s«Sl ■ • ■ - . - - -^!il^PHr A et ' HEALTH SCIENCES LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA AT CHAPEL HILL Martha Riggins Anderson and H.McLeod Riggins Rare Book Fund A GUIDE TO AMERICAN MEDICAL STUDENTS IN EUROPE BY HENRY HUN, M.D. LECTUBEB ON DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM IN THE ALBANY MEDICAL COLLEGE KEW YORK WILLIAM WOOD & COMPANY Nos. 56 and 58 Lafayette Place 1883 Copyright by WILLIAM WOOD & COMPANY 1883 Trow's Printing and Bookbinding Company 201-213 East Tivelth St. NEW YORK PEEFACE. Evert year a large number of Americans go to Europe to complete their medical studies. Unfortunately the great ma- jority of these students have very little definite information about the different universities or about the way in which medicine is taught abroad, and on this account they lose much valuable time in getting to work. The object of this book is to furnish this information, and to give some assistance to the student at the outset of his foreiim study, which is the time that he stands most in need of aid ; and it is hoped that the book may also be of some interest to medical men in this country who wish to know how medicine is taught in Europe, although in order that the Guide might be of such a size as to be of real use to the student, it was necessary to omit much which might be of interest to the general practitioner. For a large part of the information in the book I am indebted to the kindness of many friends. Albany, July, 18S3. CONTENTS. PAGE Preliminary (Journey, Language, etc.), ... 1 Austria : Vienna, . 14 Prague, 31 Germany : Dresden, . . . . ^ . • . . . 34 Berlin, 35 Berlin (Matriculation), 39 Leipzig, .......... 48 Heidelberg, 53 Strasbourg, 56 Bonn, 60 Breslau, 62 Erlangen, 64 Freiburg, 66 Giessen, .67 Gottingen, 68 Greifswald, 70 Halle, 71 Jena, 73 Kiel, 74 Konigsberg, 76 VI CONTENTS. Germany {Continued) : PAGE Marburg, 78 Munich, 79 Rostock, , 81 Tubingen, 82 Wiirzburg, 83 Examination and Graduation, 85 Switzerland : Basel, . 92 Bern, 93 Zurich, 95 France : Paris, 97 England : London, 115 Dublin, 146 APPENDIX, 149 A GUIDE TO AMERICAN MEDICAL STUDENTS IN EUROPE. Medical students constitute the only class of students who in any considerable number follow the good old German custom of supplementing their regular course of study (Lehrjahre) by a season of travel (Wanderjahre) for the purpose of seeing how people in other places perform that work which is to occupy the remainder of their lives. Most of the students who graduate at our medical colleges feel the need of more clinical work before commencing the practice of medicine, and many of them go to some other medical centre to study for a time. Besides the medical knowledge which a student acquires in his foreign tour, the contact with different men and different customs broadens his mind and improves his judgment, so that he becomes a better adviser in those ques- tions not strictly medical which it often falls to the lot of the medical attendant to answer. Some students go to New York, or the other large cities of America, but by far the greater number go to Europe, and especially to Germany. The reason for this is not difficult to understand. In our large cities, and especially in New York, there are certain clinics and opportunities of study which are probably unsurpassed in the world ; but there is, undoubtedly, 1 2 A GUIDE TO AMERICAN no place where a student can attend so many excellent clinics with so little loss of time, or where he can so well train his eyes and hands in methods of diagnosis and treatment, as in Vienna ; while, if he is less anxious for clinical study, and wishes to train himself in laboratory work and methods, he can nowhere accomplish this so well as in Germany. In order to get the full advantage of foreign work, it is neces- sary that the student should be well grounded in the medical sciences and in the observation of disease before he goes abroad. Study in Europe does not at all replace the hospital work which it is desirable that a student should have after he has completed his studies in the medical school. A house physician or surgeon in a hospital gets a practical acquaint- ance with disease, and an opportunity to follow its course from day to day, as well as a self-confidence in treating patients which he does not get from attending clinics and seeing patients in whose treatment he has no responsibility nor concern. The circumstances of each individual student must deter- mine whether he shall go abroad immediately on the com- pletion of his studies, or whether he shall wait till he has been in practice a few years and discovers what he really most needs to learn. Usually on graduation a student is too young to practise, and he can never spare the time for a trip to Europe as well as then, nor will his mind ever be so ready to acquire new ideas. If, after having been in practice for several years, he finds it desirable to study some special sub- ject, he will be able to go abroad and study it to much better advantage on account of his previous medical work in Europe. The length of time that he should spend abroad must also depend on the circumstances and needs of each individual student. If he has graduated at a good school, and has served a term in a hospital, and wishes to fit himself for general practice, then eighteen months, or two years, are enough for his foreign work, and all the time that he spends MEDICAL STUDENTS IN EUROPE. 3 in Europe beyond two years is very apt to be to his disad- vantage. The actual expense of living in Europe is less than in America, but there are so many incidental expenses, such as travel, medical instruments, instruction, etc., that the ex- penses run up to a figure quite equal to that spent at home. By exercising the very strictest economy, a medical student could study in Germany for a year (one semester being spent in Vienna, the other in a smaller town) for between seven and eight hundred dollars. Practically few students, who wish to live comfortably, will be able to bring their actual expenses under one thousand dollars a year. If a student lives in com- fort, travels in the vacations, takes any course in medicine that he wants, without regard to its cost, his expenses will run up to two thousand dollars and over without any of the money being wasted in extravagance. The most convenient way to carry money is in the form of a letter of credit, which enables its possessor to obtain money at any time, at any place, and which serves as a letter of introduction to a promi- nent banking firm in every city who will take charge of let- ters, and who will be able to give useful information about the city. In case a traveller has no banker to receive letters for him, letters may be sent to any place, marked " Poste Kestante," in which case they will be kept in the post-office till called for. Even though the student has a fair knowledge of the Ger- man language, and can read it without much difficulty, he will find it greatly to his advantage to live in a German fam- ily for a couple of months, and to work at the language be- fore he commences to attend lectures. It is sometimes said that the best course for a student to pursue is to go directly to Vienna and commence his medical study, and pick up his German at the same time. This is unwise. The medical work in Vienna is so varied and attractive that the student is tempted to devote all his time to it and neglect his German, 4t A GUIDE TO AMERICAN There are a great many English-speaking medical students in Vienna, almost all of whom speak English whenever they have an ojDportunity ; and the majority of the instructors can speak English more or less perfectly. Consequently, after the student has been studying for a year, he will probably find that he has heard more English spoken than. German, and that he understands the German language so imperfect- ly, that he can scarcely speak it at all, and, on this account, he has derived about half the profit that he might have had from his medical work. If a student wishes to commence his medical study at once, and not give up his time entirely to the language, he should go to a small university where he will hear only German spoken. The majority of medical students, and it is the wisest course to pursue, devote two or three months to the uninterrupted study of German. The best way to learn the language is to live in some German family, and to enter, as much as possible, into their domestic life ; to go on excursions into the country with them, to accompany them to concert-gardens, and to seize every op- portunity for conversation. The more ladies there are in the family the better, as they are less occupied than men during the day by business, and have both more time and more inclination for talking. It will be a little difficult at first to accommodate one's self to German cooking, but the people will be found to be most delightful companions. It is customary to lay much stress on the various German dialects, and on the importance of acquiring a good accent ; and so the student is advised to go to Northern Germany in general, and to Hanover in particular, where the language is spoken in great purity even by the common people. It is to be remembered, however, that to the medical student the acquisition of the German language is a thing necessary in- deed, but altogether subordinate to the study of medicine, and that he has so little time to devote to the former that at the end of his stay in Germany neither his accent nor his MEDICAL STUDENTS IN EUK0PE. 5 grammar will be quite perfect, no matter where lie has stud- ied ; and, finally, that people of fair education, such people as he is likely to meet, speak German much alike, irrespec- tive of what part of the country they live in. Therefore, if in any particular case it is desirable to live in some city other than Hanover, it is not worth while to sacrifice much for the sake of the purity of the language. Before the student can settle down in a German city, and devote himself to the language, there is a long journey to be made. In regard to the different lines of steamers which cross the Atlantic, their relative merits and demerits are so well known that it is not necessary to say anything more about them than that they are all about equally good. Many students select the North German Lloyd line in the hope of learning some German on the voyage. Generally, however, owing to sea-sickness and to the fact that English is very commonly spoken by the passengers, no great progress in German will be made on ship-board. The North German Lloyd is, however, a very good line, and has the advantage of landing its passengers in Germany ; while the excellent table on board serves as a pleasant introduction to German cook- ing. The comfort of the voyage will be immensely increased if the traveller takes on board a warm travelling shawl, or rug, and a reclining chair. When the traveller arrives in Germany he should get an English translation of " Baedeker's Guide" to that part of Ger- many through which he intends to travel. These guide- books are very valuable. They contain an account of the different routes through the country, maps of the country, and plans of the cities, a full description of all that is worth seeing in each city, and a list of the first and second class hotels and restaurants ; in short, all the information that a traveller can desire. Travelling " second class " is very comfortable in Germany, and medical students scarcely ever travel first class ; indeed, G A GUIDE TO AMERICAN very many of them always go third class. There is so much difference between travelling in Germany and in America that rather minute directions as to how to get started rightly on a journey may be of service. On arriving at the railway station a porter takes the trunk from the carriage, and carries it to the baggage-room. The traveller, in the meantime, buys his ticket, and then goes to the baggage-room and points out his trunk, and gives his ticket to the baggage-man. His baggage is then weighed, and after he has paid for it his ticket is returned to him, and he is given a small piece of paper, the receipt for his baggage, which corresponds to the American baggage-checks. On ar- riving at the end of his journey the traveller should give this receipt for baggage to one of the porters on the platform of the station, who will get the trunk and carry it to a carriage or hotel omnibus. In case a person wishes to leave the trunk in the station till he has engaged a room, etc., he has merely to keep the receipt for baggage, and can present it later when he is ready to receive the baggage. Sometimes the men who weigh the baggage ask for a small fee, but this is unusual. The porter who carries the trunk to or from the carriage should have a fee, the regular one is twenty pfennige (five cents), but a few pfennige more are frequently given. The railroad cars, being divided into small compartments, and it being impossible to pass from one car to another while the train is in motion, it is wise for a stranger, before getting on board the train, to show his ticket to the guard, and to let the latter show him the proper car and tell him whether it is necessary to change cars before his journey's end. It is cus- tomary in German}' to carry one or two valises and a travel- ling-rug into the cars as hand-baggage. If the weather is at all cool, a travelling-rug is needed, for the cars are very im- perfectly heated. Baggage is charged for in Germany. In Southern Ger- many and in Austria, all baggage must be paid for according MEDICAL STUDENTS IN EUKOPE. 7 to weight. In Northern Germany twenty-five or fifty pounds (varying with the different railways) are free, and everything in excess must be paid for according to weight. On crossing the frontier between two countries it is always necessary to go to the custom-house, and have all baggage examined. The examination is especially directed to tobacco. Passports are almost never demanded, except in Berlin, but at times they are of use. On account of the extra charge on the railroads, and of the numerous fees to porters, the carrying of a heavy trunk on a long journey becomes very exj^ensive, especially in Southern Germany. Generally it is possible to carry all that is really necessary in one or two valises, and in that case it is cheaper and more convenient to let some forwarding agent (spediteur) send on the trunk by slow freight. These " spediteurs " will be found very convenient later, when, in some of the vacations, a student wishes to travel, and not re- turn to the same town. All the baggage which is not needed on the journey, can be left in the care of one of these agents, who will keep it and forward it at any time, to any place, charging a comparatively small fee. These " spediteurs " can be found in almost every town in Germany. After having arrived in the city in which the student in- tends to study the language, the difficult task remains of find- ing a family in which to live. Large pensions are to be avoided, for in them there is usually a number of Americans and English, and there is apt to be too little German, and too much English spoken. The table in a pension will gen- erally be better than that in a private family, but the advan- tages for learning the language in the latter will more than countsrbalance the poor food. In case no friend has recom- mended a boarding-house, it is best to apply to one's banker, or to put an advertisement in the paper. To the advertise- ment there will probably be a number of answers, and the most attractive place among them can be selected. In regard to learning the language, the more time that is devoted to 8 A GL'IDE TO AMERICAN speaking and writing it, the faster will be the progress made ; comparatively little time need be devoted to the grammar. The part of the day not occupied by the study of German can be devoted to reading German medical works, or to medi- cal clinics, if there is an hospital in the city. If Munich or Dresden be selected as the cities in which to learn German, the spare hours of the day may be devoted to the picture gal- leries, and to reading some systematic work on art, such as Liibke ; for a little knowledge about the history of art will be of much use and pleasure in all the rest of one's European travels. The Germans are a very music-loving people, and if the student is interested in music he can combine the study of that branch with the study of German. One word about getting instructors in these, or in similar branches. The Germans are a very kind-hearted people, and always seem glad to be of service to foreigners. If a stranger calls on the professor of art or music, or on the director of the picture gallery, or on the musical director of the opera in any city, and explains to them what sort of instruction he wishes, they will be sure to treat him kindly, to take an in- terest in his success, and will help him to find a teacher. This is a rule which holds good throughout Germany, and if advice is wanted about the study of any branch of knowledge, the professor of that branch, almost without exception, will be glad to give advice and assistance ; and a stranger need never fear meeting with a rebuff. When a student has obtained such an acquaintance with the language that he understands easily what is said to him, and can make himself understood without great difficulty, the sooner he commences his medical study the better. As the winters are gloomy in Germany, if he wishes to do much microscopical work, he had better devote a summer semester to it, and arrange his time accordingly. The advantages of each university will be spoken of in detail later. For general work in clinical medicine and surgery, and practical exercises MEDICAL STUDENTS IN EUROPE. 9 in special departments (eye, ear, throat, etc.), most students prefer Vienna ; for gynecology, Berlin ; for nervous diseases, Berlin or Heidelberg ; for histology, Strasbourg ; for patho- logical anatomy, Heidelberg, Strasbourg*, or Leipzig ; for obstetrics, Vienna, Prague, or Dresden ; for physiology, Leipzig, or Berlin ; for physiological chemistry, Heidelberg or Strasbourg ; for anatomy, Leipzig, Vienna, or Halle, etc. It is not advisable to travel about from place to place any more than is absolutely necessary, because a student who has studied in a university for some little time is able to work there to better advantage. It is true that much can be learned by travelling about and seeing different celebrated men and their methods. A student can observe many of the peculiari- ties of a professor by one or two visits to his clinics. This is especially true in regard to surgery. The knowledge thus obtained, however, is rather incomplete and unsatisfac- tory. When the student arrives in the city where he intends to study medicine, in order to determine in what quarter he had best secure his room, he should stroll about and note the position of the hospital, and the different university buildings. These buildings do not stand on the same piece of ground as our university buildings do, but are scattered throughout the city. One of them, where the university offi- cers have their rooms, and where all the business of the uni- versity is transacted, is called the " Uniyersitat. " There are no dormitories where the students have rooms. It is cus- tomary to hire a room in the neighborhood of the building where the student intends to do the most work, and to take his dinner and supper in some restaurant. Many restaurants have a regular dinner about one o'clock. In the university towns the houses in which the students live, have, when any rooms are vacant, notices to that effect pasted on the house, so that in walking through the streets a person can select any house which suits his fancy, and look at the rooms which 1* 10 A GUIDE TO AMERICAN are for rent in it. The landlady furnishes a breakfast of cof- fee and rolls. On the blackboards at the entrance of the university, the hospital, and the different laboratories, notices are joasted up about the various courses, stating the date of commencement of each course and the days and hours on which it is to be held. These notices are pasted up at any time from a couple of days to a couple of months before the course commences. On the blackboard at the entrance of the university (Universi- tiit), besides the notices about the different courses, there are others about rooms to rent in the city and about the time when students must present themselves for matriculation. Further information about university matters can be obtained from the head-janitor (Ober-Pedell), or the Quaestor, who both have rooms in the university building. Information as to the nature of the instruction in any course can be best obtained by calling on the professor or instructor. If a stu- dent wishes to do laboratory work, he should call on the pro- fessor and make arrangements about his desk, etc. In regard to other courses, it is customary in the German uni- versities to call on the professor or instructor, and make application to take the course ; in Vienna, however, it is the rule to be present at the commencement of the course with- out having made any previous application, but some of the courses in Vienna are so crowded that it is necessary to apply long in advance, in order to secure a place. These courses will be specified later. At any book-store in the neighborhood of the university can be bought the university catalogue, which contains a list of the different courses and the days and hours on which they are held, but not the date of their commencement nor the place where they are held. Information on these points must be obtained from the notices pasted on the blackboards. The university catalogues are published just before the close of one semester for the ensuing semester, so that they can be MEDICAL STUDENTS IX EUROPE. 11 obtained long before the commencement of the semester. A catalogue of any university can be ordered through any book-store in any city of Germany. The title of the cata- logue is " Yerzeichniss der Yorlesungen in Universitat " for the winter or summer semester, as the case may be. A very useful catalogue is published which contains a list of all the courses in all the different universities. It is called Deutscher UniversitHts-Kalender, von Dr. F. Ascherson, Ber- lin, IT. Theil. It appears about one month after the com- mencement of each semester. The winter semester in the universities is advertised to commence on the middle of October and close on the middle of March, and the summer semester to commence on the middle of April and to close on the middle of August. Keally, the work does not commence till about a fortnight after the advertised time, and closes about ten days before it. It is better, however, for a student to present himself within a week after the advertised time, in order to make sure of his work, because some of the courses are very much crowded. The available time of the semester is still further curtailed by numerous holidays, which cut about three weeks out of the winter semester, and about ten days out of the summer semester. It is well to know, also, that although the lec- tures are advertised to commence at a certain time, they never do begin till a quarter of an hour after it ; this so- called " academic quarter of an hour" being allowed in order that the students may go from one lecture place to another and get comfortably seated before the professor enters. Vienna differs in these respects from the other universities. In Vienna the semester begins pretty promptly at the adver- tised time, and the lectures commence promptly at the hour, it being very unusual to allow the " academic quarter of an hour." The number of holidays in Vienna is, however, quite as lame as in the other universities. O The teaching: in Germany is eminently demonstrative. The 12 A GUIDE TO AMERICAN instruction is given by professors, extraordinary professors, privat-docents, and assistants. In the larger universities the professors of medicine, surgery, gynecology, etc., conduct their exercises, as a rule, in the following way : The students assemble in the amphitheatre, into which a patient from the wards is brought. A student (practicant) is called down, Avho examines the case and makes his diagnosis and suggests treatment. The professor then examines the case and criti- cises the student's examination, diagnosis, and treatment, and brings out all that he wishes to say about the case in this dis- cussion, which, although carried on with the examining stu- dent, is for the benefit of the whole class. In this way the professor can illustrate anything he says about a disease by a patient actually before the class, and the student is trained to a systematic method of examination, and his defects are * brought to light and criticised. Some professors discuss the case very thoroughly with the examining student, while others pay little attention to the student and direct their remarks about the case to the class. The student who has thus exam- ined a case before the class is expected to follow its course from day to day in the ward. In the large universities a stu- dent is not allotted more than two or three such cases in a semester. In some of the smaller universities, instead of meeting in the amphitheatre, the professor and students make a daily visit through the wards. In clinical medicine, for instance, the students are divided into two classes, auscultants and praktikants. As the professor passes from bed to bed, he points out what physical signs are present, and allows the auscultants to examine the case. To the praktikants, who have previously been auscultants, he gives cases for examina- tion and diagnosis, and discusses the case with them. They are then expected to follow the course of the case from day to day. Instead of following the plan above described, some of the MEDICAL STUDENTS IN EUROPE. 13 professors give regular systematic lectures, and illustrate them by cases which are shown after the lecture. The extraordinary professors usually select some special branch of a subject to lecture upon, and give a course of about two months duration, which is often of a veiy practical nature. The privat-docents are young' men w r ho, having passed the examination prescribed by the state for doctors, and another examination prescribed b} T the university for privat-docents, are allowed to give instruction in some special branch. The courses which they give are usually short — of eight or ten weeks' duration — are more practical than theoretical in their nature, and are modified to suit the wishes and needs of the students. The number of privat-docents is much greater in the larger than in the smaller universities, and they are espe- cially numerous in Vienna. The assistants correspond to the internes or house officers in American hospitals, and it is only in Vienna that they give much instruction. In Vienna the assistants are usually older than in the hospitals of Germany, and the treatment of the patients is left to a great extent in their hands. They give short, practical courses, illustrated by an abundance of material, and many of these courses are considered the most Valuable in Vienna by the American students. The assistants follow closely in their methods of instruction and in their remarks about the cases the professors whom they assist ; so that though the assistants are constantly changing, yet each assistant instructs as did his predecessor, and as long as the same professor remains at the head of a department, the as- sistants in that department will instruct in pretty much the same way. 11 A GUIDE TO AMERICAN AUSTRIA. VIENNA. In Vienna the medical instruction is given in the general hospital, which contains between three and four thousand patients, and in the polyclinic, which is situated close to the general hospital, and which is a sort of general dispensary where all the different specialties are treated at different hours, and which is open from 8 a.m. to 6 p.m. Some little instruction is also given in the other hospitals in Vienna. Londen Gasse, Schlossel Gasse, Floriani Gasse, Garnisson Gasse, Schwarzspanier Gasse, and the neighboring streets are the favorite ones for students' rooms. The houses in which rooms are to rent have notices to that effect on the doors, so that a student has merely to walk along the street and look at the rooms to rent till he has found a room and house that suits him. A good room costs between twenty and thirty guldens (between nine and thirteen dollars) a month. It is, of course, an advantage in winter to have a room which faces south. In Vienna, as everywhere on the continent, the houses are large, and many families live in the same house, the front door of which is locked at night by the porter. In Vienna, however, the curious custom exists of not giving the people who live in the house a night-key, conse- quently if they come home after ten p.m. they must ring the bell and wake up the porter, and pay him ten kreuzers (five cents) for opening the door. The medical instruction in Vienna differs from that in other universities, in this respect, that in Vienna there are a great MEDICAL STUDENTS IN EUROPE. 15 many extraordinary professors, privat-docents, and assistants, ■who give courses of six or eight weeks' duration, illustrated by a great number of cases. The object of these courses is not to discuss the theory of the diseases, but to train the stu- dents in the use of their eyes, hands, ears, and medical in- ' struments in the examination of patients, and they fulfil this object well. These are the courses which the American stu- dents in general like, and which have given rise to the rather unjust report that the medical instruction in Vienna is very superficial. The regular professors discuss in their lectures the theoretical part of the subject, and a student who listens to such men as Prof. Meynert will hardly complain that their lectures are too superficial. These short courses cost from seven to thirteen dollars. The touch courses, however, which are very expensive, and consist of only twenty-one lessons, cost twenty-two dollars. If, as frequently happens, the hours of two different courses conflict, so that a student is obliged to abandon one course unfinished, he has only to explain the difficulty to the in- structor, who will allow him to make up the lost time in his next course. There is a pretty sharp struggle for some of the courses in Vienna. Frequently a set of men secure some popular instructor, and will engage course after course with him to the exclusion of all the other students. In this way some of the very best courses are never advertised, and a student can find out about and gain admittance to them only through some student already in the course. It is, however, sometimes possible to get into such courses by ap- plying to the instructor. If a student wishes to do any laboratory work, he should call on the professor or instructor before the .course com- mences. Generally it is sufficient to present one's self at the place and hour named on the advertisement for the com- mencement of the course. Some courses, such as Bandl's and Rokitansky's on gynecology, or physical diagnosis by 16 A GUIDE TO AMERICAN Prof. Bamberger's assistant, or anatomy by Prof. Langer's as- sistants, or laryngoscopy by Prof. Schlatter's assistant, are so crowded that it is necessary to apply, in person or by letter, long in advance for a place in them. In the same way in the courses of Prof. Bamberger, Prof. Billroth, Prof. Kaposi, and Prof. Neumann, it is necessary to apply long in advance to secure a front seat, which is very desirable in these courses. It is not necessary to matriculate in order to study in Vienna, and thus a student is saved much trouble. In all the courses, except those given by the regular professor, it is possible to pay the instructor himself. In some of the courses given by the regular professor it is not possible to pay either the professor or his assistant, but the money must be paid at the treasurer's office. This is a very difficult operation. Usually the servant in Prof. Bamberger's clinic will, for a small fee,. pay for the course, and bring to the student the various papers which it is necessary for him to sign. On the blackboards at the two entrances of the hospital and at the entrance of the polyclinic are pasted up the no- tices of the different courses ; on account of the great number of these notices it is verv confusing for a student at first to select the courses which he wants to take. A catalogue of the university can be bought at the bookstores of Braun- miiller on the " Graben," and of Toplitz and Dentike near the hospital. These stores give a discount of ten per cent, to medical students. The following are the courses given by the regular profes- sors : Prof. Bamberger and Prof. Nothnagel hold a medical clinic every day, except Saturday, from 8 to 10 a.m. Prof. Nothnagel has just been called to Vienna from Jena to fill the chair made vacant by the death of Prof. Duchek, so that it is impossible to say how he will conduct his clinic. Prof. Bamberger appears in the amphitheatre between 8.30 and 8.45 a.m. A case is brought in and a student ex- amines it rapidly. Then Prof. Bamberger makes a very MEDICAL STUDENTS IN EUROPE. 