innesota Plant Studi
OW!
b. K. Bl"i
F* 1. ii Mill ffiibrarQ
Nortli (Harolitta BtnU
MnttJFrHitjj
is book was presented by
Harlan C. Brown
THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE DATE
INDICATED BELOW AND IS SUB-
JECT TO AN OVERDUE FINE AS
POSTED AT THE CIRCULATION
DESK.
Ubb
Minnesota Plant Studies
V.
GUIDE
TO THE
AUTUMN FLOWERS OF MINNESOTA
FIELD AND GARDEN
F. E. Clements, C. 0. Rosendahl
AND
F. K. Butters
University <>t Minnesota
Minnc;ipuli:>
Junel"M
Preface
The present number of "M ini
the third edition of "Spring Flowers." It is pre]
hools to begin work with flowering plants in tl i
dent some preliminary knowledge and training as a ba
work in the spring. For this reason, cultivated •;
included, and special attention is given to tl i
play such a large and practical part in fall vegetation. An ei
to include all the specie- found in bloom alter September first
to bloom in July and August, SO that autumn and spril
fairly well for the recognition of the summer
generally, as well as for the increasing number • and high
greenhouses, all of the common species blooming during the wintei
also.
The flowering plants of the whole school year, from September i I
cultivated and native, are now covered by the two guides to spring fl<
autumn flowers. In a few year- it is expected that a summer guide will I
in anticipation of the time when a completely illustrated book of all the fl
state will be possible.
Britton and Brown's "Illustrated Flora" and Gray's "Manual"
drawn upon in the preparation of the present guide, and acknowledgmei I
made of their aid. The grouping <>i the families is essentially that
system of classification. The sequence is from pines and 1. utter,
mints to roses and asters, and then to lilies, grasses and orchids.
In addition to the list of publications in the following series, "Minn*
and Shruhs" is also available for students and plant lovers generally. In
supplants the "Guide to Trees and Shruhs." which will not be republish*
"Minnesota Algae" is also valuable for schools, health officers, water and
missioners, as well as to others who possess micr< -
MINNESt >TA PLANT STUD!
i. Guide to Spring Flowers, third edition
2. Guide to Trees and Shrubs, second edition
3. Guide to Ferns and Fern Allies 110 cents). ,
4. Minnesota Mushrooms (paper. 50 cents; cloth, . c I
5. Guide to Autumn Flowers (15 cento.
6. School Gardens and Greenhouses (15 cents). (In prepai
Copies of the above publications ate sent free to resident
copies of Nos. I. 5 and 6 will be furnished tree to the sell
Additional copies may be Secured at the price indicated This is the ;
non-residents, who are not on the exchange list of the
FREDERIC l CLEW
' of the Departmi
The University of Minnesota
May, 1913.
Introduction
HOW TO USE mi: KE1
Th" method of using the keys for finding the
common flower as an --simple. If we choc
"Key to Families" on page ri. Here it is
<>r absent. Since petals and sepals are both clearlj pi
Under this heading it is then necessary to decide between "1
I. Lbai Outlim
1. Rounded. 2. Cordate (heart-shaped).
6. Sagittate (arrow-shaped).
3. 4. Krnifurni I kidncy->h.i;
Auriculate lean.! 8. Hastate halberd *hap«J
"2. Flowers in heads." Examples of the latter are i I
glory evidently falls under "1." The next choice is
Since the morning glory has five petals grown int.) a funnel
decision then rests between "(1) Petals separate" an
between "(a)" Ovary superior, i. e., within the other parts," and
the other parts." The ovary is found within the corolla tube
II. Leak Outlines AND I'. I
1 Linear. 2. Lanceolate (lance-shaped). 3. Oblong
7. OblanciMl.itc
ferior ovary is found at the bottom of the
single flowers of dandelions, a
in the ovary. This can be told readily from •
of the ovary. If there are no cross walll,
is divid Brat i
one-celled," or "y. I
vi INTRODUCTION
and "(y) Erect herbs, or tendril climbers." The morning glory twines or climbs without tendrils,
and our plant thus belongs to the "Convolvulaceae » This family is found in the text on page 14.
Here the first step is to read carefully the description of the morning glory family. If there are
no points of disagreement, the plan! has been traced to the right family, and it is then necessary to
III. Leaf Edges
1. Serrate (saw-toothed).
4. Tndulate (wavy).
2. Dentate (toothed).
5. .Sinuate (bayed).
3. Crenate (scalloped).
6. Incised (lagged).
determine the particular genus by reference to the key which follows the family description. The
morning glory clearly falls under "1. Stems leafy, green; flowers large." The choice then lies be-
IV. Leaf Tips
4 5 6 7
2. Acute. 3. Obtuse. 4. Truncate.
Emarginate. 7. Obcordate. 8. Cuspidate. 9. Mucornate
1 2
1. Acuminate.
8 9
5. Retuse.
t wiin "a. Stigma capitate or head-like" and "b. Stigmas 2, linear." Since the stigma is one and
capitate, the choice then falls between "(1) Leaves pinnately parted; corolla salver-form" and "(2)
V. Lobed Leaves
Pinnately: 1. Lobed.
Palmately; 2. Loced.
3. Cleft.
4. Cleft.
5. Parted. 7. Divided.
6. Parted. 8. Divided.
IN I 1,-1.1 ■
:
"1. Flowers opening in the mon
he morning glory belongs in "1." i
"a," and under "a" th<
'
= ^
1. Odd-pinnate. 2. Tendril-pienate. .'. Kvtn-pinnate.
The same method is used in locating any plant whosi
using the key are: first, that the choice must 1»- made between two,
alternatives are indented the sac from the margin, and are numl •
for example, "I" and "II," "a" and "h," ai
after choice has been made of one alternative, no further attention
In making the choice bet\t however, it is essential I
VI. Compound I.k.wi -
.
4. Palmate oi digitate.
viii INTRODUCTION
upon the other. In the last place, it is necessary to examine the plant carefully and not merely guess
at the points in question. This applies also to the technical terms which cannot be avoided if
leaves and flowers are to be described accurately.
In the case of a common weed, it will often be found convenient to make use of the "Key to
Weeds" on page xv. This is particularly true of weeds in the fall, since their flowers have often
tred. tt is quite possible to place them, however, from the characters of leaves and fruits
by the use of the key indicated. In finding the botanical name of the sweet clover, the first choice
is between "1. Leaves simple," and "2. Leaves compound." Since the leaf of the sweet clover
consists of three leaflets, it evidently falls under "2." The next choice is between "a. Leaves
with three leaflets," and "b. Leaves with more than three leaflets." The choice here falls upon "a"
and then the decision rests between "(1) Leaf margin entire" and "(2) Leaf margin serrate or
toothed." 1 ii. I,i ••(2)" the choice lies between "(a) Leaf margin coarsely serrate or toothed" and
"(b) Leaf margin finely serrate." This distinction requires some experience for entire certainty, but
the small teeth on the leaflet of the sweet clover would seem to indicate fairly clearly that the choice
would fall upon "(b)." Under "(b)" the height of the plant and the arrangement of the flowers in
a long cluster or raceme indicate that the choice should rest upon "x. Upright plants 2-6 feet tall —
Melilotus alba : sweet clover," page xviii.
EXPLANATION OF THE CHART
The chart on page ix is designed to show the general lines of descent of flowering plants from
the ancestral ferns, and to indicate the relationships of the various orders. It is based primarily
upon the development of the flower as a special organ for pollination and seed-production. Families
with the simplest flowers, that is, those with the flowers least changed from the fruiting organs of the
ferns, are placed at the bottom of the chart. Such families are found in the gymnosperms and in
the buttercup order. The flowers of the former are wind-pollinated, and lack both calyx and corolla.
The flowers of most buttercups, on the other hand, are pollinated by insects, and possess both calyx
and corolla, or a showy calyx. These are regarded as the primitive or earliest type of flower of the
angiosperms. From the specialization of these, in response to insect and wind pollination, have
been derived the orders and families of the three lines of evolution shown in the chart.
In detail, the primitive flower shows a large number of separate stamens and separate pistils,
the petals are alike and separate, and there is no union between any of the four parts, sepals, petals,
stamens and pistils. In the increasing adaptation of a flower to its work of pollination and seed-
production, this primitive form has given rise to the higher or more specialized forms characteristic
of the various orders of the chart. The chief steps by which this has been brought about are four,
namely, reduction in number of parts, union, change in shape, change in position of the corolla, or eleva-
tion, but these changes have not appeared in the same sequence in all three lines. Reduction in number
to a flower plan of 3, 4 or 5 has been almost universal in the groups just above the buttercups, though
flowers occasionally occur with number plans of 6, 7, 8 and even 9. In flower structure, the arrowheads
are essentially buttercups with parts in threes, while the lilies are arrowheads with the stamens and
pistils reduced in number, and the latter united to form a compound pistil. In the irises, the colored
perianth of sepals and petals is upon or above the ovary, and in the orchids, the corolla is strikingly
irregular, one petal usually taking the form of a lip or sack.
In the roses, the buttercup type is modified by the gradual growing together of the calyx and
receptacle, and finally of the ovary also, with the result that the corolla and stamens are above the
and ovary. In the lower roses, the number of stamens, and usually of pistils also is large,
pistils are separate. In the higher families, the pistils are united into a compound pistil.
In the madders and honeysuckles, the petals have become united, and finally, in most of the asters,
or all of the flowers of the characteristic heads become irregular as to their petals. In the
rds, pinks, and geraniums, the flower parts are regularly reduced to the number plan of 4 or
5, and the pistils are united. In the primroses, the petals become united, and in the snapdragons and
mints, the corolla as a rule is highly irregular.
EVOLUTION AND RELATIONSHIP 01 Till
Monocotyledons
Dicotyledons
Orchidales
"Orchids"
Irida
"Ir&j
Poales
"Grasses"
Juncales
"Rushes"
les
ds"
Asterale<
anales
Bluebells"
Madders"
Cactales
"Cacti"
Apiales
. "Parsleys'
Sapindales
"Mii\ les'
Erica les
"Heaths'
|
;
Arale
"Aroids
Gymnosperms
"Conifer
Key to Families
I . Petals i resent
1. Flowers single or in clusl
ds 3
( 1 ) i >\ ary superior
(a) Pistils several-many, simple
Pistil 1, compound
\. Sepals green, or still and dry, unlike the pel
(x) Air plants with gray foliage
(v) Lam! plants with green leaves and sepals
y. Sepals and petals similar in color and texture
Sepals and petals very small, scale-like, usuallj
brown
- pals and petals not scale-like imr greenish brown
in. Aquatic plants, Sowers irregular
n. Land plants. Rowers regular or near;-.
(2) Ovary inferior
(a) Aquatic, leaves submerged, flowers floating
(b) Not aquatic
x. Stamens 3-6, (lowers regular or moderately irregular
(x) Stamens 6
(y) Stamens 3
y. Fertile stamens 1 2, llowrrs very irregular
(x) Stamen not attached to style, seeds few
(y) Stamen or stamens attached to the style, seeds very numer-
ous
b. Petals 4 or more
(1) Petals separate
(a) Petals 4
x. Flowers regular
i\> Stamens 4. at least the anther-bearing
Stamens l> or more
m. Stamens 6
n. Stamens 8 or more
(m) Stamens 8-10
r. Fleshy plants
s. Nut fleshy
■ '\ ary superior, i. e, \\ ithin the
h. Pod bladderj ; flowers white
i. Pod nol flowers yellowish
(s) <>\arv infei T. i.e. below the other :
Stamens 1- or
\. Flowers irregular
3l miens many
Stamen 1
(b) Petals 5 ,,r more
\. Petals 5
(x) Flowers regular %
m. Pistils feu c
(m) Plants Resl
60
KEY TO FAMILIES
. e. w ithin the other parts
e. below the other parts
(n) Plants not fleshy : stamens many
r. Stamens and petals coming o!T with the calyx
s. Stamens and pistils entirely free from the calyx
n. Pistil 1
(ni) Pistil with a single stigma
(n) Pistil with 2 or more stigmas, or the ovary lobed
r. Stamens 5-10
(r) Ovary 4-5-celled or 10-celled
h. Leaves simple, entire
I eaves lobed to compound
(h) Leaves of 3 leaflets
(i) Leaves not of 3 leaflets
p. Flowers yellowish
q. Flowers never yellow
(s) Ovary l-2-celled
h. ( (vary 2-celled
(h) Ovary superior,
(i) Ovary inferior,
i. Ovary 1-celled
(h) Styles 2, the ovary lobed at tip
(i) Styles 3-5, when 2 the ovary not lobed
s. Stamens many
(r) Stamens united into a column
(s) Stamens not united into a column
(y) Flowers irregular
m. Flowers spurred
(m) Spur formed by a petal
(n) Spur formed by a sepal
n. Flo spurred
(m) Stamens 6-8; ovary 2-celled
(n) Stamens 10; ovary 1-celled
y. Petals apparently 6
Stamens 5; flower very irregular, one sepal spurred
(y) Stamens 6, pistil 1; petals really 3
(z) Stamens and pistils many; petals really sepais
z. Petals many: double flowers of many families, to be determined
by the beginner only when single
(2) Petals united
(a) Ovary superior, i. e., within the other parts
x. ('vary l-celled, or pistils 5, separate
(x) Ovary 1-celled
m. Corolla regular
(m) Stigma 1
r. Stamens opposite the corolla lobes
s. Stamens alternate with the corolla lobes
(n) Stigmas 5
n. Corolla irregular
(m) Calyx teeth with hooked bristles
(n) Calyx not bristly
(y) Pistils 5, separate
y. Ovary 2-4-celled, rarely the 2 cells separate or 4-lobed
(x) Ovary 2-celled, or 2 ovaries united by the stigmas
m. Corolla papery, tiny, 4-lobed
n. Corolla not papery and tiny, rarely 4-lobed
(m) Flowers regular; stamens as many as the corolla lobes
r. Ovarv 2-celled
Rosaceae
Ranunculaceae
24
1
Rosaceae
24
Linaceae
12
Oxalidaa <j<
11
Rutaceae
12
Geraniaceae
10
Saxifragaceae
27
Apiaceae
30
Saxifragaceae
- 27
Caryophyllaceae
4
Malvaceae
8
Portulacaceae
6
Violaceae
4
Tropaeolaceae
11
Polygalaceae
4
Fabaceae
25
Balsaminaceae
11
Liliaceae
46
Ranunculaceae
1
Primulaceae
13
G entianaceae
17
Plumbaginaceae
13
Verbenaceae
21
Gesneraceae
20
Crassidaceae
27
Plantaginaceae
14
KEY TO FAMILIES
(r) Ovary and frail fen seeded
(s) i >\ .iry and fruit ii
g. < ivaries 2, united al the tip only
(n) Flowers ii regular ; itan
r. Shrubs
s. 1 1
3 eds borne dire< tly on the
borne on i up <t hook like
(y) i (vary 4 i elled or 4 lobed
in. < Ivary 4 celled
(m) Leaves rising directly from ■
(n) Leaves borne on above-ground
r. Leaves opposite
s. Leaves alternate, al leas) above
(r) Leaves alternate throughont; fruit of 4 nut!
(s) Leaves opposite below; fruil ■ hooked pod
n. » (vary 4 lobed or 4 di\ ided
(m) Leaves opposite; flowers mostly irregular
(n) Leaves alternate; flowers mostly regular
i rv 3 . elled
(x) Twiners
iy) Erect herbs, or tendril climbers
(b) Ovary inferior, i.e., below the Other parts
x. Woody plants
y. Herbs
(x) Stamens 1-3
m. Erect herbs
n. Climbing or trailing plants, usually with tendrils
(y) Stamens 4 S
in. Sap milky: stamens often unite. 1
n. Sap not milky; stamens separate
(z) Stamens many; flowers monoecious 01
2. Flowers in b
a. Ovary superior; flowers pea-like
1). Ovary inferior; flowers oot pea-like
v l; Stamens united by their anthers
(2) Stamens separate
II. Petals absent
1. Sepals present, often pel J like, rarely very minute
a. Calyx funnel-form, bright-colored; invi
b. Calyx not funnel form
( 1) Pistils several many
(2) Pistil 1, at least the ovary
(a) Si un< as as many as the sepals
x. Flowers in dense flesh] spikes
> . Flowers not in fleshy
(x) Ovary superior
in. 1 lower > lusters pa]
n. Flower i lusters » ithi
(m) Sepal
i a | Sepals * or more
r. Stipules papery and sheathing tl
corolla likr
s. Stipules not ;
(r) Stigma 1
(s) -
IS
•
■
'
'
KEY TO FAMILIES
h. Fruit a capsule; stigmas 3
i. Fruit an achene or utricle; stigmas mostly 2
(h) Flowers perfect or monoecious
(i) Flowers dioecious
(y) Ovary inferior
m. Petal-like sepals forming a tube; style 1
n. Styles 2; tube lacking
(b) Stamens more numerous than the sepals
\. Sepals 4 ; stamens 6
y. Sepals S, or apparently so, often petal-like
(x) Stamens apparently numerous; fruit a capsule
(y) Stamens 6-S ; fruit an achene
2. Sepals absent, or occasionally very minute
a. Flowers in small heads, surrounded by 5 petal-like parts
b. Flowers in spikes or spikelets
(1) Spike fleshy, with a petal-like spathe
(2) Flowers in papery spikelets with scales
(a) Flower enclosed in 2 scales, stem hollow, round
(b) Flower with a single scale; stem solid, mostly triangular
Mollugaci ac
6
Chenopodiattac
7
Moraceae
10
Allioniaceae
8
Apiaceae
30
Brassicaceae
3
liuphorbiaceae
12
Polygonaceae
7
Enphorb'iaceae
12
Araceae
45
Gram'maceae
50
Cyperaceae
49
Key to Weeds
For weeds amon R the Brasses and composites, lee tb<
1. Leaves simple
a. Leaves nol lobed 01 i ul
(. I ) Plants rosette like, mat like or i reeping
(a) Leaves large, S 10 cm. or more, rounded; biennials
x. Leaves elliptic to ovate, in a ro
(x) Leaves parallel veined
l aves netted-veined, very large
ives densely woolly, hairy
ii. Leaves not woolly
y. Leaves round, on i reeping stems
(b) Leaves small, 1-3 cm. liiuar to ovate, annuals
x. Leaves and stem thick and fleshy, not milky
y. Leaves and stem milky
(x) Leaves and stems hairy
(y) Leaves and stems smooth
in. Seeds faintly transversely ridged and pitted
n. Seeds stronglj transversely ridged, nol pitted
z. Leaves and stems neither fleshy nor milky
(x) Leaves narrow, in whorls
(y) Leaves broader, alternate
m. Flowers solitary in the axils
n. Flowers clustered in the axils
(2) Plants erect, ascending, decumbent or clim
(a) Stems climbing
x. Fruits triangular, flowers inconspicuous
y. Fruits rounded, flowers large white
(b) Stems not twining nor climbing
X. Annuals
(x) Steins and leaves milky
Stems and leave-, not milky
m. Plants bushy, tumbh wi
| in i Leaves obo> at<
I ea\es linear, somewhal '
Stl nis with spiny bl
• ns not spin) . often red
n. Plants not bushy, not tumbh
(m i Flowers and fruits in terminal • lusl
■
■
■
■:um
-■
KEY TO WEEDS
o. Fruit a many-seeded 4-celled pod
p. Fruit 1-seeded
(o) Fruit inclosed in greenish, white or pink sepals,
nodes enlarged, stipules sheathing
r. Plants 1-3 feet, racemes short and thick
s. Plants 1-1^2 feet, racemes narrow
(r) Sepals white or pink
(s) Sepals greenish
([)) Fruit inclosed in fleshy-mealy sepals, stems ridged
(q) Fruit inclosed in dry spiny sepals
r. Dull green, spikes dense
s. Deeper green, spikes slender
(n) Flowers and fruits in the axils of the leaves
o. Fruit a blue-black berry
p. Fruit dry, not berries
(o) Stems four-sided, leaves cordate
(p) Stems round, leaves ovate to lanceolate
r. Leaves alternate, fruits surrounded with leafy bracts
(r) Leaves parallel-veined, petioles sheathing
(s) Leaves net-veined, petioles not sheathing
s. Leaves opposite
(r) Plants smooth, transparent and watery
(s) Plants more or less hairy, not transparent
t. Plants tall, fruit 1 cm. or more
u. Plants low, spreading, fruit less than 1 cm.
(t) Leaves all sessile and viscid hairy
(u) Lower leaves petioled, slightly hairy
y. Perennials or biennials
(x) Leaves densely gray-woolly, large and basal
(y) Leaves not woolly, mostly on the stem
m. Leaves linear
n. Leaves oblong to ovate or lanceolate
(m) Leaves alternate with sheathing stipules
(n) Leaves opposite without sheathing stipules
o. Margin of leaf entire
(o) Fruit surrounded by large green involucre
(p) Fruit surrounded by close-fitting calyx
p. Margin of leaf serrate or toothed
(o) Flowers in spikes or racemes, leaves not stronj
scented
r. Leaves sessile, spikes dense
Ondgra biennis: evening
primrose
Polygon u m pen nsilvdn hum :
per sic aria
Polygonum lapathifolium:
pale persicaria
Polygonum hydropiper:
smartweed
Chenopodium album: goose-
foot
Amardnthus retro flexus : pig-
weed
Amardnthus hybridus: green
pigweed
Solarium nigrum: nightshade
Ldmium amplexicaule: hen-
bit
Commelina communis : day-
flower
Acalypha virginica: 3-seeded
mercury
Pilea pumila: clearweed
Silene noctiflora: night-
flowering catchfly
Cerdstium vulgdtum: mouse-
ear chickweed
Stellar ia media: chickweed
Verbdscum thdpsus: mullein
Lindria vulgaris: butter
and eggs
Rumex crispus: dock
Allionia nyctaginea:
Saponaria officinalis: soap-
wort
Verbena strict a: hoary ver-
vain
KEY TO WEEDS
:n long, ill :
.
! lowers in numerous axill
I rs in axillary . In-'- •
b. Leaves lobi d or cut
(1)1 osite
Stems climbing, rough, almost prickly
(b) Stems not climbing, square or squarish
Sti ms prostrate, bracted, fruit m
•
•
.
ires alternate
S ;i ms climbing, fruit spiny
x. Fruits borne singly, four •
y. Fruits in clusti rs, one seeded
Stems erect or nearly so, fruit mostly smooth
x. Fruit small, flattened, l-seeded, in clu
y. Fruit a several to man)
Pod elongated or narrow
m. Pod 0-10 cm. long, flowei red
n. Pod 1-2 cm. long, flowers yellow
(m) Pod sessile
(n) Pod stalked
1 i ni. or Li 5s, shorter than th(
onger than pedi< els,
ing
■
r. Pod 10-15 mm. long
s. Pod 2-5 cm. long
Bi ak very short, po
.
■ j Pod rounded or triangular
m. Pod large, spiny
n. l'o<l small, flat and smooth
(m) Pod rounded, 2 -•
I d triangular, i
2. Leaves com]
a. Leaves with 3 leafl
(1) Leaf-margin entire
(a) r
(b) Plants scentless, leafl) ts n< I
(2) Leaf margin serrate or toothed
ii KEY TO WEEDS
(a) Leaf margin coarsely serrate or toothed
(b) Leaf margin finely serrate
x. Upright plants, 2-6 feet tall
y. Plants lower, flowers in he
(x) Flowers white or whitish
in. Plants creeping
ii. Plants ascending or erect
(y) Flowers deep pink
ves with more than 3 leaflets
(1) Leaves palmate
(a) Leaves silvery underneath, plants creeping
(b) Leaves green both sides, plants tall
(2) Leaves pinnate
(a) Leaves with 5 (rarely 3) leaflets, flowers purple, in spikes
(b) Leaves with numerous leaflets, flowers yellow, not in spikes
Potent ilia tnonspeliensis:
cinq foil
Meliloius alba: sweet clover
Tr i folium ripens: while
clover
Tri folium hybrid um: alsike
Trifolium pratense: red
clover
Potentilla argentea: silvery
cinqfoil
Cannabis sativa: hemp
Petalostemon purpiireus:
prairie clover
Cassia chamaecrista: part-
ridge pea
Spermatophytes Flowering Plants
Angiospermae Angiosperms
Dicotyledons
Ranalcs Buttercup Order
Ranunculaceae— Buttercup Family
Herbs or climbing shrubs; sepals 3-15, petals 0-15,
a< hene, folli< le or berr) ; flow i i
1. Flowers regular
a. Climbing vine
b. Frect herbs
(1) Petals present, often much smaller than the sepals
( a ) Petals mnsi.it uuiis, yellow
(ii) Petals much smaller than the colored sepals
\. Sepals whitish; leaves palmately divided
v. Sepals bluish; leaves finely cut
(2) Petals absent; sepals colored
2. Flowers irregular
a. Upper sepal hood-like
b. Upper sepal funnel-like or spurred
Clematis— Virgin's Bower, I lematis
Kir. klematis, a climbing i
1. Leaflets toothed; flowering in summer
2. Leaflets entire; flowering in autumn
Ranunculus— Buttercup, I
i I. at. ranunculus, a little v. •
1. Leaves lobed or cut
a. Flowers yellow
(1) Flowers 1 3 cm. wide
(a) Flowers 1 2 cm. wide; stems smooth
(b) Flowers 2-3 cm. wide; stems hairy
(2) Flowers 4-5 cm. wide, often double
b. Flowers white
2. Leaves not lobed
a. Leaves entire, oblong "i- lanceolate
b. Leaves crenate, rounded
I [elleb »rus 1 1
i ' '.r. helleboros, ell< tx I
Leaves lobed; flowers white to pink
Nigeria Ragged I
• niger. I. la.
leaves finelj dis - ted, the \i] pel ei losing the M
Anemone Anemone, W
(Or. anemone.
