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littp://www.arcliive.org/details/firstbookofarcliOOpall
ANDREA^ P'ALLADIÔ.
Tranflated out of IX^ LIA N:
With an Appendix Touching •
DOORS and WINDOWS,
hylP'^LE MV E TArchited to the f re;/^^ King :
Tranflated out of French,
By G.K.
Alfo Rules and Demonftrations, with feveral Dcfigns for the
Framing of any manner of Roofs either dhovc pitch or under
pitch, whether Square or Bevel, never publifhed before.
With defigns of Floors of variety of fmall pieces of Wood, late-
ly made in the Fallace of the Queen Mother, at Sommerfct-
Honfe 'j a curiofity never pra(flifed in B-ngUnd before.
The Third Edition Correli ed and Enlarged, With the new M^'
del of the Cathedral of St. Paules as its now to be Built.
LONDON,
Printed for N. Simmons at the Prince's Armes in St. P^t^i_
Church-yard, T. Vafjltigir at the three Bibies on Londcn Bridge, T. Sa-w^-''^
bridgi at the three Flower de Luces in Little Britain, and R. Smth
at the Bible under the Z^/d\'^^ of the Royal Exch^ngey \3-6.
*//i
'mtâ
IMPRIMATUR,
G.Brabourne, S, S. t,P,Re^erendijp.
Jmj.z7, 1662. ^0 in Chrifto Patri^^Djy.Anhiep.
Cant* Sacellan* domefiic^
nr
/jf^rfffKT
r/a,, us fan ckL . -/T^
y/é>
To my Worthy and much Honoured
Friend, DJNIEL COiW'^L/Efq;
SIR,
BEing very fenfible of the many Fa-
vours which you have a long time
been pleafed to afford me, I dare no
longer delay to acknowledge my Ob-
ligation : Although with the Addition of
your farther trouble, in defiring your Peru fai
and Allowance of this Tranflation, wherein
if you (hall think that I have done the Author
no lefi right then he hath done the Subject,
I fliall not doubt of the approbation of all o-
ther Ingenious perlons ^ and that our Arcifts
having ìuch Examples will make it as much
eftecmed here as abroad ; and it is only for
their lervice that I have undertaken this
work. I confels I ought to prefent you
fomething fuitable to thofe higher Studies
wherein you have with fo much fuccels ex-
crcifed your felf, and not by any thing inferi-
A 2 our,
131131
J'he Epijlle Dedicatory,
our diverty ou from the Philofophical and vSub-
lime Entertainments, which you find in that
Royal Society at Grepam-Colledge^ whereof
you are a Worthy Member. But this being
intended for an affiftance to our Ingenious
Workmen, and Improvement of Englifli Ar~
chiteBure • I fhall therefore hope for your Pa-
tronage, andthat )ou willownmeinthis, as
in all other occafions, to be,
SJr^
Jour moji Humble and
obliged Servant^
7' tj-^l
Godfrey Richards,
THE
THE
PREFACE
■^H £ SttbjeSl of thisTìran(Ialìo?2yheìfig
Architecture, dofhj in the opinion of
S'r. Hen. Wotton, need no Comment
dation^ where there are Noble Men
or Noble Minds: Therefore Iffjall only giz^e yon
an accompt of the Authors^ and my orvn concern-
ment herein : He was Andrea PalladiO)^ famous
JrchiteSl of Italy, where taking notice of the
Irregularities and Deformities in Buildings in-
troduced by inz^afions of the Gothes^ and other
Barbarians- toprez^ent thofe inconzfeniencesfor
the future^ he thought fitto infìrncì ths rporldin
the Rules and PraBicesofthe Learned .ancients ;
haz/ing opportunity to obferz/e the foot-fieps of
their labours euen at Rome // felf^ where being
the gre at e fi Concourfe of îN^ble Men and Noble
Minds ^ they f pared neither Care nor Coji in Build-
ing : Jnd in imitation of them^ our Author is ex-
aBl in hk directions touching ez^ery material^ as in
thi cfo^ice 0/ Stone,Timber,Metals, 5aad,Lime,
Bxìckyé^c, what good^and what not Jjow to be pre-
pared and put in nfe. ' ïis obferzjed how careful
they were in the makjng their Brick andLimQ, not
forbearing the hardeji Stone • for as Sr. Henry
Wotton
The Preface.
Wotton ohfer'vethy that the Italians to this day y
and much imre the Ancients ^did burn their firm-
eJlStone^ and even Marble itfelf^tphereitwas
plentifnlytphich in time became Marble again ^or
atleajiof Indiffolnble Dnrity^as appeareth i/Jthe
(landing Theatres. And other Learned Men have
required that all the Timber be cut outof the fa^e
Forrejl^ all the Stone out of the [am: Quarry ^ and
the IJrcitbe mide out of the fame Stone ofrphich
the Building is intended ^ imagining that they will
SyfnpathiZtC and joy n better by a i\tnd of Original
Kindred. But tnjlead of this Curiofity^wetoo
often mal{e Lime rvithout any great choice^ and of
Refufe Stu^y ryhich is an Enghflj Errouryofno
fmall moment in eur Bnildtngs, /^fter thefe
ParticuUrSj our Juthor proceeds to treat of
the Fi*ife Orders of Columns, whofe Members
and FroporliovSy as he hath laid them down^ are
by the Judicious ejieemed the moji excellent in
their h^nd j and for Jome of their terms which I
hai/e changed y it was not without the advice of
skilful Artiflsy thereby to conform to thoje terms
7noii familiar to our IVork^men, To thefe are
added Defignes of Doors and Wincl^ws, by
Pr Le Muet, Jrchite^ to the Fiench Kin>j ^
which I thought good to prefent ( Pûhdio only
difconr-
The Preface,
•
difconrftng of them ) they being lopell approved
by all Arti fis y both for their manner and Propor^
tions^ and tlye fame which are in the Louvre at
Paris 5 and ont of him I ha^egi'z/en the Proporr
tion of Halls ^« J Chambers, though a little dif-
fering from Palladio, becanfe mofi agreeing to
the prefent practice both in England ^«r/ Franc e :
j4nd for the fame Keafon^ I do^ inflead of Mon-
fieur Muets Defigns of Frames of Honfes^ put
infuch as are nfed in England, by the dir eB ion
of fonte of our ablefi Architeds, vphich (I hope')
will be grateful^ and ^ery ttfeful^ notonlyto our
Jrtifisjbut Gentlemen and other s which may ha've
occafionto Build't gi'^ing an account of all the
"Names proper to each Member and principal of
the Houfe • and alfo Pjcw the manner of fram^
ing^ with their fei/eraiSc2inûinp> «^«^Buttments*
Although we want iiot fnch ingénions Arti fis
whofe names deferzfe to be Celebrated for many
fianding Examples of their skjll^which do better
deferte defcription then many publijhed with
much pomp beyond the Seas : Jetwehat/ebutfew
Bookj which I can recommend toyon^ be fides the
Excellent difcourfes of Sir H . Wotton and John
Evelyn Efq- the former on the Elements of
^rcbiteSlnrey and the latter in hk acco^^pt of
/ir ibi-
The Preface.
AtchiteBnre and ArchiteBs {added to hh Eie''
gant trail jlation of the Parallel ) where they
halving comprifedfully and clearly the mo fi weigh-
ty obferz^ations of the Art ingeneral^the JiudioHS.
will need only to ferve himfelf of the particular
pans thereof y according to his ownoccafions.
And fuch Pieces 04 Ihere prefent^ the Reader
cannot thinh^ nnfeafonahle^ nor^ that a new and
great City iito bebmlt^ wherein the King hazfing
p:)ewn hk particular care of keeping the Trade
in its former channel^ by fixing the Exchange,
Cuftom-houfe, (& c on their old foundations ,
and the Laws halving provided for fuch a way
of bnildingyOS may joyn together {what our Au-
thor requires to be obfervedby every nndertal^er^
Accomodation, Hand! omiiefs, and Laftingnels,
and prevent that deformity and danger ivhich we
have formerly been liable to yby Irregular and flight
bnildiîîgs^ narrow Streets^ intollerable encroach-
menl'S^ jettings of windows^ and what not ^that
might make itcomhuïïibie. I hope now both old
and young will rejoyce at the re-building of
London, a fécond happy r efior at ion ^ i/j feri our
oììly to that of hj6 Majefiies Perfon aiid Govern-
ment,
G R.
THE
THE
• ♦
FIRST BOOK
OF
ARCHITECTURE,
By Andrea Palladio.
CHAP. I.
What ought to be confidered and prepared^
before y OH begin to build.
BEfore you begin to Build , you ought carefully to con-
fider every part of the Foundation and Ground-work
of the Building which is to be raifed. Three things
ina Building (as ^mh yitrnvifti ) ought to be confider-
ed, without which it will not deferve commendation : Thofe
arc ufefulnefs or accommodation^ laftingnefs and handfomnefs :
For that work cannot be accounted perfect, which is ufeful
but only for a Ihort time, or not convenient for a longer ; or
having thefe two, hath not alfo decency : It will be commodious,
when every part hath its due place and fit fcituation, not below
its indignity, nor above what its ufe requires ; and they willbe
fitly difpofed, when the Galleries, Halls, Chambers, Cellars, and
Granaries are in their proper places. As for the laftingnefs, you
regard that when all the Walls are right by the line, thicker
feelow then above, and hnve good and fufficient foundations ;
p. H. HILL LIBRAR? and
hfertfi Carolina Strf<^ '^oilege
of JrchiteSlure]
and befides, the pillars above mufl: be direâly over the piilajfs
below. And all the Apertures ( as Doors and Windows ) muft
"beone above the other, fo that the folid beupon thefolid, and
the vacant be upon the^ vacant. The handfomnefs will arife from
the fair form, and the correfpondcnce between the whole and its
parts, of the parts among themfelves, and of tliem to the whole :
Becaufe that a building ought to appear an intire and ipevk^t
body, wherein each member agrees with the others, and all the
members be neceflfary to what you defign.
Thefe things confider ed, in the defign and model, you ought
then diligently to calculate all the charge that may arife, and
make timely provifion of money, and prepare what materials
fhall feem requifite : So that in building nothing may be defici-
ent, and hinder the Complement of the work, it being no little
praife to the builder, nor fmall advantage to the work, that it
be finiftied with due expedition: And that all the Walls be at
once laid out, and equally difpotched, from whence there will
be none of thofe clefts which ufually are feen in Fabricks finiChed
unequally, and at divers times.
And therefore having chofen the mofl: skilful Artiftsthat you
can get, that fo the work may be the better carried on, by their
advice: you are to provide Timber, Stone, Sand, Lime, and
Metal j concerning which provifion, you fhall have fome Adver-
îifementâ, astofiamethejoifts of the Hall and Chambers, pro-
vide your felf withfo many ]oifts, as when framed, there may
lemain between them the fpace of a Joift and ha-If.
In like manner, concerning Stone, you are to take notice, that
to make the Jaumes of Doors and Windows, you are not to have
itone bigger then a fifth, nor lefs thenafixth part of the light j
and if you intend to adorn the building with Pillars or Pillafters,
make the Bafes, Capitels, and Architraves of Stone, and the other
parts of Brick.
Befides, as for the Walls, you are to confider, that they ought
to diminirti according as they rife; which inflrudion will ftate
the account right, and leflen great part of the charge ; And be-
caufe all thefe parts may be difcourfed of in their particular pla-
ces, it (hall fumee to have here given this general advice, which
is as a rough draught of the whole building.
Butt
of Architecltirel
Butbefides the quantity, you arealfo to confnier the quality
and goodnefs of the materials, to chufe the beft ; experience
gained from the building of others will be a great help, becaufe
thereby we may eafily know how to determine what is fit and
expedient to our own purpofe. And although Fitruvins, Leon
By.nifia, Alberti^ and other excellent Writers, have taught what
is requifitein the choice of materials ; yet that nothing may be
wanting in thefe Books of mine, I fhall fpeak of fome, confining
my felf to the mofl neceflary.
CHAP. II.
Of Timber.
Timber ( F/V r/m«j hath it, c^p. 9. book^i.) ought to be fel-
led [n Autumn^ and through all Ûit Winter : becaufe then
the Trees recover from the Root that ftrength and foundnefs
which in the Spring and Summer was difperfed into leaves and
fruit ; and you are to cut them in the wane of the Moon, be-
caufe the moifture which is mofl apt to rot wood, is then con-
fumed.- From whence there will not come the worm to hurt it.
It fhouldbe cut but to the middle of the pith, and folcft until
it be dry, becaufe by drops there will pafs away that moiflure
which would caufe putrefadion ; being cut, let it be laid in a
place free from the extremity of the Sun, Wind and Rain j and
thofe ought chiefly to be kept dry, which are of fpontaneous
growth ; and to the end that they may not cleave but dry equal-
ly, you are to drub them over with Cow-dung; it (hould not be
drawn through the dew, but in the afternoon, nor to be wrought
being very wet or too dry : Becaufe the one makes it apt to rot,
the other hard to woik; nor will it in lefs then Three Years
be dry enough, to ufe in Plinkes, Doors and Windows. It
is convenient for thofe who arc about to build, to inform thera-
fclves from men skilful in the nature of Timber, what Wood
B 2 is
of ^nhiteB'Ure:
is fit forfuchufe, and what not. ^r>r«w^, in the Chapter above
i\ientioned gives good inftrudions -, and fo other icarned mei
who have written thereof at large.
CHAP. Ill
Of Stone,
SOme arc Kfatur al ^Çomc Arttfìcid : The Natural q^ïc hewn out^
of ths Quarry, and arecither to make lime or to build walls ;
of thofc which are ufedfor Lime,fhall be fpoken hereafter ; thofc ■
of which walls are built» are cither Marble and hard Stone,or elfe
foft and pliant. Marble,- and hard Stone isto be wrought, as foon-
as digg d j for it will be at that time more eafie to work, then
U'henithath remained a while in the Air : . Seeing, the longer
they are out of the Quarry, they become the harder, and muft
fuddenly be put in hand. But the fofter the Stone ( cfpeci j1! where
its nature and fufficicncy is rot undcrRood, as when.'tisdigg'd
in a place from whence Ibrmerly.nonc has been taken) ought to
bfe digg'd in Summer, and expofcd to the Air, and not to be
ufed within two years 5 it muli: bedigg'd in Summer ^ to the end
that not being ufed to Wind, Rain, and Froft, it may by degrees
grow hard, and inabled to refift thofe injuries of the weather ;
and it fhould be left fo long, that thofe which have been preju-
diced may be put in foundations^ and the others not fpoiled
(upon trial) areto be ufed above ground in Buildings, bccaufe
they endure longefl-
Anificial Stones? .are from their form commonly called Ou,^^
■drels -^ thefe are made of a chalkie^ whitifh, and pliable Earth ;
^oumurt: by all means avoid that .which is gravelly and fandy •
mc Earth mull be digged in v4/f?«w;, and tempered In Winter,
and fo they, may be well made in. the Sprwg • but if neceflity-
forces y oa to make them in the IVif? ter or S nmmer y cover them
■mW:mir with dry fand, and in Simmer with ftraw: when mads,
they;
of ArchìtcBure. ^
they require a longer time to dry 5 and 't/s bcflthat they dry m
the (hade, fo that not only the outfide, bu: the middle and all
parts may be equally h ardncd, which cannot be done in lefs then
tivo years- They are made, bigger or lefs accqrding to the qua-
lity of the building, and the ufé to which they a're intendc-l-
therefore the Ancients made their bricks for publick and great
buildings , larger then for fmall and private : The bigger fare
might to be hollowed in many places, that fo they may dry and
bake the better.
CHAP. IV.
Of S and,
T Here are three forts of Sand, thatjstofay, Pit-Sand, River-
Sand, aid Sea Sand. Pit-Sand'is of all the belh and is
black, white, red, orcindry, which isafortof Earth burnt by
fire inclofed in the Mountains, and digged up in Tufamy.
There is alfo digged m Terra ai 'L.ivoro^ in the Territories of
Bitio and Cuma^ a Sand called by Vuravim^ Poz.z.olana, which
fijddenly knits together in water, and rrakes building very
fbong i it hath been found by long experience, that of all Pit-
Sand, the white is the worfe ; And of River-Sand, that from
the ftream which is found in the fails of water is the beft, becaufe
it is more purged. The Sea-Sand is worll of all, and black-
ens and fhines like glafs, but- that is better which is nearefl: the
(hore, and bigger. The Pit-Sand, becaufe 'tis fat and tough
C but apt to cleave) isrherefore ufedinV/alla andlong V^-iults.
TheRiver-Sandisvery good for the covering, orrough-cafting
of Walls. Sea Sand, becaufe 'tis foon wet andfoon dry, and
moulders away by reafon o^-theSalt^ therefore is unfit to bear
weight. All Sand is beft in its kind , if being fqueezed and
handled, it crackles \ and if being put upon a white c!oth,- it
neither ftains nor leaves it foul ; That is bad, which mingled w^th
water,^
,^ of ArchìteSlurel
water, makes it dirty and muddy, and which has for a long
time been in the Air, Sun, Moon, and Froft, bccaufe it wiU re-
tain much Earth and rotten humour, apt to bring forth (hrubs
and wild fi^-trees, which are greatly hurtful to build-
ings.
CHAP. V.
Of Lime^ and how to wori\^ it, *
S Tones, whereof Lime is made, are cither digg'd out of the
Hills, or taken out of the Rivers : All Stones of the Hills are
good, which are dry without any moifture, and brittle, having
no material m it, which when it pafTeth the fire (hall leave the
Stone icfs j therefore that Lime will be beft which is made of
thehardeft, found, and white Stone, and being burnt remains a
third part lighter then its Stone. There are alfo certain forts of
Stone, the Lime whereof is very good for the fetting of walls.