17 thorough examination of the case before the class, and dis- cusses it with the examining student. His method of sum- ming up and discussing the symptoms in arriving at a diag- nosis is exceedingly interesting and instructive, and is the strong feature of the clinic. He also gives briefly the latest points in the pathology and therapeutics of the disease. Prof. Bamberger speaks very low, and it is necessary for a foreigner to get a seat in the middle of the first or second row of benches. Prof. Billroth and Prof. Albert hold a surgical clinic every day, except Saturday, from 10 a.m. to 12 m. A case is brought into the amphitheatre and a student examines it. Prof. Bill- roth then discusses the case fully, and if there is a minor op- eration to be performed he allows the student to do it. Prof. Albert's course is conducted in the same way, but it is some- what more systematic, and his remarks are directed rather to younger students, while Prof. Billroth picks out unusual cases, and his remarks are directed to doctors and more advanced students. Prof. Carl Braun and Prof. Spaeth hold obstetrical clinics daily, except Saturday, from 12 to 2 p.m. Prof. Spaeth's clinics are intended rather for younger students. He gives systematic lectures, and illustrates them by cases. Prof. Braun's clinic is intended for more advanced students. He presents to the class in the amphitheatre any remarkable case which may be in the ward and discusses it. A student is sometimes called on to examine the case, but this is not done so regularly as in the other clinics, and Prof. Braun does not criticise the student's examination much. In connection with the midwifery clinics, the students are allowed to work in the obstetrical wards according to the following system. At the commencement of the semester, or any time in the course of it, the students who wish to prac- tise in the wards write their names on a so-called regular list. In Carl Braun's wards these names are divided into groups 18 A GUIDE TO AMERICAN of eight men each. Each group comes on in succession for work during twenty-four hours. It rarely happens that all eight men are present, and any deficiency is made up from a so-called extra list. This extra list is made up every day by men who wish to practise that day writing their names on that list in the morning. Then, if any man of the regular eight is absent, his place is filled up from the extra list, the assistant picking out a name partly from its position on the list and partly according to whether the man has recently practised. To each of the eight men thus selected a case in labor is as- signed, and he follows the case through the whole labor, ex- amining frequently, supporting the perineum, and if he is experienced enough, the assistant will allow him to do any of the simpler oj)erations which may be required (forceps, etc.). In Prof. Spaeth's wards, the regular list and the extra list is made up in the way above described, but the regular list is divided into groups of four men each, and then any deficiency in the regular group and two extra men are appointed from the extra list. To the six men thus appointed no particular cases are assigned, but each case in the deliveiy-room may be examined bv four of these men, who must write their names on a slate at the head of the bed, and the man whose name is first down can examine the case from time to time ; but he can neither support the perineum nor do any opera- tion, the midwives delivering the case. In the afternoon, at 4 o'clock, in one ward or the other, there is an admittance (aufnahme) of patients. The assistant examines the different applicants to see if they are suitable cases to be admitted, and the students who are present have an opportunity of examining after him. In pathological anatomy Prof. Kundrat gives a course every day, except Saturday, from 12 to 1. on general pathological anatomy in the w T inter semester, and on special pathological anatomy in the summer semester. He also gives a practical course, from 3 to 4 p.m., on the making of autopsies, three MEDICAL STUDENTS IN EUROPE. 19 times a week. Autopsies are being performed in the autopsy- room during the whole morning, and any student can be present and witness them. There are two eye clinics, from 10 a.m. to 12 m. daily, ex- cept Saturday, the first hour being devoted to the clinic, the last to a lecture ;. one of these is held by Prof. Arlt, and the other by Prof. Stellwag. Prof. Arlt gives regular systematic lectures, and afterward illustrates them by cases ; his clinic is said to be very interesting. Prof. Meynert lectures every day, except Saturday, from 12 to 1. On three days he gives systematic lectures on the functions of the brain and their disorders. These lectures are very interesting, but very difficult to understand. Twice a week he exhibits patients. On Saturday, from 10 to 12, he demonstrates the anatomv of the brain. He also allows students to work in his laboratory on the finer anatomy of the nervous system. His work and lectures are very interest- ing, but he is very irregular in his attendance. Prof. Hofmann lectures daily, from 2 to 3 p.m., on medical jurisprudence, and gives practical instruction in the manner of making autopsies in such cases on Tuesday and Thursday from 3 to 1 p.m. Prof. Brucke gives lectures and demonstrations in physi- ology and histology every day from 11 to 12, except Satur- day. He also allows students to work in his laboratory, either in general physiological experiments or in original investiga- tions. Prof. Langer gives lectures and demonstrations in anatomy dailv from 9 to 10 a.m. In the winter semester he lectures on the bones, muscles, and viscera, and in the summer semes- ter on the vessels, nerves, and organs of sense. There is a great abundance of material, and a student can work in the dissecting-room from morning till nm\ht, and can receive as- sistance whenever he is in need of it. Prof. Strieker gives a lecture and demonstration on experi- 20 A GUIDE TO AMERICAN mental pathology in the winter semester daily, except Satur- day, from 1 to 2 p.m. He also allows advanced students, who wish to make original investigations, to work in his famous laboratory. Prof. E. Ludwig lectures on Tuesdays and Fridays, from 5 to 6.30 p.m., on medical chemistry, and directs practical ex- ercises in that branch in his laboratory. Prof. "Wedl gives practical instruction in the use of the microscope and in histology. Prof. Vogl lectures daily, except Saturday, from 10 to 11 a.m. , on materia medica, and exhibits the drugs. He also con- ducts practical work in the preparation of drugs and in an- alysis. These lectures by the regular professors are not attended by the majority of American students. It is well, however, to attend them a few times in order to learn the methods and characteristics of the professors. A considerable number of Americans attend the clinics of Profs. Bamberger, Billroth, Braun, and Arlt, and many students take out Prof. Braun's ticket in order to be able to practise in his obstetric wards, which is a much cheaper, although more time-consuming way of learning practical obstetrics than the touch courses later to be described. One of the most popular courses in Vienna is that given by Prof. Bamberger's assistants, T(3lg and Neusser, on plrysical diagnosis. This course is rarely advertised. It is held from 2 to 3 or 3 to 4 p.m., and is limited to four or six students. Two students are given a case which they examine together thorouo-hlv. Then the assistant comes, and discusses the case with them fully. The assistants have Prof. Bamberger's clear style of exposition, and the course is a very valuable one. Prof. Nothnagel's assistants, Langer and Kogerer, give courses which are conducted in the same way, but the cases are not quite so thoroughly discussed. Privat-docent Heitler gives an excellent course, which is conducted in the same manner, MEDICAL STUDENTS IN EUROPE. 21 but there are more students iu his class, so that each one does not receive so much attention. Prof. Schrotter and Prof. Schnitzler give practical courses on the examination of the heart and lungs, which are not altogether satisfactory. There is often much delay in the beginning of Prof. Schrotter's course, and that of Prof. Schnitzler is held only once a week. In addition to the above, Privat-docents Bettleheim and N. "Weiss give courses on physical diagnosis, as do also Profs. Stern, and Stoffella, and Privat-docents Kolisko, Eollett, and Drozda. Privat- docent Breuer gives a course on the new methods of clinical investigation and therapeutics on Saturday and Sunday from 11 to 12 m. There are many good courses on operative surgery given in Vienna. Prof. Billroth's assistants, Wolner and Hacker, give o})erative courses on the cadaver an hour daily for six days in the week. They first perform the operations, and then each student in turn performs them. The anatomy of the part is shown, and especial attention is devoted to the dif- ficulties which present themselves when the operation is per- formed on the living subject. The same assistants give ex- cellent courses on fractures and luxations, and on any part of surgery which the students may desire. Similar courses are given by Prof. Albert's assistants, Meydl and Lorenz. Privat-docents Wolner and Nedopil, give excellent courses on operative surgery and on minor surgery. In the operative course Dr. Wolfler discusses more fully the operation as it jn'esents itself in the living subject and Dr. Nedopil devotes himself rather to the anatomy of the part. During the winter semester Dr. Weichselbaum gives an excellent course on oper- ative surgery in the military hospital, which adjoins the gen- eral hospital. Privat-docent Hofmokl gives a good course on minor surgery. In it a student has an opportunity of doing some small operations, and of seeing a number done by tho instructor. Dr. Hofmokl also gives a number of courses on special departments in surgery. Besides the above-mentioned 22 A GUIDE TO AMERICAN courses, Prof. Salzer and Prof. Bohm give courses on surgical operations, and Prof. Mozetig-Moorhof gives a course on special surgical operations. Privat-docent Englisch gives a course on fractures and luxations, and also a course on dis- eases of the urinary and generative organs. Dr. Fieber gives a course on minor surgery and also one on bandaging, and Prof. Cessner gives a course on surgical instruments and on bandaging. Perhaps the most popular courses of all in Vienna are the " touch " courses, but they are very exjDensive (fifty gulden for twenty-one lessons). The assistants in the obstetrical wards give two kinds of courses — operative courses and " touch " courses. It is better, although not absolutely necessary, that the operative course should precede the "touch" course, and should be taken of the same instructor. In the operative course cadavers of children are placed in a phantom or in the cadaver of a woman, and the students are exercised in di- agnosticating the position, and in performing the different operations of obstetrics in all their varieties. The touch course is limited, onty four men are allowed in it. A preg- nant woman is examined by a student, then by the assistant, and then by the three other students, much attention being paid to diagnosticating the j)osition by the abdominal exam- ination ; then the case is discussed in all its aspects. No time is lost, and from six to eight women are thus examined in the hour. Then the students witness any operation which may take place during the three weeks that their course lasts. It is of advantage to take this course in Prof. SjDaeth's wards, rather than Prof. Braun's, for this reason : in Prof. Braun's ward (see above) each case is in charge of some student who, if he is competent, is supposed to do any minor operation that may be necessary ; in Prof. Spaeth's wards, on the other hand, the case belongs to no particular student, and any mi- nor operation which it is needful to do the assistant turns over to a member of his touch course, so that in each course oo MEDICAL STUDENTS IN EUROPE. 2 each student gets a chance to perform a couple of operations on the average. Gynecology is not so well taught in Vienna as is obstetrics. The best course is probably the one given by Prof. Chrobak, except that the students in this course do not see very many cases. The course is given through the whole semester three times a week, and consists of svstematic lectures, illustrated j %i J by patients, and of practice in diagnosis. The course most pop- ular with the students is the one given by Prof. Bandl, from 10 to 12 a.m. This course is limited to ten men. Applications for the course and the number of courses desired, must be made long in advance. Thev can be made by letter, but the stu- dent must be present at the opening of the course to claim his place. The students examine the patient in turn. Each student tells what he finds and tries to make a diagnosis. Then Prof. Bandl examines and tells what is there, and then all examine again to feel it. Prof. Bandl discusses the case a little. During the course one gets an opportunity to see a few operations. About equally popular with Prof. Bandl's is Prof. Rokitan- sky's course in gynecology, which must also be engaged a long time in advance. It is held from 10 to 12 a.m., and is managed in the same way as Prof. Bandl's course. The num- ber of students is limited to four, so that more patients can be examined in the hour than in Prof. Bandl's course. Prof. I'okitansky discusses the cases well, and during the course 'one sees a number of operations. It is held in Prof. Bokitan- sky's private hospital. Prof. Bandl and Privat-docent Lott give excellent courses on gynecological operations, in which the student is taught how to do the operations on the cadaver. The courses are held in the evenings from 5 to 7, but as it is sometimes diffi- cult to get sufficient material, the course is apt to extend over a pretty long time. The assistants of Prof. Braun and Prof. Spaeth also give 24 A GUIDE TO AMERICAN practical courses in gynecology, and instruction in the same department is given by Dr. Funk and Dr. Massari and Dr. Schlesinger. The study of nervous diseases is not satisfactory in Yienna. Prof. Benedikt holds a good clinic on nervous diseases from 12 to 1.30 p.m. on Saturdays. He also gives a good course on electro-diagnosis and therapeutics, and an interesting one on craniotomy. Prof. Rosenthal and Privat-docent N. "Weiss give short courses on nervous diseases, in which a number of cases are exhibited, and Privat-docent F. Fieber gives a course on nervous diseases and electro-therapeutics ; but none of these courses are altogether satisfactory. On insanity, Privat-docent Fritsch gives an excellent course. The first part of the hour is taken up with a short theoretical lecture, and the last part with a demonstration of patients, of which there are a great number constantly passing through the hospital. The student examines the case and makes a diagnosis, and Dr. Fritsch criticises him. Dr. Fritsch will modify his course to suit the wishes of his students. The as- sistant of Prof. Meynert will, if desired, give a practical course on insanity in the wards. Prof. Leidesdorf and Prof. Schlacrer each hold clinics on insanity at the insane asylum, which is not far from the hospital. In these clinics the first half of the hour is devoted to a lecture, and the last half to the ex- hibition of patients. The favorite courses on diseases of children in Yienna are those of Prof. Widerhofer and Prof. Monti. Prof. Wider- hofer holds his clinic at the children's hospital daily, except Wednesday and Saturday, from 11 to 12 m. He does not en- ter the room till 11.20, and after a short lecture on some sub- ject he presents the cases and lectures upon them in a very interesting way. It is necessary to come early to these lec- tures and to get a seat near the table, in order to be able to see and to examine the children. The seats are not reserved. On Wednesday a surgical clinic is held in place of the medical MEDICAL STUDENTS IN EUROPE. 25 one. After the clinic the students can accompany Pro£ Widerhofer on his visits through the wards of the hospital. Prof. Monti's clinic at the polyclinic, from 10 to 11 a.m., is conducted in the same way as Prof. \Yiderhofer's, except that systematic lectures on children's food, intestinal derange- ments, etc., form a more prominent part of the clinic, and fewer patients are seen. On Wednesday a surgical clinic is held. Dr. Fiirth holds a clinic at the polyclinic from 3 to 4 p.m. He does not discuss the cases very fully, but he is anxious to have the students see all the cases and learn all they can from him, and at his clinic a student has a good opportunity to make a physical examination of the children. Courses on children's diseases are also given by Prof. Max Pollitzer, and by Privat-docents Eisenschitz, Huttenbrenner, Hauke, and Becker. Dr. Friedinger gives a course on vac» cination and diseases of infants. There are many courses on diseases of the eve. Privat- docent Ber^meister gives an excellent course of systematic lectures on external diseases of the eye daily from 8 to 9.30 a.m. After his lecture he exhibits cases to illustrate it. Once a week he gives a lecture on anomalies of refraction. Dr. Borysickiewicz gives an excellent practical course on the ophthalmoscope, in which, after a few preliminary lectures, the students examine a variety of cases, the instructor going about constantly from one student to the other to see that each one sees all that there is to be seen. Dr. Borvsickiewicz also gives a course on anomalies of refraction and accommo- dation, and also an excellent course on the operations of the eye, the students having an opportunity to perform the oper- ation on the cadaver. Prof. Jaeger gives an excellent course on diseases of the eye, illustrated by patients, and also two excellent courses on ophthalmoscopy, and operations on the eve similar to those of Dr. Borvsickiewicz. Privat-docent Dr. Beuss gives a very good general course on diseases of the eve at the polyclinic every afternoon, except Saturday. Privat* 2 20 A GUIDE TO AMERICAN docent Dr. Hock gives a general course on diseases of the eye, including ophthalmoscopic practice, as does also Prof. Mau timer. Privat-docent Dr. Feuer gives a course on senile changes in the eye, and another on the anomalies of refraction and accommodation. Dr. Konigstein gives a course on the minute anatomy of the eyeball, and another on the anomalies of refraction and accommodation. All the courses on diseases of the ear in Vienna are excel- lent. Prof. Politzer and Prof. Gruber each hold a clinic daily at the hospital, the former from 12 to 1 p.m., and the latter from 9 to 10 a.m. They both run about half an hour beyond their time. These courses commence with systematic lectures on the anatomy and physiology of the ear, which oc- cupy nearly the whole of the first week. Afterward the whole time is occupied by the examination of patients, the condition of each ear being represented in a drawing, so that the student may be sure to see rightly. Remarks about the different diseases are made in connection with the cases oc- curring in the clinic, although regular lectures about some disease or method of operation are frequently given. Every day each student has an opportunity to catheterize two or three Eustachian tubes, and he can perform small operations on the ear when such cases present themselves. These two courses are about equally good, Prof. Politzer's being usually the more crowded. Equally good with these courses is one given by Privat-docent Urbanschitsch at the polyclinic in the afternoons. He uses artificial lmht instead of daylight. He is the pleasantest of all the instructors in Vienna. The as- sistant of Profs. Gruber and Politzer gives an excellent course on diseases of the ear, as does also Privat-docent Dr. Bing. The most popular course on diseases of the throat in Vi- enna is the one given by Prof. Schrbtter, which is held daily, except Saturday, from 10 to 11 a.m. During the first half hour the students examine cases with the laryngoscope, aud Prof. Schrotter goes from one student to the other to render MEDICAL STUDENTS IN EPPwOPE. 27 aid, and being able to devote a little less than a minute to each student. During the last half of the hour the students listen to a course of lectures, which are almost entirely about laryngoscopies! instruments. If a student takes the course for a second time then it is not necessary to attend these lectures, but the student may treat the patient during the last half of the hour by blowing powders and rubbing solutions into the larynx. A great number of patients attend this clinic, and the onlv drawback to the course is that a student can receive very little personal attention from Prof. Schrotter. Prof. Stork gives a very good course in laryngoscopy from 11 to 12 m. daily, except Saturday. The students examine the cases, and after they have had some practice are allowed to treat them. Frequently Prof. Stork devotes the last part of the hour to a lecture. The course c'iven by Prof. Schlatter's assistant, Dr. Fischer, is very popular, for, besides seeing many cases and having much treatment to do, the students receive more personal attention from the instructor, the Dum- ber of students in the course being limited. Application must be made for this course in advance. The same remarks apply to the course of Privat-docent Ottocar Chiari, which is very good. Prof. Schnitzler gives a course of two hours' duration every morning, except Saturday. During the first hour the students examine and treat patients, under the supervision of the assistants, Prof. Schnitzler coming in to- ward the end of the hour. The last hour is occupied by a theoretical lecture from Prof. Schnitzler. These are really two courses combined, each one costing ten guldens, and each can be taken separately. The Americans who take this course generally take only the first hour's work. The as- sistants of Prof. Schnitzler also give good courses in laryngo- scopy. The opportunities for studying diseases of the skin are very fine in Vienna. Prof. Kaposi holds a clinic daily from 8 to 10 a.m. He exhibits patients and lectures upon them. The 28 A GUIDE TO AMERICAN patients are almost or quite nude and pass about among the students for examination. Once a 'week a visit is made through the wards, so that the students may observe the course of the cases and the effects of treatment, It is a most valuable clinic and one in which it is important to have a seat in the front row of benches, and to obtain this it is ne- cessary to apply in advance. Equally valuable with Prof. Kaposi's clinic, and even more interesting, is Prof. Neumann's clinic on skin diseases and syphilis. It is held dairy from 3 to 4 p.m., and is conducted in the same way as is Prof. Kaposi's, Prof. Neumann also gives a course on the instrumental exam- ination of the genital organs on Saturdays, from 9 to 10 a.m. Prof. Hebra gives a good course on skin diseases, which is conducted in the same way as the clinics just described. Sometimes he gives a course in English. Privat-docent Mracek gives a very good course on syphilis. Prof. Zeissl lectures on syphilis, but his course is not much attended by Americans. Prof. Auspitz, at the polyclinic, gives a good course on skin diseases daily, from 10 to 11 a.m. He also gives a course on the endoscope. A better course on the endoscope is given by Privat-docent Dr. Grtinfeld, who also gives a good course on syphilis. Courses on syphilis and venereal affections are also given by Privat-docents Dr. Yajda, Dr. Kohn, and Dr. Wertheim ; and Privat-docent Dr. Jarisch gives a course on skin diseases. A very excellent course is given by Privat-docent Dr. Uitz- mann on diseases of the urinary organs daily, except Satur- day, from 11 to 12 m. He gives systematic lectures on dis- eases of the urinary organs and their treatment, and illustrates them by many patients. He also shows the method of examination of urine, and shows urinary sediments under the microscope every day. He dwells especially on diseases of the prostate and on spermatorrhoea. Prof. Dittel also gives a course on diseases of the bladder, prostate, and urethra, which is more surgical in its nature than Prof. Ultzmann's MEDICAL STUDENTS IN EfEOPE. 29 course. A student lias an opportunity of seeing the autopsy of many of Prof. Dittel's patients. Privat-docent Dr. Jurie also gives a course on this subject. Among the most popular courses in Vienna are those in anatomy given by Prof. Langer's assistants. These courses are rarely advertised. The assistants will lecture on any part of anatomy ■which the class desire. They dissect out the part before the class and describe it in a most thorough and interesting way. These courses are very valuable and very attractive to American students. Privat-docent Dr. Chiari gives an excellent course on patho- logical anatomy and histology. He is a very interesting in- structor, and his course is very much liked. Prof. Kundrat's assistant also gives a course on the making of autopsies, and exhibits a great number of remarkable specimens in macro- scopic pathological anatomy. The autopsy-room is open for students, and a great number of autopsies is made in it every morning. Dr. Weichselbaum gives a good course on patho- logical histology and on autopsies. Prof. Exner gives an excellent course on normal histology. He commences with the simpler elements and passes on to the more complex tissues. Students can work several hours daily. Prof. Exner comes for an hour every afternoon and examines and explains the work which each student has done. The student can work on any histological subject he chooses. Prof. Schenck also gives a good course on histology and the use of the microscope, and another course on embryology. Courses on medical physics are given by Prof. Exner and Prof. Schwanda. Prof. Fleischl gives an experimental course on the physiology of the nerves and muscles. Prof. Basch gives an experimental course on the circulation, and. directs students in the study of pathological anatomy. Privat-do- cent Dr. Obersteiner gives a course on the physiology and pathology of the central nervous system, which is really a course on the histology of the nervous system. 30 A GUIDE TO AMEBIC AN Prof. "Winternitz gives a good course at the polyclinic from 11 to 12 m., on hydro-therapeutics and diet-cures, illustrated by patients and by experiments. Prof. Seegan lectures on the mineral springs of Austria and Germany. Dr. Oser gives an interesting course on diseases of the stomach on Saturday afternoon and Sunday morning. In it a student has an opportunity of seeing many times the oper- ation of washing out the stomach and of feeling many mov- able kidneys. Prof. Nowak gives several different courses on subjects in hygiene, and Prof. Draschke gives a course on the theory and practice of medicine. Besides its medical advantages Vienna is a delightful city to live in, and there are few medical students who have stud- ied there who do not look back with great pleasure to their Vienna life. The people are kind-hearted, handsome, and devoted to pleasure. The city is beautiful, and the cafe life very attractive. The opera is probaby the finest in the world, and in the different gardens and restaurants most excellent music can be heard. A student's day in Vienna is passed very much as follows : 7.30. Breakfast in room of chocolate and rolls. 8-9. Course on the endoscope with Frof. Auspitz. 9-10. Course on the ear with Frof. Gruber. 10-11. Course on the laryngoscope with Frof. Schrotter. 11-12. Course on the urinary organs with Dr. TJltzmann. 12-1. Course on insanity with Frof. Meynert. 1-2. Dinner at Restaurant Riedhof. 2-3. Course on physical diagnosis with Dr. Brenner. 3-4. Course on diseases of the skin with Prof. Neumann. 4-5. Course on the ophthalmoscope with Dr. Fuchs. 5-6. Chocolate in a cafe. 6-8. Course on operative surgery with Dr. Holl. 8. Supper at Restaurant Ronacher, where there is a military band. Owing to the short duration of the courses, the plan of a student's day in Vienna is constantly changing. MEDICAL STUDENTS IX EUKOPE. 31 PRAGUE. Prague is visited by a considerable number of foreign stu- dents on account of the facilities which it offers for learning obstetrics at a very slight expense. Prague contains one of the finest lying-in hospitals in the world, and the handsome buildings are in strange contrast to the curious mediaeval city in which they are situated. In order to study in the hospital, it is merely necessary to call on, or write to, the di- rector of the hospital, and ask permission to study there. On seeing the director, the student states in which service he would prefer to work, and the director then gives him a card to the assistant in that service, who tells him how to go to work. The fee for the semester is ten guldens ($5), and by paying double the fee a student can attend both services, and see all the cases in the hospitals. This is of advantage, be- cause the methods in the two services are very different ; thus Prof. Streng delivers the woman on her side, expresses the placenta by Crede's method immediately after delivery, and then gives immediately afterward a cold vaginal douche ; while Prof. Briesky delivers the woman on her back, does not ex- press the placenta, and uses a hot vaginal douche immedi- ately after delivery. The student sleeps and takes his break- fast in the hospital, taking his dinner and supper in the town. He can examine the women as they enter the hospital. He is notified when labor commences, and again when the mem- branes breaks and he can examine the woman as frequently as he wishes during labor. Both Prof. Briesky and Prof. Streng lecture on obstetrics and gynecology. They call on a student to examine the case, and criticise his examination. They then allow a few other students to examine the case, and afterward lecture upon it. As a general rule the students in the hospital are not allowed to perform any obstetrical operations. The assistants, how- 32 A GUIDE TO AMERICAN o ever, give private courses, the number of men in the course being limited to four, each one of whom pays twenty-five gul- dens. In these courses the students are taught on the phantom how to perform all the obstetrical operations, they receive a little instruction in the wards, and afterward have an opportunity of applying forceps, etc., on women in labor. The assistants will modify the course to suit the students, but at times there are so few students in the hospital that it is impossible to find four men who wish to take the course. The assistants in gynecology also give practical courses of six weeks' dura- tion an hour each day, and costing twenty-five guldens. At the children's hospital in Prague there is an excellent clinic on children's diseases. Dr. P. J. Pick gives a very good course on diseases of the skin. He calls a student down to examine a case and make the diagnosis. If he is wrong, an- other student is called down in consultation, and the profes- sor lectures upon the case. Dr. A. Pick gives a good course on insanity. Dr. Efiinger gives excellent courses on patho- logical histology, and on the pathological anatomy of the ner- vous system. The other courses in Prague are not of so much interest to American students. Medical clinics are held by Prof. J. Halla, Prof. A. Pribram, and Prof. Th. Eiselt. The last clinic is in the Bohemian language. Surgical clinics are held by Prof. C. Gussenbauer, and Prof. W. Weiss, the latter being in the Bohemian language. Prof. C. "Weil gives a course on the surgical operations on the cadaver ; Prof. Bittershain, Prof. Kaulich, and Dr. Epstein on diseases of children ; Prof. Fischel on insanity ; Prof. J. Hasner on diseases of the eye ; Prof. Zaufal on diseases of the ear, nose, and pharynx ; Prof. Chiari on pathological anatomy ; Prof. Serch on materia med- ica and chemistry ; Prof. C. H. Huppert, medical chemistry and work in the medical chemical laboratory ; Prof. J. Maschka, hygiene and medical jurisprudence ; Prof. E. Her- ring, physiology and work in the physiological laboratory ; MEDICAL STUDENTS IX EUROPE. S3 Prof. Ph. Knoll, general and experimental pathology ; Prof. C. Toldt, anatomy, topographical anatomy, and embryology ; Prof. Mayer, histology and use of the microscope ; Privat- docents Dr. Spott and Dr. E. Kisch, hydro-therapeutics and gymnastics ; Dr. M. Smoler, forensic insanity ; Dr. J. Schiitz, medical casuistic ; Dr. Ad. Ott, theory and practice ; Dr. Th. Petrina, nervous diseases and electro- therapeutics ; Dr. V. Janovsky, history of medicine and syphilis (in Bohemian) ; Dr. J. Soyka, pathological anatomy ; Dr. Kahle, Dr. Haas, and Dr. Fischl, physical examination ; Dr. R Ganghofner, medical polyclinic and laryngoscopy ; Dr. A. Schenkl, oper- ations on the eye ; Dr. M. Popper, hygiene ; Dr. P. Hof- meister, mineral poisons ; Dr. W. Biederniann, physiology of the secretions ; Dr. Lowit, urinary diseases. 