowers have you seen growing in the woods ? 
 
 Of what use is the tuft on the thistle seed ? 
 
 Do you know of any seeds so light that they are 
 blown about? 
 
 Try to find a seed that will float on water. How might that seed 
 be carried from one place to another? 
 
 Can you name any birds that feed on seeds ? On fruits ? 
 . Can you name an enemy of each of these plants : potato, tomato, 
 corn, apple ? 
 
 109. Soil, Water and Heat. 
 
 Every plant grows best where it has the kind of soil, 
 and the amount of water and heat that it needs. 
 
 Where do pussy willows and cat-tails grow? Have you 
 ever seen them on high rocky places ? They like swamps 
 and the banks of ponds and streams. 
 
 Where does the water lily grow ? Where are its roots ? 
 Do you think that you could make a water lily grow 
 in your garden? 
 
 Have you ever seen the pretty white heads of clover 
 waving in dry pastures ? Red clover also grows in such 
 pastures, but more of it is found in moist meadows. 
 
 Pines thrive on dry and rocky hillsides. Wheat grows 
 best in the rich soil of prairies. Oranges ripen in sunny 
 lands where the warm season lasts nearly all the year. 
 
 All over the earth, plants search out the soil, heat and 
 moisture that best suit their needs. 
 
80 
 
 PLANTS OF THE HOT BELT. 
 
 110. Plants of the Hot Belt. 
 
 "Which of the little people whom we have visited 
 live near the equator ? See pages 55 to 73. 
 
 Spices. 
 
 What do the people of Java eat ? What plants 
 grow near the home of our Malay friends ? 
 
 Where is Tibbu's home ? "What plants supply 
 food to the people of the Kongo basin? 
 
 "What have you learned about the selvas ? What 
 large lily grows in the shallow water of the Amazon 
 river ? Why is it so hard to travel in the selvas ? 
 
 What do you know about the seasons of the hot belt ? 
 
 The hot belt includes parts of the basins of 
 the Amazon, Nile and Kongo rivers, the pen- 
 insulas of southern Asia, and the islands 
 southeast of Asia. 
 
 This belt has a hot or a warm season all 
 the year, with plenty of rain. The hot belt 
 is very rich in plant life. 
 
 Among the chief food plants are the plan- 
 tain, breadfruit, date and cocoanut. 
 
 The plantain is very much like the banana. 
 
 The banana often grows to the height of 
 twenty feet, with leaves ten feet in length. 
 The fruit grows in large clusters. 
 
 In hot lands the banana is widely used as 
 food. On many islands of the Pacific it is the 
 chief food of the natives. 
 
 Breadfruit grows on a tree that has large 
 glossy leaves. The fruit is about as large as a 
 melon. It is picked just before it is ripe, and 
 is often cooked by baking. This useful fruit 
 tastes like boiled potatoes and sweet milk. 
 
 The breadfruit is also cut into slices and 
 dried in the sun. The slices are then baked, or 
 they are ground to flour and made into bread. 
 
 The islands southeast of Asia are very rich 
 in spices. Among these are pepper, cloves, 
 nutmeg and cinnamon. 
 
 Cloves grow on trees. The buds are picked when 
 they turn red. They are then dried and sent to 
 market. Cloves have a hot, biting taste. 
 
 Cinnamon is the dried bark of a kind of small tree. 
 The outer bark 
 is taken off, and 
 only the inner 
 bark is dried for 
 market. Do you 
 like this fragrant 
 spice ? 
 
 Nutmegs are 
 takenfromalittle 
 fruit that grows 
 on a large tree. 
 The seed of this 
 fruit is taken out 
 and dried for sev- 
 eral weeks. It 
 is then cracked • 
 open and out 
 comes a hard 
 kernel. 
 
 This kernel is 
 the nutmeg which 
 and pies. 
 
 Pepper berries 
 ing shrub or vine 
 
 
 Banana Plant. 
 
 is often grated into puddings 
 
 row in long clusters on a climb- 
 The berries are dried in the sun. 
 
PLANTS OF THE WARM BELTS. 
 
 111. Plants of the Warm Belts. 
 
 81 
 
 that lies south of the Kongo basin and 
 There is a -warm belt on each side of the nearly all of Australia. 
 
 hot belt. The seasons of the warm belts are lone, 
 
 The warm belt on the north includes Mexico, hot summers and short, cool winters. The 
 
 the southern part 
 
 of the United States, 
 
 the shores of the 
 
 Mediterranean sea, 
 
 the basin of the 
 
 Ganges, and the 
 
 southern half of the 
 
 plains of China. 
 The warm belt of 
 
 the south includes 
 
 the Plata river basin, 
 
 the part of Africa 
 
 
 Plants of the Heat Belts. 
 
 plants of these 
 belts are very 
 much like those 
 of the hot belt. 
 Among the 
 fruits of the 
 warm belts are 
 oranges, lemons, 
 figs and grapes. 
 The chief cloth- 
 ing plant is cot- 
 ton. The leading grain 
 is rice. 
 
 The warm slopes of 
 
 southeast Asia produce 
 
 a large amount of tea. 
 
 What have you read 
 
 about cotton and tea ? 
 
82 
 
 PLANTS OF THE COOL BELTS. 
 
 112. Plants of the Cool Belts. 
 
 The cool belt on the north is a wide path 
 across the middle of North America, Europe 
 and Asia. 
 
 There is but little land in the cool belt 
 south of the equator. 
 
 In the cool belt of the north the hot and 
 cold seasons are about . 
 
 equal in length. Tbe _4—^N_L\ 
 
 113. Plants of the Cold Belt. 
 
 A cold belt reaches from the bleak slopes 
 near the Arctic shore to the north pole. 
 
 Very little is known about the islands in 
 the icy sea round the south pole. 
 The cold belts have very short summers. 
 Stunted trees and shrubs grow nearly as far 
 north as the Arctic shores. 
 What does the reindeer feed on ? 
 
 chief products are grains, — 
 wheat, corn, rye, oats and barley. 
 The best grazing lands are in the 
 cool belt of the north. Here are 
 also the largest forests of soft 
 woods, — pine, fir, spruce, etc. 
 
 What have you read about the prairies of North 
 America ? 
 
 These prairies are in the cool belt and form one 
 of the largest and richest garden regions on earth. 
 Over large areas the soil is more than fifty feet in 
 depth. The rainfall is plentiful, and the land is so 
 nearly level that most of the rain that falls here 
 sinks into the soil. 
 
 The picture on this page is a harvest scene on 
 the prairies. The large machines drawn by horses 
 reap and bind the wheat. 
 
 What kinds of grain are made into flour ? 
 
 Uses of Plants. 
 
 Name six plants that supply food. 
 
 What kinds of cloth are made from plants ? 
 
 What kinds of wood are used in houses ? 
 
 Do you know of any plants that are used for 
 medicine ? 
 
 What articles are made from bark ? From sap ? 
 From buds ? Leaves ? Roots ? Blossoms ? Wood ? 
 
ANIMALS. 
 
 115. Animals, — Their Teeth, Claws, etc. 
 
 Name two animals that feed on grass ? What 
 kinds of feet or toes have they ? 
 
 Draw an eagle's foot, and a duck's foot. Can you 
 tell the uses of each ? 
 
 The heavy horse with wide hoofs can graze 
 on soft land, and its feet do not cling to the 
 grass roots. 
 
 The humming bird has a long slender bill 
 which it thrusts deep into sweet blossoms for 
 
 UMMING BIRO. 
 
 How do the teeth of a cow differ from those of a 
 cat ? Why does a cow not need sharp teeth, like 
 those of a cat? 
 
 What kind of covering has a sheep ? A frog ? A 
 trout ? A robin ? Where does each live ? 
 
 Which do you think are warmer, feathers or furs ? 
 
 116. Animals and their Homes. 
 
 Every creature is suited to its proper home. 
 
 There are many kinds of bills, legs, feet, 
 tongues, noses and teeth, but each kind has 
 its special use. It helps the animal to get 
 
 nectar and insects. The heron has long legs 
 for wading, and a neck of about the same 
 length to reach down for food. 
 
 Animals have many kinds of coverings. 
 There are turtles with strong shells, fish with 
 thin scales, birds with light feathers, frogs 
 with smooth skin, sheep with curly wool, 
 and squirrels with soft fur. Some animals 
 are suited to live in water, and others on 
 land or in the air. 
 
 All around us there is a struggle for food. 
 
 food or to protect itself in the place where it 
 lives. 
 
 The eagle has sharp claws and a beak to 
 hold and to tear the flesh on which it feeds. 
 
 The sharp-eyed robin makes a dainty meal 
 of earthworms, and soon the cheery songster 
 may be in the claws of a cat. The owl flies 
 about in the evening, looking for field-mice. 
 
84 
 
 ANIMALS OF THE HEAT BELTS. 
 
 V & 
 
 Every creature has some 
 
 means of defense or of es- 
 
 ~_ cape. The fly, with its many 
 
 r eyes and its wings, often 
 
 saves itself by flight. The 
 
 turtle draws itself within its hard shell. The bee thrusts 
 
 out its sting. The horse kicks, the cow tosses, the dog 
 
 bites and the squirrel leaps from branch to branch or 
 
 darts into a hole. 
 
 Animals often roam about in search of food, but 
 there are places that they cannot cross. They may 
 be swift and strong, but they cannot live be3'ond 
 the regions that produce then- food. 
 
 Cattle roam over meadows and high, grassy 
 
 plains, but they cannot pass over broad, rocky 
 
 heights or sandy tracts. The Avild horse must stop at 
 
 the border of the grassland. Animals whose food is in the 
 
 sea cannot wander far from the shore. 
 
 What a wonderful storybook Nature writes in each season. 
 How pretty the pictures are ! Can you read the story that the 
 spider spins in its web ? Can you draw a picture as pretty 
 as that upon the wing of a butterfly? 
 
 Animals of the Heat Belts. 
 
 Among 
 
 Many large and fierce animals live in the hot belt, 
 these are the elephant, the lion and the gorilla. 
 
 Where is the home of the camel? Of the tapir? 
 The crocodile ? The boa ? The rhinoceros ? 
 
 Why cannot the animals of Africa reach Australia 
 or South America ? 
 
 Only a few animals can cross oceans, deserts 
 or lofty highlands. For this reason the same 
 kinds of animals do not roam over all parts 
 of a heat belt. 
 See what queer animals live in Australia! There 
 is one with a bill like that of a duck. Another is 
 covered with sharp spines. Have you ever seen a 
 kangaroo ? 
 The giraffe feeds on leaves and branches. Of what use is its long 
 neck ? In which grand division is the giraffe found ? 
 Where is the home of the llama and the alpaca ? Name a large bird 
 that lives among the Andes. 
 
ANIMALS OF THE HEAT BELTS. 
 
 85 
 
 Name three 
 animals that 
 live in the 
 warm belt M 
 of the south. 
 
 Name three in the warm belt of the 
 north. 
 
 Where is the home of the 
 bison ? Of the buffalo ? The 
 jak? The moose? The 
 grizzly bear? The chamois? 
 The elk? 
 
 Is the beaver found in 
 •a cold land or in a warm 
 one? Name four an- 
 imals of the cool belt 
 of the north. 
 
 Cattle, sheep and 
 horses are found 
 chiefly in the cool 
 and warm belts. 
 
 Some animals 
 brave even the 
 Arctic weather 
 in their search 
 for food. Neither 
 the chilly wind, 
 the frozen ground 
 nor the icy water can rob their 
 bodies of warmth, for they have soft 
 fur, downy feathers or oily flesh. 
 
 Name four large animals that live 
 in the Arctic regions. 
 
 Perhaps you can draw some of the 
 animals in the pictures. 
 
 118. Uses of Animals. 
 
 What animals work for man ? 
 
 What uses does man. make of the cow ? Of the 
 horse ? Of the hen ? Dog ? Cat ? Sheep ? 
 
 What is made from skins ? From shells ? From hair ? Horns ? Furs ? 
 Feathers ? Bones ? What animals supply man with food ? With clothing ? 
 
 What animals have you for pets at home ? 
 
Coast near San Francisco. 
 
 Coast of Maine. 
 
 NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 119. Surface of the United States. 
 
 The United States includes the middle part 
 of North America, Alaska and various island 
 possessions. 
 
 The north shore of the gulf of Mexico is 
 at one third of the distance from the equator 
 to the north pole. The line which is just 
 halfway between the equator and this pole 
 passes through the Great Lakes. The southern 
 part of the United States is in the warm belt. 
 The northern part is mainly in the cool belt. 
 
 Review. — What bodies of water border on the 
 United States? 
 
 Between what high mountains does the Great 
 Basin lie? 
 
 Where does the Colorado river rise ? For what is 
 it noted? Into what gulf does it flow? 
 
 Through what high range does the Columbia bill 
 river flow ? Into what sea does the 
 Yukon river flow ? 
 
 Where are the Great Lakes ? Name them. What 
 river flows from lake Ontario ? See map, page 90. 
 
 What bounds the basin of the Mississippi on the 
 west ? On the east ? On the north ? 
 
 Name a large river that flows into the Mississippi 
 from the west. Where does the Missouri river rise ? 
 Into what does the Ohio river flow ? 
 
 Where are the prairies ? The western plains ? 
 The southern plains ? Tell what you have learned 
 about the surface of the United States. 
 
 Where is the city of New York ? 
 
 Southward from New York, along the 
 Atlantic ocean and gulf of Mexico, the coast 
 is mainly low and sandy. The best harbors 
 are near the mouths of rivers or form parts 
 of large bays. 
 
 East and northeast of New York the coast is 
 in many places rocky and broken, and there are 
 many fine harbors. There are 
 but few good harbors on the 
 Pacific coast of the United States. 
 
 Coast oi Southern California. 
 
 Coast of Florida. 
 
UNITED STATES. 
 
 87 
 
 120. People. 
 
 Who was Columbus ? "When did he live ? 
 What people lived in America at that time ? 
 
 Nearly all the early settlers in the land 
 now called the United States made their homes 
 along the Atlantic coast. Let us see why : — 
 
 a. The early settlers came from Europe 
 and landed on the east coast. 
 
 h. There were no roads nor long rivers 
 leading inland from this coast to the prairies. 
 
 Towns soon grew up along the lakes and 
 rivers. Many of the towns were trading sta- 
 tions where the Indians sold furs for beads, 
 knives, powder and other articles. 
 
 About fifty years ago gold was found near 
 the Pacific coast, and many people went there 
 in search of fortunes. Some crossed the vast 
 plains and basin region, in wagons or on 
 horses. Others sailed round cape Horn. 
 Still others went in vessels to the isthmus of 
 Panama, crossed that neck of land, and then 
 
 c. The Appalachian highland stood between 
 the Atlantic coast and the prairies. 
 
 d. Savage tribes held the lands that were 
 a little back from the coast. 
 
 e. The settlers wished to trade with the 
 ships from Europe. 
 
 After a time, people found that there were 
 vast fertile prairies west of the mountains, 
 and that they could reach them by sail- 
 ing down the Ohio river or up the Great 
 Lakes. Many also went up the Mississippi 
 river from its mouth. 
 
 sailed up the coast. Thus the west shore of 
 our country was settled. 
 
 From time to time new deposits of silver 
 and gold were found in many parts of the 
 Rocky mountain highland. Mining camps 
 soon grew to be towns or cities, and thus 
 even the great highland was settled. 
 
 The clots on the above map show the loca- 
 'tion of cities and towns. Where are the dots 
 largest and thickest ? l 
 
 1 The star on the map shows the center of population, 
 according to latest census. 
 
88 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 Which has the greater number of dots, 
 the Mississippi basin or the Rocky Mountain 
 highland ? What part of the Mississippi 
 basin is most thickly settled ? 
 
 Where is the Pacific slope? Where is the 
 Atlantic slope ? Which of these slopes is the 
 more thickly settled ? Can you tell why ? 
 
 About one tenth of the people of the 
 United States are Negroes. 
 
 A long time ago, many black people from 
 Africa were sold as slaves in the United 
 States. Their labor proved most helpful in 
 the cotton fields of the South. 
 
 At length all the slaves were set free, and 
 most of them made their homes on the southern 
 plains where they had worked. 
 
 The number of Indians in the United 
 States is very small compared with the num- 
 ber of Negroes. The red-brown people of the 
 United States have in most cases been placed 
 on lands set apart for them in various parts 
 of the country. 
 