IntheHillsof P4<5?-v^ they dig a rugged Stone, whofe Limeis ve-
ry good in works which lie open, and in the water, bccaufe it
prefently hardens, and endures very long. Ail digg'd Stones
are better to make Lime, then the gathered • and from a fhady
and moid: pit, rather then a dry .• The white is better to work
then the brown ^ Stones which are gathered in Rivers and
Brookes, that is to fay, Pebbles, make exccllcni: Lime, and
very white , and neat work ^ therefore 'tis generally us'd for
finiftiing of Walls. All Stones, as well of the Hills as Rivers,
arefooner or later burnt, according to the fire which is given
them j but ordinarily they are burnt in fixty hours; Being
burnt, wet them, but not pour on the water all at once, but at
divers times, and frequently (that they may not burn ) till they
be well tempered : Afterwards put them in a moifl: and fhady
place without any mixture, only cover them lightly with Sand ;
and by how much the more thorowly they are ftecpcd, fo much
the more rough and better they will be ; Except thofe which
arc
Of ArchiteSîure.
are made of rough Stones, as the Paduafi, becaufe they, as foon
as they are wet, muft be wrought, other wife they wafte and burn
away i whence they will not hold, but become ukìc^s; For to
make the Mortar, you muftfo mix the Sand, that taking of Pit-
Sand, you muft put three parts thereof with one of Lime i if Ri-
ver or Sea- Sand, two partsthereof with one of Lime.
7
CHAP. VI.
Of Met ah,
THE Metals ufed in buildings are Iron, Lead, and Copper -
Iron ferves to make Nails,Hinges,and Chains, to fallen the
Doors, to make Doors themfelves. Grates, and the like works
It is no where found, and digged pure, but when digged is pur-
ged by the fire, to the end it may be fo melted, that it may
run, and that before it be cool, the foulnefs may be taken away •
but after it is purged and cooled, it heats well, and becomes fofrl
and eafie to be wrought and beat out with a hammer. But it
will not eafily melt, if it be not put again into a fornace made
for that pui'pofe ; if being red hot, it do nor work nor yield to
the hamnier, it waftes and is fpoiled. 'Tis a fign of the goodnefs
of Iron,ifinthemafsyoufeethe veins continued ftraight without
interruption, and if the ends of the piece be clean and without
foil : Becaufe the faid veins fhew if the Iron be without knots and
puffs, and you may underftand the middle by the ends. Being
wrought into plates fquarc, or any other figure, if the fides be
even, you may conclude, 'tis all alike good, having equally en-
dured the hammer.
With Lead they cover (lately Palaces, Churches, Towers,
and other publick buildings, and Gutters and Pipes to convey
water, and therewith they faften the Hinges and Iron- work in
the Jaumes of Doors and Windows. There are three forts
thereof, white, black , and of a colour between both , and
by
,^ of AfchiteSinre.
1jy fomc called Afh-co'our ; the black is fo called, not becaufe
tis really black, but becaufe being white, with fome blacknefs
'i\ it : Therefore in rcfpe<ft of the white, the Ancients with rea-
on gave it that name. The white is more perfed and precious
;hcn the black, the Afh-colour is between both : Lead is digged
either in great lumps found by therafclves, or in fmall pieces,
which thine with a certain blacknefs, or elfe in very thin flakes ,
amongft the Rocks, Marble and Stones. All forts of Lead will
eafily run, becaufe with the heat of the fire it melts before it is
red hot : But put it into a very hot furnace, it loofcth its nature
and (Irength ^ for one part is changed into Litharge , and the
other intodrofs. Of thcfe forts of Lead the black is foft, and
therefore eafily wrought with the hammer, and dilates much ,
and is very heavy. The white is harder and lighter, the Arti-
colonr is much harder then the white, and of middle weight be-
tween both.
With Copper fomctimes they cover publick buildings; and
the Ancients made Nails or Bolts, which faftned in the ftones
above and below, kept the ftones from falling out of order, and
the Clafpcsor Hooks;placed to hold two rtones together ; and
they ufcd thefc Nails and Clafpes, becaufe that buildings which
can't poffibly be made without many pieces of ftones may ( by
being thus joined and bound together) as it were become one
(lone, and fo more ftrong and durable. They alfo made Nails
and Clafpes of Iron, but more often of Copper, becaufe they
will laft longer, not being fo fubje<ft to ruft. Alfo they made
Letters for Infcriptions, which they placed on the borders of
buildings : And we read tha(: of this Metal were the hundred,
famous gates of Bîbylonr, and in the Iflcsof Cddcs^ the two
Pillars of Hercules eight cubits high. That is clleemed the befl,
which burnt and extradcd from Mineral by fire, is red, inclin-
ing to yellow, of a^oodgruin^ and full of boles -^ for that isafign
'tis well purged, and free from drofs: Copper may be heated
likelron, and made liquid, fo that it maybecaft; butin ex-
tream hot furnaces, it will not indure the force of the flame ,
but totally confume. Although it be hard, neverthclefs it fubmits
to the hammer, and dilates it felf into thin Leaves j it i:> beft pre-
:ferved by Tarr ; And although it doth not ruil: like Iron,
yet
of ArchiteSÎHre. ^,
yet it hath a kind of ruft which is called Verdegmce^ efpeciailv ^
\i it touch (harp and liquid things ; of this metal mixed with
Tin, or Lead, or Latten ( which is alio Copper ) and coloured
with La^U Cdiimineirii^ is made a metal commonly called Brafs •
which oftentimes Architects do ufe, asinBafes, Pillars, Capi-
tels, Statues, and fuch like. In Rome are four Columns of Brafs
( as St, Giovanni Lateranno) of which one only has its Capitel
and were made, by ^Hgnfiui, of metal which was taken from
the ftems of Ships, which he took in Egypt from AI. Amonia ^
There remains alfo in Rome^ to this day, four ancient oates
which are thofe of the Rotunda^ which formerly was the Panthe-
on-^ that of St. Aàrimo^ which was the Temple of Satumus •
that of St. Cofmo and DamUno^ which was the Temple of C^/?<7r
and Pollnxy or rather of Romnlm ^nd Remus:, and that which is
in St. Jgnes, without the gate Fim'piali: -^ but the moli beauti-
ful of all thefe, is that of St. Maria Rotunda., wherein thofe An-
cients did endeavour to imitate by Art that kind of Corimhia?%
metal, in which the natural yellow of Gold prevailed : For we
read that when Corinth was deftroyed and burnt, ( which now
is called Coranto ) thus they melted and mixed in one mafs.
Gold, Silver, and Copper, and fortune tempered, and made
th^ mixture of three forts, which afterwards was called Co-
rinthian : In one of them the Silver prevailed , whence it
remained white , and very near it in luftre : In another the
Gold prevailed , and remained yellow , and of a Gold co-
lour : And the third was , where all thefe three metals were of
an equal temperament ^ and thefe fpecies have been fince divers
wayes imitated. Hitherto I have difcourfcd of thofe things
feeming moll neceHary to be confidered and prepared before
building j It now remains that fomething be faid of foundations,
the materials whereof being prepared, the work may be pro-
ceeded On.
/^^ '. V^C CHAP.
of ArchheShtre.
CHAP. VII.
Of the Qualities of Ground^ wherein
fonndations are to he laid.
TH E Bafe of the building is that which we call the Foundati-
on, which is to fay, the part which is under ground, up-
holding the reft of the building that is above ground} therefore
of all the errours which do happen in building, thofe are the moft
pernicious which are committed in the foundation, becaufe they
bring with them the ruine of the whole Fabrick, nor can with-
out great dilTiculty be amended j whence the Architeé^s ought
toufe their utmoft diligence : Becaufe in feme places they have
a natural foundation, and in other places it is necelTary to ufe
Art.
A Natural Foundation is when we build on Ston?, afoftfandy
or moldring Stone, or Gravel ; for thefe, without digging, or other
help? of Art, are of themfelves excellent foundations ,and moft fit
to uphold the greateft building both on Land and in Water: But
if nature affords nota foundation, it muft be attempted by Art,
and then the place you have to build on, is either a/ò/zW Earth, or
a gravelly, fandy, moffie,foft, and moorifh place. Ifthe Earth be
faft and hrm, you may dig fo far as to a difcreet Archited may
leem requifite for the quality of the building, and foundnefs of
the Earth : and (when you intend not to make Cellars, or other
under-ground OfHces ) your depth is to be a fixtls part of the
height of the building ; to know this firmnefs, obfervation
from the digging of Wells, Cif^erns, and fuch like, will help
wcll,^ and 'tis alfo known by Herbs growing there, if they
ufually fpring up only in firm and fai? grounds ; and befides ,
'tisafignof firm ground, if, a great weight thrown thereon, it
neither founds nor fhakes j and from the report of Drums
being fet on the ground , and lightly touched , it does not
refound again , and if water put in a Veflel doth not (hake :
The neighbouring places will^^ fo give you to underftand the
faftnefs
Of ^rchsteSlHre.
faftnefs and firmnefs of the Earth.- But if the place befandv
or grave Jy, obferve whether it be on land or in water : For if
Jt be on land, you mud take notice what liath been before dire^*
ed, concerning fail ground ; and if you build in a River, the
Sand and Gravel is altogether ufelefs, becaufe the water with its
continual ftream and flood often changes its bed: Therefore dig
till you come to a bottom found and firm ; or if that be
difficult, digfomewhat in the Sand and Gravel, and then place
piles whofe ends may reach to the found and good Earth and up-
on thofe you are to build ; But if you are to build upon a moffie,
and loofe ground, then you muft dig till you find found Earth, and
therein alfofo much as the bignefs of the walls and the^reatncfs
01 the building require. .
This found ground ( and fitto uphold building) isof divers
forts J for (as Alberti well faith ) fomewhere fo hard, asV«
Jcarce to be cut with Iron ; fomewhere very Ibff, fomewhere black-
ifli, fomewhere whitifh (which is accounted the weakeft ) fome-
where like chalk, fomewhere fandy ; of ail thefe the beft \s
that which IS cut with moft labour, and when wer, doth notdif-
folve into dirt.
Youfliouldnot build upon a ruine or old foundation, if firft
of all you know not its depth, and whether it be fufficient to bear
the building ' but if the Earth be foft and fink much, as m
moorilh grounds, then you muft place piles, whofe length mull
be an eighth part of the height of the Wall, and inlhickncfs
a twelfth part of their length .• The piles muft be placed as clofe
as one can ftand by the other, and are to be rammed in with
blows , rather quick then heavy, fo that the Earth may the
better confolidate and faften. You muft place the piles nc^ on-
ly under the out- walls, upon the Trench or Gutters, butalfo un-
der the inner-walls, which divide the Building : For if vo^
make the foundation for the inner-walls diffaent from thofc
without , then laying Beams along one by the other , and
others athwart them above, oftentimes it happens, that the m-
ner-walls fall down , when thofe without being placed (,n
piles, ftir not : Whence all walls come to cleave, the which
render the building rdnous, and is very uncomely to look on;
wherefore you muft avoid this danger, making the piling wtrk
C 2 of
U
li of ÀrchiteSiure»
of *efs charge ; for according to proportion of walls, the pites in
the middle may be placed thinner then them without.
F
CHAP. VIIL
of Foundations,
\ Ounda-tions ought to by twice fo thick as the walls to be rai-
fed thereon, and therein the quality of the Earth, and the
greatnefs of the building is to be regarded, making them more
large in foft and loofer ground , and where there is a great
weight to be fulirained. The ^Uin of the Trench muit be Level,
fo that the weight may prefs equally, and not inclining to one
part more then another, may prevent the cleaving of the walls.
^lv(YtUe^ a For this reafon the Ancients ufed to pave the plain with Tivertincy
:ertain and we lay Planks and Bcams^ and build thereon.
)'oifeht Foundations are made floping, that «sto fay, todiminiili as
Tom Tr/- they rife ^ yet fo, as that there may be fo much left on one fide 5
'jolu as on the other : So that the middle of that above may fall per-
pendicularly upon the middle of the lower work, which muft be
alfoobferved in the diminution of Walls above ground i becaufe
by this means the building becomes much ftronger, then by ttìa-
king the diminutions any other way. -n;» ek "
There is fometimes made ( efpecially in moorifh grounds
where there is need of piles ) to avoid charge. Foundations dif-
continued but with certain Vaults, upon which they afterwards
build. In great buildings 'tis very commendable to make vents
^ through the body of the Wailsy from the Fourdatrion to the Roof,
becaufe they letforth the wind (which is very prejudicial to build-
ings ) lefifen the charge, and are of no fmall convenience, if in
them you make winding flairs from the bottom to the top,
«-,•'1 -i^t
INSERT FOLDOUT HERE
of ArchiteBnre,
CHAP. IX.
Of ihe Fafiiomf Walls.
THE Foundation being laid, it remains that we treat of tke
Sup€rrrru(!^ure. The Ancients had fix forts of Wails 9 one
ciikd Reticolata, or Nét-wori^i Another of i^adrels, or Brtck^:
A third of Cement , which is of rough ftones from the Hills or Rt-
vers .• A fourth of various ftones ; a fifth of fquared ftones : The
fixth Riempiuta, which isalfo called Coffer- work. Of the Net-
work there is no life at all in thefedays; but becaufe FUruvim
relates it was common in his time, I do here put alfo that defign.
They made the Coignes and Corners of their building of i^Ji^-
dreU, and every two foot and half took up three Ccurfes of^a-
drels, which bound the whole thicknefs of the Wall.
A. Coignes-i or Corners of Qjtadrels.
B. CoHrfesof Quadrels, which bwd the whole Wall,
C. The Net-work:
D. 77?^ Courfes of Quadrels, through the thicknefs of the Wall,
E. The inner fart of the Wall made of Cement.
Walls of Brick-, or Qu:îdr&ïs,'%(Â\i t\\(^é'-2^h^^^
other great Edifices, muft be (6 made, that the infide and obtftde
may be of Qn^idrels, and in .the middle filled up with Cement,
and with Brick, Earth, and Stone, rammed together; and to
every three foot in hefght, there muft be three Courfes of Qm-
drels of thebiggeftfort, which may take the whole breadth of"
the Wall. And the firft Courfe muft be kid with the -length
inward, that the lefier part of the Brick be expofed : The fccond,
the length laid fide ways, and the third as the firft. Of this fort
are the Walls of the Rotwnda in Rome, and the Bathes of Diode--
fian, and all other ancient buildings which are there.
3A
E. The Courfes of Quadrels, which bind the whole Wall,
F. The middle fart of the wall made of Cement , between one
Courfe and the other, and the outward Cuadrcls.
The
of ArchiteEinre»
The Walls of Cemem muft be made fo, that to every two foot
atleaft, there be three Courfes of ^adr^lsox Buck--, and that
the Quadrels or Brick. , be prepared according to the manner
aforefaid. Such are the VJsAls of TMrin in Piedmonty which are
made of River pebbles fplit in the middle, which being placed
with'the fplit lide outwards, make very even and fmooth work.
The Walls of the Arenaoî Verona dLtt{iktv/\fQ of Cemem ; and
there are three Courfes of Qnadreh to every three foot : And
in like manner are made other ancient Edifices, as appears in my
Books of Antiquities.
G. Cement or River Pebbles.
H. Courfes of Quadrels which bind the whole Wall.
The Walls of irregular fiones were fo called, becaufe they were
made of Stones of unequal fides and Angles j and to make thefe
Walls, they ufed a plumb Rule, which applied to the place where
the Stone was to be put, fervedto place them ftraight and even :
Thereby to try, time after time, if the Stone ftood right in the
defigned place. Of this fort may be feen Walls at Prenefie, and
Ancient ftreets were paved in this manner,
I. IrreguUr Stones.
M
of ArchiteSìnre.
htRome may be feen Walls of fquared Stones, where was the
riazz.a, and the Temple of Jugnfipu, in which they locked in
the lefler Stones with Courfes of. greater.
K. Courfes ef leffer Stor.es.
L. Courfes of bt^ger Stones.
The manner Riempiuta, or filled Walls, which is alfe called
CofFer-work, which the Ancients did ufe ; taking Planks, and
placing them edgwife, allowing fo much fpaceas they would
have the thicknefs of the Wall, filling it with mortar, and llones of
all forts mingled together; and fo they went oh from Courfe to
Courfe. There is feen fuch like Walls at Sermion» upon the
Lake De Gradu^
M. TUnks pit edge-wife,
N. The inmr pan of the wall.
O. ThefAce of the Wally the Flanks tAken aw Ay.
Of this kind may be called the ancient walls of Naples., which
had two walls of fquared Stones fotr foot thick, and fix foot di-
sant th' one from the other; chofe walls were bound together,
with other crofs walls, and the C/fj which were between the
Traverfe walls and the Out walls were four footfquare, and
were filled up with Stones and Earth.
P. The Outward Stone Wall.
Q^ The Traverfe Walls.
K. Cafes filled with Stones and Earth.
Thefewere the formes of which the Ancients did ferve them-
felves, and the foot fteps thereof are yet to be feen j whence it
may be concluded , that walFs of what fort foever ought to
have fome Tires or Courfes, whk;h are like finews that hold
faa
g of JtchiteShre,
fad all other parts together, which chiefly may be obferved when
Walls are made of Brick ; For the ftrudure through age falling
afunder in the middle, the Walls may not become ruinous, as
hathhapned, andisfeen in many Walls, efpecially on that fide
which rcfpeds the North.
CHAP. X.
Of the Method which the Ancients did
praBife in making their Stone
Buildings,
BEcaufe it happens, that fometimes buildings are made (the
whole, or good part) of Marble, or fome other great ftones j
I think it convenient, in this place, to acquaint you what the
Ancients did in fuch cafes j for we may obferve, in their work,
that they were fo diligent in joining their ftones together , that
in many places their connexion can fcarcely be perceived. And
befidcs, the Beauty, Firmnefs, and Duration of the Fabrick is
very much to be regarded.