1. Stamens blue ; pedum les 1 2
2. Stamens yellow ; pedum les 2 S
D. H. HILL. UBRAPY
North Carolina State Collate
PAPAVERACEAE— CAPPARIDACEAE
Aconitum — Aconite, Monkshood
(Gr. akoniton, monkshood, perhaps from an original rocky home)
1. Leaves 3 parted, but not divided to the base
2. Leaves 4-9-lobed, usually divided to the base
a. Helmet closed
b. Helmet open
(1) Helmet narrow and cone-like
(2) Helmet broad and low
Delphinium — Larkspur, Rocket
(Gr. delphinion, larkspur)
1. Pistils 2-3; leaves coarsely lobed
2. Pistil 1 ; leaves finely cut
a. Pod smooth; flowers scattered D. consolida
b. Pud downy; flowers in a dense raceme D. ajdeis
A. columbidnum
A. autumn ale
A. lyeoctonum
A. napellus
D. formosum
Brassicales Mustard Order
Papaveraceae — Poppy Family
Herbs with colored or milky sap; sepals 2, petals 4-12, stamens many, ovary l-celled, fruit a
capsule; flower syncarpous, apopetalous, hypogynous, regular.
1. Leaves spiny
2. Leaves not spiny
a. Buds drooping
(1) Flowers 5-15 cm. wide; sap white
(2) Flowers 1-2 cm. wide; sap yellow
b. Puds erect or nearly so
(1) Leaves pinnatifid; sap saffron Glaucium
(2) Leaves dissected; sap colorless Eschscholtzia
Av gem one
Papaver
Chelidonium
Argemone — Prickly Poppy
(Gr. argemone, a kind of poppy)
1. Flowers yellow; leaves spotted
2. Flowers white ; leaves not spotted
Papaver — Poppy
(Lat. papaver, poppy)
1. Stems leafy
a. Leaves oblong, toothed, smooth and glaucous
b. Leaves pinnatifid, bristly, green
(1) Plant 1 m. high; flowers 1-2 dm. wide
(2) Plant l /z m. high ; flowers J/£ dm. wide
2. Stems leafless
a. Leaf divisions entire or somewhat cleft; capsule roundish
b. Leaf divisions finely cut; capsule club-shaped
Chelidonium — Celandine
(Gr. chelidonion, swallow)
Leaves pinnate or twice pinnatifid ; flowers yellow
Glaucium — Horned Poppy
(Gr. glaucion, the juice of the horned poppy)
Leaves pinnatifid; flowers yellow; pod beaked
Eschscholtzia — California Poppy
(Named for the collector, Eschscholtz)
Leaves dissected; flowers orange-yellow
A. mexicana
A. intermedia
P. somniferum: opium p.
P. orientdle: oriental p.
P. rhoeas: corn p.
Shirley p.
P. nudicaule: Iceland p.
P. dlpinum: alpine p.
C. nidjus
G. luteum
E. californica
Capparidaceae — Caper Family
Herbs with compound als 4. petals 4, stamens 6-12, ovary 2-celled, flower syncarpous,
apopetalous, hypogynous, regular.
1. Flowers pink; stamens 6 Cleome
2. Flowers yellowish; stamens 10-12 Polanisia
BRASSICACI
me t ileome, R
Leaves of 3 leaflets; flower pink; ovary (talked
Polanisia Pol
(Gr. poiys, man-,, anisos. unequal; Improperly formed,
Leaves of 3 leaflets; flowers yellowish; ovai
Brassicaceae — Mustard Family
Herbs; sepals 4. petals ■». stamens 6 or 4, 2 ihort
syncarpous, apopetalous, hypogynous, usually regular.
1. 1'od globose, rounded or triangular
a. Po
b. Tod round ami Hat
(1) Flowers tiny, whitish <>r ^ r<<n i -,li
(2) flowers larger, white or purple, two petals I
C. Pod triangular
2. Pod oblong to linear
a. Pod remaining closed "lien ripe
b. Pod opening by two valves when ripe'
(1) Pod beaked at the lip
(2) Pod not beaked at the tip
\. Seeds in one row in each cell; flowers usually pir
y. Seeds in two rows in each cell; flowers yellow or -
(x) Pods awl-shaped
(v) Pods oblong to almost round
\1\ ssum -Sweet Alyssum
(Gr, alyssos, curing madness, probably from
Leaves lanceolate or linear; flowers white, fragrant
Lepidium -I 'epper g
I' }r. lepldion, Hit ■
1. Flowers greenish; petals lacking
2. Flowers white; petals present
[beris Candytuft
i From li"!. ■
Leaves lanceolate to linear; flowers purplish
Bursa Shepherd's Purse
I I. at. bursa, purs.-. ref< ITlng I
leu entire on the stem; flowers white
Brassica Cabbage, Must
( [.it br.issu .i
1. Cultivated
a. Leaves smooth, glaucous; flowers pah- yellow
1.. Leaves hairy, green; flowers brighter yellow
2. Weeds
a. Pod 2' .■ S em. long, beak <> 1 5 mm. long
1,. Pod I 2' _. em. long, beak 2 10 mm. long
| Beak 2 4 mm. long
: Beak 8 10 mm
Raphanus Ra
Kir. rha. Quick, phanos. alM-
1. Cultivated; flowers pink to wl
2. Weed; flowers yellow, then white;
4 POLYGALACEAE— CARYOPHYLLACEAE
Matthiola — Stock. Gillifiower
(Named Cor the Italian botanist, Matthioli)
1. Stem herbaceous; annual < }I - " !1 ' !ua
ennial M. incdna
Sisymbrium — Hedge Mustard
(Gr. name of some mustard)
1. Pod 1-2 cm. long; flowers yellow $■ officinale
2. Pod 6-10 cm. long; flowers cream-colored S. altissimum
Nasturtium — Cress, Horseradish
il.at. nasturtium, cress, from nasus tortus, due to its pungency)
1. Cultivated ; flowers white
a. Aquatic; leaves pinnate - v - officinale: zoaler cress
b. Terrestrial; leaves large, simple, crenate N. armor dcia: horse-
radish
2. Native ; flow ers yellow
a. Stems spreading, 1-2 dm. high -V. sinudtum
b. Stems erect, 3-8 dm. high N. pahislre
Polygalaceae — Milkwort Family
Herbs with entire leaves; sepals 5, 2 larger, petals 3, somewhat united, stamens 8, ovary 2-celled,
fruit a capsule; flower syncarpous, slightly sympetalous hypogynous, somewhat zygomorphic.
Polvgala — Milkwort
(Gr. polys, much, gala, milk, from its supposed virtue in increasing the flow of milk)
Leaves linear, whorled ; flowers whitish P. verticilldta
Resedaceae — Mignonette Family
Low herbs, with simple entire or lobed leaves; sepals 4-7, petals 4-7, irregular, stamens 10-40,
ovary 1-ce'led, of 3-6-carpels, fruit a capsule; ilower syncarpous, apopetalous, hypogynous, zygomorphic.
Reseda— Mignonette
(I.at. reseda, a medicinal plant, from resedare, to allay)
Leaves oblong, entire or 3-lobed ; flowers greenish, fragrant R. odordta
Violaceae — Violet Family
Low herbs, with simple entire to deeply cut leaves; sepals 5, petals 5, 1 spurred, stamens 5,
ovary l-celled, carpels 3, fruit a capsule; flower syncarpous, apopetalous, hypogynous, zygomorphic.
Viola— Violet, Pansy, Heart's-ease
(Lat. viola, violet)
1. Flowering stems leafy; stipules large
a. Spur short, blunt
(1) Flowers large, 3-5 cm. wide V. tricolor: pansy
(2) Flowers small, 1-2 cm. wide V. arvensis: field p.
b. Spur long, acute V. cornuta
2. Flowering stems leafless; stipules lacking
a. Lobes of the leaf broad, especially the middle one V. pahndta
b. Lobes narrow, linear V. peddta
Caryophyllales Pink Order
Caryophyllaceae — Pink Family
Herbs with opposite entire leaves; sepals 4-5, petals 4-5, rarely none, stamens 4-10, ovary l-celled,
rarely 2-5 celled, styles 2-5, fruit a capsule; flower syncarpous, apopetalous, hypogynous, regular.
1. Sepals united
a. Styles 2
(1) Calyx with scales at base Dianthus
(2) Calyx without basal scales
(a) Calyx pyramidal, the angles winged in fruit raccaria
CARYOPHYLLAC]
. oblong or bell shaped
\. Calyx oblong ; flow< i
y. I alj \ bell shaped ; Bowers tiny
b. Styles 3 S
( 1 ) Styles 3
(2) Styles A 5
2. Sepals nol united
a. Styles 3 4
b. Styles 5
I Hanthus Pink, ( a mat ion
(Gr. d.o-, of Juplt< r, antho*. •
1. Flowers in a Sat topped cluster ; pi tals toothed
2. Flowers single or but 2-3 in a cluster
a. Petals cut-fringed
b. Petals merely tooth d
(1) Flowers 3-5 cm. wide, usually double
(2) Flowers 1 2 cm. wide, single
Vaccaria \ accaria, I ■■ ■■ Pink
I I. .at. vacca. cow; of doubtful a |
Leaves lanceolate, clasping; flowers pink
Saponaria — Bouncing Bet, Soa]
(Lat. snpo, Boap, from I
Leaves ovate to lanceolate; flowers pinkish
( iypsophila I rypsophila
(I !r. gypsos, chalk, ph'ilos, li
1. Stems 3 dm. high, annual; flowers 6-8 mm.
2. Stems 6-10 dm. high, perennial; flowers 2-3 mm.
Silene -( atchfl) . ( tampion
(Probably from Gr. siaios, saliva, from I
1. Plant more or less sticky
a. I'lant very sticky and hairy; night-flowering
1). Plant sticky near the joints, nol hair) ring
(1) Leaves lance-linear; flowers small, panicled
(2) Leaves lance-ovate, glaucous; flowers show) in cyi
2. Plant not sticky; calyx bladdery; petals white
I .ychnis < lorn cockle, Raggi tl Robin
(Gr. lychnos. lamp, f i om i
1. Sepal loins long and leaf like
2. Sepal lobes nol leaf like
a. I'lant white-cottony
b. Plant not \\ hite cottony
(1) Petals heart shaped
(2) Petals deeply lobed
'i tals 2 lobed
x. Flower red, perfe< I
y. Flower white, dioecious
(b) Petals -1 lobed ; flower oft<
Stellaria
(Lai stellar i
Leaves oblong to n\ ate ; petals 2 clef!
6 PORTULACACEAE— AMARANTACEAE
Cerastium — Chickweed
(Gr. kerastion, little horn, from the form of the pod)
Leaves ovate, soft-hairy; petals shorter than calyx C. vulgdtum
Portulacaceae — Purslane Family
Fleshy herbs; sepals 2, rarely 5, petals 4-?, stamens 4-30, ovary 1-celled, style usually 3-cleft;
■: arpous, apopetalous, hypogynous, somewhat irregular.
Portulaca — Purslane, Moss Rose
<L.at. portulaca, purslane)
1. Leaves flat, wedge-shaped; flowers 5-6 mm. wide, yellow P. olerdcea
2. Leaves round, linear; flowers 3-5 cm., many-colored P. grandifldra
Mollugaceae — Carpetweed Family
Low herbs with opposite or whorled leaves; sepals 5, petals 0, stamens 3, 5 or more, ovary 3-5-
celled, stigmas 3, fruit a capsule ; flower syncarpous, apetalous, hypogynous, regular.
.\ I ollugo — Carpetweed
(Lat. mollis, soft, from its carpet-like nature)
Leaves spatulate, whorled; sepals white inside M. verticilldta
Amarantaceae — Amaranth Family
Herbs with simple leaves; sepals 5, rarely 3, petals 0, stamens 5, rarely fewer, pistil 1-celled,
stigmas 2-3, fruit a utricle; flower syncarpous, apetalous, sometimes monoecious or dioecious, hy-
pogynous, regular.
1. Leaves alternate
a. Bracts greenish ; flowers imperfect
(1) Pistillate flowers with calyx Amarantus
(2) Pistillate flowers without calyx Acnida
b. Bracts colored ; flowers perfect Celosia
2. Leaves opposite
a. Flower cluster a dense terminal head Gomphrena
b. Flowers in small terminal and axillary clusters
(1) Leaves lanceolate to spatulate; stamens 5, staminoids 5 Telanihera
(2) Leaves broad ovate or orbicular; stamens 5 Iresine
Amarantus — Amaranth
(Gr. amarantos, unfading, from the papery bracts)
1. Flowers in dense terminal clusters
a. Spikes red, drooping A. cauddtus: prince's
feather
b. Spikes green, erect
(1) Spikes 8-16 mm. thick A. retroflexus: pigweed
(2) Spikes 4-6 mm. thick A. hybridus
2. Flowers in small axillary clusters
a. Frect, bushy; sepals 3 A. graecizans
b. Prostrate, spreading; sepals 4 5 A. bliloidcs
Acnicla — Water-hemp
(Gr. a-, without, knide, nettle, the bracts not spiny)
Leaves lanceolate, entire; flowers green A. iamariscina
Celosia — Cockscomb
(Gr. kelos, bin nine:, dry, from the color or texture of the flowers)
1. Spikes comb-like C. cristdta
kes plumy to cylindric C. argeniea
Gomphrena — Globe Amaranth, Everlasting
(Of doubtful origin and meaning)
Leaves oblong, sessile ; heads round, crimson to white G. globdsa
CHENOPODIACEAE— POLYGONAI
Telanthera 1 1 lantl
(Gr. telos. end, anther.,.
lam eolate to spatulate, varit ol
[resine I-
(Gr. eiresione, a « n ath, wound
Leaves oval lyx woolly
Chenopodiaceae— Goosefoot Family
Herbs with simple fleshy li aves; sepals ;
celled, stigmas 2-4, fruit an achene or ati
li\ pog) nous, regular.
1. Cultivated
a. Flowers |
(1) I eav< s large, oblong oy ate
(2) Leaves small, linear
b. Flowers dioecious
2. \\.
a. Leaves flat, usually lobed
b. Leaves awl shaped, pi ii klj
Beta— Beet, Mangel Wurzel
(Lat. beta.
Leaves long ovate, large; root globose to conical
Kochia Mock Cy] i
(Named for the German botai
Leaves linear, ciliate, 5-8 cm. long; plant pyramidal
Spinacia Spinach
(Lat. spina, spin* .
Leaves ovate to deltoid; flowers d ious, axillary
Chenopodium — < io< sefi tot, I ..
(Gr. chen. goose, podkm, little f' ot, fn
1. Leaves mealy, pale, lanceolate to ovate; edible
2. Leaves smooth, green, cordate, angle-toothed; unj
Sals< li Russian Thistle
(Lat. salsus, salty, -ola, little, fron
Leaves awl-shaped, prickly; bracts spiny, calyx n
Polygonaceae — Buckwheat Family
Herbs with entire leaves and papery sheathing sripuli
ovary 1-celled, stigmas 2-3, fruit an achene; Bowei
pogynous, regular.
1. Calyx of 4 5 sepals, often petal like
a. Leaves halberd- or arrow shaped; flowers w
b. Leaves linear to ovate; flowers greenish to ;
2. Calyx of 6 sepals, usually of 2 kinds
a. Leaves rounded, 4-8 dm. wide, with edible stalks
b. Leaves oblong to arrow shaj d, small to mi
Buckwheat
Stamens s, styles 3; achene triangular
Polygonum Knotw<
(Gr. polys, many, genu. knee, from I
1. Flowers single or clustered in the ax
a. ( lultivated ; 2 4 m. high ; li
b. Native ; less than 1 m. high
(1) Low, spreading, 1 2 dm. high
ALLIONIACEAE— MALVACEAE
(2) Tall, erect, 5-10 dm. high
2. Flowers in terminal clusters
a. Leaves lance-shaped to ovate
(1) Leaves dotted and sharp to the taste
(2) Leaves neither dotted nor sharp
Ices nodding
(x) 1. : flowers pink; stamens 7
(v) Leaves long lanceolate; flowers flesh-colored; stamens 6
y. Spikes erect
lowers bright pink; stamens 8
(y) Flowers greenish-pink ; stamens 6
1 low ers white
b. Leaves heart-shaped or arrow-shaped; twining or climbing
(1) Calyx winged in fruit
(2) Calyx not winged
arrow-shaped, sour
Rumex — Dock, Sorrel
<I, at. rumex, sorrel)
P. tenue
•piper: smart-
weed
P. orientate: prince's ■
feather
P. lapathifolium
P. pennsilvdnicunt
P. persicdria: lady's
thumb
P. bistort a: bistorla
P. scdndens: climbing
buckwheat
P. convolvulus: bindweed
R. acetosella: sheep
sorrel
R. crispus: dock
R. obtusifolius: dock
R. rhaponlicum
2. Leaves lance-oblong, somewhat bitter
a. Leaves curled at edges ; valves of flower grain-bearing
b. Leaves hardly curled; usually 1 valve grain-bearing
Rheum — Rhubarb, Pie-plant
(Gr. rheon, name of a medicinal plant)
Leaves large, rounded, petiole fleshy, sour ; flowers white
Allioniaceae — Four O'Clock Family
Herbs with simple leaves; sepals 5, united into a bright corolla-like tube, petals 0, stamens 3-5,
ovary 1 -celled, fruit 1-seeded, achene-like, enclosed in the base of the calyx; flower syncarpous,
synsepalous, apetalous, apparently epigynous, usually regular.
1. Flowers many in an involucre of 5 separate bracts Abronia
2. Flowers few in a 5-lobed involucre; stamens 3 Allionia
3. Flowers single in a 5-parted involucre; stamens 5 Mirabilis
Abronia — Abronia
(Gr. abros, pretty, which the flowers are)
1. Stems prostrate; flowers day-blooming, rose-purple
2. Stems ascending; flowers night-blooming, white
Allionia — Wild Four O'Clock
( Named for the Italian botanist, Allioni)
1. Leaves ovate, petioled
2. Leaves oblong, lance-shaped or linear
a. Leaves oblong to lance-shaped, hairy
b. Leaves linear, smooth
A. umbellata
A. frdgrans
A. nyctaginea
A. hirsuta
A. linearis
Mirabilis— Four O'Clock, Marvel-of-Peru
(Lat. mirabilis, wonderful, from the beautiful night-blooming flowers)
Leaves ovate, entire ; flowers varicolored M. jaldpa
Malvales Mallow Order
Malvaceae — Mallow Family
Herbs or shrubs, with alternate, simple, often lobed leaves ; sepals 5, petals 5, stamens many,
united by their filaments, ovaries several to many, separate or usually united, often falling away as
one-seeded fruits, or the fruit a capsule.
MALVAC:
1. Anther.-, clustered at I
arating in fruit
a. Stigmas linear
'(1) Cells I
(a) Involu ■
(b) Involui re of 1-3 brai t-. or la< king
x. Involucre ol i brai I
y. Involui re ol 1-3 bi
(2) C\-1U .^ several se< ded ; involui r<
b. Stigmas capitate; flowers yellow i
2. Anther> along the filament tube; fruit a
a. Style branches <>r stigmas 10
Style-branches or stigmas .•> 5
(1) Involucre "I' many narrow 1" a
I 2 I [nvolui • leaf-like brai
Uthaea Marsh Mallow, I
(Gr. althaia, mai
- 2 4 cm. wide, rose, in axillary clu
2. 1 lowers 6-15 cm. wide,
Malva— Mallow,
(Gr. malache, Lat. malva,
1. Flowers about 1 cm. wide, white or pale blue, carpels about 15
2. Flowers 2-5 cm.
a. Leaves with shallow lobes; (lowers red
b. Leaves deeply lobed; (lowers pink to white;
(1) Leaves twice-lobed, divisions lini
(2) Leaves once-lobed ; carpels smooth
■
Callirrhoe Callirrl
(Gr. kallirrhoe, beautiful-flowing
1. Leaves triangular-ovate, somewhat lobed; flow
2. Leaves round, deeply palmately lobed; flowers red
Abutilon — Velvet Leaf
(Aral
Leaves large, velvety, roui wers yellow
.Malva st ruin — Red Mall
il.it. malva, mallow, -astrum. Ilki
Leaves palmate, 3-5-parted, silvery-scurfy; B
Malvaviscu — Mai
(Lat malva, mallow, viscus, g
Leaves heart-shaped; flowi
1 [ibiscus— 1 [ibiscus, Ri >s<
hibiskos. n
1. Shrub; flowers red or varicolored, about 1 dm
2. Herbs
a. Low coarsely hairy w< :
b. Tall smooth or downy herbs
(1) Capsule
(a) Leaves smooth on both -
(b) Leaves hairy below .
(2) « . and pod lik< .
I0 MORACEAE— GERANIACEAE
Gossypium — Cotton
i Name from the Arabic)
Leaves 5-lobed ; flowers yellow, purple inside at base G . herbdeeum
Moraceae — Mulberry Family
Herbs with opposite or alternate lobed leaves ; sepals 5, more or less united, petals 0, stamens 5
ovary 1-celled, stigmas 2, fruit an achene; flower syncarpous, synsepalous, apetalous, dioecious, hy-
pogynous, regular.
1. Tall ereet herb, leaves divided to the base into 5-11 lance-linear divisions Cannabis
2. Twining herb with 3-7 lobed leaves; fruit cone-like Humulus
Cannabis — Hemp
(Lat. cannabis, hemp)
Plant 1-4 m. bigh; flowers green, in axillary spikes C. saliva
Humulus — Hop
(Lat. humus, ground, -ulus, little, perhaps from its clambering habit)
Leaves rough, ovate in outline ; fruit clusters 3-8 cm. long //. hipulus
Urticaceae — Nettle Family
Herbs with opposite or alternate leaves, sometimes with stinging hairs; sepals 3-5, sometimes
united, petals 0, stamens 3-4, ovary 1-celled, stigma 1, fruit an achene; flower syncarpous, apetalous,
polygamous, monoecious or dioecious, hypogynous, regular.
1. Leaves opposite
a. Armed with stinging hairs Urtica
b. Smooth and without stinging hairs Pilea
2. Leaves alternate, without stinging hairs Parietaria
Urtica— Nettle
(Lat. urtica, nettle, from uro, to burn, from the stinging hairs)
1. Leaves hairy, heartshaped at base U. d'weca
2. Leaves smooth or nearly so, round at base U . gracilis
Pilea — Richweed, Clearweed
(Lat. pileus, cap, from the cap-like sepal of one species)
Stems clear, 1-4 dm. high; leaves ovate, 3-ribbed P. pumila
Parietaria — Pellitory
(Lat. parietaria, on walls, from paries, wall)
Low annual herb; leaves lance-oblong P. pcnnsilvdnica
Geraniales Geranium Order
Geraniaceae — Geranium Family
Herbs, or some shrubby, with simple lobed or compound leaves; sepals 5, petals 5, stamens 5 or
10, ovary 5-celled, stigmas 5, fruit separating at maturity into 5 achene-like parts; flower syncarpous,
apopetalous, hypogynous, regular.
