: h a i l ' r •< NORTH CAROL/ N A I m 3sk »■ £ EDUCATOR CO. PUBLISHERS, DURHAM N. C THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA THE COLLECTION OF NORTH CAROLINIANA PRESENTED BY HAND-BOOK — OF- DUNHAM NORTH CAROLINA A BRIEF AND ACCURATE DESCRIPTION OP A PROSPEROUS AND GROWING SOUTHERN MANUFACTURING TOWN. ILLUSTRATED. IX'RIIAM, N. C. THK 1 D MI-ANV. 1895. CONTENTS. PUBLH 1 Health; City Government; and indebtedness . In ternal Revenue ; Buildings and Streets 8-10 Water \\'.> t kv trie Lights and G Telephone and Telegraph; Hotels; Hospital 11-19 Market; >> b olsand College; Churches; Lodges; Social Club; 31-38 PRTVATB Ivi 1 B Banking 29-31 Tobacco Manufactories 31-41 Textile Manufactories 41-46 Cigar Manufactories Other Manufactories 4^-5 1 if Tobacco Brokerage 51-55 Tobacco Sales Warehouses 55-58 Miscellaneous Enterprises 5S-62 Insurance and Commission Brokerage 62-64 Genera] Mercantile Business 65-71 Knurueration of Enterprises 7 1 Advantages am. n Railroad Advantages Industrial ai Educational Advantages 75 Durham's Needs 77-So Stati: ob North C irouna Some of Her Products Climate of North Carolina 85-88 Population of 1 88-93 Government and Taxation 9396 Hand-book of Durham, NORTH CAROLINA. ] )l IKM [AM North Carolina. Town, People and Public Interests. LOCATION OF TOWN. DURHAM is located on the main line of the North Caro- lina Division of the Southern Railway system (formerly known as the Richmond & Danville), and is the termi- nus of the Lynchburg & Durham Division of the Norfolk & Western Railroad, the Oxford & Clarksville Railroad and the Durham & Northern Division of the Seaboard Air Line Rail- road. Is twenty-six miles west <>f Raleigh, the State's Capi- tal, ami twelve miles northeast of Chapel Hill, where is lo- cated the popular and progressive State University. Durham is the center of what is known throughout tin- commercial world as tin- "Bright Tobacco Belt" of North Carolina. It has a population of 8000, ami is tin- first town of the State in manufacturing importance. Was incorporated in [869 when its inhabitants numbered no more than _><»>, and owes its pros- perity in a great measure to the just fame of its excellent brands of smoking tobacco and cigarettes, which is world- wide, her products finding a market in every civilized and ivilized quarter of the globe. Lying in the famous Piedmont region, its climate is equable and invigorating and the health of its eiti/.eiis excellent. It is surrounded by a thrifty population of prosperous fanners and is the market for a dozen contiguous counties of wonderful fertility and resour- The town was named in honor of Dr. Bartlett Durham, who donated the land upon which tin- warehouse and depot of the North Carolina Railroad is located. The historical interest of Durham is derived from the fact, that in neral Joseph I-".. Johnson, near here — at what is known as the "Bennett Place" — surrendered to (, HAND-BOOK OF DURHAM, X. Sherman, which ended hostilities between the North and South and sounded the utter collapse of the Southern Confederacy. THE PEOPLE. The rapid strides which this town has made in ad- vancing its mate- rial interests is owing primarily to the fact that the leading busin ess men of the place, (most of whom are old residents), hav- ing created a nu- cleus for a manu- facturing tow n, determined not to BBI rest content until recognition was had from the com- mercic inters of this and other countries. While at all times willing and anxious to extend a hand of welcome to newcomers possessing energy and cap- ital, they at no time relaxed their grasp on every situation as it existed, fully realizing that outside capital was to some ex- tent a secondary consideration and in the course of time would naturally flow to such towns as had created a diversity of per- manent manufacturing enterprises, giving every assurance of success. Ever cognizant of the fact that unless they utilized the advantages they possessed, by creating and fosterir" v new industries, the confidence of outsiders would not K. great enough to cause them to invest in their midst, they forged ahead in the commendable work of establishing new factories, until to-day the town has as great a diversity, and more and larger manufacturing establishments — all of which are success- fully conducted — than any town in North Carolina. To this cause almost exclusively, is due the present prosperity of the place. In addition to the few business men herein referred to, who have so largely contributed in numerous ways toward the up- THE "BENNETT PEACE. TOWN, PEOPLE AM- PUBLIC INTERESTS. building of Durham, it should be borne in mind that there are man) others who have done much in bringing forward new work and have aided in the further development of industries that have been in successful operation for sometime, — in fact the whole people as a rule are thrift) and industrious, and are never wavering in the position they take sustaining the in- of the town. As a result of their industry and frugal- ity the percentage of idleness and lawlessness is as small as cav be found anywhere. Pew manufacturing towns throughout the whole coun- try can boast of as large a per cent <»t" truly good, 1 a w- abiding and intelligent cit- izens as can this progressive city. it has often been remarked by visitors and former resi- dents, that it is not the ex- treme beauty of the j> 1 a c e that ha> an attracting in- fluence, but the genial and pushing litics of her peo- ple, i .. .I. the humblest cit- izen, living in a two room to the- wealthiest manufacturer, enjoying the surroundings of culture and refinement, there is an air of contentment and satisfaction rarely seen among any peo- ple. This is due principally to the tact that both rich and a >nstantly employed and find little time to brood and fret over their condition in life, and as long as the manufacturing interests of the place continue as prosperous as they have been, there is little doubt but what all will remain contented. The majority of day-laborers hud remunerative employ- ment in the many factories and workshops ot the town. Strikes, that haw of recent years been such an element of loss to both capita] and labor, is something entirely foreign to the people of this place, and a feeling of security and [SAAC N. LINK, Mayor "t Durham. HAND-BOOK OF DURHAM, N. C. will between employers and those employed exists in a larger degree than is usual in manufacturing communities. HEALTH. The climate ot Durham is mild and invigorating, and the health of the people good. The official record shows the mor- tality of Durham for some years past to be less in proportion to population than any town in the State. For asth- ma and throat dis- eases generally, the climate and atmosphere is pe- culiarly beneficial. There h a s never been an epedemic of diphtheria or of any other kind in the past quarter of a century. Be- sides attributing the cause to the sanitary condition and favorable lo- cation of the town, tobacco manufacturing has considerable to do with the excel- lent health of the people, for it is a matter of record that an atmosphere permeated with the odor of tobacco will ward off contagious diseases. The French noted this fact some years ago and made it a subject of much discussion. CITY GOVERNMENT. The government and control of town affairs is vested in a Mayor and Board of Town Aldermen, who are annually elect- ed by the people. The administration for years past has been active and able. The present Mayor and Board are in line with their predecessors and are constantly devising and in- augurating such new work as will prove a benefit to the peo- ple they represent and a testimonial of merit for efficiency to themselves. The present officers are : Mayor, Isaac N. Link ; Board of Aldermen : Leo D. Heartt, H. J. Bass, A. D. Markham, DURHAM COUNTY COURT-HOUSE. G~ i\\?m. m. Board of Aloermen. 8 HAND-BOOK OF DURHAM, N. C. J. W. Carlton, Jas. W. Walker, W. H. Proctor and C. A. Jordan. In addition to these are the many appointive officers of the town, such as City Attorney, Street Commissioner, Town Clerk, Treasurer, Police officers and others who are ap- pointed by the Board. TAXABLE PROPERTY. A matter of interest is the taxable property in the town which is annually listed for taxation. The valuation of real estate and personal property for 1894, as listed, is $6,148,- 614.00, which is estimated to be one-half of the actual value, and which exceeds that of any town in the State with one exception. This, notwithstanding a number of towns in North Carolina have a much larger population than has the town of Durham. Besides this they are old places, a number of whose citizens have always enjoyed large legacies while not a single individual residing in Durham ever had as much as ten thousand dollars before becoming one of its citizens. This to show what brawn and brain have done, and can do, towards building a town of commercial importance. Below is given the population, and wealth (as listed) of the larger towns of the State : NAME OF TOWN POPULATION Wilmington, N. C, 22,000 *$6,928,9SS.oo Durham, N. C, 8,000 6,148,614,00 Charlotte, N. C, 14,000 . . 5,500,000.00 Raleigh, N. C, 13,000 4,800,000.00 Asheville, N. C, 10,000 4,508,000.00 Winston, N. C, 8,000 3,547,463.00 Greensboro, N. C., 8.000 2,146504.00 *The Income tax of Wilmington is $107,932.00, which has been deducted from above as the other towns do not require incomes to be taxed. At the present period in the history of most Southern cities, an effort is being made to secure desirable immigration and capital, such as is looking southward for homes and invest- ment. It will be well for all such to bear in mind that the places offering the greatest inducements, are those which in earlier years of their growth started out on a line of progressive policy, with no other assurance of success but such as indom- itble will and energy would give. REAL ESTATE, TAXES AND INDEBTEDNESS. The real estate interest of Durham, although great, is not TOWN, PEOPLE \M' PI BLIC [NTERESTS. nough to indicate fictitious values. Lots ol every size .in.l any location ran be purchased at very reasonable prices and on the easiest terms, while land foi factory sites can be had for the mere asking. (See Land Corapaii I inning lands around the town, from a distance of from one to ten miles, ran be had at from $4.00 to$20.oo pei ording to distance. Good plantations, yielding all the agricultural products adapted to the soil of North Carolina, such as corn, wheat, oats, rye, clover, cotton and tobacco, can be bought at an average price oi $10.00 an acre, this in a radius not exceeding six miles from town. City taxes for 1 89 | are as folli >\vs on the one hundred dollars valuation: For town purposes fifty c en ts; fo r school pin poses sixteen and two-third cents; for school bonds five cents; 1 mrham 6c Northern railroad bonds six- teen and two-third cents; Oxford & Clarksville rail- road bonds ten cents; making a total tax of ninety- eight and < »ne-third cents on the one hundred dollars val- uation. Tlu- indebtedness of the tow 11 consists of railroad and school bonds. Some ago the people were at the mercy of one line of railway and as a result ware thor- oughly handicapped Real- izing that unless a competing line should he put in operation the town could never attain to the position it was justly entitled, they began to bestir themselves until several liberal propositions were made them; one to vote a subscription to the building of a road from Durham to Henderson, a distance of forty-one miles, connect- ing with the Seaboad Air Line, and another proposition from another source to vote a subscription t«> the building ot a line . MVP'S \\ TOMS Superintendent IO HAND-BOOK OF DURHAM, N. C. from Durham to Keysville, Va. , connecting with the main line of the Richmond & Danville (now the Southern), both of which propositions the town accepted, the acceptation of same hav- ing since proven the foresight and wisdom of the people of Durham. The building of a handsome public school edifice is the remaining item of the town's indebtedness. The entire bond issue to date is: Durham & Northern Railroad $100,000; Oxford & Clarksville Railroad $50,000; Graded School Building $25,000; making a total indebted- ness of $175,000, less $16,841.71 Sinking Fund Drrh un & Northern railroad bonds. INTERNAL REVENUE. As an indication of what the tobacco, cigarette and cigar manufacturing interests of the town have been for the past two vears, there has been paid by Durham manufacturers into the Deputy Collectors office at Durham, $1,241,906.87 as a rev- enue on the two years output, which is exclusive of all exports, there being no revenue tax paid on same. The exports for past two years, if revenue had been paid thereon, would have carried the amount to more than an additional $300,000. The large amount which these manufacturers annually pay to the general government, will no doubt soon secure for the place a handsome Federal building. BUILDINGS AND STREETS. The business houses, stores and factories, are nearly all con- structed of brick — none being of wood. Some of the stores, bank buildings and factories are highly ornamental in design, expensive in cost and would do credit to any larger city mak- ing greater pretensions than does Durham. The residences as a rule are built of wood; are neat and substantial, and devoid of that architectural sameness which is such an eyesore in many otherwise beautiful towns. Many of the more wealthy citizens occupy mansions of superb architectural splendor, possessing every convenience and luxury that ingenuity could devise or money procure, and are surrounded by ornamental grounds of oriental richness and magnificence. The streets run at right angles and have an average width of sixty feet including ten feet sidewalks. All the main thor- oughfares and some of the more important residence streets are paved either with cobble or crushed stone in a substantial a PEOPl B \M' PI BLIC INTERESTS. w in with hewn granite curbings. The streets are well graded and afford delightful diiving. The cit) owns and opei modern rock crushei and steam roller, which is being worked steadily preparing stone, with a view ol ultimately macadam- izing all the streets of the town. WATER WORKS \. i matter of protection, convenience, cleanliness, health and comfort, a good suppl) of pure and wholesome watei is indispensable. In addition to the wells that abound, Durham is blessed with a syst< m ol water works second to none, if not superioi toauj system in the State. The source of suppl) i- located among the hills of Eno, about se ve n miles away. Prom a cluster of never-failing springs the watn flows into a large stor- age pond. From this supply pond it flows b) gravity into the settling basin, is filtered ; and pumped to a vertical height of 225 feet iuto a 5,- 000, gallon c i i" c 11 1 a r reservoirfrom which it passes through a suitable system of pipes into the city, the high- est point of which is 178 feet below reservoir level, giving a static pressure of seventy pounds. A numbei oi fire hydrants (see Fire Depart- ment)together with watering fountains are distributed in various sections ol the town. 1 he pumping station is supplied with two splendid Dean power Analysis Solid residue. 2 91-100 grains per gallon. Chlorine, jo-ioo grains per gallon. Hardness, 9-1 percent Free Amoma 00 per mil- Ron parts. Albuminoid amonia, 1 100 of one pari pei million parts, usj ousumed, 7 W per million parts, „ 1,1 i.kmimn The water enters thesettling basin at the west end of building and passes through an eight blade ten inch brass pro- |. (.' M h III I Dteodenl Darhato w.iw i Works, 12 HAXD-BOOK OF DURHAM, X. C. pumps of one and one-half million gallons capacity each, driven by water from Eno river, in addition to which are two Dean pattern steam pumps, one of two million and the other one million gallons capacity in twenty-four hours. These works are complete and afford a supply ample in quantity for a population of thirty-five thousand. The office of the Durham Water Company, which is in the peller, so arranged to revolve freely with the passage of the water. This by means of two small bevel gears and an upright shaft, operates an alum pump of unique design, consisting of six hollow arms radiating from a chambered hub bent in the direction of rotation. This pump revolves in a small tank containing a dilute solution of sulphate of Alumina and by its revolution each arm takes up its modicum of alum water, passes it into the hub and to TOWN, PEOPLE \M» PUBUC IN 13 0" n j&m business portion of town, is connected with the reservoii and pumping station !