And for as much as I can underftand, they firfl: fquared and
wrought the fides of the ftones which were to be placed one
upon the other, leaving the other fides rough, and fo ufed them ;
whereupontheedgesof the ftones were beyond thefquare, and
might manage them better , and more varioudy attempt to
place them right without danger of breaking, then if they had
been fquared on all fides before ; for when the edges are made
fquare , or Icfs then fquare , they are very weak and fubjedi to
accidents : In this manner they made all buildings rough, or, as
one may fay, ruftickj and that being done, they go on working
and polifliing the face of the ftone which is to be feen. It is true
that the Rofcs which are between the Af(7^i7/o;^j, and other fuch
like ornaments of the Cornich, could not commodioufly be done
when the ftones were fixed, therefore they made them while
they
of JrchiteSture^ if
they were on the ground. This is well attefl^d by many an-
cient buildings, where may befeen many ftoncs rough and un-
polifhed. The Arch by the old Calile in Ferona, and all other
the Arches and buildings there, were done in the fame manocrj
which is eafily made out by one curious in obferving the marks
of their 'Tools, that is to fay, the manner how theftones were
wrought. The pillars of Trajan^ and jûmonine in Rome^ Were
fo made, nor could they otherwife have fo exadfy joined the
ftones, that might fo clofely meet where they go crofs the heads,
and other part of the figures. And the fame may be faid of the
other Arches which are there.
kiJ if the works were very great, as the Ar^naoî Verona^
the Amphitheatre of Po/.ï, and the like, to fave charge and time,
which they would have required, they wrought only the Imports
of the Arches, Capitels, and the Corniches; and the reft they
left Ruftick, having only regard to the fair front of the building.
But in Temples, and other buildings, which required curiofity ,
they fpared no pains in the working them, and glazing and fmoo-
thingeven the very fluces of the Columns, and polifhing them
diligently. Therefore, in my judgment, you (hould not make
Walls of Brick in the Ruftick manner, much lefs Mantles of
Chimnies, which require curious work ; forbefidestheunhand-
fomnefs, 'twill happen that they will fplit and divide afunder ,
which naturally ought to be intire ; but according to the great-
nefs and quality of the building, you may make them Ruftickor
Polite : And in a work that requires altogether neatnefs, we
need not do as the Ancients ufed, with Reafon, and neceflitated
by the grcatnefs of their works.
D CHAP.
lg of ^rchiteBiire.
CHAP. XL
Of the Diminution of IVallf, and of their
fartf.
1 T is to be obferved, that by how much the higher the Walls
^ are, fo much the narrower theymuftbe^ therefore that part
which is above ground is to be one half thinner then the founda-
tion, and the fécond ftory a half brick thinner then the firfl ; and
fo continue till you come to the top of the building, but with dif-
cretion, that it be not too weak. The middle of the uppep
Wall ought to fall direa^ to the middle of the lower, thatfo all
the Walls be in a Pyramidal form. But if you would make a fu-
perficies, or face of a Wall, above, diredly over that below, it
mud be on the inner part ; becaufe the raftings of the Floors,
the Vaults, and other fupporters of the building, may not fuf-
fer the Wall to fall or give way. The difcharged part, which is
on tbe outfidc, muft be fupplyed with a Border or Corniche, in-
compafling the whole building, which will be an ornament and
faftningtothe whole Fabrick.
The Angles, becaufe they partake of both fides, and are to
keep them upright and faft together, muft be very ftrong, and
held with long a'nd hard ftones, as it were with arms ; therefore
the Windows and Apertures muft be as far from them as may be ^
or at leaft, fo much fpace muft be left between the Aperture and
the Angle, as is the breadth of the Aperture.
Having fpoken of meer Walls, 'tis convenient to pafstorhe
ornaments, the grcateft whereof are the Columns when they
are meetly placed, and have fair proportion to the whole Fa-
brick.
C H A F.
of ArchiteUnre^ i^
CHAP. XIL
Of the five Orders nfed by the Ancients.
Five were the Orders among the Ancients, that is to fay, the
Tufcan, Dorickj, lonick-, Corinthian-, and Comfofta, which
ought to be fo difpofed in the building, that the ftrongcft be fet
loweft ; for then 'twill be more capable to bear the weight, and
the building will have a more fure foundation : Wherefore they
alwayes place the Dorrei^ under the/o?;?VJ^, the Ioniche under the
Corinthian^ and the Corinthian under the Compfita ; the Tufcan,
as being rude, feldome is ufed above ground, unlefsina building
of one Order onely, as in Town-houfes, or in vafl buildings, as
Amphitheaters and fuch like, where being many Orders, this in-
ftead of the Doriche is placed under the Ionici?^ ^ and if you leave
out one of themt and place, for example, the Corinthian immc-
diately over the Dorick-, which may be done according to the
Rule aforefaid, provided alwayes, that the more folid be the
foweft. I fhall fet down, particularly, the meafureof each of
thcfe Orders ; notfo much according to the Dodrinc of Titruvi-
m-t as according to my own obfervations in Ancient buildings j
but firft I will fay thofc things which belong to all in general.
CHAP. XIIL
Of the fuelling of Columns^ and their
diminutions \ of Inter- column s
and Pillajlers.
Columns of every Order muft be fo formed, that the up-
per part muft be lefler then the lower, and the middle
Ibmewhat thick j in diminilhing it muft be obferved, that by
D z how
of ArchiteUnre,
how much longer the Columns are, fo much the Icfs mud they
be diminilhed. in regard that the height of it felf works the ef-
itCioi diminifhing by the diflance ; therefore if the Column be
1 5. foot high, the Diamètre of the Column below muft be di-
vided into 6\. parts, and the Diamètre thereof above (hall be
5* . of thofe parts. If from 1 5 . to 20. the Diamètre below mull
be dividedintofeven parts, and 6^. muft be the thicknefsof the
upper parti ^^ likewife thofe which are from twenty to thirty
the Diamètre below muft be divided into 8. parts, and 7. muft
be the Diamètre of the upper part, and fo the Columns which
are higher are to be diminifhed proportionably by their feveral ■
parts, as Fitrnviiu (hews in his Second Chapter of this Third-
Book. But now the fweiling is to bemade inthemiddle, wc
have no more to ftiew from him then a bare promife j and there-
fore many have written varioufly thereof. I am wont to make
the profile of the faid fv/elling in this manner j I divide the bo-
dy of the Column into three equal parts, and leave the lower third
part perpendicular, at the end of which I lay a long thia rule as
long as the Column, or a little more, and move that part which
leachcth from the third part upwards, and bend it till the end
touch at the point of the diminution, at the top of the Co-
lumn under the Collarino or Aftragal-, according to that bend-
ing I proceed, and fo the Column becomes fomewhat fwelled in
the middle, and appears very handfomc ^ and although I could
not have contrived ( befide this ) a form either fliortcr or more
expedient, or that might be more acceptable; lam yet more
confirmed in this my opinion, fince it hath fo much pleafed Tr,
Cattaneo that ( I having told him of it ) he hath put it into one
of his Works of Archite^ure, with which he hath not a little
Illuftratcd this profelHon.
A. B. The third fan of the Column which ù fcrfenMcular,.
B. C. The trvo thirds diminifhed,
C. The foint of the Diminution under the Ctllarino cr JffirÀ^
gaL
. . of ArchiteSlnre, 2=g^
The Inter-Columns, that is to fay, the fpaces between the
Columns, may be made of a Diamètre, and '. . of the Column
and the Diamètre is to be taken at the lower part of the Column^
of two Diamètres , of two and i. of three, and fometimes of
more. But the Ancients were not wont to allow more then
three Diamètres of the Column, except in the Tufcan Order,
in which the Architrave i^ wont to be of wood ; they made the
Inter-columns very large, not lefs then a Diamètre and half, and
this fpace they allowed fometimes,- cfpccially when they made
the Columns very big ^ but thofe Inter-columns wcremoft pre-
ferred tl^it were of two Diamètres, and',, of the Column; and
they accounted this the moil noble and beautiful manner of the
Inter-columns.
And you ought to take notice, that between the Inter columns
and the Columns, there ought to be proportion and correfpon-
dence, for leaving too much vacancy between fmall Columns ,
you will take away great part of their beauty • becaufe the great
quantity of air that will be between them will diminifh very
much their thicknefs ; and on the contrary, leaving too little fpace
to the great Columns, by the ftreightnefs and narro wnefs of the
fpaces they will appear gouty, and very ungraceful ; There-
fore if the fpaces exceed three Diamètres, you mull make the
Columns in thicknefs a feventh part of their height, as I ob-
fcrve hereafter in the Tnfcan Order; but if the fpaces fhall be
three Diamètres, the length of the Column mull be yl. or eight,
as in the Doriche Order ; and if 2^.. the length of the Column
mud be 9. Diamètres, as in the lonkk^ ; [t 2. the len«th of the
Column muft be 9'. as in the Corimhia». Lailly, if i [ . the length
of the Column muft be 10. as in the Compfta. Concerning thefc
Orders, I have took this care, that they may be examples for all
other Inter- columns, which Fitruvins intimates in the Chapter
aforefaid.
In the front of buildings, the Columns ought to bean even
number, fo that the middle Inter-column may be made bigger
then the reft, that the Doors and Entries may be the better feen ;
^hich ufually are placed in the middle : And thus much for Pil-
lar work only.
But if Galleries be made with Pillafters, they mull be fo dif-
pofedj
L)
^^4, Of ArchiteSiuye,
pofed, that the Plllailcrs be not lefs then a third of the vacancy
between Pillaftcr and Pillafter, and thofe at the corners muft be
two thirds bigger then theother, that fo the Angles of the Fabrick
may be firm and ftrong ; and when they are to fupport an extra-
ordinary great weight, as in very great buildings, then they
Hiuft be the half of the vacancy : As thofe of the Theatre of
Vtcenx.^^ and the Amphitheatre at Ca^ua : Or elfe two thirds,
as thofe of the Theatre of Marcellusm Rome^ and off the Thea-
tre of ^^«^«^^ which now belongs to Si^. Lodovico de Gabrieîliy
a Gentleman of that City. The Ancients alfo made them forae-
times as lart'e as the whole vacant, as in the Theatre of Ferona^
in chat part*which is not upon the Hill. But in private buildings,
they are not to be made lefs then a third of the vacant, nor larger
then two thirds, and they ought to be fquare ^ but to fave charge,
and to make room to walk more freely, they may be made lefs
in the flank then in the front.
And to adorn the frontifpicce, you may put in the middle of
the front half Columns, or other Pillafters which may bear up
the Corniche, which fhall be upon the Arches of the Gallery ;
and they muft be as large as their height (hall require, according
to their feveral orders, as intheenfuing Chapters and dcfignes
may appear -, for underftanding whereof ( that I may not repeat
the fame thing often ) you may underûand, that I in the dividing
and meafuring the faid Orders, would not take a certain and de-
terminate mcafure, which is peculiar to any City, as Cubit, Foot
or Span ; well knowing , that meafures are as various asthe Ci-
ties and Countries. But in imitation of /''^zVr^x'ij^, who divides
the i)omi^ Order with a Meafure taken from the tbicknefs of
the Column, which is common to all, and by him called a Mo-
Me : I will alfo ferve my felf with fuch a Meafure in all the Or-
ders, and the J</o^«/f fhall be the Diamètre of the Column, ta-
ken at the Bafe, divided into 60." parts ; except in the Doyìc\ ,
in which the Module is to be the half Diamètre of the Column,
and is divided into 30. parts : For fo it falls more commodious in
the Compartiments of the faid Order. Wherefore every one
may ferve himfclf ( making the Module greater or leflTer, accord-
ing to the quality of the Fabrick) with the proportions and pro-
files defigned convenient to every Order. ' '"^.*
CHAP.
of ArchiteSme,
CHAP. XIV.
Of the Tufcan Order.
TH E Tufcan Order, according to that which Fitruvim
writes of it, and is fo indeed, isthemoft fimpleand intire
of all the Orders of Archite<flure ; Becaufe it retains the moft of
Antique, and wants all thofe Ornaments which renders the
others fo pleafant and agreeable. This had its Original m
Thfcana^ a place very remarkable in Italy ^ whence the Name is
derived.
The Column with it's Bafe and Capite!, ought to be in length
feven Models, and at the top are diminifhcd a fourth part of
their Diamètre, having occafion of a row of Columns of this
Order only, you may make the Inter-columnes very large j be-
caufethe Architraves maybe of wood, and will be very conve-
, nient for Country life, for the paflage in and out of Carts, and
other Country conveniences j and beiides the charge will be lefs •
but if you make Gates or Galleries with Arches, you mud ob-
ferve the meafures that I have marked in the defign, in which you
may obferve the Stones fo difpofed or joyned together, as when
the whole work is of Stone \ the which I have alfo dire<fted in the
defignsof the other four Orders.
H
And
p. a HILL LIBRARY
t^^ertfi Carolina Stale College
^^ of jinhiteSinre ^
And thÎ9 way of difpofing and fadning the Stones ^ Ì have
derived from many Ancient Arches, as appears in my
Books of Arches i aad herein I have ufcd great, diU^
^cncc.
[ A. ArchitYA'Ve of wood.
B. The ends of the Snmmers which bear up the p/ojeBuftof the
Cermccs
ïht
B
vo
^
f^
MO 1 P 4^ i
MO. 4<
of ArchiteSiHre, ^j
The Pedeftats which are made under the Columns of this
Order mufl: be the height of one Model, and made plain. The
height of the Bafe is to be the half Diamètre of the Column*
This height muft be divided into two equal parts ; one is given
to the Orb or Plinth^ which muft be made round ; the other
is divided into four parts ; one for the Li/iella^ or CinBitre
which may be made a little lefs, and is alfo called Cimbia-
and in this Order only is part of the Column, the other three
arc for i)\tTotHS. The Proje^ure of this Bafe is a fixth part of
the Diamètre of the Column below. The Capitel is the height
of half the Diamètre of the Column below, and is dividedin-
to three equal parts. One is given to the ^bacm^ which from
its form is commonly called DWo, or Dye. The other to the
Ouolo^ or Echifitti, and the third is divided inro fevcn parts of
one is made the Liftei/a under the Ouolo, and the other fix remain
to the CoUor wo, or neck of the Column. The yijiragal is dou-
ble, the height of the LifielU under the O;iolo, and the Centre
thereof, is made upon the line, which falls plum upon the faid
LiflelUy and upon the fame line doth fall theproje^ure of the
Cimhia , which is as thick as the LiflelU The Projefture of
the Capitel anfwers to the body of the Column below ; its Ar-
chitrave is made of Wood as high as broad; and the breadth
ought not to exceed the body of the Column at the top. The
Summers which carry on the Eaves, projeifleth a fourth part of
the length of thejColumn, Thefe are the meafures of the Tuf
san Order, as Vitruvm tcacheth.
A, jih^cus
22 Of sArchìuSiuYe^
A, Ahacus,
C. 0ypotrachelÌHffti orfriu of theCapteL
D. Aflragd,
E. 5<?^> «/ f ^^ Column above. ,
F. 5^^^ of the Column below.
G. AnnHletCein^nrey or LiflelUi,
H. TorcHS.
I. Or/(?, cr Tlinth,
K. Eedefialy orStylohatim.
The Pr<?jî/f J which are placed by the plain of the Bafe and Ca-
fitel^ are the Imports of the Arches,
But
^ of ArchiteSiure.
But if they make tbe Architraves of flone, It mufl be obfe/-
ved, which was fpoken before of the Inter-columns-, there is,
Î0 be fecnfome Ancient Buildings, which may be faid to be bui Ir:
according to this Order, becaufe they retain m part the fame
Meafures- as in the Arena of Ferû??a, and Theatre of FoU, and .
many others^ of which I have undertaken the profiles, not on-
ly of the Eafe of the Gapitel of the Architrave of the Frez,e and
of thçCormce, putdownin the laft page of this-Chapter. Bur.
alfothofeof the Imports of Arches^ and of allthele buildings^,.
I-fhall put the defigns in my Books of Antiquities.
A. ScimaRefta.
B. Corona.
C. The Yi-oyBure of the Corona^ andthsSsimn ReUa.
D. Cavetto.
E. Frez.e.
F. Archetrave»
G. CimMium»
H. Ah acuì. ?
I. Scima Refla, ^ -
K. Hyptracheliim, orfrizeof thsCA^iiel
L. AfrAgolM.
M. Body of the Column under the CapiJeh
N. Body of the Column below.
O. Anmlet, orCinFthre.
P. ToruSf or Scima Reverfa.
ex Or/a, or Flmh of the Bafe,
Over againft the Archeirave marked f . is the profile or defiga
of an Archetravsvcïy curioufly wrought.
C H A Pc
•
J .
N
^
1
IC ,
ié^
S
; ■
P
1
,'■
e
j
1
Of ArchiteElureo 5^
CHAR XV.
Of the Dorick Order.
THE DmV^ Order had its Original and name from the
Dorians^ a Grecian people which dwelt in Afia j the
Columns when made alone without Pilafters, ought to be feven
and a half, or eight Diamètres long j the Inter-columns are little
lefs than three Diamètres of the Columns. And this manner of
placing Columns, by Fitmvim-, is called Dyafiylos-^ but if they
join to Pilafters, they mufl: be together with the Bafe and Capi-
tei feventeen Models, and one third in length ; and you muft ob-
ferve, that ( as I have faid before in the 1 3. Chapter ) the Mo-
del in this Order only is the half of the Diamètre of the Column,
divided into thirty parts; and in all the other Orders, it is the
whole Diameircj divided into fixty parts.
A mon" lì
SR^ES *Ç SOOSSS ^ ^ *^ SXAÂAA' VtAJkAAA' *X.kAAA.jf
Ò
Moiir
/$^^i
Alo ^
-^ i
A\o .5â
iv\o . 5f . ^^
■tal
'Tt'pm the raiâlie oj ane--^ ^
cffliMìuie V'irlo tne nuaat-^ of ! 5»
of JrchìteSJnn^
Amongft Ancient Buildings, we fee no Pedeftah to this Or-
der, yet they are feen amongft the Modern. And if you join
a Vedeftal to them, you mud make the Dado of the Pedejhat a per-
fedifquare-, and from it you mufttake thenKafures of its Orna-
ment: Therefore it muft be divided into four equal parts, the
Bafe with its Zocco or Plinth muft be two of them, and the Cy-
macium one, towhich muft be joined the Orb, or Plinth of the
Bafe of the Column. This kind of Pedejld may alfo be feen in
the Cori/^jthian Order, as at Ferona^ in the Arch which is called
De Lioni. I have fet down divers Meafures of defigns, which
maybe joined to the P^^f/?4/of this Order, which areali very
agreeable, and taken from Antiquity, and are very carefully mea-
fured.This Order hath no proper Bafe, wherefore in many Build-
ings, you may fee Columns without Bafes ^ d&xwRome, in the
Theatre of Mdrfellm, in the Temple De la Pietà, near to the faid
Theatre ; in the Theatre of Ficenzji, and in divers other places.
