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 and Dental Medicine 
 
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 ♦ 
 

 THE 
 
 
 ANGLE SYSTEM 
 
 OF 
 
 R^(5ulaHo9 
 
 «9[)d 
 
 
 
 OF THE TEETH. 
 
 THIRD EDITION, REVISED AND ENLARGED. 
 
 
 s 19 
 
 BY 
 
 I) C ' 
 
 EDWARD H. ANGLE, D.D.S., 
 
 Former Professor of Histology and Orthodontia, and Comparative 
 Anatomy of the Teeth, in the Dental Department of the 
 
 University of Minnesota. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY 
 
 The Wilmington Dental Manufacturing Company, 
 1413 Filbert Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 1892, 
 
 Dr. B^rnh(^rd W. Weinberger 
 119 West 67th St,i New York 
 
 
 ^ITTIIT' 
 
 
PROGf^ESSlVE DEfiTISTS 
 
 ]y[UST have a progressive magazine, in order to be able to be abreast 
 with all the new ideas coming up in theory or practice. 
 
 This is the reason why The Items oe Interest 
 has been so largely indorsed at home and abroad 
 by the busy profession. We have been gather¬ 
 ing our original information from authorities 
 on various subjects of every-day practice, and 
 also from foreign sources almost inaccessible 
 to any other of our esteemed contemporaries. 
 
 But we have not confined ourselves to the 
 following of the requirements of the present 
 state of the dental field. We have learned to 
 follow, in order to be able to lead better, and so 
 we have made 
 
 A NEW DEPARTURE 
 
 in dental jourpalism, and will present during the great 
 “ Columbian” year, 1893, a series of articles on Diseases 
 of the Mouth, by W. F. Rehfuss, D.D.S , author of “ Den¬ 
 tal Jurisprudence,” and L. Bnnkmann, M. D,, which introduce 
 important contributions to that particular branch of dentistry, 
 and at the same time bring an innovation which will, no doubt, 
 be welcomed by the professors, students and practitioners. 
 
 CHROMO=LITHOQRAPHIC ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 The articles will be accompanied by chromo-lithographic plates, 
 illustrating each case in the natural colorings, and painted by the 
 authors from practice. Such plates have never been ])ublished before. 
 
 There is a rare opportunity offered to all dentists and students to 
 obtain a complete work on oral diseases, richly illustrated, for the 
 exceptionally low price of a year’s subscription to The Items OE 
 Interest, which is only one dollar. 
 
 . OUR AIM. 
 
 Our aim being to follow in the lines of progress, we can only 
 hope that our efforts on behalf of the profession will be appre¬ 
 ciated, and that, the subscription lists being ever increased, 
 we will thus be able to perform our important task still 
 better; and we can confidently lead dentists and 
 students to expect even greater surprises in the 
 year 1894. 
 
 Doctor, subscribe for your maga¬ 
 zine now ! 
 
 THE WILmiNCTON DENTHL M’F’G CO., 
 
 PHILADELPHIA, HEW TOBK, OHIOAOO, WASHIN&TON, WILMINQTOH. 
 
ANGLE SYSTEM 
 
 OF 
 
 Regulation and Retention 
 
 OF THE TEETH. 
 
 THIRD EDITION, REVISED AND ENLARGED. 
 
 — BY— 
 
 EDWARD IT. ANGLE, D.D.S., 
 
 Former Professor of Histology and Orthodontia, and Comparative Anatomy of the 
 Teeth in the Dental Department of the University of Minnesota. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY 
 
 The Wilmington Dental Manufacturing Co,, 
 1413 Filbert Street, Philadelphia, Pa, 
 
 1892. 
 
 Copyrighted, 1892, by Edward H. Angle, D.D.S., Minneapolis, Minn. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 ^l.—Angle’s Regulating and Retaining Appliances, Set No. 1. . . 3 
 
 12.— Fundamental Principles. G 
 
 ^3.—Rotation. IG 
 
 |4.—Double Rotation. 17 
 
 ^5.—Backward in the Line of the Arch. 18 
 
 ^G.—Forward “ “ “ “ . 20 
 
 |7.—Outward. 20 
 
 |8.—Expansion. . .. 22 
 
 §9.—Inward. . .. 24 
 
 _ « _ 
 
 ^10.— Elongation or Forcible Eruption . .. 25 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 '^11.—Angle’s Regulating and Retaining Appliances, Set No. 2. . . 3G 
 
 §12.—Expansion. 45 
 
 §13.—Outward. 47 
 
 §14.—Elongation. 47 
 
 §15.—Inward. 47 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 Einal Suggestions. .. 48 
 
CHAPTEK I. 
 
 §1.—Angle’s System of Eegulating and Eetaining 
 
 Appliances, Set No. 1. 
 
 TT7E frequently see it stated by writers, and some who 
 ^ ^ would like to be considered an authority on the treat¬ 
 ment of dental irregularities, that no fixed system of appliances 
 should be depended upon, but an appliance invented to suit 
 the requirements of each case. 
 
 We know that these statements are erroneous, and are 
 undoubtedly productive of much harm, for they serve only to 
 prevent system and progress. And such assertions cannot 
 fail in time to react on their authors. For they will be quoted 
 by future writers to illustrate how defective was their knowl¬ 
 edge of the subject. 
 
 We know that it is possible, practical, and even easy, to 
 so systematize and classify appliances to a few simple forms, 
 as to meet the requirements of all varieties of cases which are 
 susceptible of treatment. 
 
 In proof of which we submit this system, and as further 
 evidence invite inspection of our private collection of models 
 of cases, which correctly show each stage of the operation 
 from beginning to completion, in the treatment of which, in 
 no instance did we use other than the appliances shown in the 
 Sets Nos. 1 and 2, and in only but few instances did we find it 
 necessary to use other combinations of the appliances than 
 those shown hereafter, and for variety and results we believe 
 this collection will compare with any other one in the world. 
 
 We know that to attempt to convince those long accus¬ 
 tomed to the plan of devising clumsy and unscientific aj^pli- 
 ances for each case, that it is possible to so systematize and 
 
 3 
 
4 
 
 classify appliances to meet all requirements, will meet with 
 little favor. 
 
 Blit when the time comes that teachers will recognize 
 that it is not only possible, but most practical, it will be as 
 easy for students to become proficient in this important branch 
 as that of operative dentistry, or any of the different branches 
 now so successfully taught in our colleges. But the present 
 plan of attempting to make proficient practitioners in ortho¬ 
 dontia by teaching them to be inventors of, or selectors of, 
 appliances from the chaotic profusion, many of which are only 
 duplicates of others in principle, serves only to eonfuse, and 
 must always result in the graduate knowing comparatively 
 little about the subject, and being unqualified to seientifically 
 and successfully treat cases. 
 
 We believe that there is no branch, which is so unscien¬ 
 tifically taught, as is orthodontia to-day. 
 
 Much time is devoted by some colleges to the manufac¬ 
 ture of appliances by the students, but w^e believe that the 
 time could be far more profitably spent in real clinical prac¬ 
 tice, in which the student shall carefully study cases and make 
 apiDlication of established forms of instruments, which have 
 been made by experts and are far more perfect than he could 
 ever do himself, just the same as he now makes use of in¬ 
 struments in other branches of dentistry. 
 
 Dr. Farrar seems also to have become convinced of the 
 practicability of what I have already stated, for he says in 
 Yol. XX, page 20, of the Dental Cosmos: 
 
 “ Tt has for some time been evident to me (though by 
 most people thought to be impracticable), that the time will 
 come when the regulating process and the necessary apparatus 
 will be so systematized and simplified that the latter will 
 actually be kept in stock, in parts and wholes, at dental de¬ 
 pots, in readiness for the profession at large, so that it may be 
 ordered by catalogued numbers to suit the needs of any case. 
 So that by a few moments’ work at the blow-pipe in the lab¬ 
 oratory, the dentist may be able by uniting the parts to pro- 
 
Health Scicrcec ! ibrar\' Chapel Hill 
 
 I 
 
 tj 
 
 duce anj apparatus, of any size desired, at minimum cost of 
 time and money.” 
 
 In preparing tlie third revised treatise on this system, I 
 have but few changes to make in the appliances, although they 
 have been subjected to many severe tests in the treatment of a 
 large number of cases, many of which were most difficult. 
 Yet we have found that the number of pieces has fully met 
 all the requirements, and the sizes and shapes are so perfect, 
 that we question whether they will ever be changed for the 
 better. 
 
 The coils of band material, “F” and “H” are now made 
 thinner; the former being .003 and the latter .004 inches in 
 thickness, which we have found quite sufficient to stand the 
 necessary strain. And the delicate temper of the screws, 
 which is so important, as well as the careful proportions of 
 the material in the sheath, have been brought to the greatest 
 perfection. 
 
 But most important is the extreme accuracy with which 
 the seamless tubes fit all the different parts passing through 
 them. This state of perfection has only been reached by much 
 careful experimenting, and more perfect machinery for their 
 manufacture. 
 
6 
 
 We are thoroughly convinced that the attempt of dentists 
 to make the appliances for their own cases, is a serious mistake, 
 as many of the possibilities in their use will be defeated. Per¬ 
 haps no other instruments used by dentists are subjected to such 
 severe tests as the regulating appliance. As well might the 
 dentist attempt the manufacture of the fine pluggers for pack¬ 
 ing gold; a practice abandoned long ago by most. And 
 although many may not now agree with me in regard to the 
 manufacture of regulating appliances, yet I fully believe that 
 the time will soon come when this will be acknowledged true. 
 
 In the application of the appliances, experience has de¬ 
 veloped many quicker and simpler ways of adjusting them, 
 as well as better and more efficient combinations, which will 
 be shown later on. 
 
 And finally, we have added the very useful adjunct, viz.^ 
 the clamp band, shown in Figures 7 and 8, and which are so 
 quick and easy of application, and their use so satisfactory, 
 that they will be greatly appreciated by all who use them. 
 
 It is not my intention at this time to give a full and 
 complete treatise on orthodontia, but rather to give my own 
 method of accomplishing the different movements in the cor¬ 
 rect adjustment of malposed teeth, believing that most prac¬ 
 titioners will succeed far better by adopting one method, and 
 thoroughly familiarizing themselves with the principles of the 
 same, than they will by but a general understanding of the 
 almost innumerable methods and appliances which have been 
 brought out from time to time. 
 
 To those who wish to pursue the subject as to the Etiol¬ 
 ogy, together with the history of methods and appliances in 
 general, I would recommend the excellent works on the sub¬ 
 ject by Drs. Guilford and Kingsley. 
 
 § 2.—Fundamental Principles. 
 
 In studying the construction and application of any sys¬ 
 tem, having for its object the treatment of dental irregularities, 
 the fundamental principles will be more easily understood, if 
 
7 
 
 we remember that the movements in regulating are limited to 
 one or more of the following: 
 
 Forward in line of arch ; backward in line of arch; 
 from without, inward ; from within, outward; rotation, and 
 occasionally elongation or depression. The physiological 
 principles governing all these movements are the same, so 
 that by understanding the principles governing one, we may 
 comprehend all. 
 
 In applying force to a tooth, it should be direct, and suf¬ 
 ficient to accomplish the desired movement as rapidly as is 
 consistent with the physiological law, governing the absorp¬ 
 tion of bone in each case. This law varies so greatly with 
 different individuals, and at different ages, that no fixed rate 
 can ever be established. The judgment of the operator must 
 determine. But in no instance must the pressure exerted be 
 great enough to occasion pain; if so, the normal rate of ab¬ 
 sorption is interfered with. 
 