>\ telephone, and can (.11 short notice, in case of fire, cut off connection with resei voir and pumpi thereb) increasing the pressure at will. There are at present a 1> .» u t five hundred furnishing wa- ter at very nu (derate r ,itn for domestic purp< This compan which Mi. J. C. Michie i> Superin- tendent, has in con- templation t h e ex- t e u s i n •» t these \v«>rk- take- in some of the subur- ban parts <>! t h e town. FIRE DEPART- MENT The town has a well organized a n <1 thoroughly equipped F ire I tepartinent. The service is partly paid but mainly vol- unteer. Near the center of the town is located the Fire House ■ ■ 1 1KB HOI SK. the deflector which sends it downtothe incoming water The incoming \inv; received it- proportionati imount of coagulant, is then allowed to remain in the settling basin from fi ft) to sist) mil nable the ' reaction between the coagulant and the bases in the water t.» take • I t.» permit the heavier sediment, together with .1 portion of the •- «1 matter t<. settle by snbsidience t<» the bottom <>t the tank, where il intervals into • ■ ''<• water with all the fine silt suspended Uy all <■! th nd other germs present in the water, bound and held together by the insoluable hy- !" alumina resulting from th.- addition of the 1 through suitable pipes ind valves to the filter, and filling the tanl down through the fine sand bed, leaving all the coagulated matter upon it, and passes from Bit -auk. bright, clear ana sparkling, | fitted in every waj t"r all dom< 14 HAND-BOOK OF DURHAM, N. C. of the "Golden Belt Hose Company," a substantial brick structure, thoroughly equipped with all the modern electrical appliances for giving alarms, etc. The driver and a number of firemen remain on duty both day and night. The "Inde- pendent Hose Company" is similiarly located near the factory of the American Tobacco Company, in the western part of town, while the Hook and Ladder Company, an efficient col- ored organization, is quartered at the town's central stables on Main street. In addition to Mr. W. C. Bradsher, who is chief of this de- partment, there are sixty-five active members in the three companies. There are 102 Fire Hydrants conveniently dis- tributed throughout the city, with a fire pressure of 140 pounds when pumping direct from the supply pond, which is suffi- cient to project at the same time, ten streams of water to a vertical height of over 100 feet. The necessity of a fire en- gine is thus obviated. There are eleven signal boxes to the alarm system, placed in convenient localities throughout the citv. The system employed is that of the Gamewell Fire Alarm Company. ELECTRIC LIGHT AND GAS. An excellent electric lighting service is given the people of Durham by a home company. This company was organized with a view to furnishing the town and individuals, lights at the lowest possible cost consistent with good service. How admirably they have succeeded the patrons of the company will willingly testify. There are distributed in various sec- tions forty Arc lights, while the number of incandescent lights in use by individual consumers number many hundred. In addition to this plant which is the property of the Durham Electric Lighting Company, there are several other good size plants which are owned and operated by private parties for the purpose of lighting their own factories and residences. A. gas company was organized some time ago, but owing to the financial stringency of last year and the death of one of the prominent projectors, work on a plant has not yet begun. TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH. A*o greater convenience to the business man can be had than a well devised and thoroughlv equipped Telephone sys- Town, PEOPLE ani» PUBLIC [NTERESTS. i .S tmi. As complete a plant as can be found anywhere in the South, hasfora number of years been successfully operated bj the Southern Bell Telephone Company, who in addition thereto has built a line from Durham to Raleigh, a distance of twenty-six miles, which is in thorough working condition, in constant use, and is pronounced by the patrons ol both towns to he almost indispensable. Aside from thissystera a lo- cal compan) has recently completed a competitive plant which is equal to the Southern Bell in service and less in charges. The Western Union and Postal Telegraph Companies each have offices in Durham connecting with all parts of the world. HOTELS It has been truthfully said that the hotels of a town are an index tothe character and public spirit of its citizens. From this standpoint Durham cannot tail to impress the traveler most forcible. Hotel Carrolina, one of the most attractive, costly and con- veniently arranged hotels in the South, is located in the center of the business portion of town, on the corner oi Cor- coran and Peabody streets, and occupies about one-fourth ol an entire square, commanding a pleasing appearance from every point of view. This magnificent structure is three stories high and is ol modern architectural design. Was built in [893 after care- fully devised plans, and contains seventy rooms, all ot which are handsomely frescoed by well known artists, while the furnishings are efegant ami expensive. The entire building is thoroughly equipped with every modern appliance for com- fort and convenience. Is heated and ventilated by improved methods and is lighted by a private electric plant. The main hall and office are decorated in relief, the style being French ''Rococo;" the colors are picked out in deli- cate shades of salmon and blue. The floors are of tile in handsome patterns. The gentlemen's reading-room is deco- rated in Louis XV, and is one of the richest rooms in the building. Adjoining this room is the ladies' reception-room which is decorated in Empire style, the colors being light blue and ivory. This room opens in the main parlor which is in Louis XVI style, the prevailing tone being ivory and Id. The ceiling is decorated in relief and fresco, and pares very favorable with those of the fine hotels.,! New TOWN, PBOPLB am. PUV.II [NTBRESTS. 17 York. The dining-room is constructed somewhat on the plan of the old English dining-rooms and is very handsome. The panels in the ceiling are decorated with hand-wrought tapestries and are verj effective and artistic. The walls are in a soft green shade, decorated with heroldic designs. Besides the main dining-room, which has a seating capacity of one hundred, there are several private dining-rooms. In appointment and service the "Carrolina" is unsurpassed by any hotel North or South. Mi Julian S. Carr, one of the firsl citizens of North Caro- lina, and a resident of the town, in the belief that nothing is ■d for Durham, had this building erected and furnished at a cost of $85,000.00, not merely with a view to profitable investment, but from a public spirit and desire to give his place of residence the best hotel in the State. This house is conducted by Mr. Howell Cobb, an efficient, affable and accommodating gentleman, who has large and successful experience in hotel management, and looks well after the com tort of his guests. In addition to the above named hotel, "Trinity Inn," a hotel building ol extraordinary merit, both in design and utility, Is located at Trinity Park and is apart of Trinity College property. This Inn was built for the purpose of ac- commodating the students of the college, and contains sev- enty-five dormitories, two parlors, a library, a reading-room, a dining-room having a seating capacit) of 250, an office and a waiting-room. It is heated by warm air and lighted l>y electricity, [ts saVitary arrangements arc- very complete. Besides these two hotels there are the Hotel Freeraont, Hopkins House and numerous boarding houses. HOSPITAL. This building 1- situated on a lot containing four and One-half acres. It is a groiipof buildings, or a central Admin- istration building with ward pavilions on either side, connected tied corridors. It is of modern and improved architec- ture. Every part and detail has been studied and arranged mfort, convenience and safety. It is in every sense of the word a model hospital; planned alter careful study of the Johns Hopkins and other noted institutions for tin care ol tin '.irk and maimed. The drawings and plans were made by TOWN, PEOPLE wi> PUBLIC tNTERESTS. [Q the renowned hospital architects Rand & Taylor, of Boston, M.t-v. who submitted them to Dr. Edward Cowles, of Sum- merville, Mass., an expert and authority on hospitals. He pronounced this "the most complete low cost hospital I know of in the world,*' and was so much pleased that he requested a plan and perspective to use in an important article on Hospitals, which he was about to publish. Every minoi detail, in every room, is something new and of the latest device fot ventilation, comfort and convenience. It is equip- ped from basement to attic with all the modern improvements for the care and attention of the sick and wounded. There is nothing like it in the South. The central or Administration building is two stori< basement, containing in basement: kitchen, laundry, store- rooms, boiler-room, &c. First Floor : medical office, recep- tion-room, dining-room, matron's bed-room, surgical ward and hall. Second story : two special pay wards, two nurse's chambers, parlor, bath-room and laboratory. In rear of the Administration building, and connected with it, is the operating hall with its laboratory, closets, etherizing rooms, &C This has an approach on one side for the accident patients, and on the other for medical or nurse students. I'nder this operating theatre are located the autopsv and mortuary rooms. To the < ast and west of the Administration building and connected with it are the ward pavilions. These each contain a free ward with seven beds; two pay wards, nurse's room, diet kitchen, patient's wardrobes, bath and laboratory. The entin- edifice is arranged with electric lights, electric bells and speaking tubes, steam heat and the latest ventilating devices known to science. This Hospital, furniture and grounds, together with a handsome endowment, has been presented to the community by Mr. Geo. W. Watts, a philanthropic citizen who has had this matter m contemplation for several \ ears, and has studied and examined the subject of hospitals at great length before coming to the conclusion that this was one of the most prac- tical charities a man could bestow upon a people. TOWN, PBOPLB AM' PUBLIC ivrr.ui-STS. 21 CITY MARKET. Some years ago the city purchased a ver) desirable pi( propert) on which was already constructed a good size build- in-, which has ever since been in use as the town Market House. The structure although sufficient^ large for the present needs of the people, is the least attractive of all the public buildings, and will no doubt soon be torn down to make room for a larger, more commodious and handsomer building. The market is at all times supplied with the best viands ol this and adjoining counties which arc- sold at very reasonable prices The matter of living expenses in Durham is as low as could be expected in any town. SCHOOLS AND COLLEGE. The great and increasing interest the people of North Car- olina manifest in the cause of education indicates decided men- tal improvement The annual appropriations by State and Municipal authorities for this cause is greatly on the increase, and will not cease until a good education is given every one desiring it. Twelve years ago the town of Durham was without a pub- he school of any kind, and had only one or two private schools. To-da) there are a number of private schools and one of the largest graded schools in the State. Some years ago the town voted bonds amounting to $25, 000 for the purpose of erecting a graded school building, which was one of the best investments the people ever made. This building occupies an elevated position on Dandy Street Is built of pressed brick and has two stories and base- ment Is heated and ventilated by an improved system. : Assembly hall with a seating capacit) of i.< 00, and a complete library containing 800 volumes. On the first floor are tin- superintendents office, and class-rooms tor the first, second, third and fourth grades, while on the second floor are rooms for the fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth ami ninth grades. Besides the superintendent there are twelve teachers, all of whom are thoroughly equipped for the work to which they are assigned. A department of drawing and manual training has recently been added, and is taught in every grade. The instructor in this department is a graduate of Pratt In- stitute, Brooklyn. The present scholarship numbers lea Mr. Clinton W. Toms, the city superintendent of TOWN \M' PUBLIC INT1 I schools, there are the following teachers: Messrs k. I,. Wharton, E. L. Middleton, Misses Bettie Blair, Bertie Tom- linson, Nellie Fuller, Katie Styron, Nettie Bemis, Mesdames Jno, W. Jones, J. A. Robinson, k. \V. Bailey, A. W.Jordan and J. W. < roodson. B< sides this public school for white children, there is large public school foi colored children, which is situated on South street Trinity College, a Methodist institution of learning, is lo- cated in the western part of town. The Main building is a three story brick structure of handsome design and covered with slate, [s lighted with electric lights from their own plant ; is heated with warm air and ventilated l>\ a most approved system of supplying pure air, either warm «>r cold. There are >ixt\ dormitories on the sec- ond and third floors; twelve lecture rooms and offices and a Dumber <<\ bathing apart- ments. Ha- .i perfect dry closet system and perfect underground drainage. In point of ventilation, archi- tecture, comfort and modern conveniences it is said to he tin- most complete college building in the state. In addition to the Main building is the Technologi- cal building, a large three story hrick structure, to- gether with the residem of the professors and president. The College Inn, of which mention is els< where made, is also part of the college property and is not tar from the Main building. use of the removal of this valuable institution irning frtm Tnnit X. C. to Durham, was an o donation in money 1>\ Mi. Washington Duke, and a I Kl V JOHN C KII I lent Trinity I TOWN, \M' PUBLIC INTERESTS. a 5 gift of a sixty-two acre tract of land b) Mr, Julian S. Can, valued at more than £25.01 n >. This college had its beginning in [838, as a school of academic grade, which was afterward turned into a Normal College for the training of teachers for public schools, and remained as such until [859 when it was chartered as a college by the North Carolina Conference, who accepted the transfer of the property and have been in possession of same ev« since. Dr. John Kilgo, the Presi- dent of the college, was recently elected to that position and is a young man of profound learn- ing and business sagacity. The Faculty consists of twelve professors and one in- structor. The courses of in- struction arc complete in every department A School <»f Fine Art has tor a number of years been suc- cessfull) conducted 1>\ Mrs. E. I. Bi \ an, an artist of consid- erable note who has taken s, ,nie of the leading prizes as award- ed by prominent schools in the art of painting. A School of Music is another educational feature- that can be classed with the institutions of learning which the people of Durham now enjoy. This school is conducted by Miss Willie Smoot, a lady possessing all the advantages and requirements necessarj for proficiency in her particular line of work. There are in addition to these, a number <»f persons who aie engaged in educational work of various kinds at their homes. CHURCHES. The moral influences of every community is, in a large meas- ure, attributable to the number of churches and church niem- TKIMTY METHODIST CHCKCH. 2 6 HAND-BOOK OF DURHAM, N. C bership such community affords; providing a spirit of conserv- atism, liberality and independence prevail. True Christianity can exist in the hamlet where there is no church ; in the village where there is but one church, but not successfully in a town of much size unless there are several churches of pronounced activ- ity in christian work, for where the environments of a christian people are such as will give an opportuni- t y for wrong doing, there will be an absence of good deeds which are usually dis- seminated i n c oin m unit y churches. MAIN STREET METHODIST CHURCH. There are, i n and around Dur- ham, of various denominations about twenty churches, the largest and most co>tly of which is ''Trinity" Methodist, which was remod- eled in 1893, and cost about $50,000.00. This building is located at the head of Church street, and presents a fine appearance from Main, the principal street of the town. Is built of brick with granite trimmings. The interior in arrangement, design and finish, is convenient and beautiful. The handsome pews, fine artistic paintings and decorations in both the main church building and Sunday- school rooms are perfect. A large ornamental pipe organ occupies an elevated position in the rear of the pulpit. The pews are arranged in amphitheater order and were made with a view to comfort. The Sunday-school room is immediately in front of the speaker and has large folding doors, so the two rooms can be thrown into one when occasion requires. Another church of same denomination is the "Main Street" Methodist, a large brick structure on Main street, somewhat TOWN, PE< »PLE wi» PUBLIC l\Tl ; ^ arch was built princi- of this denomination, membership, and the in the western part of town. This ch pally on account of the rapid increase which was too large for a one-church growth of the town westward. The conveniences <>! this building arc all modern am' improvement Still another in edifice is that of tin mi the corner oi Ma streets. This build brick with marble trimmings, and is of handsome de- sign. The inte- rior arrangement was devised espe- cially f o r con- venience and coin- fort. In addition to t h e C h n r c h r<» >in which is of pleasing appear- ance, i- the Sun- day school and class-rooms which are connected by sliding f town, mi Chapel Hill street. Sunday-schools are connected with both. The Episcopal church is a neat and substantial frame build- in- on tin- eastern end of Main stnet. The membership is not very large, but considering the fact that some few years ago there wen.