But fometimes the AtticK Bafe is joined to them, which adds ve-
ry much to their Beauty, and here is the meafure of it.
The height is the half Diamètre of the Column, and is divided
into three equal parts ^ one is given to the Zocco or Plinth ; the
other two are divided into two parts, of one is made the Tonts
fuperiour, and the other which remains is divided into two, and:
one isgiventotheTor^inferiour, and the other to the 5coaVi, or
Cavetto with its Annnlets. Therefore if you divide it into fix.
parts, of one muft be made the Annulet above, and the other
that below, and four muft remain to the Scoda. The projedlure
muft be the fixth part of the Diamètre of the Column; the
Ceinture muft be the half of the upper TortK : If it be divided^?
from the Bafe, its projedure muft be the third part of the whole
pro jedure of the Bafe. But if the Bafe and part of the Column ■■
fhall be of one price, you muft make theCcin^nre fmall j as you^
may fee in the third defign of this Order, where are alfo two.
manners of Impofis of Arches.
G 3 A. Body
of ArchiteSture.
K. Body of the Column,
B. Afìfìdleì, orCeihBme.
Ç. - The Hp^er Termi
D. Scoda with its Arinuttts.
E. The lower Torus.
F. Plmthycr Zocco,
» r:'i -. • '■>'/_ '■. » < '-; ;
G. Cimacium, Wv^c'qfiiS I
H. X>W^,>y'5^/wrf. V of the PedefiaL
^.^ Jmfisof Jrcm}f^ '} .\^^^^ .
,;nc ,ûV/-j orni hobivib ei zninm-ji fuirlv/ idìjo
iOSlO'iq
j"i
Alo '^^i*^
-±2:
«^
>.i
l„ :.
rW i, i i< t ,iai m i( W l M i j. ji«MiiB
.■^
I .-.,
tf-xr-srn
'■. iaih9 »;'•"*>?■> - •>'«T .^
^ 4
-■jf»x.m*i^-mmr'im'mBM'^ ■ w»^-..»..^,»,.,,,*-,,^.,^,
of ArchitcEiitre. 51
The height of the Capitel ought to be the half Diamètre of
the Column below, and is divided into three parts \ that above
iliall be divided into five parts, three (hall be for the Abacm ^
and the other two parts for the Cimatium , - the which mull
be fubdivided into three parts ^ of one is made the Lijicl'a^ or
Anndet, and of the other two, the Scim.^ Rdla. The fceond'
part is divided into three equal parts, one is given to the Jînnn-
/ft which are three, and are equal, the other two which remains
to the Oitolo^ or Echynvj^ whofe projediure is two thirds of its
height. The third principal part of the faid Capitel, is for
theHypotrachelinm, or Fri.z.e of the Capite!, given to the Col'.t-
rinoj the whole projedure is the fifth part of the Diamètre
of the Column. The -^/r^^^/ is as high as all the three ^/;w;/-
letsy and is in projedure equalto the body of the Column be-
low. The Annulet or CeinHure^ is half the height of the Aftra-
galy the projecflure thereof is plum with the Centre of the faid
ylftragaL
Upon the Capitel is made the Architrave-, which is to be m
height half the thieknefs of the Column, that is to fay, one
Model 'j it is divided into feven partSj of one is made the Teriia^^
whofe projedurc muft be equal to its height. The whole is di*
vided into fix parts, one whereof is given to the Gutta, ihe
which ought to be fix in number, and to the Lijhlla which is un-
der the Tenea, which is a third of the faid Giittx. The reft is di-
vided into feven parts, from the Tema downwards, three where-
of is given tothe firfi: Fafcia, and four to the fécond. The FrUe
is in height a Model and a half, the breadth of the TngUph^ is
one Model, and its Capitel is the fixth part of a Model. The
Trigliph is divided into fix parts, two whereof is given to the
two chanels in the middle, and one to the two half chanels at the
extremities, and the other three make the fpaces that are below
the faid chanels. The Met opa y that is to fay, the fpace between .
two Triglifhs ough t to be fo broad as h igh .
The Cornice ought to be in height one Model, and a fixth
part, and is divided into five parts and a hai f^ two whereof is
given to the Cavetto and Onolo ; the Cavetto is lefs than
Û 2 the
^X of Architt^me.
the OhoIo^ as much as is the Liftetta-^ the otlicr three and half
is given to the Corona, and for the Scima Revcrfa, and Scima
Kefta.
The Corolla ought to have in projeâurc four fix parts of the
Model, and on its plain which looketh downwards, and proie<5l-
eth forth, mull have in length CiKGnita, and three in breadth
over the Tri^Uphs with, th-ir lifts, and over iht Metopa certain;
Rofes. ^
The6'«.'f^, or bells, anfwcr tothofe which arc under the Ti:-
may which are made in form like a Bell.
The Cimatiim mufl: be an eight part thicker than the Coro-
7ia , and is (;livided into eight pan s : Two whereof is given to
the Orlo or Liflelky and fixremains tothcOOT.?/M, wharcpro-
jedure is feven parts and a half. Whereupon the >^^f/;;/r^zf
îhe Prize, and the Cornice, fail out to be in height the fourth
part of the length of the Column j and thcfe are the mea'iircs •
of the Cornice^ according to VitrHvim, from whom I have a
little fwerved, altering the members, and making them a little
bigger.
Î--
A'a ,Scimji^
54 Of /ivchiteUuri.
A. Selma ReBa,
B. Scima Reverfit*
C. Coronna^
D. 0«o/<7.
E. Cavetto.
F. TheCafitelsef theTriglifho
G. Trigliph.
H. Afetopa,
I. Tema.
K. C^?/^.
L. VrimaFafcia.
M. SecHndaFafiia.
Parts ûf the CapitcL
N. Cimatmm.
O. Ahacu4.
P. 0;/tj/o, or Echinm,
Qj^ AnnnUts.
R, Hyfotracheliumy or Trlzje.
S. Afiragal.
T. Li ft ell A^ or Ceinïiure.
V. 5tf <5/y fl/" ^^^ Column.
^' ^mf.^''''^'^' ^^^'''^' ''"^^^^^dddmdedtnt.thmy^
X* The under part of the Ceronna,
c H AP,
v>^,^^^^^?rx^-^. ^, ^ ^^ A^^^;^>r-r,-^-^-; n ^^:^^^ :^---^~^-ir^^
-7v::>s>r^ ^/i 71
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of JrcJjìteSiiire^ t^c^>
G HAP. XVL..
Of thelomck Or den
THE /(3///H Oi'der had itsOngxnû'mlonla^ a Provìnce in
j4fu ; and we read, that the Temple oïDia-m at Efhcj'us
was built of this order : The Columns withCapitel and Bafe,
are nine models long, and by a raodelisunderilood the Dia-
mètre of the Column below. The Ar ch etrave. F riz.c^ and Comke^
are the fifth piirt of the height of the Column, in the following
defign, which is of Columns alone, the Intcr-columns arc of
two Diamètres, and a fourth part. And this is the faireft and
moft commodious manner of Intcr-columns, and by ritrnvim is
called E fifii/los. In the other defign, which is of Arches, the
Pilafters are in breadth a third part of the height of the Arch 5..
and the Arches are in height two fcy^ares.
îi- îf
a^sH
Tram the middle (T erri s
cplum'tig to fne inid^âXe^ affile.
crfher filer is y QRcnlells anâ,
l'y V arts
■ «■fi«it-i>»-»r.i-
jH , (/
œWBSK'»?«ÎS2ar*-«rr4'.â2*S^St3a«aKn«ï'îE«Ba3t.5
of Archite^ure, ^î
If you put a Fedefial to the Column of the lomck^Otder, as
in the defign of the Arches, it muft be made as high as half the
breadth of the Hght of the Arch, and mult be divided into fevcn
parts aiid half, of two of them (hall be madethe Bafe of one ;
the CimattHm, and half, which remains, (hall be for the £><^-
doj or fquare of the Fedefial.
TheBafe of this Order is in thicknefs half a model, and is
divided into three parts ; one is for the Plinth^ it's projedure is
the fourth part of the faid thicknefs, and confequently the eight
partof amodei. The other two parts of the Bafeare divided
into fcven, of three is made the upper Torus 5 the other four
are divided again into two parts, one is given to the Scotia above,
and the other to that below, which ought to h^e moreprojefTture
then the other.
The Aftragals ought to have the eight part of the'5f 5? m ; the
Ceinture of the Column is the third partof the Torm of the
Bafe; but if it be fo that you make the Bafe join with part of
the Column, you mufl: make the CeinBnre fmalj, as I have alfo
faid in the Doriche Order, the Cw/^wvt /?^f^ in projeû,ute haîf
the projedure aforefaid ; thefe be the meafures of the Ioniche
Bafe, according to ^^>r«^'/^«. '.th-^i^i. -xq ^q\ ,0 .H
Butbecaufe in many antique buildings are feen to this Order
^mc^Bafes, and to me feeras more agreeable, upoa the Fe-
defial -j I have defigned the jûttick. Bale with afmalJTcrw or
jiflragal, xxndtrthtCeinUiire'^ not omitting therefore to make
the defign thereof as Vitrmim teacheth us.
The defignes L. are two different profiles for to make the
Imports of Arches • and of each there is fet down the Meafures
by Numbers, which (hew the parts of amodei, as is done in all
the other defigns ; thefe Impfls are in a height half as much
again as the thicknefs of the Pillafier which fupports the
jArch.
K A. Body
gè of ArchiuBnre,
A. Body of the ColHvtn.
B. The Ajtragd with theCeinUhre, vphic,hare members of the:
Column.
C. Vp^ey Torni.
D. The hollow called Scotia,
E. The lower Torus.
F. The Plinth faftned to the Cymatim of the PedefiaL
G. CytftAtinm in two formes '\
a I>odo^ or fUin fquare ^ of the PedefiaL
I. Safe in two formes. J
K. Orlo, or Plinth.
L. JmfopfortheJnhes.
To
^•?
41 T'
(~-
A
^
J!i iti ~ ^M
3 !i '[ ).-^^r-^"
/OL^
Ji
^^_^
V^
t&.^&=iJh2v,ii..^^'
KMMZEZp
Ms/
Vs
^^
i
H
ho
o
t
Mo I P 22^
K
±i
v.
T"r
J-1
^
7 "ZI
t-^
-^
1 «
-•iwrififlf-*.
t
■ igyiifNie-i--
of ArchiteBtire, 7'
To make the Capitela the foot of the Column mud be divided
into eighteen parts, and nineteen of fuch parts is the breadth
and length of the Abacus, and the half is the height of the Cafi-
tel with the Folma \ whereupon it becomes to be nine parts
and a half high : One and half is for the jihacta with its Cimati-
urn, the other eight remains to the Voluta^ which is made in this
manner. From the extremity of the Cimat'mm^ within, is placed
one of the nineteen parts, and from the point which is there made,
is let fall a line plumb, which divides the Fb/;/r^ in the middle,
and is called Catheta ^ and where the point falls in this line
which feperates the four parts and half above, and the three
and half below , there is made the Centre of the eye of the
Folma-j whofe Diamètre is one of the eight parts -, and from the
faid point is drawn a line which interceds at right Angles. The
Catheta dividesthe rdnta into four parts, intheeyeof which is
formed a fquare, the bignefs whereof is the half Diamètre of
the faid eye. The Diagonal lines being drawn in it, in them are
made the points whereon the fixed foot of the Comfafs is to ftand
to make the n?/«M, and they are f computing the Centre of the
eye) thirteen Centres ^ as to the Order which mufl beobfervcd
in them, it appears by the number placed in the defign. The
jip^ragaloî the Column is right againfl: the eye of the Fointa ;
the Folntes are as thick in the middle as isthe/jri^jf^^r^ of the
OhoIo or Echinw, which reacheth beyond the Ahacpts, fo much
as is the eye of the Voluta -, the hollow of the Voluta is even
with the body of the Column. The Aftragal of the Column
turns about under the Voluta, and is alwayes feen : As apjjears
in the platform of the Column ; and 'tis natural, that fo flen-
der a thing as is the Voluta (hould give way to one fo hard
as is the Ajiragal j and the Voluta is alwayes equally dirtant from
it.
They were wont to make in the Angles of Rowes, of Columns,
or Porches of the Ioniche Order, Capitels which had thé Voluta
not only in the front, but alfo in that part that, making the Capitel
as they were wont to do, would be the flank; whereupon they
come to have the front on two fides, and are called Angular Capi-
tels -^ and howthey made them, I fliall demonftrate in my Book
^Temples.
A. Abaçiiiy
^i of JrchiteSltire.
A. Ahacm.
B. Holhms of the VoUta.
C. OhoIo^ erEchwHS. ^
D. Aflragd under the Bchinm-
E. CeinBure-, er Annulet.
F. Body of the Column.
G. iï«« c4//f ^ Catheta.
On the Plat-form of the Capite! of the Column, the faid Mem-
bers are marked ^A;ith the fame Letters.
S. the eye of the Voluta in a Urge form.
Members of the B afe, aceording to Yitïuwius.
K. Body of the Columns.
L. CeMure, or Amulet.
M. Torns.
N. Scotiafrlma.
O. Tondino, or AflragaL
v. Scotia femnda. • £3fb';og *io
j ni o! iij- :u:j , 'n 'hi 5r!3 ni v'fio joit
Q^Orh, or Plinth.
R. ?ro]eBHT€ofthcBafe,
•'■^e
X
Of ArchiteSture,
The Architrave, FrUe, and Cormce, make ( as I have faid )
the fifth part of the height of the Column, and the whole is di-
vided into twelve parts 3 the Architrave four, the Fn;cf three,
«nd the Corner five: Ih^ Architrave is divided into five parts,'
of one is made the Cimatium, and the reft are divided into twelve,
three are given to the firft Fafcia, and its Aftraf al, four to the
fécond and its Afira^al, and five to the third.
The Corfiice is dividen into feven parts, |. two are given to
the Scotia and OhoIo, two the ModUions^ and the i. to the Co-
rona, and Scima Re^a^ and projedeth forwards as^much as its
thicknefs.
I have defigned the Front, the Flank, and the Plat-form of the
Cafitel, ûiQ Architrave, Friz^e, ^nd Corme, with their conveni-
ent Sculptures.
^ ^ h. Sema
of ÀrchiteSturel
A. Scima ReBa» *
B. Scima Reverfa,
C. Corona,
D. Cimammof the Modilions.
E. Modilions,
F. 0/iç/(?.
G. Cavetto^
I. Cimatinmof the Architrave.
K. L. M. Are the fir fi, fece fid, and third jFafiiA»
Members of the Capitd,
N. Abacus.
O. Hollow of the Voliitd..
P. Ouolo^ or Echimi.
Q^ Aflragd of the Colimn.
R, Body of the Colimfh
CHAP.
of ArchiteSlure, 8i
CHAP. XVIL
Of the Corinthian Orde
r.
AT Corinth a noble City of Felofonefe^ or Morecy firll; of all
was found the Order which is called Corinthian, which is
more adorned and beautified then any I have yet treated on.
The Columns are like the lonick^^ and with the Bafe and Cafi-
tel joined to them, they are nine models and a half long. If you
make them fluted, they muft have 24. flutes or channels, which
mufl: be made half fo deep as broad : The plains or fpaces be-
tween one flute and the other muft be a third part of the breadth
of the faid flutes. The Amhetrave^ Friz.e and Cornice-, are a fifth
part of the height of the Column ; in the defign of Columns
alone, the Inter-columns are two Diamètres, as is the Portal of
St. Maria Rot Hn da m Rome J and this form of Rowes of Pillars,
is by Vitrnvipti caWcd Syfiylos. And in that of Arches, the Pil-
lafters are of two parts of five of the light of the Arch , and the
light of the Arch is in height two fquares and half the thicknefs
of the Arch being comprehended.
U The
*.^-
^.,y .^
■i..
^tluaui Barfrfeft: his hoolic^^
1 ^ fix
i
.M
ft
^rcnn ihenvtddle of ente
Ccrlnìnnetoi'ne miàMi ajfnù |^
afìier fher is 6QTLcrcltUs i'
I ■■
\
I {
of ArchiteCiure. g-
The Pf^fj?^/ under the Corinthian Column muft be in height a
fourth part of the length of the Column, and being divided into
eight parts, one is given to the Cimatinm^ two to its Bafe and
five remains to the Dado^ or plane of the PeJe fiai j the i^^ muft
be divided into three parts, two fot the Zocco or F.Iimh and one
to the Cornice. '
The Bafe of the Column is the^^f^Vi^, but in this Order k
differs from that which is put to the Derick Order: In this the
ProjeBnre is the fifth part of the Diamètre of the Colupin where-
as in the Dorick it is the fixth part ; it may alfo vary in fome other
parts, as may be feenin the defign, where alfo isfetc^own the
Jmpofis of the Arches, the which is in height one half more then
the thicknefs of the Membretto, that is to fay, the Pi/lafier which
bears up the Arch.. -^
yv. ^y..:...i. ,1^
A.B
Oil
1>
Sg of JrchiteBnre.
A. Body of the Ca/«w/f»nijio J orii io n j^ijai v.i^j lo îifc'-i njii -o'.
C, The upper Torus.
\ ."B, Scotia with the AfiragaU. .,
Ê. The lower Term.
' F. Or/^, or Tlinth of the Bafe fafined to. the Cimatiamofthe
Pedefial.
i.
G. Cimatinm n
H. VadoorvUin p of the Tede f^d.
I. Coronna of the Bafe J
^. Oy/<?, (?r Plinth of the Bafe.