1. Leaves entire to palmately divided
a. Flowers regular: stamens with anthers 10 Geranium
b. Flowers somewhat irregular; stamens with anthers 7-8 Pelargonium
2. Leaves pinnate ; stamens with anthers 5 Erodium
Geranium — Crauesbill
(Gr. geranos, crane, referring to the form of the fruit)
1. Flowers red ,
a. Flowers 1 cm. wide; leaves 3-parted G .robcrtianum: herb
Robert
b. Flowers 2-4 cm. wide; leaves 7-parted G. sanguineum
2. Flowers blue or violet G. ibericum
3. Flowers white or pink <7. Ri c hards6nii
OXALIDACEAE— TROPAEOLACBAE
Pelargonium- < ieranium
(Gr. pelargos, Bt<
1. Plant trailing; leaves ivy-like, petiole attached to I
2. Plant erect, Dot trailing
a. Leaves with shallow lobes, marked with a lemicirculai
fleshy
b. Leaves distinctly or deeply lobed, usually nol
1 1 I Leaves rarely lobed to the middle, fi i|
(2) Leaves lobed beyond the middle, often to I
I i Lobes oblong
(b) Lobes linear
Erodium— Storksbill
(Gr. erodios. heron, referring to tie- form ol
Low, spreading; leaves pinnate, hairy; flowers pink
Oxalidaceae — Oxalis Family
Low, usually stemless herbs, with 3-foliate leavi
ovarj 5-celled, stigmas ?, fruit a capsule; flower syncarpous, a
< Kalis- -■< Ixalis, \\ 0" d sorrel
(Gr. oxalis. BOrrel, from oxys.
1. Native; flowers yellow, 5-10 mm. wide
2. Cultivated; flowers varicolored, 10 25 mm. wide
a. Stems leafy; leaflets deeply notched; flowers yellow
b. Stems leafless; leaflets not deeply notched; flowers
(1) Leaves fleshy, 5-6 cm. wide; stem from bulbs
(2) Leaves thin, hairy, 3-4 cm. wide; stem from thick
Balsaminaceac — Touch-me-not Family
Herbs with simple alternate leaves; sepals 4. one of them spui
ovary 5-celled, stigma 1, fruit a capsule which coils elastically,
apopetalous, hypogynous, irregular.
Impatiens — Touch-me-not, Bal
(Lat. impatiens, Impatient, hence touch-i
1. Native; flowers pale-yellow to orange
a. Flowers pale yellow, with scattered reddish
b. Flowers orange, densely dotted with red-brown
2. Cultivated; flowers red to white, varicolored
a. Flower flat, red; spur long, narrow
b. Flower cup-like, vai ften double;
Tropaeolaceae — Tropaeolum Family
Fleshy herbs, climbing with their long petiole-, i
shaped, alternate; sepals 5, united at the
3-celled, stigma 1. fruit i a< hene like
hypogynous, irregular.
Tropaeolum— Tropaeolum, N'asturtium, 1;
(Gr. tropaion. Lat. tropaeum,
1. Petals large, spreading
a. Leaves entire or wavy
(1) Feat' veins ending in point-;
(2) Feat' veins not pointed ; petals
b. Feaves deeply lobed; flowers brighl yellow;
2. Petals small, pi
LINACEAE— EUPHORBIACEAE
Linaceae — Flax Family
Herbs with simple alternate entire leaves; sepals 5, petals 5, stamens 5, ovary 5-celled, styles 5,
fruit a 10-cellerl capsule; flower syncarpous, apopetalous, hypogynous, regular.
1. Flowers blue
oual; sepals ;
Linum — Flax
(Gr. linon, I. at. linum, flax)
b. Perennial ; sepals blunt
2. Flowers red
L. usiiatissimum: com-
mon flax
L. perenne: blue flax
L. sanguineum: red flax
Rutaceae — Rue Family
Herbs, shrubs or trees with compound leaves, sometimes reduced to the terminal leaflet, and appear-
ing simple; sepals 4-?, or lacking, petals 4-8, stamens 4-60, ovary 2-5-celled, styles 1-5, or 2-5 separate
pistils; fruit various, capsule, samara, drupe or berry; flower apocarpous or syncarpous, apopetalous,
perfect, polygamous or dioecious, hypogynous, regular.
1. Flowers greenish-yellow ; leaves compound Ruta
2. 1 lowers white, fragrant; leaves of one leaflet Citrus
Bushy herb, woody at base
Ruta— Rue
(Lat. ruta, rue)
leaflets oblong to obovate, dotted
1. Leaves 1 -foliate,
2. Leaves 3-foliate,
evergreen
deciduous
Citrus — Orange. Lemon, Citron
(Gr. kitron, the citron tree)
Euphorbiaceae — Spurge Family
R. graveolens
C. aurdntium
C. trifolidta
Herbs or shrubs usually with milky juice and alternate simple, leaves ; sepals 3-5, somewhat united,
or lacking, petals 0, or rarely 5-6, stamens 1-30, ovary 3-lobed or 3-celled, stigmas 3-6, fruit a 3-celled
capsule ; flower syncarpous, apetalous, monoecious ordioecious, hypogynous. In the genus Euphorbia,
a cup-like involucre, resembling a calyx, contains 1 pistillate and several-many staminate flowers of
1 stamen each, and frequently bears 1-4 brightly colored glancls at the edge, simulating a corolla.
1. Leaves very large, 3-6 dm. wide, 7-11 cleft Ricinus
2. Leaves not cleft
a. Calyx present
(1) Staminate flowers with 8-16 stamens and no petals Acalypha
(2) Staminate flowers with 15-30 stamens and 5-6 petals Codiacum
b. Flowers tiny, many in a calyx-like involucre Euphorbia
Ricinus — Castor-bean, Castor-oil Plant
(Lat. name of the castor bean)
Plant 1-4 m. tall; capsules spiny
Acalypha — Acalypha
(Gr. akalyphe, nettle)
1. Flowers in red spikes, 1-3 dm. long
2. Flower clusters small and inconspicuous
a. Greenhouse shrub with colored leaves
b. Low native weed with green leaves
R. con
A. hispid a
A. tricolor
A. virginica
Euphorbia — Spurge
'<;.'•. euphorbion, name of a resinous plant)
1. Shrubs, often with spines
■ ioth shrubs with the upper leaves flower-like; involucre with 1
yellow gland E. pulcherrima : poin-
settia
- iny shrubs with green leaves; involucre with 2 red petal-like glands E. splcndeiis
2. Smooth herbs
PLUMBAGINACEAK— PRIM U LAC
a. St<
( 1) Upper leavi - m ; :::
1 2 > Le&\ - scattered, no1 whiti
b. Stems prostrate, or 1 3 dm. high
(1) S
I hairy
- smooth
Seeds wrinkled and pith d
y. Seeds strongly wrinkled, i
(2) Si . 2-3 dm. high ; lr : ,
zed i"!
Shrub; leaves oval
Primulales Primrose Order
Plumbaginaceae— Leadwort Family
Herbs or woody plants with entin
5, opposite the petals, .vary I -celled, stigmas 5, fruit a nti
times apopetalous, hypogynous, regular.
1. Stems leafy; corolla with a long tube
2. Sums leafless; corolla of nearly or quiti
Pluml Iwort
(Lat. plumbum, !•
1. Shrubby, climbing; l( liate; Bowers li^'lit blue
2. Low bushy herb; leaves ciliate, flowers deep blue
Armeria- -Thrift
1 1. .it. fm in ( .f i
Stems tufted, with narrow entire leaves; fli
Primulaceae — Primrose Family
Herbs with simple leavi
1-celled, stigma 1, ca
usually regular.
1. Flowering stems leafless
a. Flowers in an umbel, erect
b. Flowers single, invert'' 1
2. Flowering stems leafy
a. Flowers yellow
b. Flowers red, blue or white
Primula — Prii
i I. at, primus, spring,
1. Flowers pink to pur]
a. Leaves round i
b. Leaves spatulate, no( lob<
2. Flowers yellow to red
a. Flowers 1-2 cm. wide, dr<
b. Flowers 2-4 cm. wide; corolla limb flat
(1) Leaves thick, ? 8 cm. I
(2) Leaves thinner, 1-2 dm.
(a) Flowers
(b) Flowers on It
I 4 PLANTAGINACEAE— CONVOLVULACEAE
( "\ clamen — Cyclamen
(Gr. kyklaminos, cyclamen, from kyk'los, referring to the coiled flower stalk of some species)
Flowering stems leafless, from a large conn ; flowers varicolored C. persicum
I ,ysimachia — Loosestrife
(Gr. lysimachia, loose-strife, from its reputed medical properties)
Stems creeping; the leaves round, opposite, with single yellow ilowers in the
ax ;is L. nummuldria: money-
wort
Anagallis — Pimpernel
(Gr. name of the pimpernel, from agallomai, to delight)
1. Low and spreading; leaves ovate; (lowers 4-6 mm. wide ./. arvensis
2. Erect; leaves lance-linear; ilowers 10-15 mm. wide A. linifolia
Plantaginaceae — Plantain Family
Low herbs with parallel-veined leaves at the base of the flowering stems; sepals 4, united, petals
4. united, stamens 4, rarely 2, exserted in flowering, ovary 2-celled, stigma 1, hairy and thread-likt,
fruit a pyxis; (lower syncarpous, sympetalous, hypogynous, regular.
Plantago — Plantain
(Lat. planta, sole, perhaps from the broad flat leaf)
1. Leaves ovate
a. Pod ovoid, splitting circularly near the middle P. major
b. Pod oblong, splitting near the base P. Rugelii
2. Leaves lanceolate to linear
a. Leaves lanceolate to oblong, 8-40 mm. wide
(1) Leaves lanceolate, 3-5-ribbed, 8-25 mm. wide P. lanceoldta
(2) Leaves oblong to spatulate, 5-9-ribbed, 15-40 mm. wide P. eriopoda
b. Leaves linear, 3-8 mm. wide
(1) Leaves silky-hairy; bracts little longer than flowers P. Purshii
(2) Leaves smooth or hairy ; bracts several times longer than flowers P. aristdta
Polemoniales Phlox Order
Polemoniaceae — Phlox Family
Herbs with opposite or alternate, simple or compound leaves; sepals 5, united, petals 5, united,
Stamens 5, ovary 3-celled, stigmas 3, fruit a capsule; flower syncarpous, sympetalous, hypogynous, reg-
ular.
1. Climber; leaves pinnate ; corolla bell-shaped Cobaea
2. Erect herbs; leaves simple; corolla salver-form Phlox
Cobaea — Cobaea
(Named for a Mexican priest, Cobo)
Leaves ovate; flower greenish or purplish, 5-6 cm. long C. scdndens
Phlox — Phlox, Sweet William
(Gr. phlox, flame, from the brilliant colors)
1. Plants hairy
a. Perennial ; blooming in May, and sparsely again in autumn P. divaricdta
1). Annual ; blooming in summer and autumn . P. Drummondii
2. Plants smooth, perennial P. paniculdta
Convolvulaceae — Morning Glory Family
Twining or trailing herbs, with simple alternate leaves, or leafless; sepals 4-5, usually united,
petals 4-5, united, stamens 4-5, ovary 2-4-celled, stigmas 2-3, fruit a capsule; flower syncarpous,
sympetalous, hypogynous, regular.
1. Stems leafy, green ; flowers large
a. Stigma capitate, somewhat lobed
(1) Leaves pinnately parted; corolla salver-form Quamocllt
SOLANACKAK
(2) Leaves no! pinnatcly-parted ; corolla
b. Stigmas 2, linear
2. Stems leafli or y< How , •
Quamoclil
Leaf segments linear; Sowers single,
[pomoea Morning i
1. Flowers opening in the morning
a. Corolla funnel-form, 3-7 cm. wid<
(1) Leaves cordate-ovate, entire; stem hairy
(2) Leaves angled to di i
(a) Plant hairy
(b) Plant smooth
b. Corolla salver-form, 1 -2 cm. wii ellow
2. Flowers opening at night; corolla white, 10 15 era
I !i mvol villus Bindweed
i Lat. convolve to tw Ine, fn
1. Corolla white to rose; wet
a. Calyx enclosed in 2 leafy bracts; Sowers 4 : ■■ . long
b. Calyx without leafy bracts; Sowers 2 cm. long
2. Corolla blue, with white throat and yellow tube; bushy hei
Ciiscuta I li idder
■
1. Sepals separate
a. Styles as long as the ovary
b. Styles 2-3 times as long as the ovary
2. Sepals united
a. Flowers sessile
b. Flowers stalked
.
Solanaceae — Potato Family
Herbs or shrubs, with alternate, usually
ovary usually 2-celled, sometime: . stigma I,
Sower syncarpous, sympetalous, hypogynous, regular •
1. Shrub, often spiny, with green-purple Bow<
2. Herbs
a. Corolla wheel-shaped or cup-shaped, mor<
(1) Calyx bladdery, inflated in fruit
(2) Calyx not bladdery
(a) Filaments much longer than ■
(b) Filaments not longer, usually shorter than ;'
x. Anthers united at tht tip; Bower yellow
y. Anthers not united : fl
b. Corolla tubular to funnel form or salverform
(1) Fruit spiny; flowers long tubular, solitary
(2) Fruit not spiny
(a) Fruit a purple berrj |
(b) Fruit a capsule
x. Calyx enclosing tht
(x) Calyx with a spr< ading •
(y) Calyx bell-shaped, without
y. Calyx nol en< It sing ' :
!6 solanaceae
Lycium — Matrimony Vine
(Named from the country Lycia)
Leaves spatulate, entire; branches trailing L. vulgare
Physalis — < rround Cherry
(Gr. physall'is, bubble, from the inflated calyx)
1. Fruiting calyx red P- alkekengi: straw-
berry, tomato
2. Fruiting calyx not red P. heterophylla
a. Plant glandular, hairy
b. Plant smooth or sparsely hairy
(1) Corolla dull yellow with brown center; berry yellowish P. lanceoldta
I ' Corolla brighl yellow with purple center; berry purple /'. ixocdrpa
I apsicum — Red Pepper, Cayenne Pepper, Green Pepper
(Gr. kapsis, gulping down,, perhaps from its pungency)
1. Annual or biennial ; fruit oblong linear to round t. annuutn
2. Perennial ; fruit oblong-pointed as a rule C. fruiescens
Lycopersicum — Tomato
(Gr. lykos, wolf, persikon, peach)
Leaves pinnate, hairy, strong-scented ; flowers yellow ;. fruit red or yellow L. esculentum
Solatium — Potato, Egg-plant, Nightshade
(Lat. sola-, solace, perhaps from the use as food or medicine)
1. Plant prickly
a. Prickly calyx enclosing the dry fruit S. rostrdlum: buffalo bur
b. Calyx less prickly, or smooth, not enclosing the berry
(1) Fruit globose, orange-yellow, 1-2 cm. wide; native 5. carolinense: horse
nettle
(2) Fruit various in form and color, large, J/2-2 dm. long; cultivated S. melongena: egg-plant
2. Plant not prickly
a. Shrubby house-plant with white flowers and red berries S. pseudo-capsicum:
Jerusalem cherry
b. Plant not shrubby
\ 1 i Leaves lobed or compound
(a) More or less climbing, many of the leaves 3-lobed ; flowers
purple; berry red S. dulcamara: bittersweet
(b) Erect or spreading; berry green
x. Leaves pinnate; cultivated for its tubers S. tuberosum: potato
y. Leaves pinnatifid; native S. trifiorum
(2) Leaves not lobed, nearly entire, fruit black, edible; wild, and cul-
tivated as the "wonderberry" S. nigrum: nightshade
Datura — Thorn-apple, Stramonium, Jimson Weed
(Name from the Arabic)
1. Flower white
a. Leaves lobed D. stramonium
ives entire or merely wavy
(1) Plant smooth; corolla 5-tOOthed D. cornucopia
(2) Plant viscid, hairy; corolla 10-toothed D. meteloidcs
2. Flower violet or lilac D. tdtula
Atropa — Belladonna
(Named for Atropos, one of the Fates)
Leaves ovate, entire; corolla and berry purple A. belladonna
I [y< iscyamus — Henbane
(Gr. "hyos." hog, kyamos, bean)
Leaves clasping, toothed, clammy; flowers yellowish //. niger
BORAGINACEAE— GENTIA'.
•
1. Flowers white, at least within, op
2. Flowers usually some shade ol i
a. I le, dei urrent ; Rowers r< d 01 pui
b. Leaves stalked ; flowers yellow Ish i
Petunia Petunia
(Nativ<
Leai es o^ ate, hairy, rtearl) si sile ; flowers
Boraginaceae — Borage Family
Herbs with simple alternate leaves, often rouj
5, ovary 4-celled or deeplj 4-lobed, separating at matu
syncarpous, sympetalous, hypogynous, regular, or irregu
1. ( (vary divided into 4 parts
a. Corolla regular
(1) Corolla wheel-shaped, tube lacking
(2) Corolla more or less tubular, with
throat
(a) Flowers blue to purple
x. Nutlets bur like, with hooked prickles
y. Nutlets smooth
(b) Flow ers j ellow ish \\ hite
b. Corolla irregular
2. Ovary entire, but the ripe fruit separating into 2 or 4 i
rago — -Borai
i Supposed to i»' from corago. bi ■
Leaves oval to lance-oblong, bristly; flowers blue to purple
Cynoglossum — I [oundsb ••
(Gr. kynos, dog, gloss.i. I
Leaves spatulate to lance-oblong, downy, flowers red purple
Anchusa — Alkanet
< i '.i enchusa, alkai
:s lance-ovate, rou^'h : flowers lai
nphytum- I
(Gr. symphyton, comfrey, from symphyo, to ui
Leaves lance-oblong, soft-hairy, decurrent
I [eli< itropium — 1 [elii >tr< ipe
(( ir heliotropion, a plant
1. Corolla tube hardly longer than the calyx
2. Corolla tube twice longer than the calyx
Gentianales Gentian Order
Gentianaceae — Gentian Family
Herbs with opposite simple i i
4-5, alternate with the corolla lobe .
capsule : flower syncarpous, symj
1. Corolla tubular, blue : flowi
2. Corolla w heel shaped, gr< • n . flov i
( i( nl
(Nan
I. C rol
2 Corolla lobes not frii .
[8
APOCYNACEAE— SCROPHULARIACEAE
Frasera — Frasera
I Named for the botanist Fraser)
Corolla 4-parted, with 4 fringed nectaries
Apocynaceae — Dogbane Family
Herbs or shrubs, usually with milky juice, and with opposite simple leaves; sepals 5, united,
mens 5, ovaries 2, the styles or at least the stigmas united, fruit a follicle; flower
apocarpous sympetalous, hypogynous, regular.
1. Shrubs; leaves somewhat whorled, leathery
2. Herbs, or woody at base; leaves opposite
F. speciosa
Nerium
Vinca
Nerium — Oleander, Rose Bay
(Gr. nerion, oleander)
Flowers rose to white, in terminal clusters
i i.at.
Yinca — Periwinkle
incio, to bind, from the cord-like stems)
Leaves oblong, veiny, shining; flowers salverform, rose to white
N. oleander
V. rosea
Scrophulariales Snapdragon Order
Scrophulariaceae — Snapdragon Family
Herbs with mostly simple leaves; sepals united, the calyx often 2-lipped, petals usually 5
united into an irregular or 2-lipped corolla, rarely 4 and regular, stamens 4, rarely 2
2-celled, stigma 1, entire
typically irregular.
1
or 2-lobed, fruit a capsule ;
and
flower
syncarpous, sympetalous,
d
or 5, ovary
hypogynous,
Stamens, or the anther-bearing ones, only 2
a. Corolla 2-lipped
(1) Leaves opposite; both corolla lips sac-like
(2) Leaves alternate ; one lip slightly sac-like
b. Corolla not 2-lipped, often nearly regular
2. Anther-bearing stamens 4
a. Fifth stamen present as a sterile filament
(1) Corolla strongly 2-lipped
(a) Corolla wide open; sterile filament conspicuous
(b) Corolla nearly closed; sterile filament shorter than others
(2) Corolla not 2-lipped, somewhat irregular
b. Fifth stamen entirely lacking
(1) Base of the corolla with a spur or sack
(a) Corolla spurred
(b) Corolla with a sack at base
(2) Corolla without spur or sack
(a) Corolla salverform, not 2-lipped
(b) Corolla more or less tubular and 2-lipped
x. Climbing by coiling leaf stalks
y. Not climbing
(x) Leaves alternate; flowers terminal
(y) Leaves opposite; flowers axillary
m. Calyx 2-lipped ; corolla 4-lobed
n. Calyx S-toothed ; corolla 2-lipped
3. Stamens with anthers 5, corolla wheel-shaped
Calceolaria — Calceolaria
I I-.it. calceolus, slipper, from the form of the flower)
1. Leaves simple; flower yellow, with red-orange dots
2. Leaves pinnate ; flower yellow
Calceolaria
Schizanihus
V eroniea
Pentstemon
Chelone
Salpiglossis
Linaria
Antirrhinum
Broiuallia
Maurandia
Digitalis
Torenia
Mi mul us
Verbaseum
C. pendula
C. pinnata
Petals much lobed,
Schizanthus— Butterfly Flower
"Ir. schizos, split, anthos, flower, from the lobed petals)
the lower sack-like, varicolored
S. pinnata
SCROPHULARIACEAE
Veronica— Speedwell
(Of doubtful origin and meaning)
1. Leaves in whorls; flowers white to blue, in terminal spikes
2. Leaves opposite or alternate; Sowers blur, axillary C.
Pentstemon — Pentstemon, Beard T< i
(Gr. pente, live, stemon, stamen, froi
1. Flowers pink to red, narrow; leaves linear to lanceolate
2. Flowers white ; leaves ovate to oblong
Chelone— Turtle-head, Balmony
(Gr. chelone, turtle, from the form of thi
Leaves lanceolate to oblong; flowers white to pale purple
Salpiglossis — Garden Trumpet
(Gr. salpingos, trumpet, glossa, tonj
Leaves lanceolate, entire to pinnatifid; flowers varicolored
Linaria — Butter-and-Eggs
1 1. at. linum, flax, trom the resemblance)
1. Plant creeping; leaves round; flowers blue
2. Plant erect; leaves linear or lance-linear
a. Flowers blue
b. Flowers yellow
Antirrhinum — Snapdragon
(Gr. anti-, like, rhinos, noa •. from I
1. Plant erect; leaves linear to oblong
a. Flowers 3-5 cm. long; leaves lanceolate to oblong
b. Flowers 1-2 cm. long; leaves linear
2. Plant climbing by coiling petioles; leaves halberd-like
Browallia- Bn iwallia
i Named for .t Sw •
Leaves ovate, cuneate or rounded: flowers varicolored
Maurandia — Maurandia
i Named for the b |
Stem and leaves smooth; corolla purple
Digitalis Foxglove
(Lat. digitalis, flnger-llke, from I
1. Flowers yellowish
2. Flowers purple
Torenia Torenia
i Name. i for the Swedish botanist,
1. Corolla yellow
2. Corolla blue to white
a. Corolla 4-lobed
b. Corolla 2-lipped
Mimulus Monkey Flow
(Gr. mlmos, Lat, mlmus. comic actor fro
1. Flowers yellow; cultivated
a. Creeping, hairy, musl ol
b. Erect, smooth
2. Flowers red-purple; native
2 o ACANTHACEAE— BIGNONIACEAE
Verbascum — Mullein
i I.at. verbascum, mullein)
1. Leaves woolly, white to gray ,
a. Leaves densely woolly, decurrent on the stem ' . thdpsus
b. Leaves thinly woolly, not decurrent • V. lycknitis
2. Leaves smooth, green / - blattdria
Acanthaceae — Acanthus Family
Herbs with opposite simple leaves; sepals 5, united, petals ?, united, stamens 4 or 2, ovary 2-
. stigmas 1 or 2. fruit a capsule; flower syncarpous, sympetalous, hypogynous, usually irregular.