- scarcely n<> Episcopalians in Durham, the increase has been quite rapid. In addition to the foregoing named churches there are the Christian denomination and the Primitive Baptist, both of which own church property in town. PRESBYTER! \N 28 HAND-BOOK OF DURHAM, N. C. FIRST BAPTIST CHURCH. SECOND BAPTIST CHURCH. LODGES AND SOCIAL CLUB. There are nine Lodges of various orders in Durham. The Masons are represented by three lodges ; the Odd Fellows by three, and the Knights of Pythias, Royal Arcanum and Ancient Order of United Workmen by one each. These lodges have a fajr membership and are reported as being in a prosperous condition. The Golden Belt Club is a social organization and has a large membership. Their rooms are in the Parrish Building on Mangum street, and consist of reading-, card-, and billiard - rooms. Private Interests. BANKING. Prominent among the leading business interests of Durham is that of banking. Prior to [879, such little banking as was required was transacted through various outside banks. There are now in successful operation in the place, three well con- ducted institutions <>f this kind, all of which are doing a large and increasing business. Till-. MOREHEAD BANKING COMPANY. This hank derives its name from Mr. Eugene Morehead 1 now deceased), who was the pioneer hanker of Durham. and has a capital of $200, .00, with surplus and undivided profits The building this com pan) occupies is a two story brick building with stone and glass plate front, in the- rear of which is a large and well constructed vault. This property was bought by them from the trustees of W. T. Black- said Blackwell having built same for a hank building at a cos'. - {7.OOO. 00. The present officers of this insti- tution are: \V. 11. Willard, presi- dent ; J. T. Pinnix, vice-president ; W. M. Morg in, cashier. Mr. Willard, besides being presi- dent of this bank, is also president of the k. F. Morris & Sou Manu- ing Company, and the Willard M inufacturing Company, and owns stocks in various other enterpi ability as a financier. Mi. W. M. Morgan, the cashier, in i^ ted a posi- tion with Mr. Eugene Morehead in Durham's fust hank, and onnected with same a- cashier until tin- formation of MORBHBAD BANK BUILDING [s 1 man of pr< mounced 30 HAND-BOOK OF DURHAM, N. C. the above named company, with which he has been ever since. Being- trained in the practical school of banking, Mr. Morgan possesses those requirements which are necessary in the office of trust he so acceptably fills. Besides being- a director in the Morehead Banking Company, he is a director in the Watts Coal and Iron Compa- nv of Birming- ham, Ala. ; The Durham Fertilizer Company of this place, and the Philadelphia Laud and Trust Company of Phil- adelphia. FIRST NATIONAL BANK. This bank was organized in No- vember 1887, with a capital of $100,- 000.00, which has since then been increased to $150,000.00. Mr. Julian S. Carr is president of this institution and Mr. Leo. D. Heartt is cashier. The building occupied by this bank is on the northeast corner of Main and Corcoran streets, and was built by them about two years ago at a cost of $40,000.00. Is of pressed brick with granite and brown stone trimmings, and has three stories and basement. The lower floor is occupied by the bank, while the second and third floors are in use as law and other offices. The arrangement of the various departments, vault, heaters, office furniture &c. , were made with a view to comfort for the officers and employees of the bank, and expeditious and per- fect accommodation to the public. Mr. J. S. Carr, the president, is connected with almost every stock company in Durham, and to him is due the credit of establishing this bank. Mr. Leo. D. Heartt, the cashier, having been engaged in FIRST NATIONAL BANK BUILDING rim ATE i Nil i 3 J the various offices of banking for many years, thoroughly understands the wants of a commercial people and is quick to have them supplied. [s .1 director of the D. & X. R. R , The Educator Co., and is an Alderman of the town. Ukiciii BLOCK. Home ol The Fidelity i THE FIDELITY BANK. This institution rga n i z ed January i-t, [888, with the compara- tively small capi- tal Of $50,000.( H >. ( >!i January 1 si the cajnta was increased t<» Since Tganization tliis bank has paid out in dividends aid has a >nrplus of $31 >.- 000.00 and holds over $5,000.00 as undivided profits. The home of this bank is on the northwest corner of Main and Corcoran streets, and has every requisite necessary for comfort and convenience. Mr. I'.. X. Duke, the president, is one of the managing directors of the W. Duke, Sons & Co. branch of The Amer- ican Tobacco Co., and has many investments in the town. Mr. J. F. Wilv. the cashier, is ever alive to the best interest of The Fidelity Hank, to which his entire attention is given, and as a result, has made many friends and customers during the short period he has presided as its cashier. TOBACCO MANUFACTORIES. The greatest manufacturing interest of Durham is that of manufacturing tobacco. There are employed in the manu- facture of this product five factories; two of which are among the largest in the world in their particular line. ( me ot these manufacture cigarettes and smoking tobacco ; another smok- ing tobacco in the form of granulated, long and plug-cut ; 32 HAND-BOOK OF DURHAM, N. C. another granulated smoking tobacco and snuff another granulated smoking tobacco, and the other plug tobacco exclusively. The annual output of these five factories is simply immense, amounting in money to millions of dollars, and is shipped to every known part of the civilized globe. Thousands of hands are employed in these few factories, receiving payment for their labor every week, a large amount of which is distributed among the merchants of the town. BLACKWELL DURHAM TOBACCO COMPANY. In 1865, in a small building where now stands the immense tobacco works of the above named company, Mr. J. R. Green, in a crude way was manu- facturing what to-day is known the world over as the most popular brand of smoking tobacco in exist- ^B| ~ ence, viz : the celebrated J m ''Bull Durham." In 1870 Mr. J. S. Carr purchased k' £? B& from Messrs. W. T. Black- well and J. R. Day (who had previously bought all inter- est and title in said business) an equal partnership, and under the firm name of W. T. Blackwell & Co. an ex- tensive trade in this and foreign countries was had. Mr. Day shortly after, sold his interest to his partners who still continued under the same firm name until 1883, when Mr. Blackwell retired, and under the name of the Blackwell Durham Tobacco Company a charter was granted to Messrs. J. S. Carr, M. E. McDowell, Samuel H. Austin, Jr., and Jno. A. McDowell, to continue the bus- iness of manufacturing smoking tobacco. From an insignificant factory in 1865, to the large "and extensive business of 1883, much could be said which would require a good size volume to fill, suffice it to say that this great achievement in so short a time, was principally due to the executive ability of Mr. J. S. Carr, who presided at the JULIAN S. CARR, Pics' t Blackwell Durham Tobacco Cc PRIVATE i\ i 1 RESTS. 33 helm .is financier during these years of growth and prosperity, and since then as president, continued to direct the affairs ol this corporation to such an issue as to make- it an institution of immense profit t<> the stockholders, as well as a pride to themselves and the whole State. This factor) is located opposite the passenger depot of the Southern Railway, [s a foui story brick building with an eastern and western wing of sam.- height, together with machine sh6p building and engine and boiler house On the premises are largeand convenient!) arranged stable buildings, fire house, lumber and storage houses, besides eight immense buildings for the storage of leaf tobacco, one of which is five stories high with a storing capacity of three million pounds. In addition to these, this company has in various sections of the town a number of other houses used for the same purpose, all of them being constantly filled with the natural leaf. In all, this company owns buildings with a capacity of [ 0,000,- pounds outside of their manufacturing buildings, which enables them to carry a two years supply of the unmanufac- tured product The main factory building is well proportioned. Is sub- stantial and attractive, and contains twelve departments for various manufacturing purposes, each of which has a super- intendent with a general superintendent in charge of the whole works. < mi the first floor an- the granulating, shipping, bag manufacturing departments (see I folded Belt Mfg Co. 1 and business offices. On the second floor are the stamping, print- ing, paper-box making, storage and supply departments and storekeeper's quarters. < >n the third floor are trie packing, w ] printing, and wood box making departments, while on the fourth floor is the flavoring department The entire building is provided with fire escapes, is heated m, and lighted at night by their own electric plant Every department is well ventilated, and every convenience applied tor the health and comfort of employees. The busi- ffices, adjoining which the president has his private office, is large and well supplied with safes, vault and office furniture. Prom the president's office to every part of the building is arranged a system of electrical call-bells. This com pan) employs 500 hands; has a capital stock of ,000 and a manufacturing capacity of eight million pounds of smoking tobacco j»er annum. k Hill Hi Factory Building of the Blackwell Durham Tobacco Co. PRIVATE [NTERESTS. Mi. |uli. in S. Can, the president of this company, has spent the larger portion of his life in developing the indus- trial Interests of Durham. Besides the herculean task of supervising and directing his own interests as principal, he has innumerable duties to perform as an officei and director of many industrial and charitable institutions. His investments ittered all over the country in manufacturing, mining and farming operations, never losiug sight of the fact however that Durham is his first consideration. His ability as a finan- cier and executive is acknowledged in that, that liis counsel and aid is so universally sought in every undertaking through- out the State. He is president of the First National Hank; the Golden Belt Manufacturing Co.; the Durham Electric Lighting Co. ; the Bessemer Mining Co. ; the Southern Manga- nese Co.; the Greensboro Female College Directory; the North Carolina State Agricultural Society and the X. C. Steel & lion Co. Is a director in the Commonwealth Cotton Mills; the Lynchburg & Durham Railroad; the Oxford & Clarksville Railroad. Is a member of the Board of Trustees of the State University; a Directorof the Oxford Orphan Asy- lum and the Soldiers' 1 Lome. As fust vice-president of the Southern Immigration, Land and Title Company, which was recentl) organized under the law- of Virginia, (the purpose of which is to secure for the South desirable immigration) Mr. Carr will aid in doing a good work for North Carolina in developing her untold resources. THE W. DUKE, .s«>.\'S & CO. BRANCH OF THE AMERICAN TOBACCO COMPANY. At the close of the war, in [865, W. Duke went from the army to his farm in Orange (now Durham) county. He had but little left i xcept his bare plantation, four children and a Lot of leaf tobacco. How to provide a living for his chil- dren was the question that confronted him. Ready money was necessary, so he concluded that the speediest manner by which to secure this was to sell the tobacco which had become old and mellow laying in his ham. I Ic crushed it with a grain flail, separated it with a hand-seive, packed it in -rain sacks containing about thirty pounds each, loaded it on his v. hitched up his mules and carried it through the country, sell- ■rtunitv offered. This venture was profitable, and tion that he continued to 36 HAND-BOOK OF DURHAM, N. C. make frequent trips, leaving his boys at home to prepare the goods in an old barn, sixteen feet square, as well as to con- duct the farming operations. In a few years, by strict econ- omy, attention to business, sobriety and industry, he was enabled to build a log factory 20x30 feet, one story high. His sphere, however, was limited and contracted in the coun- try; therefore, in 1874, he moved his family and busi- ness to the village of Dur- ham. Here, with his two sons, B. N. & J. B., he estab- lished the copartnership of W. Duke & Sons. His other son, B. L. Duke, was manufacturing smoking to- bacco in the same vicinity on his own account. In March, 1878, these two factories were consolidated, and Mr. Geo. W. Watts, of Washington duke. Baltimore, became a part- ner with Mr. W. Duke and his three sons, the firm name then becoming W. Duke, Sons & Co,, a title which in a few years became so favorably known, not only in this country, but throughout the civil- ized world. In 1890, upon the formation of the American Tobacco Company, this concern became one of its branches, and its youngest member, Mr. J. B. Duke, was elected president of the consolidation with offices in New York. The factory in Durham is an immense brick structure, covering three sides of a block, with additional engine, boiler, dvnamo and machine houses, It is a four-story and base- ment, with a floor area of 185,700 square feet (or over four acres), with every modern convenience that could be adapted to a factory building, as well as everything for the promotion of the safety and comfort of the employees, such as fire es- capes, fire company, ice water, dressing-rooms, steam heat, fans in summer run by steam, sanitary closets, etc. They make their wood and paper boxes, tobacco sacks, labels and many of the implements used in their business. The mag- l'KI\ \ 11 I\ I $J nificent offices are connected with all parts of the factory by telephone, speaking tubes and electric bells. They have a daily production of three million cigarettes and ten thousand pounds of smoking tobacco. In addition to the main factory building, they have in various parts of the town storage houses, in which are stored millions of pounds of the- natural leaf. The) employ over 8< •< ■ hands, and do an annual business of $ }."■ ■• >,< x » ». It we had space to go into de- tails of this mammoth and successful institution, it would read like a romance. It is one of which our town and State should feel proud, ubsistence to so many people and de- riving its revenues from the entire world. The managing directors of this branch arc Mr. B. N. Duke and Mr. Ceo. W. Watts. Mr. Duke has been engaged in the manufacture of o ever since he was a hoy, and is a thoroughly prac- ticed man; is president of the Erwin Cotton Mills Company; president of the Fidelity Bank, and is a stockholder and director in various other enterprises; is deeply interested in church and educational work, and is a large contributor to these and other institutions of like kind. Mr. (»co. W. Watts came to Durham in the spring of 1878, and through him W. Duke & Sons and B. L. Duke were led to consolidate, he becoming an equal partner with these four gentlemen. In [885 the firm of W. Duke Sons & Co. was incorporated, and Mr. Watts, on account of his peculiar t|t- ind superior knowledge of commercial and financial - made secretary and treasurer. In his business career he has been very successful; has invested most of his earnings right lure at home, making work and wages for the people, thus becoming one of the prime factors in the growth and prosperity of the town. His recent gift to the town of the handsome hospital building, together with a magnificent Factory Building of W Duke Sons & Co Branch cf the Amer. Tobacco Co. PRIVATE I Ml i 39 endowment, is evidence of his true merit, as are also his munificent gifts for church and othei purposes. He is inter- ested in man) cotton mills and hanks of the town and State, and various other enterprises of Durham, liis advice and counsel being sought for in all of them. He is presidenl of the Pearl Cotton Mills, and is a director in many of the com- panies in which he holds stock, and is also a di- rector in the Dur- ham & Northern Railroad a n <1 Lynch bui g & I hirhani Railroad. I [e was a mem- tin- hoard of town commis- - that start- ed paved streets in Durham, and a member of anoth- er hoard that in- troduced our splendid system <>t" water works, and -ranted ordinances for the building of several railroads. rOBACO THl'. /.. I. LYON .v V". TOBACCO WORKS. This factory was established in [868, under the firm name of X. I. I, von & Co. The members of the firm, Messrs, '/.. I., and J. Ed. Lyon, in [887, sold the entire business to Mr. !