 121. July 4, 1776. 
 
 Each band of early settlers formed a colony. 
 The people of the colonies were called colo- 
 nists. Most of those who made their homes 
 along the Atlantic coast came from England. 
 
 During the wars which the colonists had 
 with the Indians, many of the small colonies 
 united to form larger ones. Can you tell 
 why thej- did so '.' After a time there wer6 
 thirteen large colonies. 
 
 The king of England made the colonists 
 pay unjust taxes, and at length the colonies 
 took the name of states and chose men who 
 were to decide what should be done. 
 
 On July Jf, 1776, these brave men voted 
 to declare their land free from English rule, 
 and to form a new nation. — "to assume, 
 among the powers of the earth, the separate 
 and ecpial station to which the laws of nature 
 and of nature's God entitle them." — Declara- 
 tion of Independence. 
 
 Each colony was called a state, and all the 
 states together formed the United States of 
 America. 
 
 At that time the United States held the 
 land as far west only as the Mississippi river. 
 The country now reaches from ocean to ocean, 
 and many new states have been formed. 
 
 The city of 
 Washington is the 
 capital of the 
 country. 
 
 All the states 
 send men to Wash- 
 ington, and these 
 make laws for the 
 whole country. 
 Each state is also 
 somewhat like a 
 nation, and can 
 make laws for itself, but such laws must not 
 conflict with those made in Washington. 
 
 Each state has a capital. Cities and towns 
 that are capitals are marked b}^ stars (*.'') on 
 the maps. 
 
 Find out all you can about the " minute 
 men." 
 
 «Wwv 
 
 Minute Man. 
 
MAP STUDIES. 
 
 89 
 
 122. Map Studies of the States. 1 
 
 In what state do you live ? In what part of the 
 United States is it ? (See map on next page.) 
 
 Name the states that border on the Atlantic ocean. 
 
 What states are separated by the Delaware river ? 
 By Delaware bay ? By Chesapeake bay ? By the 
 Potomac river ? By the Savannah river ? 
 
 Name the states along the gulf of Mexico. In 
 which state is the delta of the Mississippi ? What 
 two gulf states are separated by the Mississippi 
 river ? What river flows between Texas and 
 Mexico ? 
 
 Which states border on lake Erie ? On lake 
 Michigan ? On lake Superior ? 
 
 Name the states along the north bank of the Ohio. 
 On what lake does each of these states border ? 
 What states are on the south bank of the Ohio ? 
 
 In what state does the Mississippi river rise? 
 Name in order the states along the left bank of this 
 river. Name those that lie along the right bank. 
 
 What states are crossed by the Missouri river? 
 Between which does it flow ? Across what states 
 does the Arkansas river flow ? 2 
 
 What states are crossed by the Rocky mountains ? 
 What states border on the Colorado river ? Which 
 are separated by the Columbia river ? In what state 
 is the Great Salt lake ? 
 
 What states border on Mexico ? On the Pacific 
 ocean ? On Canada ? 
 
 123. Leading Cities. 
 
 Find on the map 
 which state each city 
 whether near a large 
 range or near the sea. 
 
 New York 
 
 Chicago 
 
 Philadelphia 
 
 St. Louis 
 
 Boston 
 
 Baltimore 
 
 San Francisco 
 
 Cincinnati 
 
 Cleveland 
 
 Buffalo 
 
 New Orleans 
 
 Pittsburg 
 
 Washington 
 
 Detroit 
 
 Milwaukee 
 
 Minneapolis 
 
 Louisville 
 
 Omaha 
 
 St. Paul 
 
 Kansas City 
 
 Denver 
 
 Richmond 
 
 Nashville 
 
 Atlanta 
 
 Portland (Ore.) 
 
 Seattle 
 
 the following cities. Tell in 
 is located ; also, where it is, — 
 river, lake, bay, gulf, mountain 
 
 nii york' 
 
 she-ka'go 
 
 fllVdel'fl-a 
 
 sant loo'Is 
 
 bos'ton 
 
 bal'tl-mor 
 
 fran-sls'ko 
 
 sln'sln-na'tl 
 
 klev'land 
 
 buf'fa-lo 
 
 6r'le-anz 
 
 pits 'burg 
 
 w5sh'Ing-ton 
 
 de-troit' 
 
 mll-wa'ke 
 
 mln'e-ap'6-lls 
 
 loo'-ls-vll 
 
 6'ma-ha' 
 
 sant pal 
 
 k&n'sas 
 
 dSn'ver 
 
 rlch'-mond 
 
 nash'vll 
 
 at-lan'ta 
 
 port' land 
 
 se-at'l 
 
 1 How to pronounce the names of states : 
 Alabama al'a-ba'ma 
 
 Alaska 
 
 Arizona 
 
 Arkansas 
 
 California 
 
 Carolina 
 
 Colorado 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 Dakota 
 
 Delaware 
 
 Florida 
 
 Georgia 
 
 Idaho 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Indiana 
 
 a-las'ka 
 
 &r-I-z6'na 
 
 arfkan-sa' 
 
 kall-for'nl-a 
 
 kar-6-H'na 
 
 k5l'ora'd5 
 
 kSn-net'I-kut 
 
 da-ko/ta 
 
 dSPa-war 
 
 flor'I-da 
 
 jor'jl-a 
 
 I'da-ho 
 
 Il-11-noif 
 
 In'dl-an/a 
 
 Iowa 
 
 Kansas 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 Maine 
 
 Maryland 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 Michigan 
 
 Minnesota 
 
 Mississippi 
 
 Missouri 
 
 Montana 
 
 Nebraska 
 
 Nevada 
 
 New Hampshire 
 
 I'S-wa 
 
 kan'sas 
 
 kSn-tak'I 
 
 loo'£-ze-a'na 
 
 man 
 
 m6r'I-land 
 
 m&s'a-chu'-sets 
 
 mlsh'I-gan 
 
 mln'e-so'ta 
 
 mlsls-Ip'I 
 
 mls-oo'ri 
 
 mSn-ta'na 
 
 ne-brSs/ka 
 
 ne-va'da 
 
 h&mp'smr 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 New Mexico 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Oklahoma 
 
 Oregon 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 Rhode Island 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Texas 
 
 Utah 
 
 Vermont 
 
 Virginia 
 
 Washington 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 Wyoming 
 
 jer'zl 
 
 mSx'I-ko 
 
 6-hI'o 
 
 Sk-la-ho'ma 
 
 or'e-g6n 
 
 pgn'sll-va'nl-a 
 
 rod I'land 
 
 tfin'nes-se' 
 
 t6x'a3 
 
 ii'ta 
 
 ver-m6nt' 
 
 ver-jln'1-a 
 
 w6sh'Ing-ton 
 
 wls-k6n'sln 
 
 wt-6'mlng 
 
 Key : ale, care, am, arm, final, all ; eve, gvent, 2nd, her, recent ; ice, 111 ; old, Sbey, f6r, 6n ; use, up, fur ; food, fdtit ; 
 g as in go. 
 
 2 To Teacher : It does not seem desirable at this time to make a distinction between states and territories. 
 
UNITED STATES. 
 
 91 
 
 in 
 H 
 
 B 
 
 «n 
 
 n 
 
 0) 
 
 
 H 
 H 
 
 z 
 
 B 
 H 
 
 in 
 
 Eh 
 
 o 
 
 a 
 < 
 
 6. 
 
 H 
 3 
 
 H 
 K 
 
92 
 
 COTTON. 
 
 124. Cotton. 
 
 In what part of the United States is cot- 
 ton raised ? (See dark tint on map.) 
 
 The cotton region, or " belt," reaches from 
 the gulf of Mexico about halfway to the 
 Great Lakes. It has a long hot summer and 
 a short cool winter. This region is in the 
 warm belt. 
 
 The cotton fields reach the sea on the 
 east and south, and the great plains on 
 the west. Cold seasons prevent this plant 
 from growing farther north. 
 
 The cotton region has plenty of 
 rain all the year. It is brought 
 by warm winds from over the 
 gulf of Mexico and from over the 
 sea on the east. 
 
 New Orleans is the leading city 
 in the cotton trade. 
 
 Abont one half the people on 
 earth wear clothing made wholly 
 from the fiber that grows around 
 cotton seeds. Nearly all the 
 
 rest of the hiunan 
 race, except the 
 lowest savages, use 
 it in some portion 
 of their dress. Part 
 of the fiber is also 
 made into thread 
 and rope. 
 
 Machines, called 
 cotton gins, are used 
 to separate the fiber 
 from the seed. The 
 gin has little saw 
 teeth that draw the 
 fiber through slits 
 too narrow to admit 
 the seed. 
 The best cotton 
 grows on low islands along the Atlantic coast. 
 It is known as Sea Island cotton, and its fiber 
 is lona;. fine and strong. 
 
 The states of the northern half of the 
 Atlantic slope make millions of yards of 
 cotton cloth every year. Many cotton mills 
 are also run in some cities of the South. 
 What states are in the cotton belt ? 
 
 Cotton Field 
 
MAIZE OR INDIAN CORN. 
 
 93 
 
 125. Maize or Indian Corn. 
 
 The rich prairies between the cotton re- 
 gion and the Great Lakes are in the cool belt. 
 There the hot and cold seasons are of about 
 equal length. 
 
 The soil of the prairies is warm and mellow 
 in summer. Once hi a while there is a very 
 dry season, 
 but as a rule 
 there is 
 plenty of 
 rain. 
 
 The prai- 
 ries are the 
 richest grain 
 region on 
 earth. One 
 of the lead- 
 ing grains is 
 maize , or 
 Indian corn. 
 What states 
 are in the 
 region where 
 most of the 
 corn grows ? 
 
 Corn is often ground to meal and is w 
 then made into various kinds of bread 
 Green corn is boiled on the cob, and used 
 as food. 
 
 When corn is thickly sown ears do not form, 
 but the stalks are rich and sweet. These are 
 used as fodder or food for cattle. 
 
 Is there a girl or a boy in all our land who 
 does not know what "pop corn" is? Do you 
 like to watch the kernels burst with a pop, 
 and puff into a snowy mass ? 
 
 Frost kills growing corn, and cold nights 
 hinder its growth. For these reasons, it 
 does not grow so far north as some hardier 
 grains do. 
 
 When the white men came to America, 
 they found that the Indians had large fields 
 of corn. 1 This useful grain was then taken 
 to Europe, and later to nearly all lands hav- 
 ing long and ifo, tf hot summers. 
 
 Chicago is \ «?!&£? the center of the 
 
 corn trade in the United States. Where is 
 Chicago ? 
 
 Thousands of shiploads of grain are sent 
 down the Great Lakes from this city. A large 
 part of this grain passes through the Erie canal. 
 
 x It is claimed that maize was known to the people of 
 southeast Asia long before the discovery of America, but 
 this grain did not come into general use till long after it 
 was found in the gardens of the Indians. 
 
9-4 
 
 WHEAT. 
 
 126. Wheat. 
 
 To the people of the United States, wheat 
 is the most valuable of all grains. 
 
 Wheat is chiefly used in making flour. 
 The little seed or fruit consists of a grain in- 
 side a husk. Only the inner part of the grain 
 is ground into fine white flour. 
 
 Wheat thrives all over the rich prairies, 
 and even far north across the border of the 
 United States. The valleys of the Pacific 
 slope yield large crops of this useful grain. 
 
 A large part of the wheat crop passes 
 through Chicago. Every year this city ships 
 many million bushels by steamer and by rail. 
 The chief ports that handle wheat are New 
 York, Baltimore and San Francisco. The 
 
 and' 
 
 leads 
 the world in making flour. 
 Where are these cities ? 
 
 It is not known where 
 wheat was first found, but 
 it is not a native of America. 
 This grain is chiefly raised 
 loarin belts. 
 
 Our country now produces about one fourth 
 of all the wheat in the world. This grain 
 stands cold nights and frost much better than 
 corn does, and so is raised much farther north. 
 
 Find out at home what articles are made 
 of wheat flour. Have you ever been in a mill 
 in which corn or wheat is ground ? 
 
 Name the states in which the most wheat 
 is raised. 
 
FORESTS. 
 
 95 
 
 127. Forests. 
 
 What objects that you can now see are made of 
 •wood ? 
 
 Can you name a tree that gives us food, and one 
 that helps to warm us ? 
 
 trees died from old age there were none there 
 to take their places. 
 
 The trees of the Pacific slope are chiefly 
 soft wood, such as pine and fir. Those in. the 
 eastern part of the country are largely hard 
 
 Have you ever taken any kind of medicine that wood, such as maple and oak. There are also 
 came from a 
 tree ? 
 
 Which is the 
 prettiest wood 
 that you have 
 seen in furni- 
 ture ? Do you 
 know of two 
 kinds of trees 
 that are used 
 in building 
 houses ? 
 
 What parts 
 of wagons are 
 made of wood? 
 Name some 
 wooden weap- 
 ons. Of what 
 do Indians 
 make canoes ? 
 
 What kinds 
 of trees grow 
 
 near your school ? Perhaps 
 you can make a collection of 
 various kinds of wood. 
 
 JPtf 
 Three parts of the United •'-' 
 
 States have very few trees. These 
 
 are the prairies, the western plains 
 
 and the Great Basin. The western 
 
 plains and the Great Basin do not receive dense forests of pine 
 
 rain enough to support forests. stretching westward from 
 
 There is plenty of rain on the prairies, and Maine. They extend far beyond 
 
 it is thought that many years ago that region the Great Lakes, 
 
 was forest-clad. Do not think that trees cover all places 
 
 Before the white people settled on the shaded on the map. In the forest regions 
 
 prairies, the Indians often set fire to the there are millions of acres of grass, cotton, 
 
 grass so that it would spring up fresh and grain, tobacco and scores of other kinds of 
 
 green for the herds of bisons. The fires useful plants, 
 
 killed the young trees, and when the large Name six uses of trees. 
 
96 
 
 CATTLE. 
 
 128. Cattle. 
 
 What kind of meat do you like best ? What ani- 
 mals supply mutton ? What ones supply pork ? 
 Beef ? Veal ? 
 
 How is butter made ? What is cheese made of ? 
 
 What uses are made of the hides of cattle? 
 
 There are thousands of cattle in even the 
 smallest of the states, but millions graze on 
 the prairies and western 
 plains. 
 
 Texas is the leading 
 cattle state. IoAva holds 
 second place. 
 
 The cattle of the 
 plains are raised chiefly 
 for beef and hides. The 
 hides are sent east to 
 be made into leather. 
 
 A large part of the 
 wealth of the people 
 
 who live on the prairies consists of cows. 
 These are kept not only for milk, but also for 
 butter and cheese. 
 
 The milk room on 
 a farm is called a 
 dairy. Milk, butter 
 and cheese are dairy 
 products. 
 
 New York is the 
 leading dairy state. 
 The other states 
 also that border on 
 the Great Lakes are 
 rich in dairy prod- 
 ucts. Iowa is the 
 leading dairy state 
 west of the Missis- 
 sippi river. 
 
 The places marked 
 on the map show 
 only where the 
 
 largest number of cattle are found, and we 
 
 should not forget that there are many cattle 
 
 in nearly every settled portion of this broad 
 
 land. 
 Chicago and Kansas City are the chief 
 
 centers for meat packing. WTiere are these 
 
 cities ? 
 The states raising the greatest number of 
 
 sheep are Texas, Ohio and California. Ohio 
 
 A Scene on the Western Plains. 
 
 produces the most wool. The states in the 
 northeast part of the United States make a 
 large amount of woolen cloth and yarn. 
 
COAL. 
 
 97 
 
 Coal Bleaker. 
 
 129. Coal. 
 
 Coal is dug from layers or beds 
 
 in the ground. The patches of 
 
 color on this map show where 
 
 these beds are found. 
 Coal is formed chiefly of great 
 
 ferns, 1 mosses and rushes that grew 
 
 in vast swamps, long ages ago. 
 