1. Leaves pinnatifid; corolla of one 3-lobed lip Acanthus
2. Leaves arrow shapi 1; corolla 5-lobed, nearly regular Thunbergia
Acanthus — Acanthus
akantha, prickle, from the prickly leaves)
1. Leaves spiny, deeply cut A. spindsus
2. Leaves nearly or quite smooth, lobed A. mollis
Thunbergia — Thunbergia
More or less climbing; flowers varicolored T. aid/a
Gesneraceae — Gesnera Family
Herbs with simple leaves; sepals 5, united, petals 5, united, ovary 1-eelled with 2 parietal
placentae, stigma entire or 2-lobed, fruit a capsule; flower syncarpous, sympetalous, hypogynous,
regular or irregular.
1. Stems leafless
a. Stamens 4 Sinningia
b. Stamens, at least the anther-bearing, 2 Streptocarpus
2. Stems leafy Achimenes
Sinningia — Gloxinia
i Named for the botanist, Sinning)
Leaves spatulate to rounded; flowers varicolored S. spcciosa
Streptocarpus — Streptocarpus
(Gr. streptos, twisted, karpos, fruit, from the twisted pods)
1. Leaf single, basal; flowers several on each scape . S. polydntha
2. Leaves several to many ; flowers usually single S. Retzii
Achimenes — Achimenes
(Or. acheimenes, not disturbed by winter, i. e., blooming late)
1. flowers violet blue A. longifldra
2. Flowers reddish A. grandi flora
Bignoniaceae — Catalpa Family
Herbs, or woody plants with simple or compound leaves, sepals united, petals 5, united mostly
-' lipped corolla, stamens 4 or 2, ovary 1-4-celled, stigma 2-lobed; fruit a capsule or silique ;
syncarpous, sympetalous, hypogynous, irregular.
1. Leaves pinnate; flowers on a scape, rose Incarvillea
2. Leases simple; flowers on the leafy stem, whitish Martynia
Incarvillea — Incarvillea
(Named for [ncarville, a French missionary)
1. Leaflets entire or toothed
a. Leaflets toothed or nearly so /. dlgae
b. Leaflets toothed throughout /. Delavdyi
2. Leaflets cleft /. variabilis
Martynia — Unicorn Plant
(Named for the English botanist, Martyn)
Leaves heart-shaped, entire, hairy; flowers whitish to lilac or yellowish M. proboscidca
VERBENACEAK— I.AMIAi
Lamialcs Mini ( )rdcr
Verbenaceae— Verbena Family
Herbs or shrubs with simple opposite 01 wl
to an irregular corolla, stamens •.
<.r dry and then usuallj separating into 4 nul
irregular.
1. Shrul's ; corolla 4 lobed
2. I lei bs ; corolla 5 lobed or 2 lipped
a. Calyx 2-lipped, with spiny teeth; corolla 2-lippi
b. Calyx not 2-lipped and spin) ; corolla irregularly 5 I
Lantana Lanl
(( T uncei tain oi li
Flowers yellow, then orange and finally reddish; !■
Phryma — Lopseed
unci rtaln origin ai
Leaves ovate; flowers small, in a loose spike; fruits spiny
Verbena — Verbena, Vervain
i I at. verbena, a Bacred
1. Native h ei ds
a. Plant spreading; bracts longer than the flo*
b. Plant tall, erect; bra than the flov
(1) Flowers white; spike very narrow
(2) Flowers blue; spike broader
(a) Leaves lanceolate, somewhat hairy
(b) Leaves ovate, very hairy
2. Garden plants, extensively hybridized and known as
Lamiaceae — Mint Family
Herbs, mostly aromatic, usually with opposite 1
5, united, usually irregular, st;
1. Corolla regular or nearly so
a. Calyx 5-toothed ; corolla 4-cleft
b. Calyx 2-lipped in fruit; corolla 5 cleft
J. Corolla irregular, usually 2-lipped
a. Stamens 2
(1) Herbs
i lowers in racemes or spikes; calyj 2
(b) Flowers in heads; calyx 5-toothed
(2) Shrubs
b. Stamens 4
(1) Calyx 2-lipped
(a) Calyx cup shaped, lips entire
(b) Calyx lips toothed
x. Flower bra< is large, round, pur|
y. Flower bra. is neither round nor
1 orolla apparentlj
(v) ('.nulla i leai Ij 2-li]
in. ( lorolla yellowish to
n. Corolla purple or blue
(2) l \.U k mi r less equalb :
alyx 10-toothed ; li
(b) Calyx 4 S toothed
x. Uppei tooth much lai .
(x) Corolla with upper lip ;
i
LAMIACEAE
m. Leaves green ; filaments separate
n. Leaves colored; filaments united
(y) Corolla with upper lip 2-lobed, lower 3-lobed
in. Native herb; leaves lanceolate to ovate
n. Hoary undershrub, cultivated; leaves lance-linear
qua! in size or nearly so
(x) Calyx swollen in fruit
(y) Calyx not swollen
m. Calyx teeth rigid, spiny
n. Calyx teeth not spiny
(m) Flowers in heads
(n) Flowers not in heads
r. Stamens projecting, at least 2 of them
(r) Leaves linear to oblong; bracts green
(s) Leaves ovate; bracts purple
s. Stamens not projecting
(r) Lower or outer stamens shorter than the inner
h. Anther halves parallel
i. Anther halves spreading
(s) Lower or outer stamens longer than the inner
h. Upper lip of the corolla flat, erect
i. Upper lip hooded or concave
(h) Calyx 5-nerved
(i) Calyx 10-nerved
Ocimutn
Coleus
Dracocephalum
Lavandula
Physostegia
Leonurus
Koellia
Hyssopus
Origanum
Lopanthus
Nepeta
Satureia
Lamium
Stachys
Mentha— Mint
(Gr. mintha, Lat. mentha, mint)
1. Leaves sessile
2. Leaves petioled
a. Flowers mostly in terminal spikes
(1) Leaves lanceolate
(2) Leaves ovate
b. Flowers in axillary whorls
M. spicdta: spearmint
M. piperita: peppermint
M. citrdta: bergamol
mint
M. canadensis: wild mint
Perilla — Periila
(From the native name in India)
Leaves ovate, bronze-purple, fragrant ; flowers rose or whitish
P. crispa
Salvia — Sage
(Lat. from salvus, well, referring to its medical use)
1. Flowers blue
a. Tall; leaves green; flowers large, 2-3 cm. 5. aziirea: blue sage
b. Low; leaves white-woolly; flowers 1-2 cm. 5. officinalis: garden sage
2. Flowers red
a. Floral leaves and calyx green S. fulgens
b. Floral leaves and calyx red S. splendens: red sage
Monarda — Balm, Horse-mint
(Named for Monardez, a Spanish writer on medical plants)
1. Corolla red M. did y ma: Oswego tea
2. Corolla rose-purple to white M. fistulosa: wild berga-
vwt
Rosmarinus — Rosemary
(Lat. ros, dew, marinus, of the sea)
Shrub with evergreen linear leaves, hoary beneath; flowers blue
R. officinalis
LAMIACi
Scutellaria
I Lat scutella, Ral
1. leaves sessile; (lowers 2 S cm. long, solitary
2. Leaves petioled ; flowers 6-8 mm. long, in rac<
Prunella Heal all, ■
(< 'I um erta
- oblong to ovate; bracts round; flowers blue-pui
Teucrium • iermai
(Gr. teucrion, g< rmander, perhaps nai ■
Leaves lance-ovate, serrate; flowers purplish
Melissa Bee-balm
(Gr. melissa, bee, r< ferrlng t.
Leaves ovate, crenate; flowers yellowish or white
Thymus -Thyme
i < !r. thymon, thj m< . fi
1. Creeping, leaves petioled; flowers axillary
2. Erect ; leaves sessile; flowers in terminal s]
Marrubium I [oarln >und
( I. at. nam.- from the l tebr< w word
Leaves ovate-rounded, crenate; flowers small, white
I )raci icephalum I Iragi m-head
(Gr. drakon, dragon, kephaie.
Leaves lanceolate to oblong, toothed; flowers light blue
Ocimum Sweel Basil
dli-. ocimon, an ai ■!)■ i ■ ' : - I
Leaves ovate, toothed; flowers bluish-white
Coleus — Fi iliage-plant
i ' Sr. koleos, sheath, refei rii g
Leaves ovate, toothed, colored; flowers blue
1 avandula — Lavender
(I. at. lavandus, for washing,
Leaves lame- linear ; flowers blue
Physostegia I Iragi m-head
Mir. physa. 1. lad. I.e. stege, roof, rel
1. Corolla pale purple or rose, 2.? em. long
2. Corolla purple, 1-1 ' j em. long
] ,e< murus Motherwort
.< Jr. leon. lion, cura, tall, •■• i
ely cleft; calyx spin) : corolla pink t" white
Koellia Mountain Mint
(Named for a German botanist, K
Leaves lance-linear, sessile; flowers wl
1 1\ ssopus II
(Gr. hyssopos, a'
Leaves lance-linear, entire: flowers blue
( Iriganui
i
1. Leaves broa A ovate; bra< t- col( n
2. Leaves oblong i vrat( ; brai ts gn • i
ROSACEAE
/.. nepcloides
L. anisdtus
L . scroph ularifolius
X. catdria
N. glechoma
S. kortinsis
Lopanthus — Giant Hyssop
(Gr. lophos, crest, anthos, flower)
1. Corolla yellowish; calyx nearly equalling corolla
2. I lorolla blue or purple
a. Leaves white beneath, anise-scented
b. Leaves green beneath, not anise-scented
Nepeta — Catnip, Gill
(Lat. name of the catnip)
1. Erect; leaves oblong; flowers whitish
2. Creeping; leaves round; flowers blue
Satureia — Savory
(Lat. name of the savory, Gr. satyrion)
Leaves oblong-linear; flowers small, purplish
Larriium — Dead-nettle, Henbit
(Gr. lamia, throat, referring to the gaping corolla)
1. Corolla red or purplish; upper leaves sessile L. amplexicdule
2. Corolla white; leaves petioled L. album
Stachys— Hedge Xettle
(Gr. stachys, spike, referring to the flower cluster)
1. Leaves sessile or short-petioled S. palustris
2. Leaves distinctly petioled S. dspera
Rosales Rose Order
Rosaceae — Rose Family
Herbs or woody plants, with alternate leaves; sepals usually 5, sometimes 4 or apparently twice
the number, petals usually 5, stamens 4-many, pistils separate, 1-many, or 2-5, united, fruit various;
flower apocarpous or syncarpous, apopetalous, or apetalous, perigynous, regular.
1. Flowers large, 3-many cm. wide; shrubs with pinnate leaves Rosa
2. Flowers small to medium, 1-3 cm. wide
a. Petals present
(1) Flowers yellow to red
(a) Styles long and hairy, persisting on the fruit
(b) Styles short, inconspicuous
(2) Flowers white to pink
(a) Herbs; clusters few-flowered
(b) Shrubs; clusters many-flowered
b. Petals absent; calyx lobes petal-like
Gcnm
Potentilla
Frag aria
Spiraea
Poterium
Kosa — Rose
(Lat. rosa, Gr. rhodon, rose)
hick, wrinkled; stem densely prickly
R. riigosa
. Geum — Avens
(Gr. reuma, taste, perhaps from the root)
Stem leaves 3-parted ; flowers panicled, red
Potentilla — Potentilla, Cinqfoil, Five-finger
a. at. potens, powerful, from reputed medical properties)
1. Shrubs; leaflets 5-7, hairy; flowers l l / 2 -3 cm. wide
2. Herb-.; flowers ]A-\ l /2 cm. wide
a. Leaflets 5, silvery white below; plants spreading
b. 1 ry on both sides, not silvery; erect
Fragaria — Strawberry
( Lat. fragum, strawberry)
Leaves thick, hairy; flower stalks shorter than the leaves
P. jruiicosa
P. argentea
P. monspeliensis norweg-
ica
F. virginidna
FAB AC K A K
Spiraea Spiraea, M<
(Gr. spiraea, meadowBwi
1. Flowers white, in simple umbels
2. Flowers pink
a. Flowers in umbels or corymbs
b. Flowers in dense pai
* I !r. poterion,
: of 7-19 small leaflets ; flowers green
Poterium Burnel
drinking i up fi im I
purplish, in
/'.
Fabaceae — Pea Family
Herbs <>r woody plants, with alternate usuallj com]
petals typically 5, and of three different forms, standard, win,:
Kss similar, star.. ens 5-many, pistil single, simple, fruil tj
flower apocarpous, apopetalous, hypogynous, irregular.
1. Leaves compound
a. Leaflets digitate or apparently so, 2 IS
(1) Leaflets _'
(2) Leaflets more than 3
(3) Leaflets 3
(a) Leaflets toothed
\. Flowers in slender racemes
y. Flowers in spikes or heads
(x) Flowers blue or yellow
(y) Flowers red or white
(b) Leaflets entire
x. Fruit a legume; mostly climbers
(x) Calyx 5-toothed; cultivated
(y) Calyx 4-tOOthed ; native
y. Fruit a loment or achene ; i
(x) Fruit a 1 -seeded achene
(y) Fruit a loment with 2-several
b. Leaflets pinnate, 4 many, or when fewer,
(1) Climbers or twiners, usually with tendrils
(a) Leaves odd-pinnate; flowers brown-purple
(b) Leaves even-pinnate, tendril-bearing as a rub'
x. Style bearded down one face
y. Style bearded at tip only
(2) Erect herbs; tendrils mere remnants when pi
(a) Leaflets 4; flower- yellow; culti
(b) Leaflets 5 or more
x. Leaves sensitive, closing and di
y. Leaves not sensitive to touch
(x) Flowers pea-like
111. Leaflets 2-14
n. Leaflets 15-21
(v) l'dowers not pea-like
m. Flowers tiny, 4 6 n
(m) Stamens 5
(n) Stamens 10
n. Flowei - 2 I cm. wide, yell.
2. Leaves simple; flowers yellow; shrubby
Lupinus— Lupine
, us,
Leaflets 13-15, lanceolate; flowers bin
O. H. HILL. LIBRARY
North Carolina State College
26
FABACEAE
Melilotus — Sweet Clover
(Gr. meli, honey, lotus, clover, from the fragrant leaves)
1. Flowers white; stem 1-3 m. tall; leaflets notched at tip
2. Flowers yellow; stem 'j-1 m. tall; leaflets blunt
MedicagG — Alfalfa, Nonesuch
..;,-. medi'ke, alfalfa, Lat. -ago, like)
1. Flowers blue; perennial
2. 1 Im» ers yellow ; annual
a. Leaves oval to rounded; pod smooth, black, 1-seeded
b. Leaves cuneate, spotted; pod spiny, coiled, several seeded
M. alba
M. officinalis
M. sat ha: alfalfa,
lucerne
M. liipulina: non, such
71/. maculdia: spotted
medic
Trifolium — Clover. Alsike
(Lat. tri-, three, folium, leaf)
1. Heads round or nearly so
a. Flowers red, rarely white
b. Flowers white to pinkish
(1) Stems erect or ascending, 3-6 dm. high
(2) Stems creeping, 1-2 dm. high
2. Heads oblong to cylindric
a. ILads 3-6 cm. long; red corolla exceeding calyx
b. Heads 1-2 cm. long; whitish corolla shorter than calyx
Phaseolus — Bean
(Gr. phaselus, string-bean)
1. Flower clusters longer than the leaf; flowers usually red
2. Flower clusters shorter than the leaf; flowers not red
a. Flowers greenish-white ; pod broad ; seeds flat
b. Flowers white to purplish; pod narrow; seeds swollen
( 1 ) Twining
(2) Bushy, not twining
T. pratense: red c.
T. hybridum: alsike
T. re pens: -white c:
T. incarndtum: crimson
c.
T. arvense: rabbit-foot
P. multifldrus: scarlet
runner
P. lunatus: lima bean
P. vulgaris: common
kidney b.
P. nanus : bush b.
Falcata — Wild Peanut
(Lat. falcatus, sickle-like, from the form of the keel)
Leaflets ovate; flowers purplish to white; pods both aerial ami subterranean F. comosa
Lespedeza — Bush Clover
Named for Lespedez, a Spanish governor of Florida)
L. capital a
L. Sieboldii
D. gyrans
1. Flowers in heads, creamy or white; native
2. Flowers in racemes, red-purple; cultivated
Desmodium— Tick-Trefoil, Telegraph Plant
(Gr. desmos, bond, chain, from the loment)
Leaflets 3; end leaflet large, lateral ones small, moving up and down
Apios — Groundnut
(Gr. apios, pear, from shape of the tubers)
Flowers purple-brown, fragrant; stems from strings of starchy tubers A. tuberosa
Lathvrus — Sweet Pea, Everlasting Pea
(Gr. lathyros, a kind of pulse)
1. Peduncles 2-4-flowered ; flowers fragrant; annual L. odordtus
2. Peduncles many-flowered; flowers scentless; perennial L. latifolius
SAXIFRAGACEAE— CRASSULACH
\ icia \ eti h,
ll..t V I C I .1 .
1. Climbing; leaflets 20 24; flowers blue, small, refl
2. Erect; flowers large, not reflexed
a. Leaflets 10 14; flowers in 2'^. purplish
b. Leaflets 2-6; flowers clustered, white
Arachis -Peanut
(Gr. arakos.
; ts 4, oblong; flowers yellow, the pod forming below
Mimosa Sensitive I 'knit
m ;r. mimos. actor, fron
Leaves digitate on the common petiole, leaflets many; flowi
( !( »r< milla— ] 'urple I
'i .it. corona, i • >• n - Ilia,
Leaflets 15-21 ; flowers pink to white, in head like uml
I 'etalostemon — I 'rairii
(Gr. petalon, petal, stemon, stamen, from the pel
Leaflets 5, linear; flowers in a short spike, rose-purple
1 >alea I >alea
i Nan
Leaflets 15-40, linear-oblong; flowers white to pink in an o
Cassia — Senna. Partridge Pea
(Gr. cassia, a spice-bearing
Leaflets 20-30, oblong; flower nearly regular, large, yellow
( lenista— ( ienista, Whin
i Celtic, meaning little hush)
Leaves lanceolate; flowers in racemes, small, yellow
Saxifragaceae — Saxifrage Family
Herbs with simple or compound leaves; sepals 1 ; .
ovary 1-2-celled, usually 2-beaked, or sometimes thi
or an achene ; flower typically syncarpous and apopetalous, hj
1. Leaves simple
a. Stamens 4-5
b. Stamens 8-10
2. Leaves 3-ternate; flowers white, in panicles
I teuchera — Alum-i
Leaves rounded, lobed ; B
Saxifi
(Lat. saxum. rock, franno. to brej
Leaves heart-shaped, toothed, with long runners; flow i
small, rose, 2 large, white
Astilbe Vstilbe
(Gr. a-, wltho it, st.ibc.
i oblong to lam •■ ovate : flowers small in a
Crassulaceae— Stonecrop Family
Herbs with fleshy leaves; lis I ; .
3 5. separate as a rule, fruit a small folli
1. Petals se]
2 g HAMAMELIDACEAE— ONAGRACEAE
2. Petals united at the very base
a. Flower in 5's Cotyledon
b. Flower in 4's Bryophyllum
Sedum — Stonecrop
(Lat. secleo, to sit, from the habit of growing on walls and rocks)
1. Creeping; leaves 4-6 mm. long; flowers yellow S. acre: wall pepper
2. Erect; leaves 2 ? cm. long; flowers pink to white S. telephium: live-for-
ever
Cotyledon — Cotyledon
(Gr. kotyiedon, "cup, from the form of the corolla)
Leaves basal, wedge-shaped, glaucous; flowers red C. orbiculdla
Bryophyllum — Bryophyllum
(Gr. bryon, bud, phyllon, leaf, from' the buds which form on the leaf)
Leaves ovate, simple or ternate ; flowers large, greenish, hanging B. calycinum
Hamamelidaceae — Witch-Hazel Family
Shrubs or trees, with simple alternate leaves; sepals 4, petals 4, stamens 8, 4 more or less im-
perfect, ovary 2-celled, styles 2, fruit a capsule; flower syncarpous, apopetalous, hypogynous, regular.
Hamamelis — Witch Hazel
(Gr. hamamelis, a kind of tree)
Tall shrub with obovate leaves; flowers yellow, appearing in autumn just
before leaf-fall II. virginica
Sapindales Maple Order
Sapindaceae — Soapberry Family
plants or climbing herbs, mostly with compound leaves; in the following genus, the sepals
are 4, petals 4, stamens 8, ovary 3-celled, styles 3, fruit a bladdery 3-lobed pod ; flower syncarpous,
apopetalous, hypogynous, nearly regular.
Cardiospermum — Balloon- Vine, Heart-Seed
(Gr. kardia, heart, sperma, seed, from the heart-shaped seed scale)
Leaves 2-ternate, alternate; flower clusters with hook-like tendrils; flowers
white; seed with a heart-shaped scale C. kalicdcabum
Lythrales Loosestrife Order
Lythraceae — Loosestrife Family
Herbs with simple opposite entire leaves; sepals 5-7, united into a tube enclosing the ovary,
petals 4-7 or none, stamens 4-14, ovary 1-4-celled, stigma 1, sometimes 2-lobed, fruit a capsule;
flower syncarpous, apopetalous, rarely apetalous, hypogynous, regular, or somewhat irregular.
1. Petals present; calyx not spurred Lylhrum
2. Petals absent; calyx spurred at base Cuphea
Lythrum — Loosestrife
(Gr. lythron, blood, from the color)
Leaves lanceolate; flowers with 6-7 pink petals L. salicdria
Cuphea — Cigar Plant
(Gr. kuphos, hump, from the spur)
Leaves lance-ovate, glossy; flowers bright red C. platycentra
Onagraceae — Evening-Primrose Family
Herbs or shrubs witli simple leaves; sepals 2-6, united and grown to the ovary, petals 2-6,
mostly 4, stamens 2-12, mostly <S, ovary usually 2-4 celled, stigma one, often 4-lobed ; fruit a capsule
or berry; flower syncarpous, apopetalous, epigynous, regular, rarely irregular.
CUCURBITAC1
1. Flowers regular
a. Herbs; i alyx n < * t brightly < olored
(1) Seeds hairy; (lowers :-purplc in a li
! - Seeds nut hairy ; flowers yellow, « hit
b. Shrubs : calj \ bright ading
2. Flowers irregular; petals apparentlj ; ; stamen 1
Chamaenerium Fin
n;i-. chamal-, ground, nenon, :
Leaves lanceolate, entire; flowers 2 .'<, cm. wide
( lenothera Evening Primro i
(Gr. oinotheras, a p] int « hli
1. Flowers yellow
a. < lapsule vt inged
(1) Plan! low, almost trailing; leaves petioled
(2) linn erect, 3-10 dm. high; leaves sessile
b. Capsule 4 angled, not w inged
(1) Petals about 2 cm. long; native
(2) Petals 3 7 cm. long; cultivated
2. Flowers white to pink or red
a. Stemless
(1) Blooming l>y day
(2) Blooming at nightfall
b. Stemmed
(1) Flowers white; capsule winged
(2) Flowers rose to purple
Fuchsia — Fuchsia
i Named for the < ierman bota •
1. Flowers hanging
a. Tube of calyx shorter than lobes
b. Tube of calyx 2 S times longer than th
2. Flowers erect
a. Erect shrub; flowers in a panicle
b. Trailing; flowers solitary
Lopezia- Lopezia
(Named \'"i an early Spanish naturi
Leaves lance-oblong to ovate; flowers rose, 5 << nun. wide
■'
Cactales Cactus Order
Cucurbitaceae — Gourd Family
Herbs, usually with tendrils and alternate lobed leaves
the ovary, petals usually 5, united, stamens usually 3,
rarely a capsule or achene; flower syncarpous, mom
regular.
1. Flowers large, .i l? cm. mostlj yellow or yellowish
a. Staminate flowers solitary
(1) Flowers white
(2) Flowers yellow
(a) Flowers bright yellow, I ll-shaped ; stigma l<
(b) Flowers pale yellow, shallow; stigma I
b. Staminate flowers clustered
( 1 ) Tendrils present ; fruit 3 6 dm.
