mmi^ Ji^T^ 'ih '^■s^- ■t:. :^'V: ^^tL.^ ahr S- H- Hill iCtbrarij Nurtli (Earnltuci S'tatr ilulurrBtty This book was presented by THE FRIENDS OF THE LIBRARY 'V.y.^1.-*, C ^^^" ^^^mmt 'i'lif-'/^/^' '. »iV, .,:•«•• ,«V ■.^^^; -•^:^S ) • ^';;;1 /hAj/ckdj fri^ :y\n^^^ Digitized by tine Internet Arcinive in 2009 witii funding from NCSU Libraries littp://www.arcliive.org/details/anglicancliurcliarOObarr c- -O LAUS DEO. ANGLICAN ® 6 u r c 6 architecture. o- -o o o " Architecture exhibits the greatest difference from natnre which may exist in works of art; it involves all the powers of design, and is sculpture and painting inclusively. It shews the greatness of man, and should at the same time teach him humility." — Coleridge. O O o- n a o o_ o ANGLICAN SOME EEMARKS ECCLESIASTICAL FURNITURE. JAMES BARR, ARCHITECT. SECOND EDITION. QOIDQUID EX AFFECTU PURO ET SIXCERO PROMITCR HOC EST DECORUM ; SON SUPERFLUAS ^DIFICATIONES AGGREDI, NEC PR.ETERMITTERE NECE3SARIAS." — S. AMBROSE. OXFORD JOHN HENRY PARKER; TILT AND BOGUE, FLEET STREET, LONDON. I MDCCCXLIII. O— o o — — — o " To Bay nothing of the plain duty of building new churches in our crowded dLjtrict.s : surely from a grateful spirit, to adorn God's house with every lawful ornament ; to make it wide enough to admit with decency and ease an increasing population to kneel within its precincts ; to provide for its being outwardly of a gracious aspect in the eyes of those who should come there to listen to God's Word, and to offer up their supplications to Him ; to let the com- mon home of the religious sympathies of all around us be that which we most cheerfully adorn with the rich materials and the finished skill which wealth commands ; surely thus to make the temple of the Lord beautiful, and the sanctuary of His poor com- modious, is the acting of a fit and well-instructed piety." Archdeacon S. Wilberforce's Charge, 1842. o o o — o ADVERTISEME^v^L This little work is intended to serve merely as an introduction to the study of the Ecclesiastical Archi- tecture of this country, and at the same time to afford a simple and practical guide to those who are engaged in the erection or restoration of a Church. The sale of a large edition, in a few months, could not but be gratifying to the author, since it afforded satisfactory proof that such an elementary manual on the subject was wanted, and has been found in some degree to answer its purpose. The present edition has been carefuUy revised, and some additional illustrations introduced ; a short account of the symbols used by the early Christians, and of those appropriated to the Saints in the Calendar of the Anglican Church, has also been added. o- -o c o TO THE OXFORD SOCIETY FOR PROMOTING THE STUDY OF THIS LITTLE WORK IS RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED BY THE AUTHOR. Torrington Square, Dec 1641. o o o- -O LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Bakewell Church, Somersetshire (Plate) to face the title-page. Ground-Plan of Haseley Church, Oxfordshire (Plate) Tile, Winchester Cathedral ...... North Chancel, Fyfield Church, Berks (Plate) Nave and Aisles, Haseley Church, Oxfordshire (Plate) . Seat, Haseley Church, Oxfordshire .... Porch, Barnack, Northamptonshire (Plate) Chancel Door, Combe, Oxfordshire .... Window, Luddenham, Kent ...... — , Stanton St. John, Oxfordshire Roof, North Aisle, St. Michael's, Coventry (Plate). Tower, Dundry, near Bristol (Plate) .... Spire, Cassington Church, Oxfordshire (Plate) Finial of Spire, St. Aldate's, Oxford .... ■ , Yardley, Northamptonshire . Coped Tomb, St. Giles's, Oxford Cross, Yarnton, Oxfordshire (Plate) .... Lich Gate, Ga^sington, Oxfordshire .... Font, Fotheringhay, Northamptonshire (Plate) Altar, Enstone, Oxfordshire (Plate) .... Chalice, Corpus Christi College, Oxford .... Piscina, St. Mary's Church, Tarrant Eushton, Dorsetshire Aumbrye, Drayton Church, Berks ..... Pulpit, Beaulieu, Hants (Plate) ..... Lettem, Debtling, Kent (Plate j Faldstool, Stained Glass, Great Malvern Church . Seats, Steeple Aston, Oxfordshire (Plate) Bench End, Nettlecombe, Somerset .... Anglo-Norman Doorway, IMiddleton Stoney, Oxfordshire (Plate) Turret, Glastonbury Abbey (Plate) Abacus ....... Window, St. John's, Devices, Wilts 1 /pi + v Moulding, Bredgar, Kent . . J" y^^^^^) Buttress, Iffley ..... Capital, Gloucester Cathedral Mouldings ...... Piscina, Crowmarsh, Oxfordshire . Early English Capital, Mayor's Chapel, Bristol \ /pi + n Base, Paul's Cray, Kent . J (^^^*^^ 18 25 28 30 31 32 35 36 37 38 41 43 ib. 44 46 ib. 48 50 53 54 57 58 59 61 63 65 67 75 77 ib. 79 80 81 83 84 85 o- -o O- LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Early Enplish Moulding Ciipitiil . Doonvii}-, Affpuddlp, Dorsetehire (Plate) . Door, Piiiil's Criiy, Kont ..... Window, Witney, Oxfordshire .... , Wiirminpton. Northamptonshire , Cotterstock, Northamptonshire , York Minster ...... Buttress and Pinnacle, St. Mar}''s, New Shorehara, Sussex CPlate) Buttress, Salisbury Cathedral .... Parapet, Salisburj- Cathedral .... Pillar, Salisbury Cathedral .... Pinnacle, Peterborouijh Cathedral . Bell Turret, Glastonbury, Somersetshire (Plate) Finial, Lincoln Cathedral .... Tooth Ornament ...... Gable, Skelton, Yorkshire .... Decorated Window, Farinpdon, Berks ..... , Standish, Gloucestershire . 