 These plants died and made thick 
 
 woody layers in the swamps. 
 In some way these layers were 
 
 buried in mud, upon which other 
 
 plants grew. For ages and ages 
 
 the work went on, till there were 
 
 many layers of woocby plants buried 
 
 deep in beds of mud. 
 This wood was slowly changed 
 
 into coal, and many of the beds 
 
 of mud became rock. By digging into some of the ridges, or deep 
 
 In place of the old swamps there are now in the fields, people find the brown or black 
 
 broad fields and long mountain ridges, but the layers to burn. 
 
 hard layers of coal are still under the surface. More than one half the coal used in the 
 1 See the tree fems on page 53. United States is taken from the mines of Penn- 
 
 sylvania. Illinois 
 ranks second and 
 Ohio third. 
 
 "When hard coal is 
 taken from mines, 
 much of it is in 
 large pieces. These 
 are crushed be- 
 tween heavy iron 
 or steel rollers in 
 great buildings, 
 called breakers. 
 
 The boys in the 
 picture are picking 
 slate from coal, as 
 it slides down a 
 long trough or 
 chute. 
 
 Tif"" Eih"^ B 
 
IRON. 
 
 Entrance to an Iron Mine. 
 
 130. Iron. 
 
 What objects can you now see that are made of 
 iron ? What iron articles are used in your homes ? 1 
 
 Name ten iron tools ; five iron weapons ; three iron 
 machines. What iron goods have you seen in stores ? 
 In what parts of your 
 school building is iron 
 used ? 
 
 Can you name some 
 of the uses of iron on 
 railroads? Do you 
 know what steamships 
 are made of ? 
 
 Which do you think 
 is the more useful, 
 wood or iron ? 
 
 When some kinds 
 of rock are heated 
 very hot, they melt 
 and iron comes 
 from them. The 
 rocks which con- 
 tain iron are called 
 
 coal, but we do not know exactly how the 
 iron rocks were formed. 
 
 Coal is used ha melting iron ore, and it 
 often happens that coal and iron are found 
 near the same places. Many large cities owe 
 their growth to this fact. Can you tell what 
 articles are often made in such cities? 
 
 The richest iron mines in this country are 
 near lake Superior. In the production of 
 iron ore, Michigan leads all other states. 
 Pennsylvania, New York and Alabama also 
 have very rich mines of iron ore. 
 
 The great centers of steel and iron manu- 
 facture are Chicago and Pittsburg. Here are 
 made most of the steel rails used in this 
 country; also, armor plates for warships, steel 
 plates for other steamships, and nearly every 
 kind of tool and machine used by the people 
 of this great nation. 
 
 It is the nearness of coal and iron mines 
 that places these cities in the lead. 
 
 Before men could read or write, and while 
 
 iron ores. 
 
 Some iron ore is 
 dug from the ground 
 
 It is in layers, like they were yet savages, they melted iron from 
 1 Steel is one form of iron. the ore and shaped it into weapons. 
 
GOLD AND SILVER. 
 
 99 
 
 131. 
 Gold and Silver. 
 
 Do you know any of 
 the uses of gold ? 
 
 Name some articles 
 that are made of silver. 
 Can you name the silver 
 coins used in the United 
 States ? Can you name 
 the gold coins ? 
 
 What is the color of 
 gold ? Of silver ? 
 
 Which is the more 
 useful, gold or iron ? 
 
 Pure gold is taken 
 from the beds of 
 streams, and also 
 out of the ground. 
 Gold is often mixed 
 with other sub- 
 stances in rocks. 
 
 Silver is rarely found in 
 nature. Gold and silver 
 in the same rock or ore 
 
 Mining Town. 
 
 taken from the ore 
 at a smeltery. 
 
 The states in the 
 Rocky mountain 
 highland yield near- 
 ly all the gold and 
 silver mined in this 
 country. Colorado 
 and California 
 yield the most 
 
 A Smeltery. , i 1 n i 
 
 gold, and Colo- 
 
 a pure state in rado about one third of the silver. Montana 
 
 are often found takes second place in the production of silver. 
 
 The metal is Both of these "precious metals" are found 
 
 in nearly all the 
 ranges of the West- 
 ern highland, but 
 the Rocky moun- 
 tains and Sierra Ne- 
 vadas are richest in 
 silver and gold. 
 
 The silver mined 
 each year is worth 
 much more than 
 the gold. 
 
 Summary. 
 Pennsylvania is 
 the banner state for 
 minerals. Michi- 
 gan, Colorado and 
 Montana are the 
 other leading states. 
 
100 
 
 ROUTES OF TRADE. 
 
 132. 
 
 Routes of 
 Trade. 
 
 We have 
 seen that 
 the same 
 products 
 arc not 
 
 found in all parts of the earth. The rich 
 prairies are best suited to farming, and the 
 higher plains to grazing. The southern plains 
 yield large harvests of cotton, while the high- 
 land of the west produces gold and silver. 
 
 Let us peep into the stores a moment. 
 Here are tea from China, and coffee from 
 Brazil. This spice is from Java, and this 
 fruit is from the groves of California. This 
 rubber was taken from a tree in the selvas, 
 and these knives came from the workshops of England. 
 
 Rivers, railroads and oceans are the chief highways 
 of trade. Much has been done to improve many of 
 these highways. Rocks have been taken out of rivers 
 and harbors, and sand liars have been dredged away. 
 Canals have been made round rapids and waterfalls, as 
 well as from river to river and from sea to sea. 
 
 It is far cheaper to carry goods by water than by 
 land. On the sea there are no roads nor tracks to be built 
 and kept in repair. 
 
 Every producing region needs one or more shipping 
 points. These become centers of trade. They should 
 be within easy reach of all parts of the region, and 
 should connect by water, rail or other route, with the 
 markets of the world. 
 
 Railroads cross the United States from ocean to ocean, 
 by half a- dozen routes. They run along every seaeoast. 
 They wind with great rivers. They climb mountains and 
 cross canyons. 
 
 Years ago rivers were the chief highways of inland trade, but now 
 railroads have taken first place. To-day cities and towns are dotted 
 all along the lines where freight trains gather up the products of farm, 
 forest and mine. 
 
CITIES OF UNITED STATES. 
 
 101 
 
 133. New York. 
 
 We will first study the great seaports, and 
 then the inland cities. 
 
 New York has a larger trade than any 
 other city in the United States. 
 
 The greater part of this city is on an 
 island near the mouth of the Hudson river. 
 
 New York has one of the best harbors in 
 the world. Brooklyn and Jersey City are on 
 the same harbor. The former is a part of New 
 York city. The commerce of this great port 
 
 134. Boston. 
 
 As a seaport of the United States, Boston 
 ranks next to New York. 
 
 Boston has a fine harbor. This city was 
 for a long time the chief port through which 
 the products of the prairies and plains were 
 sent to foreign lands. The budding of the 
 Erie canal turned a large part of this trade 
 to New York. The cities and towns for 
 many miles around Boston have hundreds of 
 busy workshops. Here are many mdls mak- 
 ing cotton and woolen cloth ; 
 shops for boots and shoes; and 
 factories for all kinds of jew- 
 elry, clocks, knives, forks 
 and other articles. 
 
 is now about equal to that 
 
 of London, the largest city in 
 
 the world. The Erie canal leads 
 
 from lake Erie to the Hudson 
 
 river, and many of the products 
 
 of the West reach New York by 
 
 this route. Long lines of railroad 
 
 also run to this city, from all parts of the 
 
 country. The West sends some of its grain, 
 
 beef and iron, while the South sends part 
 
 of its cotton and other products to this port. 
 
 New York is a great center of manufact- 
 ures. Nearly all kinds of goods are made in 
 this city and the region around it. 
 
 The canals, ships and radroads carry back 
 to the West and South clothing, shoes, tools, 
 tea, coffee and hundreds of other articles. 
 
 New York is the chief money center of the 
 country. Many of the longest lines of rail- 
 road are owned here. 
 
 Water Front, New York. 
 
 Boston is like a main office for these busy 
 workshops. It receives for them such prod- 
 ucts as raw cotton, wool, hides and leather, 
 and then sends cloth, boots, shoes and other 
 manufactures to all parts of the United States 
 and to many other countries. 
 
 Boston handles more wool than any other 
 city in the United States. It is also the 
 greatest boot, shoe and slipper market in the 
 world. 
 
 This city and its suburbs have been the 
 homes of many famous patriots, poets and 
 authors. 
 
102 
 
 CITIES OF UNTIED STATES. 
 
 135. New Orleans. 
 
 New Orleans is about one hundred miles 
 from the mouth of the Mississippi river, and 
 forms a natural outlet of trade towards the 
 south. The noble river floats to New Orleans 
 many of the products of the states that line 
 its banks. 
 
 New Orleans is the leading market for 
 cotton 
 
 Its trade in rice and sugar also is 
 
 137. Philadelphia. 
 
 This city is on the Delaware river. It is 
 one of the leading ports of the country, and 
 ranks among the first cities in manufactures. 
 
 Philadelphia owed its growth in part to a 
 system of canals leading to it from the coal 
 and iron regions. Canals also connect this 
 port with New York and Baltimore. Where 
 is Baltimore ? 
 
 A. Scene In New Orleans. 
 
 large. The workshops of the city are grow- 
 ing very fast. 
 
 Several long lines of railroad center in New 
 Orleans. 
 
 136. San Francisco. 
 
 This city has one of the largest and most 
 beautiful harbors in the world. Nearly all 
 the foreign trade of the Pacific states passes 
 through this port. The grainfields, vine- 
 yards, groves, mines and cattle ranches send 
 many of their products to San Francisco. 
 As a shipping point for wheat and flour, 
 this city is near the head of the list. 
 
 Tit e Golden Gate is the name of the entrance 
 to San Francisco harbor or bay. 
 
 The nearness of coal and iron gave Phila- 
 delphia a strong start in manufactures. Its 
 workshops turn out nearly every kind of iron 
 and steel goods. 
 
 This city ships a large amount of coal and 
 iron to other cities. 
 
 Philadelphia is reached b}- long lines of 
 railroad from the west, south and north. 
 Heavy trains bring to this port grain, beef, 
 cotton, tobacco and other products. 
 
 The states of Ohio, New York and Penn- 
 sylvania raise large flocks of sheep. 
 
 Much of the wool is taken to Philadelphia, 
 and there made into carpets, cloth and 
 yarn. This city leads the world in making 
 carpets. 
 
CITIES OF UNITED STATES. 
 
 103 
 
 138. Chicago. 
 
 We will now study the leading inland cities. 
 
 One of the chief routes of trade from the 
 prairies and western plains to the ports of 
 the Atlantic is by way of the Great Lakes. 
 
 The amount of shipping on these lakes is 
 very large, and the greater part of the trade 
 passes through Chicago. This city is the 
 greatest railroad center on earth. Lines of 
 steel rails meet here like spokes in a hub. A 
 canal passing through Chicago connects lake 
 
 prairies and plains, carrying flour, clothing, 
 tools, machines and many other articles. 
 
 Other large centers of trade are : — 
 
 Baltimore, one of the leading seaports of 
 the United States. Its trade is about equal 
 in value to that of Philadelphia. Among the 
 chief exports of Baltimore are grain, flour, 
 tobacco, cattle and oysters. 
 
 In recent years, Baltimore has had remark- 
 able growth as a port for the shipment of 
 grain carried by rail to the seaboard. 
 
 Cincinnati, clothing, liquors and iron goods. 
 
 Cleveland, iron, copper, coal and petroleum. 
 
 Michigan with a branch of the Mis- 
 sissippi river. 
 
 Chicago is the largest grain and 
 meat market in the world. It also 
 leads in making steel rails. The iron 
 ore used in this city is taken chiefly 
 from mines near lake Superior, while coal is 
 found in large beds south of the city. 
 
 New York is the only city in America 
 larger than Chicago. The latter place is 
 growing more rapidly, perhaps, than any 
 other city in the world. 
 
 Chicago is famous as the site of the great- 
 est fair ever held. What fair was it? 
 
 139. St. Louis. 
 
 trade 
 
 St. Louis is the largest center of 
 west of the Mississippi river. 
 
 The states along this river below St. Louis 
 send cotton, tobacco and sugar to this great 
 market. The western plains and the prairies 
 supply cattle and grain. Cars and boats from 
 St. Louis reach nearly every part of the 
 
 World's Fair Buildings, Chicago. 
 
 Buffalo, grain, meat, iron and lumber. 
 Pittsburg, steel, iron, glass and coal. 
 Detroit, grain, lumber and iron goods. 
 Milwaukee, iron, liquors, meat and leather. 
 Newark, clothing, jewelry and leather goods. 
 Minneapolis, flour and lumber. 
 
 Louisville, 1 tobacco ; Omaha, railroad center ; 
 Rochester, flour ; St. Paul, railroad center and river 
 port ; Kansas City (Mo.), railroad center, meat ; 
 Providence, cloth, jewelry, engines and tools ; Den- 
 ver, silver, lead, lumber and flour ; Indianapolis, 
 grain, meat and flour; Richmond, tobacco, flour and 
 iron goods ; Memphis, cotton ; Wilmington (Del.), 
 steamships and iron goods ; Grand Rapids, furni- 
 ture ; Charleston and Savannah, cotton and turpen- 
 tine; Duluth, wheat; Galveston, cotton. 
 
 1 Most teachers will doubtless omit from the primary 
 course the study of this list. It is placed here for reference. 
 
104 
 
 NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 140. The United States. 
 
 Revieiv. — Bound the United States. 
 
 What parts of the United States are high land ? 
 What parts are low plains ? What part of the United 
 States is in the warm belt? What 
 part is in the cool belt ? 
 
 Name some of the products of the 
 prairies ; of the Western plains ; of 
 the Southern plains ; of the Rocky 
 mountain highland ; of the Appala- 
 chian highland ; of the Pacific slope ; 
 of the Atlantic slope. 
 
 What part of the United States 
 produces the largest amount of cot- 
 ton ? Of corn ? Of gold and silver ? 
 Of beef? Of wheat? Of lum- 
 ber? Of coal? Of iron? 
 
 What have you learned about 
 New York ? About Chicago ? 
 Philadelphia? St. Louis? Bos- 
 ton ? San Francisco ? New 
 Orleans ? 
 
 Which of these cities are sea- 
 ports ? Which part of the United 
 States is most thickly set- 
 tled ? Can you tell why ? 
 
 What took place on July 
 4, 1776 ? Name the capi- 
 tal of the United States. 
 Where is it ? 
 
 Name the capital of the 
 state in which you live. 
 
 141. Canada. 
 
 Bound Canada. 
 
 Which belts of heat 
 cross Canada ? 
 
 On what river is Montreal ? 
 
 A large part of Canada, 
 lying northwest of the Great 
 Lakes, is rich prairie land. 
 It yields heavy crops of 
 wheat, and supports large 
 
 herds of cattle. A great deal of wheat is also 
 raised north of lake Erie and lake Ontario. 
 
 The sea on the east of Canada abounds in 
 fish. Every year many cargoes of cod and 
 mackerel are sent from that 
 country to other lands. 
 
 The chief exports of Canada 
 are lumber, beef and wheat. 
 Montreal is the leading port. 
 
 142. Mexico. 
 
 What bodies of water border 
 on Mexico ? In which belt of 
 heat does the greater part of 
 Mexico lie ? 
 
 Name the capital of Mexico. 
 Where is this city? 
 
 Mexico consists mainly of 
 
 a plateau, about a mile and a 
 
 half above the level of the 
 
 sea.' Along the co;>st 
 
 there is a low, narrow 
 
 plain. 
 
 Hemp, cotton, coffee 
 and corn thrive here. 
 Hemp is used in mak- 
 ing cloth and rope. 
 
 Millions of cattle and 
 
 horses graze on the 
 
 high plain of Mexico. 
 
 Among the mountains 
 
 there are rich mines of 
 
 silver. This country sends 
 
 to the United States silver, 
 
 lemp, coffee and hides. In 
 
 return Mexico receives raw 
 
 cotton, iron goods, cotton 
 
 cloth and coal. Vera Cruz 
 
 is the chief port. 
 
ttr& 
 
 
 ~SJ low!/ vTK .^..-s, 
 
 h T tie* y\£f7^'^'' 
 
 
 MP 1 
 
 H^ 6 '" 
 
 , Orleafis VJS 
 
 ^%J O V L F O F y S x 
 
 "V (v I . *— XV" 
 
 KOKTH 
 AMERICA 
 
 SCALE OF MILES 
 
 400 600 
 
 COMPARATIVE AREA 
 
 ^ 400 MILES 
 
 PENNSYLVANI 
 
 45,000 
 
 SQ MILE6 
 
 4> 
 
 Gulf of ^^-X3) ASS^^^ii'Si^m 
 
 ■V*''. ~* x *''\yemCruz~7o 1 ' 7 ^ »""'"«^ 
 
 <, .MEXICO, .. %! _Z-J,<> fT-i -* 
 
 Longitude "West 
 
 Greenwich 
 
106 
 
 SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 What belts of heat cross 
 Brazil ? 
 