2* 3i A GUIDE TO AMERICAN GERMANY. DRESDEN. In Dresden there is no medical school, but there is a large lying-in hospital to which American students often go in or- der to study obstetrics. Dr. AVinckel has charge of the hos- pital, and if a student writes to him stating where he has graduated and what he has done since graduation, he can usually obtain the position of "volunteer doctor," of which there are always eight or ten in the hospital. The usual term of service for a " volunteer doctor " is eight weeks, but a stu- dent can generally make arrangements to have a longer term of service if he desires it. During the first two weeks the student is in the children's department, and has a certain number of new-born babies under his care. He must daily examine their eyes, stools, etc., and must keep a record of their condition. The student gets good practice in German in the hospital, because the records must be written in Ger- man. The records are simple, however, and the necessary words are soon learned. During the next two weeks the stu- dent is in the puerperal department, and has a number of women in the puerperal condition under his care, and he must keep an exact record of the condition of their lochia, abdo- men, etc. At the end of a month he can enter the lyinhthal- moscope once a week. Prof. Scholer gives a demonstrative course on external diseases of the eye, another on operations on the eye, and another on the ophthalmoscope, each twice a week. Dr. Horstmann gives courses similar to those of Prof. Scholer. Prof. Schweigger holds a clinic on diseases of the eye five times a week, from 12 to 1 p.m., and gives a course on the ophthalmoscope once a week. Dr. Burchardt gives a practical course on the ophthalmoscope twice a week. Dr. Schelske lectures twice a week on diseases of the eve. Prof. Lucae holds a clinic on diseases of the ear four times a week, from 10 to 11 a.m. Dr. Weber-Liel and Dr. Traut- man each give theoretical and practical courses on diseases of the ear. Prof. Lewin holds daily a large clinic on syphilis and dis- eases of the skin, from 12 to 1 p.m. Dr. Lassar gives twice a week a good private course on syphilitic and cutaneous dis- eases. Dr. Lewinski, Dr. Dehrend, and Dr. Zuelzer each give similar courses, but there are not many cases and not a great variety of disease shown in these courses. Prof. Virchow gives systematic lectures on pathological an- atomy, illustrated by specimens, daily in the winter semester, from 1 to 2 p.m., and in the summer semester from 11 to 12 m. In the first part of the hour he exhibits any inter- esting pathological specimens which he may have, whether they are connected or not with the subject of his lecture ; and then, while these specimens are passing about from stu- dent to student, he proceeds with his regular lecture. On Mondays, from 8 to 10 a.m. in the winter semester, and from 7.30 to 9 a.m. in the summer semester, autopsies are made before the class by Prof. Virchow in the first part of the sem- ester, and by the students under his criticism during the last part of the semester. The examination of the body and vis- cera is very minute and accurate. On Wednesdays and Fri- days, at the same hour, Prof. Virchow exhibits macroscopic MEDICAL STUDENTS IN ECIiOPE. 47 pathological specimens and lectures upon them, and passes microscopic sections of them about among the students. These exercises, and the autopsy exercise, are exceedingly valuable. On Tuesdays, Thursdays, and -Saturdays, at the same hour, the assistant gives a course in which the students cut and examine under the microscope fresh pathological specimens. Students can work in the laboratory all day at microscopical work, but they do not receive as much attention and instruction as is desirable. Prof. Yirchow has so many other duties, that, unfortunately, he is somewhat irregular in his attendance. "When he is absent his assistant, a very able man, supplies his place in the practical courses, but he does not lecture. Prof. Yirchow is usually in the pathological building all the morning, from 7.30 a.m. to 12 at. 3 but the students see him only at the hours above mentioned. Privat- docent Dr. Friedlander gives a good course on pathological histology. Prof. Jacobson gives a course on experimental pathological investigations. Dr. Schiffer gives a course on experimental pathology and therapeutics. Prof. Keichert lectures during the winter semester on his- tology and anatomy, and during the summer semester on embryology and histology. A student can work in the dis- secting-room during the whole day, and can obtain plenty of material and aid. Prof. Hartmann gives several courses of lectures on special and topographical anatomy. Prof. Fritsch and Dr. Rabl- Tiuckhardt each gives courses on normal histology. Prof. Du Bois-Reymond gives experimental lectures on physiology, and he allows students to work in his physio- logical laboratory. He has a very handsome and well-arranged lecture-room and laboratory. Prof. H. Munk gives a course of lectures on experimental physiology. Prof. H. Kronecker gives a course of lectures on experimental physiology, and he also instructs students in the methods of performing physio- logical experiments. Prof. Kronecker also gives a course of 48 A GUIDE TO AMERICAN lectures 6n the physiology of the heart, and on the theory of respiration. Prof. Ewald gives a course of experimental lec- tures on the physiology and pathology of digestion. Prof. Christiani gives a course on medical physics. Prof. Liebreich, Prof. Salkowski, Prof. Bauman, and Dr. Herter, each give practical and theoretical courses on medical chemistry. LEIPZIG. The University of Leipzig is very popular with German stu- dents and the courses are very crowded. It will be, there- fore, necessarv to write on in advance for seats if a student wishes to attend the lectures of Profs. Ludwig, Cohnheim, Wagner, His, etc. Leipzig is a tolerably cheap place to live in, but it is a very dirty city, on account of a rain of soot which is constantlv falling through the air. Pension can be obtained at from $20 to $30 per month. A room costs $4 to $8 per month. Students usually take rooms in Nurnberger or Turner Strasse, or the adjoining streets. The university building is situated on Augustus Platz, and at the Quaestor's office any information regarding the university, can be ob- tained. The laboratories, etc., belonging to the university are handsome new buildings, and are situated for the most part on \Yeisenhaus Strasse. In midwifery and gynecology, Prof. Crede holds a clinic daily, from 8 to 9 a.m., and on Monday, from 3 to 4 p.m., in which he lectures on the cases, and in which the students are given opportunities for practical work. He also gives a prac- tical operative course ; the students performing the opera- tions on the phantom. Prof. Hennig gives a course on mid- wifery. Dr. Meissner gives a combined theoretical and prac- tical course on midwifery. Dr. Haake gives an operative course on the phantom, and also a course on diseases of the uterus. Dr. Fiirst gives similar courses, and also a course on MEDICAL STUDENTS IN EUROPE. 49 diseases of children, and on vaccination. Dr. Leopold gives a theoretical course on midwifery, and also one on operations on the phantom. Dr. Sanger gives similar courses, and also a course on diseases of women. Prof. E. L. Wagner holds a clinic in the amphitheatre of the hospital every morning, from 10.30 to 12. A case is brought into the amphitheatre and a student, who has previously had an opportunity to examine the case thoroughly, is called down, and his examination, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment is criticised. Then the Professor adds any remarks which he wishes to make about the case. The student is then expected to follow the course of the case in the wards. In Prof. Wag- ner's clinic more attention is paid to the examining student than is the custom in the corresponding clinics in Berlin and Vienna, Usually every day two cases are examined and dis- cussed thoroughly, and then two or three cases are brought in which the students have already seen, in order that they may note the change in the cases. Twice a week the students visit the wards with Prof. Wagner, Prof. Striiinpell holds a clinic on general medicine every afternoon, except Wednesday, from 2 to 3 p.m., at the poly- clinic. A student examines a case and then Prof. Striiinpell briefly discusses the case with him in the presence of the other students. Six or eight such cases are daily discussed. Prof. Heubner gives a practical course on clinical medicine, and a course of lectures with demonstrations on diseases of children. Dr. FriedHinder gives a course daily on the special pathology and therapeutics of constitutional diseases. Dr. Scheube gives a course in clinical medicine, and also one on auscultation and percussion. Prof, K. Thiersch holds a surgical clinic daily, commencing at 8.30 p.m., and continuing two hours, He has a very large material and performs all sorts of operations, his favorite ones being rhinoplasties and operations for ectrophy of the blad- der. He is a very bold operator. Laparotomies are per- 3 50 A GUIDE TO AMERICAN formed frequently, but usually not till after the students have left the amphitheatre. Strangers, however, are usually in- vited to witness them. Prof. Thiersch also gives a course of lectures on surgery on Monday, Tuesday, Thursday, and Fri- day, from 4 to 5 p.m., and during the summer semester he gives, in addition to the above courses, an operative course in surgery, in which the students perform, under his direction, the various operations on the cadaver. Prof. Schmidt gives a course on clinical surgery, illustrated by cases from the polyclinic. Dr. Schildbach gives a course on orthopcedic surgery at the* polyclinic. Dr. Lesser gives a practical course in clinical surgery and a course on bandag- ing. Dr. Kolliker gives a course on surgery, and Dr. Berger gives a course on bandaging and minor surgery. The advantages for studying anatomy in Leipzig are prob- ably unsurpassed in the world. Profs. His and Braune spend the greater part of their time in the dissecting-room, helping the students, and in this work they are aided by numerous assistants. The rooms are large, well ventilated, and well lighted. Prof. His gives during the summer semester a course on embrvolo^v, another on general histolo^v, and a practical course on histology, the sections cut and stained being supplied to the student and the Professor passing about from student to student in order to be sure that each one understands the specimen. During the winter semester he lectures on systematic anatomy of the nervous system, the viscera, and the organs of sense. Prof. Braune gives systematic lectures on the bones, joints, muscles, and vessels during the winter semester. During the summer semester he lectures on the bones and joints, and gives a course in topographical anatomy. Dr. Tillmans gives a course of surgical anatomy on the ca- daver, with special reference to the diagnosis and treatment of the most important surgical diseases an d in j uries. He also gives a course on bandaging, and another on the treatment of wounds. MEDICAL STUDENTS IN EUROPE. 51 Prof. Rauber gives very interesting courses on the special parts of anatomy, varying them according to the wishes of the students. He also gives a course on embryology. Prof. Wenzel and Dr. Gaule each give a practical micro- scopical course. Prof. C. Ludvrig gives experimental lectures on physiology. During the winter semester these lectures are on sensation and motion, during the summer semester they are on nutri- tion. His lecture-room is very crowded. Students are also allowed to make original investigation in the physiological laboratory which is celebratedrfor the amount of work which ft, has been done there. One of the most popular courses in Leipzig is that of Prof. Cohnheim on pathological anatomy. He holds a course on demonstrative pathological anatomy on Monday, "Wednesday, and Friday afternoons, from 2 to 4 o'clock. One of these afternoons is devoted to autopsies — a student making a very thorough autopsy, and the Professor criticising him severely. On the other two afternoons pathological specimens from re- cent autopsies are shown and explained in the most interest- ing way. After demonstrating each organ of a case he shows the relation which the pathological process in one organ bears to that in another. He seeks for the primary lesion, and then traces the gradual progress of the disease. On Tuesday, Thursday, and Friday afternoons, from 3 to 5, Prof. Weigert gives an elementary course on pathological histology. Students who wish to pursue original investiga- tions in pathological anatomy can do so in the pathological laboratory under the supervision of Prof. Cohnheim. In ad- dition to the above, during the winter semester, Prof. Cohn- heim lectures on general pathology daily. During the winter semester Prof. Weigert gives a course on infectious diseases with special reference to micrococci, and in the summer semester he gives a course on special pathological anatomy. 53 A GUIDE TO AMERICAN Dr. K. Huber gives a course on the pathological anatomy of the motor apparatus. Prof. Coccius holds a clinic for diseases of the eye daily. He also gives systematic lectures on the pathology and thera- peutics of diseases of the eye, and instructs in the use of the ophthalmoscope. Dr. P. Schroter gives a course on the pathology and thera- peutics of diseases of the eye, another on the use of the oph- thalmoscope, and another on operations on the eye. Dr. W. Schon gives a course on the ophthalmoscope, and also one on the method of examining the eye. Dr. Kiister gives a course on diseases of the eye. Dr. Fry gives a course on physiological optics. Prof. Hagen gives a course on diseases of the ear, and holds a clinic on diseases of the ear, He also gives a course on the laryngoscope, and holds a clinic on diseases of the larynx. Dr. W. Moldenhauer gives a course on the examination of the ear, and also one on laryngoscopy and rhinoscopy. Dr. Neisser gives a course on syphilis and skin diseases. Prof. J. Radius, who is eighty-five years old, gives a course on hygiene, and another on Materia Medica and toxicology. Prof. Hofmann gives a course in hygiene with demonstra- tion, and instructs in laboratory work in the department of hygiene. Dr. Emerich gives several courses in hygiene and in methods of hygienic investigation. Prof. Eeclam gives a course in hygiene with demonstration, and also one in therapeutics. Prof. Winter gives a course in therapeutics, and Prof. Son- nenkalb in medical jurisprudence. Dr. Neumann gives a course in materia medica and hydro- therapeutics. Prof. Cams, zoology and Darwin's theory. Prof. P. Flechsig gives a course in insanity. Prof. Drechsel gives a course in physiological chemistry. Medical students can buy books at Leipzig from a number MEDICAL STUDENTS IX EUROPE. 53 of bookstores at a discount of twenty per cent., and the book- seller will send books to America at the same discount. Such a store is kept by Th. Staufter, 15 Universitats Strasse. Leipzig has a good opera and several good theatres. The concerts given during the winter at the " Gewandhause " are very celebrated. Tickets to these concerts can sometimes be obtained from the porter at the Hotel Hauffe. The singing of the boys' choir in the Thoniaskircke on Saturday after- noons at 1.30 is also very fine. HEIDELBERG. The two universities next to be described are visited by many American students on account of the facilities which they offer for microscopic work. If a student wishes to study pathological histology he will be able to work in Heidelberg to better advantage. If he wishes to study normal histology and gross pathological anatomy, he had better go to Stras- bourg. Strasbourg is a much larger city than Heidelberg, but it is not such a pleasant place to live in, nor is the scenery in the neighborhood so beautiful. Heidelberg is so small that it makes little difference in what part of the town a student lives. There are many good pensions situated on the anlage, and many good rooms can be rented either on the anlage or in other parts of the town. The price of a good room varies from five to ten dollars per month. At the Darmstadter Hof, and at Cafe Leers, regular dinners are served in the middle of the day ; the one at Cafe Leers being better and a little more expensive than the one at the Darmstadter Hof. Opposite the anatomical building is Eas- ter's bookstore, at which a discount of ten per cent, is given to students. In Heidelberg, if a student intends to study many branches of medicine it will be necessary for him to matriculate (vide 54 A GTTIDE TO AMERICAN Berlin). If, however, he intends to confine himself to some special work, such as pathological anatomy, then it will be merely necessary for him to call on the Chancellor of the University and obtain a written permission to study. Prof. Friedreich used to hold an excellent medical clinic. He visited the wards daily with the students. He assigned cases to the students and criticised their examinations. He also gave systematic lectures on the theory and practice of medicine. His successor, Prof. Erb, will probably conduct the clinic in the same wav, and will doubtless devote much time to the discussion of nervous diseases. Prof. Dusch gives a course of systematic lectures on theory and practice, lie also holds a medical clinic at the polyclinic, in which stu- dents are given cases to examine, and are sent about to take care of cases in the city under the general supervision and control of the Professor. Prof. Weil gives an excellent course on auscultation and percussion, in which the student has practical exercise. He also gives a course of systematic lec- tures on theory and practice. Prof. Czerny holds a surgical clinic daily. A student ex- amines a case and Prof. Czerny discusses it with him, and allows him to perform any of the simpler operations. Stu- dents are not infrequently allowed to amputate forearms, etc., in this clinic. Prof. Czerny also gives an excellent course on operative surgery on the cadaver. He criticises the students as they perform the operations. Prof. Braun assists Prof. Czerny in his operative course, and in addition gives a course on surgical anatomy. Prof. Lozen gives a course on the sur- geiw of the extremities, and Dr. Fehr gives a course on dis- eases of the bones and joints. Prof. Kehrer holds a clinic on obstetrics and gynecology, and gives a course on operative obstetrics on the cadaver. Dr. Cohnstein gives several good courses en obstetrics and gynecology. Prof. Fiirstner and Dr. Fischer each give courses on insan- MEDICAL STUDENTS IX EUROPE. 55 ity illustrated by cases. Prof. Schiiltze gives a very good course on nervous diseases and one on electro-therapeutics and diagnosis. Dr. Steiner gives a course on electricity as applied to medicine. Prof. Becker holds a very fine clinic on diseases of the eve four times a week. He gives also excellent courses on the ophthalmoscope, and on operations on the eye. Dr. Weiss gives a course on the anomalies of refraction and accommo- dation. Prof. Moos gives a course on diseases of the ear, and Dr. Steinburger gives a course on the histology of the inner ear. Prof. Jurassez gives several practical courses on laryngo- scopy. Dr. Mommsen gives a course on the examination of the urine and sputa, and he gives also a course on therapeutics. Prof. Oppenheimer and Dr. Moinmsen give courses on therapeutics. The most celebrated course in Heidelberg is that of Prof. Arnold on pathological anatomy. Prof. Arnold gives lectures daily at 3 p.m. during the winter semester on general, during the summer on special pathological anatomy. These lec- tures, which are rather elementary, are illustrated by patho- logical specimens, and at the commencement of the 'hour the professor exhibits any interesting pathological specimens which he may have obtained from recent autopsies. On "Wednesdays and Saturdays during the summer semester, from 4 to 6 p.m., a course is given in which the specimens already cut are supplied to the students, who stain, mount, and ex- amine them with the help of Profs. Arnold and Thoina. Three different specimens are thus examined at each exer- cise. A considerable number of the autopsies, which are held in the pathological building, are performed by students un- der the guidance and criticism of Prof. Arnold. The labora- tory for pathological histology is very conveniently arranged. Each student is supplied with a desk and can work there all 56 A GUIDE TO AMERICAN day long. An abundance of material is supplied to him, and he can work up any particular subject, or can take a general course in pathological histology. Two or three autopsies are held daily, and the student can attend them all, and can ex- amine any specimen which interests him, both in the fresh and in the hardened condition. Prof. Arnold and Prof. Thoma have private laboratories adjoining the general one, and either one professor or the other passes around the labo- ratory every hour, in order to help any student who wishes aid. They are very kind, and will sit down and talk about a specimen or a point in pathological anatomy for a long time. Prof. Thoma assists Prof. Arnold in instructing the students, and in addition usually gives a course on some subject in pathological anatomy. Prof. Gegenbauer lectures on descriptive anatomy, his course extending through both the winter and summer semes- ters. In the summer semester he lectures on comparative anatomy. He conducts the work in the dissecting room, in •which he is aided by Dr. Eunge, who also gives special courses in anatomy and histology. Prof. Nuhn gives a number of good courses on anatomy and histology which he modifies to suit the wishes of his students. Prof. Kiihne lectures on physiology, and allows students to make original investigations in his laboratorv. Dr. Ewald gives an excellent course on histology, in which the students have practical work in preparing and mounting specimens. Prof. Delffs gives a course on experimental organic chemis- try, and also gives instruction in the chemical laboratory. STRASBOURG. In order to study in Strasbourg it is usually necessary to matriculate, although if a student wishes to study one special subject only, he may sometimes get a permission to study from, the Chancellor without going through the tedious cere- MEDICAL STUDENTS IN EUE0PE. 57 mony of matriculation. (For an account of the matriculation ceremony see under the University of Berlin.) There is no special part of the city where medical students live. Metzger Strasse is a convenient street. Houses in which there are rooms to rent have notices to that effect pasted on them. The histological course at Strasbourg is perhaps the most celebrated in the world. The histological and pathological laboratories are in the same building which has been recently built, and is very conveniently arranged. Prof. Waldeyer lectures on Monday, from 5 to 7 p.m., during the summer semester. Id this lecture he lavs out the work for the week, and describes the manner of preparing the different speci- mens. During the week the students work in the laboratory making the specimens which have been described in the Monday lecture. Every morning Prof. "Waldeyer spends an hour or two in the laboratory, examining and criticising the work of the students. His remarks are directed to the way in which the specimen has been cut, stained, mounted, etc., rather than to the specimen itself. Prof. Waldeyer also gives daily, at 2 p.m., during the summer semester, a course of lec- tures on histology, illustrated by a complete set of histological specimens. In the winter semester he lectures on anatomy and embryology, and conducts the work in the dissecting- room. Prof. Waldeyer is an excellent lecturer. In the win- ter semester his work is almost exclusively anatomical, in the summer semester histological. He is assisted by Prof. Jussel, who gives also a course on topographical anatomy. Prof. Recklinghausen gives a course on pathological anat- omy daily, except Friday, from 7 to 9.30 a.m. Monday is de- voted to making autopsies. A student performs the autopsy, and Prof. Recklinghausen criticises him at eveiy step of the process. The examination is most minute, and the exercise is exceedingly valuable. On two of the other mornings Prof. Eecklinghausen exhibits a number of fresh pathological speci- 5S A GUIDE TO AMERICAN mens, and lectures upon them in a most exhaustive way. On the two remaining mornings there is a microscopical course, the students cutting and examining microscopic sec- tions which they make from fresh organs, and the professor examining the specimens prepared by each student and ex- plaining them. Every afternoon Prof. Recklinghausen lec- tures on pathological anatomy — the general part in the winter, •the special in the summer semester. Students can work in the pathological laboratory all day long. They do not, how- ever, get as much personal attention from the professor as most of them would like, and they witness odIv the two or three autopsies which are made on Monday morning as above described. Prof. Recklinghausen is an excellent teacher, and his course on pathological anatomy is one of the very finest in the world. Prof. Hoppe-Seyler gives a course on physiological chem- istry, another on medical chemistry, and another on hygiene, and he allows students to work in his laboratory of physio- logical chemistry. Prof. Golz lectures on physiology, and allows students to work in the physiological laboratory. Prof. Liicke holds a surgical clinic daily and gives a course on operative surgery. Dr. Fischer gives a course on general surgery and another on bandaging and operations. Prof. Kussmaul holds a medical clinic daily and also lec- tures on the theory and practice of medicine. Prof. Kohts holds a medical clinic at the polyclinic ; he also holds a clinic on children's diseases, and gives a practical course on the laryngoscope. Dr. Yan den Yelden gives a practical course on physical diagnosis. Dr. Meyer gives a course on auscultation and percussion. Dr. Kossel gives a course on the methods of clinical examination. Dr. Meriog gives a course on the diseases of the urinary apparatus and the method of examining the urine. Prof. Wieger lectures on the history of medicine, and also, MEDICAL STUDENTS IN EUROPE. 