Hn*' HKmufiu-y, «.• ''X*.-'ftwii «• V ' ■ 
 
 NALUSKA 
 
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Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 
 in 2012 with funding from 
 
 University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 
 
 http://archive.org/details/junaluskaOOmccu 
 
- 
 
 
 JUNALUSKA 
 
 BYRD PRINTING CO. 
 ATLANTA 
 
Almost nothing had been written 
 of Cherokee history until 1897- 
 '98, and many details and inci- 
 dents in the life of Junaluska are 
 not recorded. A full account of 
 the battle of Horseshoe Bend and 
 many causes of the removal to 
 the West are given because of 
 the important part they play in 
 his life. I acknowledge my in- 
 debtedness to Mr. James Mooney, 
 United States Ethnologist, and 
 to others who have written short 
 appreciations of Lake Junaluska. 
 
 Maude McCulloch, 
 Waynesville, N. C. 
 

 <U JL 
 
JUNALUSKA 
 
 S a rule Indian children are unnamed 
 until several months old, and then 
 are generally named by one of the 
 grandparents. Some names are de- 
 rived from some circumstance of 
 birth, others from a dream, and 
 many— particularly among the Cher- 
 okee — are hereditary. Any of these may be 
 changed repeatedly in after life. 
 
 In early life Junaluska was known as GiiY- 
 kala'ski. The name refers to something habitu- 
 ally falling from a leaning position. He was 
 born about the year 1758, and no one knows 
 why this name was given him. 
 
 The Creeks were hereditary enemies of the 
 Cherokee. On the outbreak of the Creek war 
 in 1813, Gul'kala'ski raised a party of warriors 
 to go down, as he boasted, "to exterminate the 
 
JUNALUSKA 
 
 Creeks." John Preston Arthur, in his "His- 
 tory of Western North Carolina," states that, 
 1 'at first, he failed to keep his promise." Not 
 meeting with success, he announced the result, 
 according to the Cherokee custom, at the next 
 dance after his return in a single word, detsinu'- 
 lahufigu', "I tried, but could not," given out as 
 a cue to the song leader, who at once took it as 
 the burden of his song. Thenceforth Gul'kala'- 
 ski was known as Tsunu'lahufi'ski, "One who 
 tries, but fails. " Tsunu'lahufr\ski was cor- 
 rupted by the whites to Junaluska. 
 
 Tsunu'lahufi'ski distinguished himself as a 
 great warrior at the battle of Horseshoe Bend, 
 Tallapoosa County, Alabama, where the Creeks 
 were reported to have collected in great force. 
 At this place, known to the Creeks as Tohopki 
 or Tohopeka, the Tallapoosa river made a bend 
 so as to inclose some eighty or one hundred 
 acres in a narrow peninsula opening to the 
 north. On the lower side was an island in 
 the river. Across the neck of the peninsula the 
 Creeks had built a strong breastwork of logs, 
 behind which were their houses, and behind 
 these were a number of canoes moored to the 
 bank for use if retreat became necessary. The 
 fort was defended by a thousand warriors, with 
 whom were also about three hundred women 
 
JUNALUSKA 
 
 and children. General Andrew Jackson's force 
 numbered about two thousand men, including, 
 according to his own statement, five hundred 
 Cherokee. He had two small cannon. The mas- 
 sacre occurred on the morning of March 27, 
 1814. 
 
 General Jackson detailed General Coffee, with 
 the mounted men and nearly the whole of the 
 Indian force, to cross the river at a ford about 
 three miles below and surround the bend in 
 such manner that none could escape in that 
 direction. Jackson, with the rest of his force, 
 advanced to the front of the breastwork and 
 planted his cannon upon a slight rise within 
 eighty yards of the fortification. He then di- 
 rected a heavy cannonade upon the center of 
 the breastwork, while the rifles and muskets 
 kept up a galling fire upon the defenders when- 
 ever they showed themselves behind the logs. 
 The breastwork was very strongly and com- 
 pactly built, from five to eight feet high, with 
 a double row of portholes, and so planned that 
 no enemy could approach without being exposed 
 to a crossfire from those on the inside. After 
 about two hours of cannonading and rifle fire 
 to no great purpose, a company of spies and a 
 party of the Cherokee force crossed over to the 
 peninsula in canoes and set fire to a few of their 
 
JUNALUSKA 
 
 buildings there situated. They then advanced 
 with great gallantry toward the breastwork 
 and commenced firing upon the enemy. Find- 
 ing that this force, notwithstanding the deter- 
 mination they displayed, was wholly insufficient 
 to dislodge the enemy, Jackson determined to 
 take possession of their works by storm. 
 