 Where is Rio de Janeiro ? 
 Where is Para? 
 
 The most valuable product of 
 Brazil is coffee. Rio de Janeiro is 
 the chief port in the coffee trade. 
 
 Para is a leading market for India 
 rubber. This is made from the sap 
 of many kinds of trees and shrubs 
 that grow in hot lands. Large 
 rubber trees are found on the hot 
 and steamy banks of the Amazon. 
 
 Sugar and tobacco thrive in Brazil, and millions of cattle 
 graze on its southern slopes. That country imports cloth, 
 machines, tools and hardware. 
 
 Brazil trades largely with the United States. To what races 
 do the people of Brazil belong ? The white race rules in all 
 the countries of South America. 
 
 144. Argentina. 
 
 What belts of heat cross Argen- 
 tina? 
 
 Name a large river basin that is 
 partly in this country. 
 Where is Buenos Aires ? 
 Millions of cattle, sheep and horses 
 graze on the pampas. Hides, wool 
 and beef are leadino; articles of trade. 
 Wheat and corn are the chief prod- 
 ucts of the farms. 
 
 Buenos Aires is the leading 
 port for the products of the 
 Plata basin. 
 
 The imports of Argentina 
 are cloth and railway supplies, 
 — engines, rails and wire. 
 The trade of this country 
 with the United States is 
 small. 
 
 145. Chile. 
 
 What belts of heat cross 
 Chile ? 
 
 Where is Valparaiso ? 
 
 The wealth of Chile is in 
 its mines and farms. The 
 leading products are niter, 
 copper, silver and wheat. 
 
 The imports of Chile in- 
 clude cloth, beef and sugar. 
 The trade with the United 
 States is very light. Val- 
 paraiso is the leading port 
 of Chile. 
 
90 Longitude 80 West 70 from 60 Greenwich 50 
 
108 
 
 EUROPE. 
 
 146. The British Isles. 
 
 Where is England? 
 Ireland? Scotland? 
 Wales? 
 
 Where is London? Glas- 
 gow? Liverpool? Dublin? 
 In the British Isles 
 there are vast 
 beds of 
 coal and 
 
 Near these, 
 many great 
 workshops have 
 been built. 
 
 The people of the British 
 Isles weave into cloth fully one 
 third of the raw cotton and 
 wool raised hi the world. They 
 also produce about one third of 
 the iron and steel. Their ships 
 carry on one third of the ocean commerce. 
 
 To the British Isles the United States sends 
 cotton, grain, meat, tobacco, copper and many 
 other products. Which of these are needed for 
 the workshops ? Which are used for food ? 
 
 The British Isles send to the United States 
 iron and steel goods, cotton and woolen cloth, 
 silk and many other articles from the workshops. 
 
 London, on the Thames river, is the chief 
 seaport and railroad center of the British Isles. 
 It is the largest city in the world. 
 
 The greater part of the trade of the United 
 States with the British Isles is by way of 
 Liverpool, a city near the west coast. 
 
 Scotland is noted for its iron and steel ships. 
 They are built on the Clyde river, near Glasgow. 
 
 In making linen goods Ireland leads the world. 
 
 147. Germany. 
 
 Where is Germany ? 
 
 Name the capital of Germany. On what 
 river is Hamburg? 
 
 Germany has large mines of coal and iron. 
 Like the British Isles, Germany is a land of 
 workshops. 
 
 Hamburg is the chief seaport on the main- 
 land of Europe. Berlin is the center of vast 
 railway and canal systems. Its inland trade 
 is very large. 
 
 The trade of the United States with Ger- 
 many is in about the same kinds of goods 
 as with the British Isles. 
 
 148. France. 
 
 Where is France ? 
 
 Name the capital of 
 France. On what river 
 is it ? Where is L}-on ? 
 
 Only one city in the 
 world is larger than 
 Paris, the center of trade 
 for France. 
 
 The United States sends 
 to Paris about the same 
 kinds of goods as to 
 Liverpool and Hamburg. 
 France sends to the United 
 States woolen and silk 
 goods, wines and milliner} 7 . 
 
 Where is Russia ? Name its capital. What 
 city of Russia is ou the Black sea ? 
 
 What country is in the middle part of the 
 Danube basin ? Where is Vienna ? Budapest ? 
 
 What mountains are north of Italy ? Where 
 is Rome ? Venice ? Genoa ? 
 
 What bodies of water partly surround Spain ? 
 
 What and where are Portugal? Lisbon? Brussels? 
 Belgium? Xorway? Stockholm? Sweden? Athens? 
 
 The trade of the United States with these coun- 
 tries and cities (printed in small type) is not large. 
 
110 
 
 ASIA. 
 
 149. India. 
 
 Where is India ? Name a large city in the 
 delta of the Ganges. 
 
 The Ganges river floats large boats a 
 
 thousand miles 
 through its 
 
 The greater part of India is under British 
 rule. Most of the people are Hindus (or 
 Hindoos). They belong to the white race. 
 
 150. China. 
 
 What have you read about the plains of 
 fertile valley. China? Find the city of Canton. Where is 
 Which belt of the island of Hongkong? 
 
 The trade of China with other nations is 
 carried on mainly through Hongkong, a Brit- 
 ish island. 
 
 The chief products of China are tea 
 and silk. The leading imports are 
 cotton cloth and opium. 
 
 On the Yangtze river, steamers can 
 go a thousand miles through the crowded 
 
 plains of China. 
 
 India is not quite one half so 
 large as the United States, but 
 it has four times as many people 
 as our country. Rice is the food 
 of about one third the people 
 of the Ganges valley. 
 
 India raises large crops of rice, cotton, 
 wheat, poppy and many other plants. The 
 poppy plant yields a drug, called opium. A 
 large part of these products is sent to Eng- 
 land and to China. 
 
 India imports cloth, machines, hardware, 
 sugar and many other kinds of goods. 
 
 Calcutta and Bombay are the leading ports 
 of India. Each of these cities has more peo- 
 ple than any city of the United States except 
 New York, Chicago and Philadelphia. 
 
 151. Japan. 
 
 Where is Japan ? What have you read 
 about the people of this country? Name 
 some of its products. 
 
 Where is Yokohama ? Where is Tokyo ? 
 
 Tokyo is nearly as large as New York. 
 Yokohama is the leading port of Japan. 
 
 The chief exports of Japan are silk and 
 tea. The chief imports are cotton and 
 woolen goods, sugar and kerosene. 
 
Canada 
 
 e3 Central America S Colombia 
 
 BJJB3|y g BJE4B2 £ UEpng 
 
 esuinc) jaddf) 
 
112 
 
 AFRICA. 
 
 152. Egypt. 
 
 What have you read about the Nile river ? 
 
 What seas border on Egypt? Where is 
 Cairo ? 
 
 In which belt of heat is the greater part of 
 Egypt ? What part of the United States is 
 in the same belt ? 
 
 The spring har- 
 vest in 
 Egypt 
 
 Where is Cape 
 Town? 
 
 South Africa is 
 noted for its rich dia- 
 mond fields. These 
 precious stones yield 
 more income than 
 all the other articles 
 sold from there. 
 
 Millions of sheep 
 and cattle are raised 
 in southern Africa. 
 Wool and hides are 
 leading exports. 
 
 consists largely of grains. 
 The autumn harvest includes 
 cotton, sugar and rice. Egypt 
 sells raw cotton and buys 
 cloth. There is also a light 
 trade in many other articles. 
 Cairo is the chief center of 
 trade in Egypt. Nearly all 
 the raw cotton goes to Eng- 
 land, and nearly all the cloth 
 sent to Egypt is made in 
 English workshops. 
 
 153. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 In which belt of heat is the 
 southern part of Africa ? 
 
 Where is Cape of Good 
 Hope ? Look at the relief 
 map of Africa, and describe 
 its surface. 
 
 Negress and Child. 
 
 This land supplies 
 many fine ostrich 
 feathers. 
 
 The import trade of 
 Cape of Good Hope 
 consists largely of 
 cloth. England con- 
 trols the greater part 
 of the trade. 
 
 This colony is under 
 British rule. 
 
 What races of peo- 
 ple are found in 
 southern Africa ? 
 
20 Longitude 10 West Longitude 10 Eost 20 from 30 Greenwich 40 
 
114 
 
 AUSTRALIA. 
 
 154. Victoria. 
 
 Australia consists of several British states. 
 Chief among these are Victoria and New 
 South Wales. Which belts of heat cross Vic- 
 toria ? 
 
 The gold mines of Victoria 
 rank next to those of the 
 United States. The sheep 
 ranches of this state pro- 
 duce wool that is worth 
 three times as much as the 
 gold taken from its mines. 
 
 This region raises many 
 
 Melbourne is the chief port of Australia. 
 Where is this city ? 
 
 Melbourne is on a fine harbor, and is a 
 little larger than Boston. 
 
 Natives of Australia. 
 
 cattle and a large amount of wheat. The 
 chief exports are wool, gold, wheat and cattle. 
 
 The leading imports are iron goods, cloth, 
 sugar and tea. A great deal of wool from 
 the other states finds a market here. Most 
 of it is again sold abroad. 
 
 Nearly all the foreign trade of Australia is 
 carried on with England. 
 
 155. New South Wales. 
 
 In what direction is this state 
 from Victoria? Which belt of 
 heat crosses New South Wales ? 
 
 New South Wales produces 
 much more wool but less gold 
 than Victoria does. A large 
 amount of corn is raised in 
 New South Wales. Oranges and sugar cane 
 also thrive there. 
 
 The trade of these two states is nearly 
 alike in kind. Sydney is the leading port of 
 New South Wales. Where is this city ? 
 
 Before the white man settled in Australia 
 it was held by black people. A few thousand 
 of these still live hi this land. 
 
SUPPLEMENT. 
 
118 
 
 REFERENCE TABLES. 
 
 Grand Divisions and Leading Countries. 
 
 The United States. 
 
 NORTH AMERICA 
 
 United States . 
 Canada . . . 
 Mexico . . . 
 
 SOUTH AMERICA 
 
 Area in- 
 Square .Miles. 
 
 8,000,000 
 
 3,622,930 
 
 3,450,000 
 
 707,000 
 
 7,000,000 
 
 Brazil . . 
 Argentina 
 Chile . . 
 
 EUROPE 
 
 British Isles 
 Germany 
 France 
 Russia . . 
 Austria-Hungary 
 Italy .... 
 
 ASIA 
 
 India . 
 China , 
 Japan . 
 
 AFRICA 
 
 Egypt .... 
 Cape of Good Hope 
 Kongo State . . 
 
 AUSTRALIA . . . 
 Victoria .... 
 
 New South Wales 
 
 1 3,218,000 
 
 1,778,000 
 
 294,000 
 
 3,800,000 
 
 120.000 
 208.000 
 204,000 
 2.100,000 
 265,000 
 110,000 
 
 17,000,000 
 
 1,560,000 
 
 4.234,000 
 
 148,000 
 
 11,500,000 
 
 400,000 » 
 
 221,000 
 
 900,000 
 
 3,000,000 
 
 88,000 
 310,000 
 
 Population. 
 125,000,000 
 
 93,402,000 
 
 5,370.000 
 13,545.000 
 
 36,500,000 
 
 16,000.000 
 4,794,000 
 3,110,000 
 
 360,000,000 
 
 41,454,000 
 56,356,000 
 38,641,000 
 106,154,000 
 47,013,000 
 32,450,000 
 
 850,000,000 
 
 294,267,000 
 
 399,680,000 
 
 46,542,000 
 
 130,000,000 
 
 9,821,000 
 
 2,265,000 
 
 30.000,000 
 
 3,500,000 
 
 1,200,000 
 860,000 
 
 Area of Oceans. 
 
 Square Miles. 
 
 Pacific 70,000,000 
 
 Atlantic 35,000,000 
 
 Indian 23,000,000 
 
 Antarctic 7,000,000 
 
 Arctic 4,000,000 
 
 1 The fertile portion of Egypt consists of only about 1H,000 
 square miles. 
 
 State* ani> 
 Territories. 
 
 Alabama . 
 Alaska 
 Arizona . . 
 Arkansas 
 California 
 ( 'anal Zone 1 
 Colorado . . 
 Connecticut . 
 Delaware . . 
 District of Coin 
 Florida . . 
 Georgia . . 
 Guam > . . 
 Hawaii 
 Idaho . 
 Illinois . . 
 Indiana . 
 Iowa . . . 
 Kansas 
 Kentucky 
 Louisiana 
 Maine . . . 
 Maryland 
 Massachusetts 
 Michigan 
 Minnesota 
 Mississippi 
 Missouri . 
 Montana . 
 Nebraska . . 
 Nevada 
 
 New Hampshin 
 New Jersey . 
 New Mexico 
 New York 
 North Carolina 
 North Dakota 
 Ohio . . . 
 Oklahoma 
 ( Iregon 
 Pennsylvania 
 Philippine Islam 
 Porto Rico .' 
 Rhode Island 
 South Carolina 
 South Dakota 
 Tennessee 
 Texas . . 
 Tutuila Island? 
 Utah . . . 
 Vermont . 
 Virginia . 
 Washington . 
 West Virginia 
 Wisconsin 
 Wyoming 
 
 1 Not included in the National Census of 1910. 
 
 2 Estimated. 
 
 s Census of 1908 taken under the direction of the War Depart- 
 ment. 
 
 Area in- 
 
 Population 
 
 Square Miles. 
 
 (Willi. 
 
 52,250 
 
 2.138.U'.':: 
 
 590,884 
 
 04.350 
 
 113,020 
 
 204.354 
 
 53,850 
 
 1.574.44'.! 
 
 158.31 in 
 
 2,377,549 
 
 448 
 
 85,604 - 
 
 103,925 
 
 7'.io.024 
 
 4,990 
 
 1,114,756 
 
 2,050 
 
 202.322 
 
 70 
 
 331,069 
 
 58. (180 
 
 752.010 
 
 59,475 
 
 2,609,121 
 
 1 75 - 
 
 11.073- 
 
 6,449 
 
 191.000 
 
 84,800 
 
 325.504 
 
 56,650 
 
 5.038,591 
 
 36,350 
 
 2.700,870 
 
 56,025 
 
 2.224^771 
 
 82.080 
 
 1.000,040 
 
 40.400 
 
 2,289,906 
 
 48.720 
 
 1,666,388 
 
 33.040 
 
 742.371 
 
 12,210 
 
 1.205.340 
 
 8,315 
 
 3.300.410 
 
 58.1115 
 
 2.810.173 
 
 83.305 
 
 2,075,708 
 
 46,810 
 
 1.707.114 
 
 69,415 
 
 3.203.335 
 
 14(1.080 
 
 370.053 
 
 77.510 
 
 1,192,214 
 
 110.700 
 
 81.875 
 
 9,305 
 
 430,572 
 
 7,815 
 
 2,537,167 
 
 122,580 
 
 327.301 
 
 40.170 
 
 9,113.014 
 
 52, 2 ."ill 
 
 2,200.287 
 
 70,795 
 
 577.05(1 
 
 41.(100 
 
 4.707.121 
 
 70.430 
 
 1.057.155 
 
 00.030 
 
 072.705 
 
 45,215 
 
 7.005.111 
 
 127,858 
 
 7,035.420 3 
 
 3,600" 
 
 1,118,012 
 
 1,250 
 
 642,610 
 
 30,570 
 
 1,515.4(1(1 
 
 77,650 
 
 583.888 
 
 42,060 
 
 2,184.780 
 
 265,780 
 
 3.800.542 
 
 73 a 
 
 6,780 s 
 
 84.07(1 
 
 373.351 
 
 9,565 
 
 355.050 
 
 42. 4. Ml 
 
 2.001.012 
 
 00.180 
 
 1.141.000 
 
 24.780 
 
 1,221.110 
 
 50.040 
 
 2.333.800 
 
 07.800 
 
 145.065 
 
REFERENCE TABLES. 
 