The Jmpofi of the Arch is at the fide of the Coltmfh
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of Archite^nre. pj
The CorirtthUn Capitel ought to be as high as the thicknefs
oF the Column below, and a fixth part more which is allowed
to &.Q Abacus-^ the reft is divided into three equal parts, the firft
isgiventothefirftleaf, the fécond to the fécond ; and the third
is divided again into two, and of that part next the Abacm is
made the Caulicoli with the leaves, which feem to fupport them
whence they grow ; and therefore the ftalk from whence they
growmuft be made thick, and in their foldings muft diminifK
by little and little : The example hereof is taken from plants,
which are bigger at the root then at the extremity of the
branches. The Bell which is the body of the Capitel under the
leaves, ought to be dired to the bottoms of the flutes of the Co-
lumn.
To make the Abacus, that it may have a convenient Pro]eHurey
make the fquare A B C Di each fide whereof muft be a Model
and half, and the Diagonal Lines muft be drawn init from one
Angle to the other, and where they interfecfl each other in the
point E. which is the middle and centre of the faid fquare ; the
fixed foot of the Com^afs muft be placed, and towards each Angle
of the fquare muft be marked a Model ; and where the points
F G H I. are, the lines muft be drawn, which intercedes at right
Angles with the faid Diagonals, and that they may touch the
fides of the fquare in LMNO. Thefe ftiallbe the bounds of
the Proje^Hre, and how much the length is, fo much ftiall be the
breadth of the homes of the Abacus.
The Cnrvatiire, or hollowing of the ^W^, is made by lay-
ing a long a thred from one horn to the other, which is from the
point t. to the point N. then from the faid points, draw two Ar- ,
chesof Circles, then fet in one foot of the Compafs in the inter-
fedion at the point P, with the other defcribe the Arch,which will
make the hollowing or curvature of the Ajhagal of the Column,
and is fo made that the tongues of the leaves toucheth it, or rather
advanceth a little beyond, and this is their ProjeHrure. The Rofe
ought to be as large as the fourth part of the Diametreof the
Column at the foot : The Archetrave, Frize and'Cornice ( as I
have faid ) are to be a fifth part of the height of the Column ,
and the whole is to be divided into twelve parts, as in the lonick.;
but here is the diflfercnce 5 in this the Cornice is divided into eight
N 3 parts
5^4 Of JrchìteSiure.
parts and half, of one is made the Intabliment, of thcothcf
the DendicHli, of the third the Onoloy of the fourth and fifth the
A/odilmis, and of the other three and half the Coronna, and the
Scima. The Cornice hath as much Proje^ure as it is high, the
Coffers or places of the Rofes that go between the ModiUons muft
befquare, and the ModiUons as big as half the plain of the faid
Rofes. T he members of this Order have not been marked with
Letters as the foregoing, becaufe by them thefe may eafily ht
wn^erftood..
' 03 •<-» .
iff 'l' I
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h h h h h h H^ h M- F F M II
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of AfchiteSìnre^ loi
CHAP. XVIII.
Of the CompoGta. Order.
TH E Corneo fit a Order, which is alfo called Roman^ bccaufe it
was an Invention of the Ancient Romans-, and is fo called be-
caufeit partakes of two of the aforefaid Orders; andthemoft
Regular and Beautiful is that which is compounded of the lonkk^
and Corinthian ; it is more (lender then the Corimhiaft, and may
be made like it in all parts, except in the Capitel.
Thefe Columns ought to be in length ten Models ; in the
defign of Columns alone, the Intcr-columns are one Diamètre
and a haîf, and this manner is called by Vitruvim Picnoftilos. In
thofe of Arches the Pillafiers are half the light of the Arch 3.
and the Arches are in height under the Vault two fquares and
half, that is to fay, two Diamètres and half of the light of the
Arch.
And
^rcrni the lìlid.d.u of ente, columm
tpihe tnlAâie affhe atkev there.
IS "yOTicrdch parts i^
of Jr chit e Sì urei 107
And becaufc (as I have faid) this Order ought to be made
more neat and flender then the Corinthian^ its Pedeflal is to be
the third part of the height of the Column, and is divided into
eight parts and half ; of one partis made the Cimatintn of the
Bafe, and five and half remains to the Dodo or Plinth of the
PedefiM '■, the Bafe of the Pedefial is divided into three parts >
two is given to the Zocco or Plimhy and one to its Torui with its
Cimatiunt.
The Bafe of the Cokimn may be made Attiche as in the Corin-
thian, and it may alfo be compounded of the Attiche and the /o-
nickji as appears in the defign. The Profile of the Impoft of the
Arches, is by the fide of the plain of the P^^^y?^/, and its height
is as much as the thicknefs of t\\^ Membretto.
P^. The
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M.iP. 24,
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'i^y^ -^'j^ï^^';f^:^^'S^^,
* 1
of ArchiteSlure* 1*3
The Capitel of the Cowpofia Order hath the fame mcafures as
ihc Corinthia^/y but it difiFers from it in the roluta, OhoIo, Fttf4-
roloy or Fufcy which are members attributed to the Ionici^ ; and
the way of making it, is thus : From the Abacm downwards,
the Capitel is divided into three parts, as in the Corinthian : The
firftisgiventothe firfl; leaves, the fécond to the fécond, and the
third to the rolnta, which is made in the fame manner, and with
the fame points with the which the hnick^ is faid to be made ,
and takes up fo much of the Abacm^ that it feems to grow out
of the Ondo near the flowers which are put in the middle of the
Curvatures of the faid Abacus ^ and is as thick in the front,
as the breadth of the homes thereof and a little more : The
Onolo is as big as three parts of five of the Abacm^ and its low-
er part begins right againftthe lower part of the eye of the Fo^
Una ; it hath in ProjeSture |. parts of its height, and is with it-
Vro]e^iiYe perpendicular to the hollow of the Abacus, or a lit-
tle more.
The Fnfe is a third part of the height of the OhoIo^ and hath in
Trojeilure fomething more then the half of its thicknefs, and
turns about the Capitel under the Voluta, andisalwayes feen.
The Gradetten, or Moulding, which goes, under the Fufcy and
makes the Orb of the Bell of the Capitel, is the half of the Fdje :
The body of the Bell anfwers direcH: with the bottom of the flutes
of the Column -, of this fort 1 have feen one ztRomcy from which
fort I have drawn the faid Meafures, becaufe it appeared to me ve-
ry beautiful, and well ordered.
There are Çapitels made after another manner, which may
be called Compofitay of which fhall be difcourfed, and the figures
thereof {hallbeputinmy Books of Antiquities.
The Archetrave, Fri je and Cornice^ are the fifth part of the
height of the Column, and their Compartiments may be well
known by that which hath been faid before in the other Orders,
<in& by the numbers placed in the defign.
Q^ CHAP.
Tr
"M
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i
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11
6
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irk
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3^
CII|V^
^ -V t^
Of ArchiteSlHre. \ z i
■ «"■.. J - iij ■ ' ■ .
0/ Tedcfials.
Hitherto I have difcourfed ( what to me feemed convenient )
of Walls and their Ornaments ^ and in particular, touch-
ing the Pedeflals which may be applied to every Order • but
becaufe it a,ppears that the Ancients had not a regard to make
the Pedefial bigger for the one Order then for another, although
this part much adds to the Beauty and Ornament, when it is
made with difcretion and proportion to the other parts ; to
the end that the Architedis may take notice and ferve them-
felves upon occafion, and know that they made them fometimes
fquare, that is to fay, as long as broad, as in the Arch DiLioni^
at Verona. And thefe I have afligned to the Dorkk Order, be-
caufe it requires Solidity j fometimes they are made taking the
mcafurcfrom the light of the Arch, as in the Arch of littis at
SanUa Maria Nova mRome^ and in that of Tra]an on the gate
of Ancona^ where the Pedeflal is half the height of the light of
the Arch ; and of that kind of Pedeftal I have put to the Io»ick^
Order j and fometimes they took the meafure from the height
of the Column j as is feen at Snfa, a City fcituate at the foot of
the Mountain which divides Italy from France , in an Arch
made to the honour of Anguflm Cafar, and in the Arch of PoUy
a City 0Ï Dalmatia, and in the Amphitheatre of ^owe • in the
Jonick^ and Corinthian Order, in which Building the Pedefld is
the fourth part of the height of the Column, as I have made in
the C(?mfÂ?i^» Order. InVerona^ in the Arch Di Cafid Vecchio,
which is very beautiful, the Pedefial is a third of the height of the
Column, as 1 have put in the Compofaa Order ; and thefc arc
the handfomcft formes of Pedefials, and have the beft proporti-
on with their other parts : And when Vitrnvim difcourfing of
rTheatres makes mention of the Po^.^io^ you may know that the
I al Of ArchiuSiwrel
Poggio is the fame with the Pedefial, which is the third of the
length of the Column put for Ornament of the Scene ; but of
Tede fais which exceed a third of the Column, fuch are fecn at
Rome in the Arch of Conflmtine, where the Pedeflals are two
parts and half of the height of the Column; and almoft in all
the Ancient Pedeflals, the Bafes are obferved to have been made
twice as big as the Cimacmmy^%h feen in my Book of Ar-
ches.
CHAP. XX,
Of Errours.
HAving fet down the Ornaments of the Architedurc, that
is to fay, the Five Orders, and fhewed how they are
made and laid down, the Profiles of each of their parts, which 1
found that the Ancients did obferve ;. it feemstomenot unfit
here to acquaint the Reader of many abufes, which being brought
in by the Barbarous, are yet obferved ; to the end that the ftudi-
ous in this art may avoid them in their own Works, and under-
ftand them in others.
Ifaythen> that Archi tedure fas all other Atts are) being
Imitatrix of Nature, accounts nothing tollerable which is eftrang-
cd, and differs from that which is natural: Wherefore we fee
that thofe Ancient Architeûs who built with Timber, when they
began to build with Stone, direfted that the Columns might
be lefsat the topthen^at the footj taking example from Trees ,
which are lefs at the top, then in the Trunk, and near the
Koot. Likewife becaufe it is very convenient that thofe things
iipon which any great weight is put fhould be prelTed , under
$Ke Column they put a ^^y?, which with their Torus zxiaScotiAy
feem
of Archite^ure] 1Î2
fccm by the burthen over them to be fwelled ; fo alfo in the Cor-
niceSy they bring in the TrigUfes, Modiglionsy and the Dentils^
which fhould reprcfent the heads of the Joiccs, which in the feal-
ing arc placed to bear up the Roof. The fame may be obferved
in all other parts, if you arc curious: And being fo, you cannot
but blame that formof Building which deviates from that which
Nature inftrudeth , and from that fimplicity which is direO-
ed in things by her produced, framing ( as it were) another Na-
ture, and departs from the true, good and handfome manner of
Buildings ^ for ,which reafon you ought not ( inftead of Co-
lumns or Pillafters, which are to bear up fome great weight ) to
place CartoHches, which are certain Scroles, which to the intelli-
gent fccm deformed, and to the ignorant rather confufion then
pleafure, nor do they produce other effets , then increafe
the charge of the builders. Likewife you muft not make any
of thofe Cartouches come out of the Cenike^ for it is requifite
that all the parts of the Cornice be made to fome end, and to
make appear what it would be if the work were framed of Tim-
ber. And befides , being it is convenient that to uphold a
great weight fomething folid and fit to fupport that weight be
required , queftionlefs thofe Cartonches are altogether fuper-
fluous , becaufe it is impoflible that any Timber whatever
could really perform what thefe feem ^ for feigning it felf to
befoftand gentle, I know not by what rule they put them
under any thing heavy and hard. But that which ( in my
opinion ) imports much, is the abufe in making Frontifpieces
of Doors , Windowes and Galleries, divided in the middle ,
becaufe they were made to defend the Inhabitants from rain ; Ï
know nothing more contrary to natural reafon, then to divide
and open that part which the Ancients intruded by neccflity it
felf did make whole, and raifed in the middle, to fhew that it
ought to ferve to defend the Inhabitants of the Houfe , and
thofe that enter therein, from Rain, Snow andHaile. And al-
though Variety and Novelty (hould pleafe all,yet we are not to go
againft the precepts of Art,and that whichReafon demonflrates ;
whence we fee that although the Ancients did vary , yet they
never departed from the general and neceflary Rules of Art, as
tnay be fecn in my Book of Antiquities : Alfo concerning the pro-
R 2 jedure
12A of ArchiteSlure]
jedure of the Cornice and other Ornaments, 'tis no fmaU abufc
in making them come too forward, becaufe when they exceed
that which according to Reafon is fit for them, efpecially if they
be in a clofc place they fecm narrow, and uncomely, and put
fear in thofe which ftand underneath, threatning alwayesto fall,
yououghtasmuchto avoid making the Cornice difproportiona-
ble to the Column, putting great Cor^iCfj upon little Columns,
or upon great Columns little C(7r;?;f^^, who doubts but thatfuch
a Building will feem very ill favoured. Befides, to make the Co-
.lumnsfeem to be of feveral parts, making rings and wreathings
about them, as it were to hold them together, ought as much as
miy be to be avoided; becaufe how much the more intire and
ftrong the Columns appear, fo much the more they perform the
defign for which they are placed, which is to render the work
above fecure and firm. Many other like abufes might be reck-
oned up, as of feme members which in the Cornices are made
difproportionableto the other, which by what 1 have (hewed be-
fore, and by that which is now faid, may be eafily known ; it re-
ïTKiins now to come to the difpofing of the particular andprincir
pal parts of the Building,
CHAP. XXL
: ( noii
Of Galleries, Entries, Halls, Anti-
Chambers ^/; J Chambers, and of
their proportions.
GAUeries, for the moft part, are wont to be made on the
wings and fides, or on the front ; they ferve for many ae-
commodations i as Walking, Eating, and other Divertifements,
and they are made bigger orlefler, according to the greatnefs
and conveniencv of the Building; but ordinarily, they ought
^ not
of Archite^nrf, 2%c
not to have lefs thtn 1 6. 1 8. and 20. foot in breadth, and in great
Buildings unto 24. and their length aj leali five times their breadth,
fix, feven, or eight times at moft.
Bx ample t ^--i •
Let A A reprefent a Gallerie, the breadth whereof is AB*,
you mufl give it in length five timesj-^y^readth unt-d the nugibe* .
marked 5^ or fix times unto thenumbWó j or feven time^unto
the number 7 ^ or laftly , eight times unto the number 8. which is
the greatefl: length allowed to Galleries,. ^
to. 3 A ^ 6 7 ^
And befides, every Houfe well compofed ought to have in:
the middle and chiefeft part fome place, to the which all the
other part of the Houfe may relate and appertain ; which place
vulgarly is called Entry, Lohhy, or Fajfage if it be below, and
the Hall, if it be above j and is in the Houfe as a common place,
for it ferves to entertain thofe who attend the Mafìrers going
forth tofalutehimand negotiate with him^ andfuch places are
thefirft part of the Houfe that prefent themfelves to thofe that
would enter therein. The Halls ferve for Feafts, Nuptials
and Banquets, to Ad Comedies, and to take other fuch 'ike
pleafures and enjoynnents ; therefore it is, that thefe places
ought to be greater then other, and of a Capacious form, to the
end that many perfons may commodioufly be there entertained^,
and behold what is done.
Of the proportion which the Halls c tight to have.
As for my part, I have not been accuficmed to allow to the
kngth of Halls lefs then twice their breadth, or twice and U. or
a third
1^^ of oYr chit e Slur e*
a third part of the breadth at moft. And to gteat Buildings you
may allowthe length to be three times the breadth, whereupon
they will be fo much the more beautiful and convenient.
Example,
Let A A prcfent a Hall, the breadth whereof is A B. having
i4.foot, within the work you may allow the length, twice the
breadth unto the number marked 2, to wit, 48. foot in length ,
for 24. foot in breadth, or twice the breadth, and i,. more unto
the number marked zl. to wit, 54. foot long for 24. foot broad,
or twicethe breadth, and '-.more unto the number marked 2\. to
wit, 56. foot long for 24. foot broad ; or laftly, to great Build-
ings the Hall may have in length three times the breadth, unto
the number marked 5 . to wit? 72. foot long for 24. foot broad.
A
^^Vé
3
The Jlmi-Cbxmhers and Chambers ought to be fo divided, that
they may fall on each fide of the Entry and of the Hall ; and you
muft take heed that thofe on the right hand may anfwer and be
equaltothofeon the left; to the end, that the Building may be
on one fide as on the other, and the walls bear equally the bur-
den of the Roof.
Of the proportion of jénti-Chambers.
A well proportioned jinti-Chawber ought to have in length
the Diagonal line of the fquare of the breadth, or the breadth
and;, at moft.
Qf ArchiteHnre ,
Example for the frfi hignefs of Ami-Chamhers.
Let AB CD beafquare, whereof each fide is 24. foot, and
the Diagond Ime thereof being drawn A C, the fame length that
the Diapmlis of, you muft give to the faid Anti-Chamber from
A unto E, and from D unto F, in this manner.
127
A
D
B E
E
The Aml-Chamher will have |4- foot in length, to 2^, foot in-
breadth.
Jixant'
of ArchiteSinrf»
Example of the fécond bigoefs of Anti'Chamhersl
Let A B C D be a fquare, of which each fide is 24. foot as be-
fore, and to the faid A B C D the half their length, to wit, 12.
foot from B to F, and from C to G, you (hall make the Ami-,
Chamber, 3 6, foot in length to 24. foot in breadth.
A. 11 12 ?
Of the frofortton of Chambers,
As for the Chambers^ you may make thereof five forts and
proportions ; for they are either fquare, or they may be in length
their breadth with an eighth part, afeventh, afixth, or a fifth
|)art above their breadth.
Example,
of /irchiter^Hrel u^
Example of the ^irfi hignefs of Chambers,
Let A B C D be a perfed fquare, of which the 4. fidds and the
4. Angles may be equal, thisfl^all be thcbignefsof the Chmi
ber.
Example of the Second.
Let AB C D be a fquaf e , whereof each fide is 24. foot, you
may divide one of the faid fides into 8. equal parts, whereof each
maybe 3. foot, add one of the faid parts to the fide AB and
continue it to E, and as much to the fide DC, continue it to V
and you will make the Chamber 27, foot long to the 24. foot
broad.