 Coffee had taken seven hundred mounted 
 troops and about six hundred Indians, of whom 
 five hundred were Cherokee and the rest 
 friendly Creeks, and had come in behind, hav- 
 ing directed the Indians to take position se- 
 cretly along the bank of the river to prevent 
 the enemy from crossing. 
 
 According to the official report of Colonel 
 Gideon Morgan, who commanded the Cherokee, 
 and who was himself severely wounded, the 
 Cherokee took the places assigned them along 
 the bank in such regular order that no part 
 was left unoccupied, and the few fugitives who 
 attempted to escape from the fort by water 
 "fell an easy prey to their vengeance." Finally, 
 seeing that the cannonade had no more effect 
 upon the breastwork than to bore holes in the 
 logs, some of the Cherokee plunged into the 
 river, and swimming over to the town brought 
 back a number of canoes. A part crossed in 
 these, under cover of the guns of their compan- 
 
JUNALUSKA 
 
 ions, and sheltered themselves under the bank 
 while the canoes were sent back for reenforce- 
 ments. In this way they all crossed over and 
 then advanced up the bank, where at once they 
 were warmly assailed from every side except 
 the rear, which they kept open only by hard 
 fighting. 
 
 The Creeks had been fighting the Americans 
 in their front at such close quarters that their 
 bullets flattened upon the bayonets thrust 
 through the portholes. This attack from the 
 rear by five hundred Cherokee diverted their 
 attention and gave opportunity to the Tennes- 
 seeans, Sam Houston among them, cheering 
 them on, to swarm over the breastwork. With 
 death from the bullet, the bayonet and the 
 hatchet all around them, and the smoke of their 
 blazing homes in their eyes, not a Creek war- 
 rior begged for his life. When more than half 
 their number lay dead upon the ground, 
 the rest turned and plunged into the river, 
 only to find the banks on the opposite side 
 lined with enemies and escape cut off in 
 every direction. Very few ever reached the 
 bank, and that few were killed the instant they 
 landed. From two hundred and fifty to three 
 hundred of the enemy were buried under water 
 and were not numbered with the dead that were 
 
8 JUNALUSKA 
 
 found. Some swam for the island below the 
 bend, but here too a detachment had been 
 posted and "not one ever landed." 
 
 Jackson says: "The enemy, although many 
 of them fought to the last with that kind of 
 bravery which desperation inspires, were at 
 last entirely routed and cut to pieces. The bat- 
 tle may be said to have continued with severity 
 for about five hours, but the firing and slaugh- 
 ter continued until it was suspended by the 
 darkness of night. The next morning it was 
 resumed and sixteen of the enemy slain who 
 had concealed themselves under the banks." 
 
 About three hundred prisoners were taken, 
 of whom only three were men. Jackson states 
 that not more than twenty Creeks could have 
 escaped. The defenders of the Horseshoe had 
 been exterminated. 
 
 On the other side the loss was twenty-six 
 Americans killed and one hundred and seven 
 wounded, eighteen Cherokee killed and thirty- 
 six wounded, five friendly Creeks killed and 
 eleven wounded. It will be noted that the loss 
 to the Cherokee was out of all proportion to 
 their numbers, their fighting having been hand 
 to hand work without protecting cover. In view 
 of the fact that only a few weeks before Jackson 
 had been compelled to retreat before the 
 
JUNALUSKA 
 
 Creeks, and that two hours of artillery and rifle 
 fire had produced no result until the Cherokee 
 turned the rear of the enemy by their daring- 
 passage of the river, there is truth in the claim 
 of Junaluska that they saved the day for Jack- 
 son, and thus there was fulfilled in a measure the 
 boast of Junaluska that he would ' ' exterminate 
 the Creeks," because he rendered such val- 
 uable assistance to Jackson in breaking the 
 chief arm of that intrepid nation in the battle 
 of Horseshoe Bend. In view of that achieve- 
 ment his name now signifies ' ' The Undaunted. ' ' 
 In the number of men actually engaged and the 
 immense proportion killed, this ranks as the 
 greatest Indian battle in the history of the 
 United States, with the possible exception of 
 the battle of Mauvila, fought by the same In- 
 dians in DeSoto's time. The result was deci- 
 sive. The Creek war was at an end. 
 