•".. J. l'arrisli, a gentleman of large experience in tlu- tobacco trade, who, for main years, had successfully conducted a warehouse for the sale of the natural leaf, and dur- ing that period was a large broker in t<>l>acco, his sales ex- tending to all parts of this and many European countries. The factory buildings of this company are situated on the corner of Pettigrew and Pine streets. The principal building is a three story brick structure, and was erected exclusively for a tobacco manufactory. On the first floor are the pack- in- and stamping departments and office, while the second and third floors an- for granulating and storage. The output ut this insists of granulated smoking tobacco, cigars 40 HAND-BOOK OF DURHAM, N. C. and cheroots. The principal brands are "Pride of Dur- ham," "Cut and Slash," and "Picked Leaf." Mr. Parrish, besides successfully conducting this business, is operating a tobacco warehouse for the sale of leaf tobacco; is one of Durham's foremost business men, and is ever alive to the interests of the town. THE R. F. MORRIS & SON MANUFACTURING COMPANY. This business was established in 1865 by Robert F. Mor- ris, one of the pioneer tobacco manufacturers of Durham. After his death, in 1872, the same was pur- chased bv Messrs. W. H. Willard and S. F. Tomliuson, and under the corporate name of The R. F. Morris & Son Manufacturing Co. , have conducted the bus- iness ever since. The factory is a three- story brick, with large two-story frame build- ing connected by pas- sage way from the sec- ond story of one to the second story of the other. Both of these structures are situated on Peabody street, im- mediately in the rear of the "Southern" pas- senger depot. This concern manufactures a number of pop- ular brands of smoking tobacco and snuff, among which is the celebrated "Eureka Durham," one of the finest brands of granulated tobacco known to the trade. As snuff manu- facturers they have no superior competitors, and find ready sales for all the goods they can put up. The three floors of the brick building are employed as various departments for granulating, packing and stamping, while their frame building is used as departments for snuff grinding and storage of the natural leaf. 1 1 HSM'WP "L jiPul'jy ft^L^^M^Vmrsr Peohekaduham j wgyjl«#« % gs^ ^j^^g^ -:' -J.7T1 s^^SsiSe^&'sifossTSr^j.- -M FACTORY OF R. F MORRIS & SON MFG. CO. PRIVATE tNTERESTS. |i Mr. \V. II. Will. ml, tin- president, is connected with vari- ous manufacturing and banking institutions throughout the State, eithei as an office] <>i director. \s president of the Morehead Banking Company of this pi ice. Mi. S. F. Tomlinson, the secretary and treasurer, has the management <>!' these works, and has succeeded in creating a husiiu-.s that is will known t<. the trade. Till' |. \. WHITTED T( >B u v< i i OMPANY The factory <>t" this company is a three ing, located on Pettigrew street The bu cern is manufacturing plug tobacco exclusively. In iss 4 M,-. J. y. Whitted moved his works from I [ills- boro, and conducted same 1>\ himself until [889, when named company was formed. The popular brands unf this compan) .in- manufact- ured an- extensively known, having been on tin- market lor a number of years. The entire management of story iiness brick build- of this con- \\ hii iM. roB \'( " 1 \« o.k\ this factory is under tin- personal supervision of Mr. [. v. Whitted, who thoroughly understands tlu- art of making good chewing tobai TEXTILE MANUFACTORIES. This is comparatively a new manufacturing interest of the town, as three out of the four factories have recently been established. The Durham Cotton Manufacturing Company, the oldest one in the place, began operation in [885, and from the start was .0 successful that a determined effort was made to inaugurate more factories of this kind, and as a result three more win- built and all of them an- now doing a good business. The combined capital invested in these four mills is %•} giving employment to 940 hands. Tin-: DURHAM COTTON MANUFACTURING COMPANY was in . and started work in the Spring of 42 HAND-BOOK OF DURHAM, N. C. 1885, with a capital that has since grown to $150,000.00. The main building is a large four story brick structure, 75x150 feet, in addition to which are the weave sheds, picker building and engine and boiler rooms. There are 11,016 spindles and 244 looms at regular work manufacturing brown sheetings, domets and chambrays. On the premises are a large num- ber of tenement houses for the employees and their fam- ilies, 225 of the number being daily employed in this mill. J. M. Odell, the president of this company, is a gentle- man of large and varied experience in the manufac- ture of cotton goods, being identified with a large num- ber of mills throughout the State, not simply as a stock- holder but as an officer who conducts the management of affairs. Mr. W. H. Branson, the secretary and treasurer, has filled this position ever since the formation of the com- pany, and also acceptably fills the same office with the Pearl Cotton Mills. Besides his duties as secretary and treas- urer, he has almost the exclusive management of both mills, and looks well after the interests of all concerned. Not far from this factory and for the benefit of the employ- ees, are two well constructed and roomy church buildings, one of Methodist denomination and the other of Baptist, each conducting Sunday schools of large membership. THE ERWIN COTTON MILLS COMPANY was organized April 20th, 1892, and has a paid in capital of $250,000.00. This mill is a large brick building located in the western part of town, and is thoroughly equipped with the latest improved machinery throughout. There are in W. H. BRANSON, Sec't. and Treas Durham Cotton Mfg. Co Factory of the Durham Cotton M f'g Co Factory of the Commonwealth Cotton M f g Co. 44 HAND-BOOK OF DURHAM, N. C. constant operation 11,000 spindles and 360 looms, manufact- uring fine muslin, chambrays, camlets and denims. The main building is 75x347 feet, two stories high. Besides the main building is the engine house, picker building, dye house, boiler room, &c. Mr. B. N. Duke, of W. Duke, Sons & Co., is president; Mr. Geo. W. Watts, of the same firm is vice-president, and Mr. W. A. Erwin is secretary and treas- urer. Mr. Erwin has large experience in the cotton bus- iness, having for a number of years been connected with Messrs. L. B. & L. S. Holt, of Alamance county. This mill employs 375 hands, all of whom reside on the premises in nice and con- veniently arranged houses belonging to the company. For the convenience of these employees there has been built in close proxiinitv to this mill a nice church build- ing. THE PEARL COTTON MILLS B. N. DUKE, President Erwin Cotton Mills. was incorporated 1892, and has a capital of $175,000.00. Mr. Geo. W. Watts, is president, and Mr. W. H. Branson is secretary and treasurer. The mill is located in the northwestern part of town, and is an immense three story brick building 80x255 feet, with a two story picker-room and engine and boiler rooms. This factory is equipped with the latest improved machinery known to the trade. The class of goods this concern is manufacturing is extra wide sheeting, from 72 to 99 inches, no mill in the South making anything wider. There are 10,000 spindles and 160 broad looms in use. Employed in this building are 200 hands, all of whom live in houses that have recently been built by this company. For the benefit of these employees a church building was recently erected on the premises. >.'r-tfl^iMWIiiii .'. ; ,- !i ^_ f . ■ I' - Factory of The Erwin Cotton Mills compa-.y. Factory of The Pearl Cotton Mills. 4 6 HAND-BOOK OF DURHAM, N. C. THE COMMONWEALTH COTTON MANUFACTURING COMPANY was incorporated June ist, 1890, but did not begin operation until January ist, 1893. There was however some little work done prior to this time, but it was not until about the begin- ning of the year that active work began. The mill is located in the eastern part of town, and has a capital stock of $125,000.00, and gives employment to 140 hands. Mr. B L. Duke, formerly of W. Duke, Sons & Co. is president, and Mr. V. Ballard is secretary and treasurer. The main building is 100 X50 feet, two stories and basement, and is built of brick. Has a wing 30x50 feet. Has a new addition 40x75 feet, two stories and basement. Is equipped with all the latest improved ma- chinery. Has 6,400 spin- dles and 58 knitting ma- chines in active operation, and make yarn (both white and colored) and hosiery. Mr. B. L. Duke, the pres- ident, is a son of Mr. W. Duke, and is a gentleman who has done much toward developing the industrial interests of Durham. In fact his entire income up to a year ago was invested in town enter- prises, the outcome of which has been a great help to the people. CIGAR MANUFACTORIES. This branch of manufacture in the past four years has grown to be of considerable importance among the industrial institutions of Durham, there being four factories, all of which are supplying the trade in every part of the United States. B. L. DUKE. President Commouwealih Cotton Mlg. Co. PRIVATE INT! I 47 SAMUEL KRAMER 8 This firm began business in Durham in [881, and is the oldest cigar factor) in the town. The active member is Mr. Samuel Kramer, a gentleman of large experience in the cigar who enjoys a reputation throughout the State as a thor- oughly reliable salesman, and a manufacturer of considerable repute, [n addition to manufacturing "Philopena" "Special u Pug," and other popular brands which are sold throughout the Southern States, they are agents for the Amer- ican Tobacco Co. in North and South Carolina. The building this com- pany occupj is a tw( > story building on Main street, and is well suited for tin- busi- THE MALLORY CHERO >r DURHAM CO. This company established themselves in the cigar and cheroot business [890, but not until [89 I was the con- cern incorporated. The cap- ital stock amounts to $75,- 000.00. J. T. Mallorv is at, E. C. 1 [ackney, secretary and k. C. Pleas- ants, treasurer. This company own and occupy three brick buildings on Parrish street, each of which is three stoiirs high, and give stead) employment to 125 hands. The annual output 00 cigars and cheroots, and consists f the following popular brands: "Belle of Durham," "Pleasant's Choice," and "Little Sadie" cigars, and "Old Chunk" and "North State" cheroots. The success with which this company has nut during in short career has been remarkable, as the capital at fust em- I was comparatively small and the trade to some extent prejudical to home-made goods, .1 1 MALLORY, • lent Mallorv Durham Ch< t Co 48 HAND-BOOK OF DURHAM, N. C. W. P. HENRY & CO. This factory was established in 1893, under the firm name of Henry, O'Brien & Co. In August 1894 the entire busi- ness was purchased by Mr. W. P. Henry. The output of this factory consists entirely of hand-made cigars. Their leading brands are "Sporting Club" and "Southern Beauty," both of which are extensively sold throughout the South. LYON & REED. This firm manufactures nothing but hand-made cigars, their most popular brands being "Duchess of Durham" and "Flor de Lyon" the sales of which are large. This factory is on Mangum street. Messrs. J. Ed. Lyon and M. W. Reed are the members, and are both well versed in the manufacture of cigars. OTHER MANUFACTORIES. Among the remaining manufacturing interests of Durham, of which mention has not yet been made, is a fertilizer fac- tory, a bag factory, a soap factory, and a sash, door and blind factory. These institutions employ a large number of hands and are of great importance to the town. DURHAM FERTILIZER CO. One of the largest manufacturing institutions of the place is the Durham Fertilizer Company, which was organized in 1888. Mr. Eugene Morehead (now deceased), together with Mr. Samuel T. Morgan and others, conceived the idea of establishing a plant for the manufacture of commercial ferti- lizers, for which there is great demand by the cotton and tobacco planters of this and other states. The business at the start being to some extent experimental, a capital of only $60,000.00 was invested, which was soon found to be inade- quate for their rapidly growing needs, as the popularity of their goods soon created a business which demanded their present capital investment of $400,000.00. Besides their works in Durham, they have a large factory in Richmond, Va., and the same stockholders, under the name of the Norfolk & Carolina Chemical Company, are now constructing immense chemical works at Pinner's Point, near Norfolk, Va., from which to draw their supplies for their PRIV \ It l\ I l Rl STS. Durham and Richmond factories. Not merel) to supply these I ire they building these chemical works, but to put their goods on the markets of the woi id in competition with similai plants. Regarding the Norfolk plant, the Mercantile and Financial Times, "t New \'< -i k, has this t<> sj\ : U A stiikin^ in- a of tlu- progressive tendencies of the fertilizer business, is to hi- seen in the undertaking sit mi foot l>\ the Norfolk and Carolina Chemical Company, n o w building at Norfolk, Va. the most modern ami com- plete chemical ami fertilizer w< >rks in the United States. The company is organized on a thoroughly substantia] md has .m authorized capita] stock - ,000, oi which Si 25, is already paid in. T h e gentlemen identified with t le enter- ire men well known in the business and financial circles of the South, and the management is certain to !><.• in the highest degree judicious and efficient The officers are: President; Geo. W. Watts, Vice-President, tary and Treasurer. * Tin- methods ami pro- of manufacture will In- tin best known to modern , and tlu- best <>i experienced skill will be brought to bear in every department of the work. Tlu- establishment of this enterprising company is an event of marked impor- tance in tlu- business history of tlu- "New South." ' The president of the Durham factory, Mr. I.. A. Carr, and tin- secretan and treasurer Mr. S. T. Morgan, are men of ability and push, and are the active managers of tlu- Durham and Richmond factories as well as the Norfolk plant, of which Mr. S. T. Morgan 1- president, and Mr. I.. A. Carr secretary and tre is- I. \ CARR, -i'li ni Durham Perl S. T. Morgan, and U. A- Can, 50 HAND-BOOK OF DURHAM, N. C. Mr. S. T. Morgan having spent a portion of his life on the farm, engaged in raising such crops as are adapted to the soil of North Carolina, and thoroughly understanding the nature and fertilizing needs of the land, is a master of the situation as regards fertilizing ma- terial. To his superior knowledge, in a large meas- ure, is due the success of this enterprise. The combined c a p i t a 1 of these factories is $900,- 000. 00. GOLDEN BELT MANUFAC- TURING COMPANY. Until recent years the making of cloth bags of every kind was done by the ordinary sewing machine, and could not be made as rapidly as was desired. Realizing that unless the cost of bag making could be considerably reduced by the introduction of still greatci improved machinery than that used, the selling price would have to remain S. T. MORGAN, President Norfolk & Carolina Chemical Company. correspondingly high, a number of experiments were made with a view to making machinery that would do much more work than the ordinary sewing machine, and finally success crowned the efforts of the experimenters. As a result of this success, this company runs twenty-nine machines that are protected by patent. They operate in all forty-two various machines with a daily capacity of 80,000 salt bags and 180,- 000 tobacco bags, and give employment in their factory to 80 hands, while employment is given to 450 more hands out- side of the factory, who are engaged in stringing bags. The product of this concern consists of tobacco, twin and salt sacks, and will soon begin the manufacture of seed bags. Mr. J. S. Carr, president of the Blackwell Durham To- bacco Co., is president of this company, and Mr. Thos. B. PRIVATE INTERESTS. 