^J7.J4-^6^B
C F
Example,
3^
Of ArchiuSinre*
Example of the Third.
Let A B C D be a fquare, as before, of 24. foot ; to each fide,
divide the fide of AB into feven equal; parts, add to it one,
continuing the fame to E, and the fide DC unto F, the faid
Chamber mW have 27. foot 5. inches and -, part in length to 24.
foot in breadth,
A__ J_e''
Examfliof theFaurtM
LctABCD, as before, be a fquare, having oniCach iide,?4.
foot V divide one of thefides^ as AB into fix eqtial partd, add
thereuritooncof the faid parts, drawing thejfaidfe tinto E> and
E) G uaoî^i^ou m{lmukctìiQ€bambm-2^.kot\oRgt0ZflkÌQO%
!)iroad« : ^ìncì ;-aoI jooì.^:: j o'.Ij 'J7\r.mì\ì'i/ uov i:rt£
A.
1 -1 ? ^
bso'ivj
-T T"
28
• ri
f
T>
?.
^xampp
of ArchiteSturel
Example of the Fifth and Ufi bigmfs of Chambers:
Lctthcfigurc ABCDbe, as before, each fide thereof to be
24. foot, divide one of the fides into five equal parts, add one of
the faid parts drawing the fide A B unto E, and D C unto F, you
will make the Chamber 28. foot p. inches, and y\, in length to 24.
foot in breadth.
r f
Ijt
IS. §
;ghap.
ïji cf. ArchiteUure,
CHAP. XX H.
Ì0 on<^j^ floors a>^^'Su|j''6rfîcfc^ 'of Départe-
^^'^^^.V'ntóits, Planchers, ^«û( FlatSeelings.
AFter having feen the formes of Galleries, Halls, Jnti-
Chambers and Chambers , it is needful to difcourfe of
Floors OÏ SHferficies^ of Département s , Planchers, and Flat Seel-
* Floors or Superficies, may be of fquare Tyles or hard Stone,
or of Marble, or fmall fquares of Çaipentcrs work, and may be
made of divers forts, and divers colours, according to the va-
riety of the materials, which renders thcrn very agreeable to the
eve : In lodging C/!?^»»^^"^ they arc feldoitiemade of Marble or
other hard Stone, becaufe in the m»rfr they will be too cold j.
But m Carries, or oth'e'r publick places, they will agree very
well.
This fort of Floors of fmall fquares of Carpenters xvorkj, may
he feen at Somerfet-Houfe, of which, being a novelty in England,
J thouqht^goQàto .prefent the Difign thereof , although'not in my An*
You
r
or
Of JrchiteSinre^
You muft lake heed that the H.ill, Anti-Chnmhers^ and Ch
hcrsy which are of the fame ftory, may have all the Floors yj
Pavements equal in fuch manner, that the threlholds may not be
higher then the reft.
The P/^'7c/?r^j are alfe made of divers waycs, forfomc there
are that take p'eafure to make them very handfomc of wc!4
wrought Joi!b ; where you may take notice that the Joi/bmuffc
bediltantthe oiefrom the other, the thickncfs of a Joifl: and
half, and fo the feeling will be very handfome ; And there will
be fo much wall between the ends of thejoilb, as vviilbe fuffi-
cient to bear up the walls about it ; whereas if they ftand wider
one from the other, it will-- be very ill favoured ; and if clofer
'twill be as a dividing of the upper wall from the lower ; and if
the Joifts rot and be eonfUmed with fire, the wall of necelTity mufl:
be ruined. • .
Others will hdy-c'Compartements of Piailler, or Wood, in-
riching them with" pîûures and gilded work, and beautifie them
according to their Various humours j wherefore in this there can
be given no certain no;: determinate rules. A
IS
CHAP. XXIIL
Of the height of Halls, Anti-Chambers^,
<^/?^ Chambers.
HjéUs, Anti'Chamhers , and Chambers , are made either
arched or flat ; If you make them flat, divide the breadth
into three parts, and two of thoie parts (hall be the height of the
Story, from the floor to the Joifl*
v3
Of ArchiteSiure^
Example of th:frft height of Halls, Anti-Chambcrs,
and Chambers.
Let the figure M reprefent the Chamber whofe height you
would find, which fuppofe to have in breadth 24. foot within the
work, which (hall be divided upon the line A B, into three equal
parts with poinîs, where is marked the number 123. each part
being eight foot , two of each parts (hall be the height of the
Chamber, to wit, 1 6. foot from the Floor to the Joift.
M
6—1 8-
T
i
B
^ And if you would have it higher, the breadth muft be divided
into feven parts j take thereof five, which will give the height.
Examfle
of ArchiteHnre,
»3r
ExJiMple of the fece fid height,
LcÊ the figure Nbe of the fame breadth as the foregoing, to
wit 24. foot within the work, which (hall be divided upon the
line A B into feven equal parts,take thereof five to make the height
of the Story A C, and B D, the faid height will be 17. foot z , in-
ches, from the Floor onto the Joifts.
J
N
A
BreM 14-
"
^
.^
^
^
Ji
i
m
Or divide the faid height into 4. parts, and three of thofe pans
will likcwife give a greater height.
\\X
\ Exiim^
aoi .C'4
.riî oriOolTr'nu/iOii ^io'm M
ijS of ArchiteSiure,
Example of the third height y yet higher.
' Let the figure O be of the fame breadth as the former , to
wit of 24. root within the work, which (hall be divided upon
the line AB, into four equal parts, thic- thereof you mull take
for the height of the Story , fo it will be of 18. foot from the
Floor to the Joift.
2
2.
-
J
•
'Brcdfk 24.
Pl
,. f — 1
_l.
CHAP. XXIV.
Of the Proportion of the height <!>jf Chambers
of the fécond Story,
THE height of ChAmhers of the fécond Story (hall be a
twelfth part lefs then the C^/iw^^r/ below.
JBxÂmple of the height of the Second Story in the Figure
marked M.
Be it, as it is faid is the Figure marked M, its fird Story of
36. foot, from the Floor to the Joid, divide the faid x 6. foot into
twelve
of drchite^nrel \^p
twelve equal parts, take eleven which will if ake 14. foot 8. in-
ches for the height of the fécond Story, from the Floor to the
Joift.
Example of the Second Story of the Figure marled N.
Be it, as it is faid in the Figure marked N, its firft Story of 17.
foot 2. inches high, from the Floor to the Joift ; divide the faid
17, foot 2 inches into twelve equal parts, take thereof 1 1 , which
will make 15. foot 7. inches, for the height of the fécond Story
from the Floor to the Joift.
Example of the height of the fécond Story of the Figttrt O.
Be it, as it is faid in the Figure O, itsfirft Story of 18. foot
from the Floor to the Joift, divide the faid 18. foot into twelve
equal parts, take thereof 1 1, which will make 16. foot and j for
the height of the fécond Story from the Floor to the Joift.
CHAP. XXV.
Of the Proportion of Halls, Anti-Cham-
bers, and Chambers, of the firfi
Story which are Ar€hecl.
IN great Buildings the Hall^Aftti^Cbamierj^ana other Rooms
of the firft Story may be arched, whereupon they will be
much more handfome, and lefs fubjeû to fire : Their height is
made by dividing the breadth into fix parts, and thereof take five,
which will give the height that it ought to have from the Floor or
Superficies unto the bottom of the key of the Arch,
T 2 Example
, Ao Of ArchiuSinre.
■■■.%■■
Example of the flrfl height of Halls, Anti- CbambcrSj arjd
Chambers, which are Arched.
Let the Figure marked A be of 24. foot in breadth more or
!cfs, and be divided into fix equal parts i take thereof fi ve, which
will make it 20. foot high, from the Floor unto the bottom of the
key of the Arch,
And if you would have one higher, you muft divide the
faid breadth into eight parts , and fevcn thereof fliall be the
height.
•o5T
f *
Vf JrchiteSlnre,
141
Example of the fecondheight.
Let the Figure B having the fame breadth as the former of 24.
foot within thc^work. Èie divided into eight equal parts, and
take thereof feven, which will make 21. foot for the height from
the Floor unto the bottom of the key of the Arch.
And if youdi vide the fame breadth into 22. parts, you muft
take thereof 1 1. which will make it higher.
example of the thirdyet higher.
Let the Figure C be of 24. foot broad within the work, as the
former, divide the 24. foot into 12. equal parts, take thereof 1 1.
which make 22. foot in heighr> from the Floor into the bottom of
thekeyof thcArch.
1 ti _
-8 \
- 7 '
1"
« < .
\ Bredf/l ~
t * * t f f 1 1
- 6
1
■^ , , 1 ,
A.
-
CHAP.
1^2 Of Architecture.
CHAP. XXVI.
Of the Proportion of the height of Cham-
bers of the fécond Story,
TH E Chambers of the fécond Story mufl: be i-aiTed a fixth
part lefs then the Chambers below.
Examfle of the height of the fecund Story of the
Figure marked A.
Be it, as it is faid in the Figure marked A, its firfl; Story of
20. foot in height, from the Floor unto the bottom of the key of
the Arch, divide the faid 20. foot into Hx equal parts, take there-
of five which will make the fécond Story 16. foot eight inches
from the Floor to the Joift.
Example of the height of the fécond Story of the
■ Figure marked B.
Be it, as it is faid in the Figure B, its firft Story of twenty and
one foot in height, from the Floor unto the bottom of the key of
the Arch, divide the faid 21. foot into fix equal parts, take there-
of five, which will make the fécond Story 17. foot. 6. inches in
height, from the Floor unto the Joifl. .., f^\,^*-j
Example of the height of the fécond Story of the
Figure marked C
Beit, as it is faid in the Figure marked C, its firft Story \s of
22. foot in height, from the Floor unto the bottom of the key
of the Arch, divide the faid 22. foot into fix equal parts, take
thereof five which wi^l make the fiecond Story 1 8. foot 4. inches
in height, from the Floor unto the bottom of the key of the
Arch.
CHAP.
of JrchiteSÎHre» 143
CHAP. XXVII,
of the Proportion of the third Story ^
IF you would make above the fécond Story, an Attique or
third Story : The fécond muft alwayes be divided into twelve
equal parts, nine whereof will give the height of the third
Story, from the Floor unto the bottom of the Joift.
In the building of Chambers you ought to have regard as well
to the place of the bed j which isufually iixor feven foot fquare,
and the pafiage, as well as to the f:ituation of the Chimaey,.
which for this confideration ought not to be placed jufi: in the
middle) but.diftant from it about two, or two foot andlj,, to the
end it may make room for the bed, and by this means the inequa-
lity is little difcerned if it be not in buildings, the breadth at leali:
of 24. foot within the work j and in this cafe it may be placed juil
in the middle.
CHAP. XXVIII.
Of the height of Galleries.
THE lower Galleries mufl: be as high as the Halls, j^nti-
Chambers Siiid Chambers of thefirft Story, jo the end that
«ncmay enter theiein on even ground, which is to be underftood
then, when the faid lower Galleries have the fame framing, which
the (zìa Hallsy j4»ti'Chambers , and C Lumber s y whofe Floors
ought ordinarily to be raifed higher then the ground work of the
Court about two foot at leaft, or of three or four foot; and is
afcendcdby fteps, which ought not to have more then fix inches
in height, nor lefs then four, aid in breadth one foot, or at thé
rood i5«or x6.ÌDch€s.
BiiC
of ^rchiteSìttre,
But if the Galleries be made all open, fo as they enter into it
from the Court; in this cafe you may lay the Floor lower then
the neighbouring Rooms, and 'twill fufficc that the faid Floor be
onci foot higher then the ground work of the Court ; thus doing
'twill appear very graceful ; for by this means they come near
to the fair proportion which they ought to have in their height
fror#the Floor or Superficies unto the bottom of the key of the
Arch -, and their entrance is by Heps which are between the open-
ing ©f the Arches.
CHAP. XXIX.
Of thejuji Proportion rvhich the upper
Galleries ought to ha^e.
THE upper Galleries are made either fìat or Arched, if flat?
they muft be as high as broad ; Galleries which are arched
mufl: be as high as broad, with a fifth, fourth, or third part over •
and above their faid breadth.
CHAP, XXX.
Of the Meafures of Doors ^«<^ Windows.
TH E certain and determinateMeafures cannot be given of the
height and breadth of principal Gates of Buildings : Nor o/
Doers and Windows of Chambers^ becaufe, for to make the prin-
cipal 6".??^^, the Archited muft accommodate them to the great-
nefs of the Building, and the quality of theMafter, andtheufe
that is to be made of them ; neveithelcfs he will not omit to give
jhe Meafures following. CHAP,
of ArchiteUnre^ f - -
CHAP. XXXL
Of the Proportion of Principal Gates.
PRincipal Gates of Entrance where Coaches and Wagons
ought to pafs, and other fuch neceflarics, muft not have lefs
then feven and 5, eight, or nine foot: And to great Buildings,
unto ten or twelve foot in breadth.
Their height mud be their breadth and half at leaft ; and to
Flave it well proportioned, you muft give it in height twice their
breadth.
CHAP. XXXII.
Of the Proportion of Inner-Doorcs.
DOores within the Houfe in the leaft Building, ought not to
have lefs then two foot and I in breadth, and five foot
and 5 in height ; Thofe from three to four foot broad muft
have in height twice their breadth ; and to great Buildings you
may allow even to five or fix foot in breadth, and the height
double , and fometimes a fifth or fourth part lefs then their
breadth.
The Ancients were wont to make their Z><7<7y^^ narrower above
then below, as may be feen in a Church which is at Tivoli, which
VitrttviM teacheth ; and 'tis likely they did fo, to give them more
force. ?' ':-: ^^ '''^^^
V CHAP.
i^é of ArchiteSlnre.
CHAP. XXXIII.
Of the Froportionof Windowes,
TH E Apocrtmes of Wirtdowes mufl: have four foot and \ or
five foot, and to great Buildings unto fix ^ between the two
jaumes their height mull be at lead double their breadth; and to
make them comely and well proportioned, a fourth part, a third,
or a half part more then the breadth : And according to the big-
nefs of thcfe, you may make all the reft' in the other Rooms of
the fame Story ; but thofe of the fécond Story ought to be lower
by one twelfth part then thofe of the firft ; and if you make Win^
doives above them, you ought to make them a fourth part lower
then thofe in the fécond.
CHAP. XXXIV.
of the Froportionof Soiles of Wmdowcs.
THE S^/fj of TK»W<?wf^muft have two foot eight inchcs,iitj.
to three footat.mofl in height. IheTra^fom, or crofs pie-
ces of iVmdowesy muil be four or five inches thick ; their Rebates
muft be from one inch and I unto two inches at mort:, to the end
they may have greater ftrength, and that the frames of wood
which carry the (butters may have convenient ftrength. The
Jaumes of Wtndoxves mull: be much rebated, and let in from two
inches and', to three inches at leaft, to the end that the wood-
enframes may be ftrong, and join to the wall j when the wall is
thin, the (butters of the Windoxves ought to (hut over the rebates
the half or one third only; alfoit is needful to divide the faid
(butters, that they may not be a hindrance to the Chamber, nor
obfcure the light*. \t ^,,
^ CHAP.
of JrchiteBnre. 1 47
CHAP. XXXV.
Kides to be ohfer'ved in making Doores
/jii^Windowes.
ÏN making Windowes you arc to take heed that you do not
give them more or lefs light then is neceflary, nor make them
wider or narrower then is needful ; wherefore you ought to
have regard to the greatnefs of the places , which ought to re-
ceive the light, it being evident that a great Room hath need of
more light then a little one ^ fo that if the Windoms be made
kfs then they ought to be, the place will be obfcure and dark.
And becaufe in Houfes Come Chambers are made large, fomc in-
different, fome little, you muft take great care that all theW^^^.-
^flww may be equal one with the other in their rank and Or-
der fo that thofe on the right hand may anfwer thofe on the
left, and thofe above may be right over thofe below. Like-
wife the Door^-f muft be right over one another, to the end that
che void may be upon the void, and the full upon the full : And
moreover, let the Doors be placed in fuch manner, that one
mavfeefromoneendof the Houfe to the other, which is very
graceful i And befides, 'tis cool in Summer, and hath many
other conveniencies.
It is very fecure to turn Arches over Doores and Wtudowes ,
which Arches do difcharge and hinder that the Doores and Win-
doms be not prelfed with too much waight, which is of great im-
portance Cpr the lafting of Buildings
ThtWindovfes m\\^ht conveniently diltant from the Corners
«nd Angles of the Building, becaufe that part ought not to be
open and infeebled, whofe ofRce is tofupport and faften all the
lea of the Building,
V 2 CHAP.
It
J a8 Of ArchiteStire.
GHAP. XXXVL
Of the JHJi Proportion which the Pillafters
of Doores j«^ Windowes ought to
have in thicknefs and
ProjeBure.
PllUfiers of Doores and I^/Woww ought not to be thicker
then the fifth part of their Apperture, nor lefs then a
r K
The Pro]efthre of TilUflers in general is found by dividing
their thicknefs into fix parts, and one of thofe parts muft be the
Projf^^rf they ought to have. ■* r
It remains to fee their Ornaments. t" *
CHAP. XXXVII.
■-■iàr^
Of the Ornaments of Doores ^«dWihdowes.
HO W to adorn the PTtWowf J and principal Doores inBuildr
ings, may eafily be known from that which Vitruvius
teachethTn the fixth Chapter of his fourth Book, adding there-
unto all that the moft Reverend X)^^/ ^^r^^ro hath faid thereof,
and fhewn in defign : And alfo of that which - have faid before
of all the five Orders j therefore leaving ^at, 1 ihall only put
fome defigncs of the Ornaments of Doores and Windowes of
Chambers^ fo as they may be made divers wayes ; and I fhall mark
particularly every member which is graceful, and how muchPr<>.
jf^«r^ is needful..
The
of JrchiteSture^ 14^
The Ornaments which arc given to Doores and Windoxves, arc
the ArchetrfWCj Fnz.e^ and Cornice.