 119 
 
 Leading Cities of the United States. 
 
 Cities. 
 
 z 
 
 1910. 
 
 
 l!ll»). 
 
 New York, N. Y. . . 
 
 1 
 
 4,766,883 
 
 1 
 
 3,437,202 
 
 Chicago, 111. . . 
 
 
 •> 
 
 2,185,283 
 
 2 
 
 1,698,575 
 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 
 3 
 
 1.549,008 
 
 3 
 
 1.293,697 
 
 St. Louis, Mo. • . 
 
 
 4 
 
 687,029 
 
 4 
 
 575,238 
 
 Boston, Mass. 
 
 
 5 
 
 670,585 
 
 5 
 
 560,892 
 
 Cleveland, Ohio . 
 
 
 6 
 
 560,663 
 
 7 
 
 381,768 
 
 Baltimore, Md. . 
 
 
 7 
 
 558,485 
 
 6 
 
 508,957 
 
 Pittsburg, Pa. . 
 
 
 8 
 
 533,905 
 
 11 
 
 321,616 
 
 Detroit, Mich. . 
 
 
 9 
 
 465,766 
 
 13 
 
 285,704 
 
 Buffalo, N. Y. . 
 
 
 10 
 
 423,715 
 
 8 
 
 352,387 
 
 San Francisco, Cal. 
 
 
 11 
 
 416,912 
 
 9 
 
 342,782 
 
 Milwaukee, Wis. 
 
 
 12 
 
 373,857 
 
 14 
 
 285,315 
 
 Cincinnati, Ohio 
 
 
 13 
 
 363,591 
 
 Id 
 
 325,902 
 
 Newark, N. J. . 
 
 
 14 
 
 347,469 
 
 16 
 
 246,070 
 
 New Orleans, La. 
 
 
 15 
 
 339,075 
 
 12 
 
 287,104 
 
 Washington, D. C. 
 
 
 16 
 
 331.069 
 
 15 
 
 278,718 
 
 Los Angeles, Cal. 
 
 
 17 
 
 319,198 
 
 36 
 
 1 02,479 
 
 Minneapolis, Minn. 
 
 
 18 
 
 301,408 
 
 19 
 
 202,718 
 
 Jersey City, N. J. 
 
 
 19 
 
 267,779 
 
 17 
 
 206,433 
 
 Kansas City, Mo. 
 
 
 20 
 
 248,381 
 
 22 
 
 163,752 
 
 Seattle, Wash. . 
 
 
 21 
 
 237,194 
 
 48 
 
 80,671 
 
 Indianapolis, Ind. 
 
 
 22 
 
 233,650 
 
 21 
 
 169,164 
 
 Providence, E. I. 
 
 
 23 
 
 224,326 
 
 20 
 
 175,597 
 
 Louisville, Ky. . 
 
 
 24 
 
 223,928 
 
 18 
 
 204,731 
 
 Rochester, N. Y. 
 
 
 25 
 
 218,149 
 
 24 
 
 162,608 
 
 St. Paul, Minn. . 
 
 
 26 
 
 214,744 
 
 23 
 
 163,065 
 
 Denver, Colo. 
 
 
 27 
 
 213,381 
 
 25 
 
 133,859 
 
 Portland, Ore. . 
 
 
 28 
 
 207,214 
 
 42 
 
 90,426 
 
 Columbus, Ohio . 
 
 
 29 
 
 181,511 
 
 28 
 
 125,560 
 
 Toledo, Ohio . . 
 
 
 30 
 
 168,497 
 
 26 
 
 131,822 
 
 Atlanta, Ga. . . 
 
 
 31 
 
 154,839 
 
 43 
 
 89,872 
 
 Oakland, Cal. 
 
 
 32 
 
 150,174 
 
 56 
 
 66,960 
 
 Leading Foreign Cities. 
 
 Cities. 
 
 London (1909) . 
 Paris (1906) . 
 Tokyo (1909) . 
 Berlin (1908) . 
 Vienna (1909) . 
 St. Petersburg (1905) 
 Moscow (1907) . . 
 Buenos Aires (1909) 
 Constantinople (1909) 
 Calcutta (1901) 
 Peking (1899) . 
 Canton (1899) . 
 Glasgow (1909) 
 
 Countries. 
 England . 
 France . 
 Japan . 
 Germany . 
 Austria-Hung 
 Russia . 
 Russia . 
 Argentina . 
 Turkey . 
 India . 
 China . 
 China . 
 Scotland 
 
 ary 
 
 Population. 
 
 7,429,000 
 2,763,000 
 2,168,000 
 2,102,000 
 2,085,000 
 1,678,000 
 1,359,000 
 1,246,000 
 1,203,000 
 1,026,000 
 1,000,000 
 880,000 
 872,000 
 
 Cities. 
 Rio de Janeiro (1906 
 Hamburg (1905) 
 Bombay (1901 ) 
 Budapest (1900) 
 Liverpool (1901) 
 Cairo (1907) 
 Sydney (1908; . 
 Rome '(1909) . 
 Amsterdam ( 1 908 ) 
 Melbourne (1908) 
 Manchester (1901) 
 Madrid (1900) . 
 Copenhagen (1906) 
 Belfast (1901) . 
 Mexico (1900) . 
 Yokohama (1903) 
 Edinburgh (1901) 
 Havana (1907) . 
 Dublin (1901) . 
 Montreal (1901) 
 Valparaiso (1904) 
 Lima (1903) . 
 Pernambuco (1900) 
 Geneva (1908) . . 
 Cape Town (1904) 
 
 \\ 
 
 Brazil . 
 
 Germany 
 India . . 
 Austria-Hun 
 England . 
 Egypt . 
 New South 
 Italy . . 
 Netherland 
 Victoria . 
 England . 
 Spain . 
 Denmark 
 Ireland . 
 Mexico 
 Japan 
 Scotland . 
 Cuba . 
 Ireland . 
 Canada . 
 Chile . . 
 Peru . 
 Brazil 
 
 Switzerland 
 Cape Colony 
 
 gai 
 
 Population. 
 
 . 811,000 
 
 . 802,000 
 
 . 776,000 
 
 . 732,000 
 
 . 684,000 
 
 . 654,000 
 
 !S . 592,000 
 
 . 575,000 
 
 . 565,000 
 
 . 549,000 
 
 . 543,000 
 
 . 539,000 
 
 . 420,000 
 
 . 349,000 
 
 . 344,000 
 
 . 326,000 
 
 . 316,000 
 
 . 297,000 
 
 . 290.000 
 
 . 267,000 
 
 . 143,000 
 
 . 130.000 
 
 . 120,000 
 
 . 118,000 
 
 . 77,000 
 
 Rivers and River Basins. 
 
 Area of Basin, Length 
 
 River. Square Miles. in Miles 
 
 Amazon 2,500,000 4,000 
 
 Kongo 1,500,000 3,300 
 
 Nile 1,400,000 4,000 
 
 Mi A S r S0Uri ". ■■ \ 1,250,000 4,200 
 
 Mississippi J 
 
 Plata 1,250,000 2,300 
 
 Yangtse 500,000 3,300 
 
 Volga 500,000 2,300 
 
 Ganges 450,000 1,800 
 
 St. Lawrence 350,000 2,000 
 
 Danube 300,000 2,000 
 
 Orinoco 300,000 1,500 
 
 Columbia 250,000 1,400 
 
 Colorado 250,000 1,100 
 
 Average Heights of Plateaus. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Tibet 14,000 
 
 Bolivia 12,000 
 
 Mexico 8,000 
 
 Abyssinia 7,000 
 
 Great Basin 4,000 
 
 Gobi 4,000 
 
 Brazil 2,000 
 
 Switzerland 2,000 
 
 
120 
 
 MODEL RELIEF MAP OP SODTH AMERICA. 
 
 Note. — The maps of this series, pages 120 to 125, are inserted as a guide for teachers in drawing and modeling. The 
 outlines are so simple that no construction lines are needed. Pupils can easily learn to sketch these maps. 
 
121 
 
 MODEL RELIEF MAP OP NORTH AMERICA. 
 
122 
 
123 
 
124 
 
 MODEL RELIEF MAP OF AFRICA. 
 
MODEL, RELIEF MAP OF AUSTRALIA. 
 
 Zones and Circles. 1 
 
 The line round the earth, upon which the vertical 
 rays fall during the first day of our summer, is called 
 the tropic of Cancer. 
 
 During the first day of our winter the sun shines 
 straight down on the tropic of Capricorn. The belt 
 of land and water lying between or within the tropics, 
 is called the torrid zone. The tropics are at about one 
 fourth the distance from the equator to the poles. 
 
 Find the arctic circle on the map. Find the ant- 
 arctic circle. These circles are at about one fourth 
 the distance from the poles to the equator. 
 
 Bound the north frigid zone. The south frigid 
 zone. The north temperate. The south temperate. 
 
 1 This lesson is added for the convenience of teachers 
 who wish to include the study of zones, tropics and polar 
 circles in the primary course. See page 77. 
 
 ,-?&--&, frTg'id^— 
 
126 
 
 PRONOUNCING WORD LIST. 
 
 Key: ale, at, care, arm, final, all ; eye, end, h6r, recent ; Ice, HI, admiral ; old, for, on, anchor; use, tip, fur ; awful ; food, foot ; ch as 
 in chop ; g as in go ; ng as in sing ; n as in ink ; th as in thin ; th as in the ; n as in banyau ; oi as in oil ; ow as in cow ; M nearly like ng in 
 sing (French nasal). 
 
 Aberdeen, ab-er-den'. 
 Abyssinia, ab-is-sin'i-a. 
 Acapulco, a-ka-pool'ko. 
 Aconcagua, a-kon-ka'gwa. 
 Adelaide, ad'fi-lad. 
 Aden, a'den. 
 
 Adirondack, ad-j-ron'dak. 
 Adrian, a'dri-an. 
 Adrianople, ad-ri-an-o'pl. 
 Adriatic, ad-re-at Ik. 
 iEgean, e-je'an. 
 Afghanistan, af-gan-is-tan'. 
 Africa, af ri-ka. 
 Akron, ak'ron. 
 Alabama, al-a-ba'ma. 
 Vlamo, a la-mo. 
 Alaska, a-las'ka. 
 Albany, al'ba-ni. 
 Albemarle, al'b^-marl. 
 Alberta, al-bSrt'a. 
 Albuquerque, al-boo-kar'ka. 
 Alderney, al'der-m. 
 Aleutian, a-lu'shi-an. 
 Alexandria, al-egs-an'dri-a. 
 Algeria, al-,je'ri-a. 
 Algiers, al-jerz'. _ 
 Allegheny, ill'e-ga-nT. 
 Altai, al-tl'. 
 Alto on a, al-too'na. 
 Amazon, am'a-zon, 
 Amiens, a-ml-aN*. 
 Amsterdam, am'ster-dain. 
 Amur, a-moor'. 
 Anara, a-nara'. 
 Andes, an'dez. 
 Andorra, an-dor'ra 
 Androscoggin, an-dros-cog'in. 
 Anglesey, an'gl-se. 
 Annapolis, an-nap o-lis. 
 Antarctic, an-tark'tik. 
 Anticosti, an-ti-kos'ti. 
 Antilles, an-tU'lez, or oN'tel'. 
 Antwerp, ant/wgrp. 
 Apalachicola, ii-p i-liich-i-ko'la. 
 Apennines, ap'yn-nlnz. 
 Apia, a'pe-a. 
 
 Appalacbian, ap-pa-la'chi-an. 
 Appomattox, ap-po-mat'tgks. 
 Apteryx, ap'te-rix. 
 Arabian, a-ra'bi-an. 
 Aral, ar al. 
 Ararat, ar'a-rat. 
 Archangel, ark-an'jel. 
 Archipelago, ar-ki-pel'S-go. 
 Arctic, ark'tik. 
 Ardennes, iir-den'. 
 Arequipa, a-ra-ke'pa. 
 Argentina, Ur-jen-te'na, 
 Arizona, ar-i-zo'ny. 
 Arkansas, ar'kan-sa/. 
 Armadillo, ar-mit-dil'lo. 
 Arthabaska, :ir-tha-bas' ka. 
 Asheville, ash'vil. 
 Asia, a'shi-a. 
 Astoria, as-to'ri-a. 
 Astrakhan, as-tra-kan'. 
 Atacama, a-ta-ka'ma. 
 Athara, at-ba'ra. 
 Atchison, aeh'i-flon. 
 Athabasca, ath-a-bas'ka. 
 Athens, atn'enz. 
 Atlanta, at-lan'ta. 
 
 Atlantic, at-lan'tik. 
 Atoll, a-tol'. 
 Auburn, a'burn. 
 Auckland, ak'ljnd. 
 Augusta, a-giis'ta. t 
 
 An Sable, a sa'bl. 
 Austin, as'tin. 
 Australia, as-tra'tt-a. 
 Austria, as'tri-a. 
 Avon, a'von. 
 Azof, ii-zof. 
 Azores, a-zorz'. 
 
 Bahama, ba-ha'mg. 
 
 Bahia, ba-e a. 
 
 Baikal, bi'kal. 
 
 Baku, ba-koo'. 
 
 Balearic, bal-g-ar'ik. 
 
 Balkan, bal-kan'. 
 
 Balkash, bal-kash'. 
 
 Baltic, bal tik.^ 
 
 Baltimore, bal'ti-mor or -mor. 
 
 Baluchistan, ba-loo-ehls-tan'. 
 
 Bangkok, ban'kok'. 
 
 Bangor, ban'gor. 
 
 Barcelona, bar-se.-15'iia. 
 
 Basel, ba'zgl. 
 
 Batavia, ba-ta'vi-a. 
 
 Baton Rouge, bat-un roozh'. 
 
 Bayonne, ba-you'. 
 
 Beatrice, be'a-tres. 
 
 Beaufort, bo'fort (N. C.) or bu'- 
 
 fiirt (S. C). 
 Bechuanaland, bek-u-an'a-land. 
 Bedouin, bed'oiV-en. 
 Belfast, bel'fast (Me.) or bel-fast' 
 
 (Ireland). 
 Belgium, bel'ji-um. 
 Belgrade, bel-grad'. 
 Belize, bii-lez'. 
 Bellaire, bel-aV. 
 Belle Isle, bel-il'. 
 Benares, ben-a'rez. 
 Bengal, ben-gal'. 
 Ben-Nevis, ben-nev'is. 
 Bering, be ring. 
 Berlin, ber'lin or Ger. ber-len'. 
 Bermuda, bgr-mu'da. 
 Bern, bern. 
 
 Bethlehem, beth'Ip-hem. 
 Biddeford, bid'e-ford. 
 Bingh am ton, bing' am-ton . 
 Binue, ben-oo-e'. 
 Birmingham, b6r'ming-um. 
 Biscay, bis'ka. 
 Bismarck, bis'mark. 
 Bogotd, bo-go-ta'. 
 Boise, boi-za'. 
 Bokhara, bok-a'ra. 
 Bolan, bo'lan. 
 Bolivia, bo-Iiv'i-a. 
 Bologna, bo-lon'ya. 
 Bombay, bom-ba'. 
 Boothia, boVthi-a. 
 Bordeaux, bor-do'. 
 Borneo, bor'ne-o. 
 Bosnia, bdz'ni-ji. 
 Bosphorus, bos'fo-rus. 
 Bothnia, both'm-a. 
 Brahmaputra, bra-ma-poo'tra. 
 Brazil, bra-zil'. 
 Brazos, brii'zos. 
 
 Bremen, bra'men. 
 
 Breslau, bres'low, 
 
 Brest, brest. 
 
 Brindisi, bren'de-se. 
 
 Brisbane, bris'ban. 
 
 Brooklyn, brook'lin. 
 
 Brunswick, brunz'wik. 
 
 Brussels, brus'selz. 
 
 Budapest, boo'da-pest. 
 
 Buenos Ayres, bonus a'riz or Sp. 
 
 bwa'nos ires. 
 Bukharest, bu-ka-rest'. 
 Bulgaria, bool-gii'ri-a. 
 Burlington, bur ling-ton. 
 Burma, bur ma. 
 Butte, but. 
 