51 Fuller is general manager. The capital stock is | in kii am S< > w \\< >RKS. The business of this company is thai of manufacturing soap. In addition to every variety of laundry soap, thev and sizing soap, of softner for washing warps, fillings manufacture .1 large quantity which is used 1>\ cotton mills yarns &c. This plant was put in operation in the winter of with a paid in capital e v e 1 j dollar of which has done the work of two, as is evidenced 1>\ the and increasing output which already demands a much ■ c ipital than is now em- ployed. The product of this factory is sold iu ever) portion of tlu- United States. The weekly 1, 1 pounds. The officers of this company an-: J. R. Blacknall, Presi- dent; J. T. Pinnix, Vice-Presi- dent, and J. \Y. Waikr- Sec- retary and Treasurer. fhe factory is a large four story frame building well suited tor tlu- busini THE WORTHAM WOODEN MILLS was incorporated July [892, and has a paid in capital of Si 2, i»ii. i.(.i). Mr. ( ',. C. Farthing is president, and Mr. J. B. Christian is secretary and treasurer. These works are near two lines of railroad and are well equipped with every kind of improved machinery for tlu- manufacture of sash, blinds, mantles and general house furnishing wood materials. They give employment to a number of hands, all of whom an- permanent residents of tlu- town. LEAF TOBACCO BROKERAGE. : leaf tobacco broker* in Dnr- ill of whom appear to be doing a g 1 business. As our space 1- somewhat limited, mention will be made of only THOS. 1: 1 1 ia.i i< Manage) Golden Bell Man I 52 HAND-BOOK OF DURHAM, N. C. four of the larger firms, who in addition to purchasing tobacco for the American trade, are exporters to foreign countries. There are in all some fifty tobacco buyers on this market, representing leading manufacturers throughout the country or are buying on speculation. Ranking among these buyers are some of Durham's most progressive and liberal business men. FACTORY OF THOS THOS. H. MARTIN. Mr. Martin came to Durham in 1886, and purchased the business of Dibrell Bros. & Co., who had up to that time been prominent buyers on this market. The bus- iness, under Mr. Martin's watchful care, soon began to increase, and instead of remain- ing in the quarters he first occupied, moved to a larger building and since then on account of still greater growth, was compelled to move in the building he now occupies in order to secure ample room in which to handle the large quantity of tobacco he is constantly pur- chasing, which amounts to about three and one-half million pounds a year. This factory is a five story brick structure, located on Morris street, and is 54x166 feet. By his untiring energy and superior business talent, Mr. Martin has built, an order business which extends throughout the United States and Canada. The almost phenomenal suc- cess which has attended his indefatigable efforts in building up this large and increasing business is well merited. Besides his interests as a tobacco broker, he has interests in various other enterprises. Is president of the Durham Tobacco Board of Trade, and is a director of the Morehead Banking Company. j. T. pinnix & CO. Prominent among the leaf tobacco brokers of Durham is the above named firm, which is composed of Messrs. J. T. I II MARTIN. ALBERT KKAMKk. J W UM.kl K. Prominent Tobacco Brokers. 54 HAND-BOOK OF DURHAM, N. C. Pinnix and Jas W. Walker, both of whom are gentlemen of great worth in our business community, displaying as they do considerable interest in the industrial development of the town. The business of this firm is that of purchasing almost every grade of leaf tobocco which is sold on this market, with which to supply their many customers. Their purchases are made entirely on order for large tobacco manufac- turing establishments in this and foreign countries. The factory building they own and occupy is a large four story structure, which was built by them expressly for the purpose to which it is applied, and has a storing capacity of millions of pounds of leaf tobacco. These gentlemen are both interested in other industrial enterprises in the town, Mr. Pinnix being vice-president of the Morehead Banking Company, and of the Durham Soap Works of which Mr. Walker is secretary and treasurer. Mr. Walker is a member of the present Board of Town Aldermen. ALBERT KRAMER. This business was estab- lished in January, 1880, by a co-partnership between Col. Robert F. Webb and Albert Kramer. Upon the death of Col. Webb in 1891, Mr. Kra- mer succeeded to the firm name of Webb & Kramer, conducting the business with signal success until this year, 1894, when he has bought over two million pounds of leaf tobacco, which has placed him at the head as one of the largest buyers of loose leaf in North Carolina. FACTORY OF J. T. PINNIX & CO. FACTORY OF ALBERT KRAMKR. PRIVATE IN'M 55 His trade in the United States has grown to large propor- tions, ami having sought also the channels of foreign commerce his export trade has assumed a wide scope. His connections in foreign countries are the stronget houses, and their satisfac- tion is evidenced by a rapidly increasing business. The factory buildings of Mr. Kramer are on McMannen one of which is a large brick and the other a large frame building. ii. i. b tss a a •. This firm began businessin [885. Mr. II. J. Bass, the ac- tive member, was previously engaged in business in Lynch- burg, Virginia 1 e a 1" tobacco a business known t<> the facility for storing ami co that is use l>v them, of t h e ir j iro- and e n e r g y built up quite ami valuable a n d foreign \ OB II J. !:'■. Air brokers in a n d conduct which is well trade. Every h a ndl i n g , drying tobac- known, is in and as a result g ressi veness they h a v c a n extensive tr.uk- in this countries. The factory buildings of this company are each four stories high, with a Storing capacity of millions of pounds of leaf toll.li Mr. H. J. I'.ass, besides taking an active part in everything that pertains to the tobacco interest of Durham, is an able member of the Board of City Aldermen and is ever alive to the material development of the town and the progress of her people. TOBACCO SALES WAREHOUSES There are five large tobacco warehouses in Durham for the >f leaf tobacco, four of which are open for busini Durham as a leaf tobacco market is second to none. The demand of the large manufacturers of tin- town being greater than that of any other manufacturers in North Carolina, nat- urally j^ives to the market such strength as it would not <»th- have. During th< I the four warehouses of 56 HAND-BOOK OF DURHAM, N. C. Durham sold about 10,000,000 pounds of the natural leaf, a good portion of which was manufactured into tobacco and cigarettes by home factories. PARRISH' S WAREHOUSE. This warehouse, for the sale of leaf tobacco, is conducted by Mr. E. J. Parrish, who established himself in the business in 1873. In 1879 he built in the central portion of the business part of town the largest brick tobacco ware- house ever erected in the State, and sold on the first day of opening 80, 000 pounds of tobacco for $15,- 000. A few years after the erection of this building the same was destroyed by fire, and shortly thereafter, on a site just opposite, he built the present building, which is a large brick structure having a floor space of 26,- 200 square feet. The Parrish Warehouse is favorably known through- out all the tobacco counties of North and South Carolina and Virginia. Besides being present every day and personally directing the sales that are made at this warehouse, Mr. Parrish is engaged in the manu- facture of tobacco. He is one of Durham's leading spirits and has spent a large portion of his life in aiding in the work of bringing Durham to the front as a hustling, bustling town. E. J. PARRISH. REAMS WAREHOUSE. Messrs. Carrington & Hutchings are proprietors of this noted warehouse, which is situated on the corner of Main and Corcoran streets. This is a well known warehouse and enjoys a large patronage from the tobacco farmers of this and other States. The proprietors are prominent men in the trade and Parrishs Tobacco Warehouse. Globe Tobacco Warehouse. 58 HAND-BOOK OF DURHAM, N. C. enjoy the confidence and respect of the buyers on the market as well as the entire people of the town. THE BANNER WAREHOUSE is conducted by Messrs. Lea, Burch & Co., every member of the firm being a tDbacco men of pronounced ability. This concern has been in existence only a short time, but owing to their reputation as authority on tobacco questions, they have the confidence and good will of all the tobacco farmers with whom they come in contact and as a result are well patronized. THE FARMERS' WAREHOUSE. This house is on Church street and is operated by the Farmers' Warehouse Company, of which Mr. B. H. Cozart is general manager. Mr. Cozart is an old tobacco citizen hav- ing formerly been engaged in the business in Oxford, and has not only handled "the weed" all his life but has had the experience of producing the same as a farmer. This house has been established only a short time, but long enough to become known among the farmers that market their crop in Durham. MISCELLANEOUS ENTERPRISES. Under this heading will be found a number of industrial enterprises not elsewhere mentioned, which taken together, give employment to a large number of hands and are ac- counted as valuable institutions to the town. DURHAM MARBLE WORKS. This business is conducted by Mr. Robert I. Rogers, a gen- tlemen who has for a number of years successfully operated in Durham, Oxibrd and Henderson, a business of large proportions in the making of monuments and tombstones, also brownstone and granite trimmings, curbings &c. Besides his occupation in this line, he has for a long time been actively engaged in real estate transactions, as much for the material advancement of Durham as for personal gain. Being secretary and treasurer of the Durham Land and Security Company, he is in a position to give reliable information re- garding the real estate interest in Durham. PRIVATE [NTERESTS. 59 THE BDTH \ i '< >B I "< 'Mi'AXV. In January 1891, this company purchased the job printing and book-binding plant oi Mi. 11. ]•;. Seeman, who foi a numbei of years bad been successfully engaged in tins busi- ness, and established themselves as publishers and priuters. The capita] stock is $8,000.00. Mr. J. II. Southgate, a member of the insurance firm of J. Southgate & Son, is president, and Mr. II. K. Seeman is secretarj and treasurer. Besides doing the larger part of the local business in this line, they till a large number of orders for various concerns through- out the State. Their principal work consists in printing tobacco labels and bands of which they supply the Black well Durham Tobacco Co. with over 51 : annum. Theii place of business is on the corner of Main and Nfangum streets. SEEMAN CARR1 \<.i O >MPANY. This business is conducted by Mr. Jno. F. Seeman, and is not incorporated. The output of this enterprise consists of hand-made vehicles of every description, oi \^^ ^/ which an attractive supply is con- _, ii^TiTTnTTvi 1 Stantly On display in their show- President of The Bducatoi room at "Five Points" on Main street. DURHAM ROLLER COVERING COMPANY. The business of this company is covering rolls for cotton mills. The- same was incorporated in [890 and is a branch of the Charlotte Roller Covering Works. Mr. M. A. Liunell, <»t Connecticut is president, and Mr. (*.. I:. Richwood retary and treasurer. Mr. P. E. Linnell, the genial manager, has an experience of twenty-four years in the business and lias proven himself a valued citizen of the town. The work of this company is distributed throughout the cotton mill section of tlu- South. P. HOWERTON. This gentleman is regularly engaged in the busini 6o HAND-BOOK OF DURHAM, N. C. making- hand-made vehicles of every description. His works are situated on Mangum street and consist of wood, paint and blacksmith shops. His show-room is well filled with work of his own and western make. THE MANUFACTURERS HOUSE FURNISHING AGENCY. The great advancement in improved architecture that for a number of years has been made in North Carolina, in the building of residences, has created a demand for supe- rior decorations, painting and house furnishings. To supply this demand the above named agency, con- trolled and conducted en- tirely by Mr. S. F. Tomlin- son, was established some five years ago, and during this period some of the largest and most handsome church buildings, hotels, and private residences in the State have been decorated, painted and furnished by this agency. Mr. Tomlin- son is a true lover of art, in addition to which he pos- sesses that rare gift of re- fined taste, which places him as a leader in art deco- rations and house furnishing. Mr. Tomlinson is secretary and treasurer of the R. F. Mor- ris & Son Mfg Co. and is interested in various other Durham enterprises. R. T. HOWERTON. The making of caskets and coffins and a general undertaking business is that of the above named gentlemen. His place of business is on Mangum street. MACHINE AND FOUNDRY WORKS. There are two good sized foundries and machine shops in Durham, one conducted by Mr. Louis Albezette, and the other S. F. TOMI.IXSON. PRIVATE INT1 : 6l h\ m,. |. x. K rj variet) and kind of castings are made bj theii works, and machines of every description re- paired. DURH \m STEAM LAI NDRY, ised with the miscellaneous industrial enterprises, is the Durham Strain Laundry, which business is conducted 1>\ G. B. Richwood & Co , gentlemen who have- recently taken up their abode in Durham, and arc- known .is pi ii.l able businesss nun, displaying the usual energy with which the average Dur- ham citizen is possessed. Their works are locat< d on Main street, and is kept in •ant operation 1>\ the libera] patronage extended b\ the j>r,blic. PUBLICATIONS. Among the newspapers and periodicals published in Durham are two dailies ; the Globe-Herald, and the Daily Sun. Two weeklies : the Dui h a m Recorder a a d Weekly Times. Two month lies : the National Tobacco and Grocer, and Trinity ue Record. The two dailies are published every evening. The I mrham Re- corder is the oldest paper published in North Carolina, hav- ing been established in 182a The editor, Mr. E. C. Hackney 1 es owning and conducting this publication, is also one of the editors and proprietors of the National Tobacco and r, of which Mr. II. K. Sec-man is general manager, ami tary of the Mallory Durham Cheroot Company, ol which mention is elsewhere made. D COMPANIES. There are three land companies doing te business in Durham. The members of each company are good con- 62 HAND-BOOK OF DURHAM, N. C. conservative business men, and with one or two exceptions are all citizens of the town. These companies are not trying to sell their property at large profit and fancy prices, but being in- terested in various industrial enterprises of the town, are extremely anxious to have new capital locate among them, offering every reasonable inducement to that end. THE DURHAM CONSOLIDATED LAND AND IMPROVEMENT COxMPANY. This company own 286 acres of very valuable land immedi- ately outside the corporate limits of the town, adjoining the Trinity College property; the larger part of which is very de- sirable fo 1 ' residential purposes and will be sold at prices and terms to suit the purchaser. Many acres of this land is es- pecially desirable for factory purposes and will be donated by the company to anyone for manufacturing purposes. Mr. J. S. Carr, president of the Blackwell Durham Tobacco Company, is president of this company; Col A. B. Andrews, second vice-president of the Southern Railroad, is vice-presi- dent, and Mr. R. H. Wright, is secretary and treasurer. MORGAN, WATKINS & COMPANY. In various parts of North Carolina this company own large tracts of farming lands as well as in and surrounding Durham. They are now making an effort to dispose of some of this land to desirable persons on the very easiest terms and longest peuod of payment In town or country property they can suit the most exacting. The active member of this company are Mr. W. M. Mor- gan, and Dr. J. L. Watkms. THE DURHAM LAND AND SECURITY COMPANY. The land belonging to this company consists of 300 acres of cleared and timbered land lying near the eastern corporate limits of Durham, and also own valuable property within the town. This land is well located for residences and factory purposes, and will be sold in any size lots on the easiest terms. For factory purposes this company will donate land free of charge. The officers are Dr. J. L. Watkins and Robt. I. Rogers. INSURANCE AND COMMISSION BROKERAGE. There are in Durham four firms conducting a general life 64 HAND-BOOK OF DURHAM, N. C. and fire insurance business, and three commission merchants. Every insurance company in the United States of much im- portance is represented by one of these agencies. J. SOUTHGATE & SON. This large agency was established in 1876, by Mr. James Southgate, who, a number of years ago admitted his only son Mr. J. H. Southgate as a partner, and under the firm name of J. Southgate and Son, have written probably more insurance than any concern in North Carolina. Besides being agents for some of the largest fire companies in the world, they rep- resent some of the larger life and accident companies of America. W. H. M CCA BE Began business in Durham in 1887 with only a few com- panies, as at that time it was a difficult matter to secure an agency, for nearly all the large companies were already rep- resented in the town. In time however he gradually added one by one, until to-day he is the resident agent for some of the oldest and strongest companies in existence. Aside from his fire business he does a large business in life and accident insurance. W. J. GRISWOLD. Established himself in the commission and brokerage business in Durham in 1887 representing some of the largest wholesale mercantile firms in the United Stati s. In a few years after he added to his brokerage business an insurance agency and does considerable work in life and fire insurance. .MORGAN & CARR. This firm is composed of Mr. S. T. Morgan and Mr. L. A. Carr two of Durham's leading citizens, both of whom are officers in The Durham Fertilizer Company. They do a gen- eral brokerage business and are large buyers of cotton. \v. B. SURLES. Conducts a general brokerage business, in addition to which he does some work in insurance. He began business in Durham some years ago, and has by industry and thrift, es- tablished quite a trade among the merchants and other busi- ness men of the town. INTRODUCTION Believing that it ia the duty of every citizen of the town in which he Uvea, to in some w.iv contribute t<> the advancement and prosperity of such town. The Educator Company , from motives purely public spirited, adds this its ■.mis the further progress and development of the thriving manufac- turing town of Durham. The contents of this hook will be found on investigation, to be just and truthful statements, in brief, pertaining to tin.