 A very safe rule to apply, whether the pressure be con¬ 
 stant or irregular, is to see that it in no instance exceeds a 
 snug feeling. I am convinced that this feeling is the true in¬ 
 dication of the proper amount of force. 
 
 Another very important principle which should always 
 be borne in mind while performing the movements of a tooth 
 is, that pressure should never be wholly relinquished. 
 
 The movements of a tooth may be arrested as often 
 as is necessary, but never allowed by reason of removal of 
 pressure, to spring backward, thus interfering with tire process 
 of repair. 
 
 I am convinced, that disregarding this principle (as has 
 usually been necessary in the ordinary regulating appliances,, 
 by reason of the faulty principles on which their construction 
 has been based, necessitating their frequent removal for pur¬ 
 poses of modification and cleansing) has been the occasion of 
 nearly all the pain and soreness in regulating. 
 
 The result of this, in many cases, has been discourage¬ 
 ment on the part of the patient, and much annoyance and 
 
8 
 
 * 
 
 frequent failure on tire part of tire operator. The movement 
 of a tooth, if intelligently accomplished, is painless. 
 
 Another very important principle to be remembered is, 
 that support and perfect rest are essential to a tooth after it 
 has been moved into the desired position. 
 
 Any appliance for retaining a tooth, which necessitates 
 its frequent removal, should never be used, except in those 
 cases represented by Fig. 48. Again, a retaining appliance 
 should be so delicate, that it may be worn without inconveni¬ 
 ence to the patient, until perfect firmness has been established, 
 and should never be under the control of the patient. It 
 may be needless to remark, that a tooth so retained, will 
 become firm in its new position much more speedily than if 
 subjected to occasional disturbances. It is believed that the 
 following system of treating dental irregularities enables the 
 intelligent operator to easily fulfill the requirements so far' 
 enumerated. 
 
 In deciding upon a proper course of treatment in any 
 given case, much care and judgment should always be exer¬ 
 cised, besides a careful study of the features and the due con¬ 
 sideration of the probable modifying effects of the proposed 
 changes, the establishment of correct occlusion, etc. 
 
 A valuable assistance will always be found in first obtain¬ 
 ing very accurate models of both jaws, and correctly articu¬ 
 lating the same. 
 
 Such models not only assist in forming a basis for correctly 
 establishing the proper line of operation, but are exceedingly 
 valuable as reference during the whole course of treatment, 
 for, from such models, accurate measurements may be taken 
 from time to time, and comparisons may be made with the 
 teeth as the case progresses. 
 
 In this way we may not only judge of the exact speed 
 of the moving teeth, but unfavorable movements of the anchor 
 teeth may be detected. 
 
 In order that these models may be of any value, they 
 must not only accurately show the positions of the teeth and 
 
9 
 
 •cusps, but tliej must also indicate the rugge, gums, and as 
 much of the roots and positions of the same as indicated by 
 the gums and alveoli, un to the point where the attachments 
 of the muscles render obscure the further shape of the jaw. 
 
 From the large number of imperfect models which I 
 have received from dentists, I am of the opinion that the 
 value of correct models is not siifhcientlj appreciated. 
 
 After trying all kinds of impression materials and differ¬ 
 ent methods of taking impressions, I am well satisfied that the 
 best material is Teague’s Impression Compound or Plaster, 
 and it should be used as follows: 
 
 In the first place, the impression cups for sale at the dif¬ 
 ferent dental depots are all incorrect and ill-adapted to the 
 purpose of obtaining impressions of a jaw containing full 
 dentures, for the reason that they are intended for taking 
 
10 
 
 impressions of edentalons jaws. Tlie rim of tliese cups, as- 
 well as the portions covering the palatine process, are entirely 
 too low ; they should be much higher. 
 
 By obtaining a few sizes of the cups, as represented in 
 Fig. 2, the difficulty of taking impressions high or low 
 (depending whether it be the upper or lower jaw) is wholly 
 obviated. 
 
 When a cup suitable to the case has been selected, it 
 should be slightly oiled or coated with a film of fine castile 
 soap, which can be easily accomplished by moistening a small 
 pledget of clean cotton in water, rubbing it over a piece of 
 castile soap, and then over the cup. 
 
 When the impression plaster has been mixed to the usual 
 consistency, and distributed in the cups nearly as it should 
 appear after the impression is taken, and the patient provided 
 with a clean towel about the neck, has been instructed to sit 
 upright, the mouth is opened and the cup .inserted. The head 
 should be somewhat thrown forward to prevent the plaster 
 from falling into the throat. The cup should be pushed up 
 first at the heel, then the lips raised and the anterior part of 
 the cup forced well into position; then the lips should be 
 drawn down wmll over the edge of the cup, and a slight pres¬ 
 sure exerted from the outside, in order to force the plaster 
 well up against the muscles. The plaster should be allowed 
 to become hard and thoroughly set, after which the cup and 
 all surplus pieces of plaster should be carefully removed, 
 leaving the impression still in the mouth. With the blade 
 of a penknife cut two grooves in the impression, the posi¬ 
 tion of the grooves being parallel to the lines of the axis of 
 the cuspid teeth. These grooves should be quite deep, but 
 not entirely through the impression to the gums or to the 
 crowns. 
 
 This being done, the point of the penknife should be in¬ 
 serted in one of the grooves, and, with a quick pry, the exter¬ 
 nal plate of the plaster between the grooves is removed. The 
 plates at the sides can now be broken outward between the 
 
11 
 
 thumb and finger, the line of fracture will follow the cutting 
 edges of the teeth, then the large piece of plaster covering 
 the roof of the mouth is readily worked loose and removed 
 in one piece. 
 
 If the operation has been carefully performed, the im¬ 
 pression will consist of but four pieces. 
 
 After drying a few moments, they are easily replaced in 
 their proper positions in the order in which they were re¬ 
 moved, and secured by wax, or, better still, moistening the 
 edges of the fracture with celluloid, dissolved in ether, as 
 suggested by Dr. Van Duzee. 
 
 Fig. 3.—Impression Reunited. 
 
 Nevei^ attewjpt to reunite the 'pieces by replacing in the 
 
 caps. 
 
 The impression should now appear as shown in Fig. 8. 
 
12 
 
 Not longer tlian one-halt hour after the impression has 
 been taken, the inside should be thoroughly coated with 
 shellac varnish; at the expiration of another half hour it is 
 again coated with sandaric varnish, and, at the end of still 
 another half hour, it should be very carefully filled with 
 plaster, and turned upside down on a glass slab. 
 
 ‘After the plaster is thoroughly set, the pieces of the im¬ 
 pression may be usually very readily separated in the same 
 order in which they were removed from the mouth. 
 
 The model can now be trimmed, and not only will ther® 
 be a surface as smooth as the most finely polished marble, but 
 each cusp and all the interdental spaces, as well as the rugge, 
 and even the minute “stipples” of the gum, will be most 
 accurately and beautifully shown. The models should now 
 be neatly labeled and will serve all the purpose of study and 
 reference, besides being valuable as legal evidence. 
 
 We now come to another most important principle, which 
 should be remembered in the movement of a tooth, viz.: that 
 correct or stationary anchorage should be secured when possi¬ 
 ble. 
 
 Teeth that have been selected as anchorage should be 
 attached in such a manner that tipping and consequent move¬ 
 ment would be impossible, or if movement of such a tooth 
 does take place, the anchorage should be so rigid that the 
 tooth must be dragged bodily through the alveolus, the apices 
 of the root moving fully as much as the crown. 
 
 This principle is well illustrated in Fig. 4, in which the 
 
 anchor teeth are banded, and a pipe 
 or sheath, through which the screw 
 pulls, is rigidly attached by means 
 of solder as the band on the anchor 
 teeth is firmly cemented. It will 
 be seen that perfect anchorage is 
 Fig. 4.—stationary Anchorage, established and Consequent tipping 
 
 •of the tooth rendered impossible. 
 
18 
 
 The dotted lines in the 
 diagram indicate the move¬ 
 ments which must take place. 
 
 Fig. 5 shows the same prin¬ 
 ciple where the motion is push¬ 
 ing instead of pulling. The 
 base of the jack-screw in this 
 case is soldered to the band. 
 
 It will be readily compre¬ 
 hended how greatl}^ anchorage will be increased, when advan¬ 
 tage is taken of this method over the old.* 
 
 Figure 1, Angle’s appliances, shows the simple appli¬ 
 ances from which all the various combinations used in this 
 system are made. “A” is a large traction screw encased in its 
 accompanying tube, and used for pulling where resistance is 
 great. “ B ” is a smaller traction screw used in the same way, 
 where resistance is slight, or where, from any reasou, a delicate 
 appliance is desired. “C” and “D” are tubes which are sol¬ 
 dered to the bands placed upon the teeth to be moved, into 
 which the ends of the traction screw are hooked. “ J” is a 
 jack-screw encased in a sheath and used for pushing. “E” 
 is an extra sheath, by means of which a longer jack-screw can 
 be made. “ F ” and “ 11 ” are coils of band material of different 
 thickness. “G” is gold wire used in retaining the teeth, after 
 they have been moved into the desired positions; also to assist 
 in securing an anchorage in some cases. “E,” are small re- 
 
 O C 
 
 taining tubes designed to be soldered to bands into which the 
 retaining wire fits accurately. “ L” are piano-wire levers of 
 varying sizes, giving different degrees of power. 
 
 It will thus be seen that the appliances are very simple 
 and few in number, being limited practically to three, viz.: 
 the lever for rotating, the screw for ^Dushing, and the traction 
 screw for pulling; the other pieces being for the purpose of 
 
 * I am indebted to Dr. W. C. Barrett for first suggesting the possibility 
 of this method of anchorage, from which I have derived so much advantage 
 and find so applicable to this system. 
 
14 
 
 securing attachments, and aside from the advantages of sim¬ 
 plicity, efidciency, and cleanliness, stationary anchorage, non¬ 
 relinquishment of pressure, and firm retention may he easily 
 accomplished by their intelligent application. 
 
 As it will be seen that the plain band plays so important a 
 role in attaching the different parts of the appliances to the 
 teeth, *I will here describe the quickest, easiest and most accu¬ 
 rate way of making and setting these bands. 
 
 First, the rubber-dam should be slipped over the tooth 
 to be banded, and at least one more on each side, and it is 
 usually better to include all the teeth to which the appliance 
 is being adjusted. The surface of the tooth to be banded is 
 then carefully cleaned by means of a pledget of cotton moistened 
 in alcohol or ether. A loop of the band material is then slipped 
 over the tooth. 
 
 I prefer German silver to any other metal, on account of 
 
 its great strength. It can be rolled to 
 extreme thinness, thereby occupying 
 the smallest amount of space. The 
 ends should now be grasped close to 
 the tooth with a pair of closely-fitting, 
 flat-nosed pliers, and the band drawn 
 tightly around the tooth, a strong 
 burnisher being applied at the same 
 time to make it conform still further 
 with the shape of the tooth. Re¬ 
 move the band, which now presents 
 the appearance shown in Fig. 6. 
 l^lace a small bit of silver solder 
 and borax at the junction between the ends, and carry the 
 band in contact with the flame of the soldering lamp. After 
 it is soldered, clip the ends off, and the band is now ready 
 for any attachment which may be made, after which it is 
 cemented in position on the tooth, being gently driven to 
 2 Jlace by means of a foot-shaped plugger and small mallet. 
 
 If the teeth are firmlj- crowded together, space may be 
 
 Fig. 6.—Plain Band. 
 (Greatly enlarged.) 
 
15 
 
 Molar. 
 
 Fig. 7,—Angle’s Adjustable 
 Clamp Bands. 
 
 gained for the band by forcing first a 
 thin spatula between them. 
 