(2) Tendrils lacking; fruil I
2. Flowers small. '. 2 cm., white or greenish
a. Leaves compound ; leaflets 3 7
30 BEGONIACEAE— APIACEAE
b. Leaves simple, lobed
(1) Ovary and fruit 1-seeded Sicyos
(2) Ovary and fruit several-seeded Micrampelis
I ,agenaria — Gourd, Calabash
(Lat.'lagena, bottle, from the fruit)
Leaves rounded; the fruit club- or flask shaped L. vulgaris
Cucurbita — Pumpkin, Squash
t l. at. cucubita, squash)
1. Leaves lobed; fruit stalks strongly ridged C. pepo: pumpkin
2. Leaves not lobed; fruit stalks scarcely ridged C. maxima: squash
Cucumis — Cucumber, Muskmelon
that, cucumis, cucumber)
1. Leaves lobed c - sativa: cucumber
2. Leaves rounded, not lobed C. melo: melon
Luffa — Dishcloth Gourd, Vegetable Sponge
(The Arabic name)
Leaves round, many -lobed ; flowers yellowish L. aegyptidca
Ecballium — Squirting Cucumber
(Gr. ekballo, to cast out, from the fruit)
Leaves ovate, heart-shaped at base; flowers yellow E. elateri
urn
Cyclanthera — Cvclanthera
(Gr. kyklos, circle, anthera, anther)
oval, toothed or lobed; fruit ovoid, spiny C. dissecla
Sicyos — Star Cucumber
(Gr. sikyos, cucumber)
with shallow lobes; fruits yellowish, spiny, clustered .S'. anguldtus
Micrampelis — Wild Cucumber, Alock Apple
(Gr. mikros, small, ampelis, vine, from the climbing habit)
Leaves deeply 3-7-lobed; flowers fragrant; fruit bladdery, spiny M. lobdta
Begoniaceae — Begonia Family
Herbs with alternate simple leaves; sepals 2, petals 2-5, stamens many, ovary 2-4-celled, styles
2-4, fruit a triangular capsule; flower syncarpous, monoecious, apopetalous, epigynous, often irreg-
ular.
Begonia — Begonia, Elephant's Ear
(Named for Begon, a governor of Santo Domingo)
The species and varieties are numerous and closely related ; see Bailey's Cyclopaedia of Horti-
culture, 1 :143.
Apiales Parsley Order
Apiaceae — Carrot Family
Herbs, with alternate mostly compound leaves; sepals united and completely fused with the
ovary, the calyx usually appearing absent as a consequence, petals 5, stamens 5, ovary 2-celled,
styles 2, fruit of twin achenes ; flower syncarpous, apopetalous, epigynous, usually regular, the flow-
ers typically in umbels.
1. Flowers in umbels; leaves not prickly
a. Flowers white or cream-colored
(1) Leaves simple, lobed, 2-4 dm. wide; umbels 1-2 dm. wide HeraeJum
(2) Leaves compound
(a) Fruits prickly Daueus
(b) Fruits smooth Apium
RUBIACKAK
b. Mowers yellow, yellowish or
(1) Flowers yellow
(a) Leaf divisions thread like
(b) Leaf ili\ isions broad
(2) Flowers yellowish or greenish
(a) Leaf di\ isions thread like
(b) Leaf divisions wedge-shaped, lobed
2. Flowers in heads
I teracleum I ■ <w Parsnip
(Gr. Herakleios, of H(
Tall, 1-3 m. high; leaves verj hairy
Daucus Carrot
daukos. cai
Leaves finely cut; fruiting umbel cup-shaped
Apium Celery
i Lat apium, pai
Leaves 3-7-pinnately divided; umbels small; in one variety, the i
like
Foeniculum — Fennel
I Lat. foenum, ;
Smooth, 1-2 m. hi^'ti ; sweet aromatic
I 'astinaca — Parsnip
(Lat. pastus. ; 1 1
Leaflets coarse, toothed or lobed; poisonous when wild
Anethum— Dill
i ( tr. anethon. amson.
Stem smooth, about 1 m. high ; petals falling quickly
( 'arum — Parsley
(Gr. karon, carun
Flowers greenish; cultivated
Eryngium— Sea I folly
(Gr. eryngion, nun.- ..<' a |
1. Bracts below the head 7-8
2. Bracts below the head 10-20
Rubiales Madder Order
Rubiaceae — Madder Family
Herbs or shrubs with opposite or whorled li
ovary, or with 4-5 free lobes, petals 4 5 or more
a 2-seeded capsule; (lower syncarpous, sympetal
1. Leaves whorled; flowers tiny, 4 part.-. 1
2. Leaves opposite; flowers large
a. Flowers solitary, fragrant
b. 1' lowers clusti red ; i orolla -1 lobed
Galium I '>l-<\--
(Gr. galion, bedstraw, gala, milk, from th<
Leaves lance-linear, in 4"-~ ; flowers wb ite, in a pai
( iardenia I lardenia, I ape
i Named for i '■ Garden, an Am. •
Leaves oblong, bright green; flowers
i N Lined foi
Leaves opposite, o\ ate acuminati
32 CAPRIFOLIACEAE— DIPSACEAE
Caprifoliaceae — Honeysuckle Family
Shrubs or vines, rarely herbs, with mostly simple opposite leaves ; sepals united, more or less
completely fused with the ovary, petals 5, united, ovary 2-5 celled, stigma 1-3, fruit a capsule or berry;
flower syncarpous, sympetalous, epigynous, regular or irregular.
Lonicera — Honeysuckle
(Named fur the German herbalist, I.onitzer)
Leaves oblong, united in pairs above; flowers trumpet-like, red or yellow;
berry red L. sempervirens: trump-
et h.
Campanales Bluebell Order
Campanulaceae — Bluebell Family
Herbs with alternate leaves and milky juice; sepals 5, united, petals 5, united, stamens 5, ovary
2-5-celled, stigmas 25, fruit a capsule; flower syncarpous, sympetalous, epigynous, regular or ir-
regular.
1. Flowers regular
a. Flowers bell-shaped Campanula
b. Flowers cup- or saucer-shaped Platycodon
2. Flowers irregular, the tube slit Lobelia
Campanula — Bluebell, Harebell
(Lat. campana, bell, from the form of the corolla)
1. Stigmas 3; calyx without appendages
a. Native; flowers nodding; leaves linear C. rotundifolia
b. Cultivated
(1) Flowers solitary; leaves ovoid, petioled C. carpdthica
(2) Flowers in a raceme; leaves lance-ovate, sessile C. rapunculoidcs
2. Stigmas 5 ; calyx with leafy appendages C. medium: Canterbiiry
bells
Platycodon — Platycodon
(Gr. platys, flat, kodon, belli from the corolla)
Leaves ovate, toothed; corolla blue or white, 4-6 cm. wide P. grandiflorum
Lobelia — Lobelia
(Named for the herbalist Lobelius)
Stems tufted, 4-6 in. high ; leaves lanceolate ; flowers blue L. crimes
Asterales Aster Order
Valerianaceae — Valerian Family
Herbs with opposite leaves; sepals adherent to the ovary, often invisible in flower, becoming
pappus-like in fruit, petals 5, united, stamens 1-3, ovary 3-celled, but only one cell with an ovule,
stigmas 1-3, fruit an achene ; flower syncarpous, sympetalous, epigynous, regular or irregular.
1. Stamens 3; corolla without basal spur Valeriana
2. Stamen 1 ; corolla with basal spur Centrdnthus
Valeriana — Valerian
(Lat. valeo, to be well, from the medicinal root)
1. Leaflets 11-21 V. officinalis
2. Leaflets 3-7
a. Rootstalk horizontal V. pint
b. Rootstalk long, tuberous V. edit! is
Centranthus — Spurred Valerian
(Gr. kentron, spur, anthos, flower)
Leaves lance-ovate, nearly entire; flowers red to white C. ruber
Dipsaceae — Teasel Family
Herbs with opposite leaves; calyx tube forming a border above the ovary, corolla 4-5-lobed,
stamens 4, ovary 1-eelled, stigma 1, fruit an achene; flower syncarpous, sympetalous, epigynous,
regular or irregular.
ASTKKACKAK
1. Flowers in an oblong prickly head
2. Flowers in a Rat bead, without pricklei
<;r. dipsakos,
leaves I ; flowers bluis
Scabu »sa
scabies. Itch, from I
1. Flowers pui pie, red i r white
:. Flowers ligl
Asteraceae — Aster Family
Herbs with flowers in dense involu
etc., or wanting, petals 5, stamens . ; or 0, united by their antl
2-cleft, stigmas 2; flower syncarpous, sympetalous, regulai
head may be all tube-shaped, or the outer row or so r>
shaped. The receptacle is rial or re or less conical,
bearing -rales among the flowers. The head is surrounded bj I
Key to the Genera
1. Flowers tube-shaped, no ray or ribbon-like ll"-.
a. I lowers bright coloi
( 1) Leaves or involui n
(a) Leaves spiny
x. Pappus of plumj bi
I x i [nvolucral scales thick ai
j | [nvolu ral Males not thii
y. Pappus ■
(b) Involucre spiny with hooked *
2 ; Leaf and involui re without sj
(a) Heads in long spikes
34
ASTERACEAE
(b) Heads in flat-topped clusters, or single
x. Involucrai scales dry and papery, yellow to white or red
(x) Leaves white-cottony, extending along the stem as wi
(y) Leaves not white-cottony, stem not winged
}■ Involucrai Males not papery, usually green
(x) Heads white, yellowish or purplish; native
in. Heads whit.-, pink or purplish
n. Heads yellowish
(y) Heads deep purple or blue
m. Heads deep purple; native
n. Heads blue, rarely white; cultivated
b. Flowers greenish; heads inconspicuous
(1) Leaves broad, ovale, not deeply lobed
(a) Involucre forming a hooked bur
(b) Involucre not hooked
(2) Leaves narrow or deeply lobed
(a) Leaves strong-scented"
x. Pappus a short crown
Ammobium
Helichrysum
Eupatoriu,
Kuhnia
Vernon'ia
Age vat um
Xanthium
Iva
Tanaceium
te head of Cosmos with long sectior
ray flower and tubular or disk flower.
ASTEKACKAi:
y. Pappus
| x I Re< ■ ptai le smooth
Receptai le chaffj
(b) Leaves not strong s< ented
\. Pappus a crown, or none
y. Pappus oi two or more barbed awm
2. Flowers of two kinds, tubular and ray, 01 ..II raj
a. Ilea. Is with chaff, i. e., each Bower with a
(1) Ray flowers trumpet-shaped
(2) Kay flowers flat, ribbon- or strap sfa
(a) Kays white
\. I .. aves pinnately dissec ted, strong •
y. Leaves not dissei ted or strong - •
(b) Rays yelloM or purple
x. 1 >isk globose to cylii
(x) Chafl stoul or spiny; rays white, red oi ; .
in. Chaff equalling the disk flowers
ii. Chaff much longer than the disk ll. i
(y) < l,.iM -..ii ; raj - yellow
in. 1 lisk globose ; a< hem - -1 angled
n. Disk oblong to cylindric; achenes wing marj
y. I »isk Hat or slightly
(x) Bracts of the involucre united, at leasl
in. Chafl broad; achenes flat, winged-marg
ii. ( 'hall' linear or long pointed : a. henes not i! il
(m) Kays white to pink or red
(n) Rays yellow to maroon
r. Pappus teeth barbed upward or downward
s. Pappus teeth smooth or lacking
(y) Bracts not united, or somewhat so at
m. Achenes broad, winded
(m) Rays in 2-3 rows; disk flow
(n) Kays in 1 row; disk flowers fi
n. Achenes not winged
(m) Kays neutral, deciduous
r. Pappus of t\\<> triangular awns;
s. Pappus of two awns and small -
(n) Kays pistillate, persistent; pappus crown-like
b. Heads without chaff ; the receptacle slightly bi
(1) Pappus of capillarj bristles
(a) Rays yellow
\. I leads small, 2 8 mm.
Heads larger, 1-3 cm.
Kays white to blue or purple
x. I leads single, on shorl
y. I leads several many
(x) Kays narrow an., many; br... !- in 1 i r<
i y i Kays broader and ewer; bri
m. Pappus double ; i ultivati d annual
n. Pappus single ; native
i m I Heads in a
I leads in a i j on
(2) Pappus none, or of ; 12
(a) Pappus
\. .\. disk small ai
(b)
'
-
I
■
■
.
36
ASTERACEAE
y. Achenes of disk normal
(x) Achenes flat
(y) Achenes 4 angled
(b) Pappus present
x. Rays white
(x) Pappus of bristles and awns
(y) Pappus a short-toothed crown
in. Receptacle nearly Hat
n. Receptacle conic or ovoid
y. Rays yellow or orange
(x) Bracts united into a deep cup
m. Leaves finely cut; heads very small
n. Leaves coarsely cut ; heads large
(y) Bracts not united
m. Bracts squarrose-spreading
n. Bracts not squarrose-spreading
(m) Leaves typically lobed ; achenes densely hairy
(n) Leaves not lobed; achenes smooth or nearly so
3. Flowers strap-shaped, all alike
Achillea
Chrysanthemum
Bolt on ia
Chrysanthemum
Matricaria
Dysodia
Tagetes
Grindelia
Gaillardia
Helenium
Ligulate head of dandelion, Taraxacum; showing the habit of the plant, long section of the head,
Jigulate or strap-shaped flower, and a parachute fruit.
ASTERAC
Heads on a scape
I [eads "ii a leafy stem
( 1 ) Pappus branches united by hairs
ippus brani hes aot so tin
(a) Pappus capillary
\. Achenes flattened
'. henes liluiu
(y) Achenes beaked
v. Achenes cj lindric or angled
(x) Flowers yellow or orange
in. Pappus brown »r brownish
n. Pappus white
(y) Flowers white or cream-colored
(b) Pappus of blunt scales; flowers blue
.
Cynara — Artichoke, < ardoon
(Gr. kinara,
1. Leaves woolly below; head smooth
2. Leaves smooth; heads prickly
1. Heads less than 3 cm.
Carduus— Thistle
<I.at. carduus, thistle)
2. Heads more than 3 cm.
a. Lower surface of leaf brown hairy
b. Lower surface of leaf densely white woolly
(1) Leaves usually lobed or dentate
(2) Leaves typically pinnatilid
(a) Leaves white woolly above
(b) Leaves green above
•
Carthamus — Safflower, False Saffron
(Ar. qartama, paint, because of tl
Leaves oblong-ovate; flowers orange
Arctium Bur '
(Gr. arktion, a plant, from arktos.
A biennial weed with large ox air leaves
Laciniaria- Blazing
(Lat. laclnla, •■
1. Bracts pointed
a. 1 [eads 1 . ; 60 flowered
(1) Tips of bracts rig ing
(2) Tips closely appressed
b. 1 leads 3 6 flowered
(1) Heads , rowded in a long
(2) lb-ads loose in a shorl
2. Bracts obtuse, not pointed
a. Heads in 25 mm., 1 ; 45 M ■■•
b. Heads -1 8 mm., S 1 ; flowi
Ammobiui
(Gr, amnios. ' I, bl *•
Leaves lanceolate, cottony, extern ing
'
38 * ASTERACEAE
Helichrysum — Everlasting
(Gr. helios, sun, chrysos, gold, referring- to the golden heads of some varieties)
Leaves lance-oblong, entire; scales papery, yellow, white or pink //. bractedium
Eupatorium — Eupatorium
(Gr. eupatorion, a kind of medicinal plant)
1. Leaves petioled
a. Leaves in whorls of 3-6
(1) Leaves hairy and wrinkled E. maculdtum
(2) Leaves smooth E. purpureum: Joe-pye
weed
b. Leaves opposite E. ageratoides: sanicle
2. Leaves sessile, opposite as a rule
a. Leaves narrowed at base E. altissimum
b. Leaves clasping, perfoliate E. perfolidtum; boneset
Kuhnia — Knhnia
(Named for Dr. Kuhn, a botanical collector of the 18th century)
Leaves lanceolate ; heads cream-colored K. eupalorioides
Vernonia — Iron weed
(Named for Vernon, an English botanist)
1. Bracts with long spreading awns V. noveboracensis
2. Bracts merely acute V. fasciculdta
Agerat.um — Ageratum
(Gr. ageraton, everlasting)
Leaves ovale or cordate; flowers blue, rarely white A. mexicdna
Xanthium — Cocklebur
(Gr. name of a plant yielding a yellow dye; xanthos, yellow)
Leaves ovate; involucre with hooked spines X. canadense
Iva — Marsh Elder
(Of doubtful meaning)
Leaves ovate, white below; involucre smooth /. xanthifolia
Tanacetum — Tansy
(From tansy, everlasting, from Gr. athanasia, immortality)
Leaves twice pinnatifid, strong-scented; flowers greenish yellow T. vulgdre
Artemisia — Wormwood
(From Artemisia, wife of Mausolus)
1. Leaves entire or lobed at tip
a. Leaves glabrous, linear A _ dracunculoides
b. Leaves densely hairy or woolly
(1) Leaves linear j_ glaiica
(2) Leaves oblong to lanceolate A. gnaphalodcs
2. Leaves divided
a. Heads erect
(1) Leaves typically hairy; perennial A. canadensis
(2) Leaves glabrous; annual or biennial A. biennis
b. Heads drooping
(1) Leaves silvery
(a) Leaf segments linear A. frigida
(b) Leaf segments broad, ovoid A. absinthium
(2) Leaves green A _ a b r 6ianum
Ambrosia — Ragweed, Kinghead
(Gr. name of a plant)
1. Leaves palmately divided; tall A trifida
ASTERACEAE
2. Leaves pinnately divided
a. Annual; fertile heads clustered; involu
b. Perennial; fertile heads solitary; involu i
Bidens— Biden .
I I at. bi-, two, dens, tooth, 1 '.■■
1. Heads yellow
a. Heads nodding after flowering
b. Heads always erect
( 1) Rays i onspii uou >; heads l 6
(2) Rays small or wanting; heads 1 4 cm.
(a) Leaves not divided
x. Outer bracts 2-4 times longer than
y. Outer bracts not longer than hi
(b) Leaves pinnately 3-5-divided
2. Heads red
Centaurea — Bachelor's Button, Bluel
(Gr. nam.-
K'-.'fe
Head of bluebottle, Centaur<
Leaves gray, linear; rays blue, more rarely white or pink
40
ASTERACEAE
Anthemis — Chamomile, Mayweed
(Gr. anthemis, flower, perhaps referring to the many flowers)
1. Rays white
a. Rays pistillate
(1) Chad acute or pointed A. arvensis
(2) Chaff blunt or rounded A. nobilis
b. Rays without pistils A. cotula
2. Rays yellow A. tinctoria
Galinsoga — Galinsoga
(Named for Galinsoga, a Spanish botanist)
Row weed, with inconspicuous rays and broad leaves G. parviflora
Zinnia — Zinnia
(Named for Zinn, a German botanist)
Cultivated annuals, generally with double or partly double flower heads of
various shades of dull yellow, orange, red and purple Z. elegans
Echinacea — Purple Coneflower
(Gr. echinos, hedgehog, referring to the bristly head)
1. Leaves dentate; rays 15-20, dull purple
2. Leaves entire; rays 12-15, rose-purple
Rudbeckia — Coneflower
(Named for the Swedish botanists, Rudbeck)
1. Heads single
a. Leaves entire or nearly so; disk purple-brown
b. Leaves deeply cut, except the upper ; disk yellow
2. Heads doubled
1. Disk cvlindric, yellow
2. l>isk oblong, brown
Ratibida — Coneflower
(Of doubtful meaning)
Dahlia— Dahlia
(Named for Dahl, a Swedish botanist)
Roots tuberous, fascicled; leaves pinnate; flowers white to red
Cosmos — Cosmos
(Gr. kosmos, order, world)
Leaves twice pinnatifid ; flowers white to red, rarely yellow
Coreopsis — Coreopsis, Tickseed
(Gr. koris, bug, opsis, likeness)
1. Leaves 2-pinnate ; rays often maroon
2. Leaves 1 -pinnate or simple
a. Annual; leaves or leaflets oval
b. Perennial ; leaves or leaflets lanceolate
(1) Leaves with 3, sometimes 5, leaflets
(2) Leaves simple
3. Leaves palmately 3-lobed
Silphium — Silphium
(Or. name of a resinous plant)
1. Leaves simple, united at base into a cup
2. Leaves very larye, deeply pinnatifid
E. pur pure a
E. angustijolia
R. hirta
R. lacinidta
R. lacinidta: golden glow
R. columndris
R. pinndta
D. variabilis
C. bipinndtus
C. tinctoria
C. Drummondi
C. tripleris
C. lanceoldta
C. palmdta
S. perfolidium: cup plant
S. lacinidtum : compass
plant
Yerbesina
(Of doubtful meaning)
Tall cultivated perennial with rouyh lanceolate leaves and yellow flowers; disk
flowers large, campanulate r _ altemifolia
ASTERAC 'I
antho«, !'
(Gr. helios,
1. Disk brown or purplish
a. Leaves opposite, thii k, lai
b. 1 eaves mostly alternate, tl
in the cultivated forms
2. Disk yellow
a. I eaves long, mostly lam e shaped
(1) Leaves petioled ; stem glaui ous
(2) Leaves sessile
i a I Stem smooth
(b) Stem rough
x. I.. -axes mostly enlin . Ided
y. Leaves toothed, flat
b. Leaves ovoid
( 1) Stem smooth or soft hairy
(2) Stem rough or bristly hairy
■
//.
.
//.
•
11.
11.
II,
Leaves
1 telianthella— Alpine Sunfl
< A Greek-Latin hybrid, meaning
long; heads 5-10 cm. wide, yellow //.
(Gr. helios,
Leaves ovate; rays pistillate, yellow
1 [eliopsi — i Ixeye
i, opsis, look, from tin
Solidago -I lolden-rod
(Lat. soiidus, whole, fn m Its reputi
1. Heads in a fla( topped cluster
a. Kays fewer than the disk flowers
(1) Leaves ovate to oblong, rough
(2) Leaves long, lanceolate, smooth
b. Rays more numerous than the disk flov
2. Ili-ads in a terminal much-branched conical cluster
a. Stem and leaves glabrous <>r nearly su
(1) Heads in a compact rounded thyrse
(2) Heads in one-sided spreading clusters
(a) Leaves 3 nerved
x. Tall, 1-2 m. high ; along streams and !■
v. Low. ! ■ in. high; on prairies and plains
(b) Leaves without a strong pair of later..!
x. Racemes few ; heads 4 6 mm. high
v. Racemes many; head- 3-4 mm. high
b. Stems and leaves hairy
( 1 ) Leaves lam i olate, serra . long pointed
(2) Leaves oblanceolate to broadly span.'
(a) Leavt - green, rough on both -
(b) Leaves graj or ash)
x. Leaves faintly 3 nerved
v. Leaves strongly 3 nerved
3. Heads mostly in axillary clusters
a. Kays white ; leaves hairy, Munt
b. Rays yellow ; have- smooth, long ;
i
Chrysopsis
chrysos, gold, epi •
Leaves hairy,
4 2
ASTERACEAE
Belli
•English Daisy
Leaves basal, spatulate ;
(Lat. bellis, daisy, from bellus, beautiful)
heads usually double, white to pink
B. perennis
(Gr. eri-,
1. Heads 2-3 mm. wide;
2. Heads 5-20 mm. wide
a. Rays 40-70
b. Rays 100-150
Erigeron — Daisy
very, geron, old man, referring
rays inconspicuous
; rays conspicuous
to the hoary heads)
E. canadensis
Callistephus — Garden Aster
ulr. kalli-, beautiful, stephos, wreath)
Double asters of the garden
Aster — Aster
(Gr. aster, star, in reference to the head)
1. Lower leaves heart-shaped, petioled
a. Rays white, violet or pink
(1) Rays white, 6-10
(2) Rays violet, 5-16
b. Rays blue to purple
(1) Leaves entire
(2) Leaves toothed
(a) Stem smooth
x. Heads 4-6 mm. high; leaves hairy
y. Heads 6-10 mm. high; leaves smooth
(b) Stem finely hairy
2. Lower leaves not petioled and heart-shaped
a. Stem leaves clasping by a heart-shaped base
(1) Stem smooth or nearly so
(a) Leaves entire
x. Leaves oblong to ovate
y. Leaves linear or lance-linear
(x) Bracts of the involucre in 3-4 rows
(y) Bracts of the involucre in 1-2 rows
(b) Leaves toothed
(2) Stem rough or hairy
(a) Leaves entire
x. Stem rough
y. Stem hairy
(b) Leaves toothed
b. Leaves sessile, slightly or not at all clasping
(1) Leaves densely silky-silvery, entire; rays blue
(2) Leaves not silky-silvery
(a) Stem leaves linear, entire
x. Heads 16-25 mm. wide
y. Heads 6-12 mm. wide
(x) Heads in 1-sided racemes
(y) Heads not in 1-sided racemes
(b) Stem leaves oblong to lanceolate
x. Stem and leaves hairy
y. Stem and leaves not hairy
(x) Heads 10-15 mm. wide
(y) Heads 15-25 mm. wide
Leaves lanceolate;
Doellingera — Doellingera
(Named for Doellinger, a botanical explorer)
rays small, white
annuus
philadelphicus
C. chi
divaricatus
macrophyllus
cordijolius
sagittifolius
Drummondii
A. lev is
A. junceus
A. longi/dlius
A. levis
A. patens
A. novae-dngliae
A. puniceus
A. sericeus
A. ptarmacoides
A. multiflorns
A. ericoides
A. oblongifolius
A. Tradescdnti
A. salicij alius
(inch A. paniculdtus)
D. umbelldta
ASTERACKAi:
Achillea
(Nat, i
1. Heads white
a. Heads single ; leaves finely disse
b. Heads double; leaves simple
2. Heads yellow
Chrysanthemum— Chrysanthemum, 1
(Gr. chrysos, gold, snthsmon,
1. Heads large, few or solitary
a. Heads with a single row of whit-
(1) Leaves spatulate
(a) Weed with narrow, deeply cul l<
(b) Cultivated plant with thick crenate li
(2) Leaves lance-ovate, toothed; cul'
b. Heads variously colored, usually with many r<
(1) The various showy "chrysanthemums"' arc hybri
and C. morifoliuin
(2) Heads rose or pink, single garden form
2. Heads small, numerous, often double; leaves deeply cut pinnatifid
Matricaria I Chamomile
(From its use in medicine; cfr. Lat, matrix)
Annual, with smooth aromatic deeply cut leaves and small white
or double At.