- town and her people ; as can . and known by any observant and inquiring person. The main purpose of this work is to give to those persons Beeking homes and investment, a brief and accurate recital of what the people of Durham have done, and with the advantages they possess can do. towards making Durham one of the foremost cities of the Smith. To this end we invite your careful perusal, with the only request that should you become interested, jrou will make inquiry through any private citi/en or public official of the town. Concerning the statements herein contained. THE BDUCATOB Durham. N. C . Jany. ist 1895. PRIVATE INTERESTS. 6 5 GENERAL MERCANTILE BUSINESS There ate some over a hundred firms in Durham, represent- ing collectively ever) department of the mercantile business known to the trade. Mention will be made of onlj a few of the larger ones. ROY ALL A BORDEN. Thi> firm does .1 large business in furniture. Besides having J large branch houses, they own and operate a large fur- niture, chair and 1 mattress factory in | Goldsboro, which i c< inducted i n three s e p a r a 1 e buildings. T h e of this con- cern is as large as that of an} South- ern hciis- and 1 11- joj a well-earned reputation as nian- 11 fa c t u rers and dealers in that par- ticular line. The Dur h a m branch is conduct- ed by Mr. Miks Goodwin, an ex- perienced and en- ergetic you n g man, who, 1»\ his superior talent, remain with the linn as lonj The house they occupy is IMju* , (te^s i ,1 S KMTI RE STOR1 \ ItokliKN. has built a trade that will as the\ continue in the business. a large two-story brick building on Corcoran street, and is well filled with a large and attrac- tive stock of medium and high grade furniture, together with all the latest novelties in furniture and bric-a-brac. The members of the firm are M C. Royall and J. C Borden, both young men of great business capacity and thorough knowledge of ever) detail of the business in which they are engaged. CHEEK l-i RNITURE < < iMPANY. This firm is located on Main street and occupy two floors 66 HAND-BOOK OF DURHAM, N. C. of a conveniently arranged brick building. The members of this company have been engaged in the furniture business for many years, and have a perfect knowledge of same. They carry in stock every variety and style of fine and medium furniture, together with house furnishing supplies. HYAMS & LEWETH recently established themselves in the furniture business on Main street, and have two stories of a large brick building well filled with furniture and bric-a-brac of every description. T. J. GATTIS & SON. Conduct a general bookstore on Main street. Have a trade throughout North Carolina that amounts to some twenty-five thousand dollars a year. THOS. J. LAMBE. This gentleman established himself in the clothing business in Durham o r ten years well displayed ergy, together py faculty f r i ends, has which extends ad joining town trade has growth year by ports glowing the balance of CLOTHING HOUSE OF T. J. LAMBE. some eight ago, and by his talent and en- with the hap- o f making built a trade into various counties. His had a general year, and he re- prospects for this year. His place of business is on the northeast corner of Main and Man- gum streets. The building he occupies is a two-story brick, both floors of which are well filled with clothing and gents' furnishings, hats, &c. W. A. SLATER COMPANY. This is a clothing company, and conduct a large business on the northeast corner of Main and Mangum streets. The members of the firm are Messrs. W. A. Slater, J. H. Sneed and Mr. T. J. Fetzer, all gentlemen of large experience in the business in which they are engaged. The building they oc- PRIVATE [NTBREST& 67 ctipy is a two-story brick, well arranged foi the business to which it is devoted. \\. II. I'koi T11R. This gentleman conducts a wholesale and retail gi business on the corner of Mangum and Parrish streets. The building he occupies is a large three-story brick structure. Besides this main place of business, he has several storage houses in which are kept supplies received in car-load lots. Mr Proctoi has built up an immense trade, and supplies a large number of stores adjacent to the town, [s a citizen who stands in line of progress, and is an able member of the cit) Board of Aldi mien. II. II. MARKHAM. The- business of this gentleman is that of general merchan- dising. His operations art- carried on in a large two-story brick building on the corner of Main and Mangum streets, in addition to which Ik- has several storage houses Gives em- ployment to a number of men and i> an old citizen of the town. \. K. I.I.on I' & COMPANY. This firm is engaged in the wholesale and retail hardware business, and has a large store on Main street, which runs the entire length of a square. Mr. A. K. Lloyd is the active member of the firm. t . C. TAYLOR is employed in the tinsmith and stove business. lie occupies a tWO-Storj brick building on Main street, ami docs an c\ten- tensive trade throughout this and other counties. Does considerable work tor the American Tobacco Com pan} and employs a number of hands. HI. I. I.N. STONE .\ COMPANY. Tin active members of this firm are Messrs. \\\ 1<*. Ellis ami \V. H. Stone, two young men who have been associated together in the dry good business for a number of vears. They do quite an extensive business in this and adjourning COU1 ties besides being tin- leaders in this line of business as fl the city trade. They occupy a large two-story brick building PRIVATE I XII i on M.iin street and employ a numbei of experienced clerks. ■ >. I . K \U I.S. in business in Durham some twent) years or more ago, .uul is classed as one of most successful merchants of the town. His store is on Main street, [s a two story brick building both floors of which he occupies. I 1 d bus- iness in dry goods and general supplies for the household. Has, other interests in industrial enterprises. W. M. VEARBY. As a druggist and merchant Mr. Yearby has no superior. Starting in businessonly a few years, ago, he has b\ hard work, close attention to business and su- perior judgment, establ ished a trad e which is not only a de- light to himself but to his many frie n d s. The building heowns and occupies is a handsome t w o- story brick struc- ture situated on Main street The interior in finish inTHRIok OB w. M VEARBY'S DRUG STORE. is complete. The floor is laid with fancy tiling, the walls and ceiling are handsomely and artistically frescoed while beautiful hand-painted pictures form a part of, and adorn the side walls. This is said to be one of the handsomest drug stores in the South. I'. W . VAUGHAN. The drug store of Mr. Vaughan is on Main street, and is a two-story brick building with brown stone trimmings. This building was recently purchased by him and remodeled throughout The floor is of marble and a portion of the windows are of cathedral glass. Mr. Vaughan began busi- .; Durham as a proprietor in 1.887, an< * has met with 7° HAND-BOOK OE DURHAM, N. C. a success which is well merited. Is one stantial citizens. R. BLACKXALL & SON. of Durham's sub- This firm does an extensive drug business on Main street. Is the oldest drug store in the town and controls a patronage which has been extended them for many years by the older residents of the town and county. SNEED & THOMAS. The members of this firm are Messrs. Paul C. Sneed and Allen S. Thomas, two young men who associated themselves together about one year ago, and have built up quite an extensive city trade. The building they occupy is a large three-story pressed brick building with marble trimmings, situated on the corner ol Main and Mangum streets. The ar- rangement and finish of the interior are in keeping with the handsome building and it is considered one of the finest drug stores in the State. HEARTT & FARTHING. The members of this firm are Messrs. Frank Heartt and T. B. Farthing, one an experienced druggist and the other a salesman of fine ability. This drug store is situated on the corner of Church and Main street, and is a large three-story brick building. MRS. ADA M. SMITH. Conducts a millinery and fancy goods store. Began busi- ness some ten years ago, and since then has moved several times on account of the rapid increase in her trade. She now occupies the handsome store room ou the corner of Main DRUG STORE OF SNEED & THOMAS. rktv.vn. iNii.Ki-.sTS. 71 and O ircoran streets which is admirably suited fox the millinery business. jno. m. WYATT. Mr. Wyatt moved to Durham about two years ago, and is conducting .1 business of manufacturing harness of every kind. He occupies a two-story brick building on Main street, and carries a large line of such goods as harness makers generally keep in stock. CHARLES T. 1'osti.i \ . iblished himself in the jewelry business in Durham in Occupies a two-story brick building on Main street and is one of the- pioneer citizens oi the- town. M. 11. JONES ( iwiis and occupies a large two-story brick building on Main street and is engaged in the jewelry business. LAWYERS AND PHYSICIANS. Among the most prominent lawyers of the town arc Messrs. Fuller & Fuller; Boone & Boone; Manning & Foushee, W. A. Guthrie, and Chas. E. Turner. The most prominent physicians are : Messrs. Can & Man- ning; A. Cheatham; Julian A. Smith; X. M. Johnston; X. P. BoddiejW. J. II. Durham; L. W. Battle and W. E. Fitch. ENUMERATION OF ENTERPRISES. Durham has four lines of railroad; five tobacco factories, two of which are the largest in the world; tour large cotton mills; four cigar factories; one fertilizer factor) ; one bag fac- tory; «>ne soap factory; tWO sash, door and blind factories; three banks; four tobacco warehouses for the sale of leaf to- abotlt i"'» leaf tobacco brokers; two foundries; four machine shops; two carriage factories; four job printing offices; one book-bindery; one laundry; one marble yard; one cotton roller covering works; four insurance agencies; two daily papers; two weekly papers and two monthlies; four furniture Stores; live drug stores; three hardware stores and about too other merchants representing various lines. W-^ twelve churches; on. two graded schools and other industrial, educational and benevolent institutions. Residence of Mr. J. S. Carr. Residence of Mr. W. Duke Vdvantases and Needs of Durham. RAILROAD ADVANTAGES. As a railroad center Durham is equalled 1>\ but few towns in the State and surpassed bj none. Quick transportation, low freight rates, and eas> ac< the great commercial, manufacturing and agricultural centers, is .1 desideratum which no prudent investoi can afford to over- look 01 underestimate in this age of sharp compe- tition and rapid inter- communication. A glance at the map will at once confirm Dur- ham's proposed advant- ages in this respect With her four railroads penetrating the- coal and in»n fields ot" Virginia, Tennessee ami tin- Caro- linas; the rice ami cotton plantations and lumber regions of t h e South, deep wate.T navigation easily reached in a five hours run; the Nation's Capital and leading cities ot the North and East ssible in from ten to fifteen hours travel — our iphical situation is pecurliarlv inviting to manufacturers, capitalists and home- seekers. INDUSTRIAL AND SOCIAL ADVANTAGES. These advantages are supplemented by man) successful enterprises already enumerated in the foregoing pages, which need no repetition here. While proud of oui manufacturing enterprises, which are well calculated to inspire hope and energy, there are yel social and educational advantaged RESIDBNC1 OP DR. RESIDENCE OF MRS, J. R. DAY. RESIDENCE OF MRS. T. D. JONES. RESIDENCE OF MR. J. ED. LYON. RESIDENCE OF MR. H. E SEEMAN. ADVANTAGES AND N equally as great No citj of equal population can boast of greater religious freedom and political tolerance. Ours is emphatically a cosmopolitan population, representing all sections of our common country. Our successful nun are the architects of their own fortunes, md rejoice in th< conditions, which from the beginning made theii success pos- sible; hence honest labor and enterprise is respected and en- couraged. It is a remarkable fact that notwithstanding the wonderful success of Durham's manufacturers, the> all I in a small way, with but little means, and never received an) aid from out- I I : ted that in t h e twenty - five years of I mrham's industrial history, not exceeding one hundred thousand dollars of the- capi- tal invested w a s brought iro m abroad. The fou n ders came here poor in e n , an 1 by industry, e CO n m y and sound business methods creaU d RK sidencb of b. n dukb their own capital. During all these years of industrial activity her citizens have never lost interest in the maintainance and advancement ol sound religious and moral principles. EDUCATIONAL ADVANTAGES. Durham's educational institutions are everything that can reasonably be desired, and afford every opportunity for ob- taining a business or classical education at minimum i Vs an evidence of the interest taken in educational matters, sary to point to our public school buildings and Trinity College, and to the further fact that there not an institution of learning for either race within the borders of the State, that has not at some period in their his- tory received substantial aid from onr citizens, while .some RESIDENCE OF MR. B. L. DUKE. RESIDENCE OF MRS. L. L. MOKFHFAD. A I >\ \.\T M. I s AM' \1- ! DS. 77 have received magnificenl endowments from our men of weal 1 h. While justly proud of our industrial, educational and social a tainments, we are not satisfied to rest content with conquests achieved, but are on the alert to secure desirable accessions to <>ur population, who will aid us still further in building up the material and social possibilities of our city. DURHAM'S NEEDS. We want and invite m e n of enterprise, brain and brawn, from the East, North, West and South — the l> a n k e r a n d capitalist, the manufactur- er and educator, the professional man and woman t h «.- trad< sman and skilled la- borer,all tocome among u s and give ns tlu- ben- efit of their skill and energy, with an a s s u r a □ c e that their for- tunesand happi- ness will be aug- mented h Y 50 doing. We want g o o d men re- gardless of t h e s e c t i o u from whence they come convictions. Kl si ID Ml i>l U U . II I.I.I K their religious sentiments or political We need them in the fields of trade and com- merce ; in the pulpit, the forum and the sanctum. We want them to share- with us in gleaning the golden advantages and •ping the great resources whu-h a kind Providence has placed at <>ur doors. There are unoccupied fields in almost RESIDENCE OF MR. S. F. TOMLINSON. RESIDENCE OF MR. d A. CARR. TRINITY M. E PARSONAOE. RESIDENCE OF MR. w. H. BRANSON. ADVANTAGES AND NEEDS. 