 Fig. 7 illustrates the author’s new 
 adjustable clamp bands, which he now 
 uses almost exclusively in banding the 
 molars and bicuspids, as they are much 
 quicker and easier to adjust and less liable to loosen under 
 strain. 
 
 In applying these bands, carefully work the band over 
 the tooth to be encircled, being cautious not to crimp it, and 
 tighten the nut until the band is moderately firm ; then burn¬ 
 ish until it fits accurately the surface of the tooth in contact 
 with it, and mark the points at which the attachments are to 
 be made. Then loosen the nut and remove the band. After 
 the attachments are made, carefully replace and firmly clamp, 
 but do not tighten the nut enough to strain the thread. Care 
 should also be taken to avoid heating the screw or nut more 
 
 than is necessary. 
 
 It is better to use cement in attaching the band, although 
 it is not absolutely necessary. 
 
 These bands are adjustable, and will fit all teeth com¬ 
 monly met with. For abnormally small teeth, cut the band, 
 lap and re-solder. In this way small bicuspids and incisors 
 may be fitted, although the plain band is usually preferred for 
 the incisors. Jeweler’s silver solder or 18-karat gold solder, 
 with plenty of borax, should be used for making the attach¬ 
 ments. 
 
 Fig. 8 illustrates the author’s fracture bands.* 
 
 They will also be found very useful in irregularities, and 
 their use explained later in this edition. 
 
 We might illustrate, without limit, the different ways of 
 
 *For author’s methods of treating fractures, see Haskell’s Student’s 
 Manual (second edition), Garretson’s Oral Surgery (last edition), and 
 author on Irregularities of the Teeth and Fractures of the Maxillary 
 Bones (now in preparation). 
 
16 
 
 attaching and operating these appli* 
 ances in accomplishing the movements 
 of the teeth, but enough of the many 
 Fig. 8.—Bicuspid. Molar. modifications of wlficli they are sus¬ 
 ceptible will be shown, to enable the average operator to 
 become sufficiently familiar with them to treat all cases. 
 
 § 3.—Kotation. 
 
 The movement of rotation of a tooth is accomplished by 
 means of a lever shown at “ L,” Fig. 1. The tooth is banded 
 in the manner already described. One of the small pipes “ E,” 
 Fig. 1, is soldered to the labial surface of this band, and the 
 band cemented in position on the 
 tooth; one end of the rotating lever 
 is inserted into the pine; the other 
 end is sprung around and latched 
 into a hook, soldered to a band, en¬ 
 circling a suitable anchor tooth. 
 
 Fig. 9 shoAvs a lateral incisor being 
 rotated by this appliance. It tvill 
 be seen that a powerful and constant 
 force is beirrg exerted upon the tooth 
 to be moved. 
 
 The anchor tooth may be reinforced by a piece of the 
 gold Avire G, Fig. 1, passing through a pipe soldered to the 
 lingual surface of the band as shown, and the ends of the gold 
 Avire resting upon the lingual surfaces of the first bicuspid and 
 molar. The appliance is shoAvn in detail in Fig. 10. After 
 the tooth is in proper position it is retained by means of a 
 short piece of the gold Avire, Avhich passes through the tube, 
 and extends upon the central, as seen irr Fig. 11. This wire 
 is kept in place by a small pin, Avhich is tightly fitted in a 
 very small hole, drilled through both the tube and one side of 
 the Avire, as shown. 
 
 V 
 
17 
 
 Fig. 11.—Retainer. 
 
 Fig. 10.—Rotating Appliance in detail. 
 
 Fig. 12 shows two powerful cuspids while being rotated 
 by this method. It will be seen that the lever may be applied 
 with an equal effect upon either the inside or the outside of 
 the arch, and in this case, one anclior tooth is made to serve 
 for anchorage for both levers. It is necessarv to exercise both 
 care and judgment in the use of the powerful levers. 
 
 First, the lever should not be allowed to bind at any 
 
 point upon the teeth 
 intervening between, 
 the tooth being rotated 
 and the anchorage, 
 lest the moving 
 tooth be pried out¬ 
 ward ; second, care 
 should be taken 
 that the movement 
 is not a c c o m - 
 plished more rap¬ 
 idly than the ab¬ 
 sorption of bone takes place, otherwise the tooth will be sprung 
 outward, by reason of the external plate of the alveolus, which, 
 being thinner, offers less resistance, and will be gradually bent 
 outward. 
 
 § 4.—Double Eotation. 
 
 When the teeth are to be rotated in opposite directions 
 
 at the same time, as the central incis¬ 
 ors, shown in Fig. 13, double rotation 
 may be accomplished by one lever. 
 Both the teeth are banded, and 
 Fig. 13 . a tube soldered to each band; one 
 
 Fig. 12.—Rotation. 
 
18 
 
 being horizontal and the other 
 vertical. A piece of the lever “ L” 
 
 Fig. 1 is bent at right angles at 
 one end, and then sprung into 
 position, as seen in Fig. 14. Fig. ir.-coubie Rotation. 
 
 The tendency of the wire to straighten itself will rotate 
 both teeth at once. Eecent experience has shown that a better 
 way of applying the lever is to attach both pipes horizontally, 
 ■using a straight lever, springing and sliding it into the last 
 pipe in the same manner in which a bolt is slid into position 
 in fastening a door, and correctly shown in Fig. 23. 
 
 The piano wire used in making this lever should never 
 b^hoavier than No. 9, German. Heavier will not do. It may 
 be necessary to occasionally remove and straighten the lever a 
 little, in order to maintain the pressure. Should one tooth be 
 rotated sufficiently before the other, further movement may be 
 arrested by removing the band and soldering a lug on the lin¬ 
 gual surface, resting against the lateral incisors. And should 
 the teeth in rotating assume too much prominence, by reason 
 of pressure from the adjoining teeth, it may be effectually 
 ^ .obviated by requiring the patient to wear, for a few nights, the 
 ■occipital bandage traction bar, and heavy elastic band shov.m 
 in cuts 45 and 46, filing a deep notch in the end of the 
 .standard to engage the rotating lever. When the teeth are in 
 position they are retained by substituting a piece of the non- 
 ■elastic gold^ire, “G,” Fig. 1, for the spring wire, or uniting 
 the bands ®th solder and recementing. 
 
 
 
 : 5. — Backward in the Line of the Arch. 
 
 The backward movement of the teeth in the line of the 
 eh is Accomplished by the appliance shown in Fig. 15. 
 ^rst molar is encircled by a clamp band. Fig. 7, and the 
 tube of the heavy traction screw shown at “A,” Fig. 1, 
 riglSly soldered to the band. The cuspid to be moved is 
 banded, and one of the short tubes shown at “D,” Fig. 1, 
 is soldered to the band to receive the large traction screw, 
 
19 
 
 \ 
 
 ‘‘A,” Fig. 1. On turning the nut, traction is produced and the 
 cuspid pulled or tipped into place. Fig. 4 shows a side view 
 
 of the same. 
 
 The screw may be 
 applied, either upon the 
 out or inside of the arch, 
 and should the cuspid 
 also require to be drawn 
 into the line of the arch, 
 as well as backward, it 
 may be accomplished at 
 the same time by bending 
 the screw at the point 
 Fig. 15.—Keiraction of Cuspid. where it ciiters the long 
 
 pipe* It will gradually draw into the pipe as the tooth is 
 moved back, thereby accomplishing both movements. And 
 should the cuspid also require rotating, as is sometimes neces- 
 saryj it may be accomplished at the same time of retraction, by 
 hooking the angle of the traction screw over a spur soldered 
 at right angles to the band, instead of in the short pipe, thus 
 concentrating all the force in retraction to one side of the 
 tooth. Fig. 38 shows this appliance in position upon the right 
 side. 
 
 The easiest way to adjust this appliance is to first cement 
 the band upon the cuspid tooth. After the cement has become 
 thoroughly set, the angle of the traction screw is hooked into 
 the pipe, and the other band is now latched over the molar. 
 The greatest care should be taken to make this attachment 
 accurate, using the strongest cement, as well as a clamp band, 
 on the anchor tooth.* 
 
 The nut should never be tightened enough, at one time, 
 to strain the attachment. Once a day, just enough to occasion 
 a snug feeling, and never more. 
 
 After the tooth is moved back it is retained by the screw 
 
 * Two anchor bands are shown in the engraving, at Fig. 4, but one is 
 sufficient. 
 
20 
 
 / 
 
 already in position, or tliat may be removed and a piece of 
 gold wire substituted. 
 
 The author feels such a pride in the appliance, that he 
 invites comparison with any other method of performing the 
 difficult movement of retracting the cuspid teeth. 
 
 § 6.—Forward m the Line of the Arch. 
 
 The movement of a tooth forward, in tlie line ol the 
 arch, is accomplished in the same way, only selecting teeth 
 from the opposite side, to be used in overcoming the resistance 
 of the teeth which are being moved. As in Fig. 34. 
 
 § 7.—OLn'WARi). 
 
 The movement of a tooth from within, outward in the 
 
 line of the arch, 
 is shown in Fis;. 
 16, and is accom¬ 
 plished by the 
 jack-screw “J,” 
 Fio’ 1 
 
 J- Ij^. -L. 
 
 A firm an¬ 
 chorage for the 
 resistance of the 
 screw is obtained 
 by banding and 
 tubing the left 
 cuspid and passing through the tube a piece of gold wire, long 
 enough to extend to and rest against the adjoining teeth. 
 The opposite cuspid to be moved is banded, and a retaining 
 tube “E,” Fig. 1, is soldered to the labial surface. 
 
 The lingual surface has a slot cut in it, to receive the flat 
 end of the jack-screw; the other end of the tube in which 
 the screw plays is so notched with a file that it rests securely 
 against the reinforcement wire, and the tube against the lin¬ 
 gual surface of the cuspid band. Movement is accomplished 
 
 Fig. 16.—Reinforced Ancliorage 
 
21 
 
 by tightening the ,nnt. After being brought into position the 
 
 .... tooth is retained by passing a short piece 
 
 of the gold wire through the retaining tube 
 on the labial surface, as shown in Fig. 17, 
 which is held in place until the tooth has 
 become firmly set in its new position. 
 
 But the author’s favorite method of 
 
 Fig. 17.—Retained. 
 
 reinforcing the an¬ 
 chorage where the 
 jack-screw is used 
 in forcing outward 
 an inlocked tooth, 
 is shown in Fig. 18. 
 
 The anchor 
 tooth is encircled by 
 a clamp band, hav¬ 
 ing a spur one- 
 eighth of an inch 
 
 in length soldered 
 
 to it, over which is slipped the base of the sheath of the j ack- 
 screw. The chisel end of the screw resting in a slot in the 
 band encircling the moving tooth as in the cut above, or filed 
 to a sharp point and resting in a delicate pit formed in the 
 enamel. Reinforcement is now gained by hooking a piece 
 of the retaining wire into one of the small pipes “R,” Fig. 1, 
 
 previously soldered to the 
 upper side of the sheath 
 of the jack-screw; the 
 other end is hooked into 
 one of the little pipes sol¬ 
 dered to the lingual sur¬ 
 face of the band, encircling 
 the lateral incisor. Thus 
 the most perfect anchor¬ 
 age is secured, and by 
 doubling the reinforce- 
 
 O 
 
 Fig. 19.—Increased Anchorage. 
 
22 
 
 ment wire, as in Fig. 19, in which a lateral is being moved 
 out, the moving tooth will provide space in the arch for itself, 
 bj forcing the adjoining teeth laterally. 
 