59 in conjunction with Dr. Wolff, gives a course on syphilitic and cutaneous diseases. Prof. Aubenas gives a course on obstetrical operations and on puerperal diseases. Prof. Freund holds an obstetrical and gynecological chnic ; he also gives a practical course on the obstetrical operations and a course on diseases of the uterus. Prof. Jolly gives a course on insanity, another on medical jurisprudence, and another on electro-therapeutics. Dr. Kniger gives a course on medical jurisprudence. Dr. Wifc- kowski gives a course on insanity and another on diseases of the brain and spinal cord. Prof. Schmiedeberg gives a course on materia medica and therapeutics. Dr. Meyer also gives a course on therapeutics. Prof. Laqueur holds a clinic on diseases of the eye and also gives a course on operations on the eye. Dr. Stilling gives a practical course on the ophthalmoscope and another on the anomalies of refraction and accommodation. Dr. Ulrich gives a course on diseases of the eye and another on the use of the ophthalmoscope. Prof. Kuhn holds a clinic on diseases of the ear. The universities already described are those which are the most frequented by American students. Of the other uni- versities I have no personal knowledge. The following is a list of the professors and of the subjects taught in the differ- ent universities, and from what has already been said about the methods of instruction, a student can form a pretty cor- rect idea of what he can do in any particular place. On account of the great number of students who are always struggling to get into the best courses in Vienna, it is often said that it is better to p-o to a smaller university where there are fewer doctors seeking for special instruction. Practically, however, unless a doctor wishes to work up some special branch he will not gain much by going to a small university. CO A GUIDE TO AMERICAN Iii it the work is all arranged for under- graduate students, and though there are privat-docents who are willing to give special instruction, yet the} 7 are not willing to do so to one man, and it is not easy to find the other men to make up a class of three or four. In the following list, immediately after the name of the professor, stand those courses which he gives both during the winter and the summer semester, then the courses which he gives only in the winter, and finally those which he gives onlv in the summer semester. The number after each sub- ject denotes the number of hours per week which are de- voted to it. The list is taken from Ascherson's Universitiits- Kalendar. BONX. Regular Professors. — G. Veit : gynecology, 1; practical ex- ercises in gynecological clinic, 6. In winter sem., obstetrics, G. In summer sem., medical jurisprudence, 4. F. v. Leydig : comparative anatomy, 3. In winter sem., comparative osteol- ogy, 1. In summer sem., embryology of vertebrates, 1 ; prac- tical exercises in anatomy and histology, daily. E. Pfluger : work in physiological laboratory, daily ; physiology (general part in summer sem.), 5. In summer sem., chemical physiol- ogy, 4. H. Ruble : diseases of nervous system, 1 ; theory and practice, 3 or 5 ; medical clinic and polyclinic, 1^. C. Koster : work in pathological laboratory, daily ; demonstrative course in pathological anatomy, with autopsies, 6 ; pathological anat- omy and physiology (special part in winter, general in sum- mer semester), 5. In summer sem., practical course in patho- logical histology, 4. Th. Saemisch : clinic of diseases of eye, 3 ; course on the ophthalmoscope, 2. In winter sem., relation of the diseases of the eye to general diseases, 1 ; operations on the eye, 1. In summer sem., internal diseases of the eye, with MEDICAL STUDENTS IX EUROPE. Gl pathological anatomical demonstrations, 1 ; diagnosis of func- tional diseases of the eye, 1. C. Binz : work in the pharma- cological laboratory, daily. In winter sem., experimental pharmacology, 4 ; experimental toxicology, 1. In summer sem., pharmacology and prescriptions, 4. A. v. La Yalette St. George : work in anatomical laboratory, daily. In winter sem., special anatomy, 6 ; anatomical exercises, 42. In sum- mer sem., general anatomy, with microscopic demonstrations and exercises, 6 ; course on the microscope, 3. F. Trendelen- burg (lately called from Rostock) : surgical clinic, surgery, operative surgery. Honorary reg. Professor. — W. Nasse : exercises in clinical insanity, 2. Extraordinary Professors. — H. Schafthausen : in winter sem., anthropology, 2 ; general physiology, 1 ; general pathology, 1. In summer sem., primitive history of mankind, 2 ; ency- clopedic view of medicine, 1 ; microscopic demonstrations and exercises in illustration of general physiology, 2. J. Doutrele- pont ; syphilis, with clinical demonstrations, 1. In winter sem., diseases of the skin, with demonstrations, 1 ; surgical bandag- ing, with exercises, 3. In summer sem., general surgery, with clinical demonstrations, 4. F. Obernier : clinical demonstra- tions of children's diseases, 1 ; physical and chemical diagno- sis, with exercises, 5. In winter sem., laryngoscopy, 1. In summer sem., electro-therapeutics, 1. C. Finkelnburg : insan- ity, 3. C. v. Mosengeil : in winter sem., general surgery, 3 ; fractures, 1. In summer sem., bandaging, 2 ; special surgery, 1. C. W. Madelung : in winter sem., exercises in surgical diagnosis, 2 ; general surgery, 2. In summer sem., special sur- gery, 2 ; diseases of bones and joints, 2 ; operative surgery course, 12. M. Nussbaum : in winter sem., anatomy of brain and spinal cord, 1 ; topographical anatomy, 2 ; in summer sem., theory and use of the microscope, 1 ; anatomy of organs of sense, 2 ; anatomy of bones and joints, 2. D. Finkler : pathology of secretions and excretions, 2 ; physical diagnosis, G. C2 A GUIDE TO AMERICAN Primt-docents. — F. Fuchs : medical physics, 2. J. Kocks : course of operative obstetrics, 4 ; course of operative gyne- cology, 1. H. Walb : clinic of diseases of the ear, 6. C. Burger : clinic of children's diseases, 2 ; course on the lar- yngoscope, 2 ; electro-therapeutics, 1. S. Wolffberg : hygi- ene, 1 ; small -pox and vaccination, 1. H. Schulz : in winter sem., materia medica, 2 ; in summer sem., history of medi- cine since the time of Versalius, 1 ; toxicology, 2. H. Bib- bert : diseases of bones and joints, 2. W. Kocks : structure and function of the brain, 1. BRESLAU. Beg ular Professors. — H. Haser : general etiology and thera- peutics, 1 ; encyclopedic view and methods of medicine, 2 ; in winter sem., history of medicine, 2 ; materia medica, 5 ; in summer sem., epidemic diseases, 1. R. P. H. Heidenhain : in winter sem., physiology of excretion, 2 ; physiology of the organs of sense and of the vegetative functions, 6 ; micro- scopic and experimental work, daily (both in summer and winter sem.) ; in summer sem., animal electricity, 1 ; gen- eral physiology and physiology of the nervous system, 4^ ; general histology, 2 ; course on the microscope, 4. A. Bier- mer : medical clinic and polyclinic, 9 ; theory and practice, 2. H. Fischer : surgical clinic and polyclinic, 7J or 9 ; in winter sem., diseases of the bladder and prostate, 1 ; general surgery, 5 ; in summer sem., orthopaedic surgery, 1 ; oper- ative surgical course on the cadaver, 12. R. Forster : clinic of diseases of the eye, 3f ; in winter sem., anomalies of ac- commodation and refraction, 1 ; diseases of the eye, 3 ; in summer sem., course on the ophthalmoscope, 1 ; practical exercises on operations on the eye, 2. C. Hasse : morphology of man, 6 ; anatomical dissection, 48 ; in winter sem., mor- phology of the skeleton, 2 ; topographical anatomy, 6^ ; in MEDICAL STUDENTS IN EUROPE. G3 summer sem., morphology of the integuments, 1. E. Pon- fick : work in pathological laboratory, daily ; pathological anatomy (special part in summer, general in winter sem.), 5 ; demonstrative course on pathological anatomy, with autopsies, 5 J ; in summer sem., course on pathological histology, 4. H. Fritsch (lately called from Halle) : obstetrical and gyneco- logical clinic and operative courses. Extraordinary Professors. — H. Neumann : clinic of insanity, 2 ; forensic insanity, 2. I. Klopsch : history of surgery, 1 ; diseases of bones and joints, 2. K. Voltoni : anatomy (nor- mal and pathological) of the ear, 1 ; course on laryngoscopy and rhinoscopy, 2. H. Friedberg : public hygiene, 1 ; medi- cal jurisprudence, 2. L. Auerbach : embryology, 2 ; com- parative histology, 2. H. Cohn : diseases of the eye, 1 ; course on the ophthalmoscope, 2. R. Gscheidlen : physiological chemistry, 2 ; practical course in medical chemistry, 2 ; chem- istry of the urine, 1. E. Richter : in winter sem., fractures and their treatment, 4 ; in summer sem., special surgery, 3 ; operative surgery course, 2 ; amputations and resections, 1. L. Hirt : public hygiene, 1 ; medical jurisprudence, 2. J. Sommerbrodt : diseases of cervical and thoracic viscera, 1 ; auscultation and percussion, 2. O. Berger : clinic of diseases of the nervous system, 2 ; in winter sem., diseases of spinal cord, 1 ; in summer sem., electro-therapeutics, 1. J. Gierke : anthropology, 2 ; review of physiology and histology, 3. Neisser : clinic of diseases of skin and syphilis. Priuat-docents. — J. Bruck : clinic of diseases of teeth, 6; operations on teeth and the use of instruments, 2. J. Gott- stein : diagnostic and therapeutic exercises on diseases of the ear, 1 ; practical course on laryngoscopy and rhinoscopy at the polyclinic, 2. E. Friinkel : practical exercises in gyne- cology, 3 ; diseases of puerperal state, 3. G. Joseph : in winter sem., anatomy of base of skull, 1 ; morphology and bi- ology of the poisonous and parasitic animals, 3 ; comparative anatomy of the invertebrates, 4 ; in summer sem., medical 64 A GUIDE TO AMERICAN zoology, 2 ; microscopic exercises in zoology ; entomology for farmers, 3. H. Magnus : course on the ophthalmoscope, 2 ; selected subjects in diseases of the eye, 1. G. Born : embryology of the vertebrates, 3 ; in winter sem., bones and ligaments, 3. J. Kolaczek : fractures and luxations, 3 ; in winter sem., microscopic course on tumors, 1 ; in summer sem., bandaging, 1. O. Soltmann : clinic of children's dis- eases, with diagnostic exercises, 2 ; care and nourishment of children, 1. O. Bosenbach : the diagnostic and therapeutic methods of internal medicine, 2 ; diseases of nutrition, 2. A. Buchwald : prescription writing, 1 ; review of materia medica and toxicology, 3 ; diseases of kidney, with urinary examination, 2. H. Strasser : osteology and syndesmology, 4. J. Jacobi : hygiene of food, 1. W. Weiner : malignant tu- mors of the female genitals, 2 ; course on gynecological oper- ations, 1. M. Freund : anomalies in the pelvic organs of in- fants, 1 ; practical exercises in vaccination, 1. W. Boux : malformations, 1. ERLANGEN. 'Regular Professors. — J. Gerlach : systematic anatomy (ves- sels and nerves in summer sem.), 6 ; in. winter sem., anatomy of organs of sense, 2 ; anatomical dissecting, 36 ; in summer sem., topographical anatomy, 3. F. A. Zenker : work in la- boratory of pathological anatomy, daily ; demonstrative course in pathological anatomy, with autopsies, 4 ; in winter sem., general pathological anatomy, 5 ; exercises in pathological histology, 4 ; in summer sem., special pathological anatomy, 5 ; pathological anatomy of the respiratory organs, 1 ; medi- cal jurisprudence, 3. W. Heineke : surgical clinic, 9 ; in winter sem., diseases of muscles, joints, and bones, 5 ; surg- ical diseases of vessels and nerves, 2 ; diseases of the ear, 2 ; in summer sem., special surgery, 5 ; operative surgery on the MEDICAL STUDENTS IN EUROPE. 05 cadaver, 12. J. Rosenthal : experimental work in physiology and hygiene in physiological laboratory, daily, experimental physiology, 4 or 6 ; in winter sera., experimental hygiene, 4 ; physiological chemistry. W. O. Leube : medical clinic, 9 ; theory and practice, 5. P. Zweifel : obstetrical and gyneco- logical clinic, 5 ; in winter sem., theoretical midwifery, 4 ; diseases of female urinary organs, 1 ; in summer sem., g} r ne- cology, 2 ; gynecological operative course ; obstetrical opera- tive course, 4. H. Sattler : clinic of diseases of the eye, 3 ; in winter sem., examination of the eye (before Christmas ophthalmoscopy, after Christmas anomalies of refraction and accommodation), 2 ; in summer sem., course on operations on the eve. Extraordinary Professors. — F. W. H. Trott : materia med- ica, 5 ; in winter sem., hygiene, 3 ; in summer sem., prescrip- tion writing, 2. F. W. Hagen : insanity, with clinical demon- strations, 1. W. Filehne : diseases due to intoxication, 2 ; prescription writing, with practica lexercises, 2 ; practical ex- ercises in the preparation of medicines ; work in experimental pharmacy ; in summer sem., materia medica, 5. Privat-clocents. — F. Penzoldt : clinic of children's diseases, 2 ; course on physical diagnosis, 2. L. Gerlach : in winter sem., osteology and syndesmology, 5 ; embryology of man and the vertebrates, 2 ; in summer sem., histology, 3 ; micro- scopic course for beginners (general histology), 4 ; micro- scopic course for advanced students (histology of the organs), 4. R. Fleischer : in winter sem., venereal diseases, 2 ; laryngoscopy and diseases of the larynx, 2 ; examination of urine and sputa, 1 ; in summer sem., acute infectious dis- eases, 2 ; electro-therapeutics and diagnosis of nervous dis- eases ; therapeutics of bathing, 1. Th. "Weyl : physiologi- cal and pathological medical chemistry, 2 ; practical work in physiological and hygienic chemistry, 5Q. W. Kiesselbach : diseases of the ear, 2 ; practical exercises in the examination of the ear, 5. GG A GUIDE TO AMERICAN FREIBURG. Regular Professors. — A. Ecker : anatomy (in summer sem., on the nervous system), 6 or 3 ; anatomical dissecting, daily. L. v. Babo : chemistry (in summer sem., organic), 5 ; work in chemical laboratory, daily. E. Maier : work in pathologi- cal-anatomical laboratory, daily ; pathological anatomy (gen- eral part in winter, special in summer sem.), 5 ; in winter sem., medical jurisprudence, 3 ; in summer sem., practical exercises in pathological histology, 4 ; hygiene, 2. A. Hegar : obstetrical and gynecological clinic, 5 ; in winter sem., gyne- cological examinations and operations, 2 ; operative obstetri- cal course ; in summer sem., the pelvis and the mechanism of birth, 1. F. Hildebrand : botany (general part in winter, special in summer sem. ), 5 ; exercises in microscopical bot- any, 3 ; in summer sem., botanical excursions, 1. W. Manz : clinic of diseases of the eye, 3 ; practical ophthalmoscopic course, 4 ; in winter sem., diagnostic course on diseases of the eye, 2 ; in summer sem., systematic lectures on diseases of the eye ; course on operations on the eye, 2. Chr. Baum- ler : medical clinic, 7 ; theory and practice, 5. G. F. L. Thomas : polyclinic, with especial reference to children's dis- eases, 9 ; materia medica, 4 ; diseases of children, 1. H. Maas : surgical clinic, 7^- ; in winter sem., theory and prac- tice of surgery, 4 ; clinic of diseases of the ear, 2 ; in summer sem., operative surgery course, 7. Extraordinary Professors. — A. Schinzinger : special surgery (fractures, luxations, and diseases of joints in winter ; diseases of head, neck, and trunk in the summer sem.), 4. R. Kalten- bach : in winter sem., gynecology, including the gynecologi- cal operations ; in summer sem., diseases of the puerperal condition, 1 ; operative obstetrical course, 3. J. Latschen- berger : in winter sem., physiological chemistry, 2 ; practical work in the physiological laboratory, 1 ; in summer sem., MEDICAL STUDENTS IN EUEOrE. 67 physiology of reproduction, 1 ; physiology of the voice and speech ; toxicology, 2 ; physiological-chemical part of hy- giene, 1. A. Rohrig : public hygiene, 2 ; therapeutics of bathing, 1. R. "NViedershain : osteology and syndesmology, 4 ; in winter sera., comparative anatomy and paleontology of vertebrates, 4 ; topographical anatomy, 2 ; in summer sent., anatomy of the peripheral nerves and of the organs of sense, 4 ; practical course in normal histology, 4. J. v. Kries : physiology of nutrition, 5 ; practical exercises in physiology, 2 ; work in physiological laboratory, daily. Primt-docents. — J. Fritschi : in winter sem., criminal psy- chology, 2 ; diseases of children, 2 ; materia medica and pre- scription writing, 3 ; in summer sem., medical jurisprudence, 3 ; public hygiene, 2. E. Engesser : in winter sem., electro- therapeutics, 2 ; in summer sem., physical diagnosis, 2. L. Kirn : clinic of insanity, 1 ; in winter sem., insanity, 3 ; in summer sem., forensic insanity, 2. W. Hack : syphilis and diseases of the skin, with demonstrations, 2 ; practical course on laryngoscopy and rhinoscopy. E. Bostrum : pathological anatomical demonstrations and autopsies, 4 ; tumors, 1. O. Pinner : fractures and luxations and bandaging, 3 ; review of surgery. Thiry : clinic of diseases of the ear, 2. GIESSEX. Regular Professors. — J. Wilbrand : medical jurisprudence, 5 ; public hygiene, 4. C. Eckhard : in winter sem., anatomy, 12 ; position of the viscera, 2 ; anatomical dissecting, 35 ; in summer sem., experimental physiology, 10 ; embryology, 3 ; exercises in histology, 6. G. Pflug : surgery, 5 ; theory and practice of veterinary surgery, with autopsies, 5 ; in winter sem., medico-surgical clinic, 6 ; in summer sem., operative surgical course, 2. C. Gaehtgens : materia medica, 4 ; phar- macy, 3 ; practical work in laboratory of medical chemistry, 63 A GUIDE TO AMERICAN daily. H. Bose : surgical clinic, G ; in winter sem., special surgery, 4 ; in summer sem., theoretical course on surgical operations ; surgical operative course on the cadaver, 2. A. v. Hippel : clinic of diseases of the eye, 5 ; course on the ophthalmoscope, 2 ; in winter sem., course on operations on the eye ; in summer sem., methods of physical examination of the eye, 1. F. Riegel : medical clinic, 6 ; in winter sem., course on the laryngoscope, 2 ; methods of clinical examina- tion, 2 ; in summer sem., special pathology, 2. F. Ahlfeld : obstetrical and gynecological clinic, 5 ; in winter sem., oper- ative obstetrical course ; in summer sem., gynecology, 3. F. Marchand : pathological anatomy (general part in winter, special in summer sem.) ; demonstrative course of pathologi- cal anatomy with autopsies ; in summer sem., course on pathological histology, 6 ; work in pathological anatomical laboratory, daily, winter and summer. Extraordinary Professors. — F. Birnbaum : operative obstet- rical course on the phantoin, 3 ; in winter sem., diseases of children, 3 ; in summer sem., hygiene, 3. H. Eichbaum : in winter sem., zootomy of domestic animals, and exercises in dissecting ; in summer sem., histology, 2 ; exercises in histol- ogy, 4 ; judgment of qualities of horses, 2 ; history of veteri- nary medicine, 1 ; horse-breeding, 1. Teacher of Veterinary Medicine. — L. Winkler : veterinary hy- giene and epidemics, 4 ; veterinary polyclinic, daily. Privat-docents. — H. Baur : in winter sem., surgical diag- nosis, 3 ; in summer sem., fractures, 2. L. Edinger : course on auscultation and j)ercussion, 2 ; examination of larynx and ear, 2. GOTTIXGEX. Pegular Professors. — J. Henle : systematic anatomy (vessels and nerves in summer sem.), 6 ; in winter sem., bones and ligaments, 3 ; topographical anatomy, 3 ; anatomical dissect- ing, 42 ; in summer sem., general anatomy, 6. G. Meissner : MEDICAL STUDENTS IN EUROPE. 69 work in physiological laboratory, daily ; experimental physi- ology (in winter sern., nervous system and organs of sense ; in summer sem., nutrition), 6 ; in winter sem., hygiene, 3 ; in summer sem., physiology of reproduction and embryology. H. Schwartz : obstetrical and gynecological clinic, 4 ; in win- ter sem., obstetrics, 4 ; in summer sem., gynecology, 4. L. Meyer : clinic of insanity, with lectures on diseases of the brain, 4 ; in winter sem., cranial deformities, 1 ; in summer sem., forensic psychiatry, 2. Th. Leber : clinic of diseases of the eye, 4 ; in winter sem., course on ©iterations on the eye. W. Ebstein : medical clinic, 8 ; theory and practice of medi- cine, 4 ; in summer sem., exercises in the examination of ner- vous diseases, with especial reference to electro-therapeutics, 2. W. Marme : experimental and demonstrative course on materia medica and prescription writing, 3 ; toxicology, 1 ; pharmacy, 3 ; practical exercises in pharmacy and toxicology in laboratory, daily ; in winter sem., electro- therapeutics, 2 ; in summer sem., microscopical exercises in pharmacy, 4. G. F. Konig : surgical clinic, 1^ ; in winter sem., special surgery, 4; in summer sem., surgical operative course. J. Orth: pathological anatomy (general part in winter, special in sum- mer sem.), 5 ; practical exercises in pathological histology, 4; in winter sem., demonstrative course in pathological anatomy, with autopsies ; general etiology, with special reference to in- fectious diseases, 1 ; in summer sem., pathological anatomy of the motor apparatus, 1. Extraordinary Professors. — E. F. W. Herbst : physiology, with experiments and microscopic demonstrations, 6. W. Krause : practical course in histology, 3 ; in winter sem' , medical jurisprudence, 2 ; in summer sem., mechanism of the joints, 1 ; histology, 2. C. F. Lohmeyer : special surgery, 5. Th. Husemann : demonstrative and experimental course on materia medica, 5 ; practical work in the laboratory of phar- macy and toxicology, daily. J. Rosenbach : surgical poly- clinic, 1 ; in winter sem., surgical operations, 4 ; in summer 70 A GUIDE TO AMERICAN seni., general surgery, 5 ; course ou surgical diagnosis, 2. H. Eichorst : practical execises in physical diagnosis, 3 ; laryn- goscopy course, 1 ; diagnosis of urine and sputa, 1 ; diseases of children, 2 ; exercises in the polyclinic. Privat-docents. — H. Weise : exercises in physical diagnosis, 4. C. Hartwig : operative obstetric course on the phantom, 2. A. v. Brunn : practical exercises in histology, 4 ; bones and ligaments, 3. R. Deutschmann : ophthalmoscopic course, 2 ; anomalies of refraction and accommodation, 2. K. Biirk- ner : diseases of the ear, with practical exercises, 2 ; clinic of diseases of the ear, 2. C. Fliigge gives a number of theoreti- cal and practical courses on medical and physiological chem- istry. GREIFSWALD. Regular Professors. — J. Budge : human anatomy, 4 ; in winter sem., anatomical dissecting, 24 ; organs of sense, 1 ; in summer sem., selected subjects in anatomy, 1. H. C. A. Pernice : gynecological clinic, 6 ; gynecology, 2 ; in winter sem., obstetrical operative course on the phantom, 1 ; in sum- mer sem., theoretical obstetrics, 3. F. Grohe : tumors, 1 ; pathological anatomy (general part in winter, special in sum- mer sem.), 4 ; practical course in pathological anatomy, 6. F. Mosler : medical clinic, 8 ; physical examination and diag- nosis, 3 ; in winter sem., theory and practice of medicine, 3 ; diseases of larynx, 1. C. Hiiter : surgical clinic, 8 ; general surgery, 3 ; in winter sem., operations on the head, 2 ; in summer sem., surgical operative course on the cadaver, 6 ; operative (aciurgie) surgery, 3. L. Landois : experimental physiology, 5 ; exercises in physiology and histology in the physiological laboratory, daily ; in summer sem., history of reproduction and embryology, 3 ; practical and demonstrative course in physiology, 4. R. Schirmer : clinic of diseases of the eye, 8 ; in winter sem., ophthalmoscopic course, 2 ; MEDICAL STUDENTS IN EUROPE. 71 practical course on operations of the eye, 2 ; selected sub- jects in diseases of the eye, 1 ; in summer sem., diseases of the eye, 5 ; optical defects in the eye, 1. A. Eulenburg : in winter sem., materia medica, 5 ; selected subjects in nervous diseases, 1 ; in summer sem., prescription writing, 2 ; electro- therapeutics, 2 ; alkaline medicines, 1. Extraordinary Professors. — C. Eichstedt : syphilis, with de- monstrations, 2 ; diseases of skin, with demonstrations, 2 operative obstetrics on the phantom, 1. W. Haeckermann public hygiene, 2 ; medical jurisprudence, 3. K. Arndt clioic of insanity, 4 ; in winter sem., abnormal constitutions of men, 2 ; in summer sem., encyclopaedic view and methods of medicine, 2 ; neurasthenia, 1. P. Vogt : special surgery, 4 ; in winter sem., orthopaedic surgery, 1 ; in summer sem., diseases of the ears and teeth, 1. P. Krabler : clinic of dis- eases of children, 2 ; in winter sem., diseases of children, 2 ; in summer sem., physical diagnosis, 3 ; exercises in vaccina- tion, 1. F. Sonimer : histology and microscopic anatomy, with demonstrations, 3 ; position of the viscera, 1. Privat-docents. — A. Bengelsdorff : food and nourishment, 2. M. Schuller : surgical anatomy, with demonstrations, 2 ; sur- gical operations, 2. F. v. Preuschen : in winter sem., theo- retical obstetrics, 3 ; theory and practice of the puerperal state, 2 ; in summer sem., obstetrical operations on the phan- tom, 2 ; gynecology, 2. A. Budge : osteology and syndes- mology, 2 ; histology, 2 or 6. O. Beumer : hygiene, 2. 'Striibing : diseases of the larynx with practical exercises in laryngoscopy, 3. Loebker : surgical operations, 1 ; surgical instruments and bandaging, 2. HALLE. Regular Professors. — L. Krahmer : art of prescribing, 2 ; in winter sem., materia medica, 4 ; in summer sem., medical jurisprudence, 4. Th. Weber : medical clinic, 12. R. Ols- 72 A GUIDE TO AMERICAN Lausen : in winter sem., diseases of pregnancy, 1 ; gyneco- logical clinic, 6 ; theoretical obstetrics, 3 ; in summer sem., diseases of infancy, 1 ; lectures on gynecology, 6 ; obstetrical operations on the phantom, 3. Th. Ackermann : work in the pathological laboratory, daily ; pathological anatomy (general part in summer, special in winter sem.), 5 ; demonstrative course on pathological anatomy, with autopsies, 6 ; in win- ter sem., sarcoma and carcinoma, 1 ; in summer sem., patho- logical anatomy of the liver, 1. H. "Welcker : anatomy (in summer sem., vessels and nerves), 6 ; in winter sem., an- atomical dissecting, 24 ; in summer sem., position of the viscera, 1 ; history of reproduction and embryology, 2. E. Yolkmann : surgical clinic, 12 or 9 ; in winter sem., frac- tures and dislocations, 2 ; in summer sem., operative surgery on the cadaver, 12 ; orthopedic surgery, 1. J. Bernstein : work in physiological laboratory, 30 ; experimental physiol- ogy (vegetative functions in winter, animal in summer sem.), 5 ; in winter sem., general results of experimental investiga- tions, 1 ; in summer sem., medical physics, 1. A. Graefe : clinic of diseases of the eye, 4 ; in winter sem., anomalies of accommodation and refraction, 1 ; in summer sem., theory of the ocular motions of the eyes, 1. E. Hitzig : psychiatry and clinic of psychiatry, 3 ; selected subjects on diseases of the brain, 1. J. Eberth : exercises in histology, 4 ; histology, 5 ; influence of minute organisms on the body, 1. Extraordinary Professors. — H. Schwartze : clinic of diseases of the ear, 4 ; diseases of the ear, 2. E. Kohlschiitter : exer- cises in medical diagnosis, 4 ; in winter sem., phthisis, 1 ; in summer sem., therapeutics of bathing, 2. E. Harnack : food and nutrition of man, 1 ; physiological chemistry, 2 ; exer- cises in examination of urine, 2 ; work in chemical laboratory, daily. Privat-docents. — Alb. Jahn : review of surgery, 6. L. Hoi- lander : clinic of diseases of teeth and mouth, 3 ; in winter sem., lectures on diseases of teeth and mouth, 3 ; dental op- MEDICAL STUDENTS IN EUROPE. T3 erative course, 6. Rich. Pott : clinic of children's diseases, 9 ; in winter sent., malformations, 1 ; diseases of infants and children, 2 ; in summer sem., vaccination, 2. A. Seeligm id- ler : clinic of diseases of nervous system, 2 ; electro-therapeu- tics and diagnosis, 2 ; in winter sem., diseases of nervous system, 3. B. Solger : in winter sem., anatomy of the organs of sense; in summer sem., osteology and syndesmology, 2. A. Grenzmer : in winter sem., surgical clinic, 6 ; diseases of urinary and genital organs, 1 ; in summer sem., special sur- gery, 3. P. Kraske : in winter sem., general surgery, 4 ; in summer sem., tumors, 1 ; diseases of bones and joints, 2. B, Kiissner : diseases of the kidney s, 1 ; percussion and auscul- tation, 3 ; in winter sem., venereal diseases with practical de^ monstrations ; in summer sem., review of theory and practice of medicine, 3. E. Schwarz : tumors of female genitals. M. Oberst : surgical clinic, 6 ; orthopedic surgery, L JEXA. Regular Professors. — F. Bied : surgical clinic, 6 ; surgery, 3 or 4 ; in winter sem., course on baudaging, 2 ; in summer sem., practical course on operative surgery. B. S. Schultze : obstetrical and gynecological clinic, 6 ; practical course on operative obstetrics, 4 ; gynecological examination, 2. W. Midler : pathological anatomy (general part in winter, special in summer sem.), 6 ; autopsy course ; in summer sem., patho- logical histolo^v, 6. \Y. Prever : demonstrations and exer- cises in physiological laboratory daily ; experimental physiol- ogy, 5 ; talks on physiology, 1 ; in winter sem., medical chemistry, 4 ; physiology of the foetus and the infant, 1. Ms J. Bossbach : medical clinic, 6 ; theory and practice of medi- cine, 4 ; course on the laryngoscope ; in winter sem., auscul- tation and percussion ; electro-therapeutics. 0. Hertwig : in winter sem., anatomy and embryology ; anatomical dissecting 4 T4 A GUIDE TO AMERICAN daily ; in summer sero., comparative anatomy, 4 ; embryol- ogy, 2 ; histology, 2 ; practical exercises in histology, 4. Honorary Professor. — M. Seiclel : in winter sem., art of pre- scribing, 2 ; medical jurisprudence, 3 ; in summer sem., ma- teria medica, 4. Extraordinary Professors. — P. Schillbach : in winter sem., clinic of diseases of eye and ear, 3 ; diseases of the eye, 2 ; ophthalmoscopic course ; in summer sem., clinic of diseases of the ear, 2 ; mechanical surgery (treatment of fractures, luxations, hernia?, wounds, etc.), 4. F. Siebert : psychiatry with demonstrations of patients, 3 ; in summer sem., forensic psychiatry, 2. C. Fromman : in winter sem., histology, 3 ; natural history of human parasites ; in summer sem., embry- ology, 2 ; histology of the organs of sense, 2. C. Bardeleben : osteology and syndesmology, 6 ; in winter sem., topographi- cal anatomy, 4 ; anatomy of nerves and organs of sense, 3 ; in summer sem., embryology, 3. P. Furbringer : clinic of cuta- neous, syphilitic, and children's diseases, 3 ; in winter sem., pathological chemistry, 1 ; in summer sem., auscultation and percussion. 3 ; medical jurisprudence, 2. 0. Kustner : ob- stetrical operative course ; obstetrical diagnostic course ; dis- eases of the puerperal condition. H. Kuhnt : clinic of dis- eases of the eye, 3 ; operative course on the eye, 1 ; examination of the eye and use of the ophthalmoscope, 2 ; normal anatomy of the eye, 1 ; diseases of the eye, 1. KIEL. Regular Professors. — C. C. Th. Litzniann : gynecological and obstetrical clinic, 4. In summer sem., operative obstet- rics, 2. Fr. Esmarch : surgical clinic, 7^. In winter sem., treatment of wounds, 6 ; diseases of rectum, 1. In summer sem., surgery, 1 ; operative surgery on the cadaver. V. Hen- sen : experimental physiology, 6. In winter sem., practical Medical students in Europe. 75 courses in physiological chemistry, 6. In summer sem., em- bryology, 3 ; practical course in embryology, 2. A. Heller : work in pathological laboratory, daily ; demonstrative course in pathological anatomy with autopsies, 4 ; pathological anat- omy (general part in winter, special in summer sem.), 4. In summer sem., practical course in pathological histology, 4. C. Volckers, clinic of diseases of the eye, 2 ; diseases of the eye, 2. In winter sem., ophthalmoscopic course. In sum- mer sem., practical course on operations on the eye. W. Fleming : anatomy, G or 4 ; histology, 3 or 4. In winter sem., anatomical dissecting, 24. H. Quincke : medical clinic, 7^. In winter sem., pathology and therapeutics of diseases of the lungs, 2 ; diseases of the heart, 1. In summer sem., infec- tious diseases, 2. Extraordinary Professors. — J. Bockendahl : in winter sem., medical jurisprudence, 3. In summer sem., hygiene, 3. G. Edlefsen : medical clinic, G ; exercises in diagnosis, 2. In winter sem., selected subjects in theory and practice, 1 ; ex- ercises in physical examination, 4. In summer sem., diseases of digestive organs, 2. F. Petersen : surgical clinic, 2 ; band- aging, 2. In winter sem., surgery, 4 ; dislocations, 1. In summer sem., operative surgery on the cadaver, 3 ; selected subjects in surgery, 1. A. Pansch : osteology and syndes- mology, 4. In winter sem., surgical anatomy, 1 ; topograph- ical anatomy of the trunk, 2 ; practical anatomical work, re- view of anatomy. F. A. Falck : materia medica, with demon- strations and experiments, 3 ; art of prescribing, 2 or 3 ; pharmacy with demonstrations, 2; experimental toxicology, 3; work in laboratory. Primt-docents. — P. "W. Jessen : in winter sem., forensic psy- chiatry, 2. In summer sem., course of nerve-fibres in the brain and the spinal cord, 2. C. Seeger : venereal diseases, 2. C. Dahnhardt : selected subjects in nervous diseases, 1 ; practical exercises in electro-therapeutics. R. Werth : in winter sem., pathology and therapeutics of labor, 3 ; review 70 A GUIDE TO AMERICAN of obstetrics ; gynecology with demonstrations. In summer sem., physiology of the puerperal state, 2 ; gynecology, 5. G. Neuber : surgery, 3. C. B. Rheder : suicide, 2. C. "W. Fricke : diseases of teeth, 1 ; dental clinic, 3. KONIGSBERG. Regular Professors. — "W. v. Wittich : experimental physi- ology (nervous part in summer sem.), 4 ; work in the physi- ological laboratory, daily. In winter sem., physiological anthro- pology, 1 ; physiology of the eye, 1. In summer sem., physi- ology of resorption and secretion, 1 ; physiology of hearing and of the voice and speech, 2 ; R. Dohrn : gynecological clinic, 6 ; obstetrical clinic, 5. In winter sem., theoretical obstetrics, 3. In summer sem., gynecology, 3. E. Neumann: in win- ter sem., tumors, 1 ; special pathological anatomy, 3 ; work in pathological laboratory, daily. In summer sem., patholog- ical anatomy of the brain and spinal cord, 1 ; pathological histology, 3 ; practical exercises in pathological histology, 6. C. Sch'uiborn : surgical clinic, 10. In winter sem., disloca- tions and fractures, 1 ; special surgery, 3. In summer sem., orthopaedic surgery, 1|- ; surgical operative course, 8. B. Naunyn: medical clinic, 15. In winter sem., diseases of the brain, 3. In summer sem., diseases of the kidney, 1. J. Jacobson : clinic of diseases of the eye, 5. In winter sem., ex- amination of the eye, 1. In summer sem., pathology of the eye, 2 ; course on operations on the eye, 1. M. Jaffe : practical work in the laboratory for medical chemistry, daily. In winter sem., materia medica, 5 ; therapeutics of bathing, 1. In sum- mer sem., physiological and pathological chemistry, 5 ; chemis- try of the urine, 1. G. Schwalbe : anatomy (nervous system in summer sem.), 4 ; anatomical dissecting, daily. In summer sem., comparative anatomy, 4 ; anatomy of organs of sense, 2. Extraordinary Professors. — H. Bohn : in winter sem., dis- MEDICAL STUDENTS IN ECEOPE. 