The Aychetrave turns about the Dosir^, and ought to be as
thick as the PilUfter, which ( as I have faid ) oughc not to be lefs
then the fixth part of the Apperture, nor more then a fifth j and
from the Archetrave^ the Fvtz-e, and Cornice^ take their thicknds
according to the two inventions which follow.
Example,
Let the breadth of the Apperture of the Door e A A. be divided
into fix equal parts, one of thefe parts (hall be the Archetrave B,
which winds about the DooreAnà muft be divided into four parts,
of three thereof is made the height of the hyiz.ç C, and of five j,
t]iat of the Cornice D.
The
of Arehite^Hre^ iiç 2
The Mcafurcs of each member of the Ornaments may be found
in this manner.
The Archetrave B, mud be divided into ten parts, three mufl:
be for i\\cTrim4Fafcia G, for four the fécond V ; and the three
which remains muft be divided into 5. three for the Sema Rever-
/iP, and the other two for theOr/^?, or Recula R, whofe Pro-
jeUitre is the fourth part of its thicknefs ; the Scima Reverfa P,
hath in Projefinre its height, and is marked in this manner : They
draw a ftrait line which terminates at the end thereof, under the
Orlo or RegfiU R, and on the fécond Fafcta V, and is divided in
half, fo as each of thefe halfcs is the Bafe of a Triangle of two
equal fides ; and on the Angle oppofed to the Bafemuft be placed
the fixt foot of the Compa/s, and the Curve lines mufl be drawn,
wh ich make the faid Scima Reverfa P.
The Prize is three parts of four of the Archetrave, divided in-
to four, and is defigned of a portion of a circle lefs then the femi-
circle, the fwelling whereof comes diredlly over the C/w^rî«w of
the Archetrave.
The 6ve parts which are given to the Cornice, diftribute them-
felvcs in this manner to its members : One to the Scotiamth its
Liflella, which is a fifth part of the faid Scotia.
The Scotia hath in Projeftnre two thirds of its height ; to
defign it they form a Triangle of two equal fides, and to the An-
gle G they place the Centre, and fo the Scotia becomes the Bafe
of the Triangle j another of the faid five parts is for the 0;^<?/6?,
and hath in Projeftitre the two thirds of its height and is defign^
ed making a Triangle of two equal fides, and the Centre is made
at the point H ; the other three parts are divided again into
feventeen, eight for the Coronna with its Lifts, of which that
above makes one of the eight parts ; and that which is below
and makes the hollow of the Coronna^ makes one of the fix parts
of the Omlo : The other nine are for the Sctma ReU:a, and its
Orlo ox Régula, which is a third of the hxà Scima. To frame
it fo as may be well and graceful, they draw the right line A
B, and 'tis divided into two equal parts: At the point C, one of
thofe parts is divided into feven, whereof fix are taken at the
point D ; then they form two Triangles, A E C , and C B F ,
and on the points E and F, they put the fixt foot of the Com-
X pafs,
x«4 Of Archite^ure.
pafs, and draw the portions of the Circles ACandCB, which
niake the faid Scima.
Tì^Q Archetrave likewife, in the fécond invention, is divided
into four parts ; of three is made the height of the Friz^e, of five
that of the Cormce, then the Archetrave is divided into three
parts, two of them are divided again into feven, of which fe-
vcn, three are the firft Fafeia^ and four for the fécond ; and
the third part of the Archetrave is divided again into nine parts ;
of two is made the Aflragal-, the other feven are divided into
five parts; three are the Scima Reverfa, andtwotheOr/o or
Kegnla.
The height of the Cornice is divided into five parts and
^ one of which is divided again into fix parts, of five is made
the Scima Rever fa above the Friz^^ and of the fix the LiftelU j
the Scima Reverfa hath ^s much ProjeBure as it is high, and the
fame allò hath the Liflellay the fécond part of the height of the
Corniceis fot the Ouolo, which hath in Projfff«rf | of its height.
The Moulding above the OhoIo, is the fixth part of the Onoh, and
hath thciame ProjeH^Hre ; the other three parts of the height of
the faid Cornice are divided into 17. parts, eight of which are for
the Coronna^ which hath in projetìure three parts of four of its
height, the other nine are divided into four parts, three are for
the Cimatiumj and one for the Orlo or LiftelU j the i which
remain are divided into five parts and \ ; of one fs made
the Moulding , and of four and L the Scima Reverfa above the
Coronna : The faid Cornice hath as much ProjeHure as it hathi
thicknefs.
Members
i^S of ArchìteSwre.
Members of the Cornice oî the firft Invention^
I. Scotia,
K. Omlo,
L. Coronna.
N. Cimatiaf»,
O. Orlo^ or Regular
ÎAtmhtnoî ^\t Ai'chetravf,
G. PrimaFafcia»
y. SecundaV/tfcia^
p. Scima Reverfd.
R. Or/o, orReguUo
S. Swelling of the Frizcç ^
T, Part of the Friz.e which enter into the ÎValL
By the means of thcfc two, you may know the members of the
fécond Invention.
Of
.?"^;:
Of ArchiteBnre, 159
Of thefc two other Inventions, the Archetrave of the firft
which is marked F, is hkewife divided into four parts, of three
and 1; is made the height of the FriTLe^ and of five that of the
Cornice ; the Archetrave is divided into eight parts^ five are for
the plain of the Archetrave., and three are for the Ctmatitifn^\v\\\Q\i
is divided again into eight parts; three for the Scima Reverfa^
three for the Scotia^ and two for the Onob or Regnla ; the height
of the Cornice is divided into fix parts, of two is made the Scf
ntaRectay with itsO/7o or Régula^ and of another the Sctma Re-
ver fa '^ the faid 5c; w.i Re^ia is divided again into nine parts, of
eight thereof are made the Coronna and the moulding ; the Aftrà-
galy ox Rondeau 2hovQt\\t Friz^e, is a third of one of the faid fix
parts, and that which remains between the Coronna and the
Aftragal, is left for the Scotia.
In the other Invention the Archetrave makrcdH ; is divided
into four parts, and of three and I. is made the height of the
Friz,e , and five the height of the Cornice : The Archetrave
is divided into eight parts, five of themfare for the plain of the
Archetrave-, and three are for the C?w4r/««;, which is divided in-
to feven parts, of one is made the Afiragal, and the reft are di-
vided into eight parts; three of which are for the 5«^^ ^^-z^^r-
fa, three for the Scotia, and two for the Orlo or Regain ; the
height of the Cornice is divided into fix parts and |, of three are
XÇ[SÀt Ùit Scinta Rever fa. The Dentelts and itolo, the Scima Rc"
verfa, hath as much Projeflure as it is thick : The Dentells are
two of three parts of their height, and the Owa/i? three of four
parts. Of thei; is made the Scima Rever fa, between theScimd
ReHa and the Coronna } and the three other parts arc divided into
feventeen, nine make the Scima Reda, and the Orlo or Régula ,
and eight the Coronna.
This Cornice hath much as Projeftnre as it hath thicknefs, as all
the other aforefaid.
Herefoîlowsdcïignesof DooresandWindowes according to
the five Orders of Andrea Palladio, and are the fame which are
in.the Louvre mParù.
Demon-
y.oïz iDfiJo
i^t;
^ ^^Tpre and ivlndjwe nc^crrdJiia to fhs 'Titsi-nn Ûi'der
^-f ^crzrre and wtndcnve accaniti;:: *c the <J)cTici: ûrâer
ièç-
■•"\l
jJcrctr^ and ivi ltd aw e ac/^tn'âtnq -tothe^pnck Orâer
Û
ty î
yt 'Dmire accardma to the laitich Orli
'/
ter
^^ Çi^crpve acccrr,4.inp fa the Cunittrhtan Order
llQ
ì^jhe Cûi'intliian Caviti' l
I«7
of ArchiteSÎHre. îoi
CHAP, xxxviir.
0/ Chimaies i« Halls, Chambers^ Studies^
and Wardrobes, and of their
Proportions,
HAll'Chimnies ought to be within work fix or fevcn foot, and
in great Buildings unto eight, between the two Jaumes;
and 'twill be convenient to make their funnels in the thicknefe
of the wall, if poffibly it can be ; if not, they muft be fet in
a place where they may correfpond to thofe of the Chambers ,
the which fpreads it felf but little in the middle, as it hath been
faid • and if it be poflTiblc , it muft be fo difpofed , that the
Chimney be feen in the front by them that (hall enter into the
Hall, n r .
Their height muft be four foot and '^ to five at molt, from the
bottom of the Plate- band to the Mantle-tree ; they muft projet
two foot and half, or three foot at moft, from the wall unto the
mantle-tree. The Jaumes mufl: be from eight to twelve inches
in breadth : And in great Buildings even to 24, or more, accord-
ing to that Order of Architecture, with which they are to be
adorned.
CHAP. XXXIX.
Of Chambcr-Chimnies, and of their
Proportions,
CHamher-Chimmes mufl: have in breadth five and \ or fix
foot, and in great Buildings unto feven, and mull: be placed
as I have faid before, becaufe of the place of the bed. T'heir
height muft be four foot, or four and I from the Mantle-tree or
^ C c ï'iat-
îp2 Of ArchiteSïure,
Plate-band, their Prcjcf?;/rf muft be t'^'o foot, or two and l from
the back to the fort-lidLS of the Jaunies.
C H A P. X L.
Of the Chimnies in Studies ^«^ Wardrobes.
CHimntes in thefe Rooms mufl be four foot, four and I or five
foot at raoft in breadth : Their height from the Mantle-tree
mufl; be like to that above of four foot, and '_ , and alfo their Fro^
)diii re two foot, or two and \ from the back.
CHAP. XL I. •
Of Funnels 6?/ Chimnies.
rVmels 0Î Chimnies mull be carried thorow the Roofy and
above the ridge, three foot, four or five foot at moft, that
they may carry the fmoak into the Air. You mull: take care
that they be made neither too wide nor too narrow j for if
they be too wide, the wind will drive back the fmoak into the
Room, and will not permit it freely to afcend and pafs forth ^
and in pHnneb too narrow, the fmoak not having free pafìage
is repulfcd, and returns backwards : Therefore 'tis that
Chamher-C'himnies arc not made narrower then ten or eleven
inches, nor broader then fifteen, which is the ordinary depth
of Funnels of great Kitchin Chimnies, by reafon of the great
fire that is made therein; and for their breadth, they mull be
four or five foot at moft within the work, from the place where
thebrefl ends unto the top of the Funnel'^ now the faid brcfl
reacheth from the Mantle-tree unto the Sieling or pitch of the
Arch, alwayes diminifhing within the work, until you come
to
Of
^rchiteSÎHre,
1
to the meafurcs of depth and breadth before mentioned : and
from thence arifing unto the end of the Funnel^ it mull be carried
up as even as you can poiïibly j for faih'ng in this, it often hap-
pens the fmoak is offenfive.
CHAP. XLII.
What is tabe ohferved in malting Cliimnies,
and thefajhion which tvas praciifed
among the Ancients.
TH E jAumes and Mamie-trees of Chim/uss mud be curi-
onfly wrought ', for ruftick work doth not appear well, un-
lefs it be in very great Buildings, fortheRcafonsaforcfaid.
The Ancients, to heat their Chambers, did ferve themfelvcs
in this manner : They made their Chimnies in the middle ,
with Columns or Corbeaux which bore up the Archetrave^ upon
which were the Funnels of the Chimnies which conveyed away
the fmoak -, of which kind one may be feen at B-iy near the
Pifcifje of N'ero, and one which is not far from Civita Vecchia j
and when they would not have Chimnies , they made in the
thicknefs of the wall pipes or funnels, thorow which afccnded
the heat of the fire which was under the Chambery and was
conveighed forth through certain vents and condu<fis which was
on the top of the funnels. Much like this, the Trenti Gentle-
men of Ffw/cf in the Summer refrefhed their Chjmb(rs2tCofioz.a,
their Country dwelling : For in that place there arc great Moun-
^ains in which are certain great Caves, which in times pail
were Quarries, Vv'hich ( I fuppofe ) Fitrnviui means in his fécond
Book, where he treats of Stone. In thefe Caves areingcndred
extream cool winds, which thefe Gentlemen caufcd to be
brought into their Houfe, through certain S/i/^'e t./'.<?^;^ vaults;
and by the means of certain truncks , like to thofe whereof
1 have fpoken before, make them to run thorow all the Cham-
bersy opening and fhutting them at plcafurc to take more cr
C c 2 / lefs
93
of ArchiteEitàÊ.
lefsof Air, according to the time and {Qti^on j and this place
would be wonderful were it only for this great Commodity,
neverthelefs that which renders it yet more admirable and
worthy to be feen in the prifon of the wind, which is a certain
Chamber under ground, made by the moft Noble Seignieur Tre-a-
tiy and by him called ^oU-^ where many of thofe trunks and
conducts of wind are difcharged -, and to render it beautiful, and
worthy of this name he hath given it, he hath fpared neither care
nor charge.
CHAP. XLÎÎI.
Of Stair- Cafes, afjd their di'vsrs man-
tiers^ and the nnmhers and great-
nefs of their Steps
THere ought to be great care taken in the well placing the
Stair^Cafe j for there is not a little difficulty to find a place
convenient, fo as the Stairs may be diftributed without preju-
dice or hindrance to the reft of the Building', 'tis therefore that
ordinarily they are placed in the corner of the Building, or on
the wings, or in the middle of the front, which is but feldom ,
nnlefs it be in great Buildings ; becaufe much of the Stone- work
will be hindred by reafon of the Stairs being in the middle, un-
lefs the Houfc be double.
There are three openings necelTary to the leafi: Stair-Cafe^
thefirftis the door- way that leads to them, which is the better
when it isfpacious, andpleafeth me moft if itbeinfuch a place
where, before one approacheth, one may fee the beft part of the
Houfe : For although the Houfe be little, by this means it ap-
peareth much larger ; neverthelefs it behoves that thefaid Door-
way be obvious and eafie to be found.
The fécond opening is that of the Windows^ which are need-
ful to give light to the Stairs^ and when there is but one, let it be
in the middle as near as you can, to the end that all the Jr^zV-
Cafe may be inlightned» J,he
of ArchiteSinre, 1 05
The third opening is the landing place, by which we are to en-
ter into the Rooms above, and ought to lead to places large, fair,
and well adorned.
5m;>/ will be well made, if they be fpacious, light, and eafic,
fo as they may invite people to go up.
They will be lightfome when they have a perfed light, that
difpcrfethit felf to all parts equally.
They are fpacious when they appear not little, nor narrow m
refpeû of the bignefs and quality of the Fabrick ^ but they muft
never be narrower then four foot ; to the end, that if two perfons
meet, theymay commodioufly pafs oneby the other; theymay
be made of five or fix foot, or feven and half, and to great Build-
ings unto tenor twelve foot broad to every flight, and they mull
be made as commodious as poiTibly you can.
CHAP. XLIV.
Of the Height and Breadth of 5teps.
THE Step ought not to be more then fix inches high ; and if
they be lower, they muft chiefly be to long and continu-
ed Stairs ; they will be fo much the eafier, becaufe one needs not
lift the foot fo high; but they muft never be lower then four
inches.
Their breadth ought not to be lefs then a foot, nor more then
fifteen or fixteen inches.
The Ancients obfervcd not to make the number of Steps even,
to the end that beginning to afcend with the rightfoot,they might
end with the fame foot, which they took to be a good Ome^h and
with greater devotion ib to enter into the Temples. .
CHAP.
ï p5 of JrchiteSînre,
CHAP. XLV.
Of Divers manners of Stairs.
Q Ttairs are made Straight or Winding : The Straight are
v3 made fpread abroad into two branches or pafTages ; or fquare,
which turns into four branches or paflagcs ; and to make them in
this lafl: manncr^all the Çpace mud be divided into 4. parts, where-
of 2, muli: be for the Stairs^ and two for the vacancy ^ the mid-
dle whereof if it be open, the 5f^;rj receive light. They may be
made with a wall within, and then within the two parts which are
taken for the Stalrs^ the thickncfs of the wall ought to be
comprehended and inclofed, which makes the Cafe or Newel ^
they may alfo be made without a wall within : Thefe two forts of
Stairs were made by the Invention of ScignieHr Lovii Cornaroy a
Gentleman of an excellent Judgment.
Wmdhig'Stairs^ fome are made round, fomcoval, fomewith
a Newel in the middle, and fome open f and fuch Winding-
Stairs are made chiefly where there is little room, becaufethey
takeuplefs room then the ftraight Stuirs^ yet not fo eafic to
afccnd. Thofe which are open in the middle are very handfome,
bccaufc they may have light from above, and thofe who are
cbovemay fee thofe who are coming up, and are alfo Icen by
them.
Thofe which have a Niwd in the middle, having but little
room, are made in this manner : Y*oumuf]: divide the Diamètre
into twelve parts, ten whereof are for the Stairs-, and the two
which remain are for the Newel in the middle ^ or divide the
' faid Diamètre into eight parts, fix whereof are for the Stcfs^
and two for the Novell and if there be mucii room, you mufl
divide the Diamètre into three parts, whereof two are for the
Stdtrs, and one for the Newel, as in thedefignA ; or other-
wife, you may divide the Diamètre in fcvcn parts, of which take
three for the Newel in the middle, and four for the Stairs.
Jufl in this manner is the Stair-Caje of the Column of Tra]an
at Rome ; and if you make Stairs winding as in the dcfign B,
they
of AnhiteBure . \ p^
tliey willbehandiomer and more agreeable, and longer then if
they had been ftraight ; but to Stah>Cafes open in the middle, the
Diamètre muft be divided into four parts, two v\ hereof mufi: be
for the middle, and two for the Sr.iirs.
Befides the fafhion of Stairs which are in pradice, there hath
been a Winding-Stair invented by MAy\ Anhony B.irbaro , a
Gentleman of Ki;/?/cr of an excellent Judgment, who made ex-
cellent experiments in very narrow p'aces, where there i^ no Nc-
V9el in the middle; and the Sa^»v in their turning are much longer,
and are divided after the manner aforefaid.