79 branch of trade and industry, which promises a rich har- vest for whoever will intelligently develop thetn. Among the inviting opportunities in manufacturing, we would suggest the following as the most flattering : A furni- ture factory for the manufacture of cheap and medium priced goods ; a chair factory ; a coffin factory ; a factor) f< r the man- ufacture of agricultural implements; a shoe factor) ; .> cloth- ing factory ; a wood and willow-ware factory ; a bucket and wooden plate factory. The materials for the wooden factories t numerated is al- ni o s t contiguous to tin- city, prac- tically inexhaus- table in quantity £ a u d unsurpass in quality. This is not a mere as- sertion, but is em- inently sustained by indisputa b 1 e facts w h i c h are eas ) of verifica- tion to a u v o n e who is disposed to make the in vest i • gation. On the banks (> f Nfeuse river, only eight • forest of hard- wood thousands of acres in extent. The Oxford & Clarksville Railroad, and the Durham & Northern Railroad runs along its borders. This, and the forests of New Hope, six miles fthecity, is pronounced by experts to be the finest body of hard-wood timbers in the South. Among the species, the white oak, red oak, post oak, Spanish oak, willow oak, pop- lar, sweet gum, sycamore, maple, ash, cedar, hickory and od predominate. The property is owned by different parties, all of whom are liberal and progressive, and finan- cially able if necessary, to mill it, or lease to those who will, whenever a local demand is created. Our climate is mild, our soil productive, our location ad- vantageous and prospects encouraging. To those who are RESIDENCE mi GEO \V WATTS. 8o HAND-BOOK OF DURHAM, N. C. seeking a new location with a view to pleasure and profit we extend an invitation to come and see and investigate for themselves, feeling- assured that every statement we have made in regard to Durham will be fully verified. RESIDENCE OF WM. A. GUTHRIE. The Stale ol North Carolina. SOME < >F HER PR< >DUCTS. [Portion of an article from ;i recent number of the Soi rin.i-s Si iTBa M v.. \ • i m i.\ Bennett I >* »l>t>in. J Writing of the North Carolina climate a former resident of Minnesota says in substance that the Tar Heel State covers a wide extent of soil aud climatic conditions. In the West are found lofty mountains where the Canadion fir, hemlock and white pine thrive, and in the East is a low coast region where the palmetto attains a lofty growth. The mountain region is the best in the United States : pears, peaches and grapes grow in abundance ; the uplands are full of indigenous and culti- vated fruits, while the coast region is literally overspread with the famous scuppernong vines which furnish wine to the pop- ulation of the whole commonwealth. This writer states that he has passed three years in North Carolina ; that the lowest temperature was seventeen degrees above zero and the highest ninety-six. He says that sunstrokes are never known, and that he does not remember any snltry nights or any in which he did not want a little covering on the bed. Considering more in detail the economic aspect of the ques- tion, the home-seeker m •■>• ask: "Will it pay to leave the North and go to this region of which you speak '.■' ,, In reply I will permit this to answer his own ques- tion. I hive already said that the territory is one of diversi- fied s tils an 1 a climate suited to all grales of husbandry, and it may be further said that on the ana of an ordinary farm the owner will find conditions suitable to the cultivation oi numerous crops. On one portion of his farm he can raise cotton ; some part of it will be especially adapted to the u to- patch," which has become so popular in all the upland > of the Carolinas ; one field can be sown to Kentucky blue-grass and another will yield and enormous cutting of clover ; the cow-pea crop will grow as luxuriantly here as any place in the South ; on the river bottom he may rais while in the mellow sandy loam, which will comprise the greater part of his farm, he can -row corn, wheat, orchard m y e: __. . . f A North Carolina Tobacod Field. By.k.indness of Southern States Magazine, NORTH CAROLINA. 83 grass, melons, peaches, pears and apricots or anything else that may please his fancy. < m a model North Carolina farm of suit ible proportions, when under full cultivation, the fanner can produce lx.-t.-t', pork, mutton and chickens in abund and a considerable amount of butter and cheese ran be deriv- ed from the herd. Corn, win.-. a, buckwheat, oats, barley, rye and millet, hay and broom-corn, caster beans, cotton sweet potatoes and tobacco will make up the rotation of his In the- garden, cucumbers, onions, turnips, cabl white potatoes and artichokes, unions and peanuts will grow in sufficient quantities to supply tin family, while on the lawn before his house ran be found in their season the- brightest and most beautiful flowers that ever beautified the field or adorned the home of a country gentleman. This is what the Carolina farmers cm do, and I leave it to the better judgment of the home seeker as to whether it will pay, with a trunk line railroad in readiness to transport every product quickly to market. Cotton, of course, is one of the principal crops of this tion, but while growing cotton the farmers have been i edin improving their farms and developing a diversity in ag- riculture which has been of enormous advantage The coun- try of which I write is white with cotton in the picking son. while it pro onsiderable part of the peanuts, to- bacco, small units, hay, rice and melons shipped annually from the Southern States. Cotton is king in this region, but it is only one of the monarchs in the North Carolina faemers' court. •\ tobacco man know- that the soil and climate of North Carolina is the best in the world for the cultivation of high-grade tobaccos. That incomparably fine product known a- "Virginia Brights" is grown <>nlv in the old North State, and now it has been demonstrated that fine- Havana-seed to- rown in tin Caroiinas. Tobacco in the hands of industrious and intelligent planters is an immensely valu- able crop, and when all the difficulties of curing and preparing for the market have been surmounted, the territory Kin- be- tween Norfolk and Atlanta will stand forth preeminently as the banner tobacco producing section of the Southern States. The annual product of North Carolina alon »o,ooo pounds of leaf each • pounds of which find a :n the markets ol the State, where prices ranging _ , . , A No?th Carolina Vineyard. By kindness ol Southern Statb6 Magazikb. NORTH CAROLINA. 50a pound are sometimes secured, and where grades properly cured bring good prices whenever offered in the warehouses of Durham and other points accessible to the \ er. tain fertilizers must be used, but when the soil is naturally .1 the plant grows too rank and like that fine flavor and color so much desired. What tobacco most needs is constant and patient care, and the exercise of intelligence in growing and curing it. On almost every farm of any size there is a patch of ground well adapted to tobacco, and as the cultiva- tion of such a patch fits in well with other general farm work, small fa-Ids of it can l>c planted as a side ciop, and the ready cash which the product is sure to bring i-* no small consider- ationtothe farmer. Raising tobacco is no more difficult than ordinary truck farming, and an intelligent person can soon learn the whole secret of cutting and curing the crop. The chief difficulty in the past has been entrusting this important part of the work to ignorant and incompetent farm laborers. Tobacco is an all season crop, being planted in May and, by the new process of curing the leaves as they mature, i> not en- tirely gathered until frost kills the stalk. The exact « producing tobacco cannot be readily estimated, hut it is safe to state that the cash receipts for a fair crop are double the actual expenditures, and that the more time and money ju- diciously given to the crop the greater will he the profits and the -mailer the proportionate expense of production. Prices vary also, so that it is difficult to arrive at actual figures, hut I crop i^ always profitable and sometimes it pays enor- mously — as much a- S,V' M to $500 net per a CLIMATE OF NORTH CAROLINA. [From tli.- Handbook of North Carolina.] It will lie conceded without question that the influence of climate on human progress is supreme, because, in its happy or adverse conditions, are involved all that rel uifort, health, energy and success in the occupations which enlist human effort The regions that most abound in fertil< exuberant vegetation, anil which favor the production of the most valued and most profitable subjects ofagricultm those that most often have those treasures closed against the efforts of industry by those extremes of heat and those excesses 86 HAND-BOOK OF DURHAM, N. C. of moisture against which the physical frame of the cultivator is unable to contend; and the most prolific lands of the most abounding regions of the world are so oppressed with heat, saturated with moisture, or poisoned with miasma, as to make the attainment of their treasures the evidences of their cost in vigor, health, or of life itself That land is a happy one which enjoys the just mean be- tween cold and heat, drought and moisture, arctic sterility and tropical exuberance; a land in which energies are stimu- lated by the bracing breath of a tempered atmosphere, cool enough to inspire physical action and elastic vigor; warm enough to assure the rewards of labor by the certainties of healthful maturity and abundant yields as returns for the labors bestowed, carried on under the happy conditions of a genial air, a friendly sun, and of a responsive soil. Such are the conditions which North Carolina enjoys, with no portion of it either too cold on the one hand or too hot on the other to obstruct work at any season of the year, while at the same time presenting most remarkable apposition of the high temperature atmosphere of the North and the balmy breath of the semi-tropical South. In passing from east to west, from the low lands of the cost, only a little above the tide, to the high summits of the mountains, a mile or more above the sea, there is found the same gradation in tempera- ture, in soil, in products, as if the same territory, instead of stretching from east to west over a number of degrees of lon- gitude, had extended itself from south to north over the same number of degrees of latitude, thus giving to the State not only a soil which gives something of every product yielded by all the other parts of the United States, but a climate not alone favorable to its own people, but inviting the invalid from every other part of the country, North, South, East and West, to seek under its recuperative influences the blessings of renewed health, the restaration of impaired vigor, or the arrest of insidious ailments. The eastern margin of the State is thrust far out into the ocean and brought within the soft influences of the Gulf Stream, assuring thereby not only the vegetation of a more southern latitude and its earlier and more rapid development — an important element in the success ot the now great inter- est of truck farming — but of a climate so modified by a not excessive degree of heat and moisture as to be more constantly 88 HAND-BOOK OF DURHAM, N. C. mild and genial, if somewhat more debilitating, than that .enjoyed in the interior or far west. On the other hand, the western margin lifts itself up to such hights as to gain all the advantages of a high latitude — a cooler climate, more invig- eration, and a genial healthfullness not surpassed on any por- tion of the globe. Intermediately lies that great zone, between the coast and the Mountain Section, emphatically a warm and genial temperate zone, with neither extremes of heat or cold, with a healthfulness unequalled over so exensive a territory, and with such general favoring conditions of soil and climate as to emphasize its special adaptation for the perfection of all the grains, field crops and fruits of the temperate zone. THE POPULATION OF THE STATE. I From the Handbook of North Carolina.] This is a topic of interest to the people of North Carolina from the marked fact of their present homogeniousness, ex- cepting, of course, the important and large element of the Af- rican race, and the smaller and inferior remnant of the abo- riginal Indian, still in possession of a large territory in the western part of the State, and the still smaller body of half- breeds known as the Croatans, occupving a part of Robeson County, and believed, fancifully or otherwise, to be the de- scendants of the lost members of the lost colony of Captain John White, the first effort at permanent settlement made by Anglo-Saxon whites on the American continent. The whites of this State, now so intermingled and blended by intermar- riage and industrial intercourse as to present between them few distinctive traits of their origin, are the descendants, medi- ately or immediately, of the dominant European races coming directly to our shores, but more largely the off-shoots of the northern colonies grown populous and powerful enough to in- dulge in that early development of the American characteristic, love of change and adventure, or the more practical motive or bettering their condition by the acquirement of new lands, unrestricted in limit, of nearly nominal cost, and with the fame of unbounded fertility and unequalled salubrity. In 1709 the Baron De Graffenreid, with a colony of Swiss, established himself at the confluence of the rivers Neuse and Trent, and there founded the present city of Newbern — a set- tlement destined to be permanent, but of slow growth, and re- go HAND-BOOfc OF DURHAM, N. C. ceiving few farther accessions from the native land of the founder. A small colony of Huguenots found a refuge from persecu- tion in the same section, but, beyond the impress of their principles and their names, contributed only in small degree to the settlement of North Carolina. Perhaps the largest bodies ot Europeans coming approxi- mately at one times and constituting a distinctive foreign el- ement, was the Scotch or Highland colony, which occupied the country along the upper waters of the Cape Fear, now known as the counties of Bladen, Cumberland, Moore, Rob- eson, Richmond and Harnett. These came, some voluntarily, most of them by compulsion, after the disastrous defeat of Culloden in 1746. They have also blended with the other European families, but still retain in marked degree their natural characteristics of piety, morality, and care of education. The Lords Proprietors, through their influen:es and induce- ments offered, added to the population, which, however, came in singly or in groups and increased slowly, though early in the colonial history making the Eastern Section the most prosperous in the State. The location of his large colony of Moravians by Count Zinzendorff, in 1754, in the present county of Forsyth, is the only instance of attempted complete isolation, of the seclu- sion of an entire colony, and the culture of peculiar ideas and creeds — ideas and creeds more in harmony with the real aim and ends of a pure Christianity than human philanthrophy has often aimed to put in practical force. This, like all other colonies, has in process of time blended with the great mass, but with the distinct and triumphant survival of its nobler characteristics — benevolence, integrity, devotion to morality, religion and education, and that untiring energy which brought prosperity to the wilderness colony, and future increase of growth and wealth to those fine towns, Winston and Salem, the matured, or rather still growing and maturing outgrowths of the simple, pious unambitious, religious Moravian colony. Of the negro population it suffices to say that it is chiefly descended from the slaves capiured in former years in Africa, and introduced into the South by English, Dutch, and, in latter years, New England slaveships. Importations of slaves into North Carolina was very rare after the beginning of this century. The increase, therefore, has been from natural causes, a genial climate, a humane public system and the NORTH CAROLINA. 