Boltonia— Boltonia
i Named for Bolton, an English botanist of tl
Leaves entire; rays white to purplish
Tagetes -Marigold
oubtful m< •
Leaves pinnate; head single or double; rays yellow or orange
Grindelia I Irindelia
(Named for Grlndel, a Russian
Leaves simple, toothed; heads yellow, sticky
Helenium Sneezeweed
(Gr. heienion, i a nl ■
1. Stems winged; heads 2-4 cm. wide
2. Stems not winged ; heads 6-8 cm. wide
Gaillardia Gaillan
i Named for the botai
1. Annual; rays brown-purple, yellow at tip
2. Perennial; rays yellow, or brown-purple at base
Calendula Mari
(Lat. kalendae, months,
Leaves oblong, sessile; heads single or double
Taraxacum- 1 >.m<:<
(Gr. tarassc, I
Leaves lobed or dissected ; b< a
Dys
(Gr. dysodes, lll-sm.-lllnir. n B
Leaves deeply pinnatifid; heads small, yellow
Tragopogon Salsify, i nt, ' ; "
(Gr, tra'gos. goat, pog.m
1. Heads yellow; bracts not longer than th(
2. Heads purple; bracts much longer thai
44 ASTERACEAE
Sonchus — Sow-thistle
(Gr. name of the sow-thistle)
1. Perennial; heads 2-3 cm. wide S. arvensis
2. Annual
a. Achenes wrinkled crosswise; ears of leaves acute S. olerdceus
b. Achenes 3-striate on each side ; ears rounded 5". dsper
Lactuca — Lettuce
(Lat. lactuca, lettuce, from lac, milk, referring to the miiky juice)
1. Pappus white
a. Flowers '.due L. pulchella
b. Flowers yellow or cream-colored
(1) Cultivated L. saiiva
(2) Native
(a) Leaves twisteu into a vertical position, midrib spiny L. scariosa
(b) Leaves normal, pinnatifid ; margin spiny L. ludovicidna
2. Pappus brown L. spicdia
Hieracium — Hawkweed
(Gr. hieracium, hawkweed, from hierax, hawk)
1. Leaves and stem with hairs 2-3 cm. long; achene long-beaked II. longipilutn
2. Leaves and stem with short stout hairs; achenes truncate II. scdbrum
Crepis — Hawksbeard
(Gr. krepis, boot, base, perhaps from the basal rosette)
Leaves lanceolate, pinnatitid ; heads yellow C. tectorum
Nabalus — Nabalus
(Latinized form of the Indian name)
1. Pappus dark brown N. dlbus
2. Pappus straw-color
a. Involucre hairy N. dsper
b. Involucre smooth N. altissimus
Cichorium — Chicory
(Latinized form of the Arabic name)
Leaves lobed ; heads blue C. intybus
Monocotyledons
Alismales Arrowhead Order
Alismaceae— Arrow-head Family
Aquatic and marsh herbs, with fibrous roots, flowers in clusters; sepals 3, not petal-like, petals 3,
stamens 6-many, pistils several-many; flowers apocarpous, apopetalous, hypogynous, regular.
1. Each pistil 1-seeded
a. Flowers perfect ; pistils in a ring Alisma
1). Pistillate and staminate flowers separate; pistils covering a convex
receptacle Sagiltaria
2. Each pistil many-seeded
a. Stamens 9, fertile Butomus
b. Numerous fertile and sterile stamens Hydrocleis
Alisrria — Water-plantain
(Gr. alisma, a water plant)
Native plant with ovate leaves, and many small flowers in an upright panicle A. planlago-aqudtka
Sagittaria — Arrow-head
(Lat. sagitta, arrow, from the shape of the leaves)
spei ies, mostly blooming in midsummer
1. Leaves arrow-shaped; pistillate flowers obviously stalked S. latifolia
2. Leaves linear, ovate, or rarely arrow-shaped; pistillate flowers not
stalked S. rigida
HYDROCHARITACEAE— A RACE/
Buti »mus
• mi
A single European spa ies sometimes > ulth
I [ydrocleis \\ :
(< Sr. hydro-, water, kieis.
A single tropical s]
yellow
Hydrales Water Weed Order
Hydrocharitaceae — Water-weed Family
Submerged or floating aquatic herbs; sepals 3, petal
3-9-parted, ovary l-9-celled; flower syncarpous, apopetali .
regular, usually dioecious.
1. Stems elongated, branched; leaves small, in wh<
thread-like tube
2. Stems undeveloped; leaves long, grass-like
Philotria — Water-weed
(Gr. philos, loving, trin.
Small native submerged aquatic, often cultivated in aquaria; pistillal
ers with a long, thread-like perianth-tube
Vallisneria — Eel-grass
( Named for Vallisni
Submerged grass-like aquatic; pistillate flowers on long ci
Arales Arum Order
Araceae — Arum Family
Herbs, or somewhat shrubby, with flowers in a dense ih]
or surrounded by a spathe ; sepals 4-6 or 0, petals 0,
pous, apetalous, ovary sunk in the fleshy axis. The autumn
vated greenhouse plants.
1. Spadix covered with flowers to the tip
a. Stem thick, elongated; leaves perforated
b. Stem not appearing above ground; spathe ex]
2. End of spadix without flowers
a. Spathe hood liki tnple, entire
b. Spathe expanded, ill smelling, preceding the larj
Monstera
Half-climbing plant with aerial roots and edible fruit
Zantedeschia i
i Named for Zai I
Commonly cultivated plant with arro i sha|
on long stalks
Arum
Flowers on lower part of spadix, tl
arated \<\ fringe like sterile B<
Amorph
Flowers on lower part of spadix: spall
4 6 COMMELINACEAE— LILIACEAE
Liliales Lily Order
Commelinaceae — Spiderwort Family
Upright or trailing herbs with fleshy leaves of moderate thickness; mucilaginous sap; sepals 3
or 0, petals 3, stamens 3 or 6, pistil 1, ovary 2-3-celled; flower syncarpous, apopetalous or sympetal-
ous, hypogynous, regular or irregular; sepals not petal-like, petals usually withering in one day.
1. Flowers regular; stamens 6
a. Petals separate Tradescantia
b. Base of petals united to form a tube Zebrina
2. Flowers irregular ; fertile stamens 3 Commelina
Tradescantia — Spiderwort, Wandering Jew
(Named for Tradescant, an English gardener)
1. Native species with linear leaves; flowers chiefly in early summer
a. Sepals and pedicels smooth T. reflexa
b. Sepals glandular pubescent
(1) Leaves and bracts 5-10 mm. wide T. occidentals
(2) Leaves and bracts 1-2 cm. wide T. bractedta
2. Cultivated species with ovate or lanceolate leaves
a. Creeping plant, -rooting at the joints ; leaves green or white striped ;
flowers white T. flumincnsis
b. Plant half prostrate, not widely creeping; flowers rose-colored T. micrdntha
Zebrina — Wandering Jew
(From zebra, referring to the striped leaves)
Creeping plant with variegated leaves, purple beneath Z. pcndula
Commelina — Day Flower
(Named for the brothers Commelin, Dutch botanists)
Branching annual weed with bright blue flowers C. communis
Liliaceae — Lily Family
Herbaceous plants with scapes or leafy stems growing from bulbs, corms or rootstocks, rarely
shrubby; sepals 3, petals 3, stamens 6, pistil 1, ovary 3-celled, superior; flowers syncarpous,
apopetalous or sympetalous, hypogynous, regular or nearly so ; sepals usually petal-like.
1. Plants with evident above-ground stems bearing the leaves, or leaf-like
twigs
a. Plants with true leaves
(1) Leaves thick and fleshy; flowers small, numerous, in elongated
leafless spikes or racemes
(a) Perianth tubular, with scarcely any limb
(b) Tips of petals and sepals free, spreading, irregular
(2) Leaves not thick and fleshy; flowers large, solitary or in loose
leafy clusters
(a) Flower solitary; stem bearing 1-2 leaves
(b) Flowers usually several ; stem bearing many leaves
b. True leaves reduced to minute scales, foliage consisting of needle-like
or leaf-like twigs in the axils of the scale-leaves
(1) Herbaceous; flowers and fruit borne on ordinary twigs
(2) Shrubby ; flowers and fruit borne on the leaf-like twigs
2. Stemless plants
a. Flowers borne on erect leafless scapes, usually in clusters
(1) Leaves ovate to lanceolate
(a) Flowers trumpet-shaped, each lasting one day Funkia
(b) Flowers bell-shaped, persistent Convallaria
(2) Leaves linear, each flower lasting several days
(a) Plants with thickened roots and no true bulb
x. Flowers in umbels, blue or white Agapanthus
Aloe
Haworthia
Tulifa
Lilium
Asparagus
Ruscus
LILIACBAE
y. Flowers in an elongated spike, 01
/.. Flowers in a brani hed p. mi. le,
(b) Plants with true bulbs
x. Flowers vi ith an involui re
(x) Flower solitary
(v) Flowers in a cluster
v. I lower i luster \\ ithout an involui re
I x 1 Trials ami sepals separate
in. Petals and sepals white or greenish, n
n. Petals and sepals blue (rarely whiti .
(y) Petals and sepals united at the base into ■
Flowers solitary, Lome due, ii v ,,„ the under-groun
(1) Plant with a corm; flower conspicuous
(2) Plant with a creeping rootstock; flowers in
Aloe— Aloe
une)
Fleshy greenhouse plants; the leaves usually spiny
1. Leaves many ranked
a. Stem obvious, branching; leaves 3-7 dm. long with
1). Stems short, covered with the small warty leaves
2. Leaves 3-ranked, warty and mottled
1 [aworthia
(Named for Haworth, an El
Fleshy greenhouse plant with short Stem, and small whitish ll
Tulipa -Tulip
1 X. I., tulipa, turban, from tb< foi n
Spring-flowering bulbs, often force. 1 into winter blooming. I
forms are generally considered as forming the two sp<
1. Early flowering, pubescent
2. Late flowering, smooth
Lilium — Lily
1 I. at. nam.- of the lily, Or. lemon |
1. Autumn-blooming species, sometimes delayed for indoor n
ing ; flowers usually spotted or striped on a white gi
a. Flower flat; petals reflexed from the base
b. Flower open bell-shaped ; petals reflexed only at the •
with a broad central stripe
2. Early summer-blooming species, often forced; flowers
a. Basal leaves broad; flower open bell shaped
b. Leaves all narrow lanceolate; flower trumpet
■
Asparagus Vs]
iTIi,- ■
Foliage twigs thread like
a. Hardy vegetable witli upright steins
b. « Greenhouse twiner
Foliage twigs broader, leaf like
a. Foliage twigs linear: branches drooping
b. Foliage twigs ovate lanceolate; st^ns twining
Riiscus Butcher's
Foliage twigs leathery, ovate Ian
48 PONTEDERIACEAE
Funkia — Day Lily
(Named for Funck, a German botanist)
Garden plants with trumpet-shaped flowers
1. Flowers white, fragrant F. subcorddia
2. Flowers bluish
a. Leaves broad ovate ; flowers deep blue F. ovdta
b. Leaves narrow ovate to lanceolate ; flowers pale lilac F. lancifolia
Convallaria — Lily-of-the-valley
(Lat. convallis, a deep valley)
Spring-blooming hardy plant with racemes of fragrant bell-shaped flowers ;
often forced for winter blooming C. majdlis
Agapanthus
(Gr. agape, love, anthos, flower)
Large half-hardy pot plant with umbels of blue or white trumpet-shaped
flowers A. umbelldius
Kniphofia — Red-hot Poker
(Named for Kniphof, a German botanist)
Half-hardy plant with an elongated spike of tubular scarlet and yellow flowers K. aloides
Chlorophytum
(Gr. ehloros, green, phyton, plant)
Pot plant with stolons, and loose panicles of white flowers C. datum
Tritelia
(Gr tri-, three, teleos, complete)
Bulbous plant with solitary whitish flowers, spring-blooming but forced in
late winter 7. umflora
Allium — Onion
(Lat. name of the onion)
Bulbous plant with umbels of small white flowers, often forced in greenhouses A. neapolildmim
Ornithogalum
(Gr. ornis, ornithos, bird, gala, milk)
1. Flowers over 2 cm. across, white with a black pistil O. ardb'uum
2. Flowers less than 2 cm. across, white with green stripes O. cauddtum
Scilla
(Lat. scilla, Gr. skilla, sea-onion)
Very early spring-blooming bulb, sometimes forced ; flowers bright blue S. sibirica
Hvacinthus — Hyacinth
(The Greek name)
Spring-blooming bulbous plant, often forced in winter; fragrant flowers in a
dense raceme II. orientdlis
Colchicum
(Greek name of some poisonous plant)
flowers in autumn without leaves or stems, pink-purple, crocus-like C. autumndle
Aspidistra
Pot plant with large leathery lanceolate leaves (sometimes variegated) from
a creeping rootstock ; flowers fleshy, almost concealed in the earth, their
parts in 4's A. lurida
Pontederiaceae — Pickerel -weed Family
Aquatic and marsh plants; flower clusters subtended by leaf-like spathes ; sepals 3, petals 3,
stamens 6, pistil 1, ovary 3-celled or 1-celled; flower syncarpous, sympetalous, hypogynous, irregular;
sepals and petals similar, united, and forming a 2-lipped perianth.
CYPBRACBAE
I N . I ■
ingle native species growing in i
Poales ( irass ( )rder
Cyperaceae — Sedge Family
Grass-like herbs, animal or pen nnial ; ■■
mostly long and narrow, with closed sheaths, 3-ranked on ll
ii h (lower in the axil of a
barbed bristles or hairs, scales 2-\
attache, 1 at the basi ; pistil « ith 2
triangular nutlet or .
Key
the Genera
1. Flowers perfect, spikes (spikelets) all of one -
a. Spikes cone-shaped; scales very numen
(1) Achene crowned by a cap or tubercle
(2) Achenes without a cap or tubei
b. Spikes (spikelets) flattened; scales 2 ranked
(1) Flowers without bristles, achenes
(2) Flowers with 6-10 bristles, iked
2. Flowers monoecious, in the same or in
dioecious ; achene enclosed in a
Heleocharis — Spike Rush
(Gr. helos, marsh, chairo, delight in,
1. Plants tufted, without conspicuous rootstocks //. .
2. Plants not tufted, perennial from an elongated roof //. ;
Scirpus — Bulrush. Club Rush
(Lat, scirpus, bulrush)
1. Tall aquatic rush, inflorescence without leafy involucre
2. Swamp or wood plants, involucre leafy
a. Style 3-cleft, achene 3-angled, bristles 6
b. Style 2-cleft, achene plano-convex, bristles 4
■ diandrus
50
GRAMINACEAE
Cyperus — Cyperus
(Gr.' kypeiros, a sedge)
1. Styles 2-cleft, achene lenticular, not 3-angled
a. Stamens 2, style much exserted, scales dull
b. Stamens 3, style scarcely exserted, scales shining
2. Styles 3-cleft, achene 3-angled
a. Spikelets in heads
b. Spikelets in spikes
(1) Spikelets flat, linear, falling away from the spikes
(2) Spikelets thicker, oblong-linear, scales falling away from the spike-
lets
Dulichium — Dulichium
(Of doubtful origin and meaning)
. single species
Carex — Sedge
(Lat. carex, sedge, i. e., that which cuts)
A large and difficult genus. Most of the species ripen and shed the fruit before the middle of
C. didndrus
C. rivuldris
C. filiculmis
C. esculent i
C. Schweinitzii
D. arundindceum
Carex festucacea
Cluster of spikelets and fruit
Carex lurida
Pistillate and staminate spikes and fruit
September and are not in condition to be identified subsequent to that time
species retain the fruit longer and may be looked for through October.
1. Spikes 2-5, stalked and pendulous
2. Spikes 2 (1-3), sessile or very short-stalked
The following swamp
C. c omasa
C. intumescens
Graminaceae — Grass Family
Annual or perennial herbs (shrubs and trees in the Bambuseae) ; stems usually hollow, with
nodes and internodes ; leaves narrow, 2-ranked, with sheathing base split on the side opposite the
blade; flowers in spikelets, in paniculate, racemose or spicate inflorescences; spikelets consisting of
2-many, 2-ranked bracts, the two lower of which are empty, the succeeding ones, called lemmas (1-
many), each bear a naked, usually perfect flower; the flower is subtended on the inside by a thin scale
called the palet ; stamens 3, rarely 1, 2, or 6; filaments very slender, anthers long, attached at the
middle; pistil 1, styles 2, rarely 1-3, stigmas feathery, fruit a 1-seeded grain or caryopsis, usually
inclosed at maturity by the lemma and palet.
KEY TO THE TRIBES
I. Plants with herbaceous stems
I. Spikelets all monoecious
a. Spikelets in different inflorencences, the staminate in tassels, pistillate in
ears Zea in Maydeae
GRAMINACEAE
b. Spikelets in the same Inflorescence
I I | Pistillate spikelets below, surroum
(2) Pistillate spikelets above, without ivory-liki involucre
2. Spikelets all perfect or oJ two kinds, :
mentary
a. Spikelets in different inflorescences, the staminati in tassels, pis)
the other imperfect and stalked
b. Spikelets all alike
(1) Glumes 3-4
(a) Glumes shorter than the fertile lemma and palet, both I
and palet indurated in fruit
(b) Outer glumes enclosing the Lemma and palet, leu i
durated in fruit; third and fourth glumes small or rud
and hair like
(2) Glumes 2
(a) Spikelets in one sided spikes
(b) Spikelets not in one-sided
x. Spikelets 1 -flowered
(x) Glumes small or minute
(y) Glumes variable, mostly as long or longer than I
y. Spikelets 2-many-flowered
(x) Spikelets sessile on the main zig-zag axis
(y) Spikelets more or less stalked, main axis net / ,
m. Glumes enclosing the spikelet, lemma usuallj i
back
n. Glumes not enclosing the spikelet, lemma awnl<
at the top
(3) Glumes none
II. Plants with tall woody stems or canes
.
.
Artificial Key
I. Spikelets in panicles (Or cylindric spikes)
1. Spikelets one-flowered
a. Three or four empty glumes
Agrostis
Agrro
vulgaris, panicle
ind Bpik<
b. Two empty glumi -
(1) Flowers naked at base, or with one hairy bristle
(2) Flowers with two seal- - or Dl Stli
c. No empty glumes
■
52
GRAMINACEAE
Oryzeae
Leersia oryzoides
Cluster and spikelet
Phalarideae
Phalaris arundinacea
Spikelet and flower
Aveneae
Avena sativ;
Spikelet
2. Spikelets more than one-flowered
a. Empty glumes longer than the spikelet ; lemma awned on the back
b. Empty glumes shorter than the spikelet, lemma awned at the tip
(1) Herbs
(2) Tall reeds
Festuceae
Bambuseae
P.ambuseae
Arundinaria japonica
Spikelet and flower
Festuceae
Bromus ciliatus
Spikelet and flower
II. Spikelets not in panicles
1. Spikelets monoecious
Maydeae
GRAMINACEAE
Maydeae
Zea mays
Staminate and pistillate spikelets
2. Spikelets in one-sided spikes
3. Spikelets in pairs (one sessile, the other stalked)
Andropogoneae
Andropogon fun
tir of spikelets and open
4. Spikelets on a zig-zag axis
MAYK1 \i
1. Staminate .and pistillate spikelet in difl
ears
2. Staminate and pistillate spikelets in the sai
enclosed by a bead-like involucre
54 GRAMINACEAE
Zea — Corn, Maize
(Gr. zeia, a kind of coarse grain)
A single cultivated species Z. mays
Coix — Job's Tears
(Gr. koix, a kind of palm)
A single cultivated species ('. Idchryma
ANDR0P0GONEAE BLUESTEM TRIBE
1. Spikelets in many-jointed, spike-like hairy racemes Andropogon
2. Spikelets in a panicle
a. Panicle very hairy, golden, stalked spikelets reduced to 1 or 2 hairy
pedicels Chrysopogon
b. Panicle smooth or nearly so, brownish, stalked spikelets 1-2, staminate
° r empty Sorghum
Andropogon — Bluestem, Beard Grass
(Gr. aner, andros, man, pogon, beard, referring to the hairy axis)
1. Racemes solitary, stems 4-8 dm. high A. scopdrius
2. Racemes in clusters, stems 10-15 dm. high A. furcdtus
Chrysopogon — Goldstein, Goldbeard
(Gr. chrysos, gold, pogon, beard, referring to the hairy pedicels)
A single species C . nutans
Sorghum — Sorghum
(Of doubtful origin and meaning)
A single cultivated species $. vulgaris
PAN ICE AE— MILLET TRIBE
1. Spikelets inclosed in a spiny bur Cenchrus
2. Spikelets not inclosed in a spiny bur
a. Spikelets borne in more or less one-sided spikes
(1) Spikes long and slender, in a digitate cluster; glumes not awned Digitaria
(2) Spikes shorter, in a panicle; glumes more or less awned Echinochloa
b. Spikelets not in one-sided spikes
(1) Spikelets subtended by bristles, in a cylindrical spike Setaria
(2) Spikelets not subtended by bristles, in a panicle Panicum
Cenchrus — Sandbur
(Gr. name of a kind of millet)
A single species c carolinidnus
Digitaria — Finger Grass
(Lat. digitus, finger, referring to the flower cluster)
1. Axis of spikes flat, broadly winged; stems spreading
a. Spikelets with 3 glumes, 2-3 mm. long D . sanguindlis
b. Spikelets with 2 glumes, 2 mm. long £>, humijusa
2. Axis of spikes not winged, 3-angled, stems erect D. filiformis
Echinochloa— Barnyard Grass
(Gr. echinos, hedgehog, chloe, grass, referring to the bristly spikelets)
A single species with awned spikelets, awn very variable in length E. crusgdlli
Setaria — Foxtail, Pigeon Grass
(Lat. seta, bristle, referring to the awns)
1. Bristles five or more below each spikelet S. glduca
2. Bristles 1-3 below each spikelet
a. Spikes thick and dense, 1-2 dm. long, spikelets 3 mm. long S. itdlica
b. Spike slender, 3-10 cm. long, spikelets 2 mm. long S. viridis
GRAMINACEAE
Panicum
' Lat. panicum, • pan v
1. Plants glabrous throughout, 8 20 dm. high,
2. Plants bristly pubes< enl al le isl or
or spreading, 3 10 dm. high
a. Annual, panicle ample, bram hi - long ind
b. Perennial, panicle short, less than I
PHALARID1
A single genus (in late season)
1 'halaris < !an u
(Gr. name -, from pnaios.