 Cairo, kar'o (U. S.) ; ki'ro 
 
 (Egypt). 
 Calais, kal'is (U. S.) ; ka-la' 
 
 (France). 
 Calcutta, kal-kut'ta. 
 Caledonia, kal-g-doni-a. 
 CaUfornia, kal-i-for'ni-a. 
 Callao, kal-la'o. 
 Cambodia, kam-bo'de.-a. 
 Cambridge, kiimbrij. 
 Campecho, kiim-pacha. 
 Canada, kan';j.-da. 
 Candia, kan'd(;-a. 
 Canton, kan'tpn (U. S.) ; kan-ton' 
 
 (China). 
 Cape Breton, bret'cn. 
 Caracas, kii-ra'kas. 
 Cardiff, kiir'dif. 
 Cardigan, kiir de-gau. 
 Caribbean, kar-Tb-be'an. 
 Carolina, kar-o-li'ny. 
 Caroline, Uar'o-lln. 
 Carpentaria, kar-pcn-ta'rg-a. 
 Cartagena, kiir-ta-je'iia. 
 Caspian, kas'pi-an. 
 Cassiquiari, ka-se-ke-a're. 
 Caucasian, ka-ka'shan. 
 Caucasus, ka'ka-sus. 
 Cayenne, ka-yen'. 
 Celebes, sel'e-bez. 
 Cenis,_ se-ne'. 
 Cetinje, cha-ten'ya. 
 C^vennes, se-venn'. 
 Ceylon, se-lon'. 
 Chad. See Tchad. _ 
 Champlain, sh5ni-plan'. 
 Charlotte, shiir'lgt. 
 Chatham, ehat'ym. 
 Chattahoochee, chiit-ta-hob'che. 
 Chattanooga, chat-ta-nob'ga. 
 Chautauqua, cha-ta'kwa. 
 Chelsea, chel'se. 
 Cherbourg, sherjjfirg. 
 Cherokee, cher-o-ke . 
 Chesapeake, cheVa-pek. 
 Cheviot, chiv'e-ut, 
 Cheyenne, sliT-en'. 
 Chicago, sh^-ka'go. 
 Chile, chela. 
 
 Chimborazo, chim-bo-ra'zo. 
 Christiania, kris-te-a'ne-a. 
 Cincinnati, sTn-sin-nii'ti. 
 Clyde, klld. 
 
 Cochin China, ko'chin chl'na. 
 Coeur d'Alene, kfir-dii-lan'. 
 
 Cohoes, ko-hoz'. 
 
 Colima, ko-le ma. 
 
 Cologne, ko-lon'. 
 
 Colombia, ko-lom'be-a. 
 
 Colon, ko-lon'. 
 
 Colorado, kol-o-ra'do. 
 
 Conception, knn-sep'shun. 
 
 Concord, konk'urd. 
 
 Connecticut, kon-net I-kut. 
 
 Constance, kon'stans. 
 
 Constantinople, kon-stan'twio'pl, 
 
 Coosa, koo'sa. 
 
 Copenhagen, ko'pen-ha'gen. 
 
 Cordoba, kor'do-ba. 
 
 Corfu, kor-foo'. 
 
 Corinth, kor'inth. 
 
 Corpus Christi. kor'pus kris'te. 
 
 Corrientes, kor-re-eu'tes. 
 
 Corsica, kor'si-ka. 
 
 Costa Rica, kos'ta re'ka. 
 
 Cotopaxi, ko-to-pak'se. 
 
 Covington, kuv'hig-tQn. 
 
 Cuba, ku'ba. 
 
 Curasao, ku-ra-so'. 
 
 Cuzco, kuus'ko. 
 
 Cyprus, sl'prus. 
 
 Dahcmey, da-ho'raa. 
 Dakota, da-ko'ta. 
 Dallas, dal'as. 
 Damascus, d;i-m3,s'kus. 
 Danzig, dant'zik. 
 Danube, dan'ub. 
 Dardanelles, diii , -da-n§lz'. 
 Darfur, dar'four. 
 Darien, da're-en. 
 Davenport, dav'en-port. 
 Decatur, de-ka'tnr. 
 Dekkan, dek'kyn. 
 Delaware, del a- war. 
 Delhi, India, delle. 
 Des Moines, d^-moin'. 
 Des Plaines, da-plan'. 
 Detroit, de-troit . 
 Dnieper, neper. 
 Dniester, nes'te,r. 
 Dovrefield, do-vre-fySld'. 
 Drave, drav. 
 Dresden, drezd^n. 
 Dubuque, doo-biik'. 
 Duluth, du-looth'. 
 Dundalk, dun-dak'. 
 Dundee, dun-de . 
 Dunedin, dun-ed in. 
 Dungeness, dun-jc-ngs'- 
 Dwina, dwe'ng. 
 
 Eau Claire, o-klar'. 
 Ebro, e'bro. 
 Echidna, e-kid'na. 
 Ecuador, Sk-wii-dor'. 
 Edinburgh, 5d'iu-bur-5. 
 Egj T pt, e'jipt. 
 Elba, 61'bii. 
 Elbe, 61'b*;. _ 
 Elburz, 5l-boorz'. 
 Elgin, eVjin. 
 Elmira, el-mi'ra. 
 El Paso, El pa'so. 
 Escanaba, fisk-a-n^'bg. 
 Etna, 6t'na. 
 Eubcea, u-be'a. 
 
PRONOUNCING WORD LIST. 
 
 12 r 
 
 Euphrates, u-fra'tez. 
 Eurasia, u-ra'shi-a, 
 
 European, u-ro-pe'an. 
 Evansville, Sv'anz-vil. 
 
 Everest, ev'gr-est. 
 Eyre, ar. 
 
 Falkland, fak'land. 
 Fezzan, f5z-zan'. 
 Fiji, fe je. 
 Fiudlay, find'la. 
 Finland, fin'land. 
 Fiord, fyord. 
 Firth, fSrth. 
 Florida, flor'i-da. 
 Fond du Lac, fon-du-lak'. 
 Formosa, for-mo'sa. 
 Fort Wayne, wan. 
 Frankfurt, frank'foort. 
 Fraser, fra'zer. 
 Fremont, fre-mont'. 
 Fresno, fres'no. 
 Fujiyama, foo-ji-a'ma. 
 
 Galapagos, gi£-lap'a-gos. 
 
 Galatz, ga'lats. 
 
 Galveston, gaTvgs-ton. 
 
 Galway, gal'wa. 
 
 Ganges, gan'jez. 
 
 Garonne, ga-ro'nn'. 
 
 Genesee, jen-g-se'. 
 
 Geneva, jg-ne'va. 
 
 Genoa, jen'g-a. 
 
 Georgia, jor'ji-a. 
 
 Geral, ha-ral'. 
 
 Gettysburg, get'iz-bfirg. 
 
 Ghats, gats. 
 
 Ghent, gent. 
 
 Gibraltar, jl-bral'tar. 
 
 Gila, he'la. 
 
 Gironde, zhe-roNd'. 
 
 Glasgow, glas'go. 
 
 Gloucester, glos'tgr. 
 
 Gobi, go'be. 
 
 Grampian, gram'pi-an. 
 
 Granada, gra-na'da. 
 
 Grand Manan, ruan-an'. 
 
 Gratz, grets. 
 
 Greenwich, gren'ij. 
 
 Guadalquivir, gwa-dal-ke-ver'. 
 
 Guadalupe, ga' da-loop' (U. S.) ; 
 
 gwa-da-lob pa (Spanish). 
 Guatemala, gwa-ta-mala. 
 Guayaquil, gwi-a-kel'. 
 Guernsey, gSrn'zg. 
 Guiana, ge-a'na. 
 Guinea, gin'e. 
 Guthrie, guth'rg. 
 
 Hagerstown, ha'ggrz-town. 
 
 Haiti, ha'ti. 
 
 Halifax, haTe-faks. 
 
 Hanoi, ha-no'e. 
 
 Hanover, han'o-ver. 
 
 Hatteras, hat'ter-as. 
 
 Havana, ha-van'a. 
 
 Havre, ha'ver. 
 
 Havre de Grace, hav'er dg gras. 
 
 Hawaii, ha-wi'e. 
 
 Hebrides, heb'ri-dez. 
 
 Hekla, hek'la. 
 
 Helena, heTe-na. 
 
 Henlopen, hen-lo'pgn. 
 
 Herat, hgr-at'. 
 
 Himalaya, him-a'la-ya. 
 
 Hindu-Kush, hin'doo-koosh. 
 
 Hindustan, hm-do-stan'. 
 
 Hoangho, ho-ang-bo'. 
 
 Hoboken, ho'bo-kgn. 
 
 Holyoke, hol'yok. 
 
 Hondo, hon'do. 
 
 Honduras, hon-dob'ras. 
 
 Hongkong, hong-kong'. 
 
 Honolulu, ho-no-loo'loo. 
 
 Hoosac, hoo'sak. 
 
 Housatonic, hoo-sa-ton'ic. 
 
 Houston, hus'ton. 
 Hue, hoo-a'. 
 Humboldt, hum'bolt. 
 Hungary, hun'ga-ri. 
 Huron, hu'ron. 
 
 Idaho, Ida-ho. 
 
 Illimani, el-ye-ma'ne. 
 
 Illinois, ll-ll-noi' or -noiz'. 
 
 India, in'di-a. 
 
 Indiana, in-di-an'a. 
 
 Indianapolis, in-di-an-apQ-lis. 
 
 Indes, in'dez. 
 
 Indus, ln'dus. 
 
 Innsbruck, ins'prook. 
 
 Inverness, in-vgr-ness'. 
 
 Ionian, I-o'ni-an. 
 
 Iowa, I'o-wa. 
 
 Iquique, e-ke'ka. 
 
 Iran, e-ran'. _ 
 
 Irkutsk, ir-kootsk'. 
 
 Isle Royale, el rwa-yal'. 
 
 Italian, i-tal'yan. 
 
 Itasca, i-tas'ka. 
 
 Ithaca, ith'a-ka. 
 
 Jalapa, ha-la'pa. 
 
 Jamaica, ja-ma k^. 
 
 Japan, ja-pan'. 
 
 Jassy, ya'se. 
 
 Java, Java. 
 
 Jersey, jeVzi. 
 
 Joliet, jo'lg-et. 
 
 Joplin, jop'lin. 
 
 Juande Fuca, hoo-an' da foo'ka. 
 
 Juan Fernandez, fer-nan'deth. 
 
 Juneau, ju-no'. 
 
 Jungfrau, yoong'frow. 
 
 Juniata, ju-m-at'a. 
 
 Jura, jura. 
 
 Kabul, ka-bool'. 
 Kadiak, kad-yak'. 
 Kaffir, kaf 'f6r. 
 Kalahari, ka-la-ha'ri. 
 Kamchatka, kam-chat'ka. 
 Kamerun, ka-ma-roon', 
 Kanawha, ka-na'wa. 
 Kankakee, kan-ka-ke'. 
 Kansas, kan'sgs. 
 Karakoram, ka-rii-ko'ram. 
 Karpathian, kar-pa'thi-an. 
 Kashmir, kash-mer'. 
 Kenia, ka-ne'a. 
 Kennebec, ken-g-bek'. 
 Kentucky, ken-tiik'i. 
 Keokuk, ke'o-kuk. 
 Khaibar, ka'e-bar. 
 Kliartum, kar-toom,'. 
 Khelat, kgl-at'. 
 Khinghan, kln-gan'. 
 Khiva, ke'va. 
 Kilauea, ke-low-a'a. 
 Kilimanjaro, kil'e-man-ja-ro'. 
 Killarney, kil-ar'ni. 
 Kiolen, kyu'lgn. 
 Kirghiz, kir-gez'. 
 Kittery, kit'gr-i. 
 Klamath, kla'inath. 
 Klondike, klon'dik. 
 Knoxville, noks'vil. 
 Kongo, kon'go. 
 Kordofan, kor-do-fan'. 
 Korea, ko-re'g. 
 Krakow, kra'ko. 
 Kronstadt, kron'stat. 
 Kuenlun, kwen-loon'. 
 Kyoto, ke-o'to. 
 
 Labrador, lab-ra-dor'. 
 Lachine, la-shen'. 
 La Crosse, la-kros'. 
 Ladoga, lad'o-ga- 
 Ladrones, la-dronz'. 
 Lafayette, la-fa-§t'. 
 La Guaira, la-gwi'ra. 
 
 Lancaster, lank'gs-tgr. 
 
 Lansing, lan'sing. 
 
 La Paz, lii-path'. 
 
 Lapland, lap'land. 
 
 La Plata, la-plata. 
 
 Laporte, la-port'. 
 
 Laramie, lar'a-me. 
 
 Lasalle, la-saT. 
 
 Lassa, las'sa. 
 
 Las Vegas, las-va'gas. 
 
 Leadville, led'vil. 
 
 Leavenworth. lev'gn-worth. 
 
 Lebanon, leb a-non. 
 
 Leicester, les'tgr. 
 
 Leipzig, lip'zik. 
 
 Lena, le'n;j. 
 
 Leone, le-o'ne. 
 
 Lexington, lek'smg-ton. 
 
 Liberia, li-be'rr-a- 
 
 Libyan, lib'g-an. 
 
 Liege, Ie-azh'. 
 
 Lima,li'ma(U. S.) ; le'ma(Peru). 
 
 Limerick, llm'er-ik. 
 
 Lisbon, liz'bQn. 
 
 Lisburn, lis'burn. 
 
 Lisle, lei. 
 
 Liverpool, liv'er-pobl. 
 
 Loanda, lo-an'da. 
 
 Loch, lok. 
 
 Lofoden, Io-fo'dgn. 
 
 Loire, lwar. 
 
 Los Angeles^los-an'gel-ea. 
 
 Louisiana, loo-e-ze-a na. 
 
 Louisville, lob is- or lob'i-vll. 
 
 Loureneo Marques, lo-ren'so mar- 
 
 kes'. 
 Lucerne, loo-s6rn'. 
 Luray, lu-ra'. 
 Luxemburg, liiks'em-biirg. 
 Luzon, loo-zon'. 
 Lyon, le-oN'. 
 
 Macao, ma-kow'. 
 
 Mackenzie, ma-ken'zi. 
 
 Mackinac, mak'i-na. 
 
 Macon, ma'kun. 
 
 Madagascar, mad-a-gas'kar. 
 
 Madeira, m&-de'ra, 
 
 Madras, ma-dras'. 
 
 Madrid, mad'nd (U.S.) ; ma-drid' 
 
 (Spain). 
 Magdalena, mag-da-la'na. 
 Magellan, ma-jel'an. 
 Maine, man. 
 Makassar, ma-kas's^r. 
 Malakka, ma-lak'a. 
 Malay, ma-lay'. 
 Maiden, mol'dgn. 
 Manchester, man'chgs-ter. 
 Manchuria, man-cbob're-g. 
 Mandalay, man' da-la. 
 Manila, mg.-nil'a. 
 Manitoba^ man-i-to-ba' . 
 Maracaibo, ma-ra-ki'bo. 
 Maranon, ma-ran'yon. 
 Marathon, mar'a-thon. 
 Marcy, mar'si. 
 Marmora, inar'mQ-ra. 
 Marseille, mar-sal'. 
 Martinique, mar-ti-nek'. 
 Maskat, mas-kat'. 
 Massachusetts, mas-a-chu's§ts. 
 Matabeleland, mat-a-bel'land. 
 Matagorda, mat-a-gor'da. 
 Matamoros, mat-a-mo'rQS. 
 Matapan, ma-ta-pan' (Gr.). 
 Mauch Chunk, mak-chunk'. 
 Mauna Kea, mow'na-ka'a. 
 Mauna Loa, lo'a. 
 Mauritius, ma-rish'T-iis. 
 Mediterranean, mSd'i-tgr-ra'ng-an. 
 Mekong, ma-kong'. 
 Melanesia, mel-an-e'shi-a. 
 Melbourne, mel'bfirn. 
 Memphremagog, mem-f rg-ma'gog. 
 Memphis, mem'fis. 
 
 Mendocino, men-do-se'no. 
 Meriden, nier i-den. 
 Merrimac, mer'i-mgk. 
 Mersey, mSr'zI. 
 