1 ,„, , Moulding, Lady Chapel, Wells Cathedral J <^ '"^^^ 103 Buttress, St. IMnry Magdalene, Oxford — Pinnacle, Howden, Yorkshire — Capital, Sandhurst, Kent — Moulding, with Ball-Flower . , with Four-leaved Flower Diaper-work ..... INIoulding, with the Roll and Ball-Flower Niche, Walpole, Norfolk Cross, on gable, Merton College Chapel, Oxford Perpendicular, Higham Ferrers, Northamptonshire (Plate) Niche, King's Sutton, Northamptonshire Doon^-ay, Merton College Chapel, Oxford . Window, New College, Oxford 1 ,„. ^ Monldinir, Wells Cathedral J (*^"^^*> Buttress, St. Lawrence, Evesham — Pillar, Stogumber, Somersetshire Tower, Brislington Church, Somersetshire Parapet, Thonibnry Church, Gloucestershire Tudor Flower ..... Monldings ...... Bench End, Nettlecombe, Somersetshire > -^— ^— Cross, Rotherham, Yorkshire Lettem, Lingfleld, Surrey ...... Chest for Alms, St. Peter's, Oxford .... Early Christian Symbols ...... Emblems of the Saints in the Calendar of the Anglican Church Emblems of the Crucifixion ...... of the Trinity Village Cross, Alphington, Devonshire c- a- ■0 LAUS DBO. ANGLICAN Q^inxtf) ^xtiiitttnxt. I. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. SOLEMN DUTIES OF PUBLIC SERVICE TO BE DONE UNTO GOD, MUST HAVE THEIR PLACES SET AND PREPARED IN SUCH SORT AS BESEEMETH ACTIONS Of THAT REGARD. — HOOKER. c- -o o o " Let it not he snpposed, that any decoration is here reoommended to be introduced into our Churches, which could expose either the Founder or Restorer to the charge of revi\nng superstitions ornaments, and thereby of ' casting stumbling blocks in the path, which truly leads to the sanctuary.' We are told, that, when the excellent George Herbert undertook the rebuilding of the Church of Layton, he made it so much * his whole business, that he became rest- less till he saw it finished,' and that for ' decency and beauty' it exceeded all others. It is decency and beauty, such as Herbert would have approved — such as our own pure and Apostolic Church sanctions, and nothing more — which should be universally adopted in our Ecclesiastical buildings." — hark- land's remarks on ENGLISH CHURCHES. o o o- -o INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. Ecclesiastical Architecture is a subject which must always be regarded with pecuhar interest, being so inseparably connected with the rites and cere- monies of the Christian Church. It becomes, how- ever, more especially the bounden duty of every one who is in any way engaged in the erection of an edifice for pubhc worship, to make himself at least so far acquainted with the general principles of Church-building, that his influence and exertions may ever be rightly and judiciously directed, so that in the arrangement of a structure designed for sacred purposes, due attention may be paid to its being properly adapted for the celebration of the solemn ordinances of our rehgion. A thoughtful mind, indeed, cannot but experience melancholy feehng on beholding the sad contrast o- B 2 o o o 4 INTUODICTORY REMARKS. that is generally exhibited on a comparison of most of the modem Churches with the Gothic piles erected in the middle ages, which, in defiance of all the barbarous mutilations and additions to which so many of them have from time to time been subjected, still retain a holy and venerable character, appear- ing throughout the land like monuments reared to bear testimony to the genius and piety of our fore- fathers. Most assuredly the motives and not the actions of men should always be regarded ; and doubtless in the sight of God, even the sumptuous and lofty Cathednd is not an offering more accept- able than the plain and lowly Church, provided its poverty be the result of limited means, and not oc- casioned by the illibcrality of sordid and selfish economists ; thev, indeed, would often fain persuade themselves that the meanness so visible in the struc- ture they have erected is but a proof of their being superior to the superstitious notions which they falsely attribute to the ancient builders, for having devoted much time and labour on what they are pleased to term useless and unnecessary ornaments : — but surely such reasoning is most ungenerous and uncharitable ; — and the period we hope is not very fur distant when the erection of sacred buildings o o o o INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 5 will again be carried on with a truly zealous and devotional spirit, so that the structures of the Church may once more be reared. In beauty of Holiness, with ordered pomp, Decent and unreproved. In former times the fabrics set apart for religious purposes were usually built from the drawings and under the inrnoediate superintendence of the Ecclesi- astics themselves, who sometimes even worked as common labourers for the love of Christ's holy Church : they appear to have been ever anxious that the effect of their edifices should contribute to in- crease the solemnity of the services for which they were erected, being aware that " the very majesty and holiness of the place where God is worshipped, hath in regard of us great virtue, force, and efficacy, for that it serveth as a sensible help to stir up devo< tion, and in that respect, no doubt, bettereth even our