77 eases of children, 3. In summer sem., diseases of skin, 3 ; exercises in vaccination, 1. A. W. Griinhagen : practical course in histology, Iu winter sem., medical physics, 1 ; his- tology and histochemistry, 3 ; physiology of the nervous sys- tem and the employment of electricity, 3. In summer sem., animal beat, 1. S. Samuel: in winter sem., general pathol- ogy, 3. In summer sem., general therapeutics, 3. S. Pincus : medical jurisprudence with autopsies, 3. In summer sem., hygiene, 1. E. Bertbold : clinic of diseases of the ear, 2 ; practical ophthalmoscopic course, 2. In winter sem., course on operations on the eye, 2. In summer sem., exercises in rhinoscopy, 1. F. R. A. Schneider : demonstrative course on syphilis. In winter sem., general surgery, 2. In summer sem., syphilis, 2. B. Benecke : in winter sem., mechanics of the human body, 1 ; topographical anatomy, 4 ; ligation of the arteries on the cadaver, 2. In summer sem., selected subjects on human anatomy, 2 ; natural history of the en- tozoa of man, 2. J. Caspary : in winter sem., history of syph- ilis, 1 ; skin diseases, illustrated by patients. In summer sem., parasitic diseases of skin, 1 ; syphilis, 2. E. Burrow : laryngoscopy with demonstration of patients, 1 ; surgical clinic, 2. P. Baumgarten : pathological anatomy of the in- fectious diseases ; pathological histology of the eye ; demon- strative course of pathological anatomy. Primt-docents. — Th. Petruschky : hygiene, 1 ; medical ju- risprudence, with demonstrations, 2 ; practical exercises in medical jurisprudence. C. J. Seydel : gynecology, 2. In winter sem., obstetrics in its medico-legal aspect, 1. In sum- mer sem., gynecological operations, 1. F. Meschede : gen- eral psychiatry with demonstrations, 2 ; clinic of psychiatry, 2. P. Albrecht : practical course of comparative anatomy, 4 ; malformations, 2 ; anatomy of the blood-vessels, 2. In sum- mer sem., osteology and syndesmology, 4; embryology of vertebrate animals, 4. H. Munster : diseases of the puerperal state, 1 ; clinical examination of infants, 1 ; operative obstet- 73 A GtlDE TO AMERICAN rics on the phantom, 4. J. Schreiber : practical exercises in auscultation and percussion, 3. In winter sem., mechanical therapeutics of diseases of the internal organs. In summer sem., theory and practice of the digestive organs, 3. Th. Treitel : anomalies of refraction and accommodation, 2 ; oph- thalmoscopic course, 2. X). Langendorff : review of physiol- ogy, 2 ; exercises in histology, 4. In winter sem., physiology of the brain, 1. In summer sem., physiology of muscles, 1. E. Falkson ; general surgery, 2. MARBURG. Regular Professors. — C. F. v. Heusinger : history of the medical sciences in Germany, 1 ; history of medical litera- ture. H. Nasse : in winter sem., experiments on the organs of sense, 1 ; nutrition of human body, 4 ; exercises in physiol- ogy, microscopy, and chemistry, 5. In summer sem., func- tions of the human body, 1 ; general physiology, 2. W. Roser : surgical clinic, review of surgery, 12. In winter sem., lectures on surgical operations. In summer sem., general surgery, 4 ; practical course on surgical operations. F. Ahlfeld : obstetrical clinic, 4 ; course on operative obstetrics. In winter sem., abnormalities of the pelvis, 1. In summer sem., review of obstetrics, 1. N. Lieberkiihn : physiology of reproduction and embryology, 2 ; anatomy, 6 ; anatomical dissecting, 30. In summer sem., topics in anatomy, 1 ; topo- graphical anatomy, 4 ; exercises in histology, 6. F. W. Ben- eke : pathological anatomy (general part in winter sem.), 4 or 5. In winter sem., pathological physiology and public hy- giene, 6 ; bathing and climate, 1£. In summer sem., dis- turbances of nutrition with special reference to the pathology of the urine, 2 ; exercises in performing autopsies. E. Mann- kopff : medical clinic, 9 ; theory and practice of medicine, 4 or 6 ; selected topics in clinical medicine, 1. H. Schmidt- MEDICAL STUDENTS IN EUKOPE. 70 Pdmpler : clinic of diseases of the eve, 3| ; operative course on the eye, 2 ; ophthalmoscoinc course, 2 ; the ophthalmo- scope, 1. R. Boehm : experimental pharmacy, 1 ; materia medica and toxicology, o ; work in the pharmaceutical labora- tory daily. H. Cramer : clinic of psychiatry, 4 ; forensic psy- chiatry, 2. E. Kiilz : experimental physiology, 5 ; physio- logical chemistry, 4 ; practical exercises in physiology, 3. Extraordinary Professors. — G. Wagener : syndesmology, 1 ; osteology, 3. H. Horstmann : epizootics, 1 ; hygiene, 4 ; medical jurisprudence, 4. H. Lachs : review of obstetrics, 1 ; gvnecoloGfv, 3. M. Schottelius : work in laboratory of pathological anatomy, daily ; pathological anatomy and his- tology, 4. In winter sem., pathological anatomy of urinary and genital apparatus, 1. In summer sem., pathological anatomy of respiratory apparatus, 1. Pricat-docents. — v. Hiiter: review of obstetrics, 1 ; practical course in operative obstetrics, 2. Th. O. v. Heusinger : in winter sem., diseases of children, 3. In summer sem., dis- eases of skin, 3. E. Gasser : histology, 4. In winter sem., position of viscera, 2 ; review of anatomy. E. Frerichs : practical course on auscultation and percussion, 4 ; micro- scopical and chemical diagnosis of internal diseases, 2. MUNICH. Regular Professors. — F. X. v. Gaeti : medical clinic, G ; dis- cussions on clinical therapeutics, 2. F. Ch. v. Rothmund : selected topics in surgery, 1. C. Th. v. Siebold : zoology, 6. F. Seitz : medical clinic, 6. In winter sem., materia med- ica and art of prescribing, 5. In summer sem., history of medicine, 4 ; practical exercises in prescribing, 1. L. A. Buchner : chemical exercises in the laboratory of pharmacy, daily ; pharmaceutical chemistry, 5. In winter sem., phar- macy, 5. In summer sem., toxicology and medico-legal 80 A GUIDE TO AMERICAN chemistry, 2. M. v. Pettenkofer : hygiene, 5 ; work in la- boratory for hygiene daily. W. F. C. v. Hecker : obstetrical clinic, 4. In winter seni., theoretical obstetrics, 5 ; operative obstetrical course, 4. In summer seni., gynecology, 3. J. N. v. Nussbaum : surgical clinic, 6. In winter sem., surgery, 4 ; surgical instruments and bandaging. In summer sem., operative surgery, 4 ; practical course on operative surgery, G. A. v. Rothmund : ophthalmic clinic, 4 ; ophthalmoscopic course, 2. In winter sem., diseases of the eye, 3 ; anomalies of refraction and accommodation. In summer sem., opera- tions on the eye. C. v. Voit : work in physiological labora- toiw daily ; exercises in physiological laboratory, 6 ; course on 2)hysiology, 2 ; experimental physiology, 6. H. v. Ziemssen : medical clinic, 6 ; theory and practice of medicine, 5 ; clinical semiology, 2 ; work in clinical institute daily. In summer sem., electro-diagnosis and therapeutics. C. Kupffer : em- bryology, 5 ; histology, 4 ; practical exercises in histology and embryology, 42 ; anatomical semiology, 2. B. v. Gud- den : clinic of psychiatry, 4. N. Budinger : anatomy (in summer sem., on nervous system and organs of sense), 5. In winter sem., anatomical dissecting, 34. In summer sem., topographical surgical anatomy, 5 ; anatomical semiology, 2. O. Bollinger : work in laboratory of pathological anatomy, daily ; practical course in pathological anatomy with autop- sies, 6 ; pathological anatomy (general part in winter, special in summer sem.), 4. Extraordinary Professors. — H. Banke : clinic of children's diseases, 6. J. Aman : gynecological clinic, 3. In winter sem., gynecology, 3. In summer sem., practical course on operative obstetrics on the phantom, 3. A. Martin : medical jurisprudence, 4 ; hygiene, 3 ; practical course on medical jurisprudence. J. Oertel : clinic of diseases of the larynx, 2 ; practical course in laryngoscopy and rhinoscopy, 2. H. V. Boeck : in winter sem., materia medica and art of prescribing, with practical exercises, 5. In summer sem., pharmacy, 2 ; MEDICAL STUDENTS IX EUROPE. 81 toxicology, 2. J. Bauer : medical clinic, 5 ; physical diag- nosis, 2 ; work in clinical institute. Honorary Professor. — A. Hauner : clinic of children's dis- eases, 6 ; lectures on children's diseases. G. v. Koch : dis- eases of mouth and teeth. Privat-docents. — D. Hofer : veterinary medical jurisprudence and hygiene. J. "Wolfsteiner : epidemics, 2. W. Brattler, hydro-therapeutics, 2. J. Kanke : in winter sera., anthropol- ogy and ethnography, 4 ; medical physics, 2 ; practical course in medical physics, 2 ; work in laboratory. In summer sem., general natural history, 4 ; course on anthropometry, with special reference to craniotomy work in laboratory. C. Pos- selt : clinic of syphilis and diseases of skin, 2 ; in winter sem., syphilis, 2. In summer sem., diseases of skin, 2. Ph. Schech : theory and practice of diseases of larynx, with clinic and practical exercises in laryngoscopy and rhinoscopy, 2. F. Schweninger : hernias ; surgical instruments and bandag- ing ; special topics in surgery. H. Tappeiner : physiological chemistry, 2 ; work in laboratory of pathological anatomy. F. Bezold : clinic of diseases of ear, 2. H. Bonnet, histology, 3 ; practical exercises in histology. H. Helferich : surgical clinic, G ; surgery, 3. F. Ptenk : practical course on hygiene, 8. J. X. Oeller : ophthalmoscopic course, 3 ; operations on the eye, 3. O. Messner : surgical clinic, 3 ; bandaging, 1. H. Buchner : the minute organisms in their relation to hy- giene. S. Ganser : theory and practice of psychical diseases, 2 ; anatomy of the central nervous system of man, 1. W. Her- zog : bandaging, including a review of fractures and disloca- tions, 2. ROSTOCK. Regular Professors. — Th. Thierfelder : medical clinic, 5 ; theory and practice of medicine, 3. H. R. Aubert : physiol- ogy (vegetative functions in summer sem.), G ; physiological 4* 82 A GUIDE TO AMERICAN exercises, 6 ; encyclopaedic view and methods of the medical sciences, 2. In winter sem., reproduction and embryology, 2. W. V. Zehender : clinic of diseases of the eye, 4J ; diseases of the eye, 3. In winter sem., practical ophthalmoscopic course. In summer sem., practical course on operations of the eye. F. Schatz : gynecological clinic, 5. In winter sem., gynecology, 3 ; medical jurisprudence, 3. In summer sem., obstetrics, 3 ; obstetrical operations on the phantom, 3. F. S. Merkel : systematic anatomy, 6. In winter sem., anatom- ical dissecting, 6. In summer sem., topographical anatomy, 3 ; general histology, with practical exercises, 4. A. Thier- felder : pathological anatomy, 6 ; demonstrative course in pathological anatomy and histology, with autopsies, 6 ; work in laboratory of pathological anatomy daily. O. Nasse : phar- macy, 4 ; work in laboratory of pharmacy daily. In summer sem., foods, 2. O. W. Madelung : surgical clinic, 3 ; general surgery, 12. In summer sem., operative surgery, 17^. Extraordinary Professor. — J. Uffelinann : diseases of chil- dren, 4 ; dietetics, 2 ; hygiene. Privat-docents. — W. Brummerstadt : in winter sem., oper- ative obstetrics, 3. In summer sem., gynecology, 3. P. Sckiffer decker : in winter sem., osteology and syndesmology, 3 ; histology, with practical exercises, 4 ; anthropology, 1. In summer sem., practical exercises in embryology, 5. F. Neel- son : review of pathological anatomy. Th. Gies : fractures aud dislocations, 2. TUBINGEN. Regular Professors. — V. v. Bruns : surgical clinic, 10. K. v. Yierordt : physiology (vegetative functions in summer sem. ), 5 ; work in physiological laboratory, daily. J. v. Sax- inger : obstetrical clinic, 4 ; operative obstetrics, 2. In winter sem., theoretical obstetrics, 5. In summer sem., gynecolog- MEDICAL STUDENTS IX EUROPE. 83 ical clinic, 2. C. v. Liebermeister : medical clinic, 5 ; theory and practice of medicine (in summer sein., infectious diseases and diseases of skin), 5. Th. Jiirgensen : medical clinic, 5. In winter Bern., diseases of children, 2. In summer sein., materia medica and therapeutics, o ; A. Xagel : clinic of diseases of the eve, with systematic lectures, 5. In winter sem., operations on the eye, 2. In summer Bern., ophthalmo- scopic course, 2. Ph. W. J. Henke, systematic anatomy, G. In winter sein., anatomical dissecting, G ; physical anthropol- ogy, 2. In summer sem., osteology and syndesmology, 3. E. Ziegler : pathological anatomy, 5 ; work in pathological laboratory, daily ; demonstrative course in pathological anat- omy, with autopsies, 3. In summer sem., practical exercises in pathological histology, 4. Extraordinary Professors. — 0. Oesterlen : hygiene, 2 ; med- ical jurisprudence, 2. P. Bruns : in winter sem., fractures and dislocations, 3 ; bandaging, 1. In summer sem., course on laryngoscopy and rhinoscopy ; surgical operative course on the cadaver, 1 ; special surgery, 5. Privat-docenfc. — Froriep : practical course in histology, 4. In winter sem., osteology and syndesmology, 3. In summer sem., ernbrvolo£T, 2 ; histology, 0. Schleich : anomalies of refraction and accommodation, 2 ; review of diseases of the eye. K. Vierordt : auscultation and percussion, 2 ; practical exercises in method of medical examination, 2. Assistant. — Dr. Hauff: obstetrical and gynecological ex- amination, 2. WUEZBTJEG. JRegular Professors. — F. v. Einecker : clinic of psychiatry, 3 ; clinic of syphilis and diseases of skin, 3 ; diseases of skin, 2. A. v. Kolliker : systematic anatomy, 7 ; work in the laboratory for microscopy, embryology, and comparative anatomy, daily. In winter sem., anatomical dissecting ; practical course on his- 84 A GUIDE TO AMERICAN tology, 4. In summer sem., embryology, 4. F. W. Scanzoni v. Lichtenfels : obstetrical and gynecological clinic, 5 ; prac- tical exercises in gynecological examination, 2. In winter sem., operative obstetrics, 3. A. Fick : physiology (vegeta- tive functions in the winter, animal in the summer sem.), 5 ; work in the physiological laboratory, daily ; physiological demonstrations, 2. In winter sem., work and heat of muscles, 1. C. J. Gerhardt : medical clinic, 6. In winter sem., theory and practice of medicine, 5. In summer sem., hydro-thera- peutics, 2. G. E. Rindfleisch : work in laboratory of patho- logical anatomy, daily ; pathological anatomy, 5. In winter sem., practical course in pathological histology and medical chemistry, 4. In summer sem., demonstrative course on pathological anatomy with autopsies, 6. A. Geigel : clinic of children's diseases, 6. In winter sem., hygiene, 2. W. Mass : surgical clinic, 6 ; operative surgery on the cadaver, 8 or 10. J. Michel : clinic of diseases of the eve, 4. In winter sem., practical course on examination of the eye, 4 ; relation of diseases of the eye to other diseases, 1. In sum- mer sem., diseases of the eye, 3 ; operations on the eye, 4. Extraordinary Professors. — A. F. v. Troltsch: theory and practice of diseases of the ear, with practical exercises, 3. W. Reubold : medical jurisprudence, with autopsies, 2. Privat-docents. — J. N. Schmidt : in winter sem., theoretical obstetrics, 4. In summer sem., operative obstetrics. F. Hel- freich : practical course in ophthalmoscopy, 2. In winter sem., operations on the eye. A. Stuhr : review of theory and prac- tice of medicine, 5 ; therapeutics of dietetics, 2. F. Ried- inger : surgery, 5 ; clinical course on surgical diagnosis, 3. In winter sem., fractures and dislocations, 3 ; bandaging, 4. A. Kunkel : laboratory course on medical chemical analysis, daily. In winter sem., medical chemistry, 2 ; methods of hygienic investigation, 1. In summer sem., food and nutri- tion, 1. A. Rosenberger : surgical operations with anatomi- cal demonstrations, 4 ; practical course on bandaging, 2. MEDICAL STUDENTS IN EUROPE. 85 G. Matterstock : theory and practice of medicine, 5 ; practical course on clinical examination, 2. In winter sem., practical exercises in art of prescribing, 2 ; children's diseases. W. Nieberding : theoretical obstetrics, 4 ; hydro therapeutics with reference to gynecology, 3 ; selected topics in operative gynecology, 1. M. Flesh : in winter sem., osteology and syndesmology, 5 ; selected topics in anthropology, 1. In sum- mer sem., topographical surgical anatomy, 3 ; anatomy of organs of sense, 3. Ph. Stohr : histology, 4. J. Gad : phy- siology of nervous system, 2. W. Kirchner : practical course on diseases of ear, 2 ; diseases of external auditory passage, 1. EXAMINATION AND GRADUATION. The great majority of the American medical students who go to Europe to study, do so merely to perfect themselves in some special branches and with no idea of obtaining a foreign diploma. A few students, however, go abroad, without having obtained a degree of doctor of medicine in this country, with the intention of entering some university and of passing through the regular course of medical study in it and of ob- taining their degree from it. The course of medical study in a German university is undoubtedly more thorough and com- plete than in America, but the difficulty in acquiring a com- plete knowledge of the language, and the difference between the German and American forms of disease and ways of treat- ment, makes it unwise for an American, except in very excep- tional cases, to go through the complete course of medical study in Germany or France. For those students who wish to obtain a foreign diploma a brief account of the require- ments and the methods of examination is given. There are two medical diplomas given in Germany, one by the state and the other by the university, and eaeh has its S6 A GUIDE TO AMERICAN separate examinations and requirements ; the former being the more difficult of the two. The state recognizes only those doctors who have passed its examination. They alone have a license to practise and they alone can receive appoint- ments to an}' medical office. Those doctors who have only passed the university examination can hold no appointment, and cannot insist on the payment of their fees from their patients. Any person who chooses, with or without a degree, can practise medicine in Germany, but he does so at his peril, and if he makes any mistake, he is punished both by fine and imprisonment. The following requirements, which are necessary if a person wishes to take the whole series of degrees which are taken by most of the "German students, have been found in " The Academical Plan of Studies for Medical Students," published in Jena, 1881. The student who wishes to educate himself for the medical profession, must devote eight semesters to medical study, and must previously have passed through the gymnasium (high school). The first four semesters must be devoted exclusively to physics, chemistry, zoology, botany, mineralogy, anatomy, and physiology. At the end of these four semesters the student may pass his first examination (Tentamen physicum). With the fifth semester commences his purely medical studies, which must be continued without interruption for two years, and then the student may pass the State examination (Das medi- cinische Staatsexamen d.h. die lirztliche Approbationspriifung). The University examination (Doctor examine) can be passed either after or before the State examination. The following is a list of the studies recommended and the number of semesters during which each one should be studied, and also the proper semester in which each should be studied. The first column shows the number of semesters during which the study must be continued ; the last column shows the semesters in which it should be studied. MEDICAL STUDENTS IN EUROPE. 87 2 PREPARATORY SCIENTIFIC STUDIES. Semester. Experimental Physics, 1st and 2d Experimental Chemistry, 1st or 2d Mineralogy, 1st or 2d Botany, 1st or 2d Zoology, 1st or 2d Organic Chemistry, 2d or 3d Chemical Exercises (qualitative analysis), 2d or 3d Chemical Exercises (quantitative analysis), 3d or 4th 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 lor 2 1 or 2 1 or 2 1 1 lor 2 MEDICAL STUDIES. Anatomy. Osteology and Syndesmology, 1st General Anatomy of Man, 1st to 4th Anatomical Dissection, 1st to 4th Tissues, 1st to 3d Histology, 2d to 4th Comparative Anatomy, 2d to 4th Embryology, 2d to 4th Topographical Anatomy, 3d to 6th PJiysiology. General Physiology, 2d or 3d Experimental Physiology, (1st part) 2d or 3d Experimental Physiology, (2d part) 3d or 4th Physiological Demonstrations and Exercises, 3d to 8th Medical Chemistry, 3d to 8th Medical Physics, 2d or 3d Physiological Conference, 3d to 8th 1 1 or 2 1 or 2 o o 1 or 2 'Pathological Anatomy. General Pathology and Pathological Anatomy, Special Pathological Anatomy, 1st part, (Including Pathological Histology) Special Pathological Anatomy, 2d part, (Including Pathological Histology) Autopsies Practical work in Pathological Histology, 5th or 6th 5th or Gth 6th or 7th 6th to 8th 7th or 8th 88 A GUIDE TO AMERICAN Internal Medicine. Semester. 2 Auscultation and Percussion, 5th to ?th 1 Materia Medica, 5th or 6ih 1 Therapeutics, 5th or 6th 3 or 4 Medical Clinic and Polyclinic, 5th to Sth 3 or 4 Special Pathology and Therapeutics, Sth to Sth 2 Diseases of Children and Children's Clinic, 7th and Sth 1 Laryngoscopic Course, 7th or Sth 1 Electro-therapeutic Course, 7th to Sth 1 Insanity, 7th to Sth 1 Clinic of Insanity. Surgery. 2 Surgery, 5th and 6th 2 or 3 Instruction in Operations, Instruments, and Bandaging, 6th to Sth 3 Surgical Clinic and Polyclinic, 5th to Sth 2 Surgical Operative Course, 7th and Sth 1 Course in Bandaging, 6th or 7th 2 Diseases of the Eyes. 7th and Sth Obstetrics. 1 Obstetrics, Sth or 6th 3 Obstetrical and Gvnecolosrical Clinic and v O Polyclinic, 6th to Sth 1 Practice in Gynecological Examination, Sth or 6th 1 or 2 Obstetrical Operations, 7th and S;h 1 Diseases of "Women, 6th or 7th 1 Medical Jurisprudence, 7th or Sth 1 State Medicine, 7th or Sth 1 Hygiene, 7th or Sth 1 History of Medicine, 7th or Sth The schedule above given is merely recommended and is not at all compulsory. A very similar plan of study is recom- mended by the University of Berlin. The state examination can be passed either before the chief examining committee in Berlin, or before special ex- amining committees which are annually appointed for the dif- ferent universities! The application for permission to pass MEDICAL STUDENTS IN EUROPE. 89 the state examination is to be made either to the Minister of Medical Affairs in Berlin, or to the curator of the university at which the student wishes to pass the examination. The application is to be accompanied by certificates that the stu- dent has completed a full course of study in the gymnasium and in a university, that he has successfully passed the ten- tamen physicum, and that he has acted as practicant during at least two semesters both in a medical and in a surgical clinic, and that he has attended at least four cases of mid- wifery in the obstetrical clinic. The examinations are held at anv date between November of one vear and Julv of the next, and the examination of each student extends over manv days, and is divided into five parts : 1, Anatomy, physiology, and pathological anatomy ; 2, surgery and ophthalmology ; 3, medical ; 4, obstetrical and gynecological ; 5, final examination. The examination in anatomy is divided into two parts. At the first the candidate draws by lot a question in osteology and another about the viscera, and he must immediately de- monstrate the corresponding preparation which is handed to him. He is then given some nervous preparation which he must take away and dissect and demonstrate before the ex- aminers at their second meeting. In the physiological examination the candidate must draw by lot two questions, one on histology, the other on physiol- ogy, and immediately discuss them (orally) ; he must prepare and demonstrate the histological specimen in the presence of the examiners, so as to show his acquaintance with the micro- scope. In the pathological examination the candidate must make an autopsy of the whole, or at least a part, of the body, and dictate the results. He must also demonstrate a pathological specimen. In the surgical examination each candidate must take charge of two patients for a week. In the presence of the 00 A GUIDE TO AMERICAN examiner he must examine the patient and discuss the etiol- ogy, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. He must write out a history of the case and keep a record of it each day. The candidate must also attend the regular morning visits at least three times during this week and have questions about other cases put to him. At another time he is given a question about some operation, and must give an account of the operation and instruments employed and then perform the operation on the cadaver. . He must answer in the same way another question on luxations. In the ophthalmic examination he must examine a patient with disease of the eye as above described in surgery. The medical examination is conducted in exactly the same way as was described in the surgical examination. In ad- dition, sj)ecial attention is paid to the doses of medicine and to the writing of prescriptions. In the obstetrical examination he is shown a woman in labor and must make the diagnosis of the period of labor, the position of the child, and the prognosis, and must conduct the labor. He must then write out a historv of the birth. In addition, during seven days he must examine a number of ob- stetrical and gynecological cases and discuss them. He must also perform operations on the phantom. Finally he is subjected to a final oral examination to test his general medical knowledge. The cost of the examination is $51. The time between the different examinations should not exceed eipdit davs. The above examinations are passed by most of the German doctors, but it is of no use to Americans to pass them, and the Americans who take their degree abroad for the most part confine themselves to passing the university examination, which the regular German medical student usually passes be- fore the state examination, though he may pass it after the latter. Indeed it is quite difficult for the American student to get permission to pass the state examination, for although MEDICAL STUDENTS IX EUROPE. 91 the authorities will usually accept a degree from some of our medical colleges as equivalent to a course in a German gym- nasium, yet they do so only after much hesitation and delay, and sometimes they will not accept it at all. No obstacles are put in the way of foreigners passing the university exam- ination. In order to pass the university examination it is not neces- sary to have passed the tentamen physicum. The application for permission to pass the university ex- amination must be made to the dean of the medical faculty, and must be accompanied by certificates that the candidate has studied at least six, in some universities eight semesters, a certificate of good character from the police, and a thesis on some medical subject, and $106. In some universities the dean gives the candidate a preliminary examination to see if he is sufficiently well prepared, but in most universities this is not the custom. If the thesis be satisfactory to the pro- fessors then the candidate is allowed to come up for examina- tion. The examination is an oral one, and is held in anatomv, physiology, general pathology, and pathological anatomy, special pathology and therapeutics, surgery, midwifery, and gynecology. After the examination the candidate hands in his dissertation. It is the custom for the candidate to pre- sent himself for examination in a dress suit, and it is consid- ered the proper thing on the afternoon before his examination to call, in dress suit, on all his professors and instructors and invite them to be present at his examination. The university examination varies a little in different uni- versities ; in Berlin it is hard, in Heidelberg it is rather easier. The examination is held before six regular professors, and each examiner examines for about a quarter of an hour. The dissertation is sometimes discussed in public, but more frequently not ; when it is discussed in public it is merely a matter of form. 92 A GUIDE TO AMERICAN SWITZERLAND. BASEL. Regular Professors. — F. Miescher, Sr. : selected topics in pathological anatomy, 2. L. Rutimeyer : in winter sem., natural history of the vertebrates, 6 ; selected topics in pale- ontology, 1. In summer sem., anatomy and zoology of the invertebrates, 6 ; review of comparative anatomy and natural history. A. Socin : surgical clinic, 1^. In winter sem., gen- eral surgery, 5. In summer sem., surgical operations, 8 ; sur- gical society, 1. H. Immermann : medical clinic, 7^. In winter sem., acute infectious diseases, 3 ; general disturb- ances of nutrition, 2. In summer sem., venereal affections and syphilis, "S ; theoretical-practical medical clinic, 2 ; medi- cal society, 1. J. J. Bischoff : obstetrical and gynecological clinic, 3. In winter sem., obstetrical oj:>erations, 2 ; gynecol- ogy, 2. In summer sem., obstetrics, 4 F. Miescher, Jr. : physiology, 5 ; physiological chemistry, 2 ; physiological so- ciety, with practical work, 2. M. Roth : pathological anatomy (general part in winter sem.), 5 ; demonstrative course on pathological anatomy with autopsies, 4. In summer sem., practical course in pathological histology, 4. L. Wille : clinic of psychiatry, 2 ; theoretical psychiatry, 2. In winter sem., forensic psychiatry, 2. H. Schiess : clinic of diseases of the eye, 6 ; diseases of the eye, 3. J. Kollmann : systematic anatomy (nervous system and organs of sense in summer sem.), 6. In winter sem., anatomical dissecting, 48 ; position of viscera, 1. In summer sem., embryology, 3 ; histology, 4. Extraordinary Professors. — J. Hoppe : action of drugs, 3; MEDICAL STUDENTS IN EUROPE. 93 dietetics, 3. In winter sera., general therapeutics, 3. In sum- mer sem., experiments on the action of drugs, 3 ; physiologi- cal theories of the action of the human brain. E. Hagenbach- Burckhardt : clinic of diseases of children, 2 ; diseases of children, 2. B. Massini : medical clinic, 6. In winter sem., materia medica, 4. In summer sem., therapeutics, 4. Buck- hardt-Merian : clinic of diseases of the ear, 2 ; diseases of the ear, 2. Pricat-docents. — L. De "Wette : medical jurisprudence, 2. F. Gottesheiui : hygiene, 2. B. Fiechter, in winter sem., in- fectious diseases, 3 ; theory and practice of fevers, 2. In summer sem., diseases of respiratory organs, 2 ; review of medicine, 2. L. Courvoisier : surgery, 3. E. v. Sury : medi- cal jurisprudence, 2 ; important poisons, 1. A. Gunner ; obstetrical diagnosis, review of obstetrics or gynecology, 2. Assistants. — E. Buckhardt : surgical instruments aud band- aging. Alb. Hofrman and E. Bauch : surgical instruments and bandaging. M. KrOmer : practical course on diseases of the eye. BERN. Begidar Professors. — G. Valentin : histology of the animal and vegetable tissues, 4 ; physiology, 4 ; physiological exer- cises, 4. C. Emmert : medical jurisprudence, 7 ; hygiene, 2 ; special topics in surgery, 2. Chr. Aeby : in winter sem., sys- tematic anatomy of man, 12 ; histology, 3 ; anatomical dis- secting, 60 ; review of anatomy, 12. In summer sem., sys- tematic anatomy, 5 ; comparative anatomy, 6 ; topographical anatomy, 5 ; practical course in histology, 4 ; review of anat- omy, 2. Th. Kocher : surgical clinic, 9 or 15 ; surgery, 2. In summer sem., operative surgery, 6. Th. Langhaus : gen- eral pathological anatomy, 4^- ; parasites,' 1 ; pathological histology, 4 ; autopsies, 6 or 10. P. Miiller : obstetrical and gynaecological clinic, 9 ; exercises in diagnosis, 3. In summer 94: A GUIDE TO AMERICAN sem., practical course on operative obstetrics on the phantom, 6. A. Yogt : scientific hygiene, 6 ; hygienic excursions, 1 ; small-pox and vaccination, 1. M. v. Nencki : physiological chemistry, 4 ; practical work in the chemical laboratory, 60. L. Lichthein : medical clinic, 9 ; theory and practice of medi- cine, 3. E. Pfl iiger : clinic of diseases of the eye, 6 ; diseases of the eye, 2. In winter sem., ophthalmoscopic course, 2. In summer sem., operations on the eye, 4. B. Luchsinger : materia medica, 3 ; toxicology, 1 ; physiological and pharma- ceutical work in laboratory, daily ; selected topics in physiol- ogy- Extraordinary Professors. — E. Scharer : psychiatry, with clinical demonstrations, 2. R. Demme : clinic of diseases of children, with practical exercises, 2 ; diseases of children, 2 ; nourishment of infants, 1. P. Griitzner : physiology, 6 ; work in physiological laboratory, daily. In summer sem., physiology of reproduction and embryology, 2. Honorary Professor. — D. Jonquiere : in winter sem., history of medicine, 4 ; hydro-therapeutics and climate, 2. In sum- mer sem., materia medica and therapeutics, 3. Privat-docents. — K. v. Erlach : in winter sem., infectious diseases of genital organs and syphilis, 2 ; heredity in syph- ilis, 1. In summer sem., blennorrhea of genital organs, 1 ; epiphytes and epizoa in the human body, 2. F. Dutoit : dis- eases of the ear with practical exercises. E. Emmert : anom- alies of refraction and accommodation and strabismus, 2 ; review of diseases of the eye, 2. In summer sem., ophthal- moscopic course, 1^-. A. Valentin : history of medicine, 2. In winter sem., materia medica, 4. In summer sem., diseases of the ear, nose, and larynx. F. Conrad : selected topics in obstetrics and gynecology, 2. In winter sem., diseases of infants, 1. In summer sem., review of obstetrics and gyne- cology, 2. Girard : surgical instruments and bandaging, with practical exercises, 2. P. Dubois : review of internal medi- cine, 2 ; introduction to the study of larynx, pharynx, and ear, MEDICAL STUDENTS IN EUROPE. 