 Merthyr-Tydfi^mSr-thyr-tld'fil. 
 Messina, mes-se'na. 
 Metz, mets. 
 Mexico, meks'I-ko. 
 Miami, ml-am'i. 
 Michigan, mish'i-ggn. 
 Micronesia, mi-kro-ne'shi-3. 
 Milan, mil 'an or mi-lan', 
 Mille Lacs, mel-lak'. 
 Milo, me'lo (Greece). 
 Milwaukee, mil-wake. 
 Mindanao, men-da-na'o. 
 Minneapolis, min-e-ap'y-lis. 
 Minnehaha, min-e-ha'ha. 
 Minnesota, mhi-e-so'tg. 
 Mississippi, mis-is-ip'i. 
 Missouri, mis-ob'ri. 
 Mobile, mo-bel'. 
 Mohave, mo-ha'va. 
 Mohawk, mo'hak. 
 Moluccas, mo-luk'kaz. 
 Mongolia, mon-go'11-a. 
 Monongahela, mo-non-ga-he'la. 
 Monrovia, mon-ro'vi-a. 
 Montana, mon-ta'na. 
 Montauk, mon-tak'. 
 Mont Blanc, moN bloN' or mont 
 
 blank. g 
 Mont Cenis, moN' s§-ne' or mont. 
 Montenegro, mon-ta-na'gro. 
 Monterey, mon-tg-ra'. 
 Montevideo, mon-te-vid'e-o. 
 Montgomery, mQnt-gum'gr-i. 
 Monticello, mon-te-sel'lo. 
 Montpelier, mont-pe'li-gr. 
 Montreal, mont-re-al'. 
 Moravia, mo-ra'vi-a. 
 Morelia, mo-rii'le-a. 
 Morocco, mo-rok'o. 
 Mosco\y, mos'ko. 
 Mount Lyell, li'el. 
 Mount St. Elias, g-li'as. 
 Mount Tyndall, tin'dal. 
 Mozambique, mo-zam-bek'. 
 Munich, mu'nik. 
 Murray, mur'ra. 
 Muskatine, mus-ka-ten'. 
 Muskegon, mus-ke'ggn. 
 
 Nanling, nan'ling. 
 Nantes, nants. 
 Nantucket, nan-tuk'gt. 
 Naples, na plz. 
 Narragansett, nar-ra-gan'se.t. 
 Nashua, nash'u-3. 
 Nassau, nas'a. 
 Natchez, na'chez. 
 Nebraska, ng-bras'ka. 
 Nepal, na-pal'. 
 Netherlands, neth'gr-landz. 
 Neuse, nus. 
 Nevada, ng-va'da. 
 Newark, nu'grk. 
 Newfoundland, nu'fond-lgnd. 
 New Hampshire, nu-liamp'shir. 
 New Orleans, -or'lg-anz. 
 Newport, nu'port. 
 New Zealand, nu-ze'lgnd. 
 Niagara, ni-ag'a-rg. 
 Nicaragua, ne-ka-ra'gwa. 
 Nice, nes. 
 Niger, ni'jgr. 
 Norfolk, nor'fok. 
 Norwegian, nor-we'ji-an. 
 Norwich, nor'rlj. 
 Nottingham, not'ing-am. 
 Nova Scotia, nova sko'shi-a,. 
 Nova Zembla, nova zem'bla. 
 Nubia, nii'bi-a. 
 Nyanza, ni-anz^. 
 
 Oahu, 5-a'hob. 
 
128 
 
 PRONOUNCING WORD LIST. 
 
 Oakland, ok land. 
 
 Oasis, o'a-sls. 
 
 Ob, Ob. 
 
 Oder, o'dgr. 
 
 Odessa, o-des'sa. 
 
 Ogden, ogden. _ 
 
 Okeehobee, o-ke-cho'be, 
 
 Okhotsk, o-kotsk'. 
 
 Oklahoma, ok-la-lio'ma. 
 
 Olympia, o-lim'pi-a. 
 
 Olympus, o-lim pus. 
 
 Omaha, o'ma-ha. 
 
 Oman, 5-man'. 
 
 Omsk, omsk. 
 
 Onega, o-ne ga. 
 
 Oneida, o-nl da. 
 
 Ontario, on-ta'ri-o. 
 
 Oregon, or'^-gon. 
 
 Orinoco, o-n-no'ko. 
 
 Orizaba, o-re-tha'ba. 
 
 Orkney, ork'ne. 
 
 Orleans, or-la-oN T s' (Fr.). 
 
 Ornithorynchus, or-ni-tho-iiu'kus. 
 
 Oshkosh, osh'kosh. 
 
 Oswego, os-we'go. 
 
 Ottawa, ot'ta-wa. 
 
 Ozark, o-zark'. 
 
 Pacific, pa-sif 'Ik. _ 
 
 Palermo, pa-lSr'mo. 
 
 Palestine, paTgs-tin. 
 
 Pamir, pa-mer'. 
 
 Pamlico, pam'H-ko. 
 
 Pampas, pampas. 
 
 Panama, pan-a-ma'. 
 
 Papua, pap'ob-a. 
 
 Para, pa-ra'. 
 
 Paraguay, pa-ra-gwl'. 
 
 Paramaribo, par-a-mar'i-bo. 
 
 Parana, pa-ra-na. 
 
 Passaic, pas-sii Ik. 
 
 Passamaquoddy,pas-a-ma-kwod'i. 
 
 Patagonia, pat-a-gom-a. 
 
 Paterson, pat'er-son. 
 
 Patras, pa-tras'. 
 
 Pawtucket, pa-tuk'gt. 
 
 Pecos, pa'kos. 
 
 Pedee, pe-de'. 
 
 Peking, pe-KCng'. 
 
 Peling, pe-ling'. 
 
 Pennsylvania, pen-sil-va'm-a. 
 
 Penobscot, pg-nob'scot. 
 
 Pensacola, pen-sa-ko'la. 
 
 Pentland, pent/Land. 
 
 Peoria, pe-o'ri-a. 
 
 Pernambuco, per-nam-boo'ko. 
 
 Persia, per'slu-a. 
 
 Perth, perth. 
 
 Peru, pe-roo'. 
 
 Phn-nix,ie'niks. 
 
 Philadelphia, fil-a-dSTfi-a. 
 
 Philippine, fil'ip-in. 
 
 Pierre, per. 
 
 Pindus, pindiis. 
 
 Pittsburg, pits'bftrg. 
 
 Plata, pia'ta. 
 
 Plymouth, plim'uth. 
 
 Pnum Penh, pnum-pen'. 
 
 Pompeii. poiu-pa ye. 
 
 Popocatepetl, po-po'kat-Ji-pa-tl. 
 
 Port an Prince, port-o-prlns'. 
 
 Porto Rico, jior'to retO. 
 
 Port Said, -sii-cd'. 
 
 Portsmouth, ports' muth. 
 
 Portugal, por tu-gal. 
 
 Portuguese, por'tu-gez. 
 
 Potomac, po-to'mak. 
 
 Potosi, pO-t-OHl. 
 
 Poughkeepsie, pQ-klp si. 
 Praguo, prag. 
 Pretoria, pre-t&Ve-a. 
 Pribilof, pre-be-181. 
 Providence, pr5v'i-de.ns. 
 Prussia, prush ya. 
 Puebla, pweb la. 
 Pueblo, pweb'lo. 
 
 Puget, pu'jet. 
 Puno, poo'no. 
 Pyrenees, pir'g-nez. 
 
 Quebec, kwe-bek'. 
 Quincy, kwln'zi. 
 Quito, ke'to. 
 
 Racine, ra-sen'. 
 Rainier, ra'ner. 
 Raleigh, ra'la. 
 Rangoon, ran-gobn'. 
 Rappahannock, rap-a-han'gk. 
 Ravenna, ra-ven'a. 
 Reading, reding. 
 Rhine, rln. 
 Rhone, rou. 
 
 Riga, ri'ga (U.S.) ; re'ga (Rus.). 
 Rio Grande, re'o gran'da. _ 
 Rio de Janeiro, de, ja-na'ro. 
 Rio Negro, -na'gro. 
 Roanoke, ro-a-nok'. 
 Rochester, roch'es-ter. 
 Rotterdam. rot'er-dam. 
 Rouen, roo on'. 
 Roumelia, rob-me'lg-a. 
 Roumania, rob-ma'ni-a. 
 Russia, riish'a. 
 
 Saco, sa'ko. 
 
 Sacramento, sak-ra-men't5. 
 
 Saginaw, sag l-na. 
 
 Sahara, sa-ha'ra. 
 
 Saigon, sa e-gon. 
 
 Saint Albans, sant al'banz. 
 
 Saint Augustine, -a'gus-ten. 
 
 Saint Croix, -kroi'. 
 
 Saint Gotthard, -go-tiird'. 
 
 Saint Helena, sent hg-le'na. 
 
 Saint Lawrence, sant la'rens. 
 
 Saint. Louis, -liTo'is or -loo'i. 
 
 Saint Petersburg, -pe'terz-burg. 
 
 Saint Roque, -rdk. 
 
 Sakhalin, sa-kha-len'. 
 
 Salisbury, salz'ber-T. , 
 
 Saloniki, sii-lo-ne'ke. 
 
 Salvador, sal-va-dor'. 
 
 Salzburg, salts'bobrg. 
 
 Samarkand, sam-ar-kand'. 
 
 Samoa, sa-mo'a. 
 
 San Antonio, san an-to'ni-o. 
 
 San Bernardino, -b5r-nar-de'no. 
 
 San Cristobal, -kres-to bal. 
 
 Sandhurst, Sandhurst. 
 
 San Diego, san de-a'go. 
 
 Sandusky, san-diis'ki. 
 
 San Francisco, -fran-sis'ko. 
 
 San Joaquin, san ho-a-ken'. 
 
 San Jose, -ho-sa'. 
 
 San Juan, -hoo-an'. 
 
 San Lucas, -loo'kas. 
 
 San Luis, -loo-eV. 
 
 San Marino, -ma-re'no. 
 
 Santa Barbara, san'ta-bar'ba-ra. 
 
 Santa Fe, -fa. 
 
 Santee, san' to'. 
 
 Santiago, san-te-a'go. 
 
 Santo Domingo, san to do-men' go. 
 
 Saoiie, son. 
 
 Saratoga, sar-a-to'ga. 
 
 Sardinia, sar-din'i-a. 
 
 Saskatchewan, sas-kach'e-wan. 
 
 Sault Sainte Marie, sou sent man. 
 
 Savannah, sa-vftn'a. 
 
 Scandinavia, sk&n-di-na'vi-ft. 
 
 Schenectady, sk^-nekta-de. 
 
 S-illy. sil'i. 
 
 Scot land, skSt'land. 
 
 Scranton, skrilu'ton. 
 
 Seattle, se-£t'l. 
 
 Sedalia, se-da'li-a. 
 
 Seine, siin. 
 
 Seneca, sen'^-ka. 
 
 Senegal, sSn-fi-g&T, 
 
 Senegambia, son-y-gilm bi-a. 
 
 Seoul, sa-obl'. 
 
 Servia. ser'vi-a. 
 
 Severn, sSv'ern. 
 
 Shanghai, shang-ha'i. 
 
 Shannon, shan'on. 
 
 Shasta, shas ta. 
 
 Sheffield, shef'feld. 
 
 Shenandoah, shen-an-do'a. 
 
 Shetland, shet land. 
 
 Shoshone, sho-sho'ne. 
 
 Shreveport, shrev port. 
 
 Siam, si-am'. 
 
 Siberia, si-beri-a. 
 
 Sicily, sis'i-li. 
 
 Sierra Madre, se-eVa-ma'dra. 
 
 Singapore, sin-gy-por'. 
 
 Sioux, soo. 
 
 Sitka, sit'ka. 
 
 Smyrna, smer'na. 
 
 Snowdon, sno'dyn. 
 
 Soria, so-fe'a. 
 
 Sokoto, so-ko-to'. 
 
 Solway, sol'wa. 
 
 Somali, so-male. 
 Somerville, sum'^r-vil. 
 Spokane, spo-kau'. 
 Statfa, staf'a. 
 Stanovoi, sta-no-voi', 
 Steubenville, stu'ben-vil. 
 Stirling, st6r'liug. 
 Stockholm, stok'holm. 
 Strassburg, straz'burg. 
 Stuttgart, stot.t'gart. 
 Suakin, swa'kiu. 
 Sucre, soo'krg. 
 Sudan, soo-dan'. 
 Suez, soo-ez'. 
 Suisun, sob-e-s67>n'. 
 Suliman , soo-le-man' . 
 Sumatra, soo-ma'tra. 
 Sunda, sun'da. 
 Sunderland, sun'd^r-lsiid. 
 Susquehanna, sus-kwe-han'a. 
 Suwannee, su-w;i'ne. 
 Swansea, swon'se. 
 Sweden, swe'dgn. 
 Switzerland, swit'zer-land. 
 Sydney, sid'ni. 
 Syracuse, sir'a-kus. 
 Syria, sir'i-a. 
 
 Tabriz, tii-brez'. 
 
 Tacoma, tii-ko'ma. 
 
 Tagus, ta'gus. 
 
 Tahoe, til-lio'. 
 
 Tahlequah, ta'le-kwa. 
 
 Tallahassee, tal-a-has'e. 
 
 Tampa, tam'pa. 
 
 Tampico, tiim-pe'ko. 
 
 Tananarivo, ta-nii'na-re-vo. 
 
 Tanganyika, tiin-gan-ye'ka. 
 
 Tarim, tii-rem'. 
 
 Taslikend, tiish-keud'. 
 
 Tasmania, taz-ma'ni-a. 
 
 Taunton, tiin'tyn. 
 
 Taurus, ta'rus. 
 
 Tchad, chad. 
 
 Teheran, te.-hran'. 
 
 Tehuantepec, til-wan-ta-pek'. 
 
 Tennessee, ten-n^s-se'. 
 
 Terre Haute, ter-e.-hot'. 
 
 Thames, temz. 
 
 Tliian Shan, tc-iin' sliiin. 
 
 Tiber, ti 'ber. 
 
 Tibet, ti-hef or tTb'St. 
 
 Tientsin, te-en'tsen. 
 
 Tierra <lel Fuego, te-Sr'rS-del- 
 
 fwa'go. 
 Tjflis, tTNes'. 
 Tigris, ti'gris. 
 Timbuktu. tTm-book'tob. 
 Titicaca, tit-e-k:i'ka. 
 Tucantins, to-kiin-tens . 
 
 Tokyo, tr.ke-n. 
 
 Toledo. tn-le'd<". 
 Tombigbee, tom-big'be. 
 
 Tonga, tonga. 
 
 Topeka. to-pe ka. 
 Toronto, to-ron to. 
 Torrens, tor renz. 
 Toulon, tOo'loN. 
 
 Toulouse, tob'looz'. 
 Transvaal, trans-val'. 
 Traverse, trav'ers. 
 Trieste, tre-est'. 
 Trinidad, trin 'i-dad'. 
 Tripoli, trip'y-li. 
 Tucson, tu-son'. 
 Tulare, too-la're. 
 Tunis, tu'nis. 
 Turin, tu'rin. 
 Turkestan, tobr-kls-tan'. 
 
 Ucayale, ob-kl-a'la. 
 Uinta, u-in'ta. 
 L T jiji, oo-je'je. 
 Ural, u ral. 
 Uruguay, oo-roo-gwi'. 
 Utah, u ta or u'ta. 
 Utica, u'ti-ka. 
 
 Valdai, val'dl. 
 
 Valencia, va-len'shi-a. 
 
 Valparaiso, val-pa-ri so. 
 
 Vancouver, van-kob ver. 
 
 Vega, ve'ga. 
 
 Venezuela, ven-e-zwe'la. 
 
 Venice, ven'is. 
 
 Vera Cruz, va ra krobs'. 
 
 Verde, v&rd. 
 
 Vermont, ver-m5nt'. 
 
 Vesuvius, ve-su vi-us. 
 
 Vienna, ve-§n'a. 
 
 Vincennes, vin-senz', 
 
 Virginia, ver-jin i-a. 
 
 Vistula, vis tii-la. 
 
 Viti Levn. ve'te la'vob. 
 
 Vladivostok, vla-de-vos-tok'. 
 
 Volga, vSl'ga. 
 
 Vosges, vozh. 
 