1. Panicle very dense, spike-like; glumes winged ••
2. Panicle branched; glumes not winged on the k.-.-l
a. Leaves green
b. Leaves striped with white
ORYZEAE — RICE 1 RIBE
1. Cultivated grass; glumes present, small
2. Native grasses; spikelets monoecious,
lacking
a. Tall aquatic grass, pistillate spikelets at the summit ij
b. Low marsh grass with closely row led spike!
less inclosed
ie sheaths
A single cultivated
Oryza— Rice
Gr. oryz
Zizania — Wild Rice, In<li;m Rice
<<;r. zizanion. i fl
1. Stems 2-.? m. high ; panicle open
2. Stems about 1 m. high; panicle more appi
■
Leersia — Cut-grass, White I
(Named i'<>r the German bot
1. Panicle simple, branches stiffly spreading; spikelets 2 1 mm
2. Panicle twice branched; spikelets 4? nun. long
CHLORIDEAE — GRAMA
1. Tall marsh grass with long, sharp
2. Prairie grass with short Muni edged leaves
.
A single species
Spartina
Gr. spnrtinf.
Boul
1. Spikes IS or more, pen
2. Spikes 1 4 usuall)
a. Leaves smooth
b. Leaves hairy
i
56
GRAMINACEAE
AGROSTIDEAE REDTOP TRIBE
1. Spikelets in a cylindrical spike
a. Lemma without an awn ; glumes awn-pointed or aristate Phleum
b. Lemma awned ; glumes not aristate Alopccurus
2. Spikelets in a panicle or spike-like panicle
a. Spikelets in a dense spike-like panicle Muhlcnbergia
b. Spikelets in an open panicle
(1) Lemma firm and hard at maturity, closely enveloping the grain Ory-opsis
(2) Lemma thin or membranous at maturity, glumes coarse, grain loose
x. Lemma with a tuft of straight hairs at its base
(x) Rachilla prolonged behind the palet, bristle-like Calamagrostis
(y) Rachilla not prolonged behind the palet Calamovilfa
y. Lemma without a tuft of hairs at its base
(x) Glumes longer than, and inclosing, the lemma Agrostis
(y) Glumes shorter than, and not inclosing, the lemma
m. Stems wiry or rigid ; lemma and palet not raised on a short
pedicel Sporobolus
n. Stems not wiry ; lemma and palet raised on a short pedicel Cinna
A single cultivated speci
A single species
Phleum — Timothy
(Gr. phleos, a kind of reed)
Alopecurus — Foxtail Grass
(Gr. alopex, fox, cura, tail, referring to the spike)
P. pratense
Muhlenbergia — Muhlenbergia
(Named for Muhlenberg, an American botanist of the 18th
1. Glumes equalling the lemma
2. Glumes much longer than the lemma
A. geniculdtus.
century)
M. mexicdna
M. racemosa
Orvzopsis — Mountain Rice
(Gr. oryza, rice, opsis, likeness; of little meaning)
A single species (at this season)
A single species
A single species
Calamagrostis — Blue j oint Grass
(Gr. kalamos, reed, agrostis, grass)
Calamovilfa — Reed Grass
(A hybrid name of doubtful meaning)
Agrostis — Red Top
(Gr. agros, field, from its home)
1. Palet at least one-half as long as the lemma, 2-nerved
2. Palet minute and nerveless or wanting
O. melanocdrpa
C. canadensis
C. longifolia
A. dlba
A. hi emails
Sp< n'obolus — Rush-grass, Drop-seed
(Gr. spora, seed, bolos, throwing)
1. Slender plants, the spike-like panicle exserted beyond the upper leaf
sheath
2. Coarse wiry plant, the much branched panicle more or less inclosed by
the upper leaf sheath
Cinna — Wood Reed-grass
M'.i. kinna, a kind of grass)
A single species
.S". cuspiddtus
S. cryptdndrus
C . arundindceat
AVENEAE — OAT TRIBE
A single genus
GRAM I N ACL A K
Wena i
■ i ..i ... .- ,
1. Lemma with a ring of hair- ai the base, awi
2. Lemma without a ring oi hairs, awn less than
FESTl l
1. Tall reed-like swamp grass, spikelets with long silkj
2. Lower meadow or woodland grass, s
a. Spikelets 8 12 mm. wide, ali.mt as long as broad
1.. Spikelets less than 8 nun. wide, longer than
(1) Panicle dense ami spike-like, shining
(2) Panicle open, no( shining
(a) Spikelets in one sided, capitate i '
(b) Spikelets nol i ollei ted into one sided
large
x. Lemmas inure than <> mm. long, '
near the apex
y. Spikelets smaller; lemmas less than "6 nun. long,
awned at the apex
(x) Spikelets 3-5-flowered
in. Glumes compressed and keeled; lemma mostlj with
hairs at the base, aw nless
n. Glumes rounded, at least at the base; lemma withi il
mostly awned at the apex
(y) Spikelets 5-30-flowered, much ll
Phragmites —Reed grass
(Gr. phragmites, growing in hedges; ol doubtful appUc
A single swamp species, 4-8 feet tall
A single cultivated specii s
I li'i/a Quaking < Irass
ii ;r. brizo, a kind of grain i
A single species
Koeleria Koeleria
i Named for Koeler, a < ;• ■ ma <
I (act) lis • >rchard l
(Gr. daktylos, finger, of doubtful .i
single introduced species
Bromus
a'.v. bromos, a kiml • •:
1. Spikelets densely silky hairy all over
2. Spikelets not densely silky hairy all over
a. Lemma awned, awn over 1 'in. long
b. Lemma awnless or with an awn less than 1 i ill. long
(1) Lemma awnless or merelj awn-pointed
(2) Lemma with a shorl straight awn
Poa Bluegrass
i i
1. Low, spreading annual, less than 2 dm. high
2. Perennials; stem erect, over .^ dm.
a. Stems not tufted, from extensive!) creeping i
1>. Stems tufted
(1) Panicle crowded; stems much exceeding lh< l<
(2) Panicle open and spreading; sterna
.
58
GRAMINACEAE
Festuca — Fescue Grass
(Lat. festuca, stem, straw)
1. Leaves narrow and involute; lemma awned
2. Leaves flat; lemma not awned
F. ovina: sheep's fescue
F. nutans: nodding
fescue grass
(Gr. era, ground,
1. Perennial, reddish; branches of
2. Annual ; branches shorter
a. Spikelets 2-8 mm. long
b. Spikelets 5-16 mm. long
Eragrostis — Eragrostis
agrostis, grass, from the spreading
>anicle long and stiff
habit)
E. pectindcea
E. pildsa
E. megasldchya
IIORDEAE BARLEY OR RYE TRIBE
1. Spikelets 1 at each joint of the zigzag axis
a. Spikelets with edge turned towards the axis Lolium
b. Spikelets with flat side turned towards axis
(1) Native perennials ■ Agropyrum
(2) Cultivated annuals
(a) Spikelets 2-several-flowered, glumes broadly ovate Triticum
(b) Spikelets 2-flowered, glumes acute Secale
2. Spikelets 2-several (sometimes 1 or more rudimentary) at each joint of
the zigzag axis
a. Spikelets 1-flowered, in 3's at each joint, the lateral reduced Hordeum
b. Spikelets 2-6 flowered
(1) Spikelets ascending, glumes about the same size as lemmas Elymus
(2) Spikelets spreading horizontally, glumes very small or lacking Hysirix
A single introduced species
Lolium — Darnel
(Lat. name of the darnel)
L. perenne: common
darnel
Agropyrum — Wheat Grass
(Gr. agros, field, pyros, wheat)
1. Stems tufted, no creeping rootstocks or stolons; lemma awned
a. Awn about twice the length of the lemma; spike thick A. Richardsonii
b. Awn shorter than the lemma; spike slender A. tenerum
2. Stems solitary or few, from creeping rootstocks; lemma mostly awnless
or awn-pointed
Triticum — Wheat
(The Latin name)
1. Grain remaining within the glumes when ripe
2. drain easily falling out when ripe
A. re pens: quackgrass,
couch grass
T. spelta: spelt
T. vulgdre: common
zvheat
A single cultivated spec!
Secale — Rye
(NL. from seco, cut)
Hordeum — Barley
(Lat. name of the barley)
1. Cultivated; glumes short, not awn-like
2. Native weed; glumes long and awn-like
Elymus — Rye Grass, Wild Rye
(Gr, elymos, a kind of grass, from elyo, roll u?)
1. Spike erect, awns shorter than the spikelet
2. Spike more or less nodding, awns longer than spikelet
a. Glumes narrowly awl-shaped; spike slender
S. ceredle
H. vulgdre: barley
H. jubdtum: squirrel-tail
grass
E. virginicus
E. stridtus
AMARYLLIDACE
b. Glumes lineai lanceolati spike - 1 < ai i ■ r
(1) Spike loosely flowi r< d, nodding at ll i
per leaf sheath
(2) Spike densi l\ flowi red, i
in the upper leaf sheath
Hystrix Bottlebrusli
(i !r. hystrix, porcupini
A single woodland species
BAM r.i' SEA] 1AM BOO RIBE
A single cultii
Iridales Iris Order
Amaryllidaceae — Amaryllis Family
Herbaceous plants, usually with scapes or li I
sepals 3, petals 3, stamens 6, pistil 1, ovary 3-celled, inferior; fl
rarely apopetalous, epigynous, regular or somewhat irregulai
often bearing a conspicuous crown within the petals.
1. Flowers with a crown-like appendage within the perianth
2. Flowers without a crown-like app<
a. Stems leafy; flowers white
b. Bulbous plants with scapes; flowers pink to red
(1) Scales present at the base of the stamens
(a) Flowers in an umbel, regular
(b) Flower solitary, irregular
(2) No scales at base of the stamens
(a) Sepals and petals distinctly un
(b) Sepals and petals si
x. Flowers pink or whitish
y. Flowers orange
Narc
(The < (]
Spring-blooming bulbous plants often forced in winter
1. Crown as long as the petals and sepals; Rowers solitary
2. Crown small ; flowers in clusters
a. Leaves 10-30 mm. wide
b. Leaves 3-5 mm. wide
-
'■
Polianthes — Tul
.<;,-. polios, white, anthos. •'
Autumn-flowering garden plant often with double flowers
Hippeastrum— "Amaryllis" Johnsoi
(Gr. hippos, horse, aatron,
The house and greenhouse tonus are largely hybi
kelia facobaean Lily
i Name 'i tor Spr
Bulbous greenhouse plant with solitary irregular
Amaryllii
Half-hardy bulbous planl with umbel of lilj
1. Leaves acute, flowers upright, I i
2. Leavi ■
6o
IRIDACEAE
Xerine
(Gr. nereis, a sea-nymph)
1. Flowers scarlet; stamens straight
2. Flowers pale pink ; stamens curved
3. Flowers bright pink (hybrid of 1. and 2.)
X. curvifolia
N. flexudsa
X. Manselli
Iridaceae — Iris Family
Herbaceous plants with bulbs, corms, or rootstocks, from which come the solitary flowers,
scapes, or leafy stems; sepals 3, petals 3, stamens 3, pistil 1, ovary 3-celled, inferior, style with three
branches; flower syncarpous, sympetalous or apopetalous, epigynous, regular or somewhat irregular;
sepals petal-like, but sometimes differing considerably from the petals.
1. Style branches petal-like, concealing the stamens
a. Perianth-tube present; plants with bulbs or creeping rootstocks Iris
b. Sepals and petals separate to the base ; plants with corms Moraea
2. Style branches not petal-like ; stamens obvious
a. Stemless ; flowers rising directly from the corm Crocus
b. Leafy stemmed ; flowers in spikes or racemes
(1) Style branches cleft into 2 thread-like subdivisions Freesia
(2) Style branches not cleft
(a) Flowers regular, salver-shaped Ixia
(b) Flowers somewhat irregular, funnel-shaped
x. Bracts leafy ; flowers decidedly irregular Gladiolus
y. Bracts papery; flowers slightly irregular Tritonia
Iris — Iris
(Gr. iris, rainbow)
1. Garden plants with creeping rootstocks, blooming in early summer, often
with a few autumn flowers
a. Flowers lavender ; leaves about 2 dm. long /. cengidlti
b. Flowers dark purple; leaves 3-4 dm. long /. germdnica
2. Bulbous spring-blooming plants, sometimes forced into winter blooming
a. Stemless, blue, flowering in the greenhouse in early winter I. aldta
b. Long stemmed, variously colored, flowering in late winter I. xiphium
Moraea — Peacock Iris
(Named for Moraeas, father-in-law of Linne)
Slender plant with white and blue iris-like flowers
Crocus — Crocus
(The Greek name)
Spring flowering plants often forced into winter blooming
1. Flowers yellow
a. Anthers orange ; sepals brownish on outside
b. Anthers pale ; sepals clear yellow
2. Flowers violet to white
M. paz
C. susianus
C. moesidciis
C. vermis
Freesia
,-ers in irregular racemes
Greenhouse bulbous plants with fragrant flo'
1. Flowers whitish-green and purple
2. Flowers pure white
3. Flowers yellow and orange
Ixia
(Gr. ixos, birdlime, from the sticky sap)
Greenhouse bulbous plants with flowers in spikes
1. Flowers white or yellow with a dark eye
2. Flowers purplish with a dark eye
Gladiolus
(Lat. gladiolus, small sword, from the shape of the leaf)
^Various garden hybrids of G. cardinalis, G. psittacinus, and other species.
F. refrdcta
F. refrdcta alba
F. Leichtlini
I. maculdta
I. columelldris
BROMELIACEAE— ORCHIDA<
Tritonia Monti
c From i he
1. Perianth tube longer than the slightlj spn
2. Perianth-tube about the length of the widel) s|
The latter is a garden hybrid ol /. /',:... and I
Bromeliaceae — Pineapple Family
Herbs, many of them epiphyl
instil 1, ovary 3-celled ; flowers syncarpous, apopetalou
regular or somewhat irregular; sepals not petal-like, usually
tropical or subtropical plants, sometimes grown in gi
Ovary inferior, plant growing in earth
Ovary superior, air plant
Ananas Pineapple
I Brazilian name o pple)
Plant with a fleshy multiple fruit, surmounted by a crown oi I
Tillandsia Spanish Moss, Tillandsia
Named for Tlllonda, a Sw
1. Plant hanging in festoons; stem branched, thread-lik
(Spanish Moss)
2. Plant with a tuft of erect leaves; flowers in a clus
a. Stamens shorter than the petals; flowers tew, blue
1). Stamens longer than the petals
(1) Base of plant bulb-like; leaves about 1 dm. long
(2) Base of plant not bulb-like
(a) Leaves awl-shaped, about 15 cm. long
(b) Leaves 1 cm. or more wide, 5 dm. long
Scitaminales Canna Order
Cannaceae — Canna Family
Large herbs, with rootstocks ami leafy stems; flowers in lusl
stamens 3-4, fertile stamen 1, pistil 1, ovary 3-celled, inferior; fl
epigynous, irregular; sterile stamens petal-like an. I larger than I
Others, fertile stamen petal-like with the anther along
seeds.
One genus
Canna — ( lanna
i l. at. canna, reed,
The garden Cannas are hybrids of numerous wild species from the
W'-st Indies, South America, and northern India.
Orchidales Orchid Order
Orchidaceae — Orchid Family
Herbaceous plants with roi
them air plants; sepals 3, or apparei I) 2 a> a result
stamens 1 or 2, pistil 1, ovary I -celled (rarelj ;
apopetalous or sympetalous, epigynous, irregular;
petal (the 'lip") diff( ring from the ,,th- i t,
sterile stamens variable, the pollen of the I rl
usually bent or twist.d s,, as to invert the flower,
Many tropical and subtropical forms ■
ous native plants of this family, nearlj all
1. Fertile stamens 2; lip slipper like
62 ORCHIDACEAE
2. Fertile stamen solitary, the 2 anther-sacs sometimes widely separated
a. Native plants with small and inconspicuous flowers
(1) Stems leafy; lip not sack-like, appendaged at base Spiranthes
(2) Leaves all basal ; lip sack-like Epipactis
b. Greenhouse plants of tropical origin ; flowers large and conspicuous ;
mostly growing with little earth, and having thick leaves, aerial
roots, and thickened tuberous stems (pseudo-bulbs).
(1) Flower clusters terminal upon the pseudo-bulbs; chambers of
anther distinct
(a) Lip flat and spreading; pollen masses 4; flower clusters usually
many-flowered Epidendrum
(b) Lip rolled about the base of the column; flower clusters few-
flowered
x. Pollen masses 4 Cat/leva
y. Pollen masses 8 Laelia
(2) Flower clusters not terminal upon the pseudo-bulbs
(a) Flowers borne singly or in small clusters upon the sides of the
pseudo-bulbs Dendrobium
(b) Flowering shoots springing from the base of the pseudo-bulbs ;
chambers of anther confluent
x. Base of lip parallel with the column, often adhering to it Odontoglossutn
y. Lip spreading from the base of the column Oncidium
Cvpripedium
' (Gr. Kypris, Venus, pedilon, slipper, from the slipper-like lip)
A genus compromising our native "Mocassin flowers" as well as many exotic forms.
Flowers green, brown, and white C. insigne
Spiranthes
(Gr. speira, spiral, anthos, flower, from the spiral cluster)
1. Sepals and petals forming a hood-like structure S. romanzoffiana
2. Sepals and petals spreading S. cernua
Epipactis
(Gr. name of a plant)
Leaves white netted ; lip sack-like E. pubescens
Epidendrum
(Gr. epi-, upon, dendron, tree, from its habit)
1. Base of lip slightly joined to the column; flowers red and orange E. viiellinum
2. Base of lip completely joined to the column ; flowers pink, green, and
chocolate E. venosum
Cattleya
(Named for Cattley, an English collector)
1. Pseudo-bulbs 1-leaved; flowers 15 cm. in diameter ('. labidia
2. Pseudo-bulbs 2-3 leaved ; flowers about 10 cm. in diameter ('. Skinneri
Laelia
(Named for Laelius, a Roman statesman)
1. Pseudo-bulbs compressed and margined ; sepals and petals with a green
line along the outside of the midrib L. dnccps
2. Pseudo-bulbs not compressed or margined ; sepals and petals not marked
with a green line L. autumnalis
Dendrobium
(Gr. dendron, tree, bios, living:, from its habitat)
1. Pseudobulbs black-hairy; flowers white, marked with yellow D. jormosum
2. Pseudo-bulbs not black-hairy ; flowers white, pink, and crimson D. nubile
ORCHIDACEAE
i i.i, mt .■
(Gr. odontos, tooth, gloisa, !•■■
Flowers few, large, yellow with red brown m.irLn,.
rounded
' Incidum
■• :■■ oncidion. i llttli
1. I.ip yellow
a. I.ip 4 lolx-cl ; other petals and sepals very small, •
brown
1). Lip round, ob-cordate; other petals and
2. Flower soft purple I
Glossary
Achene A dry, one-seeded fruit
Acuminate Gradually tapering to a point
Acute Sharp-pointed
Alternate Not opposite; with a single leaf at each place of attachment
Annual Lasting only one growing season
Anther The upper part of the stamen, containing the pollen; the pollen pouch
Apetalous Without petals
Apex Tip or upper end
Apocarpous Having or consisting of separate carpels
Apopetalous Having or consisting of separate petals
Appressed Lying close to or against another organ
Aquatic Growing in the water
Aristate Drawn out into a long needle-like point
Ascending Growing obliquely upward
Awl-shaped Narrowed upward from the base to a slender, rigid point
Awn A slender bristle-like structure
Awn-pointed Tipped with an awn
Axil The angle between leaf and stem
Axillary Borne in the axils of leaves
Axis A term generally applied to that portion of a branch which bears the flowers or
the parts of a flower
Barbed Having a tip like a fish-hook
Basal Arising from the base
Beak An elongated tapering structure
Beaked Bearing a beak
Bearded With hairs limited more or less to a certain area of an organ
Berry A fruit in which the seeds are imbedded in a soft or fleshy substance
Bitenate Twice ternate
Blade The flat, expanded part of a leaf
Bract A leaf, usually small, standing below a flower or a flower-cluster
Bracteole A small leaf or scale on the pedicel below the flower
Bristle A stiff hair or any similar outgrowth
Bulb A short stem with fleshy scales, usually subterranean
Bulbets Small bulbs
Bulbous Like a bulb; bearing bulbs
Capsule A dry fruit consisting of two or more carpels
Carpel A simple pistil, or one member or division of a compound pistil
Catkin An elongated axis covered .with scales all around that bear either stamens or
pistils
Cell A cavity or chamber in an ovary
Chaff Thin scales between the disk flowers of composite heads
Ciliate Provided with marginal hairs
Claw Applied to the much narrowed lower portion of a petal
Cleft Cut about half way to the middle
Climbing Growing upon a support of some kind
Compound Composed of two or more similar parts united into one whole
GLOSSARY
Compound leaf One divided into
Cone An elongated axis b<
flower and fruit of conifers
Convolute Rolled up length
Cordate Heart-shaped
Corm A swollen fleshy base of a stem
Corymb A flat-topped <>i convex open flower <1
Creeping Growing along tin- ground
Crenate Scalloped; with rounded, shallow teeth
Crenate-toothed With rounded teeth
Cyme A flower cluster in which the terminal or middh
somewhat flat
Deciduous Falling off at the close of the growing period
Declined Benl down
Decurrent Applied to leaf bases, running down the st<
Dentate Toothed, with outwardly projecting teeth
Denticulate With small teeth
Depressed Vertically flattened
Dioecious Bearing pistil- and stamens on different plants
Disk An enlargement of tin- axis of a flower around tin
i if tubular flowers in tin- ^.sterai
Dissected Cut or divided into numerous segments
Divided Lobed t>> tin- base
Entire Without lobes, divisions, or teeth
Epigynous Applied to a flower with tin- part- upon the ovary
Erect Standing upright
Exserted Projectim-; beyond the surrounding part-
Fascicle A dense cluster
Fascicled Borne in dense clus
Fertile Bearing seeds, or bearing pollen
Filament The -talk bearing the anther
Fleshy Soft, containing more or [ess sap
Flower An axis bearing stamen- or pistils or both; generally s<
associated with these
Fruit A ripened ovary, sometime- that part of t! ,
seeds ripen
Glabrous Without hairs
Gland A secreting surface or structure; any -mall appi
the appearance of such an organ
Glandular With glands or gland-like
Glaucous Covered with a bluish or white, tine, n
Globose Spherical or ncarh so
Glume The small scale of tin spikelet
Hastate Arrow-shaped hut with the ha-.il lobes divei
Head A dense cluster of sessT 01 nearly essil
Herb A non-woody plant which die- down to tin
Herbaceous Of the nature of hei
Hirsute With somewhat coarse, Stiff hair-
Hispid With bristly stiff hairs
Hypogynous Applied t<> a flower with th<
Included Not projecting beyond tin- surrounding
Indehiscent Applied to fruits that do i
Inferior Applied to an organ situated bcl<
66 GLOSSARY
Inflorescence The portion of a plant bearing the flowers; mode of arrangement of
flowers
Integument A protecting layer or coat, as the covering of a seed
Internode The part of the stem between two successive nodes
Involucre A group of leaves or scale-like leaves borne just underneath a flower or a
close cluster of flowers
Involucral Of an involucre
Irregular Applied to a flower in which the petals, or other parts, are unlike
Keel The two fused lower petals of the flower of the Pea Family-
Keeled Ridged, like the keel of a boat
Lanceolate Shaped like a lance
Lemma The outer scale of a grass flower
Lenticular Shaped like a lens
Ligule A strap-shaped organ, as the rays in the Asteraceae
Ligulate In the form of a strap
Linear Long and narrow with sides nearly parallel
Linear-lanceolate Narrowly lance-shaped
Lip Each of the main upper and lower divisions of a zygomorphic corolla or calyx;
the peculiar modified petal of an orchid flower
Lipped Having a lip
Monoecious Bearing stamens and pistils on the same plant but in different flowers
Nerve One of the lines or ridges running through a leaf
Net-veined Veins running in various dirctions and connecting with each other
Netted-veined Veins running in various directions and connecting with each other
Nodding Hanging on a bent pedicel
Node The part of the stem which normally bears a leaf
Nut A dry, one-seeded, indehiscent fruit with a stony shell or covering
Nutlet A diminutive nut
Obcordate Inversely heart-shaped
Oblanceolate Inverse of lanceolate
Oblong Somewhat longer than broad, with the sides nearly parallel
Oblong-lanceolate Broadly lance-shaped
Obtuse Rounded or blunt
Opposite Applied to organs inserted at the same level but 180 degrees apart
Orbicular Circular
Ovary The part of the pistil in which the young seeds are borne
Ovate Shaped like the outline of an egg
Ovule A young seed
Palet The inner scale of a grass flower
Palmate Radiately lobed or divided
Palmately In a palmate manner
Panicle A compound flower-cluster, the lower branches longest and blossoming
first
Pappus The bristles, hairs, awns and like structures which are borne upon the fruit in
the Chicory and Aster Familes
Parasitic Growing upon and getting its nourishment from some other plant
Parted Deeply cleft
Peduncle The stalk of a flower or of a flower-cluster
Pedicel The stalk of a flower in a flower-cluster
Peltate Shaped like a shield with a stalk attached in the middle below
Perennial Lasting from year to year
Perfect A flower having both stamens and pistles
Perfoliate Leaves appearing to be pierced by the stem
GLOSSARY
Perianth Applied to the leav< - oi th< fl .-. ■ : ■
corolla
Perigynium The sack-like membr;
Carex
Perigynous Applied to a flower in which th
ovary
Persistent Organs that remain attached after the .