95 2. H. Albrecht : diseases of children, 2. K. Dick : anomalies of the pelvis, 2 ; review of obstetrics, 2. A. v. Inns : clinic of diseases of the skin, 2. H. Bircher : selected topics in sur- gery, 2. ZURICH, » Regular Professors. — H. Frey : in winter scm., zoology of the invertebrates, 4 ; zoology of the ancient world, 1 ; histol- ogy, 5 ; embryology, 3 ; practical microscopic work, 2 ; work in laboratory, daily. In summer sera., comparative anatomy, 4 ; practical microscopic work, 6 ; anatomy and histology of eye, 1 ; zoology of the higher animals, 2 ; work in laboratory, daily. H. Meyer : osteology and syndesinology, 3. In winter sem., anatomy, 10 ; review of anatomy, 2 ; anatomical dissect- ing, daily. In summer sem., anatomy of the brain and organs of sense, 2 ; malformations and dislocations, 3. L. Hermann : experimental physiology, 6 ; work in physiological laboratory, daily. In winter sem., medical physics, 2 ; physiological and pathological chemistry. In summer sem., physiology of the organs of sense, 3. F. Frankenhauser : obstetrical and gyne- cological clinic, 6. In winter sem., theoretical obstetrics, 4. In summer sem., gynecology, 4 ; operative obstetrics, 6. G. Huguenin : medical clinic, 7£. In winter sem., diseases of lungs and pleura, 4. In summer sem., diseases of brain, 4 ; diseases of liver, 2. Fr. Horner : clinic of diseases of the eye, 2. In winter sem., operations on the eye with practical exercises, 3 ; diseases of the eye, 3. In summer sem., inflam- mations of the eye, 3. O. \Vyss : medical clinic, 4 ; clinic of children's diseases, 3. In winter sem., selected topics in children's diseases, 2. In summer sem., hygiene, 3. A. Forel : clinic of psychiatry, 1 ; gross and minute anatomy of the central nervous system with demonstrations, 4. A. Kron- lein : surgical clinic, 1\ '•> sur o ei 7> 4. ^ n summer sem., sur- gical operations, 6. E. Klebs : pathological anatomy, 5 ; 06 A GUIDE TO AMERICAN demonstrative course of pathological anatomy with autopsies, 2 ; work in laboratory of pathological anatomy, daily. In summer sem., pathological histology, 4. Extraordinary Professors. — H. Spondly : operative obstet- rics ; theoretical obstetrics. Primt-docents. — J. Billeter : theory and practice of den- tistry, 2. F. Goll : materia medica and art of prescribing, 4 or 6. E. Meyer : course on laryngoscopy and rhinoscopy, 2 ; theory and practice of diseases of larynx, pharynx, oesoph- agus, nose, and trachea, 2. G. Brunner : diseases of the ear, 1. J. Seitz : in winter sem., venereal diseases, 14-. In summer sem., historical introduction to the theory and prac- tice of medicine. H. Mailer : medical clinic, 6. In winter sem., diseases of the pelvic viscera, 2 ; quiz on materia med- ica, 2. In summer sem., syphilis and diseases of skin, 2 ; review and quiz on special pathology, 2. O. Haab : review of diseases of the eve, 2. In winter sem., relation of diseases of the eye to general diseases, 2. In summer sem., anomalies of refraction and accommodation, 1. M. Knies: course on the ophthalmoscope. C. Kauffmann : surgery, 2 ; orthopae- dic surgery, 1. H. v. Wyss : materia medica, with demonstra- tious, 4 ; review of medical jurisprudence, 1. MEDICAL STUDENTS IN EUROPE* 97 FRANCE. PARIS. The study of medicine in Paris is so much less satisfactory than in Germany that almost all the American students who go to Europe do the greater part of their medical work in the different German universities and spend only a few weeks in Paris. The remarks made in the first part of the book in regard to railway travel in. Germany apply equally well to France, except that the second-class cars in France are not so good as those in Germany ; indeed, on many of the roads the first* class cars are no better either in regard to the comfort of the cars or the number of people in them, than the second-class cars in Germany. It is very difficult to find in Paris a private family where a student can lodge and board and have an opportunity of speaking French. There are a great many pensions, but in most of them there is unfortunately quite as much English spoken as French. It is the usual custom for students to hire rooms and to take their lunch and dinner in one of the numerous " Etablissements de Bouillon," which are very good and cheap (those kept by Bouillant are usually a little better than those kept by Duval). These students learn French by talking an hour or more daily with their teacher, and by com versing with French people whenever they have the oppor- tunity. The language can be learned, however, so much faster by living in a French family that it is worth while to make the attempt to find a suitable family. The bankers 5 OS A GUIDE TO AMERICAN sometimes know of such families, but an advertisement in the paper is probably the best and easiest way to hear of them. The usual place for students to live is in the neighbor- hood of the palace of the Luxembourg or of the Hotel de Cluny. The cost of living in Paris is a little more than in Germany. The medical college is in the Rue de l'£cole de Medecine, which is a very short street. The sirudent, on application to the secretary (the concierge will point out his room) and on exhibition of his diploma, will be given a card of admission to all the clinics. This card is sometimes of service, though it is very rarely demanded, and even when the concierge of a hospital stops a student and demands to see his card of ad- mission, the student's visiting card with " Dr." on it will usually be sufficient to procure for him entrance to the hos- pital. At any of the book-stores in the neighborhood of the med- ical school can be bought the students' number ("LeNumero des Etudiants ") of Le Progres Medical. This number appears shortly after the commencement of the winter term, and con- tains an account of all the courses and clinics of medicine which are held in Paris, and the places (hospitals and wards) where they are held. In the hospitals the names of the dif- ferent wards are painted over the corresponding doors of entrance from the hospital courts, so that no great difficulty will be experienced in finding the ward in which the clinic is held. In the yard of the medical school and at the entrance of all the hospitals are notices of the different clinics, with more definite information than is contained in Le Progres Medical, in regard to the date of their commencement and the days and hours on which they are held. On these small notices two days in the week are appointed usually on which the doctor will meet the class. In Le Progres Medical it is stated that the visits of the physicians and surgeons are held daily and are free for the students to attend. This is very true, but a student will not find it to his advantage MEDICAL STUDENTS ES EUROPE. 00 to attend a clinic except on the days mentioned on the spe- cial notices ; for on the other days the doctor does not always arrive at the hospital promptly, and often pays but little at- tention to the few students who may be present. The method of instruction in Paris is quite different from that in Germany. In the latter country, as has been already described, each clinic is usually of an hour's duration and consists in the demonstration of a patient. "Whatever is said about any disease is brought up in connection with, or is il- lustrated by some particular patient, and the students are called on to examine and discuss the case. In Paris, on the other hand, the instruction is rather didactic and the students take no active part in the clinic. The lectures which are held at the medical school (for the most part in the afternoon) are either unillustrated or are illustrated by drawings and models ; and the general plan of a hospital clinic in Paris is as follows : At about 9 a.m. the clinic commences with a visit through the wards, at which the most interesting cases are exhibited. There are usually from twenty to forty students present and as the visits are made pretty rapidly a student has no oppor- tunity to examine a patient except with his eyes, in case he is so fortunate as to be near the bed. Xo student is called on to examine or discuss any case. The visit through the ward consumes from half an hour to an hour. The students then go to the lecture-room and listen to a lecture either on a pa- tient that they have just seen in the wards, or on a particular method or instrument of clinical examination, or on the value of a certain symptom, or on some special form of disease. In Fournier's celebrated skin clinic these lectures are illustrated by a very fine set of wax models. In the other clinics when an illustration is deemed necessary it is given by a plate or model. Just before the arrival of the doctor, and again just after he has made his visit, the students have a little opportu- nity to examine the patients in the ward. 100 A GUIDE TO AMERICAN The following are the principal clinics held in Paris in the winter term. They are conducted for the most part in the manner just described. The Medical Clinics. — The most popular general medical clinic is that held by Prof. Hardy at the Hopital de la Charite (504 beds ; 47 Rue Jacob). The visit and lecture is on Tues- day and Saturday at 8.30 a.m. At the same hour on Thurs- day the students are instructed in the examination of patients, and on the other days a visit is made through the wards. In the same hospital medical visits are daily made by M. Fereol, Prof. Peter, M. Laboulbene, and M. Desnos, and the obstetrical department is visited by M. Bernutz. At the Hutel Dieu (500 beds ; Parvis Notre Dame), Prof. See makes a visit and lectures on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, at 8.30 a.m. Medical visits are also made in this hos- pital daily by M. Herard who instructs the students in aus- cultation and percussion, and in the examination of patients, and by M. Moutard-Martin, M. Fremy, and M. Empis. At the Hupital de laPitie (709 beds ; 1 Rue Lacepede) Prof. Lasogue makes a visit and lectures on Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday, at 9 a.m. At the same hospital a medical clinic is held byM. Lancereaux on Monday and Wednesday at 8.30 a.m. ; visits are daily made by M. Dumontpallier (who is at present devoting much attention to hysteria), and by M. Cornil, Prof. Brouardel, and Prof. Peter. Prof. Cornil holds practi- cal conferences in pathological anatomy at this hospital on Tuesday and Saturday. One of the most interesting and instructive medical clinics in Paris is held at the Hopital Necker (418 beds ; 151 Rue de Sevres), by Prof. Potain at 9 a.m., daily. In this clinic a much longer time than is the case in the other clinics is de- voted to an examination and discussion of a patient at the bedside. At the same hospitals visits are daily made by M. Blachez, M. Grancher, and M. Rigal. MEDICAL STUDENTS IN EtKOPE. 101 At the Hupital Tenon (635 beds ; Rue de la Chine) Dr. Henri Huchard holds a clinical conference at the bedside of the patient on Monday at 9.30 a.m. At the same hospital visits are daily made by M. Gerin-Roze, M. Straus, M. Rendu, M. Sevestre, and M. Tenneson. At the Hupital Saint- Antoine (647 beds ; 184 Rue du Fau- bourg Saint-Antoine), M. Dujardin-Beaunietz holds during the summer term a course on clinical therapeutics at the bedside of the patient on Thursday, at 9.30 a.m. He visits the hospital daily, at 9 a.m. At the same hospital visits are daily made by M. D'Heilly, M. Gouraud, M. Hallopeau, M. Hayem, M. Mesnet, and M. Dieulafoy. M. Du Castel has charge of the service of sinall-pox. At the Hupital Cochin (249 beds ; 47 Faubourg Saint- Jacques), M. Boucquoy visits at 8.30 a.m., and questions the students at the bedside of the patients. From March to June he holds medical clinics on Tuesday and Friday, at 9.30 a.m. At the Hutel Dieu and at the Hupital Xecker there are in connection with the medical clinics laboratories for micro- scopical and chemical work, and students are allowed to work in these laboratories under certain restrictions. Medical visits are also made daily at 8.30 or 9 a.m. as follows : Hupital Lariboisiere (706 beds ; Rue A. Pare), MM. Duguet, Jaccoud, Bouchard, C. Paul, and Proust. Hupital Beaujon (422 beds ; 208 Faubourg Saint-Honore), MM. Millard, Guyot, and Fereol. The Surgical Clinics. — On the days advertised in the small placards the professor makes a visit through the wards of about an hour's duration, after which he delivers a short lec- ture in the amphitheatre and then performs surgical opera- tions. The most popular clinic is that of Prof. Verneuil, at the HCpital de la Pitie, which is held on Monday, Wednesday, and 102 A GUIDE TO AMERICAN Friday, at 9 A.M. He uses the thermocautery a great deal in his operations. At the same hospital a daily surgical visit is made by Dr. Polaillon. Another favorite clinic is that of Prof. Gosselin, at the H6- pital de la Charite, which is held on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, at 9 a.m. At the same hospital a daily visit is made by Dr. Despres, who holds a surgical conference and performs operations on Thursday. He examines with the ophthalmo- scope on Saturday and with the speculum on Tuesday. Prof. Eichet holds a clinic at the Hotel Dieu on Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday, at 9 a.m. At the same hospital a daily visit is made by Dr. Cusco. Prof. Trelat holds a daily clinic at the Hopital Necker. At the same hospital Dr. Guyon makes a daily visit. At the Hopital Cochin Dr. Anger holds a daily clinic at 8 a.m. At the Hopital Lariboisiere Dr. Duplay holds a clinic and performs operations on Thursday, and visits daily. At the same hospital Dr. Anger visits daily, and operates on Wed- nesdav. At the Hopital Saint-Louis Dr. Pean holds a clinic and per- forms operations on Saturday. He visits daily. At the same hospital Dr. Le Dentu holds a clinic and operates Wednes- day, and Dr. Schwartz holds a clinic Wednesday. Daily surgical visits are made and operations are performed in the following hospitals by the following men, usually at 9 a.m. : At the Hopital Saint- An toine, Drs. Terrier and Perier. The latter operates on Thursday. At the Hopital Tenon, Dr. Delens visits at 9 a.m., operates on Monday and Wednes- day ; and Dr. Lucas Championniere visits at 9.30 a.m., and operates on Tuesday and Thursday. At the Hopital Beaujon, Dr. Tillaux operates on Thursday, and Dr. Labbe operates on Wednesday and holds a clinic Tuesday. Diseases of Children. — There are many excellent clinics of diseases of children in Paris, and it is one of the most satis- MEDICAL STUDENTS IN EUROrE. 103 factory subjects that can be studied there. These clinics are conducted in the same way as are the clinics in medicine and surgery, and consist in a visit through the ward followed by a lecture, but more time is devoted to the visit ; and as there are fewer students attending these clinics usuallv, a student has a good opportunity to see and examine the children. One of the best clinics is that of Prof. Parrott, which is held at 9 a.m. on Tuesday and Friday, at the Hopital des Enfants Assistes (685 beds ; 100 Eue Denf ert-Rochereau) . The surgeon of the hospital, Dr. Gueniat, visits daily. At the Hopital des Enfants Malades (518 beds ; li!) Rue de Sevres) excellent clinics are held by Dr. Simon on chronic diseases and therapeutics on Wednesday, at 9 a.m., and by Dr. Archambault on acute diseases on Friday, at 9 a.m. Dr. Bouchut holds a clinic at the same hospital on Tuesday, in which he demonstrates ophthalmoscopic and cerebroscopic ex- amination, and Dr. Saint-Germain holds an orthopaedic and sur- gical clinic on Thursday. At the same hospital Dr. Descroi- zilles holds a medical clinic on Saturday, at 9 a.m., and Dr. La- bric makes daily visits, as do also all the above-named doctors. At the Hupital Trousseau (127 beds for children ; 89 Eue de Charenton), daily medical visits are made by Drs. Ber- geron, Triboulet, and Cadet de Gassicourt, and surgical visits bv Dr. Lannelon£ue. Cutaneous Diseases. — An excellent opportunity is also offered in Paris for the study of syphilis and cutaneous diseases. The best clinic is that held by Prof. Fournier in the Hopital Saint-Louis (883 beds, 583 beds being for patients with dis- eases of the skin ; 40 Rue Bichet). On Tuesday, at 9 a.m., Prof. Fournier makes a visit through the wards. On Friday, after a more rapid visit through the wards, he lectures in the am- phitheatre, and exhibits a magnificent collection of wax models. Instead of attending Prof. Fournier's lecture on Fri- day, a student can make the visit through the ward with him, lOJr A GUIDE TO AMEBIC AN < and then attend Dr. Yidal's clinic, in adjoining wards, which is held on Friday, at 10 a.m., and thus spend the whole morning at the bedside of patients. On Wednesday, Dr. Yidal treats cases of lupus by scarification ; on Saturday he examines with the speculum ; and on Monday (commencing in January), he lectures on* diseases of the skin. Dr. Laillier also holds a clinic on diseases of the skin at the Saint-Louis, on Friday, at 9 a.m., and examines with the speculum on Monday. At the same hos}:>ital Dr. Ollivier, who has charge of the obstetrical department, holds a clinic on Thursday, and examines with the speculum on Friday ; and Dr. Guibout holds a clinic of diseases of women with examinations with the speculum on Monday ; and during the summer term he gives a clinical course on diseases of the skin on Saturday. At the same hospital Dr. Besnier makes a daily visit. At the Hupital de Lourcine (213 beds ; 111 Rue de Lour- cine) a student has an excellent opportunity to study vene- real diseases in women. Dr. Martineau gives clinical lec- tures on the diseases of women and syphilis, at 9 a.m., on "Wednesday and Saturday, and in these clinics the patients can be seen and examined welL At the same hospital Dr. Goumienheim holds clinics on Mondav and Thursdav, at 10 a.m., Monday being devoted especially to diseases of larynx, and Thursday to syphilis. The surgeon of the hospital, Dr. Paul Berger, visits daily. At the Hupital du Midi (335 beds, devoted exclusively to venereal and syphilitic diseases ; 111 Boulevard de Port- Royal) daily medical visits are made by Drs. Simonnet and Mauriac, and a daily surgical visit by Dr. Horteloup. Gynecology axd Oestetrics. — The clinics of diseases of women are so crowded that it is very difficult to see or exam- ine the patients. Dr. Gallard, at the Hotel Dieu, holds a daily clinic on dis- eases of women. On Tuesday and Saturday he lectures on MEDICAL ST.UDKNTS IN EUROPE. 105 diseases of women. Dr. Cberon holds au interesting clinic of diseases of women on Monday, at 1 p.m., at 9 Rue de Sa- voie. The clinic is of two hours' duration. Unfortunately, it is very crowded. Dr. Berrut holds a clinic on Thursday, at 9 a.m., at the polyclinic for diseases of women, Rue de Belle- chasse. A few other clinics on diseases of women have been mentioned under diseases of skin and syphilis. At the H6pi- tal de la Charite, Dr. Despres examines with the speculum on Tuesday ; and an examination with the speculum is also made at the Hopital de la Pitie, on Tuesday, by Prof. Brouardel; at the Hopital Lariboisiere, on Wednesday, by Dr. Siredey; at the Hopital Saint- Antoine, on Tuesday and Saturday, by Dr. D'Heilley, and by Dr. Hayem on Friday; at the Hopital Necker, on Monday, by Dr. Blachez, and on Friday by Dr. Rigal. The principal obstetrical clinic is held by Prof. Depaul at the Clinique d Accouchements (8-4 beds and 53 cradles ; 89 Rue dAssas) on Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday, at 9 a.m. After each clinic six students are called on to examine three patients. The students have the privilege of remaining in the obstetric wards from 8 a.m. till 10 p.m. Dr. Maygrier, chef de clinique, in the Clinique dAccouchements gives a course on obstetrics which is partly theoretical and partly practical. The course is of two months' duration and is di- vided into four parts : first, pregnancy normal and patho- logical ; second, labor ; third, operations ; fourth, clinical and operative exercises. Dr. Leviot also gives a theoretical and practical course on obstetrics, of two months' duration, at 10 Rue Hautefeuille. In a number of the hospitals there are special obstetric services. Dr. Bernutz has charge of the one in the Hopital de la Charite ; Prof. Peter in the Hopital de la Pitie ; Dr. Siredey in the Hopital Lariboisiere ; Dr. Gombault in the Hopital Beaujon ; Dr. Terrillon in the Hopital de Lourcine ; and in the Hopital Saint-Louis Dr. Ollivier has a service of 28 beds, which are constantly full. 5* 106 A GUIDE TO AMERICAN There is also in Paris a large Maison d'Accoucheinents, con- taining- 316 beds, which is exclusively devoted to the education of nridwives. Diseases of the Eye, Ear, Throat, etc. — There are a great many clinics of diseases of the eye in Paris which would be excellent were they attended by fewer students. At the Hotel Dieu, Prof. Panas holds an excellent clinic daily, at 9 a.m. Wednesday is devoted to the use of the ophthalmoscope, the professor going from one patient to an- other and stating what is to be seen. On Monday and Friday after the examination of the patients, Prof. Panas lectures in the amphitheatre on diseases of the eye. In the Hopital de la Charite Dr. Despres examines patients with the ophthalmo- scope on Saturday, at 9 a.m. In the Hopital Lariboisiere Dr. Duplay has a clinic on diseases of the eye and the use of the ophthalmoscope on Tuesday and Saturday, at 9 a.m. At the Hopital Saint-Antoine Dr. Perier examines patients with diseases of eyes and ears on Friday, at 9 a.m. Dr. Galezowski holds a clinic at 26 Rue Dauphine on dis- eases of the eve, daily, from 1 to 3 p.m. Monday and "Wednes- day are devoted especially to external diseases of the eye ; Tuesday and Thursday to operations, Friday to ophthalmo- scopic examinations, and Saturday to refraction and accommo- dation. Dr. Edward Meyer holds a clinic on diseases of the eye daily, at 1 p.m., at 21 Hue de l'Ancienne Comedie, operations on Monday and Friday. On "Wednesday ophthalmoscopic ex- aminations, and on Saturday practical exercises in selecting glasses with Dr. Debierre. On Thursday, at 12 m., Dr. Cau- clron, the " chef de clinique," gives a practical course on opera- tions on the eve. Dr. Landolt and his assistant Dr. DeWeeker hold excellent clinics of diseases of the eye in the afternoon. The latter gives private instruction on operations of the eye, etc. MEDICAL STUDENTS IN EUROPE. 107 Dr. Parinaud holds a clinic of diseases of the eye daily, from 12.30 to 3 p.m., at 83 Rue la Condamine, in which the students have practical exercises and ophthalmoscopic demonstrates and lectures on Tuesday and Friday. Dr. Ch. Abadie holds a clinic at 172 Boulevard Saint Ger- main on Tuesday and Friday at 2 p.m. Dr. Carre holds an eye clinic daily, at 2.30 p.m., at 11 Rue Git-le-Cceur. Dr. Dehenne holds a clinic and operates at 25 Eue Monsieur le Prince, on Monday and Thursday. Dr. Coursserant holds a clinic on Friday, at 2 p.m., at 19 Rue du Dragon. Dr. Fano lectures on the diagnosis and treatment of dis- eases of the eye on Monday, at 1 p.m., at the Ophthalmic In- stitute, Rue d'Abbeville. Dr. Fienzal operates Monday and "Wednesday at the oph- thalmological clinic, 13 Rue Moreau. Dr. Boucheron gives an elementary course on the eye and ear on Monday and Friday, at 53 Rue Saint-Andre-des-Arts. Dr. Baratoux holds a clinic on the ear, hose, and larynx on Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday, from 4 to 6 o'clock, at 3 Rue Christine. Dr. C. Miot gives clinical lectures on the ear and nose at 1 o'clock "Wednesday, at 41 Rue Saint-Andre-des-Arts. Dr. Ch. Fauvel holds a clinic on diseases of the larynx and posterior nares on Monday and Thursday, at 10 a.m., at 13 Rue Guenegaud. The patients are demonstrated by means of the Drummond light. At the Hopital Lariboisiere patients are examined with the laryngoscope on Tuesday and Thursday, at 9 a.m. Dr. Calmettes, 15 Rue des Grands Augustins, lectures on diseases of the ears and nose, and after the lecture the students have practical exercises in diagnosis and treatment. At the Hopital Beaujon patients with diseases of the ears are exam- ined on Thursday by Dr. Tillaux. 10S A GUIDE TO AMERICAN Dr. Mallez holds a clinic of diseases of the urinary organs, at 1.30 p.m., on Monday, at 3 Eue Christine. At the Hopital Keeker Dr. Guyon holds a clinic of diseases of the urinary organs on Wednesday and Saturday at 9 a.m. Dr. Jardin gives a course on the chemical and microscopic examination of urine on Friday, at 1.30 o'clock, at 3 Rue Christine. Dr. Picard gives a course on the diseases of the urinary organs on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, at 8 p.m., at 13 Rue Suger. - Dr. Brouardel holds a conference on medical jurisprudence at the Morgue on Tuesday at 4 p.m. Dr. Ch. Gay holds conferences on physics. Mental and Nervous Diseases. — Prof. Ball holds a clinic on mental diseases at the Asylum Saint-Anne on Sunday, at 10 a.m., and Thursday, at 9 a.m. On Thursday the students visit the patients in the wards and afterward have a valuable prac- tical exercise in the examination of patients and in making diagnoses. On Sunday Prof. Ball gives systematic lectures on insanity, and at the close of each hour demonstrates three or four patients. Prof. Magnan also gives a valuable course of lectures on insanity, with demonstrations of }i>atients, and also of patko-" logical specimens at the Asylum Saint-Anne, on Sunday, at 9.30 a.m. At the Hospice de la Salpatriere (3,069 beds for the aged, and 720 beds for the insane) Dr. Voisin holds a clinic, during the winter term, on insanity, on Sunday mornings. Dr. Legrand de Saulle holds a similar clinic ; and in the sum- mer term Dr. Luys gives a course on the structure of the brain and mental pathology. Prof. Charcot was last year appointed Professor of Nervous Diseases, and this year he will hold a clinic of diseases of the nervous system at the Salpatriere, on Thursday and Sunday, MEDICAL STUDENTS IN EUROPE. 109 at 9.30 a.m. Formerly lie used to give a few lectures on Sun- days, in the winter term, on some special subject in nervous diseases. He also used to have a class, which I presume he will continue, and which consisted of a few doctors (mostly foreigners), who came to his room in the Salpetriere, on Tues- day, Thursday, and Saturday, from 9.30 a.m. to 12 m., and were present while he examined patients and made his in- vestigations, which are directed especially to the subject of hystero-epilepsy. Out-patients are treated at the Salpetriere, at 9.30 a.m., on Monday by Dr. Moreau ; on Tuesday by Prof. Charcot ; on "Wednesday by Dr. Luys ; on Thursday by Dr. Terrier (sur- geon) ; on Friday by Dr. Voisin ; and on Saturday by Dr. Legrand du Saulle. At the Hupital Laennec clinics are daily held in the amphi- theatre. On Tuesday and Saturday they are surgical, and are held by Dr. Nicaise. On Monday, Wednesday, Thurs- day, and Friday, they are on various branches of medicine, and are held by Prof. Ball, Dr. Legroux, Dr. Ferraud, and Dr. Damaschino respectively. The Hospice Bicitre, at Bicetre, is so far out of Paris that it is very inconvenient to attend the visits there. The hospi- tal contains 1,596 aged people, G51 insane, and 105 epilep- tics. Daily visits are made by the physician, Dr. Debove, and the. surgeon, Dr. Gillette. The insane department is visited daily by Drs. Falvet, J. Voisin, and Bourneville ; the latter has charge of the idiots. During the winter semester 1881-82, the following lectures were given in the medical school : M. Gavarret : medical physics (physical phenomena of vi- sion), Monday, 5 p.m. M. Gariel (associate professor) : general physics, heat, electricity, Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, at 12 m. M. Jaccoud : diseases of liver and kidneys, Tuesday, Thurs- day, and Saturday, at 3 p.m. 110 A GUIDE TO AMERICAN M. Sappey: elements of blood and lymph, lymphatic sys- tem, vascular system, organs of sense, organs of innervation, Monday, Wednesda} r , Friday, 5 p.m. M. Bouchard : nervous reactions, Tuesday, Thursday, Sat- urday, 5 P.M. M. Heuriot (agrege suppliant) : inorganic chemistry in its relation to medicine and toxicology, Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday, at 12 m. M. Duplay : surgical diseases of the cranium and vertebral column, diseases of the nose and nasal fossse, diseases of the ears, Monday, Wednesday, Friday, 4 p.m. M. Leon Le Fort : therapeutics of surgical diseases, Tues- day, Thursday, Saturday, 4 p.m. M. Robin : the tissues and the anatomical systems, Tues- day, Thursday, Saturday, 5 p.m. M. Laboulbene : history of the common diseases of France, medical biography, Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday, at 4 P.M. During the winter semester 1882-3 the same professors lectured, but in many cases the subjects of the lectures were different, the topics treated varying from year to year. In addition, M. Cornil lectured on the lesions of the respiratory, digestive, and genito-urinary apparatus, and on the lesions of the skin. M. Henninger supplied the place of M. Wurtz, in- stead of M. Heuriot. AUXILIARY COURSES. M. Henninger (agrege) : biological chemistry, general biol- ogy, immediate principles of the animal economy, chemical phenomena of digestion, blood, lymph, respiration, phenom- ena of assimilation, chemical composition of the principal tissues, phenomena of disassimilation, secretion, "Wednes- day, at 4 p.m. M. De Lanessan (agrege) : medical zoology, Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday, at 2 p.m. MEDICAL STUDENTS IN EUROPE. Ill M. Legroux (agrege) : diseases of the digestive canal, Mon- d&j, Wednesday, Friday, 5 p.m. M. Marchand (agrege) : general external pathology, diseases of skin, cellular tissue, Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday, 5 p.m. M. Budin : obstetric therapeutics and operations, Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday, at 2 p.m. M. Keniy (agrege) : reproduction, develojMnent, physiology of organs of sense, Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, at 4 p.m. M. Straus (agrege) : inflammations, specific inflammations, strombosis and embolism, atrophy, hypertroplry, degeneration, steatosis, amyloid degeneration, atheroma, tumors, classifica- tion of tumors, Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, at 3 p.m. PRACTICAL EXERCISES. Anatomy. — M. Farabceuf (agrege), director of the work : dissection daily, with criticisms and demonstrations by the prosectors. Dr. Farabceuf also gives a course of lectures on anatomy, on Tuesday, Wednesday, and Saturday, at 3.30 p.m., at the £cole Pratique, Rue Vauquelin. Physiology. — M. Laborde, director of the work : practical exercises and demonstrations in physiology. Histology. — M. Cadiat (agrege) director of the work : prac- tical exercises and demonstrations in histology. National History. — M. Faquet, director of the work : practi- cal exercises in natural history, on Monday and Thursday (first series), and on Tuesday and Saturday (second series;, from 9 to 11 a.m. Medical Chemistry. — M. Armand Gauthier (agrege), director of the work : chemical manipulations, Tuesday and Thursday, from 1 to 3 p.m., and Wednesday and Friday, from 8 to 10 a.m, Medical Physics. — M. Gay (agrege), director of the work : practical exercises in physics, conferences on physics, Tues- day, Thursday, and Saturday, from 4 to 6 p.m. Pathological Anatomy. — M. Gombault, director of the work : practical exercises and demonstrations in pathological anatomy. 