91 kindly tempers of the owners, a temper softened as much by humanity — very often by affection — as it was influenced bj interest. Through these combined causes the negro popula- tion increased until it earlj attained the ratio to that of the whites it has held and still holds — about one-third of the . the emancipation of the race, the policy of the State government, sustained bj a just and humane public senti- everything c insistent with the existence of and ineradicable ethnical antagonisms, to efface all the badges of former slaver) . The negro has all the rights of the citizen, and is secured and protected in the exer< them, with the same jealous safeguard of the law as the white citizen. IK- testifies before the courts without question as to race competency ; he accumulates, it he will, property, per- sonal and real ; he is admitted on equal terms with the whites t<> the practice of the learned professions ; he has the amplest n in the exercise of his religious beliefs, and tin absolute control in his ecclesiastical affairs. His infirm, the deaf, the dumb, the blind and the insane are eared for by the State in institutions, proportionately to the number of patients, - well built, as costly, and as well supervised by competent heads, as those of the whites. His education is weli provided for, and though he pays a little more than one- : the poll-tax, and on one-thirtieth of such property tax ssigned t<> the maintenance of the school fund, his allot- ment of that fund is in proportion to population, not to that of race contribution. Apart from the colleges, some, if not all, of which are largely sustained by contributions from the Northern Si ites, the negro shares in the Normal Institute system which is sustained by the State. He holds, also, his Animal Industrial State Fair, organized and controlled by his own race, but aided by annual appropriations from the State ury, and encouraged by the good-will and active co- rn <>f the whites, thus having conspicuous opportunity to give evidence of 1. 3 and his capacity to maintain friendly rivalry in the industrial field with the dominant race, population of North Corolina by the Census 50 ; by that of [890, [,617,947 — an in- .It is classified as follows: Whit' • ; Chinese, and Japanese, 15 ; In- dians (excluding Croatans) 1,571. Stone Quarries. NORTH CAROLINA. 93 The foreign horn population is. by the same census, The descendants of foreigners form a considerable element, but theii numbers do not materially affect the horaogeneous- ness of the mass of population. The large body of immi- grants which annually lodge themselves in the territory of the United States, direct themselves to other homes than are to be found in the South Atlantic States. The immigration into North Carolina is largely from the New England, Middle and some of the North-western states, and gives manv and much I and much valued accessions to sources of material de- velopment GOVERNMENT AND TAXATION. From the Handbook of North Carolina.] The government of North Carolina is a pure democracy. It is based upon the will of the people as expressed in the Constitution, an instrument framed by them in their sover- eign capacity through delegates appointed for that purpose. The will of the people « f this and of cadi State, when thus expressed, and in conformity to the Constitution of the United States — tor the will of the people of each State is subordi- nate to the collective- will of the people of all the States — is the- supreme law. The- State Constitution thus made is the measure and test of all laws passed by the- Legislature, and these laws must stand or fall by their agreement or disa- ment with it. The- Con titution is a short instrument bul wide in its and bearing. It contains a brief statement <>t the fundamental principles of civil and individual liberty, creates the- different departments of government — Executive, Legis- lative and Judicial — and prescribes the- powers ofeach;es- tablishes educational charitable and penal institutions; directs who shall he- liable- to duty in militia; and prescribes the- rights of citizenship. The Legislature enacts laws. The Judician passes upon them when a question arises as to their constitutionality, and expounds them when a question is presented as to their meaning. Tin- execution of the- law is entrusted to the- Ex- ecutive. The- Executive in this State possesses no veto upon ts of the- Legislature. When the- law is once- made, his duty, as that of every other citizen, is obedience in his sphere. NORTH CAROLINA. 95 The rights of citizenship is the only point for consideration od these depend upon age, residence and previous citizenship. . . A citizen of a foreign country can make himself a citizen here bv becoming a resident; declaring before the i tribunal his purpose to become a citizen; and taking the pre- scribed oath of allegiance. A citizen of any other of tin- United States becomes a citi- zen here by changing his residence from that State to this. All persons who an- born and continue to reside within 5l ite an- citizens thereof. The chief privilege of citizenship is suffrage. The Con- stitution ordains that, "every male person born in the United and every male person \vh<> has been naturalized, twenty-one years old, or upward, who shall have resided in ite twelve months next preceding tin- election, and ninety days in the county in which he offers to vote, shall hi- deemed an elector. Suffrage here embraces the right t«» vote for ever) ol in the State from tin- Governor down to constable. One only exception to the principle exists in this State— that is in the Justices of the Peace. These arc- appointed bv the tun Logical consistency was sacrificed in this ure what, in the- judgment of the Convention, was a >f far higher importance, namely, the sound adminis- tration of justice in tin- county, and the administrati count) both of which an- uudei the control of the s. In mam of the eastern counties the colored popu- lation predominates. NYwh emerged from si and consequently ignorant of the duties of citizenship; f the law and therefore incapable of administering it; themselves without property and therefore without the judg- ment mecessan to administei tin- finances of a community; med best to respose the power of mak m another body; thus guarding those communities against error, whether of ignoranct or design, until and education should mak. thos safe ,, mch power. This provision <>! the Con- stitution was inspired 1>\ no led- rd the 1 man; it was a provision ol safi ty as well I as the white man. The provision was mad< iinpai tial in its operation; it applies to ever) county in tru whether the majority he white or black, and the object was 96 HAND-BOOK OF DURHAM, N. C. secured. No such provision was necessary in the cases of officers elected by general ticket, for there the experience of the white population accustomed to the exercise of citizen- ship and educated to its responsibilities would counterbalance the inexperience of tb.2 colored race. Citizenship under the Constitution of North Carolina carries with it high and important rights apart from suffrage. It confers a right to an education by the State, such as will qualify the citizen for the duties to be performed. If he be without property , it gives him a right to support from the county, if incapable of earning it by sickness or old age. If he have property and is overtaken by irremedial misfortune, it exempts from execution personal property to the value of five hundred dollars, and vests in the owner in fee-simple the homestead and the dwellings and the buildings used there- with not exceeding in value one thousand dollars, to be selected by him. The unfortunate have thus a secure refuge in case of disaster in business. It regulates taxation by providing that the General Assem- bly levying a tax shall state the object to which it is to be applied, and enjoins that it be applied to no other purpose. It establishes an equation between the property and the cap- itation tax by directing that the capitation tax levied on each citizen shall be equal to the tax on property valued at three hundred dollars in cash. The capitation tax is levied on every male inhabitant in the State over twenty-one and under fifty years of age, and shall never exceed two dollars on the head. The effect of this limitation upon the capitation tax restricts the tax on each hundred dollars worth of property to sixty-six and two-thirds cents. It further directs that the amount levied for county purposes shall not exceed the double of the State tax, except for a special purpose and with the approval of the Legislature. The rate of State tax now levied for the present year is 28 cents on one hundred dollars valuation, besides 15 cents for school purposes. In addition there are taxes levied on cer- tain pursuits, industries and interests devoted to certain pur- poses, some in aid of the general school fund, some for pensions. Advertisements. 97 The Man in the Moon would be happier if he could have a supply of Coo) Fragrant i ral Soothing Blackwell's Bull Durham Smoking Tobacco ror over twenty -five years tne standard smotcing ropacco or me wunu. To-day More Popular than Ever. To hav? a good smoke anytime and everytime it is only necessary to get Bull Durham. It is all good and always good. BLACKWELL'S DURHAM ' TOBACCO CO., DURHAM. N. C. H. J. Brown Coffin House. J. W. BROWN, Proprietor 3/ intent! Jlii'crto* itntl l r mliiiliiici;. Telegraph orders Promptly Aitsnded to Day or Night. EALEI3H, 1ST. C. Advertisements. JSO, M, WYATI, MANUFACTURER OF AND DEALER IN Buggies, Carts, Harness, Saddlery, Shoe Findings, &c. DURHAM, N. C. WORTHAM WOODEN MILLS, MANUFACTURERS OF- SASH, DOORS, BLINDS, k HOUSE FURNISHING WIATERIALS. We do nothing but First- Class Work. G. C. FARTHING, - - - - President & Manager, TRIMITg i COLLEGE, DURHAM, NORTH CRROIilNfl. Five departments of instruction, each in charge of specialists, i) Department of Philosophy and Letters, leading to A. B. Degree. 2) Scientific Department, leading to B. S. 3) Theological Department, leading to B. D: 4) Technical Department, leading to three engineering de- grees. School of Pharmacy. 5) Department of History, Political and Social Science, lead- ing to Ph. B. School of Finance and Economy for higher education of business men, leading to Ph. B. Catalogue of special bulletins relating to any department sent free on application to the president. JOHN C. KILGO, President. Advertisements 99 YARBO ROUGH * HOUSE, KA.LEI3-H, 1ST. O. L. T. BROWN, = = Proprietor. In Ev^ry Particular. Cuisine Service equal to any in the Country. BSFRATES REASONABLE.-^ THE Hou^e Furnishing and Decorative AgeqciJ, Informs the public that it employs none but Fi>st-class Artists, and is fully prepared to execute all hinds of Painting, Braining and Decorative Work, With Wall topers, Stenceting, Tiling. Anaglypta Linerusta, Fresco. French Applique Relief, Silks aril Painted or Woven tnd in the Modern or Classic Styles. IF YOU NEED ©ecorafi&e • T2?orR or • jfurmsrjtwja of any hind, let us give you an estimate Advertisements. HARRISON HOUSE, RALEIGH, N. C. Mrs. E. M. HARRISON, Proprietress. Located plearanlli/ in the centre of the city and pronounced bv the traveling public as the best moderete priced hotel south of Mason & Dixons's tine. Terms, $1 00 and $1 50 Per Day. Special rates given to State and County Officers, Drummers Canvass- ers, Farmers' Alliance and to the Theatrical Profession. Rooms newly furnished and well ventilated. Table supplied with all the delicacies of the season. Servants polite and attentive. Meals at all hours. DISTANCE. Fro CHUNK'S'' Cheroots 5 for 10 cents. The finest smoke for the money. "OLD (NORTH S I ATE" Cheroots 3 for 5 cents. A hummer that always pleases. Stick to home and send us your orders. Special brands put up when desired. Address, Mallory Durham Cheroot Co., DURHAM N. C. Advertisements. S- A. L. Seaboard A«r L'ne, ai:.s iLUTELY THE Fastest Freight and Passenger Route, TO AND FROM ALL POINTS ™Ottb, SOUlD, East m\b IXlcst OWNING AND OPERATING "The Atlanta Special" The Fastest Train in the South. COMPOSED OF Pullman Buffet Drawing Room SLEEPERS and DAY COACHES, VESTIBULE!) THROUGHOUT. ALSO THE INTERSTATE EXPRESS FREIGHT, RUNNING SOLID BETWEEN PORTSMOUTH AND ATLANTA. TVw mi L- !>v the above trains is unequalled. The.S is Unsurpassi Sent anywhere in the United States, on receipt of price. Life, . . . Fire, . . . Tornado, . . Accident, . . Fidelity, . . . Employers, Liability. W. J. QRL5W0LD, INSURANCE, 100 West Main Street, Durham, N. C. None but Reliable Companies Represented. See me when in need of any kind of Insurance. WHEN YOT7 "WAIsTX •^i@oo^ or <§)t&tioneryU^ SEND TO Alfred • Williams ♦ & • Company, BOOKSELLERS ™B STATIONERS, RALEIGH, N. C. Catalogue free on application. Correspondence Solicited. Advertisements. i<>- J. K. tilacknall. J. I. I'mmv, Jss. \V. Walker, President ul, Durham Soap Works, TDTJFlttATSA, 1ST. c. MM I li II i;t \ Fine Laundry Soap, and . . . • A Superior Cotton Softener :fo:r COTTON * MILLS. SOUTH EK/N RAILWACJ, THE GREAT TRUNK LINE AM) U. S. MAIL- route: NORTH, SOUTH, EAST AND WEST, Dger trains daily to Washington. Baltimore. Philadelphia. New York and all points Baal Three passenger trains dail) fo« Atlanta. Birmingham, Mem phis. Chattanooga. Montgomery, .Mobile, New Orleans, and points Sol rH and WEST TH: SHD3T LINE TO FLO-IDA. ••The New York and Florida, Short Line Limited" runs s. lid beta lie and St Augustine, arithout change carrying fit st-class da) • Washington and SI Augustine, Pullman Palace Drawnngroom and L'ompartmeut Cars petwceti New y lie and SI Augustine, also Pullman Pals bet wen New York and i .1 m j. * . and Dining Cars between New York and SI Augualiue. TH WASHINGTON AND SOUTHWESTERN VESTIBULED LIMITED Thia train ia composed entirely of Pullman Pals epingandDin tigns, For Speed, I u\ur>. comfort and Safety, Our Service cannot be Kxcelled. Call on any Agent Southern Hallway for Rates, Tun. tables Sec. w a GR] u a TURR Gei Washington, i> C J \f iti.iv Traffic Man gi a H H \ki>\\ : Washington Allanl CHAD I.. UOPKINB, Ti io6 Advertisements. W. DUKE, SONS & CO., BRANCH OF THE AMERICAN TOBACCO CD, —MANUFACTURERS OF — @ ^ y^^^ FANCY WOOLS, ZEPHYRS 3£mbroi6eti> /Ifcaterials &c. Orders From a Distance Will Receive Prompt Attention. THOMAS H. BRIGGS & SONS, ZR^ILjIEICrlES:. 3ST. c. HARDWARE, CUTLERY, GUNS, PISTOLS, SHELLS, WADS, SASH, DOORS, BLINDS, PAINTS, OILS, GLASS, LIME, PLASTER, CEMENT. BEST GOODS, LOWEST PRICES, SQUARE DEALING. Advertisements. 109 B. N. in m PnsMaal JNO. P. WILY. CuHir. THE FIDELITY BA/NK, DURHAM, N. C. Capital $1C0,000.C0, Surplus, $30,0C0.00. II. 1- unple facilities for every reasonable accommodation. Solicits Business from every section of the United Slates C. C. TAYLOR, DEALER IN TINWARE. STOVES. COOKING UTENSILS, LIPS, &C. Every Variety of Tinsmith Work Done on .Short Notice and at Reasonable Prices. FOJR. PICTURE -FRAMES, WINDOW SHADES ARTIST MATERIALS. ORDER FROM FRED A. WATSON'S PICTURE AND ART STORE, RALEIGH, N. O. fSTPKM-i:-. Satis* ictory. "\*7\ ZE3I. McCABE, Insurance Bgencg, When in need <>f Fire, Life, Accident, Steam Boiler, Plate 1 Employers' Liability, Use and Occupancy Insurance or I of Suretyship, call on or write- to Yours vi-rv truly. W\ H. McCABF., Main Street Durham, N c Advertisements. f 9 IL YEAMIBF, "Druggist ® and ® Seedsman, DURHAM, N. C. and CHAPEL HILL, N. C. ^PRESCRIPTIONS A SPECIALTY.;^- SOLE AGENT FOR fJinJIef's BoiiBon^ aqd (Jhocolafag. «s$g>£Mai/ Orde.s Promptly Attended Jo. ■k^£> ONLY THE B EST OBTAINABL E. DARNELL & TM0MA5, LEADING MUSIC HOUSE, 114 FayelteTilld Street. Raieigli, and 105 East Haiti Sleet, i nrhaiu, N. 0. — DEALERS IN— PIANOS AND ORGANS. Best Goods! Lowest Prices ! Easiest Terms ! Sheet Music and Small Musical Instruments. Sail and examine Our goods or send for cataloeue. JAMES SOUTHGATE & SON, LIFE, FIRE AND ACCIDENT INSURANCE, I5XJI^KCA.]Vr, 1ST. O- Largest and Best Companies Represented. Advertisements. hi j s c\KK. Prtisdnt. ■' "i «TT PlRST ^aTIONHL gSNR ; JDTJFtX-T ATvl. 3ST. O. 1 a Gi ni rai Banking Busini ss. mmodaiion consist ant with Conservative Hanking will be extended its patrons. PROMPT ATTENTION TO COLLECTIONS. Durham ® Steam ® Laundry, 231 /V\a|n Street "Durham, N. C G. B. EICHWOOD & CO , Proprietors, Work collected and delivered in every portion of the city FREE OF CHARGE. BEST UJORK DONE IN THE STATE. . . . LATEST inPROVED HACHINERY THROUGHOUT . . . AGENTS WANTED. Sam'l Kramer & Co., MA' ' '£ OP -^jFINE CIGARS,!(- Smoke Phihpena 5; re/// Cigar^ made <>/ selected tobacco and i an; lied. DURHAM MARBLE WORKS, hdctie^iei^im:, isr. o„ R. I. ROGERS, - - Proprietor. Monuments, Tombstones, Tablets, Brownstone and Granite Curbings &c, Microfilmed cniiNFT/ASERL PROJECT ii2 Advertisements. Clotbing! Clotbing! REMEMBER. WHEN IN NEED OF # Clothing, ♦Shoes, ♦ Hats * AND ALL KINDS OF FTJK,nsrisH:i^Ta- goods -->>WE AREV- Leaders not only in Quality and Low Prices, but in Quantity to Select From. The only two story CLOTHING and GENT'S FURNISHING GOODS House in the City with both floors filled with the most Desirable Goods to be found. Give us a Look, no trouble to Show Goods. T. J". LAMBE, THE CLOTHIER AND GENT'S FURNISHER. W. H. Willard, Prest. J. T. Pinmx. Vice-Prest. THE MOREHEAD BANKING COMPANY, DTJRHAivr. ]sr. c, CAPITAL, - $200,000 OO SURPLUS, and Undivided Profits, - - $35,00000 We possess every facility necessary for accommodation and expeditious and accurate transactions. Business solicited from every section of County. THOS. H. MARTIN, LEAF TOBAeeO BROKER, DURHAM. N. C. possesses even? facility for IbanNino v* Storincj. ALL GRADES BOUGHT ON ORDER. iIII7iiiiiiiiiT CHAPELH,u 00032761084 FOR I SE ONLY l\ ■HI NORTH ( \Ko].i\\ COLLET llo\ lh»i> TlILE HAS BEEN MICROFILMED