 Outward movement is accomplished bv another simple 
 method, shown on the left of Fig. 19, as follows: A strip of 
 band material shown at “F,” Fig. 1, is looped about the mal- 
 posed tooth, the ends resting upon the labial surfaces of the 
 adjoining teeth. 
 
 To one end of this strip is soldered a tube “C,” Fig. 1, 
 placed vertically, while to the other end a similar tube is 
 attached horizontally. Into these tubes the small traction 
 screw “B,” Fig. 1, is placed, being bent to conform to the 
 shape of the arch, and used in this case to push instead of to 
 pull. This appliance should be frequently tightened, by turn¬ 
 ing the nut, or it will become loose and give trouble. 
 
 The parts of this 
 device are shown sepa¬ 
 rately at Fig. 20. Fig. 
 
 21 shows the teeth re¬ 
 tained after the case 
 was completed. 
 
 Fig. 20.—Device for 
 Outward Movement. 
 
 Fig 21.—Retained. 
 
 g 8 .—Expansion. 
 
 Expansion of the arch is accomplished by banding and 
 tubino- the first and last teeth of those to be moved, on each 
 side, and connecting them by means of gold wire passing 
 throu 2 :h the tubes. 
 
 O 
 
 The jack-screw is then placed in position across the arch, 
 from wire to wire. Collars or short tubes are soldered to the 
 wires at intervals, to keep the screw in proper position. These 
 collars must be attached by soft solder, that the temper of the 
 wire may not be disturbed. The jack-screw may be moved 
 forward or backward, according to the varying requirements 
 of the case. 
 
23 
 
 Before placing in position the wires which pass along the 
 sides of the arch, they 
 should be bent to cor¬ 
 respond to the shape 
 of the sides of the 
 ideal arch, or exactly 
 as we wish the teeth 
 to be arranged, after 
 the desired position is 
 gained. The appliances 
 in positions are accu¬ 
 rately shoAvn in Fig- 
 22, with the exception 
 that the tubes attached 
 to the posterior bands 
 should be oblique, as in Fig. 23, instead of horizontal. 
 
 Cut 23 shows a modification of this method of expansion, 
 
 the power being de¬ 
 rived from one of the 
 levers, bent in the form 
 of the well-known Cof¬ 
 fin spring, thus giving 
 us all the advantages- 
 of the Coffin method 
 of expansion, without, 
 the disagreeable fea¬ 
 tures of the rubber 
 plate. Its chief ad¬ 
 vantage over the above 
 method being, that it 
 may be used in expanding the lower arch, without interfering 
 with the movement of the tongue, as would be were the jack- 
 screws used. 
 
 The appliance for double rotation shown upon the central 
 incisors in this enmavins: has already been described, and is 
 
 O O ' 
 
 Fig 22. 
 
24 
 
 only shown to illustrate liow it may be used with advantage 
 in some cases, while the arch is being expanded laterally. 
 
 A rubber ligature is seen connecting the expansion spring 
 with the rotating lever, for the purpose of reducing prominence 
 of the incisors during rotation. The extra tubes, soldered at 
 right angles to little collars, slipped upon the bars on each side 
 of the arch, are for the purpose of engaging the ends of the 
 expanding spring, should it be found necessary to transfer the 
 pressure to this part of the arch. 
 
 A valuable way of moving a tooth farther than this side- 
 bar, should it be found necessary (for the purpose of better 
 occlusion), is to stretch a rubber wedge between the tooth and 
 the bar, as shown in Fig. 49. This simple method of moving 
 a tooth a little farther than the appliance designed for the oc¬ 
 casion will accomplish, will be found yery valuable in connec¬ 
 tion with other parts of this system. 
 
 9.—Inwakd. 
 
 The movement from without inward, into the line of the 
 arch, msij be accomplished as shown in Fig. 24. 
 
 The cuspid tooth is banded, and' a piece of the gold wire, 
 bent sharply at right 
 
 angles, hooked into 
 a pipe, soldered to 
 the surface. The 
 other end of the 
 wire is soldered to a 
 pipe, through Avhich 
 the small traction 
 screw is slipped, and 
 against which the 
 nut works. 
 
 Fig 24.—Inward. 
 
 The other end of the traction screw is hooked into a 
 pipe, soldered to a band, encircling the first molar. The an¬ 
 chorage of this tooth is further reinforced by a piece of the 
 
 / 
 
25 
 
 gold wire, which is slipped through a tube, soldered to the 
 buccal surface of this band, the end of the wire resting against 
 the adjoining teeth. Eetention is accomplished in a manner 
 similar to that shown in Fig. 17. 
 
 If the tongue becomes abraded by the end of the screw, 
 as it emerges from the nut, a very nice way of protecting it. 
 as in all similar cases, is for the patient to lay over the end of 
 the screw a very small piece of the very common article 
 known as chewing gum. 
 
 § 10.—Elongation oe Foecible Eeuption. 
 
 The partial or complete failure of a tooth to erupt, fre¬ 
 quently necessitates the employment of a corrective appliance. 
 In dental literature, a number of appliances are put on record 
 as accomplishing the forcible protrusion of teeth, the power 
 being derived from screws, springs or ligatures. All these 
 devices are similar in that they are anchored by means of 
 plates, “cribs” or clasps, attached to the same arch which 
 contains the malposed teeth. While the appliance here 
 shown derives its anchorage by being attached to teeth in the 
 opposite jaw, all plates, “cribs,” springs, etc., being discarded, 
 thereby rendering the appliance simpler, more compact and 
 cleanly, besides making it far more agreeable for the patient, 
 without in any degree lessening its efficiency. 
 
 Fig. 25 shows the principle of this device, as applied in 
 
 the treatiuent of a very 
 common form of irregu¬ 
 larity, in which the tem¬ 
 porary cuspid lias been 
 retained too long, causing 
 the permanent cuspid to 
 erupt forward, and above 
 its proper place. In this 
 instance, the temporary cuspid was extracted, and the loAver 
 
26 
 
 \ 
 
 second bicuspid was encircled by one of tbe author’s fracture- 
 bands, Fig. 8. 
 
 A very small hole was drilled into the cuspid, and a short 
 pin was set with thin cement. A common pin answers the 
 purpose very well, and the hole need not be any deeper than 
 the enamel, if the pin is accurately fitted to it. A rubber 
 ligature’was given the patient, with instructions to slip it over 
 the pins, as shown in the engraving Fig. 25. The ligature 
 tends to keep the teeth in occlusion. The anchor tooth is 
 directly opposed by the superior bicuspid, and supported by 
 the inferior first molar and first bicuspid. It will thus be seen 
 that this anchorage is the simplest and most efficient possible 
 to obtain. 
 
 The ligature may be worn at nighttime only, so as to 
 interfere with speech and mastication as little as possible, 
 although some patients wear it more or less continuously. 
 
 A too strong ligature should not be worn, as it might 
 endanger the life of the pulp; but gentle traction should be 
 used, gradually directing the tooth downward into its proper 
 position. 
 
 This simple appliance will be worn without complaint by 
 the patient, as long as it shall be found necessary. 
 
 I prefer cutting the ligature from heavy rubber-dam, as 
 suggested by Dr. Black several years ago, or from thin rubber 
 bands, such as are used for holding packages of paper together.. 
 First punching a hole with the largest size of the rubber-dam 
 punch, and afterward cutting the outside down to the desired 
 strength with scissors. 
 
 The direction of the force to be exerted upon the tooth 
 to be moved will, of course, indicate which tooth in the infe¬ 
 rior arch should be selected for anchorage. Should the an¬ 
 chorage fall upon a tooth with no antagonist, there would, of 
 course, be danger of loosening it. 
 
 Fig. 26 shows such a case in which the anchorage was. 
 modified to suit the condition found. 
 
27 
 
 The case was that of a 
 young lady, seventeen years 
 of age. The deciduous cus¬ 
 pid had been retained too 
 long, causing the permanent 
 cuspid to become imbedded 
 
 in the alveolar process on the " ^ 
 
 lingual side of the lateral in- ^ 
 
 cisor, thus necessitating complex movements of the tooth— 
 backward, outward, downward—requiring a very firm anchor¬ 
 age, which was gained by encircling the inferior cuspid and 
 second bicuspid with bands, having delicate tubes attached to 
 their labial surfaces. A piece of the gold wdre (Fig. 1, G-) of 
 the proper length was provided, the ends of which were bent 
 at right angles and slipped through the tubes upon the anchor 
 teeth, as shown in the engraving. Fig. 26. 
 
 The wire fits the bores of the tubes so accurately, that in 
 cutting off the ends which emerge through them, each end 
 spreads sufficiently to prevent its coming out. A |)in was 
 soldered to the wire about midway between the pipes and one 
 cemented in the cuspid cusp, as in the case first described. 
 
 When the ligature was stretched from pin to pin, as seen 
 in the engraving, the anchor teeth—two in each jaw—were 
 thus made to oppose the cuspid to be moved. 
 
 Fig. 27 shows another 
 modification of the latter 
 method of anchorage. 
 
 The anchor wire was 
 made detachable, and the 
 pin dispensed with, the 
 patient slipping the wire 
 through the ligature and 
 into the pipes upon retir¬ 
 
 Fig. 27, 
 
 ing, and removing it during the day, as the ends of the wire 
 had not been spread. A delicate band, bearing a pin upon its 
 labial surface, was cemented to the tooth to be moved. 
 
28 
 
 Anotlier very useful purpose for whicli these anchor-wire 
 bands and pipes may be used, as shown in this engraving, is a 
 splint for supporting teeth that have been loosened by salivary 
 calculus, or have been transplanted, replanted, or implanted. 
 The teeth to be fastened should be bound or ligated to the 
 splint. 
 
 Fig. 28 shows a case in which the appliance used was 
 very similar to those before described, but this anchorage was 
 
 attached to the teeth in 
 the same arch in which 
 was located the malposed 
 tooth. 
 
 The appliance in de¬ 
 tail is as follows: The 
 first bicuspid was banded 
 and a pipe soldered to the 
 labial surface of the band, 
 in which was hooked the 
 piece of the gold wire, the other end being bent, so as to rest 
 on the cutting edge of the lateral incisor. A pin was soldered 
 to this wire, as in the case before described, and a delicate 
 ligature was then stretched from pin to pin, thus exerting a 
 gentle but constant traction. With this appliance, the ligature 
 is worn continuously. In some case^, where more force was 
 necessary, I used advantageously the combined anchorage 
 herein described. The delicate ligatures shown in the appliance 
 last described, were used in the daytime, to assist the action 
 of and constantly retain what had been gained by the more 
 powerful anchorage on the lower teeth, acting during the 
 night. 
 
 We have now completed the description of the principal 
 ways of adjusting the appliances for performing the simple 
 movements of the teeth, and in treating practical cases of ir¬ 
 regularities, no matter how complicated or simple, the same 
 principles would be repeated (singly or in combinations), and 
 we herewith append a few jiractical cases, in order to still 
 
29 
 
 further familiarize the reader with this system, and thus enable 
 him to more easily comprehend its intelligent employment. 
 
 Fig. 29 represents a case of irregidarities, as a result of a 
 contracted condition of the lips, thus bringing undue pressure 
 on the anterior part of 
 the arch, at the time 
 when the teeth were 
 taking their positions, 
 and forcing them in¬ 
 ward as represented. 
 
 were forced 
 outward by the jack- 
 screws resting over 
 spurs, in bands en¬ 
 circling the anchor 
 teetli; the chisel ends of the screw resting in slots, in bands 
 encircling the moving teeth, exactly as before described in the 
 use of the screw, and now so well shown in the eno’ravin^. 
 