Thofe which are oval divided in the fame manner as the
Round J they are very handfome and pleafant, becaufe all the
Windows -SiVÀ Doors are in the middle and head of the oval, and
are very commodious; I have made one open in the middle in
the Monaftery of Churity at Fenice, which hath fiiccecded very
well.
There is another very handfome manner of Stairs which
King Fr^;7CM the Fi rftcaufed to be made in thcCaftleof Cham^
hor near Bloyfe^ and is in this manner ; there are ïomStdir-CAfes
•which have four Entrances, to wit, one Entry to each, and gp
up the one over the other in fuch manner, that being made in'
the middle of the Building, the four may ferve for four Appj;; t-
j^^ments ; fo that the Inhabit3nts of one need p.ot go up and down
the Stairs oii\\t other ; and becaufe it is open in the middle,
they all fee each other go up and down, without any hindrance
the one to theother. This Invention being new and handfome ,
I have placed it here, and marked with Letters from the foot to
the head, to the end every one may fee where each Stair begins,
and where it ends.
There was alfo to the P(7r//r^f of Tomfey at Rome, leading to
the place of the Tews, Windi-ng-Stairs of an admirable form ;
for being placed in the middle, in fuch manner that they could
not receive light but from on high, they were fet upon Columns,
to the end that the light might diilribute it felf to all parts alike ;
according to which example, BrammtCj an excellent Architcd
in his time, made one of them at Belncderc, and without Stefs ,
havingthe four Orders of Arch ite dure, Dorick , Ioniche, Corin-
thian, andCo'?jpoj7ta, To make thcfe Sr^/r-C^/c^^ yon mufc di-
vide
of AtchiteSiure,
vide the whole fpace into four parts, two whereof are for the
void place in the middle, and one on each fide of the Stefs and
Columns. . ^ ,
There are many other fafhions of Stair-Cafes m Ancient
Edifices, 2isTriar/giiUrs -^ and of this fort are thofe of the Cupo-
le of St. Maria Rotunda, whichare open in the middle, and re-
ceive light from above : Thofe alfo which are at Sa-^Ho jlfoflo,
h in the fame City, by which we go to MoH?n C avello, which are
very magnifick, and they are double. Many perfons have taken
the model thereof, and carried it to a Temple on the top of the
Mountain, as appears in my Books of Temples; and of this fort
is this lafldcfign.
You muft note, that in Stair-Cafes which are fquare or ob-
long, when you are conltrained to place Sffpji'n the Angles, in
t urning y ou cannot make more then fix in a Semici rcle, which are
three in ^ of a Circle, and is then, when the Stair-Cafe fhall have
but fix or fcvcn foot in breadth within work, which is the leak
that can be made.
To Stair-Cafes of eight foot broad, you mufl: put eight Sffp^
from the Angle, turning to a Semicircle, which will be four to ^ of
a Circle.
Anàto Stair-Cafes (romnint to ten foot broad, youmufl: put
ten Steps to a Semicircle.
]f they have eighteen foot more or lefs, yoii may make twelve
Steps to a Semicircle.
You muft take heed that the landing place of the Stairs, which
is the fpace between the wall and the Sr^pJ which one afcendeth ,
and which doth diftribute to the Apartements, be broader a fourth
part atleaft then the length of the laid Steps.
Exam-'
t-^
toi
toy
•^f.-^: M i»#iMi . ,yVT ..**»»fer(»ïsi*ir
r.«^-
: 3
^ .--,
• f
1
« '«.'•»*•»»•
I / /
H
.LLi>.
ì
n
UK
O F
ROOFS.
R U t E s
■' ' AND
INSTRUCTIONS,
FOR
Framing all manner of Koofs^ whether Square
or Bei/ely either above pitch or under pitch,
according to the befl: manner praótiied in
England.
Alfo to find the length of the Hips and Sleep-
ers, with the back or Hip-niould,neveryet
Publidied by any Architect, Modern or
Antique • a Curiofity worth the Regard even
of the moll Curious Workmen ; Exactly
demonfttated in the following Rules and
defigns • by that Ingenious Aichite(5t Mr..
William f of e ^ of London.
E e
2i8 of JrchïteBurel
CHAP. XLfl. OfR^off.
HAving raifcd the Walls to their defigned height, and made
the Vaults, laid the Joifts, brought up the Stairs, and per-
formed all thofe things fpoken of before j we are now to raife the
Roof, which imbracing every part of the Building, and with its
weight equally preffing upon the Walls, is as a band to all the
work j and befides defends the Inhabitants from Rain,from Snow,
from the burning Sun, and from themoifture of the night j adds.
no fmall help to the Building, carting off from the Walls the
Rain water, which although for a while feems to do but little hurt,
yet in procefs of time is caufe of much Dammage. .Thefirll
Men C as faith Vitruvius ) Built their Houfes with flat Roofs, but
finding that thereby they were not defended from the weather ,
they ( conftrained by neceffity j began to make them ridg'd (that
is to fay ) raifed in the middle .* Thcfe Roofs are to be raifed to
a higher or lower pitch according to the Country in which they
are ; wherefore in Germany by reafon of the great quantity of
Snow that falls there, they raife their Roofs to a very great pitch,
and cover them with Shingles, which are fmall pieces of wood,
or of thin Slate or Tyles \ for if they (hould raife them other
wife, they would be ruined by reafon of the weight of the Snow.
Butwe who dwell in a more temperate Country ought to chufe
fuch a pitch which may fecure the Building and be of a handfomc
form ; therefore we divide the breadth of the Roof into four
equal paVts, and take three, which makes the moft agreeable
pitch for our Country, and is the foundation for the raifing
of any manner of Roof, whether Square or Bevel ; as appears
in the following defigns and defcriptions.
"The manner of framing a Floor,w?>^ the names of each Aiemhcr.
1. "IT HE thick^efs of the Wally and Lintel^or Wall- f Ut ( \ and
if it be in Timber-work^, then a BreJjHmmer^
2. The Summer.
3 . Girders framed into the Summer,
4. Spaces between the Joifts,
5. Joifts.
6. Trimmers for the Chimney way.
7. Trimmers for the Stair-Caje, or wdl'-hole for the Stairs,
CHAP.
,^:h;V
211 Of ArchiteSlure»
CHAP. XLVII.
Of the Defign A.
A. A. 'T* H E breadth of the Houfc, Cant Hiver s ^Cornices, and Eaves j
A. B. the length of the Raftings, and Furrings, which ought to
be \ of the breadth of the Houfe A A.
The principal Rafters to be cut with a Knee ( as in the Defign)
that they may the better fupport themfelves and the burthen over
them upon the upright of the Wall, and alfo fccure that part from
the dripping in of the Rain ; which otherwife would happen if
* the Rafters were made ftr aight and furred .
The Beam to the Roof, or Girder to the Garret floor, ought
to projeiTt without the work, as far as the Furring or Shreading,
which is the ProjeBure of the Cornice.
This manner of framing the Roof will be ufeful
from 20. to 30. foot, or thereabouts.
X. GroHnd-Plate.
2. Girder, or binding Inter duce, or Brejfnmmer.
3 . Beam to the Roof or Girder to the Garret floor
4. Principal fofi and upright brick^ Wall,
5. Braces. ,1
6. Quarters, J ' r
7. Interdnces.
8. PrickcpoftjOrWindow-fofl.
9. Jaumes or Door-pofi.
1 o. King piece J or Joggle piece,
11. Strutts.
12. Coller-heatK^Strutt-beam^mnd"be^!tn$yOr top-beam,
13. Door-head,
14. Principal Rafters.
15- Furrings or Shreading f.
16. Ends of the Lintels, and pieces.
17. Bedding-moulding of the Cornice over the Windows , and
fpace between.
1 8 . Knees of the principal Rafters, which are to be of one piece,
ip. Purline Mortices. Ee 6 CHAP.
o
2i6 of ArchiteSlnre.
CHAP. XLVIII.
Veftgn of the Gable End or Roof B.
LE T the whole breadth of the Gable End or Roof A A be 2 o.
foot, divide the fame into 4. equal parts, take thereof three
for the length of the principal Rafter A B, and placing that per-
pendicular from the point C to the point D, begets the length of
the Sleefer A D, which will be 1 8. foot. And the length of the
Dormers principalRafter from A to E, when laid to its pitch upon
the back of the principals, will reach to the level line F B, or top
of the principal Rafter , and this is a general rule for all breadths.
1 . Summer or Beam.
2 . King fiece^ Crown pofi, or Joggle ^isee.
3 . Braces, or Strutts.
4. Trinci fai Rafters. •
k
5. The Sleefer.
5
6. JpHrline of the Dormer.
7. Principal Rafter of the Dormer.
2. Single Rafter of the Dormer^ flanding on the Sleeper and Pur-
line.
8
§. Point of the Sleeper.
10,1 1. Thethicknefj of the Wall and Lintels^ or wall-plates.
CHAP.
u^
B
^'H
^ 3 ® Of AnhiuSÌHrel
CHAP. XL IX.
Of the Italian or Hip Roof C.
A ^' T* ^ ^ breadth of the Roof, being 20. foot.
^' ^' 1 The length of the Sleepers or Hips^ being i Ooot, which
is proportionable to the breadth of the Houfe.
E. D. The heigtit of the Roof perpendicular.
^' E>' The length of the ////?, and the Angle which it maketh upon
the Df^^oW line, which is (hewed by the prick line G, from
FcoC.
1.2. The Wall and Lintels.
3. Dragon Beam for the Hif to fiand on,
4. Beam or Summer ^ wherein the Dr aggen^ Beams are framed,
5. King pece or Crown foft.
6. Strutts or Braces from the Crown pfi to the Hi^ Rafter,
7. Hifs oi they make the Angle equal to the breadth oftheHoufe.
8. Hips Oi they make the Angle in the Diagonal lines from Cor-
ner to Corner.
9. The Additional length which the Hips make uf on the Dia-
gonal line, mere then the breadth of the Houfe,
Ff6 CHAP
Î34 ^f -^^chiteElure*
CHAP. L.
0/Hat Roofs D.
Within a Camber-Beam and Rifters joggled în , whok
weight lyeth not chiefly in the middle and may be fo
made that without hanging up the Beam, the principals may dif-
charge the weight j and how Drips may be made to walk on.
I. Cfimher-B4am.
J.. Trinci fais ]oggkd into the Camber- Beam,
3 . The flace where the Principals are joggled in.
4^. pHnchons or Braces,
5. Drips to walk-on, and may be made with the lep current that
the Roof may be made the more pitch for the ftrengthening
thereof: And may be made higher or lower according to the
Building and Difcretion of the ArchiteB^
^. Battlements»
A Hat Roof, roith a Crown poll, or
King piece^
D
of ArchiteSinre, 237
CHAP. LI.
Of thejfjtp Roof E.
TNflruftions to find the length and back of the Hip, foas itmay anfwer
•* the fide and the end ; of the perpendicular line, of the gable e >!d^ the
two Skirts , the fide of the Roof in PUno, or lying in ledgLient with
the hip and gj'o'.e tnd ; the Diagonal and perpendicular lines being laid
down proportional to any breadth or length, by which the mofk Ingenious
mav ferve himfelf, and an ordinary capacity (already acquainted with the
ufe'of the Ruler and Compafs ; may plainly demonftrate all the parts of a
Roof whether Squjrt or B(vi!, above Pitch or under Pitch by lints of pro-
portion, as may appear in the defign following.
Suppoff the Roaf 20. foot Brosd, and in Ltn^th 50. 40. or 5c. foot more or Icfs.
LEt A. B. C. D. be the fides and ends of the faid Roof, one end to be
Hìpiì the other zè:ihlî tnd. Draw the lines A. B. C. D. the breadth
and leng'th of the Roof. Then draw the gâblt end A. E. E whofe fides or
principal Rafters being ? of the breadth of the Houfe \ Uien draw the per-
pendicular line E. F. the heighthof the gibl! end, which line is of gene-
ral ufe to level the ridge of all Roofs i and if the other end be Hipt as in the
defign D. C. G. thenìtferves co find the length of the Hip, and the back
of the Hip, 10 that it mav anfwer both fides and ends of the Roof, alwayes
obferving 'that the middle of the breadth of the Houfe is as I. H. then
draw the Une K. L. N. through the Centre I. which will make right angles
tothe line E.F. H. G. both in bevtl and fquare Houfes. Then extend the
line A. B. on both fides to O. being the length of A. E. or E. B. the length
of the principal Rafters or ' of the breadth of the Home. So will O. N.
and O.K. make thelengtlfof the ridge I. F. and K. D. and C. N. the
two skirts. , , .
To find the length of the Hip.
rv-Raw the Diagonal line D. T. and I. C. over which the Hip is to hang
^ when in its due place ; then take the perpendicular line E. b. and
Vhce it from the point I. to P, P. perpendicular to the Diagonal or Bafe
lines D. I. and 1. C. at I. So is I. P. and I. P. the pitch of the kp equal to
the ^abU end E. F. and when erefted will hang perpendicular to the point I.
Then take P. D. the hvpotenuie of the triangle D. I. P. and C. P. the hypo-
tenufe of the triangle C. I. P. placing them from D. to G. and C. to G. gives
the length of the H;> D.G.C, and when laid to their ;/rrl;, will all meet
perpendicular to the point I. ^ , , r:, j . j.
To find the bici^ of the Hip, fo that it miy anftver both ftdes and ends ■
of the Ronf, Tvhether Sqari or T.evel. _
T AY the Ruler from the point L. to the peint H. and from the point H..
•*-^ to M and mark where it cuts the Diagonal lines D. I. and I. C. at Q. q.
then Cet one foot of theCompai'es on the point q. and extend the other
f^ to the H;> lines D. P. andC.P. at the neareft difta-'ce with that n.ark
the point R. upon the fame Diagonal lines, then draw the prickt lines L. R.
K. and H R. M. which makes the back of the Hip for the two corners of
that Roof. 1 •* f
This Rule fervcsfor all Roofs whether over or under pitch. _ ^ . p
G g 5 CHAI'.
^3^ ^f ^rchiteSinre^
CHAP. Lit. F
Of Roof Revel at one end, and Square at the other ; the Gable end
Square^ the Bevel end Hip.
^Uppofe the breadth of the Roof 20. foot, the length more on one fide
then on the other, as in the defign A. B. CD. then draw the ^^^/? f;^^ A
i.. E. vvhofe fides from A. to E. and from E. to E. is s. of the breadth of tlie*
Houfe, or is the length of the principal Rafters ; then draw the perpendicu-
lar E. F. the height of the Roof from the floor ; and if kneed, then from
the top of the knee, as in the defign of a kneed Rafter before-goinc
.< V'ac t ""I'K^T^ ""'"^'^ T}^' "^'^ ^^^8*= G. H. I. K. ?o be'drawn
as IS defcnbed in the fore-going defign. "i*vvu
Divide the breadth of the Roof in two equal parts, as F. L. O. then take
the difiance L.N. which is the i breath of the Houfe, and malTe it parrai!
J^^?<^-.^I^-3sM.I..M. and L.Will be the point whofe perpendiculars
O. T. will meet the principal Rafters and Hifs. F^imicuiars
To find the Uiigtb of each Hip, dì (lin ft one [rem the other.
Of the longiji Hips.
Q Raw the Diagonal line I C. and take the heighth of ihcgable end
IL.F. and place it perpcndic-lar toL.C.at O. So have you the heiehth
of the Roof perpendicular from O. L. equal toE.F. thtg^bletnd-znA
thelmeOC, will be the length of the H;/, Rafter, which vfill be equal to
C. H. the skirt for that fide ot the Hip, and C. W the fide of that Hio end
To find the hac(' of the lovgefi Hip CO.
LA Y the Ruler from the point M. to Q. and mark where it cuts the Dia-
gonalhne at R. then fet one foot of theCompaffes at the point R and
extend the other foot till it touch the line CO. at the nearefi difbnre
then make it touch the Diagonal line at S. then draw the lines M S o'
which lb the back of the Hip for that Corner of the Roof. '• ^- ^1
To find the Ihnrtffl. Hip.
^ /X/^^^"Pr'' ''"'/ V ^-'"^ ''^^ ^' ^-^'^^ perpendicular of the
gf.e end as before, and place it from L. to T. perpendicular to L D
then draw the line T. D. which is the length of die H,p for that corner and
IS equal to the ^kirt D. I. and the fide of that HtP D. P. which when eretìed
will meet with the other principals perpendicular to the point L.
To find the Bacl^ of this Hip.
L^.Tc.1 n" \T ?^P°^"f <^ to the point M. and mark where it
cuts the Diagonal line L.D. at V. Extend the Compares from the point
V. ro touch the line T. D. at the nearert difiance, and carry that dXnce
en the Diagonal line to die point W. Then draw the piickt fines M. WO
which Will make the back of that Hip fit for that Bevel corner. ^
And ûm Rule ferves for all Bevel Roofs whedier over or wvAqx pitch.
CHAP
of Architetture. ^39^J
CHAP. LUI G. I
Of aKoof Be^elatboth ends^ and broader atone
end then the other,
A B r n T^H E length and breadth of the Houfe.
F F r i The length of the Rafters or fitch between the widelt
" and nar roweft end about the middle of the Houfe, to ftand over
the prickt line T. T. as the foot F. to ftand on the one T. the foot
G.toftand on the other T. , . , ,
u H The point of the two Hipnds when brought to their due place,
* will be perpendicular to P. P. and will meet the fides I. K. L. M.
over the points p. P.
OOOO The points of the perpendiculars and length of the Hip from
* A.B.C.D.
Q Q QC) The backs of the Hip or Hif mould due to each corner.
RRRR The points to find out Q^ the point for each backs.
S.S.S.S. The lines reprefenting ^ the breadth of the Houfe parallel to
each end.
'V -r Reprefenting the middle of the Houfe.
_,/
Notwithftanding the Bevel ends you may place your Beams fior
vour principal Rafters to ftand on. Square, or fo near a Square
-■jias may be, or between both, as from the ends of the prickt
lines I. K. L. M. bringing the out-fide of them ftraight under P.
P. which will be more handfome for the Houfe in the infide al-
though it Bevels outward.
FINIS,
^ P. R HILL LIBRARY
North Carc'ina Sîrî? College
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