 Not many years passed before the Cherokee 
 began to hear the first low muttering of the 
 coming storm that was soon to overturn their 
 whole governmental structure and sweep them 
 forever from the land of their birth. In No- 
 vember, 1828, Andrew Jackson was elected 
 President of the United States. He was a fron- 
 tiersman and Indian hater. His position was 
 well understood, and there is good ground for 
 
io JUNALUSKA 
 
 believing that the action at once taken by 
 Georgia was at his suggestion. A month after 
 his election, Georgia passed an act annexing 
 that part of the Cherokee country within her 
 chartered limits and extending over it her juris- 
 diction ; all laws and customs established among 
 the Cherokee were declared null and void, and 
 no person of Indian blood or descent residing 
 within the Indian country was henceforth to be 
 allowed as a witness or party in any suit where 
 a white man should be defendant. The act was 
 to take effect June 1, 1830. The whole territory 
 was soon after mapped out into counties and 
 surveyed by state surveyors into "land lots" 
 of 160 acres each, and "gold lots" of 40 acres, 
 which were put up and distributed among the 
 white citizens of Georgia by public lottery, each 
 white citizen receiving a ticket. Every Cher- 
 okee head of a family was, indeed, allowed a 
 reservation of 160 acres, but no deed was given, 
 and his continuance depended solely on the 
 pleasure of the legislature. Provision was made 
 for the settlement of contested lottery claims 
 among the white citizens, but by the most strin- 
 gent enactments, in addition to the sweeping 
 law which forbade anyone of Indian blood to 
 bring suit or to testify against a white man, it 
 was made impossible for the Indian owner to 
 
JUNALUSKA 11 
 
 defend his right in any court or to resist the 
 seizure of his homestead, or even his own dwell- 
 ing house, and anyone so resisting was made 
 subject to imprisonment at the discretion of a 
 Georgia court. Other laws directed to the 
 same end quickly followed, one of which made 
 invalid any contract between a white man and 
 an Indian unless established by the testimony 
 of two white witnesses — thus practically can- 
 celing all debts due from white men to Indians 
 — while another obliged all white men residing 
 in the Cherokee country to take a special oath 
 of allegiance to the state of Georgia, on pen- 
 alty of four years' imprisonment in the pen- 
 itentiary, this act being intended to drive out 
 all the missionaries, teachers, and other edu- 
 cators who refused to countenance the spolia- 
 tion. About the same time the Cherokee were 
 forbidden to hold councils, or to assemble for 
 any public purpose, or to dig for gold upon 
 their own lands. 
 
 The purpose of this legislation was to render 
 life in their own country intolerable to the 
 Cherokee by depriving them of all legal protec- 
 tion and friendly counsel, and the effect was 
 precisely as intended. In an eloquent address 
 upon the subject before the House of Represen- 
 tatives, the distinguished Edward Everett 
 
12 JUNALUSKA 
 
 clearly pointed out the encouragement which it 
 gave to lawless men : "They have but to cross 
 the Cherokee line ; they have but to choose the 
 time and the place where the eye of no white 
 man can rest upon them, and they may burn 
 the dwelling, waste the farm, plunder the prop- 
 erty, assault the person, murder the children 
 of the Cherokee subject of Georgia, and though 
 hundreds of the tribe may be looking on, there 
 is not one of them that can be permitted to bear 
 witness against the spoiler." Senator Sprague, 
 of Maine, said of the law that it devoted the 
 property of the Cherokee to the cupidity of 
 their neighbors, leaving them exposed to every 
 outrage which lawless persons could inflict, so 
 that even robbery and murder might be com- 
 mitted with impunity at noonday, if not in the 
 presence of whites who would testify against it. 
 The jjrediction was fulfilled to the letter. The 
 Cherokee appealed to President Jackson, but 
 were told that no protection would be afforded 
 them. Despairing of any help from the Presi- 
 dent, the Cherokee addressed an earnest me- 
 morial to Congress, which memorial evidenced 
 the devoted and pathetic attachment with which 
 the Cherokee clung to the land of their fathers. 
 Attempt after attempt was made to induce the 
 Cherokee, to remove to the West, but they re- 
 
JUNALUSKA 1 3 
 
 fused to be convinced that justice, prosperity, 
 and happiness awaited them beyond the Mis- 
 sissippi. 
 