 7 O O 
 
 The teeth were also rotated at tlie same time with rotating 
 levers, in a manner already desciibed in the description of the 
 use of the rotating levers, and also well shown in this en¬ 
 graving. It will be seen that two rotating levers were used, 
 crossing each other in the centre, the one on the left being 
 anchored by latching it into a hook, soldered to the anchor 
 band on the second bicuspid; the other lever being anchored 
 by hooking the same into one of the little jolpes, soldered at 
 right angles to the pipe on the lateral which engages the other 
 lever. 
 
 A better way would have been, to have simply tied this 
 end of the lever to the other, but it is here shown to illustrate 
 one of the many ways which circumstances may indicate for 
 ’securing the end of the lever. 
 
 It will be seen that the central incisor also needs rotating; 
 this could, of course, have been easily accomplished by the 
 lever in double rotation, already described, but best shown in 
 Fig. 28. But the same practical result was accomplished by 
 
30 
 
 firmly lacing tliem to the levers passing in front. After they 
 moved into the desired position, they were retained by uniting 
 
 with solder bands, en¬ 
 circling all four of the 
 incisors, as shown in 
 cut. Fig. 30, which is 
 a very excellent 
 method of retention, 
 and was first suggested 
 by Dr. Guilford, I 
 believe. They, of 
 course, could have 
 been retained by my 
 
 Fig. 30. 
 
 own method, namely: passing a piece of retaining wire from 
 tube to tube, and lacing the central to it. But although very 
 simple and effectual, it would have been more unsightly. 
 
 Cut, Fig. 31, shows another case from the author’s prac¬ 
 tice, and one quite frequently encountered, in some of its 
 
 modifications. 
 
 The cuspid has 
 
 taken an inlocked 
 position, and has 
 forced the lateral 
 outward. It will be 
 seen by studying the 
 appliance, that it 
 served the double 
 
 purpose of forcing ' ^ ^ ' 
 
 outward the cuspid, 
 
 and at the same time drawing inward the lateral, by reason 
 of the sheath of the jack-screw being cut shorter, thus allow¬ 
 ing it to travel downward over the spur supporting its base, 
 as the nut is tightened until its base finally rests against the 
 band, when the lateral will have been drawn into place, and 
 will still further assist the anchor teeth in resistino^ the moving^ 
 
 O O 
 
 cuspids. 
 
31 
 
 This is what is known as reciprocal anchorage, or that 
 - of pitting one irregular tooth against another, and is a prin¬ 
 ciple of great value, and should be carefully studied and made- 
 use of whenever possible. 
 
 The extra pipe shown upon the sheath of the jack-sere av 
 was placed there in anticipation of further reinforcing the 
 anchorage, should it become necessary, by hooking another 
 piece of gold wire into the same ; the other end being hooked 
 into similar pipes on adjoining bicuspid. 
 
 Reciprocal power may, in some cases, be gained with ad¬ 
 vantage by substituting the gold Avire attached to the lateral, 
 Avith the small traction screw, letters C and B, of Eig. 1. 
 
 After these teeth 
 were correctly adjusted, 
 they were retained by 
 uniting the bands Avitli 
 . solder and recementing 
 upon the teeth. 
 
 Fig. 32 s h o yr s 
 another case quite fre¬ 
 quently met with; also, 
 the combination of the 
 . appliances which were 
 used in their treatment. 
 
 The lateral incisors Avere inlocked, the left cuspid pushed 
 forAvard, necessitating retraction, and the movement of from 
 in outwards, of the tAvo inlocked laterals. It Avill be seen 
 that Avhile the large traction screw is drawing back the promi¬ 
 nent cuspid, it is assisted by the loop and small traction screw. 
 Fig. 19; acting at the same time in forcing outAvard the left 
 lateral, thus gaining the benefit of reciprocal anchorage. 
 
 It will also be noticed that the other lateral is being- 
 forced outAvard by the jack-scrcAV, the base of Avhich is slipped 
 • over a spur, soldered to the sheath of the large traction sctcav, 
 .-again making use of reciprocal anchorage hy assisting the 
 large traction screAV in resisting the force of the cuspid. Of 
 
32 
 
 course the anchorage of the jack-screw might be reinforced^ 
 as already described in Fig. 18. Other modifications of this 
 combination will readily suggest themselves. 
 
 Cut, Fig. 33, 
 represents another 
 very common form 
 of irregularity, 
 which often is a re¬ 
 sult *of the habit of 
 contracting the lips. 
 
 All of the in¬ 
 cisors are 
 inward, not necessa¬ 
 rily enough to cause 
 inlocking of the same, but enough to necessitate the 
 closure of the loAver jaw, posterior to the normal occlusion, 
 in some instances causing jumping of the bite. As a result, 
 there is not sufficient room for the cuspids to take their 
 natural positions, but in attempting to do so (a tendency 
 always very strong with them), the laterals are forced still 
 farther inward, as well as partially rotated. The proper treat¬ 
 ment is, therefore, to 
 force forward all the 
 incisors to their cor- 
 
 making possible cor¬ 
 rect occlusion, as well 
 as providing space for 
 the cuspids. It will 
 be seen that the rota¬ 
 ting levers are applied 
 to the laterals, and the 
 centrals firmly laced to the same, while all are being forced 
 forward by the jack-screws, soldered to the anchor bands, 
 the chisel ends resting against small half-circular pieces of 
 wire, soldered to the bands on the lateral, which permitted 
 
 rect position, thereb}^ 
 
 Fig. 33. 
 
33 
 
 tbeir rotation. The cuspids were brought downward by the 
 methods shown in Fis:. 25. 
 
 Fig. 34 shows a cuspid tooth being moved outward. 
 
 The base of the jack-screw is soldered to a band encir¬ 
 cling the opposite cuspid, and reinforced by a spur, resting 
 
 against the first bicus¬ 
 pid, and also by the 
 large traction screw 
 which is hooked into 
 a pipe, soldered to the 
 labial surface of the 
 band, and passing in 
 front of the incisors 
 through a tube, 
 against whicli the nut 
 Fig. 35,—Case as Completed. WOrks, Soldcrcd to a 
 
 band on the labial surface of the lateral incisor. 
 
 In this case, the 
 left central and lateral 
 were moved forward 
 in the line of arch, 
 thereby closing the 
 space between the cen¬ 
 trals, and, at the same 
 time, providing space 
 for the out-moving 
 cuspid. The large 
 screw was beaten flat 
 and polished before in- 
 ertions. 
 
 Fig. 35 shows the same case after completion. 
 
 Fig. 36 shows another case of very marked irregularity, 
 where both centrals and laterals and right cuspid are greatly 
 turned from their natural positions. They are also pushed 
 forward, as well shown in Fig. 37, which represents a side 
 view of the case. 
 
 Fig. 36. 
 
34 
 
 Fig. 38 sliows tlie 
 appliances as adjusted at 
 the commencement of the 
 treatment. It will be seen 
 that the cuspids are being 
 retracted, by means of the 
 large traction screws, into 
 the spaces from which the 
 first bicuspids have been 
 extracted. It will also be noticed that the angle of the traction 
 screw on the right is hooked over a spur (soldered at right 
 angles to the band, in¬ 
 stead of being hooked 
 into the short pipe, as 
 on the other side), for 
 the purpose of rotat¬ 
 ing the cuspid as it 
 moved backward, and 
 described in Fig. 15. 
 
 The central incis¬ 
 ors are being rotated 
 by means of the lever, 
 as described in Fig. 23. 
 
 Their prominence was also reduced at the same time, by means 
 of the occipital bandage and traction bar, as described on page 40. 
 
 Fig. 39 shows the ease 
 after being acted upon by the 
 appliances already described. 
 They were retained in 
 this position by uniting 
 with solder the bands 
 on the centrals together, 
 and recernenting upon 
 the teeth, while the 
 traction screws retained 
 the cuspids. 
 
35 
 
 The next stage in the operation was the rotation of the 
 lateral incisors, which was 
 accomplished by the rotating 
 levers in the usual way, and 
 described on page 14. 
 
 After they were rotated, 
 the bands were removed and 
 united with solder to the 
 bands npon the centrals, and 
 
 reset on the teeth with 
 cement. The traction screws 
 and bands upon the cuspids 
 were removed, and the case 
 then presented the appear¬ 
 ance as shown in Figs. 40 
 Fig. 41 . and 41. 
 
 The retaining bands upon the incisors were worn one 
 year, alter which the teeth showed no tendency to return to 
 their former position. 
 
 
CHAPTER II. 
 
 § 11.— Angle’s Regulating and Retaining Appliances. 
 
 Set Ho. 2. 
 
 Probably no appliance yet devised for the treatment of 
 dental irregularities, will admit of such universal application 
 
 as this appliance; 
 and, at the same 
 time, inconveni¬ 
 ence the patient 
 so little, and 
 prove so satisfac¬ 
 tory to the opera¬ 
 tor; especially in 
 those cases that 
 are best adapted 
 
 Fig. 42. —Set No. 2, Angle’s Appliances. USe, and 
 
 which will be indicated later on. 
 
 For with it, we can move out teeth that are inlocked, 
 force into line outstanding teeth, perform the movement of 
 rotation, expand the arch anteriorly, or one or both sides of 
 the arch, compress teeth in their sockets, or elongate or force 
 their eruption, and it is also equally applicable to both arches. 
 
 And with it, we can easilv treat those common, and 
 usually regarded 
 difficult cases, 
 known as excessive 
 protrusion of the 
 incisors and cus¬ 
 pids^ and repre¬ 
 sented in Fig. 43. 
 
 It was for this 
 elass of cases the Excessive Protrusion. 
 
 appliance was originally devised. 
 
 36 
 
37 
 
 We will, therefore, first describe its use in their treatment. 
 
 The anchor clamp band D, Fig. 42, is slipped over the 
 anchor teeth, usually the first molars, and adjusted so that the 
 pipes on the buccal sides of the teeth will carefully line with 
 the arch. 
 
 , The nuts are now tightened, and the band carefully burn¬ 
 ished, until they fit accurately the teeth they encircle. The 
 wire arch, Fig. 42, is carefully bent, to conform to the shape 
 of the dental arch, provided the dental arch is correct in form; 
 but if it is contracted, or the teeth occupy irregular positions, 
 no attention is paid to the form of the existing arch, but an 
 ideal arch is formed for the case. Or, in other words, the 
 
 Fig. 44. 
 
 wire arch is bent exactly to the form that we wish the teeth 
 to be arranged when the operation is completed. The ends 
 of the ideal arch are now slipped through the pipes on the 
 molars. The anterior part of the arch is kept from sliding up 
 and impinging upon the gums, by resting in suitable niches, 
 formed in the delicate bands. Fig. 42, encircling and cemented to 
 the centrals or lateral incisors. It is shown in position upon 
 the teeth in Fig. 44. 
 
 The power to be exerted in moving backward these teeth 
 is derived from heavy elastic bands, attached to a cap, cover- 
 
38 
 
 ing the back part of the head, as in Fig. 46, thus gaining ^ 
 occipital anchorage, instead of depending upon the anchorage 
 of the molar teeth, which is never enough in these cases to 
 withstand the great strain necessary to force backward the 
 protruding teeth, but are always, when so relied upon, tipped 
 forward more or less, and faulty occlusion established. The 
 occipital anchorage prevents this annoyance. 
 
 Fig. 45 represents a traction bar, used for conveying the 
 force from the occipital bandage and distributing it to the wire 
 arch. 
 
 A spur or standard will be seen in the centre of this bar, 
 provided with a socket in the end, which, when in position, 
 engages a small ball, soldered to a delicate tube, encircling the 
 center of the wire arch, as is shown in Fig. 44. 
 