Petal One of the inner set of flower leaves, usuallj
Petaloid Resembling a petal, especiallj a
Petiole The -talk of a leaf
Pilose With long soft hairs
Pinnate Leaves divided into leaflet
Pinnately In a pinnate manner
Pinnatifid Pinnately cleft to tin- middle or beyond
Pistil The central or terminal organ in a flower, containing I
Pistillate With pistils but without stamens
Plumose Having line hairs on each side like a feather
Plumy Feathery
Pod A dry fruit made up of one carpel and splitting along I
Pollen The minute grains found in the anther
Puberulent With very short hair-
Pubescent With hairs
Raceme A more or le>s elongated axis bearing flowers with
Rachilla The axis of a spikelet
Rachis The axis of a spike
Ray One of the marginal flowers in the Asl
Receptacle The end of a flower stalk «.r axis bearing the floral 01
aceae bearing flowers
Recurved Bent back
Regular Having the members of each part alike in size and
Reniform Kidney-shaped
Resious Bearing resin
Retrorse Turned downward or backward
Rhombic In outline like a rhombus; obliquely four-sid
Rootstock An underground stem
Rotate Flat and circular in outline: wheel-shaped
Rush-like Resembling a rush
Salverform Having a -lender tube, abruptly expanded
Samara A winged fruit
Scabrous Rough
Scale A minute or much reduced leaf
Scape A leafless or nearly leafless stalk bearing
arising from the underground portion of a plant
Scurfy With small bran-lik the epideri
Segment One of the part- oi t leaf or similar i
Sepal One of the outer set ol flowei
Serrate With teeth projecting forward
Serrulate Finely serrate
Sessile Without a stalk or ped
Sheath The part of a leaf or hat base whi< :
Sheathing A term applied to the manner in
Shrub A woody plant: -mailer than a
Simple Of one piece, not compound
Sinuate With strongly wavy m.ir.uin-
Spadix A fleshy axis bearin
68 GLOSSARY
Spathe A leaf-like structure standing below an inflorescence
Spatulate Spoon-shaped, shaped like a spatula
Spike An axis bearing sessile flowers
Spikelet A small few-flowered spike, the flower cluster of grasses and sedges
Spine A sharp, woody or rigid outgrowth from the stem
Spiny Provided with spines
Spur A hollow projection from the sepal or petal of a flower
Stamen The organ of a flower which bears the pollen
Staminate With stamens but without pistils
Staminoids A stirile stamen '
Standard The large upper petal of the flower of the Pea Family
Stigma The top of the pistil to which pollen grains become attached
Stipule Outgrowths of, or appendages to, the base of a petiole
Strap-shaped Long and narrow in outline
Style The narrowed or pointed part of the pistil, bearing on its top the stigma
Stylopodium A disk-like expansion at the base of the style, as in the Apiaceae
Submerged L T nder water
Subtend To stand below on the axis
Superior Applied to an organ situated above another one
Sympetalous Having or consisting of united petals
Syncarpous Having or consisting of carpels joined together
Teeth The regular projections along the margin of a leaf
Tendril A slender coiling organ
Ternate Consisting of three leaflets
Terrestrial Growing on the ground
Thorn A stiff sharp-pointed outgrowth from the bark or rind
Tomentose Covered with dense, matted, wool-like hairs
Trailing Creeping along the ground
Trifoliate Having three leaflets
Truncate Terminated by a nearly straight edge or surface
Twining Winding spirally about a support
Umbel A flower-cluster with all the pedicels arising from the same point
Umbellate Borne in umbels
Unarmed Without spines, thorns, or prickles
Valve One of the portions into which some dry fruits split; a trapdoor-like opening
in the pollen chambers of some anthers
Vestigial Reduced almost to disappearance
Villous With long soft hairs not matted together
Webby With a tuft of slender, curly hairs
Whorl A group of three or more similar organs, as leaves, radiating from the place
of attachment
Whorled Borne in a whorl
Wing One of the two lateral petals of the flower of the Pea Family
Zygomorphic Applied to a flower with petals of different form
D. H. HILL LIBRARY
North Carolina State College
Index to Common Names
Page
lily
A.
I
Acalypha
Acanthus
Acanthus Fat
Achimenes
Aconite
Agapanthus
Ageratum
Alfalfa
A I ham- 1
.1
Alsike
Alum-root
Amaranth
Amaranth Family
Amaryllis
Amaryllis Family
Amorphophallus
Anemone
Angiosperms
Arrow-head
Arrow-head. Family
Arrowhead Order
Artichoke
Arum
Arum Family
Arum Order
Asparagus
Aspidistra
Aster
Aster Family
Aster Order
Astilbe
Avens
B.
Bachelor's Pulton
Balloon-Vine
Balm
Balmony
Balsam
Bamboo Tribe
Barley
Barley Tribe
Barnyard Grass
Bean
Beard Grass
8
12
20
20
20
2
48
38
26
17
47
26
27
6
6
59
99
45
1
1
44
44
4+
37
45
45
45
47
48
42
33
M
27
24
$9
28
22
19
11
58
58
54
26
54
ticks
i
-i sly
■ una
• una lily
imot Mint
Bidens
Bindi
Bistorta
-..■ret
> Star
Bluebell
Bluebell Family
■ let
Bluebottle
Blueg
Blue grass Tribe
Blue joint i,
Flue stem
;tem Tribe
Bolton ia
Borage Family
Bottlcbrush
Bouncing Bet
irdia
Bridal Wreath
Bromus
illia
Bryophyllum
Bud
Bur
/>'«.' .
H ma-
lt unlet
Butt
16
$9
IS
8
16
12
19
; :
: >
54
4;
(8
17
17
5 >
31
l '
7
I
I
I
JO
'
1
;o
INDEX TO COMMON NAMES
Club Rush
Cobaea
Cocklebur
Cockscomb
Codiaeum
Colchicum
Compass Plant
Com- flower
psis
Corn
('< rn-cockle
Corn Tribe
Cotton
Cotyledon
Cosmos
Couch Grass
Cow Far snip
Cowslip
Cranesbill
Cress
Crocus
C rot on
Crowfoot
Cucumber
Cup Plant
Cut-grass
Cyclamen
Cyclanthera
Cyperus
Cypress Vine
Cypripedium
Dahlia
Daisy
Dalea
Dandelion
Darnel
Day Flower
Day Lily
Dead-nettle
Dendrobium
Dill
Dock
Dodder
Docllingera
Dogbane Family
Dragon-head
Drop-seed
Dulichium
Dysodia
Page
26
49
14
38
6
13
48
17
40
40
49
54
5
53
10
28
40
58
31
13
10
4
60
13
1
30
40
55
14
30
50
15
62
40
42, 43
27
43
58
46
48
24
62
31
8
15
42
18
23
56
50
43
Page
Page
E.
Eel-grass 45
Egg-plant 16
Elephant's Far 30
/■ fid, ndrum 62
Epipactis 62
Eragrostis 58
Eupatorium 38
Evening Primrose 29
Primrose Family 28
Everlasting 6, 37, 38
E-oerlasting Pea 26
False Saffron
Fennel
Ft scue Grass
Feverfew
Finger Grass
Fireweed
Five-finger
Flax
Flax Family
Flower-of-an-H our
Foliage-plant
Four O'Clock
Four O'Clock Family
Foxglove
F oxtail
Foxtail Grass
Frascra
Freesia
Fuchsia
G.
Gaillardia
Galinsoga
Gardenia
Garden Trumpet
Genista
Gt >it nin
Gentian Family
Gentian Order
Gt ranium
Geranium Family
Geranium Order
Germander
Gesnera Family
Giant Hyssop
Gill
Gilli flower
Gladiolus
Gloxinia
Goatsbeard
G odetia
29
Goldbcard
54
Golden Glow
40
Golden-rod
41
Goldstem
54
G oosefoot
7
Goose foot Family
7
Gourd
30
Gourd Family
29
Grama Grass
55
Grama Tribe
55
Grass Family
50
Grass Order
. 49
Green Pepper
16
Grindelia
43
Ground Cherry
16
Groundnut
26
Gypsophila
5
H.
Harebell
32
JI dzehsbcard
44
Hawkweed
44
Haworthia
47
Heal-all
23
Heart' s-ease
4
Heartsease
7
Heart-Seed
28
Hedge Mustard
4
Hedge Nettle
24
ITeliolrope
17
Hellebore
1
IT mp
10
Henbane
16
He nb it
24
Herb Robert
10
Hibiscus
9
Hoarhound
23
Hollyhock
9
Honeysuckle
32
Honeysuckle Fain ily
32
Hop
10
Horse-bean
27
Horse-mint
22
Horse Nettle
16
Horseradish
4
Houndstongue
17
Hyacinth
48
Hyssop
23
I.
Incarvillea
20
Indian Cress
11
Iresine
7
INDEX TO COMMON NAMES
Iris
his Family
60
60
.1/ i
Iris Ord r
Ironweed
/.via
38
60
Man
Maple (hder
7
J.
M,i,
O
Mi
Jacobaean Lily
59
Marsh Elder
Jerusalem Cherry
16
Marsh Mallow
Jewel-weed
11
Marvel oj Peru
Jitnson Weed
16
I .
Job's Tears
54
Maw
1 1
Joe-pye Weed
38
M,i'
Johnsonian Lily
59
M ■ -
57
K.
Kenilworth Ivy
Kinghead
19
38
Mign,
nette Family
Milfoil
4
4
Knot-weed
Koeleria
Kuhnia
7
57
38
Milk
Milkwort Family
Tribe
Mint
4
4
22
21
11
L.
Mint Family
11
Lady's Thumb
8
Mint Order
21
Laelia
62
Mo i
P.
Lambs-Quarters
7
- ' PPle
Lantana
21
M u ••:• Cypress
7
Larkspur
2
Moneywort
14
Lavender
Leadwort
13
13
Monkey /■',■'
Monkshood
1 '
:
Leadwort Family
Lemon
Lettuce
Lily
Lily Family
13
12
44
47
46
M mstera
Montbretia
Moon flower
Morning Glory
Morning Glory .
4;
oi
is
(S
1*
L ily-of-the-valley
Lily Order
Lima Bean
4S
46
26
.1/, i . f
Mountain Mint
23
L ive-for-ever
28
Mountain .'
Lobelia
32
Muhlenbi
L^oosestrife
14, 28
Loosestrife Family
28
Mullein
Loosestrife Order
28
Musk ■
Musk
l 1
Lopezia
Lopseed
29
21
.1/-.
L ucerne
26
Lupine
25
M:,
M.
N.
Madder Family
31
M
Madder Order
31
; 1
Maid-in-a-Mist
I
II
Maize
54
4
Mallow
9
'
4
INDEX TO COMMON NAMES
Page
Page
Page
Plantain
14
Rye Grass
58
Storksbill
11
Plantain Family
14
Rye Tribe
58
Stramonium
16
Platycodon
32
s.
Strawberry
24
Poinsettia
12
Strawbi rry Geranium
27
Polanisia
Poppy
3
2
Safflower
Sage
37
22
Strcptocarpus
Sunflower
Sweet Alyssum
20
41
3
Poppy Family
2
Salsify
43
Sweet Basil
23
Potentilla
24
Sand bur
54
Sweet Clover
26
Potato
16
Sanicle
38
Sweet Pea
26
Potato Family
15
Savory
24
Sweet Potato
15
Prairie (
27
Saxifrage
27
Sweet Scabious
33
Primrose
13
Saxifrage Family
27
Sweet William
14
Primrose Family
13
Scarlet Runner
26
Sweet-W illiam
5
Primrose Order
13
S cilia
48
Prince's Feather
6, 8
Sea Holly
31
T.
Pumpkin
30
Sedge
50
Tansy
38
Purple Coronilla
27
Sedge Family
49
Tare
27
Purslane
6
Self-heal
23
Teasel
33
Purslane Family
6
Senna
27
Teasel Family
32
Q-
Sensitive Plant
27
Telanthera
7
58
Shepherd's Purse
3
Telegraph Plant
26
Quack Grass
Silp Ilium
40
Thistle
37
Quaking Grass
57
Skullcap
23
Thorn-apple
16
R.
Slough Grass
55
Thrift
13
Rabbit-foot
26
Smart-weed
8
Thunbergia
20
Radish
3
Snapdragon
19
Thyme
23
Ragged Lady
Ragged Robin
Ragweed
Red-hot Poker
1
5
Snapdragon Family
Snapdragon Order
18
18
Tickseed
Tick-Trefoil
40
26
38
48
Sneezeweed
Snow-on-the-Mouniain
43
13
Tillandsia
Timothy
61
56
Red Mallow
9
Soapberry Family
28
Tobacco
17
Red Peppt r
16
Soapwort
5
54
8
Tomato
16
Red Top
56
Sorghum
Torenia
19
Red Top Tribe
Reed Grass
56
Sorrel
Touch-me-not
11
56
Sow-thistle
44
Touch-me-not Family
11
Ret d-grass
57
Spanish Moss
61
Tritelia
48
Rhubarb
8
Spearmint
22
Tropaeolum
11
Rice
55
Speedwell
19
Tropaeolum Family
11
Rice Tribe
55
Spelt
58
Tuberose
59
Rich weed
10
Spnlerwort
46
Tulip
47
Rocket
2
Spiderwort Family
46
Turnip
3
Rocky Mountain
Bee Plant 3
Spike Rush
49
Turtle-head
19
Rose
24
Spinach
7
u.
Rose Bay
18
Spiraea
25
Rose Family
24
Spiranthes
62
Unicorn Plant
20
Rose-Mallow
9
Spotted Medic
26
V.
Rosemary
22
Spurge
12
5
Rose of China
9
Spurge Family
12
Vaccaria
Rose Order
24
Squash
30
Valerian
32
Rue
12
Squirrel-tail Grass
58
Valerian Family
32
Rue Family
12
Starwort-chickwccd
5
Vegetable Sponge
30
Rush-grass
56
Stock
4
Velvet Leaf
9
21
Russian Thistle
7
Stonccrop
28
Verbena
Rye
58
Stonecrop Family
27
Verbena Family
21
INDEX TO COMMON N
Verbesina
Vervain
Vetch
i'i<>h/
Violet Family
Virgin'
W.
Wall peppt r
Wandering Jew
Wait r-hemp
Water-plantain
40
21
.:
4
4
1
Wild r
Wild :
Wind ft t
Index to Scientific Names
Page
Page
Page
A rack is
27
Callirrhoe
9
A.
A rales
45
Callistephus
42
A bronia
8
Arctium
37
Campanales
32
A but Hon
9
Argemone
2
Campanula
32
Acalypha
12
Armaria
13
Campanulaceae
32
Acanthaceae
20
Artemisia
38
Canna
61
Acanthus
20
Arum
45
Cannabis
10
Achillea
43
Arundinaria
59
Cannaceae
61
Achimenes
20
Asparagus
47
Capparidaceae
2
Acnida
6
Aspidistra
48
Caprifoliaceae
32
Aconitum
2
Aster
42
Capsicum
16
Agapantlius
48
A steraceae
33
Cardiospermum
28
Ageratum
38
Aster ales
31
Card u us
37
Agropyrum
58
Astilbe
27
Carex
50
Agrostideae
56
Atropa
16
Carthamus
37
Agrostis
56
Aveneae
56
Carum
31
Alistna
44
A vena
57
Caryophyllaceae
4
Alismaceae
44
B.
Caryophyllales
4
Alismales
44
Cassia
27
Allionia
8
Balsaminaceae
11
C at t ley a
62
Allioniaceae
8
Bambuseae
59
Celosia
6
Allium
48
Begonia
30
Cenchrus
54
Aloe
47
Begoniaceae
30
Centaurea
39
Alopecurus
56
Bellis
42
Centranthus
32
Althaea
9
Beta
7
Cerastium
6
Alyssum
3
Bidens
39
Chamaenerium
29
Amarantaceae
6
Bignoniaceae
20
Chelidonium
2
A mar ant us
6
Bolt on ia
43
Chelone
19
Amaryllidaceae
59
Boraginareae
17
Chenopodiaceae
7
A maryllis
59
Bora go
17
Chenopodium
7
Ambrosia
38
Bouteloua
55
Chlorideae
55
Ammobium
37
Bouvardia
31
Chlorophytum
48
A morphophallus
45
Brassica
3
Chrysanthemum
43
Anagallis
14
Brassicaceae
3
Chrysopogon
54
Ananas
61
Brassicales
2
Chrysopsis
41
Anchusa
17
Briza
57
Cichorium
44
Andropogon
54
Bromeliaceae
61
China
56
Andropogoneae
54
Bromus
57
Citrus
12
Anemone
1
Browallia
19
Clematis
1
A net hum
31
Bryophyllum
28
Cleome
3
A ngiospermae
1
Bursa
3
Clivia
59
Anthemis
40
Butomus
45
Cobaea
14
Antirrhinum
19
c.
Codiaeum
13
Apiaceae
30
Coix
54
Apiales
30
Cactales
29
Colchicum
48
Apios
26
Calamagrostis
56
Coleus
23
A pin m
31
Calamovilfa
56
Commelina
46
A pocynaceae
18
Calceolaria
18
Commelinaceae
46
A raceae
45
Calendula
43 .
Convallaria
48
INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES
Tage
Convolvulaceae
Convolvulus
Coreopsis
Coronilla
Cosmos
Cotyledon
Crassulaceae
Crepis
Crocus
Cue amis
Cucurbita
Cucurbitaceae
Cuphea
Cuscuta
Cyclamen
Cyclanthera
Cynara
Cynoglossum
Cyperaceae
Cyperus
Cypripedium
D.
Dactylis
Dahlia
Dalea
Datura
Daucus
Delphinium
Dendrobium
Desmodium
Dianthus
Digitalis
Digit aria
Dipsaceae
Dipsacus
Doellingera
Dracocephalum
Dulichium
Dysodia
E.
Ecballium
Echinacea
Echinochloa
Elymus
Epidendrum
E pi pact is
Eragrostis
Erigeron
Erodium
Eryngium
Eschscholtzia
Eupatorium
14
Euphorbia
15
L.uf
40
27
F.
40
28
Fagopyrum
27
Falcata
44
tin a
60
Ft ttueeae
30
ulum
30
Fragaria
29
Frasera
28
Ft i
15
Fuchsia
14
Funkia
30 •
37
G.
17
Gadlardia
49
Galinsoga
50
Galium
62
Gard
Gt nist a
Gi ntiana
57
Gentianactae
40
GentianaJes
27
Geraniaceae
16
Geranialcs
31
Geranium
2
Gesneraceae
62
Gcum
26
Gladiolus
5
Glaucium
19
Gomphrena
54
Gossypium
32
Graminact <i< -
33
Grindelia
42
Gypsophila
23
50
H.
43
Hamamclidaccae
J/amamclis
Jlatvorthia
30
Helcnium
40
Heleocharis
54
Hclianthclla
58
] I dianthus
62
Hclichrysum
62
lJcliopsis
58
ffeliotropium
42
Jlclleborus
11
Heracleum
31
H tucker a
2
Hibiscus
38
Hieracium
43
«
31
31
27
17
17
17
10
10
10
28
24
60
6
10
50
43
5
47
41
41
41
17
1
31
'i
imut
.
■
I
10
44
30
3
M
76
INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES
Page
Page
Page
Lonicera
31
Onagraceae
28
Potentilla
24
Lo pan tli us
24
One id inn
63
Poterium
25
Lopezia
29
Orchidaceae
61
Primula
13
Luff a
30
Orchidales
61
Primulaceae
13
Lupin us
25
Origanum
23
Primulales
13
Lychnis
5
Ornithogalum
48
Prunella
23
Lycium
16
Oryza
55
Q.
Lycopersicum
16
Oryzeae
55
Lysimachia
14
Oryzopsis
56
Quamoclit
15
Lytliraceae
28
Oxalidaceae
11
R.
Lythrales
28
Oxalis
11
Lythrum
28
Ran ales
1
P.
Ranunculaceae
1
M.
Ranunculus
1
Mah a
9
Paniceae
54
Raphanus
3
Malvaceae
8
Panic um
55
Rat ibid a
40
Malvales
8
Papaver
2
Reseda
4
Malvastrum
9
Papaveraceae
2
Resedaceae
4
Malvaviscus
9
Parietaria
10
Rheum
8
Marrubium
23
Pastinaca
31
Ricinus
12
Marty nia
20
Pelargonium
11
Rosa
24
Matricaria
43
Pentstemon
19
Rosaceae
24
Mat thiol a
4
Perilla
22
Rosales
24
Maurandia
19
Petalostemon
27
Rosmarinus
22
Maydeae
53
Petunia
17
Rubiaceae
31
Medicago
26
Phalarideae
55
Rubiales
31
Melilotus
26
Ph alar is
55
Rudbeckia
40
Melissa
23
Phaseolus
26
Rum ex
8
Mentha
22
Philotria
45
Ruscus
47
Micrampelis
30
Phleum
56
Rut a
12
Mimosa
27
Phlox
14
Rutaceae
12
Mini it! us
19
Phragmites
57
Mirabilis
8
Phryma
21
s.
Mollugaceae
6
Physalis
16
Sagittaria
44
Mollugo
6
Physostegia
23
Salpiglossis
19
Monarda
22
Pilea
10
Sal so la
7
Monstera
45
Plantaginaceae
14
Salvia
22
Moraceae
10
Plantago
14
Sapindaceae
28
Moraea
60
Platycodon
32
Sapindales
28
Muhlcnbergia
56
Plumbaginaceae
13
Saponarla
5
Plumbago
13
Satureia
24
N.
Poa
57
Saxifraga
27
Nabalus
44
Poales
49
Saxifragaceae
27
Narcissus
59
Polanisia
3
Scabiosa
33
Nasturtium
4
Polemoniaceae
14
Schizanthus
18
Nepeta
24
Polemoniales
14
Scilla
48
Nerine
60
Polianthes
59
Scirpus
49
Nerium
18
Polygala
4
Scitaminales
61
Nicotian a
17
Polygalaceae
4
Scrophulariaceae
18
Nigella
1
Polygonaceae
7
Scrophulariales
18
o.
Polygonum
7
Scutellaria
23
Pontederia
49
Secale
58
Ocimum
23
Pontederiaceae
48
Sedum
28
Odontoglossum
63
Portulaca
6
Set aria
54
Oenothera
29
Portulacaceae
6
Sicyos
30
INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES
Pag.
Silene
5
Taraxacum
43
Silphium
40
Telan
7
Sinuingia
20
Teucrium
23
Sisymbrium
4
'I'h un
20
Solanaceae
15
Thymus
23
Solatium
16
Til I,i
61
41
Torenia
1 1
Sonchus
44
4m
Sorghum
54
pogon
Spar Una
55
Hum
Spiihiroa
7
Trii
Spiraea
25
Tritirum
4
Spiranthes
62
Trit
(.1
4
Sporobolus
56
i
11
X.
Sprekelia
59
11
Stachys
24
Tulipa
Stellaria
Streptocarpus
5
20
U.
z.
Symphytum
17
10
10
T.
■
43
V.
Tanacetum
38
gayiamount-k;
pam phlet binder
Syrocu»». NY.
! Stockton, Colif.