 The national paper, "The Cherokee Phoe- 
 nix," was suppressed and its office plant seized 
 by a guard. Their chief, Gu'wisguwf (John 
 Ross), was arrested, all his private papers be- 
 ing taken at the same time, and conveyed into 
 Georgia, where he was held for some time with- 
 out charge against him, and at last released 
 without apology or explanation. 
 
 The Cherokee were nearly worn out by con- 
 stant battle against a fate from which they 
 could see no escape. A treaty was finally drawn 
 up and signed on December 29, 1835. 
 
 Briefly stated, by this treaty of New Echota, 
 Georgia, the Cherokee Nation ceded to the 
 United States its whole remaining territory 
 east of the Mississippi for the sum of five mill- 
 ion dollars and a common joint interest in the 
 territory already occupied by some Cherokee 
 who had moved to the West to Indian Territory, 
 now Oklahoma, with an additional smaller tract 
 adjoining on the northeast, in what is now Kan- 
 sas. Improvements were to be paid for, and 
 the Indians were to be removed at the expense 
 of the United States, and subsisted at the ex- 
 pense of the government for one year after 
 
14 JUNALUSKA 
 
 their arrival in the new country. The removal 
 was to take place within two years from the 
 ratification of the treaty. 
 
 It was agreed that a limited number of 
 Cherokee who should desire to remain behind 
 in North Carolina, Tennessee, and Alabama, 
 and become citizens, having first been adjudged 
 ''qualified or calculated to become useful cit- 
 izens," might so remain, together with a few 
 holding individual reservations under former 
 treaties. This provision was allowed by the 
 commissioners, but was afterward stricken out 
 on the announcement by President Jackson of 
 his determination "not to allow any preemp- 
 tions or reservations, his desire being that the 
 whole Cherokee people should remove to- 
 gether. ' ' 
 
 Provision was made for payment of debts due 
 by the Indians out of any moneys coming to 
 them under the treaty ; for the reestablishment 
 of the missions in the West; for pensions to 
 Cherokee wounded in the service of the gov- 
 ernment in the war of 1812 and the Creek war ; 
 for permission to establish in the new country 
 such military posts and roads for the use of 
 the United States as should be deemed neces- 
 sary; for satisfying Osage claims in the west- 
 ern territory and for bringing about a friendly 
 
JUNALUSKA 15 
 
 understanding between the two tribes ; for the 
 commutation of all annuities and other sums 
 due from the United States into a permanent 
 national fund, the interest to be placed at the 
 disposal of the officers of the Cherokee Nation 
 and by them disbursed, according to the will 
 of their own people, for the care of schools and 
 orphans, and for general national purposes. 
 
 The principal officers of the Nation were not 
 present when this treaty was drawn up. Gu'- 
 wisguwi' and the national delegates presented 
 protests with signatures representing nearly 
 16,000 Cherokee, but the treaty was ratified by 
 a majority of one vote over the necessary num- 
 ber, and steps were at once taken to carry it 
 into execution. 
 
 The history of this Cherokee removal of 
 1838, as gleaned from the lips of actors in the 
 tragedy, exceeds in weight of grief and pathos 
 any other passage in American history. Even 
 the much-sung exile of the Arcadians falls far 
 behind it in its sum of death and misery. 
 
 Junaluska accompanied the exiles of 1838, but 
 afterward returned to his old home in western 
 North Carolina. He was often heard to say: 
 "If I had known that Jackson would drive us 
 from our homes, I would have killed him that 
 day at the Horseshoe." In recognition of his 
 
16 JUNALUSKA 
 
 services the state legislature, by special act, in 
 1847 conferred upon him the right of citizen- 
 ship and granted to him three hundred and 
 thirty-seven acres of land in Graham County, 
 near the present Kobbinsville. 
 