112 A GUIDE TO AMEMCAN At the Amphitheatre d'Anatomie des Hopitaux, 17 Rue du Fer-a-Moulin, students can dissect all day long, and numerous special courses on anatomy are given there. Dr. Tillaux (di- rector of the amphitheatre) gives a course on topographical anatomy on Monday and Friday, at 4 p.m. Dr. Lebec (pro- sector) gives a course on jxhysiology on Wednesday and Saturday, at 4 p.m. Dr. Quenn (prosector) gives a course on descriptive anatomy, Tuesday and Thursday, at 4 p.m. Dr. Siredey (chief of the laboratory of histology) gives a course on histology, Tuesday and Friday, at 2 p.m. Microscopes, etc., are furnished. The following courses were given in the winter term 1881- 82 at the Ecole Pratique, which is temporarily situated in the rear of the Musee Dupuytren. These courses consist for the most part of lectures illustrated by models, plates, and appara- tus : Dr. Dareste : embryogeny and teratology, Tuesday and Saturday, at 4 p.m. Dr. Migon : obstetrics, Monday and Friday, at 8 p.m. Dr. Migon also gives private courses. Dr. Ferdut : obstetrics. Dr. Sinety: gynecology. Dr. Cheron : gynecology, Tuesday and Thursday, at 8 p.m. Dr. Brochard : hygiene and diseases of infants, Wednesday, at 8 p.m. Dr. Galezowski : alterations in the lens and vitreous humor, Monday and Friday, at 8 p.m. Dr. Cadier : laryngoscopy and physiology and hygiene of the voice, Tuesday and Saturday, at 5 p.m. Dr. Gelle : otology, Wednesday, at 4 p.m. Dr. Mallez : diseases of the urinary organs, Thursday and Saturday, at 8 p.m. Dr. Dubuc : diseases of the urinary organs, Tuesday and Thursday, at 5 p.m. MEDICAL STUDENTS IN EUROPE. 113 Dr. Apostoli : electricity applied to medicine, surgery, and obstetrics. Dr. Tripier gives a course on electricity applied to medicine and surgery on Saturday, at 1 p.m., at 3 Rue Christine. Dr. Latteux gives a course on microscopic technology and microscopic analysis, at 5 Rue du Pont-de-Lodi. The following are the laboratories of Paris, and although the laboratory accommodation is very insufficient yet a stu- dent is usually able to work in them under certain restric- tions : Anatomy, Prof. Sappey ; operative medicine, Prof. LeFort ; experimental and comparative pathology, Prof. Vulpian ; thera- peutics, Prof. Hayem ; pharmacology, Prof. Regnault ; pjhysics, Prof. Gavarret ; chemistry, Prof. Wurfcz ; biological chemistry, Prof. Wurtz; medical jurisprudence, Prof. Brouardel ; botany, Prof. Baillou ; teratology, Dr. Dareste ; general pathology, Prof. Bouchard. The laboratories at the Hotel Dieu have already been men- tioned. Laboratory of Clinical Obstetrics, head of laboratory, Dr. Galippe. At the Pitie Laboratory of Clinical Surgery, Dr. Nepveu head of the laboratory ; and Laboratory of Clinical Medicine, Dr. Brissaud head of the laboratory. At the Charite there is a clinical medical and surgical laboratory, Dr. Remy being head of the laboratory. At the Necker there is a laboratory of clinical medicine, Drs. Essback and DuCastel being heads of the laboratory, and a laboratory of clinical surgery, Dr. Latteux being head of the laboratory. Laboratory of the Clinic of Diseases of Children, Dr. Mar- tin being head. Laboratory of Clinical Ophthalmology, Dr. Desfosses head of the laboratory. 114 A GUIDE TO AMERICAN Clinical laboratory for Mental Diseases, Dr. Bellange head of laboratory. Clinical laboratory for Cutaneous and Syphilitic Diseases, Dr. Baizer head of laboratory. During the winter, lectures are given at the Jardin des Plantes, the Sorbonne, and the College de France, which are often of interest to medical students. At the latter institution advanced students are allowed to work in the laboratory of physiology and histology. The latter is one of the best laboratories in Europe in which to learn the method of his- tological research. In the Museum Dupuytren, on Friday, at 3.30 p.m., meets the Anatomical Society, and on Saturday, at 4 p.m., the Bio- logical Society. Doctors may attend these meetings, and they are frequently very interesting. The instruction during the summer semester is very much the same as in the winter, except that there are one or two additional courses on operative surgery and in the practical departments of medicine. On account of the great distances which separate the dif- ferent hospitals in Paris, much time is consumed in going from one to the other, and a student cannot employ his time to such good advantage as in Vienna ; so that the following plan of a student's daily work in Paris is very different from that in Vienna. Friday. 8. Breakfast of coffee and rolls. 8.30-9. Omnibus ride. 9-11.30. Clinics of Prof. Fournier and Dr. Vidal at Hopital St. Louis. 11.30-12. Omnibus ride. 12. Lunch. 1-3. Clinic of diseases of eye, Dr. Galezouski. 4-5. Physiology of organs of sense, M. Remy. 5-6. Anatomy, Prof. Sappey. 6-7. Dinner. 8. Obstetrics, Dr. Migon. MEDICAL STUDENTS IN EUROPE. 115 ENGLAND. LONDON. Railway travel in England is very similar to that on the Continent, except that on most of the railroads no check of any kind is given for the baggage, and that there is but lit- tle difference between the second- and third-class cars, and that more passengers travel first-class than in Germany or France. The cost of living in London is somewhat more than in Germany or France. The hospitals of London are so scat- tered about in all parts of the city that there is no portion of it which is especially desirable for students' rooms. Many med- ical students live in Bedford and Russell Squares, in the neigh- borhood of the British Museum. It is the general custom for American medical students to have their rooms and their meals in the same house. Most of the houses in which rooms are for rent bear placards to that effect. Information about rooms, etc., can be obtained at the American Exchange, 419 Strand, opposite Charing Cross Station. There is no journal in London which, like the Student's Number of Le Progres Medical in Paris, contains a list of the different hospitals and the attending physicians and sur- geons, and of the different clinics. The Medical Record, however, publishes in September an Educational Number, wliich oives some information about medical study in London. The work in the medical schools is divided into two terms. The winter term commences on the 1st of October and ends 116 A GUIDE TO AMERICAN at the end of March. The summer term commences on the 1st of May and ends at the end of July. The medical advantages of London are not very available for a foreign doctor, and are not so valuable to him as those of Germany or France, provided that he has some knowledge of German and French. There are in London very large and fine clinics, but the physicians in charge do not try to instruct any doctors who may be present. A foreigner is always kindly received at these clinics, and he may witness the ex- amination and treatment of patients, but as a rule no special effort is made to teach him. It is almost impossible to find private courses on special subjects. By attending a clinic for a long time and becoming well acquainted with the phy- sician in charge and his assistant, a doctor can learn a great deal, but much time is consumed in the process. As a general rule in London, the attending physicians and surgeons visit the hospitals only two or three times a week, and they make their visits in the afternoon. In the morn- ing very few clinics are held, and in this respect it differs greatly from Paris where almost all the clinics are held in the morning. The medical students in London are divided amoncf a number of schools, each school being connected with some particular hospital, from which it gets its name. On appli- cation to the porter of the hosjrital or of the school a cata- logue can be obtained which contains a list of the different clinics and lectures. If a foreign doctor wishes to attend the visit of any physician in London, he has only to go to the hospital at the time of the visit and send his card to the phy- sician, who will be pleased to have him accompany him on his visit. The physicians in London are very kind and polite in this respect. Not infrequently American doctors enter London hospitals for the purposes of study. Most of the hospitals have no more places to dispose of than can be readily filled from the MEDICAL STUDENTS IN EUROPE. 117 students of their own schools. The London Hospital is, how- ever, an exception to this rule, and it is the only one to which Americans are admitted, except that at rare intervals a va- cancy may be found in some other hospital. The positions for which foreigners may apply are "clinical clerk" on the medical side, or " dresser " on the surgical side. In order to obtain these positions, application should be made in writ- ing from four to six months in advance to Mr. MUNRO SCOTT, Warden op the London Hospital Medical School, Turner Street, Mile End, London, E. The positions are for the term of three months, and com- mence on February 1st, May 1st, August 1st, or November 1st, and in order to obtain them the sum of fifty-five dollars must be paid in advance. The duty of a clinical clerk is to write out the history and the results of the physical examination of each joatient on his entrance into the hospital, and to keep a record of the case while it remains in the hospital. At 10 am. the clinical clerk must make the visit with the House Physician, and must tell him about the new cases. Twice a week the Visiting Physi- cian visits the hospital, and then the clinical clerk must read to him the histories of the new cases. During the day he is allowed to examine any case in the wards, and has a good opportunity to examine the eyes, ears, throat, etc., of pa- tients. There is a good laboratory in the hospital, in which he mav work. He can occasionally 7 find time to visit other hospitals. The clinical clerks do not live in the hospital. The duties of a dresser are very similar to those of a clini- cal clerk. He takes the histories of new patients, examines them (he is not allowed to make an instrumental examina- 118 A GUIDE TO AMERICAN tion), and keeps a record of their cases. He does the smaller dressings and assists at the larger ones. He assists at r Physiology, Mr. Pye-Smith Practical Physiology, Mr. Golding Bird Chemistry, Drs. Debus and Stevenson Experimental Physics, Prof. Remold Demon. Pathological Anatomy, Dr. Goodhart. Autopsies. Drs. Fagge and Goodhart Medicine, Drs. Wilks and Pavy Clinical Medicine S rgery, Mr. Bryant and Mr. Durham Clinic.d Surgery Zoology, Dr. Brailley Practical Surgery. Mr. Lucas Clinical Gynecology and Obstetrics, Dr. Hicks. . Ophthalmic Surgery, Mr. Higgins M. T. W. T. 9 F. 9 9 9 9-4 9-4 9-4 9-4 9-4 4.15 415 4.15 10-12 1-3 11 11 11 11 1 1 2.30 2.30 2.30 2.30 2.30 3 3 3 3". 30 . . . > 3. 30 • • • • .... 1.30 • ■ ■ ■ 2.15 2. is , p 4 4 4 ■ • ■ • 1.30 • • • • .. . 3 s. 9-4 10-12 11 2.30 1.30 2.45 Summer Term, Gynecology and Obstetrics, Dr. Hicks Pathological Anatomy, Dr. Fagge Medical Jurisprudence. Dr. Stevenson Practical Chemistry, Dr. Debus Insan ty. Dr. Savage Botany. Mr. B ti any Operative Surgery, Mr. Lucas Hygiene, Dr. F Taylor Clinical Med icine Clinical Surgery Therapeutics and Materia Medica, Dr. Moxon, Autopsies Clinical Obstetrics. Dr. Galabin Pathological Histology, Dr. Jacobson M. 10-1 2.30 T. 9 io' ii' 11.30 3 2.30 3 Three W. 9 "4' 1.30 9 "io" 11.30 i'.io 2.^0 2.30 days in the week. 10-1 10.30 1.30 3 2.30 S. 9 10 11. 10 2.30 In addition to the above a laboratory class for advanced students in physiology is held during the summer term by Mr. Pye-Smith on Wednesday and Saturday at 2.30 p.m., and Dr. Debus allows advanced students to work in the chemical laboratory during both the winter and the summer terms. Practical pharmacy is taught in the hospital dispensary in courses of three months' duration throughout the year. Dr. Pye Smith gives demonstrations in diseases of the skin on 120 A GUIDE TO AMERICAN Tuesday at 12 m. throughout the year. The museums con- nected with Guy's Hospital are large and fine ; among them is a valuable set of anatomical models in wax, made by Mr. Towne. ST. BARTHOLOMEW'S HOSPITAL MEDICAL SCHOOL. West Smithfield.— 710 beds. DATS AND HOURS OF LECTURES AND DEMONSTRATIONS. Winter Term, M. T. W. T. F. S. Anatomy, Mr. Langton and Mr. Marsh Dissecting Demonstrator 7-4 2/0 10 3.30 9 7-4 2.30 2.30 3.30 lY 9 7-4 3.30 3.30 12 9 7-4 2.30 10 9 7-4 'io' .... 2.30 3.30 10.30 11 12' 7-4 Phvsiolo ry, Mr. Morant- Baker Practical Physiology, Dr. Harris Medicine, Drs. Andrew and Gee 3 2 "l SO .30 k' •• Clinical Medicine Ophthalmoscopic Demonstration, Mr. Vernon.. Surgery, Mr. Savory 2 Clinical Surgery 12.45 Practical Surgery, Mr. Butlin and Mr. Walsham Dental Surgery. Mr. Coleman 3.30 D^mon. Pathological Auatom , Dr. Moore Autopsies 12 'l2 Summer Term. Materia Medica and Therapeutics, Dr. T. Lau- der Brunton Botany, Mr. Henslow Forensic Medicine, Dr. R. Southey Hygiene, Mr. It. T. Thorne Comparative Anatomy, Dr. N. Moore Practical C. mparative Anatomy. Dr. Moore . . . Obstetrics. Dr. J. Mathews Duncan Clinical Medicine Clinical Surgery Pathological Anatomy, Dr. Leeg Ophthalmic Surgery, Mr. Power Insanity. Dr. Shaw Practical Chemistry. Dr. Russell Practical Surgery, Mr. Butlin and Mr. Walsham Practical Physiology, Dr. Harris Demonstr. Pathological Anatomy, Dr. Moore.. Autopsies M. 10 io' 3.30 11-1 2.30 12 10 2' 30 11.15 "9 12.45 11-1 2.30 'pi' W. 10 11.30 12.45 2.30 'l2" 10 3.30 11.15 9 9 12 'ii' '12' F. 10 2.30 3. 50 11-1 30 ii' 12 s. 10 12.45 ii' 12' In addition to the above, Dr. Klein gives a course of lec- tures, with demonstrations on histology, which is included MEDICAL STUDENTS IN EUROPE. 121 in the course of physiology. Clinical instruction is given throughout the year by Mr. Marsh on orthopaedic surgery, on Monday, at 2 p.m. ; by Mr. Cumberbatch on diseases of the ear, on Monday, at 2.30 p.m. ; by Mr. Morant-Baker on dis- eases of the skin, on Friday, at 1.30 p.m. ; by Messrs. Power and Vernon on diseases of the eye, on Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, and Saturday, at 2 p.m. ; by Mr. Butlin on diseases of the larynx, on Friday, at 2.30 p.m. ; Dr. Duncan gives a clinical lecture on diseases of women in the winter term every alternate Thursday. Students also have opportunities for practically studying the obstetrical cases with the physician accoucheur who visits the wards on Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday, at 2 p.m., and with the assistant accoucheur, who ex- amines the out-patients on Wednesday and Saturday, at 9 a.m. Students are also sent to attend cases of midwifery in the city. ©AYS AN© HOURS OF ATTENDANCE AT HOSPITAL. In, tlie Wards. M, Dr. Andrew, Medicine I 1.30 Dr. Southey, Medicine j 1.30 Dr. Church, Medicine Dr. Gee, Medicine Mr. Sarony, Surgeon , Mr. T. Smith, Surgeon Mr. Willett, Surgeon Mr. Langton, Surgeon Dr. Duncan, Obstetrics Mr. Power, Eye Mr. Vernon Operations on the Eye Surgical Operations 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 T. 1.30 9 1.30 1.30 1.30 i"io 1.30 2 1.30 l'.30 W, 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 T. 9 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 2 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 S. 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 2 i'io 1.30 Assistants in Out-patients' Rooms. M. T. W. T. F. S. Dr. Duckworth, Medicine ii' 12.30 11 12.30 ii 12.30 12.30 'ii' 12.30 11 Dr. Hensley, Medicine 11 Dr. Brunton, Medicine .... Mr. Morant-Baker, Surgeon. . 12.30 Mr. Marsh, Surgeon , Mr. Butlin, Surgeon 12.30 122 A GUIDE TO AMERICAN Out- Patients, Special Departments, M. T. W. T. F. s. "» 11.30 "2' 9 "2 2.80 2 i'M "9* ISIr. Marsh, Orthopaedic Surgery Mr. Cumberbatch, Diseases of Ear 2.30 — Mr. Godson, Gynecology 2 ST. THOMAS' HOSPITAL, situated on the Albert Embankment, opposite the Houses of Parliament (572 beds), is one of the handsomest hospitals in the world, given : In its medical school the following lectures are EOTtRS OF ATTENDANCE ON LECTURES AND DEMONSTRATIONS. Winter Term. Physics, Dr, Stone Chemistry, Dr. Bernaya Anatomy, Dr. Reid and Mr. Anderson Dissecting, Demonstrators Physiology, Dr. Harley Physiological Demonstrations, Dr. Hutton Pract Surgery, Mr. Mason and Mr. Mackeliar. . u „,-„ • J Dr. Bristowe, \ Oct. 1 to Jan. 1 Medicine, ■> Dr Qr± - Jan 1 ^ ^^ ± Sur-erv i Mr - J ? ne!! ' I 0ct " 1 to Jan ' 1 ■ ■ our^eiy, f ^ MacCormac. ) Jan. 1 to April 1, Clinical Surgery, Special Course, ilr. Croft. . . . Pract. Path. Anat , Drs. Payne and Sharkey. . Obstetric Demonstrations. Dr. Gervis Autopsies, Drs. Reid and Sharkey Surgical Operations Operations on the Eye M. 9.30 lU-4 4 9 T. 10.30 9.30 10-4 4 W. 9.80 10-4 4 11.30 9 2 1.30 T. 10.30 9.80 10-4 9 4 4 9 F. 10.30 9.80 10-4 4 11.30 4 4 9 2 8. 12 10-2 9 11.30 "2 1.30 MEDICAL STUDENTS IN ECEC-PE. 123 Summer Term. M. T. W. T. F. S. Materia Medica and Therapeutics, Dr. Stone.. 9 9 9 Botanv, Mr. Bennet , . io 10 io Practical Chemistry, Dr. Bernays 10-12 10-12 10-12 12.30 12.30 , 12.30 Midwifery and Gynecology, Dr. Gervis 4 4 ■ • • m 4 4 ... Comparative Anatomy, Mr. C. Stewart 12 . . ■ . .... 12 .... .... Forensic Medicine, Drs. Payne and Corv. . « « • 9 .... 9 .... 9 Pathologic d Anatomy, Drs. Payne and Sharkey 9 • • > • 9 • • • • 9 9 • . • • ■ • • . • • . • .... Pract. Surgery, Mr. Mason and Mr. Mackellar . . 4 .... .... 4 ... • • • • • « . ■ .... 12 ...» State Medicine, Dr. A. Carpenter 4 • ■ • • 4 • • • ■ «... .... Clinical Surgery, Special Course, Mr. Croft .... • - < - ■ • « 9 .... .... 2 2 2 1.30 2 2 2 1.S0 .... .... 2 TIMES OF ATTENDANCE OF JHYSICTAN8 AND SURGEONS IN WARDS. Dr. Bristowp, Medicine Dr. Stone. Medicine Dr. Ord. Medicine Dr. Harley. Medicine Dr. Gervis, Obstetrics Mr. Sidney Jones, Surgery Mr. Croft, Surgery Mr. MacCormac. Surgery Mr. Mason, Surgery Mr. Xettleship, Diseases of Eye . M. 9 2 2 2 T. 2 W. T. 2 2 •2 2 F. 2 s. Assistants on Out-Patients. M. T. W. T. F. S. 12.30 12.30 12.30 1.30 12.30 12.30 12.30 12.30 12.30 Dr. Sharkev, Medical 12.30 12.30 12.30 12.30 12.30 121 A GUIDE TO AMERICAN Special Departments for Out-Patients. M. T. W. T. F. s. Mr. Ni-ttleship. Eye 1.30 1.30 12.30 10 1.30 11.30 1.30 12.30 1.30 'io' Mr. Clutton, Ear 12.30 Mr. Elliott and Mr. Ranger, Teeth ... LONDON HOSPITAL MEDICAL SCHOOL. Whitechapel Road, Mile End— 800 Beds. DAYS AND HOURS OF LECTURES AND DEMONSTRATIONS. Winter Term. Anatomy, Mr. Rivington Dissecting. Mr. Treves , , ] hysi >logy, Mr. McCarthy Chemistry, Mr. Tidy , Medicine, Dr. Stephen Mackenzie , Surgery, Mr. Adams Diseases of Throat, Dr. Morell Mackenzie Demonstr. Pathological Anatomy, Dr. Sutton, Clinical Medical Lecture , Clinical Surgical Lecture M. T. w. T. F. 3 9.10 9.10 9.10 10-4 10-4 10-4 10-4 10-4 9 9 10.30 10.30 10..- 4 4 4 4 ■4' 4 3.30 3.30 3.30 3.30 3.30 < ~>ne each week. < 3ne eac h week • 10-1 9 10 Summer Term. Palfrey Rodgers. Practical Chemistry, Mr. Tidy. Midwifery and Gynecology, Dr Aural Surgery, Mr. Brown Forensic Medicine, Mr. Tidy and Mr P.< it any, Dr. Warner Practical Histology, Mr. McCarthy Pathological Anatomy, Dr. Sutton Demonstrations in Pathological Anatomy Materia Mrdica and Therapeutics, Dr. James Comparative Anatomy, Dr. Aveling Diseases of Teeth, Mr. Barrett M. 9 10 11 3.30 9 "io" ii 3.30 3 9 4 W. 9* 10 11 3.30 T. 9 4 10 'ii' 12.30 3.30 3 9 9 9 'io' 11 , 3.30 3 S. 10 3.30 MEDICAL STUDENTS IN EUROPE. 125 Hospital Visits. M. T. W. T. F. S. Physicians — Dr. A . Clark 2 "% "2 2 "2 2 "2 .... "2 1.30 IO* 2 "2 2 i'M 2 10.30 *2 "2' 2 • • • | "2 2 "2 2 2 Dr. Sansom .' Surgeons — Mr. Hutchinson 1.30 2 Mr. Oouper 1.30 Mr. Adams Ass't Physicians — Dr. Turner Dr Smith L30 10 Out-JPalients. M. T. W. T. F. s. Physicians — Dr. Sansom 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.80 1.30 1.30 i'io i'io 9 1.30 i'.30 1.30 1*30 "9' 1.30 l'.30 iio Dr. Tumor 1.30 Dr. Warner 1.30 Dr. Ralfe 1.30 1.30 Mr. McCarthy • 1.30 1.30 1.30 9 9.30 In addition to the above the following instruction is given : A lecture on clinical medicine, and one on clinical surgery, is" given each week, and the physicians and surgeons hold clinics at each of their visits, and practical instruction is given in the out-patient departments, not only in general medicine and surgery, but also in all the special departments. Mr. Adams gives a course on operative surgery on the cadaver, and Mr. Reeves gives a course on practical surgery. Mr. Cooper gives a course on ophthalmic diseases and Mr. Brown one on aural diseases. The last four courses are held in the summer term only. 12G A GUIDE TO AMERICAN CHARING CROSS HOSPITAL MEDICAL SCHOOL. Chandos Street, near Charing Cross Station — 180 beds, and 50 beds in the Royal West- minster Ophthalmic Hospital. TIME TABLE. Winter Term. M. Anatomy, E. Bellamy 9-10 Physiology, Dr. Silver 3-4 Practical Physiology (lectures and laboratory), Dr. Wolfenden I 10-12 Chemistry, Mr. Heaton ! 11-12 9-4 4-5 Dissecting, Mr. Cantlie Medicine, Dr. Pollock Surgery, Mr. Barwell Medical and Surgical Practice . . Surgical Operations Dental Surgery 1-3 9.30 3-4 9-10 "9-4 '4^5 1-3 W. 9-10 3-4 10-12 11-12 9-4 4-5 i^T 9! 30 T. 9-10 11-12 9-4 4-5 3-4 1-3 2 9-10 3-4 10-12 9-4' 4-5' 1-3 9" 30 12-1 9-1 1-3 2 Summer Term. M. T. w. T. F. S. Botany, Dr. Colquhoun 10-11 9-io 1-3 • • • • ii-i 9-1 "3-4 10-12 i-3 9!30 "9-i 4-5 11-12 '3-4 9-10 9-i 6 1-3 2 10-12 9-1 3-4 10-11 "i-3 9^30 9 *9^i ' 4' 3-4 9-10 10-11 Materia Medica and Therapeutics, Dr. Bruce. . Medical and Surgical Practice 10-12 i^3 9-i 6 1-3 2 9.30 9 '6-1 3-4 Practical Physiology, Mr. Wolfenden Dissecting, Mr. Cantlie 11-1 9-1 Mental Diseases, Dr. Winslow 4-5 9-1 J The instruction in medical and surgical practice consists of work in the out-patient rooms from 1 to 2 p.m., and in the w T ards from 2 to 3 p.m. Clinical instruction in midwifery and gynecology is given twice a week by Dr. Black in the wards and in the out-patient department. Clinical instruction is given daily in diseases of the eye, at 1 p.m., in the Royal Westminster Ophthalmic Hospital, which adjoins the Charing MEDICAL STUDENTS IX EUROPE. 127 Cross Hospital. Clinical instruction is given in children's diseases, on Wednesday and Saturday, at 1.30 p.m., by Dr. Colqulioun. Clinical instruction in diseases of the skin is given on Mondays and Thursdays, at 1.30 p.m., by Dr. Sangs- ter. Clinical instruction in diseases of the ear, Mondays, at 3 p.m., by Mr. Can the. Surgical operations on Thursday, at 2 p.m. Dr. Pollock visits the wards on Monday and Thurs- day ; Dr. Silver on Tuesday and Friday ; Dr. Green on Wed- nesday and Saturday ; Mr. Barwell on Tuesday and Friday ; Mr. Bellamy on Monday and Thursday, and Mr. Bloxam on Wednesday and Saturday, all these visits being made at 2 p.m. The out-patients are attended at 1 p.m., by Dr. Bruce on Tuesday and Friday ; by Dr. Houghton on Monday and Thursday ; by Dr. Smith on Wednesday and Saturday ; by Mr. Cantlie on Monday and Thursday ; by Mr. Morgan on Tuesday and Friday, and by Mr. Whitehead on Wednesday and Saturday. UNIVERSITY COLLEGE HOSPITAL. Gower Street— 200 beds. TIME TABLE. Winter Term. M. Medicine. Prof. Kinger , Physiology, Prof. Burdon-Sanderson, Physiological Laboratory Chemistry. Prof. Williamson Chemical Exercises, Mr. Orme Anatomy, Prof. Thane , Dissecting. Demonstrator 10-11 10-5 11-13 Hospital Practice — Medical Clinical Lectures, "1 Surgical Clin. Lectures... Skin Clinical Lectures ... \ Clinical Midwifery .... J Zoblogv, Comparative Anatomy, and Biology Prof. Lankester , Zootoinical and Microscopical Courses Embryology, Mr. Shaf r , Surgery, Prof. Marshall Practical Surgery. Prof. Hill Operative Surge r y. Mr. Beck Dental Surgery, Mr. Ibbetson 12-1 8-5 1-4 1-8 10-5 2-3 T. W. T. F. ■ 9-10 9-10 -9-10 9-10 10-11 10-11 10-11 10-11 10-5 10-5 10-5 10-5 11-12 "11-12 11-12 11-12 | 9-10 9-10 9-10 9-10 12-1 12-1 12-1 12-1 8-5 8-5 8-5 8-5 1-1 1-4 1-4 1-4 1-2 1-2 1-2 1-2 10-5 10-5 10-5 10-5 2-3 .... • • • • 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 .... 10-5 8-2 1-4 4-5 In latter part of winter term. 4-5 | .... | .... | 4-5 | .... | 123 A GUIDE TO AMERICAN Summer Term. Botany, Prof. Oliver Midwifery, Prof. Hewett Histology, Prof. Burdou -Sanderson Practical Histology, Prof. Burdon-Sanderson. . Pathological Anatomy, Prof. Bastian Demonstration of Drugs, Mr. Gerard Materia Med. and Therapeutics, Prof. Roberts. Medical Jurisprudence, Prof. Poore Practical Chemistry, Prof. Williamson Zootomical and Microscopical Demonstrations. Hospital Practice — Medical Clinical Lectures ) Surgical Clinical Lectures - Clinical Midwifery i Operative Surgery, Mr. Beck Hygiene and Public Health, Prof. Corfleld Ophthalmic Medicine and Surgery, Mr. Tweedy M. 8-9 T. 8-9 9-10 12-1 W. 8-9 9 10 12-1 T. 8-9 12-i F. 8-9 9-10 1 .30-3 1 .30-3 1 .30-3 1 .30-3 1.30-3 10-11 9-io 10-12 10-5 1-4 9-10 10-11 10-11 11-12 10-5 1-4 10-11 10-11 11-12 10-5 1-4 4-5 9-10 10-11 4-5 9-10 10-11 10-11 : 10-11 11-12 11-12 10-5 10-5 9-10 1-4 1-4 10-12 1-4 SA or 3 Si or 3 Si or 3 8* or 3 Sh or 3 8£ or 3 4-5 .... 4-5 4-5 .... 4-5 I .... The physicians connected with the hospital are Dr. "Wilson Fox, Dr. Sidney Ringer, Dr. Bastian, Dr. Roberts, and Dr. Graily Hewett, obstetrician. The assistant physicians are Dr. Gowers, Dr. Poore, Dr. Barlow, and Dr. Williams, assist- ant obstetricians. The surgeons are Mr. Marshall, Mr. Hill, and Mr. Heath. The assistant surgeons are Mr. Beck, Mr. Barker, and Mr. Godlee. Mr. Streathneld is ophthalmic sur- geon, Mr. Tweedy assistant ophthalmic surgeon, and Mr. Ibbetson dental surgeon. Special instruction is given in the examination of patients by Drs. Fox and Gowers for medical cases, and by Messrs. Heath, Beck, and Baker for surgical cases. Clinical instruction is given by the physicians and surgeons in their daily visits, both in the wards and in the oat-patient department. The obstetric physician visits the hospital twice a week, and gives a clinical lecture once a fortnight. The assistant obstet- ric physician also attends twice a week, and forms classes for the study of diseases of women. The visits to the eye infir- mary are made on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays at 2 p.m. Dr. Crocker attends patients with skin diseases on Tues- days, at 1.30 p.m., and on Saturdays at 9.30 a.m. Dr. Poore MEDICAL STUDENTS IN EUROPE. 120 attends patients with diseases of the larynx on Thursdays at 1.30 p.m., and gives systematic instruction in the use of the laryngeal instruments. Mr. Barker attends patients with dis- eases of the ear on Saturdays at 1.30 p.m., and gives demon- strations. Practical pharmacy is taught by Mr. Gerard. Histology is included under the head of physiology, and is taught in the summer term. Students who wish to make original investigations in physiology can work in the labora- tory of Prof. Burdon-Sanderson. Students are allowed to work in the laboratory for hygiene, and a practical course in hygiene is given, as is also one in pathological anatomy. KING'S COLLEGE HOSPITAL. Portugal Street, Lincoln's Inn. TIME TABLE OF HOSPITAL ATTENDANCE. 11. T. w. T. F. s. 2 "2 "2" 1.30 ±".30 l!30 16" "2 i".30 1.30 12.30 .... i.36 1.30 i'M 2 "2" i'M "2 1.30 i'M "i" * • • ■ • • • • i'io 12.80 1*30 1.30 i'M *io' Dr. Beal' Dr. Duffin Obstetr cs and Gynecology, Dr. Playfair "2 2 Dr. Baxter (in summer) Dr. Curnow (in winter) Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dr. Hayes 1.30 12.30 i'M 1.30 i*so Prof. Lister 1.30 1.30 1.30 Prof. Smith Out-Patients — Mr. Bell 1.30 Dentist. Prof. Cartwright . , .... Diseases of Eye, Prof. McHardy 1 Clinical Lectures. — Dr. Johnson, alternate Mondays, at 3 p.m. ; Dr. Beale, alternate Tuesdays, at 3 p.m. ; Dr. Duffin, al- ternate Fridays, at 3 p.m., in winter ; Dr. Playfair, alternate Thursdays, at 3 p.m., in winter ; Dr. Burney Yeo, alternate Tuesdays, at 3 p.m., in summer ; Prof. Wood, Tuesday and Thursday, at 1.30 p.m. ; Prof. Lister, Monday and Wednesday, at 2 p.m. ; Prof. Cartwright, alternate Tuesdays, at 1.30 p.m., 6* 130 A GUIDE TO AMERICAN in winter session ; Prof. McHardy, alternate Mondays, at 3 p.m., in winter session. TIME TABLE FOR LECTURES AND DEMONSTRATIONS. Winter Term. M. T. W. T. F. S. Anatomy, Prof. John Curnow 9 10.15 12.15 4 9 12.15 "a "9* 9 10.15 12.15 5 4 "9' 9 10.15 12.15 "4' 9 12.15 4 ■4 3 11.15 10.15 9 Physiology, Prof. G. F. Yeo 12.15 Surgery, Prof. Smith Comparative Anatomy and Zoology, Prof. Bell. 4 Summer Term. Materia Medica and Therapeutics, Prof. Baxter Obstetric Medicine, Prof. Play fair Practical Chemistry, Prof. Bloxam Practical Physiology, Prof. Yeo Pathological Anatomy, Prof. Duffin Botany, Prof. Bentley Forensic Medicine, Prof. Ferrier Tutors" Class, Dr. Girard M. 10.15 12.15 4 4 T. 9 9 10.15 12.15 4 W. 9 9 10.15 4 12 9 9 10.15 "3" 12.15 F. 9 9 10.15 3 12.15 4 10.15 Clinical instruction is given by the physicians and surgeons at their visits in the wards, and by the assistant physicians and surgeons in the out-patient department, especially on Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Fridays. Clinical instruction in diseases of the eye is given by Prof. McHardy, both in the wards and in the out-patient department. Clinical instruc- tion is given in diseases of the throat every Tuesday, at 2 p.m., by Dr. Baxter. Clinical instruction in skin diseases is given by Dr. Duffin, on Tuesdays, in the out-patient department, and in diseases of the ear, on Thursdays, at 2 p.m., by Dr. Pritchard, in ont-patient department. Operations are per- formed by Prof. Wood and Prof Smith, Saturdays, at 1 p.m. ; by Prof. Lister, Fridays, at 2 p.m. MEDICAL STUDENTS IN EUROPE. 131 MIDDLESEX HOSPITAL. Bernerd Street, W.— 310 beds. Physicians, Drs. Cayley, K. King, and Coupland ; Obstetri- cian, Dr. J. Hall Davis ; Assistant Physicians, Drs. Douglas Powell, D. W. Finlay, J. K. Fowler, and C. T. Bliss ; Phy- sician to skin department, Dr. E. Liveing ; Assistant Obstetri- cian, Dr. Edis ; Surgeons, Messrs. Hulke, Lawson, and Mor- ris ; Assistant Surgeons, Messrs. Clark and Lyell ; Ophthal- mic Surgeon, Mr. Critchett ; Aural Surgeon, Mr. A. Heus- man ; Dental Surgeon, Mr. Turner ; Pathologist, Dr. J. K. Fowler. In-patients are visited daily, at 1.30 p.m. Surgical opera- tions on Wednesday, at 1 p.m. A visit is made to the obstet- rical and gynecological wards on Tuesday and Friday, and the out-patients in this department are seen on Wednesday and Saturday, at 1.30 p.m. There are many cases of cancer constantly in the hospital, and patients with this disease are seen in the out-patient department on Thursdays, at 1.30 p.m. Mr. Critchett attends out-patients with diseases of the eye, on Wednesdays and Saturdays, at 8.30 a.m. Dr. Liveing gives a clinic on diseases of the skin, which is highly spoken of, on Friday, at 4 p.m. Mr. A. Hensman attends patients with disease of the throat and ear, on Tuesday, at 9 a.m. Autopsies are made daily, at 2 p.m. Lectures. Dr. Cayley lectures on medicine ; Messrs. Hulke and Law- son on surgery ; Messrs. Morris and Clark on practical surgery ; Mr. Lowne on physiology and general anatomy ; Mr. Morris on anatomy ; Messrs. Hensman and Sutton demonstrate the dissections ; Dr. Coupland on morbid anat- omy ; Mr. W T . Foster on chemistry ; Dr. J. Hall Davis on midwifery and gynecology ; Dr. Thorowgood* on materia 132 A GUIDE TO AMERICAN medica and therapeutics ; Dr. King on medical jurisprudence ; Mr. Hensman on botany ; Mr. Hensman on comparative anatomy ; Mr. Critckett on diseases of the eye ; Mr. W. Fos- ter on practical chemistry ; and Mr. Mowne on practical physiology and histology. ST. GEORGE'S HOSPITAL, Hyde Park Corner, S. W.— 353 beds. Physicians, Drs. Barclay, Wadham, Dickinson, and Whip- ham ; Obstetrician, Dr. Barnes ; Assistant Physicians, Drs. Cavafy and Watney ; Surgeons, Messrs. T. Holmes, J. Rouse, T. P. Pick, J. W. Haward ; Assistant Surgeons, Messrs. Bennett and Dent ; Ophthalmic Surgeon, Mr. R. Brudenell Carter ; Aural Surgeon, Mr. W. B. Dalby ; Dentist, Mr. A. Winterbottom. Clinical lectures are delivered by the physicians and sur- geons twice a week. Operations on Thursdays, at 1 p.m. Out-patients are seen by the assistant physician four times in the week. Lectures. Winter Term. — Mr. Pick, anatomy ; Mr. Stirling, physiology and general anatomy ; Dr. Ewart and Mr. Bennet, practical physiology ; Mr. Marginson, dissecting ; Dr. Whiphani, pa- thology ; Drs. Barclay and Dickinson, medicine ; Messrs. Holmes and Rouse, surgery ; Mr. R. Brudenell Carter, oph- thalmic surgery ; Dr. Owen, morbid anatomy ; Mr. Donkin, chemistry ; Dr. Barnes, clinical lectures on diseases of women. Summer Term. — Mr. Donkin, practical chemistry ; Dr. Barnes, diseases of women and children ; Dr. Whipham, practical medicine ; Dr. Watney, materia medica ; Dr. Wad- ham, medical jurisprudence ; Dr. Owen, botany ; Dr. Bland- ford, psychological medicine ; Mr. Haward, practical surgery ; Mr. Bennett, operative surgery ; Mr. A. Wmterbottom, den- tal surgery ;*Dr. Brailey, comparative anatomy ; clinical dem- MEDICAL STUDENTS IN EUROPE. 