 Wabash, wa'baslu 
 Wachusett, wa-chu se,t. 
 Waco, wa'ko. 
 Warsaw, war'sa. 
 Wasatch, wa'sach. 
 Waterloo, wa-tt;r-loo'. 
 Welland, wel and. 
 Wellington, wel ing-tgn. 
 Wenner, va'n^r. 
 Wetter, vfet'ter. 
 Wichita, wich i-ta. 
 Wilkesbarre, wilks'bar-i. 
 Willamette, wil-ii'mBt. 
 ^^ ilmington, wil ming-ton. 
 ^A innepesa»ikee, win-e-pg-sake 
 \Ainnipeg, win i-p5g- 
 Winona, wi-no'na. 
 Winooski. wi-nons'ki. 
 Wisconsin, wis-kon'sin. 
 Woonsooket, wiTtm-snk'§t. 
 A\"orcester, vobs'ter. 
 Wyoming, wl-o niing. 
 
 Yablonoi, yii-blo-noi'. 
 Yakima, yak'i-ma. 
 Yakutsk, ya-ko<»tsk'. 
 Yangtze, yang 1/e. 
 Yarkhand. yjir-kiind'. 
 Yazoo, yii-zoo'. 
 Yenisei, yen-5-sa'e. 
 YeSSO, yes so. 
 Yokohama, yo-ko-ha'raa. 
 Youkei-s, yonk'ci*s. 
 Yosemite. >^T>-sPm'i-te. 
 Yucatan, yoo-kii-tan'. 
 Yukon, yoo'kSn. 
 
 Zambezi, ziim-ha'ze. 
 Zanzibar, ziin zi-biir. 
 Zulu land. ztTii'hTTMand. 
 Zurich, tsii rik. 
 Zuider Zee, zoi dfiT za'. 
 
SPECIAL SUPPLEMENT. 
 
 Cuba, Porto Rico, Hawaii, Philippines, 
 Guam. 
 
 The West Indies are a long chain of islands 
 separating the Atlantic ocean from the gulf of 
 
 Morro Castle ; Entrance to Havana Harbor 
 
 Mexico and the Caribbean sea. The most impor- 
 tant of these islands are Cuba, Haiti, Porto Rico 
 and Jamaica ; the latter belongs to Great Britain ; 
 Haiti contains two small republics. The island 
 of Porto Rico was ceded to the United States 
 at the close of the recent war with Spain. Cuba is 
 a republic under the protection of the United States. 
 
 Cuba. Cuba, the " Queen of the Antilles," is 
 the largest island of the West Indies. 
 Its length is about 750 miles ; its 
 area is 43,000 miles — almost as 
 large as Pennsylvania, or nearly 
 nine times as large as Connecticut. 
 
 Cuba may be roughly divided into 
 three regions — mountainous in the 
 east, hilly in the middle, level in the 
 west. There are many fertile valleys 
 along the coasts and among the hills. 
 Broad fields occupy the greater part 
 of southwest Cuba and afford the 
 best farming lands. The rivers of 
 Cuba are numerous but small. 
 
 The coast of this island is fringed with coral 
 reefs, rocks and bars ; but there are also many 
 fine harbors. Among these is Havana harbor. 
 
 Cuba is in the hot belt and has a rainy season 
 during the hottest part of the year. The low- 
 
 Copyright, 1899, by Alexis Everett Frye. 
 
 lands are then unhealthful ; but the uplands have 
 a better climate. " Winter," or the dry season, 
 is the pleasant part of the year. 
 
 Tropical plant life thrives in the island and 
 runs wild over most of the highlands. The hill 
 slopes produce coffee ; sugar and tobacco abound 
 in the valleys and plains. Fruits grow in abun- 
 dance in all parts of the island. 
 
 There are few large animals 
 in Cuba, except the domestic 
 kinds; but birds are plenti- 
 ful, and fish and turtles are 
 caught in great numbers. 
 
 The early explorers found 
 in Cuba about a million 
 peaceful Indians ; but under 
 Spanish rule the red race 
 there died out. Many African 
 Negroes were taken to Cuba 
 as slaves. They are now free and form fully one 
 third of the population, which in 1899 numbered 
 1,572,797. The other two thirds include the 
 white people, the mixed races, and several thou- 
 sand coolies, or laborers from China and the East 
 Indies. 
 
 Havana is the capital and largest city. It con- 
 tains one sixth of the people of the island. This 
 
 Entrance to Santiago Harbor. 
 
 is also the railroad center and chief port. The 
 principal exports are cane sugar and tobacco. 
 Most of the exports go to the United States. 
 
 Santiago is the second largest city in Cuba 
 and is the leading port of the eastern province. 
 
SPECIAL SUPPLEMENT, - PORTO RICO. 
 
 There are several other large ports on fine 
 harbors. 
 
 Porto Rico. Porto Rico 1 has in general the 
 shape of a rectangle. It is about 100 miles long 
 
 
 Cutting Sugar Cane, Porto Rico. 
 
 and 36 miles broad, with an area about three 
 fourths as great as Connecticut. 
 
 The inland regions are mostly hilly, with wooded 
 ridges running east and west, sending small rivers 
 to the seacoast on all sides. A broad belt of coastal 
 lands consists of level tracts broken 
 here and there by uneven ridgy 
 areas. 
 
 Porto Rico, like Cuba, is in the 
 hot belt and has the same wet and 
 dry seasons ; but the former is 
 noted for its healthful climate in 
 contrast with other islands of the 
 West Indies. The river valleys 
 and coast plains are very fertile 
 and contain most of the cities and 
 towns. By far the most valuable 
 product is coffee, which thrives 
 on the hillsides. Next in value 
 is sugar; molasses and tobacco are 
 valuable exports. 
 
 The small island of Porto Rico contains more 
 
 1 The Senate of the United States has approved a treaty 
 for the purchase of St. Thomas, St. Croix and St. Johns 
 from Denmark. These islands are east of Porto Rico. 
 Sugar is the chief crop. 
 
 than half as many people as Cuba. This fact 
 shows that the former island is the better culti- 
 vated. The total is 953,243 people ; more than 
 one third of these are Negroes, mostly descendants 
 of former slaves. 
 
 San Juan is the capital 
 and chief city, though not 
 the largest. It is built on 
 a fine harbor on the north 
 coast. A military road has 
 been built from San Juan 
 to Ponce, a port on the 
 south coast. 
 
 Hawaii. Far out in the 
 Pacific, in about the same 
 latitude as Cuba and Porto 
 Rico, lie the islands of the 
 Hawaiian group. There are 
 eight principal islands and 
 many rocky islets. The total area is about 6449 
 square miles. The whole group is often called 
 Hawaii, and there is also one lai'ge island of the 
 same name. 
 
 The islands are of volcanic origin and are built 
 
 Government Building, Honolulu. 
 
 up from the bottom of the deep sea. On the 
 island of Hawaii rise two of the highest peaks 
 in all the Pacific isles — the volcanoes of Mauna 
 Kea and Mauna Loa. The latter is active, and 
 on its east slope is also the huge, active crater of 
 
SPECIAL, SUPPLEMENT, — HAWAII. 
 
 Kilauea, world-famed for its size and for its lake 
 of molten lava. 
 
 Though most parts of the islands are rugged 
 
 with cones, ridges and 
 
 other forms of lava 
 
 flows, there are 
 
 also many open 
 
 valleys of great 
 
 fertility. The 
 
 rich soil is 
 
 well watered. 
 
 Tropical fruits 
 
 abound. Sugar 
 
 and rice are the 
 
 chief exports. 
 The natives 
 
 of Hawaii are a peaceable and 
 
 happy race. In features they 
 
 are like the brown people of 
 whom we have read, but are more intelligent than 
 any other natives of Pacific islands. They belong 
 to the same race as the Filipinos. There are 
 
 
 L 
 
 
 \\ "( . P£;'rjjp^ 
 
 r *3 
 
 JL . Judgff • *■■ 
 
 
 
 i K' 
 
 ■w^ML 
 
 k -jgj 
 
 Unfits- 
 
 tw 
 
 
 Bra 
 
 W&mti 
 
 - *j| 
 
 WK ^^^Mr-'i' 
 
 r l 
 
 *tR---- JflWBiBBi 
 
 
 1 . lllfcftl 
 
 -^-"" 
 
 %%£& 
 
 Native Glils, Hawaii 
 
 Shrimp Fisher, 
 Hawaii. 
 
 now 154,000 people in the islands, but only about 
 one sixth are brown natives. The others belong 
 to the white and the yellow races — the latter 
 being from Japan and China. There are 
 more than twice as many yellow people 
 as white. 
 Various chiefs, kings and queens 
 ruled Hawaii until July 4, 1894, 
 when the white people of the 
 islands took charge of the is- 
 lands. In 1898 they were an- 
 nexed to the United States. 
 
 Honolulu is the capital and chief 
 port. It is on a fine harbor of the 
 island of Oahu. This city has 
 good schools, beautiful public build- 
 ings and homes, as well as electric lights and 
 tramways. Steamers run from this port to San 
 Francisco and to ports of the Old World. 
 
 Philippines. At the close of the war with 
 Spain, a large group of islands, known as the 
 Philippines, came under the care of our country. 
 
 C.Kawalhoa 
 
 'KAULA 
 
 
 Kaena Pt' . ... , 
 r O 
 W&iunoe 
 
 Pear\ 
 Barbers Pt 
 
 o 
 
 
 .*« 
 
 B^WjUXA^T ISLANDS 
 
 SCALE OF MILES 
 
 10 20 30 40 60 00 70 80 90 100 
 
 Longitude 
 
 Hawaiian Islands. 
 
SPECIAL SUPPLEMENT, — PHILIPPINES. 
 
 They are southeast of Asia and have a climate like 
 that of the West Indies. The islands are largely 
 huilt of volcanic rock and contain active craters. 
 The highlands extend chiefly north and 
 south. There are many valleys, slopes and 
 plains with very rich soil. Lakes, rivers 
 and small streams abound. 
 
 There are eleven large islands and several 
 hundred smaller ones in the group. Luzon 
 is the largest, with an area nearly equal to 
 that of New York. Mindanao is next in size. 
 
 With plenty of heat and moisture, the 
 islands are covered with many forms of 
 plant life. Trees of various kinds yield 
 dyes, gums and cabinet woods. Cocoanut 
 palms and bamboo thrive there. Tobacco 
 and sugar are leading products; but the 
 staples for which the islands have long 
 been noted are fine tobacco and Manila 
 hemp, the latter being a fiber used for 
 making rope and twine. It is not true 
 hemp, but is the fiber of a kind of banana 
 plant. Large crops of rice furnish food for 
 many people. Fruits grow wild all over 
 the islands. 
 
 The Philippines have few kinds of large, wild 
 animals. The buffalo, not the bison of our coun- 
 try, is found in both the wild and the tame state. 
 
 The earliest people in the Philippines may have 
 been the Negritos — a dwarfish black race now 
 found in the mountains of Luzon and Negros 
 
 Street Scene In Manila. 
 
 The tame buffalo is the most useful beast of bur- 
 den in the islands. It is used to draw rude j>lows 
 and carts, as well as to carry loads on its back. 
 Sheep and goats are reared. Monkeys, huge bats, 
 birds, snakes and insects abound. 
 
 Philippine Natives (or Filipinos) and Buffalo. 
 
 islands. They were long ago hunted from the 
 lowlands by stronger people of the brown race, 
 and now wander over the ranges and through the 
 forests, without fixed homes, eating wild fruits 
 and sleeping wherever they may be when dark- 
 ness comes on. 
 
 There are eight or nine million natives in the 
 islands, and nearly all belong to the brown race. 
 Most of them are peaceable and kind. 
 
 The brown people of the towns and cities are 
 bright and intelligent ; but the forest and moun- 
 tain tribes are "simple children of nature." On 
 many of the islands the natives are little known, 
 and some of them are savages. 
 
 Many of the tribes of the interior live on wild 
 fruits and game, with little thought of tilling the 
 soil. The lance, bow and arrows are native 
 weapons. During the dry season entire tribes 
 wander through the forests, sleeping in the open 
 air; others make rude huts; still others settle in 
 villages and make huts of bamboo, palm or rattan. 
 
6 
 
 SPECIAL, SUPPLEMENT, — PHILIPPINES. 
 
 Many Chinese have settled in 
 the larger towns and cities. 
 They are thrifty and carry on 
 most of the local trade and bank- 
 ing. A few thousand Spanish 
 and other people of the white 
 race live in the large cities. 
 
 Manila is the capital and 
 largest city. It is on a fine bay 
 at the mouth of the Pasig river, 
 and carries on the greater part 
 of the foreign trade of the is- 
 lands. The second port in im- 
 portance is Iloilo, on the island 
 of Panay. 
 
 Guam. Almost due east of 
 Manila, about 1600 miles out in 
 the Pacific, rises the island of 
 Guam. It is one of a group 
 called the Ladrones, or thieves' 
 islands. The climate and prod- 
 ucts resemble those of Hawaii. 
 Guam is only 30 miles long 
 (see inset on map) ; its chief 
 town is Agana. There are 
 about 9000 people on the island, 
 and one half of them are in 
 this town. At the close of 
 the war with Spain, Guam was 
 ceded to the United States. It 
 will be used as a coaling station 
 and base of supplies for ships of 
 our navy. 
 
 Pronouncing Word List. 
 
 Key: ale, at, arm, finnl; eve, 2nd; Ice, 
 111 ; Old, on ; use, up ; food ; ch as in chop ; 
 g as in go ; th as in thin ; ow as in cow. 
 
 QaXinlanOpChunnel 
 
 PHILIPPINE 
 
 ISLANDS C.BoJeador 
 
 SCALE OF MILES 
 
 COMPARATIVE AREA 
 
 Greenwich 123 
 
 Agana, a-gan'yii. 
 Aguadilla, a-gwa-de'ya. 
 Antilles, an-nl'lez. 
 Arecibo, a-ra-se'bo. 
 Balanga, biHiing'ga. 
 Baraooa, ba-ra-ko'ii. 
 Batabano, ba-ta-ba-ncV. 
 Bayamon, ba-ya-mOn'. 
 Bohol, bo 1 -81'. 
 Bulacan, boS-la-kan'. 
 Caimanera, kl-ma-nii'ra. 
 Cardenas, kiir'da-nas. 
 Cavite, ka-vG'ta. 
 Cebu, se-boo'. 
 Cienfuegos, se-Sn-fwil'gos. 
 Corrientes, kor-re-Cu'tes. 
 
 Guam, gwam. 
 
 Guanabacoa, gwa-na-ba-co'a. 
 
 Guantanamo, gwitn-ta'na-mo. 
 
 Guayama, gwl-a'ma. 
 
 Hawaii, hii-wi'e. 
 
 Hilo, he'lo. 
 
 Holguin, ol-gPn'. 
 
 Iloilo, 6-10-618. 
 
 Isla do Pinos, Os'lii da pe'nos. 
 
 Isla de Vieques, es'lii da 
 
 v0-a'kas. 
 Jolo, hd-lo'. 
 
 Kahoolawe, ka-hu-O-la'va. 
 Kauai, kow-I'e. 
 Kilauea, ke-low-a'a. 
 Ladrones, la-dron'as. 
 
 Lanai, lii-na'S. 
 Leyte, la'6-ta. 
 Luzon, loo-son'. 
 Maestra, ma-as'tra. 
 Masbate, inas-ha'ta. 
 Matanzas, ma-tan'sas. 
 Maui, uiow'e. 
 Mauna Kea, mow'nii kil'a. 
 Mauna Loa, mow'nii lo'a. 
 May ague z, ml-a-gwfs'. 
 Mindanao, men-da-na'O. 
 Mindoro, men-do'ro. 
 Molokai, mo-lo-ki'. 
 Negrito, ne-gri'to. 
 Negros, na'gros. 
 Niihau, ne-bow'. 
 
 Nuevitas, nwa-ve'tas. 
 
 Oabu, o-a'hoo. 
 
 Pago, pa'go. 
 
 Palawan, pa-la wan. 
 
 Pampanga, pam-pan'ga. 
 
 Panay, pa-ni'. 
 
 Pasig, pa-seg'. 
 
 Philippine, fHTp-In. 
 
 Final del Kio, pe-nar'dfl rS'o. 
 
 Ponce, pon'sa. 
 
 Porto Rico, pPr'to re'kO. 
 
 Samar, sa-niar'. 
 
 San German, san her-miin'. 
 
 San Juan, san hOo-im'. 
 
 Santiago, siin-te-a'go. 
 
 Sulu, soo-loo'.