 Junaluska died about the year 1858, aged 
 more than one hundred years. They laid him 
 under the trees in the land of his birth, and 
 "over his bed the wild vines lovingly wove a 
 coverlid of softest green. All his woodland 
 friends gather about his couch. Forest and 
 hill and flower and cloud sing the songs he 
 loved. All day the sunlight lays its wealth in 
 bars of gold at his feet, and at night the moon- 
 light things and the shadow things come out to 
 play. ' ' By his side they laid Nicie, his wife. A 
 monument was erected to his memory in 1910, 
 but the greatest and most enduring monuments 
 of this far-famed East Cherokee chief are 
 Mount Junaluska, bathed in the everlasting 
 sunshine of the land of the sky or wrapped in 
 mantles of untrodden snow, and Lake Juna- 
 luska, which nestles at its base and from its 
 depths reflects as a vast mirror the incompar- 
 able splendors of the surrounding hills, lofty 
 mountains and gorgeous sunsets. 
 
mp' 
 
 They laid him under the trees. 
 
 Pag-e 16 
 
LAKE 
 JUNALUSKA 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA 
 
LAKE JUNALUSKA 
 
 HE Laymen's Missionary Movement 
 of the Methodist Episcopal Church, 
 South, at its Convention in Chatta- 
 nooga, Tennessee, in April, 1908, 
 took into consideration the question 
 of establishing at the most suitable 
 place a great permanent Assembly 
 such as would meet the growing need of the 
 Church for rest, recreation, conference, train- 
 ing and inspiration. The Executive Committee 
 of the Movement was empowered to establish 
 such an Assembly. The Executive Committee 
 appointed a Committee on Location to look thor- 
 oughly into such questions as healthfulness, 
 beauty, comfort, accessibility, water and water- 
 power and to report. This Committee visited 
 various places, and, after long and careful ex- 
 amination into the elements which enter into 
 the location for such an Assembly, reported in 
 favor of Richland Valley, Haywood County, 
 North Carolina. On the basis of this report the 
 Executive Committee took up the whole ques- 
 tion and confirmed with gratifying unanimity 
 the choice of their Committee on Location. 
 
20 LAKE JUNALUSKA 
 
 A gigantic pair of compasses, with one point 
 on the apex of Mount Junaluska, and the other 
 at Baltimore, on the northeastern border of the 
 Southern Methodist territory, would describe a 
 circle extending from the shore of Lake Erie 
 to the shore of the Gulf of Mexico, and from 
 the border of the Atlantic Ocean to beyond St. 
 Louis, Missouri. There is no place east of the 
 Mississippi with the necessary qualifications 
 which is more accessible to our Southern peo- 
 ple than Lake Junaluska. 
 
 It is in the center of the most beautiful and 
 fertile section of the mountains, lying on the 
 apex of the Blue Eidge range, twenty-eight hun- 
 dred feet above sea level. Within a radius of 
 fifty miles are many lofty peaks lifting their 
 heads into the ethereal blue, while numerous 
 lesser eminences give a pleasing contrast and 
 add to the beauty of the scene. From Point 
 Junaluska toward the gates of the sunset one 
 sees the mountains standing round about like 
 the mountains round about Jerusalem, and 
 Mount Junaluska, the grandest of them all, in 
 the center of the group, pierces the sky. 
 
 At Lake Junaluska the climate is sufficiently 
 bracing to make vigorous exercise of body and 
 mind a joy, and to insure nightly repose with 
 the drapery of your couch about you, while 
 
LAKE JUNALUSKA 21 
 
 much of the world is seeking relief from the 
 stifling airs of the lowlands. 
 
 Scattered about this region are numerous 
 springs of cool, pure, sparkling water gushing 
 from the mountains hard by, and Eichland 
 Creek, a bold stream, once divided the bound- 
 ary of more than a thousand acres into two 
 nearly equal parts. 
 
 Such a region of enchantment was the home 
 of the Cherokee, whose progeny still linger in 
 peaceful possession near by, and this was the 
 enchanted spot selected by the Laymen's Mis- 
 sionary Movement of the Methodist Episcopal 
 Church, South, to gather the tribes from every 
 part of the Church year after year. 
 
 To appreciate Lake Junaluska fully, one 
 should read the history of the Cherokee who 
 roamed these mountains. They have left a 
 memory and traditions behind them which still 
 linger in this district. The whole country is 
 haunted ground, and the landscapes, beautiful 
 in themselves, become twice glorified by the 
 glamour thrown around and about them by the 
 genius of the story-teller. 
 
 The Committee saw this valley prepared by 
 the Great Architect and Builder, and, shutting 
 their eyes, caught a vision of a new-born lake, 
 along whose shores multitudes would hear and 
 
22 LAKE JUNALUSKA 
 
 answer the same call that once men heard by 
 Galilee, to the world's remaking. 
 