133 onstrations of diseases of the skin, Dr. Cavafy ; Dr. TVhip- Lam, diseases of the throat. ST. MARY'S HOSPITAL. Cambridge Place, raddington, W. — 100 beds. Physicians, Drs. H. Jones, Sieveking, and Broadbent ; Sur- geons, Messrs. Haynes, "Walton, J. R. Lane, and A. T. Norton ; Obstetrician, Dr. A. Meadows ; Assistant Physicians, Drs. Cheadle and Shepherd j Assistant Surgeons, Messrs. E. Owen, H. Page, and W. Pye ; Assistant Obstetrician, Dr. Wiltshire ; Skin Department, Dr. Cheadle and Mr. Morris ; Ophthalmic Department, Mr. H. "Walton ; Throat Department, Mr. Nor- ton; Aural Surgery, Mr. G. P. Field ; Dental Surgery, Mr. H. Hayward ; Electrician, Mr. Knott. In-patients are visited daily, at 1.15 p.m. Out-patients daily, at 1 p.m. The obstetrician attends on Tuesdays and Fridays, at 9.30 A.M ; the ophthalmic surgeon on Mondays and Thurs- days, at 1.30 p.m. ; the aural surgeon attends on "Wednesdays and Saturdays, at 2 p.m. Surgical operations are performed on "Wednesdays, at 1.30 p.m. ; autopsies are made at 2 p.m. by Mr. Pepper. The following courses of lectures and demonstrations are o given Winter Term. — Mr. Pye, jMiysiology; Mr. Pepper, histology ; Drs. Cheadle and Shepherd, pathology ; Mr. Owen, anatomy ; Mr. H. E. Jules, dissecting ; Dr. Wright, chemistry ; Dr. Broadbent, medicine ; Messrs. James Lane and A. T. Nor- ton, surgery ; Mr. H. Page, operative surgery ; Drs. II. Jones Sieveking and Broadbent, clinical medicine ; Messrs. H. Walton, J. R. Lane, and A. T. Norton, clinical surgery ; Mr. H. Hayward, dental surgery. Summer Term. — Rev. J. M. Crombie, botany ; Dr. Farqu- harson, materia medica and therapeutics ; Dr. "Wright, prac- tical chemistry ; Drs. A. Meadows and A. "Wiltshire, mid- wifery and gynecology ; Dr. Randall, medical jurisprudence ; 134 A GUIDE TO AMERICAN Mr. Haynes Walton, ophthalmic surgery ; Mr. G. P. Field, aural surgery ; Dr. Cheadle and Mr. Morris, diseases of the skin ; Mr. St. George Mivart, comparative anatomy. WESTMINSTER HOSPITAL. Opposite "Westminster Abbey, S. W. — 215 beds. Physicians, Drs. Fincham, Sturges, and Allchin ; Obstetri- cian, Dr. Potter ; Assistant Physicians, Drs. H. Donkin, Hall, and Hughes Bennett ; Assistant Obstetrician, Dr. Grigg ; Surgeons, Messrs. Cowell, Davy, and Macnamara ; Assistant Surgeons, Messrs. T. Cooke, Bond, and P. Gould ; Surgeon Dentist, Mr. Walker ; Aural Surgeon, Mr. Keene ; Ophthal- mic Surgeon, Mr. Cowell ; Orthopaedic Surgeon, Mr. R. Davy ; Skin Department, Mr. Bond ; Throat Department, Dr. Hall. The in-patients and out-patients are attended daily, at 1.30 p.m. Surgical operations are performed on Tuesdays and Saturdays, at 2 p.m. Autopsies are made at 2 p.m. In the medical school connected with the hospital, the fol- lowing lectures and demonstrations are given ; Winter Term. — Messrs. P. Gould and Black, anatomy and dissecting ; Dr. Allchin, jihysiology ; Dr. Murrell, practical j)hysiology and histology ; Dr. Duprc, chemistry ; Messrs. Cowell and Davy, surgery and practical surgery ; Drs. Fincham and Sturges, medicine ; Mr. Walker, dental sur- gery ; Dr. C. Blake, comparative anatomy. Summer Term. — Mr. Worsley Benison, botany ; Mr. Bond, forensic medicine and hygiene ; Dr. Phillips, materia medica and therapeutics ; Dr. Potter, midwifery and gynecology ; Dr. Allchin, pathology and morbid anatomy; Dr. Dupre, practical chemistry and toxicology ; Mr. Cowell, ophthalmic surgery ; Dr. Sutherland, psychological medicine ; Mr. Keene, aural surgery ; Mr. Bond, skin diseases. MEDICAL STUDENTS IN EUROPE. 135 LONDON SCHOOL OF MEDICINE FOR WOMEN. 30 Henrietta Street, Brunswick Square, and Royal Free Hospital, Gray's Inn Road, W. C. Lectures at the ScnooL. Mr. Ottley, anatomy ; Prof. E. A. Schafer, physiology and practical physiology ; Mr. Heatone, chemistry and practical chemistry ; Dr. P. H. Stokoe, botany ; Dr. T. J. Mac-lagan, materia inedica ; Airs. Garrett Anderson, M.D., and Dr. H. Donkin, medicine ; Dr. Ford Anderson and Dr. Louisa At- kins, midwifery and gynecology ; Dr. Dupre and Mr. Bond, forensic medicine ; Air. Cowell, surgery ; Messrs. Critchett and J. Adams, ophthalmic surgery ; Mr. J. Shuter, minor surgery ; Dr. W. A. Sturge, pathology ; Dr. Sankey, mental pathology ; Dr. Munie, comparative anatomy ; Drs. Sophia Jex, Blake,- and Edith Pechey, hygiene. Drs. TV. A. Sturge and Cockle, clinical medicine ; Messrs. Gant and Piose, clinical surgery ; Dr. TV. Hayes, gynecology ; Mr. G. A. Critchett, ophthalmic surgery. The hospital contains 150 beds. There is a large museum. The patients are visited daily at 2 p.m. Surgical operations on Wednesdays and Saturdays, at 2 p.m. The physician for diseases of women attends on Tuesdavs and Saturdavs, at 9 a.m., and the ophthalmic surgeon on Wednesdays and Fri- davs, at 9 a.m. ScnooL of Anatomy. Dr. Thomas Cook has a school of anatomv. The work consists of courses of three months' duration. In each course the whole of anatomy (on the dissected body), of physiolo^v (with microscopic preparations, etc.), and the operations (all performed by students on the cadaver) are gone through with. LONDON HOSPITALS. In addition to the medical instruction already mentioned, there are many other hospitals in London at which a foreign doctor is always welcome. A few of the more important hos- 136 A GUIDE TO AMERICAN pitals are given below. The numbers given are the number of patients annually treated at the hospital. Cancer. Cancer Hospital, Brompton, S. W. ; Office 167 Piccadilly, \V. — Surgeons, Messrs. J. Hayward, H. L. Snow, M.D., and F. A. Purcell, M.D. House Surgeon and Registrar, Mr. N. W. Bournes. In-patients, 306 ; out-patients, 721. St. Saviour's Cancer Hospital, Osnaburg Street, Regent's Park, N. W. — Physician, Dr. W. F. Laurie ; Assistant Physi- cian, Mr. J. Dixon ; Surgeon, Mr. H. Robinson ; House Sur- geon, Mr. G. F. Emerton. In-patients, 107 ; out-patients, 261. Children. Belgrade Hospital for children, 77 and 79 Gloucester Street, S. W. — Physicians, Drs. Hope and Ewart ; Surgeons, Messrs. Bennett and Dent ; House Surgeon, Mr. F. D. C. Hawkins. In-patients, 87 ; out-patients, 886. Cheyne Hospital, Cheyne Walk, Chelsea, S. W. — Physicians and Surgeons, Dr. R. Southey, Mr. J. P. Bartlett, and Mr. J. F. C. Macready. 33 beds. Hast London Hospital for children and dispensary for wo- men, Shad well, E. — Physicians, Drs. Eustace Smith and H. B. Donkin ; Surgeons, Messrs. A. Csesar and H. A. Reeves ; Ophthalmic Surgeon, Mr. G. Cowell. Assistant Physicians, Dr. F. Warner and H. Radcliffe Crocker ; Assistant Surgeon, 3iir. R. \V. Parker. In-patients, 669 ; out-patients, 8,577. Evelina Hospital for sick children, Southwark Bridge Road, S. E. — Physicians for in-patients, Drs. E. B. Baxter, and F. Taylor ; Physician for out-patients, Dr. J. F. Good- hart ; Surgeons for in-patients, Messrs. Morant Baker and H. G. Howse ; Surgeons for out-patients, Mr. R. C. Lucas ; Resident Medical Officer, W. H. White. In-patients, 383; out-patients, 5,271. Hospital for sick children, 19 Great Ormond Street, "W. C. MEDICAL STUDENTS IN EUROPE. 137 — Physicians, Drs. Dickinson, Gee, and Cheadle ; Assistant Physicians, Drs. R. J. Lee, O. Sturges, T. Barlow, D. B. Lees, and R. Bridges ; Surgeons, Messrs. T. Smith and H. Marsh ; Assistant Surgeons, Messrs. E. Owen, and J. H. Morgan ; Resident Medical Officers, Drs. F. G. D. Drewett and W. E. Steavonson. In-patients, 1,119 ; out-patients, 12.607. Lec- tures on diseases of children are given weekly during the win- ter by the physicians and surgeons. The in-patients are vis- ited at 1 p.m. ; the out-patients are attended at 9 a.m. North-Eastern Hospital for children, Hackney Road, E. — Physicians, Drs. Sansoni, Cayley, Turner, and Semple ; Sur- geon, Mr. W. Taig ; House Surgeon, Mr. R. Steele. In-pa- tients, 397 ; out-patients, 13,172. North-Wed London Free Dispensary for sick children, 12 Bell Street, Edgeware Road, W. — Physicians, Drs. J. W. Langraore Morshead and A. Waller. Patients, 3,361. Victoria Hospital for sick children, Queen's Road, Chelsea, S. W. — Physicians, Drs. Julian Evans and T. Ridge Jones ; Physicians for out-patients, Drs. W. C. Grigg, J. P. Irvine, W. H. Allchin, and A. Venn ; Surgeon, Mr. G. Cowell ; Sur- geons for out-patients, Messrs. F. Churchill and W. Pye ; House Surgeon, Mr. W. C. Chaffey. In-patients, 176 ; out- patients, 15,160. Consumption and Diseases op the Lungs. City of London Hospntal for diseases of the chest, Victoria Park, E. — Physicians, Dr. J. C. Thorowgood, A. B. Shepherd, E. Smith, and J. Berkart ; Assistant Physicians, Drs. J. M. Fothergill, S. West, G. A. Heron, V. D. Harris, J. A. Orme- rod, and P. Kidd. Resident Medical Officer, Dr. H. G. Orbebar. In-patients, 789 ; out-patients, 16,117. Informa- tion respecting medical instruction at the hospital may be obtained on application to the physicians. Hospital for consumption and diseases of the chest, Bromp- ton, S. W.— Physicians, Drs. J. E. Pollock, E. S. Thompson, 13S A GUIDE TO AMERICAN C. T. Williams, R. T. Powell, J. Tatham, and R. E. Thomp- son ; Assistant Physicians, Drs. J. B. Yeo, F. T. Roberts, T. H. GreeD, J. M. Bruce, W. Ewart, and J. K. Fowler ; Resi- dent Medical Officer, Mr. F. J. Hicks. In-patients, 1,0-41 ; out-patients, 11,975. Pupils are admitted to the practice of the wards and out-patient department on payment of a fee of three guineas for three months. Margaret Street Infirmary for consumption and diseases of the chest and throat, 26 Margaret Street, Cavendish Square, W. — Physicians, Drs. Tony Jagielski and J. G. Barratt ; Visit- ing Physicians, Drs. H. S. Bennett, A. T. T. Wise, E. Payne, J. F. Palmer, R. A. Gibbons, R. F. Phibbs, andT. C. Marsh ; Surgeon, Mr. F. Card Beard. Patients, 2,000. North London Hospital for consumption. In-patients, Mount Vernon, Hanrpstead, N. W. ; out-patients and Secre- tary's office, 216 Tottenham Court Road. — Physicians, Drs. Timms, R. L. Johnson, A. Evershed, E. Haward, E. Burrell, R. T. Smith, W. Squire, and T. S. Dowse. In-patients, 271 ; out-patients, 6,320. Eoyal Hospital for diseases of the chest, City Road, E. C. — Physicians, Drs. G. Goddard Rodgers, P. J. Hensley, T. Gil- bert Smith, and D. W. Finlay ; Assistant Physicians, Drs. W. Murrell, H. S. Gabbett, and W. H. White ; Surgeon, Mr. W. J. Walsham ; House Physician, Mr. W. H. H. Jessop. In-patients, 260 ; out-patients, 6,372. (See also under Throat. ) Ear. Royal Ear Hospital, 66 Frith Street, Soho Square, W. — Sur- geon, N. Pritchard ; Assistant Surgeon, F. Matheson. Pa- tients, 2,400. (See also under Throat.) Fever. London Fever Hospital, Liverpool Road, N. — Physicians, Drs. W. Cayley and F. A. Mahomed ; Assistant Physician, MEDICAL STUDENTS IN EUROPE. 130 Dr. G. C. Henderson ; Resident Medical Officer, Dr. W. Tonge-Smith. Beds, 260. Homerton Fever Hospital, E. — Medical Officer, Dr. A. Col- lie ; Assistant Medical Officer, Mr. F. T. Turning. In-pa- tients, 1,077. Stockwell Fever Hospital, S. AY. — Medical Officer, Mr. P. H. M. Mackellor ; Assistant Medical Officer, Mr. H. Howard. Patients, 1,044. Fistula. St. Mark's Hospital for fistula and other diseases of rectum, City Road, E. C. — Honorary Physician, Dr. Hall ; Honorary Surgeons, Messrs. P. Y. Gowland and W. Allingham. Hon- orary Assistant Surgeons, Messrs. A. Cooper and D. H. Good- all ; House Surgeon, Mr. C. J. Ogle. In-patients, 217 ; out- patients, 2,166. Heart. National Hosptital for diseases of the heart and paralysis, 32 Soho Square, AY. — Honorary Medical Officers, Dr. G. Rids- dale, V. Ambler, B. A. Duncan, and R. L. Yerley. In-patients, 119 ; out patients, 8,077. Hrp. Hospital for diseases of the hip in childhood, 18 Queen's Square, Bloorusbury, AY. C. ; Surgeon, Mr. H. Marsh ; As- sistant Surgeon, Mr. J. II. Morgan. In-patients, 155. Insane. Bethlem Royal Hospital for lunatics (Bedlam), St. George's Fields, S. E. — Resident Physician and Medical Superintend- ent, Dr. G. H. Savage ; Assistant Medical Officer, Dr. AY. E. R. Wood. 300 beds St. Lukes Hospital for lunatics, Old Street, E. C. — Physi- 140 A GUIDE TO AMEBIC AN cians, Dr. H. Munro and D. Wood ; Surgeon, Mr. A. Willet ; Resident Medical Superintendent, Mr. G. Mickley. 200 beds. Nervous Diseases and Epilepsy. Hospital for Epilepsy and paralysis and other diseases of the nervous system, Portland Terrace, Regent's Park, N. W. — Physicians, Drs. J. Althaus, A. H. Bennett, T. S. Dowse, and W. A. Sturge ; Assistant-Physician, Mr. A. de Watteville ; Surgeon, 3Mr. J. A. Bloxam ; Ophthalmic Surgeon, Dr. W. L. Purvis. In-patients, 64 ; out-patients, 6,298. West End Hospital for diseases of the nervous system, pa- ralysis, and epilepsy, 73 Welbeck Street, W. — Physicians, Drs. H. Tibbits and G. A. Heron ; Assistant-Physicians, Drs. W. Edmunds and G. L. Laycock ; Surgeons, Messrs. A. Cooper and F. R. Fisher. National Hospital for the paralyzed and epileptic, 23-25 Queen Square, W. C. — Physicians, Dr. Ramskill, Radcliffe, Hughlings-Jackson, and Buzzard ; Physicians for Out-patients, Drs. H. Charlton Bastian, AY. R. Gowers, and D. Ferrier ; Assistant Physicians, Drs. J. A. Ormerod and P. Horrocks ; Surgeon, Mr. W. Adams. In-patients, 596 ; out-patients, 4,394 The in-patients and out-patients are attended about 3 p.m. ; on Monday by Drs. Radcliffe, Gowers, Horrocks, and Adams ; on Tuesday by Drs. Ramskill, Bastian, and Or- merod ; on Wednesday by Drs. Buzzard and Ormerod ; on Friday by Drs. Hughlings-Jackson, David Ferrier, and P. Horrocks. Lyestg-lx. British Lying-in Hospital, Endell Street, Long Acre, W. C. — Physicians, Drs. Heywood Smith and Francourt Barnes. In-patients, 160 ; out-patients, 600. City of London Lying-in Hospital, City Road, E. C. — Sur- geon-Accoucheur, P. L. Burchell ; District Surgeons, Messrs. MEDICAL STUDENTS IN EUROPE. 141 G. E. Yarrow, M. Greenwood, F. Godfrey, and \Y. Burton. In-patients, 387 ; out-patients, 1,121. General Lying-in Hospital, York Road, Lambeth, S. E. — Visiting Physician, ; House Physician, Mr. G. L. Pad- dington. In-patients, 250 ; out-patients, 750. Queen Charlotte's Lying-in Hospital, Marylebone Road, N. W. — Physicians to In-patients, Drs. Hope and Grigg ; Physi- cian to Out-patients, Dr. F. H. Champney ; Resident Medical Officer, Mr. N. Dalton. In-patients, 575 ; out-patients, G52. Boyal Jlatemity C J tar it y for delivering poor married women at their own habitations, 31 Finsbury Square, E. C. — Physi- cians, Drs. J. Hall Dayis and G. Roper ; Assistant Physicians, Drs. Fancourt Barnes and G. Herman. 3,000 deliveries an- nually. 'St. John's House and Sisterhood Maternity Home for poor married women, Tadema Road, Chelsea, S. W. — Physician, Dr. R. M. Coffin. In-patients, 105 ; out-patients, 130. St. Saviour's Hospital and refuge for women and children, Alfred Terrace, Upper Hollo way, N. — Physicians, Drs. R. Greenhal^h and W. S. Plavfair ; Surgeons, Messrs. E. Batt and J. Henry. Patients, 113. Farringdon General Dispensary and lying-in charity, 17 Bartlett's Buildings, Holborn, E. C. — Physician, Dr. W. H. Stretton ; Physician- Accoucheur, Dr. J. Tanner ; Surgeons, Messrs. S. Benton and W. C. Blaker ; Resident Medical Offi- cer, Mr. F. W. W. GoodalL Out-patients, 26,176. Ophthalmic. Central London Ophthalmic Hospital, Gray's Inn Road, W. C. — Surgeons, Messrs. J. S. Wilkinson, T. B. Archer, and G. Abbott ; Assistant Surgeons, Messrs. "YT. Lang and W. S. Byrne. Patients, 6,000. Patients are seen at 1 p.m. Boyal London Ophthalmic Hospital, Bloomneld Street, Moor- fields, E. C. — Surgeons, Messrs. Wordsworth, Streatfield, J. 112 A GUIDE TO AMERICAN W. Hulke, G. Lawson, and J. Couper ; Assistant Surgeons, Messrs. J. E. Adams, W. Tay, J. Tweedy, and E. W. Lyell. In-patients, 1,431 ; out-patients, 20,862. This is the most popular of the eye clinics of London. The patients are seen daily at 9.30. Royal South London Ophthalmic Hospital, 6 St. George's Circus, Soutkwark, S. E. — Surgeons, Messrs. W. Spencer Watson and M. M. Mc Hardy ; Assistant Surgeons, Messrs. A. S. Morton and J. B. Mackinlay. Patients, 5,064 Royal Westminster Ophthalmic Hospital, King William Street, Strand, W. C. — Surgeons, Messrs. H. Powell, J. House, G. Cowell, C. Macnamara. In-patients, 430 ; out- patients, 9,500. Patients are seen at 1 p.m. Western Eye Hospital, 218 Marylebone Boad, N. W. — Sur- geon, Mr. D. Freeman. Patients, 25,700. Western Ophthalmic Hospital, 153-155 Marylebone Eoad, N. W. — Surgeons, Messrs. T. B. Archer, J. S. Wilkinson, and J. G. Mackinlay. In-patients, 66 ; out-patients, 2,977. Orthopaedic. City Orthopaedic Hospital, Hatton Garden, E. C. — Surgeon, Mr. E. J. Chance. Patients, 1,752. National Hospital for the deformed, 234 Great Portland Street, W. — Physician, Dr. J. Cavafy ; Surgeons, Messrs. F. E. Fisher and O. Vincent. In-patients, 110 ; out-patients, 2,700. Royal Orthopaedic Hospital for the cure of club-foot, lateral curvature of the spine, and all other contractions and deform- ities, 315 Oxford Street, W. — Surgeons, Messrs. B. E. Brod- hurst, H. A. Beeves, C. Bead, and W. E. Balkwill ; Eesident Medical Officer, Mr. H. F. Baker. Patients, 1,400. Sken. British Hospital for diseases of the skin, 56 Great Marl- borough Street, W. (west branch) ; 12a Finsbury Square, E. MEDICAL STUDENTS IN EUROPE. 143 C. (east branch) ; 1> Newington Butts, S. E. (south branch). — Surgeons, Messrs. Balmanno Squire and G. Gaskoin. Pa- tients, 6,059. Medical students and practitioners are ad- mitted to the practice in this hospital. Fee, three guineas for three months. Hospital for diseases of the skin, 52 Stamford Street, Black- friars, S. E. — Surgeons, Messrs. J. Hutchinson and W. Tay ; Assistant Surgeons, Messrs. W. Cottle and E. B. Baxter. Patients from 800 to 1,000 weekly. An excellent clinic is held here on Thursdays. National Institution for diseases of the skin, 227 Gray's Inn Road, W. C. — Physician, Dr. Barr Meadows. St. Johns Hospital for skin diseases, Leicester Square, W. C— Physicians, P. Oates and V. Ambler ; Surgeons, Messrs, J. L. Milton, W. J. Bowden, and J. Startin ; Assistant Sur- geon, Mr. T. Robinson. In-patients, 66 ; out-patients, 3,027. Western Dispensary for skin diseases 179 Great Portland St., "W. Surgeon, Dr. C. O. Aspray. Small-Pox. Small-pox and Vaccination Hospital, Highgate Hill, N. — Resident Surgeon, Mr. H. Goude. 108 beds. Homerton Small-pox Hospital, E. — Medical Superinten- dent, Dr. W. Gayton. Patients, 698. Stockwell Small-pox Hospital, S. W. — Medical Superinten- dent, Mr. F. R Bernard. 102 beds. Stone. St. Peter's Hospital for stone and genito-urinary diseases, 51 Berners Street, W. — Surgeons, W. J. Coulson and W. F. Teevan ; Assistant Surgeon, Dr. F. R. Heycock ; Resident Medical Officer, Mr. J. Whitehouse. In-patients, 154 ; out- patients, 14,000. The practice of this hospital is free to med- ical men and students. 144 A GUIDE TO AMERICAN TmiOAT. Hospital for diseases of throat and chest, Golden Square, W., and Newington Butts, S. E. — Physicians, Drs. Morell Mackenzie, Hunter Semple, Prosser James, W. MacNeill Whistler, and F. Semon ; Surgeon, Dr. E. Woakes. In-pa- tients, 182 ; out-patients, 5,010. The practice of the hospital is open to students and to members of the medical profession. Eee, three guineas for three months. Daily laryngoscopic demonstrations are given at 2.30 p.m. The oxy-hydrogen light is used by Dr. Morell Mackenzie every Monday and Thursday. Central London throat and ear hospital, Gray's Inn Pioad, W. C. — Surgeons, Messrs. Lennox-Brown and L. M. Thomas ; Assistant Surgeons, Messrs. G. R. Steil, F. G. Hamilton, and A. W. Orwin ; Defects of Sj)eech, Mr. "W. Yan Praagh. In- patients, 63 ; out-patients, 4,433. The practice of the hospi- tal is open to students and medical practitioners. Fee for three months two guineas. The patients are seen daily at 2.30 and on Tuesdays and Fridays at 6.30. Municipal Throat and ear infirmary, City Road, E. C. — Medical Officers, Drs. W. G. Holmes and J. A. Hatch. Pa- tients, 1,100. Five clinics are held weekly, Mondays, AYednes-- clays, and Fridays, 11 to 12, Tuesdays and Thursdays, 7 to 8, which are free to medical practitioners and students. South Belgrama Dispensary for diseases of throat, chest, and ear, 74 Lupus Street, S. AY. — Medical Officers, Mr. A. Phillips and Dr. H. Ross. Patients, 250 weekly. Diseases of Women and Children. Hospital for diseases of women and children, 3 and 4 Yin- cent Square, S. W. — Medical Officers, G. de Gorrequer Grif- fith, Oates, Folwell, and Dewar. In-patients, 73 ; out-patients, 1,790. Royal Hospital for children and women, Waterloo Road, MEDICAL STUDENTS IN EUBOFE. 145 S. E. — Physicians, Dr. G. V. Poore, W. Park, G. Roper, and E. Burrell ; Surgeon, Mr. E. Canton ; Resident Medical Offi- cer, Mr. E. O. Day. In-patients, 384 ; out-patients, 7,292. • Samaritan Free Hospital for women and children, Lower Sey- mour Street, Portman Square, W. — Physicians for In-patients, Drs. Routh and Rogers ; Physicians for Children, Drs. W. H. Day and Wynne "Williams ; Surgeons for In-patients, Messrs. G. G. Bantock and J. K. Thornton ; Physicians for Out-pa- tients, Drs. Wynn Williams, P. Boulton, F. H. Champneys, and M. Prickett ; Surgeons for Out-patients, Messrs. A. H. G. Doran and W. A. Meredith. In-patients, 483 ; out-patients, 6,683. The Hospital for Women, Soho Square, W. — Physicians, Drs. Protheroe Smith, Heywood Smith, and Carter ; Assistant Physicians, Drs. R. T. Smith, Holland, and Mansell-Morillin ; Surgeon, Mr. H. A. Reeves. In-patients, 440 ; out-patients, 3,565. The practice of the hospital is free to members of the medical profession and students. Out-patients are seen daily at 10 a.m. Operations on Thursday at 2 p. m. West London Hospital, Hammersmith, London, W. — Physi- cians, Drs. Goddard Rogers and Thorowgood : Physician for Diseases of Women, Dr. Wiltshire ; Surgeons, Messrs. Wil- liam F. Teevan and Alfred Cooper ; Surgeon for Diseases of the Eye, Mr. B. J. Vernon ; Assistant Physicians, Drs. Fish, Milner Fothergill, and Hood ; Assistant Surgeons, Messrs. C. B. Keetley, F. Swinford Edwards, J. H Morgan. In-patients, 569 ; out-patients, 21,532. The practice of this hospital is free to medical men and students. In the above list of hospitals the names of the considting physicians and surgeons are omitted. Only the names of those actually visiting the hospitals being given. There are many other hospitals and dispensaries in London, but they are not of so much interest to the medical student. 7 1-iG A GUIDE TO AMERICAN DUBLIN. . Some American doctors go to Dublin to study obstetrics in the Rotunda Hospital, although this hospital offers no ad- vantages for study over those of Vienna, Prague, or Dresden, excej)t that the English language is spoken in it. There is another lying-in hospital in Dublin of about half the size of the Rotunda, which offers no special advantages for study. The officers of the Rotunda Hospital are a "master," two "sub-masters," a clinical clerk, and internes and externes. It is the two latter offices which are open to students. The position of externe is not a very desirable one for a doctor, and almost all the externes are students of Trinity College Medical School. An externe lives outside of the hospital. He is on duty but two nights in the week, from 9 p.m. to 9 a.m., and his card of admission allows him to enter the hos- pital at no other time except at the hour that the Master makes his morning visit through the wards. He is, however, allowed to attend the daily gynecological clinic for out-pa- tients, and to see whatever is going on in the auxiliary hos- pital* for gynecological cases. It is not necessary to make application in advance for the joosition of externe. The fee for the first month is £3 3s., and for each month after the first £2 2s. The position of interne is what foreign doctors desire, and the internes are principally Englishmen and Scotchmen with an occasional American. It is necessary to make application for the position of interne in advance, especially in the spring and summer months, at which time there is a large influx of English students. On this account the fall and winter months are the best for study in Dublin. In making application for the j)lace, a draft for £6 6s. must be enclosed as advance pay- ment for the first month. This money is, of course, returned if the application is not granted. For every month after the first the cost is £3 3s. MEDICAL STUDENTS IN EUROPE. 147 The internes have rooms in the hospital. The rooms over the dispensary are the best, as they are freer from bad odors. It is well for a student to express his preference for these rooms in his application. The internes form a "mess," and choose one of their number as steward, who caters for them during his term of service (usually one or two months). The "mess" costs each student about £1 per week. On his arrival at the hospital the interne registers his name at the " Lodge " and is expected to give the " porter " 2s. Gd. for the privilege. This fee and another one, also of 2s. Gd., which is paid to the nurse in whose ward the first cord is tied, are the only ones which it is customary to give. After the interne has registered, the Master gives him a card of ad- mission to the wards and assigns him two days of duty in each week. On these days he, with the other " students of the day," takes charge of the ward at 9 a.m., and all of the cases then in labor in the hospital, or which may be admitted before 9 p.m. The cases are distributed among the students in turn as they may arrange among themselves. The in- terne has charge of the case. He supports the perineum, and he decides whether operative interference is necessary, but he is not allowed to operate, and he will be extremely fortunate if he obtains permission to apply the forceps or to perforin version. The " students of the day " are also sent out into the town to attend any case of labor which may apply. There are often several of these cases daily. If any difficulty pre- sents itself in such a case, the student is expected to send to the hospital for assistance. When an interne is not on duty he has a right to be present in the wards, and he can almost always obtain permission of the " students of the day " to ex- amine any woman in labor. Extra cases, particularly those of out-patients, can often be obtained, especially during the winter months, when there are not so many students in the hospital. The midwife is obliged to ring a bell hanging in the "mess room " whenever, in a normal labor, the head 14S A GUIDE TO AMERICAN STUDENTS. touches the perineum, and notice is given to all internes within the hospital gates of an abnormal position requiring operative interference, or of any impending operation. The number of women delivered in the Rotunda Hospital averages about one hundred per month, and the number de- livered at their homes about fiftv. The number of internes varies from two or three to ten or fifteen. Puerperal cases with complications are often put under the special care of one student, and thus he acquires a practical knowledge of passing the catheter, syringing out the uterus, etc. A daily gynecological clinic for out-patients is open to both internes and externes, and in this clinic a student has an op- portunity to learn, practically, how to introduce the sound and srjeculuHi, how to scarify and make applications to the cervix, etc. In the auxiliary hospital, containing about forty beds for gynecological cases, a daily morning visit is made, and operations for ruptured perineum, vesico-vaginal fistula, etc., are performed before the students. A short course of lectures on obstetrics is delivered by the Sub-Master. "When an interne has once secured his room in the Rotunda Hospital he may retain it as long as he pleases, giving notice from month to month. At the end of six months' residence in the hospital he is entitled to a diploma, and he is then eli- gible for the position of clinical clerk. The average student will probably find a residence of one or two months in the hospital quite long enough. APPENDIX. In the interval of almost a year which has elapsed between the writing and the publication of this book, a number of changes have taken place in the corps of instructors in the different universities. The great majority of these changes have been among the assistants, and are, therefore, of little importance to students ; for, as is mentioned in the body of the book, as long as the same professor remains at the head of a department, the assistants follow closely his manner of teaching, and each assistant instructs very much as did his predecessor. Some of the changes which have been made have been incorporated in the body of the work, and the rest are given below : Berlin has lost Privat-docent Dr. Binswanger. To the corps of instructors have been added Prof. Meyer, instruction at the medical polyclinic of the university ; Privat-do- cent Dr. A. "Wemich, hygiene ; Dr. Gluck, surgery of tu- mors ; Dr. A. Baginsky, children's diseases, with demon- strations ; Dr. M. Sehiiller, surgical anatomy. Bonn has lost Profs. Obernier and Madelung, and Privat-do- cent Dr. H. Schulz. To the corps of instructors have been added Privat-docents Dr. Th. Rump, diagnosis of nervous diseases, 1 ; electro-therapeutics, 3 ; Dr. O. Witzel, diag- nosis of surgical diseases, 1 ; special surgery of head, neck, and breast, 2. 150 APPENDIX. Beeslau lias added to its corps of instructors Privat-docents Dr. Tb. Kroner, uterine tumors with demonstrations, 1, review of obstetrics, 2 ; Dr. F. Rohmann, physiological chemistry, with experiments, 3 ; practical exercises in chemistry, 2. Erlangen has lost Prof. Trott. Freiburg has lost Prof. Rohrig. To the corps of instructors have been added Privat-docents Dr. J. Strasser, syndes- mology, 4 ; topographical anatomy, 2 ; Dr. A. Kast, ex- amination of urine and sputa, 2 ; diseases of the stomach and their treatment, 1. Giessen has lost Prof. Ahlfeld. Greifswald has lost Prof. C. Hiiter and A. Eulenburg, and Privat-docent Dr. M. Schiiller. To the corps of instruc- tion have been added Prof. H. Schulz, materia medica and therapeutics, 4 ; F. Rinne, surgery ; Privat-docents Dr. P. Strlibing, diseases of larynx and laryngoscopy, 3 ; Dr. Th. SchondorrT, clinic of diseases of the ear, 2. Halle has lost Prof. Alb. Jahn. To the corps of instructors has been added Privat-docent Dr. H. Hessler, diseases of the ear, 3. Heidelberg, Prof. Erb lectures on nervous diseases in the winter semester, and on diseases of the heart, lungs, etc., in the summer semester. To the corps of instructors has been added Prof. F. Knauff, medical jurisprudence. Jena has lost Prof. Siebert who is replaced by Prof. Bins- wander. Konigsburg has lost Privat-docent Dr. P. Albrecht. To the corps of instructors have been added Privat-docents Dr. G. Stetter, dislocations, 1 ; diseases of the ear, 1 ; Dr. A. Yossius, physical diagnosis of the eye, 1 ; ophthalmo- scopic exercises, 2. Munich has lost Profs. Seitz and Heeker, and Privat-docent Dr. Brattler. To the corps of instructors have been added Privat-docents Dr. M. Stump, diseases of infants, APPENDIX. 151 2 ; practical obstetrical course, 3 ; Drs. 0. Eversbusch, diseases of the eye, ophthalmoscope courses ; Dr. J. Eiickert, autopsies. Prague has lost Prof. Eittershain. Vienna : Prof. Nothnagel's course is very much liked by the students, aud it is crowded. His assistants are Kogerer and Jaksck. Privat-docent Dr. Jac. Weiss' course on in- sanity was by mistake omitted from the body of the work. Dr. H. Chiari has left Vienna and gone to Prague. To the corps of instructors have been added Privat-docent s Dr. Fritsch, the lower organisms and their relation to in- fectious diseases and wounds ; examination of the pro- ducts of disease for germs ; Dr. F. Kretschky, microscopy and medical chemistrv in clinical medicine ; Dr. J. Mauth- ner, chemistry of urine ; Dr. F. Kratsclnner, physiologi- cal chemistry ; practical hygiene. Wurzburg has lost Prof. Einecker. To the corps of instruct- ors have been added Privat-docents Dr. H. Virchow, his- tology, 4; comparative osteology, 3 ; Dr. H. Eieger, insan- itv, 4 Zurich has lost Privat-docent M. Kreiss. To the corps of instructors have been added Privat-docents Dr. E. Kreiss, syphilitic diseases, 2 ; parasitic skin diseases, 1 ; Dr. Th. "Wvder, review of theoretical obstetrics, 3.