 If the reader is familiar with the appliance, so far described, 
 it will be seen that the force received from the occipital band¬ 
 age is distributed to the wire arch, through the ball and socket 
 joint. 
 
 The ends of the traction bar may, therefore, be moved in 
 any direction, without interfering with the pressure from the 
 bandage. The advantage of this attachment is that, in con¬ 
 sequence of the freedom of motion, any jar or shock upon the 
 traction bar will not be transmitted to the tender teeth. As 
 the bandage and bar are to be worn only at night, shocks from 
 contact with the pillow would be very liable to occur and oc¬ 
 casion pain, were it not that the bar is provided with this 
 freedom of movement. This is a point of advantage which, 
 I think, all will appreciate, and one possessed by no other 
 device. The usual method is to attach the traction bar, or its 
 equivalent, to a swaged or vulcauite cap covering, and firmly 
 resting against all the teeth to be moved. 
 
39 
 
 As the heavy rubber ligatures of the bandage act during 
 the night only, provision must be made to hold through the 
 day what is gained at night. This is effectually accomplished 
 by delicate rubber ligatures, which are slipped over the distal 
 ends of the pipes on the molars, stretched forward, and tied 
 with silk lis^atures in front of the small collars which encircle 
 the wire arch, opposite the cuspids, as seen in Fig. 44. These 
 collars being rigid, prevent the ligatures from sliding back, 
 thus exerting a gentle but constant traction on the moving 
 teeth, and prevent them from springing back and interfering 
 with the healing process of repair. 
 
 Another advantage of the device is, that not only the 
 prominence of the teeth is reduced, but teeth that are irregu¬ 
 lar are gradually forced to take regular positions, and conform 
 to the shape of the ideal arch (as it is forced backward through 
 the pipes on the molars), something impossible with devices 
 having fixed caps of vulcanite or gold. 
 
 Still another advantage is, that if the arch needs expand¬ 
 ing, as is frequently the case, it may be easily accomplished 
 
 at the same time the 
 teeth are being 
 moved backward, 
 by lacing to the wire 
 arch such teeth as 
 need to be moved 
 outward. 
 
 For the band¬ 
 age proper, as a 
 result of much 
 experimenting, I 
 believe that shown 
 in Fig. 46 to be 
 much superior to 
 any other. 
 
 It consists of a 
 stiff, round, wire 
 
40 
 
 band, large enough to encircle the head, and having coarse black 
 silk net (as shown in the engTaving) sewn over it. This netting is 
 known as black silk fish-net, and is used by ladies for draping 
 dresses, and may be procured at any dry goods store at a very 
 small expense. The great advantage of this style of band is 
 that the pressure is equally distributed over all parts of the 
 bandage, thus admitting of much pressure from the bands 
 without inconvenience. 
 
 The elastic bands seen in the engraving are those com¬ 
 monly used in holding packages of paper together. They 
 may be procured at any stationer’s, or will be furnished when 
 desired. They are about three and one-half inches in length 
 and three-eighths inches in width. One end is passed through 
 one of the meshes of the net and looped around the wire, and 
 carried down and hooked over the end of the traction bar, 
 all so well shown in the cut that it will be readily understood. 
 These ligatures may be doubled after the patient has become 
 well accustomed to wearing them. 
 
 Fig. 47 shows a common silk traveling cap, which may 
 
 be used and is preferred 
 by some, although we 
 prefer the former. 
 
 For this style of 
 bandage two ligatures 
 should be attached to the 
 cap on each side, one 
 above and one below the 
 ear, as shown in Fig. 46. 
 If the bands be of equal 
 width, the force will be 
 exerted in the direction of 
 the meatus of the ear. 
 This is the point to which, 
 in most cases, the force 
 should be directed. In 
 Fig. 47.—Occipital Anchorage. many cases, however, the 
 
 / 
 
41 
 
 teeth should'be compressed in their sockets, as well as drawn 
 backward. This is easily accomplished by doubling the 
 strength of the upper, and attaching it at a point on the cap 
 as far forward as desired. 
 
 Again, if elongation of the teeth be necessary, as they 
 are moved backward, the lower ligature only is used, dis¬ 
 pensing with the upper, or using a very light one. 
 
 After the teeth have been moved into the desired position, 
 they are effectually retained by the wire arch (the head gear, 
 traction bar, and delicate ligatures, are, of course, dispensed 
 with), and keeping the same by passing a delicate drill through 
 the pipes on the anchor teeth, and inserting neatly fitting pins 
 into the holes thus made, same as in Fig. 17. 
 
 This method of retaining is very effectual, and, as long as 
 the appliance is so worn, the teeth cannot change their proper 
 positions. 
 
 But it has the serious objection of being unsightly, and, as 
 it has been already worn some considerable time, the patient 
 will usually become tired of wearing it, and ask for its re¬ 
 moval. And as it is of the greatest importance in these cases 
 that the teeth be firmly retained for a long period (at least one 
 year), it becomes necessary that we resort to some other de¬ 
 vice, less objectionable to appearances. 
 
 After much experimenting, I find the appliance shown 
 in Fig. 48 quite effectually meets all requirements. It is re¬ 
 tention by means of the occipital bandage, but should never 
 be applied as soon as the movement of the teeth have been 
 completed, but only after the other appliance has been worn 
 at least two months, or long enough to allow the teeth to have 
 become thoroughly rested in their new positions, and firmness 
 somewhat established. 
 
 The arch, bands and pipes upon the molar teeth, as well 
 as bands encircling the incisors, are now all removed and the 
 teeth thoroughly cleansed. After which, careful impressions 
 are taken of both upper and lower jaws, from which accurate 
 models are made. Careful comparison is to be made, from 
 
42 
 
 time to time, with the. natural teeth and these models, in 
 order to detect any unfavorable changes, should thej^ occur. 
 
 The next retaining appliance is now adjusted, and is to 
 be worn at nighttime only, thus allowing the patient entire 
 freedom from all appliances during the day. It consists of a 
 piece of German silver or gold wire, long enough to pass in 
 front of the incisors and cuspids, and carefully bent, so that it 
 will rest in contact with them. Two short pieces of gold 
 wire, from Set No. 1, are soldered at right angles to this wire, 
 opposite the front of the central incisors. They are long 
 enough to admit the ends being bent over the cutting edges 
 of the incisors, and the hooks so formed will prevent the ap¬ 
 pliance sliding upward against the gum. The device is pre¬ 
 vented from sliding laterally by a short piece of j^he wire 
 being placed across the heavy wire at a point between the in¬ 
 cisors where it is soldered. This spur should rest in the 
 depression between these teeth; the other end passes slightly 
 beyond the wire arch, where it is to engage the socket of the 
 standard of the traction bar. 
 
 All accurately shown in the engraving. It is adjusted by 
 slipping it into position upon the teeth, and, if it has been 
 
 carefully made, will not be dis¬ 
 placed after the head gear and 
 traction bar have been adjusted. 
 The elastic bands in the head 
 gear must be quite delicate, ex¬ 
 erting only sufficient pressure to 
 prevent the teeth from moving 
 forward, which must be carefully watched until the proper 
 tension is gained. 
 
 The above appliance must be worn every night for three 
 or four months, after which every alternate night will usually 
 be found sufficient; and finally it may be worn one or two 
 nights in the week only, or as the judgment of the operator 
 will determine. But it must be insisted upon that it shall be 
 worn regularly. If it is found that the patient will not ob- 
 
 Fig. 48. 
 
43 
 
 serve system in wearing this appliance, the former method of 
 retention should be again resorted to. 
 
 So much for the use of No. 2 appliance in the first class of 
 cases, i. e.^ excessive protrusion. 
 
 We now come to consider the use of the No. 2 appliance- 
 in mixed cases of irregularities. 
 
 Fig. 49 represents another class of irregularities directly 
 
 opposite that 
 shown in Fig. 43, 
 for in this class 
 we have protru¬ 
 sion of the lower 
 front teeth, al¬ 
 ways accompa¬ 
 nied more or less 
 Fig. 49. with prominence 
 
 of the inferior maxilla, and a lack of sufficient prominence of 
 the upper front teeth. In this class are ofttimes found our 
 most difficult cases, but when taken at the proper age, and 
 the prominence be not too excessive, they may be quite easily 
 treated, and the facial appearance of the patient show greater 
 improvement than in any other class of cases. 
 
 The plan followed in the treatment of this case is one 
 which we think will admit of quite universal application. It. 
 is to accomplish : 
 
 1st. Expansion of 
 the superior arch 
 anteriorly; 2nd. 
 
 Contraction of the 
 inferior arch ante¬ 
 riorly ; 3rd. The 
 retraction of the 
 inferior maxilla. 
 
 Fig. 50 shows 
 a view of the upper 
 teeth, with the ap- 
 
 Fig. 50. 
 
44 
 
 plicince for expanding the arch anteriorly in position. It will 
 be seen that by so doing space will be gained for the irregular 
 incisors and erupting cuspids. 
 
 The jack-screws are soldered to clamp bands encircling 
 the first molars, the chisel ends are notched and engage a piece 
 of the gold wire passing through delicate pipes, soldered to 
 the lingual surfaces of bands encircling the lateral incisors as 
 shown. 
 
 The nuts were tightened every third day, moving the 
 teeth out as far as desired, in about three weeks. While this 
 was being done the lower jaw was being acted upon, the fi rst 
 bicuspids having been extracted, the lower incisors and cus¬ 
 pids were moved backward, until the cuspids occupied the 
 space from which the bicuspids had been removed, as shown 
 in Fig. 51. 
 
 The large traction screw being attached to clamp bands, 
 
 which encircled 
 the first lower 
 molars, and the 
 angles of which 
 were hooked into 
 small staples sold¬ 
 ered to bands 
 upon the distal 
 angles o f the 
 cuspids, while a 
 Fig. 51 . piece of the gold 
 
 wire attached by solder connected these bands and passed in 
 front of the incisors. 
 
 The screws were assisted in moving the teeth backward, 
 by the headgear, heavy elastics and traction bar, the socket in 
 the standard of which engaged the little ball shown upon the 
 gold wire midway between the bands. The object of the 
 power so gained was twofold. First, to cause a retraction of 
 the maxilla, which we think it did to a noticeable degree; 
 ■second, to assist the traction screw in moving back the in- 
 
45 
 
 cisors and cuspids, tliereby lessening tlie danger of displacing- 
 the anchor teeth, something always to be guarded against. 
 
 The nuts were tightened every second day enough to- 
 occasion a slightly snug feeling. 
 
 The results are highly satisfactory, and were accomplished 
 quite rapidly, and 
 with but little in¬ 
 convenience to the 
 patient. Fig. 52 
 shows case com¬ 
 pleted. 
 
 In treatino^ some 
 of these cases it may 
 be found of advant- Fig. 52 . 
 
 age to continue pressure upon the maxilla by attaching the 
 elastics from the headgear to hooks soldered to a swedged 
 metallic cap, fitting accurately to the chin, as recommended 
 by Dr. Allen. The object being, by continued pressure, to^ 
 bend the jaw at the* angles, but only in very young patients 
 do we believe this even possible. We think that in two 
 cases we have succeeded. 
 
 § 12.— Expansion. 
 
 In cases where expansion of the arch is necessary, we 
 have found this appliance to be very valuable, especially in 
 young patients, before the teeth have become very firm in 
 their sockets or where great force is not necessary; and espe¬ 
 cially where the teeth are somewhat irregularly arranged in 
 the arch. 
 