 In the summer of 1913, they halted Richland 
 Creek in its flow through an upland valley, and 
 in three weeks the valley bore on its breast as 
 charming a lake as any that reflect the skies of 
 Scotland, England, Switzerland or Italy. It 
 laved the feet of mountains which saw in its 
 mirror for the first time how beautiful they 
 were. The water, churned almost into mist, 
 dashed over the spillway, making one of the 
 most beautiful waterfalls to be seen among the 
 mountains. 
 
 Around the lake the landscape architect 
 threw a looped girdle of winding road over six 
 miles in length. He also threw loop after loop 
 around the hills, from various points of which 
 the most beautiful views appear. 
 
 Down at the water's edge they built a cir- 
 cular steel auditorium capable of seating forty- 
 five hundred. A number of cottages and public 
 buildings were erected, some on breeze-swept 
 heights, others nestling down among the shady 
 coves. Beautiful for location is Junaluska Inn, 
 the pride of the Junaluskans. 
 
 The United States Bureau of Fisheries 
 stocked Lake Junaluska with fishes, and fisher- 
 men have every reason to rejoice with the com- 
 
LAKE J U N A LU S K A 23 
 
 ing of summer, for it brings promise of rare 
 sport along its banks. There we have the royal 
 basses and many other fishes in an abundance 
 that makes every follower of Izaak Walton 
 happy. 
 
 The "Oonaguska," a double-decked steamer 
 with a passenger capacity of over two hundred, 
 was launched on August 22, 1914. The ' ' Oona- 
 guska" and a smaller launch make excursions 
 around the lake. Often these excursions are 
 made at night, when the moon like a queen 
 comes forth from the slow opening curtains of 
 the clouds, and over the lake, the vales, the 
 hills, the mountains, her silver mantle throws. 
 
 Many enjoy boating, and at any time one 
 can look out and see numerous boats gliding 
 over the surface of the water. Swimming, 
 horseback riding, autoing, tennis, basket-ball, 
 croquet, baseball, bowling and other sports are 
 enjoyed by the guests and lake-dwellers. On 
 October 24, 1916, a Golf Club was organized, 
 and over one hundred acres of land was selected 
 by experts for a golf course. 
 
 Lake Junaluska is within easy reach of many 
 neighboring places of interest by mountain 
 trails, carriages, automobiles, or trains. 
 
A TRIP TO 
 MOUNT JUNALUSKA 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA 
 
A TRIP TO 
 MOUNT JUNALUSKA 
 
 HE trip to Mount Junaluska, eight 
 miles away, is often taken by tramp- 
 ing parties, who, in the early morn- 
 ing, before the sun far ascends the 
 eastern slope, are wending their 
 way over vale and hill. One is 
 compelled to exclaim, 
 
 "Earth's crammed with heaven, 
 And every common bush afire with God." 
 
 They follow the trail up the mountain side, 
 over babbling brooks, through dense forest 
 shade beneath canopies where filtering sun- 
 beams strain their way through incense-mak- 
 ing boughs— on, until they merge from the 
 shadows and enter a scantily wooded section, 
 from which point can be seen the forests man- 
 tling the mountain sides with their dark green 
 coats, mottled here and there with lighter green, 
 and in the valley below the town of Waynes- 
 ville, beautiful for situation. Myriads of small 
 winged creatures — birds, bees, butterflies — give 
 glad animation and fill the air with music. 
 
28 MOUNT JUNALUSKA 
 
 The air of these uplands is a perfect tonic to 
 wasted energies, and the elixir of life seems to 
 flow with new vigor through torpid veins. 
 
 "Within a quarter of a mile of the summit is 
 Bogohama (Water-of-Life), a crystal spring, 
 with temperature forty-five degrees, surrounded 
 by giants of the forest, rhododendron in pro- 
 fusion, and flowers indigenous to the clime. 
 Here the trampers, with a bountiful supply of 
 lunch, ask "good digestion to wait on appetite 
 and health on both." 
 
 From this point they make their way to the 
 top, on which Eagle's Nest Hotel is perched. 
 Here one gets a breath of the ozone-laden air as 
 it comes direct from the top of the Balsams, 
 and eyes feast upon an enchanting panorama 
 of overpowering sublimity. Yonder is Plott's 
 Balsam and Jones' Knob, and toward Great Di- 
 vide, a myriad of peaks. 
 
 Fortunate the sojourner on this high moun- 
 tain platform to see the sun rise, sometimes 
 over a billowy sea of clouds stirring in the 
 dawn around those mountain masses out of 
 which the peaks appear, and set, sinking over 
 the peaks softened into the alpenglow of pink 
 and purple, and the shooting pillar of light long 
 after it is dusk below. 
 
LAKE JUNALUSKA 29 
 
 THER wonderful trips are to Bal- 
 sam, Cherokee, Old Bald, Pisgah, 
 Mount Mitchell, and should one de- 
 sire to spend a day or so in the midst 
 of the wildest mountain scenery, the 
 Southern Railway penetrates into 
 the very heart of the Nantahalas, 
 
 far-famed for the magnificent grandeur of their 
 
 scenery. 
 
 Lovely is the autumn time in the Lake Juna- 
 luska region. The summer 's green is first sup- 
 planted by a robe of barbaric splendor, reveal- 
 ing all the hues of the rainbow. After a few 
 visits of Jack Frost, these colors become still 
 more vivid, and the forests seem to blaze with 
 the glory of the changing season. Then the col- 
 ors become somewhat more subdued, and the 
 sourwoods and the blackgums, which have been 
 holding aloft the fiery cross of revolt, are recon- 
 ciled to their fate, and await patiently the re- 
 turn of spring. The mountains then are a more 
 somber brown, with long threads of balsam and 
 white pine woven into the pattern of their 
 quieter robes. As years go by permanent Juna- 
 luskans will enjoy seeing Nature pour new 
 glory on the woods from her beakers of rich- 
 est dyes. 
 
30 LAKE JUNALUSKA 
 
 HILE opportunities for boating, fish- 
 ing, swimming, mountain-climbing, 
 and excursions to neighboring points 
 are pleasures not to be lightly es- 
 teemed by those who are in the habit 
 of spending the most of their time in 
 solving the stern problems of life, 
 yet recreation is not the main object for which 
 the Assembly was established. 
 
 The old Jewish Church had its holidays and 
 festivals. Among the legitimate factors in the 
 work of exerting the desired influence and 
 bringing about desired results was the social 
 feeling centering in the innate and universal 
 propensity of men and women to meet together, 
 to look each other in the eye, to exchange opin- 
 ions, and to engage in those other amenities 
 which are so highly prized. 
 
 The camp-meetings of the last century were 
 partly an answer to the demand of the Church 
 to express normally the age-old social feeling 
 of humanity. Among the most prized inheri- 
 tances possessed by those who attended these 
 camp-meetings are memories interwoven with 
 social experiences. 
 
 The successor of the old-time camp-meeting 
 is, in a sense, the modern Chautauqua. The 
 
■ ■ ■ 
 
LAKE JUNALUSKA 31 
 
 Methodist Pjpiscopal Church, South, had long- 
 needed the Southern Assembly. Lake Junaluska, 
 designed to be the meeting place of the best 
 order of conferences, the homes of the best peo- 
 ple, the association of high-minded men, wo- 
 men and children, is destined to become one of 
 the great prides and influences of our land. 
 
 There is a feast for those who enjoy the high- 
 est intellectual entertainment. At Lake Juna- 
 luska we have had some of the ablest speakers 
 in the world, men of extraordinary power to 
 instruct, move and inspire large audiences. A 
 number of gifted musicians have charmed their 
 hearers. In the not distant future educational 
 buildings will surmount some of the most beau- 
 tiful forest-clad hills. 
 
 And, greatest of them all, Lake Junaluska 
 combines with physical, social and intellectual 
 refreshment, edification and inspiration for the 
 spiritual man. The concerted action of the lead- 
 ers of our great Church is behind the establish- 
 ment of the Southern Assembly. Missionary, 
 Epworth League, Sunday-school and Evangel- 
 istic meetings have been conducted at Lake 
 Junaluska since the year of its opening — 191o. 
 The moral value in Christian life and service of 
 this great Southern Chautauqua cannot be esti- 
 mated. Lake Junaluska is in deed and in truth 
 
32 LAKE JUNALUSKA 
 
 the central powerhouse from which currents of 
 spiritual influence go out to all parts of the 
 Methodist Episcopal Church, South.