 The appliance is adjusted the same as described in cases 
 of protrusion, and shown in Fig. 44, the head-gear, traction 
 bar and delicate ligatures of the side being dispensed with. 
 The arch is bent to take the shape in which we wish the teeth 
 to be arranged at eornpletion. The teeth to be moved are 
 laced tightly to the arch, and the ligatures changed about., 
 
 % 
 
46 
 
 twice a week, when it will be found that the force of the 
 .spring exerted by the wire arch will soon move the teeth out¬ 
 ward, causing them to arrange themselves to conform to the 
 exact shape in which the wire has been bent. And if the 
 teeth were originally irregular, they will be compelled to take 
 regular positions. 
 
 This plan, of finally perfecting the arrangement of the 
 teeth in the arch, I have found of great advantage in such 
 cases as represented in Figs. 36 and 29, after they have been 
 acted upon by tne screws and levers. 
 
 If the arch is to be expanded anteriorly only, as in case 
 Fig. 53, the bands for holding the anterior part of the arch in 
 position are placed upon the cuspids, instead of central inci- 
 .sors. The incisors are now laced to the arch, which is pre¬ 
 vented from being forced backward through the pipes on the 
 anchor teeth by closing the bore at their distal ends with a 
 pair of flat-nosed pliers. The spring of the arch will soon 
 move the malposed teeth forward. If it is desired to move 
 the arch forward, in order to exert more pressure, the ligatures 
 are cut, the arch removed, and two short pieces of wire slipped 
 into the anchor pipes and forced back against the pinched 
 ends, when the arch is again slipped into its former position, 
 and the ligatures replaced upon the incisors. 
 
 This method 
 of expansion, while 
 so excellent in the 
 cases just described 
 of younger patients, 
 is not so applicable 
 after the age of 
 seventeen or 
 e i g h t e e* n years, 
 when we prefer the 
 methods of expan¬ 
 sion already de¬ 
 scribed in connection with set No. I. 
 
47 
 
 In very obstinate cases, we have derived great advantage 
 by combining these methods, as shown in Fig. 49. 
 
 An excellentway of performing rotation of a tooth, not 
 requiring much force, is to encircle the tooth with a band, 
 and solder a spur upon the lingual corner, requiring to be 
 moved outward. A ligature is now passed around the wire 
 arch and spur, twice, and securely tied. It should be renewed 
 vdcc a week, or a rubber wedge drawn between the arch and 
 lingual surface of the tooth, which will intensify the pressure 
 for two or three days longer. 
 
 § 13.—Outward. 
 
 A tooth requiring to be moved out of inlock, where 
 great force is not required, may be easily accomplished with 
 this appliance by tightly lacing it to the wire arch, and occa¬ 
 sionally renewing the ligatures, or making use of the rubber 
 wedges, which are drawn between the lingual surfaces of the 
 adjoining teeth and wire arch. 
 
 § 14.—Elongation. 
 
 The movement of elongation may also be performed with 
 this appliance by firmly tying a ligature about the tooth to be 
 moved, or a spur cemented into the same, and again firmly 
 tied to the wire arch. The spring of the arch thus being 
 made to exert force in moving the tooth downward to the de¬ 
 sired position. 
 
 § 15.—Inward. 
 
 An outstanding tooth may be readily forced inward, into 
 the line of the arch, by drawing a rubber wedge between it 
 and the wire arch, and firmly lacing the adjoining teeth to the 
 arch. 
 
CHAPTEE III. 
 
 • Final Suggestions. 
 
 First .—Before beginning the treatment of a case, have 
 a clear conception of what is necessary. This can only be 
 done by a carefnl study of both models and natural teeth, 
 facial expression, history, etc. 
 
 Second .—Have regular times for seeing your patient; 
 be punctual yourself and insist upon punctuality from the 
 patient, and always carefully compare the original models at 
 each sitting. 
 
 Third .—Exercise such care and judgment in the adjust¬ 
 ment of the appliance that delays from slipping, breaking or 
 changes will be unnecessary. 
 
 Fourth .—The best result in moving a tooth is only 
 obtained by recognizing the regular and proper amount of 
 force necessary to stimulate absorption. The habit of apply¬ 
 ing a great amount of force at irregular intervals serves only 
 to defeat the object to be gained, for it retards the process of 
 absorption, causes unnecessary pain, provokes inflammation, 
 thereby endangering the life of the pulp. It also strains the 
 appliance, causing much delay and pain to the patient in re¬ 
 pairing the same. 
 
 Fifth .—If the screw is being used in the movement of a 
 tooth, and the patient be an intelligent one, he may be pro¬ 
 vided with a wrench, and instructed to tighten the nut morn¬ 
 ing and evening, thus greatly economizing the time of both 
 patient and operator; yet the patient should be seen at regular 
 intervals; usually twice a week will be sufficient. 
 
 48 
 
49 
 
 Sixth .—It is doubly important tbat the patient shall 
 observe care in brushing and cleansing the teeth while wear¬ 
 ing these regulating appliances, and we believe the best den¬ 
 tifrice to be used for this purpose is prepared chalk, followed 
 by castile soap; and if the appliances are kept properly 
 cleansed, they will take on a beautiful bronze color, far more 
 pleasing to the appearance than when made of gold, besides 
 possessing much greater strength. 
 
 Seventh .—In adopting this system the operator should 
 study carefully, and thoroughly familiarize himself with the 
 names and uses of all the parts of these appliances, and, after 
 a little experience, he will be able to readily apply them to 
 any case, for the system is complete within itself. 
 
 It is needless to say the rubber plate has no place in this 
 system. We believe that it should be a relic of the past. 
 The only instance where we make use of a plate in any form 
 is a neatly-fitting skeleton plate made of aluminum, and 
 swaged to fit the roof of the mouth, after the arch has been 
 expanded and used as a retainer. 
 
 Eighth .—The wire arch in Ho. 2 Set is made to contain 
 all the spring possible. It is, therefore, necessarily quite 
 hard, and may be broken ; consequently, care should be taken 
 in bending to the desired shape. It is made long enough to 
 encircle the largest arch, necessitating clipping off the ends 
 when used in circling; smaller ones. 
 
 O 
 
 The three small pipes found on it are held in position by 
 means of a soft solder : should any of these become loosened, 
 they should be resoldered, being careful to not apply more 
 heat than necessary in melting the solder,- or the temper in 
 the arch will be destroyed. 
 
 Ninth ,—In applying the jack-screw, the sheath should 
 always be used as long as possible, turning the nut close up 
 to the chisel end of the screw before cutting the sheath to the 
 desired length. 
 
50 
 
 Tenth .—In soldering the attachment to the band, we 
 have fonnd the best plan is to first slightly fuse the solder 
 upon the band, then holding the piece to be united in contact 
 with it, and again applying heat sufficient to unite them. If 
 the piece be one of the pipes, an easy way of holding it is by 
 passing the point of an old excavator into the bore, holding 
 the ba'nd with a |)air of pliers. A little experience will enable 
 the operator to make any of these attachments, and adjust the 
 appliance in a very few minutes. Never use more solder 
 
 than is necessary, or apply heat enough to burn the bands. 
 
 § 
 
 Eleventh .—After the appliance has been adjusted, the 
 surplus cement should be removed and the appliance polished 
 with pumice, and burnished. 
 
 Twelfth .—We believe there is an impression among a 
 large number of dentists that the treatment of irregularities 
 should be deferred until after the age of fifteen or thereabouts. 
 But we are convinced that the impression is erroneous and 
 fruitful of much harm, for by this time many cases have be¬ 
 come complex and exceedingly difficult to treat, and leaving 
 results which it is impossible to eradicate. 
 
 I believe the best time to begin the treatment is as soon 
 as the appearances of irregularity are manifest; then, with 
 delicate and simple appliances, gradually assist the tooth to 
 take its natural position. We would not be understood as 
 needlessly interfering in those cases where it is apparent that 
 nature will correct the deformity unaided. But we refer more 
 especially to the inlocked, twisted and overlapped condition, 
 which usually becomes worse and complicates those to be 
 erupted. 
 
 A few days with a proper appliance will often accomplish 
 what it may require many months if left until the whole 
 dental apparatus is involved. 
 
 The author’s favorite device for these specially early 
 cases is shown in cut. Fig. 50. It is so simple and delicate 
 that it will not be objected to by the little patient. It consists 
 
51 
 
 of a pipe soldered perpendicularly to the side of one of the 
 clamp bands, into which is hooked a piece’ of 
 the gold wire, which is swung around and 
 allowed to rest against some suitable tooth, 
 to assist the anchor tooth, and a rubber liga¬ 
 ture slipped over it. 
 
 Thirteenth .—In using the No. 2 appli¬ 
 ance in the retraction of protruding teeth, the 
 teeth will sometimes show a tendency to 
 bunch or overlap, which may be remedied by 
 lacing them firmly to the wire arch, or lacing 
 them as directed for performing rotation with 54. 
 
 the No. 2 appliance. 
 
 And, again, some of the teeth may tend to elongate, 
 which should be prevented by encircling with bands having 
 suitable niches, in which rests the wire arch, the same as those 
 already encircling the central incisors; or the bands may be 
 removed from the central incisors and pressure transferred to 
 the elongating teeth by similar bands. 
 
 Fourteenth .—In making the attachments, the pipes 
 should always be flattened, with a round file, at the point of 
 contact, thus making the attachment stronger and easier to 
 accomplish, as well as the appliance more compact. Always 
 carefully avoid applying heat to either the jack or traction 
 screws proper, or their temper will be ruined. 
 
 Finally, we believe, after thoroughly understanding this 
 system, the operator will be enabled, in every instance, to form 
 a combination with these appliance which will enable him 
 to perform the movement of a tooth more easily than by any 
 other appliances yet devised, and we invite comparison. 
 
 EDANAKD H. ANGLE, 
 
 No. 13 Syndicate Block, 
 
 Minneapolis, Minn. 
 
 October 10th, 1892. 
 
 / 
 
DR, TEAGUE^S IMPRESSION COMPOUND. 
 
 A Substitute for Plaster in All Cases, 
 
 but especially advantageous where a die is wanted for the 
 swaging of a plate. 
 
 The following points of superiority over plaster as an 
 impression material will appeal forcibly to every practitioner: 
 
 First. —The compound when mixed possesses a smooth and 
 oily quality, which allows it to spread freely and evenly over 
 the surface against which it is pressed, and into the spaces 
 between the teeth, or fissures in the crowns. 
 
 Second. —It will not adhere to the teeth, as is so frequently 
 the complaint with piaster, and when removed from the mouth 
 it presents a most perfect counterpart on a smooth, glossy sur¬ 
 face, a result not possibly attainable with plaster. 
 
 Third. —In separating the impression from the plaster 
 model the operation is greatly facilitated because of the con¬ 
 trast of color (which is pink), with white model, greatly lessen¬ 
 ing the liability to cut or scar it. 
 
 Fourth. —Its taste is less unpleasant to the patient, advant- 
 ao-es of which feature it is needless to comment on. 
 
 o 
 
 Fifth. —^Its use entirely dispenses with moulding sand, and 
 all the vexations and difficulties incident to the making of a 
 perfect die by the old method, and the results are accurate, 
 as well as easily obtained, because the die is made from the 
 impression direct, as it is removed from the mouth. There 
 is no making of a plaster model, building up here and taking 
 off there, filling depressions, making cores, varnishing, etc.,etc.^ 
 as is necessary in making a zinc die, which at best, cannot be 
 perfect when done. There is but the simple operation requiring 
 little more time than making a plaster model, and when cast, a 
 model is obtained with every line, undercut, tooth and rugae 
 sharp, distinct and SMOOTH. 
 
 Sixth. —tt has no superior as an investment compound. 
 
 PRICES. 
 
 4 lb. 
 
 can 
 
 8 “ ( 4 qt. 
 
 ' < ( 
 
 16 “ ( 8 “ 
 
 
 20 “ (10 “ 
 
 
 30 “ (15 “ 
 
 
 34bbl. ( 75 lbs ... 
 
 >1 “ (150 “ .. 
 
 1 “ (300 “ .. 
 
 THE WILHINGTON DENTAL M’F’Q CO., 
 
 PHILADELPHIA, NEW YORK, CHICAGO, WASHINGTON, 
 
 $ .50 
 .90 
 1.75 
 , 2.50 
 3.25 
 6.00 
 10.00 
 18.00 
 
 WILMINGTON. 
 
DR. E. H. ANGLE’S 
 
 UPPER IMPRESSION TRAYS 
 
 For Taking Full Dentures. 
 
 Dr. Angfle says;—“I find the Impression Cups for sale at the different depots are all 
 incorrect and ill-adapted to the purpose of obtaining impressions of a jaw containing full 
 dentures. The few sizes of Cups, herewith represented, will obviate the difficulty of taking 
 impressions high up or low down.” 
 
 Dr. Angle especially recommends these trays for the taking of impressions 
 in regulating cases. 
 
 Price.each, 35 Cents. 
 
 IV 
 
.Co. 
 
 K.- 
 
DR. E. H. ANGLE’S 
 
 LOWER IMPRESSION TRAYS 
 
 For Taking Full Dentures. 
 
 Price.each, 35 Cents. 
 
 W.D.M.Co.-^ 
 
 W|- 
 
 VI 
 

 VII 
 
CEMENT SPATULAS. 
 
 Each of these styles are made thin, medium and thick blades. State which 
 you wish. 
 
 Price, Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 4, Octagon File-Cut Handles, 
 vni Nickel-plated....each, 25 cents. 
 
CEMENT SPATULAS. 
 
 Price, No. 5, Dr. H. Weston’s.50 cents. 
 
 “ “ 6, “ J. F. Flagg’s, Nickel-plated.25 “ 
 
 “ “ 7, “ C. N. Peirce’s, “ .25 “ 
 
 “ “ 8, “ Houghton’s “ .75 “ ix 
 
The Dentists Library. 
 
 BOOKS WHICH EVERY DOCTOR OUGHT TO HAVE AND USE. 
 
 Anatomy of the Human Teeth. 
 
 By G. V. Black, M.D., D.D.S. Second Edition. 
 
 To find a dentist without this Anatomy would be a curious discovery 
 indeed. The second edition has improved it still further. The 
 carefully executed illustrations give the work originality and a 
 , high value. 
 
 Price, bound in Cloth (post=paid), $2.50. 
 
 Dental Jurisprudence. 
 
 By W. F. Rlhfuss, D.D.S., of Philadelphia. 
 
 The book marks an epoch in the Dental world. Every dentist must 
 study his own, as well as his patients’ rights, in order to avoid 
 trouble; and this book furnishes all the necessary information. 
 Besides, it gives the laws regulating dentistry wherever such laws 
 exist. 
 
 Price, bound in Cloth (post=paid), $2.50; Half Morocco, $3.50. 
 
 567 Useful Hints for the Busy Dentist. 
 
 By W. H. STEFLE, D.D.S. 
 
 The young practitioner or student, as well as the full-fledged busy 
 dentist, will find in this valuable work a rich mine studded with 
 the solid results of the most varied- experience of nearly all the 
 best representatives of dental science, literature and art. It is a 
 helpful reference book of great value. 
 
 Price, boun-d in Cloth (post=paid), $2.50. 
 
 The Student’s Manual and 
 
 Hand=book for the Dental Laboratory. 
 
 By L. P. Haskell, D.D.S. Second Edition. 
 
 The first edition having been quickly exhausted by a heavy demand 
 from so many colleges, a second edition, revised, enlarged and 
 fully illustrated, is now presented. There is an important Appen¬ 
 dix in which Dr. E. H. Angle describes his “ System of Appliances 
 for Correcting Irregularities of the Teeth,” making the book far 
 more valuable than its price, which is only. 
 
 Bound in Cloth (post=paid), $1.50. 
 
 Chart of the Typical Forms of 
 Constitutional Irregularities of the Teeth. 
 
 By Eugene S. Talbot, M.D,, D.D.S. 
 
 16 lithographic plates, 10x12 inches, Price, $2.50. 
 
 Those who would make themselves familiar with these forms of irregu¬ 
 larities of the superior and inferior maxilla can have no better 
 guide than this chart, and by this object lesson will be able to 
 follow the text of this author more intelligently. 
 
 —International Dental Journal. 
 
 X 
 
The Dentists Library. 
 
 (CONTINUED.) 
 
 Angfle’s System of Regulation of the Teeth. 
 
 By Edward H. Angle, D.D.S. Third Edition. 
 
 The unprecedented success of Dr. Angle’s “Appliances for the Regu¬ 
 lation and Retention of the Teeth,” has compelled the author to 
 again revise and enlarge the popular pamphlet containing the full 
 description of his superior system. The numerous new cuts are 
 executed in the most artistic manner, and the pamphlet is gotten 
 up as neatly as possible. Every dentist ought to have this uselul 
 pamphlet. 
 
 Price, paper cover, 75c. 
 
 Dental Science. 
 
 Questions and Answers on Dental Materia Medica, Dental Physiology, 
 Dental Pathology and Therapeutics. 
 
 By Euman C. Ingkrsoll, A.M., D.D.S. Second Edition. 
 
 Students, as well as dentists, have appreciated the concise and clear 
 manner in which the fundamental facts of dental science have 
 been presented in this valuable work. It is the result of 30 years’ 
 experience at the operating chair. 
 
 Price, bound in Cloth (post=paid), $2.00. 
 
 Letters from a ITother to a Mother on 
 the Formation, Growth and Care of Teeth. 
 
 By the wife of a dentist, Mrs. M. W. J. Third Edition. 
 
 “The fathers have eaten sour grapes, and the children’s teeth are set on 
 edge,” laments Jeremiah, and this valuable little book shows how 
 to prevent the children’s teeth from becoming a curse rather than 
 a blessing to the coming generation. It ought to be placed in the 
 hands of every intelligent mother. This edition has been published, 
 by request, as per resolution offered in Southern Dental Associa¬ 
 tion. Illustrated. Price, bound in Cloth, 50c.; Paper, 25c. 
 
 Quantitative prices given on application. 
 
 The Teeth. 
 
 50nE PLAIN FACTS REGARDING THE TEETH. 
 
 By T. B. Welch, M.D., 
 
 With suggestions concerning their character; their treatment during; 
 eruption ; their preservation and restoration to health when dis¬ 
 eased ; and their substitution by artificial teeth when lost. The 
 following prices include your name and address on the cover page,, 
 preceded by the words “ With Compliments of.” 
 
 Sample copies, 6c.; 100, $3.50; 500, $15.00; 1,000, $25.00. 
 
 A nice booklet for dentists to send to their patients who shall not be 
 left without “The Teeth.” 
 
 How to Save ur Teeth. 
 
 (Ritn in simplified speling, leterz markt acording to Worcester.) 
 
 The attractively gotten up folder contains seven rules which, when 
 followed, could prevent much trouble and suffering to thousands 
 of people who don’t know how to avoid both. 
 
 Intended for distribution among your patients. Name and address printed 
 on first page. 
 
 Price; Sample copies, 3c.; 500, $3.50; 1,000, $5.00. 
 
 The Wii .MiNQTON Dental M’f^q Co., 
 
 PUBLISHERS, 
 
 1413 Filbert Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 XL 
 
•'P+III^DEUE'HIA 
 
 li EWY0 RK,Ch ICAGO,WASilIN GT9/i 
 
 •WlI^I/IGT^, reEL. 
 
 In the preparation of Dawson’s Cement nothing is left undone 
 that will by any means improve the object desired—a perfect cement 
 filling. All the materials are the best, and are pure and clean. The 
 compounding is done by practical chemists; the result is known to 
 be the best cement now offered to the profession. 
 
 For six years it has been demonstrated by practical workers in 
 plastic fillings, that Dawson’s Cement is unexcelled, in that it makes 
 a dense filling with a very hard and smooth surface. By crown and 
 bridge workers it has been proven to be the most valuable plastic 
 for such operations, being the most indestructible. 
 
 It stands all the tests for a good cement, hardening quickly, the 
 surface glazing at once, the filling having a porcelain-like feel, and 
 losing its acid taste in half an hour. Experience has proven that 
 it stands the test of time in a satisfactory manner. The liquid is 
 prepared in such manner that it stands climatic changes and age, 
 being the most reliable in this respect. We furnish yellow and gray 
 powders, from which any necessary combination may be made. 
 
 Dawson’s Cement is put up in bottles, in which are blown the 
 name of the cement and our name, and put up in a package enclosed 
 in an engraved label, of which the cut is a fac-simile. Dr. Dawson’s 
 signature is on each package! 
 
 piaicEs 
 
 Sample package, one color. 
 
 Medium size package, two colors 
 
 $ 1.00 
 
 1.50 
 
 2.50 
 
 Large 
 
 i i 
 
 In lots of one dozen at a time, a discount of twenty per cent, from these pj^ces. 
 
DR. J. W. MOFFITT’S 
 
 ANATOMICAL * ARTICULATOR. 
 
 This Articulator has its moveuieiits corre.spondiiigto those of the natural 
 jaws, the arrangement of the lower to the upper plate is such that any false 
 position of the bite may be corrected, and at the same time the arc of the 
 circle of the lower jaw in relation to the upper will be secured as in the 
 mouth, thus assuring a correct articulation without the necessity of grind¬ 
 ing the teeth after they are mounted. It is adapted to either partial or full 
 cases. 
 
 PRICES. 
 
 Nickel=Dipped..$ 1.50 
 
 Polished and NickeUplated. . 2.00 
 
 STANDARD 
 
 ARTICULATOR. 
 
 The capacity of this 
 Articulator is all that 
 is necessary. It will 
 take single or double 
 models, and admit of 
 any change in articu¬ 
 lation ; made entirely 
 of brass, nicely fitted. 
 
 PRICES. 
 
 Polished and Nickel- 
 
 Plated.$ 1 . 25 ; 
 
 Nickel=Dipped ... .85 
 
“ Keep Thy Business, 
 
 and Thy Bnsiness Will Keep Thee.' 
 
 These wise words of Benjamin Frank¬ 
 lin ought to he the KEYSTONE in the 
 arch of conduct of every intelli¬ 
 gent dental practitioner. The 
 latter is all the time aware 
 of the fact that it is not his skill alone, which insures 
 success in Keeping up his business, but also the 
 SUPERIOR QUALITY OF THE GOODS USED. 
 
 It is for this reason that we have been favored 
 by dentists from all over the country and abroad 
 with constantly increasing orders for our 
 
 Liiiiitai Porcelain Teetli 
 
 as well as other materials and appli¬ 
 ances used in dentistry. 
 
 Easy fitting, ornamental and du¬ 
 rable, THE WILTdlNGTON TEETH 
 are, so to speak, a “silent part¬ 
 ner “ in the success achieved by 
 so many dentists all the world 
 over; and, how valuable the 
 gratitude of the patients! 
 
 OUR ELEGANT SETS OF 
 
 PORCELAIN ^ TEETH 
 
 MAKE THEIR LIVES 
 WORTH LIVING. 
 
 THE WILHINGTOH DENTAL M'F'G CO. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA, NEW YORK, CHICAGO, 
 
 WILMINGTON, 
 
 WASHINGTON, 
 
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