hohest and best actions in this kind ^." It is vain indeed to expect that our sacred build- ings can exhibit the same propriety and beauty, un- less they are likewise designed in strict accordance with the spirit and intentions of the Church. A modem place of worship, from its capricious and un- * Hookei's Ecclesiastical Polity, book v. ■ o Q O G INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. canonical arrangement, is destitute of almost every peculiar characteristic of a house of prayer ; and in- stead of the interior possessing that peaceful and quiet aspect, which tends to inspire with feehngs of reve- rence and devotion all who enter its hallowed walls, the whole structure has an air of meanness and pre- tension that is particularly offensive, and at the same time altogether contrary to every sound principle of Ecclesiastical Architecture. The appearance, on the other hand, of an ancient Gothic Church is often most magnificent and impos- ing, but even when of a plain and homely description it is impressive and beautiful ; frequently It is a pile of simplest masoniy, With narrow windows and vast buttresses ; yet there is a spirit m its time-honoured walls, and a rcahty about the building, that is extremely pleas- ing ; for however rude the materials employed in its erection, there is never any attempt to make them appear other than they really arc. The faithful builders, conscious of having exerted themselves to the uttermost, seem to have felt that any false pre- tensions would be at variance with the hohness of the service to wliich the edifice was to be consecrated, and o o o c INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 7 that alone in their estimation would invest it with suf- ficient majesty ; since in the words of the learned and excellent Hooker, " Churches receive as every thing else, their chief perfection from the end whereunto they serve. Which end being the pubhc service of God, they are in this consideration houses of greater dignity than any provided for meaner purposes." The sohdity also observable in the construction of the rehgious edifices of the olden time, harmonizes ad- mirably with the purposes for which they were erected, appearing as it were to intimate that They dreamt not of a perishable home, "Who thus could build. The irregularity of Gothic buildings, united as it frequently is with much apparent complexity, is apt to make a mere superficial observer imagine that such designs are not the result of that consideration and forethought exhibited in the works of classical antiquity ; but this conclusion is very far from being correct, for although " Gothic Architecture adopted forms and laws which are the reverse of the ancient ones, it introduced new principles as fixed and true, as fuU of unity and harmony, as those of the previous system^," and it will be found that a long course •> Whewell's Architectural Notes. o o o o 8 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. of the most attentive and reverential study is requisite in order to be able to imitate with any correctness the stately and magnificent edifices that were erected during the middle ages. — As a late distinguished poet has well observed, " the Greeks reared a structure which in its parts, and as a whole, filled the mind with the calm and elevated impression of perfect beauty and symmetrical proportion. Tlie Moderns also produced a whole, a more striking whole ; but it was by blending materials and fusing the parts together." In the lofty and vast Cathedral Churches, Gothic Architecture reigns supreme ; and these "im- mense and glorious works of fine Intelligence" being in a more especial manner reared " to give glory to God, and to exalt men's souls to sanctity," our an- cestors never spared any expense or labour for their perfection, deeming rightly enough that their utmost efforts in the performance of such honourable works must fall immeasurably short of rendering their ofierings in any way worthy the acceptance of the Divine Majesty; the grandeur of design and boldness of execution displayed in many of these erections, may indeed be termed sublime, while the mingled feelings of awe and veneration with which they always inspire the beholder, prove them not altogether un- o- o o o INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 9 worthy of the poetical appellation bestowed upon them by Coleridge when he entitled them "the petri- factions of om' rehgion." The great charm, indeed, of all the ancient Churches, consists in their possessing a sacred and devotional character which at once distinguishes them from every other class of buildings, so that notwithstanding the different styles and variety of their Architecture, they have a certain similarity of appearance which marks in a very significant and expressive manner that they are alike dedicated to the same holy service. Thus when we read in the Excursion the following correct and beautiful descrip- tion of an Enghsh Country Church, we can scarcely fail of being struck with the resemblance it bears to some that we ourselves have visited, although it is to be regretted that the poet did not condemn the introduction of the sculptured pew and marble monuments within the Chancel : Not raised in nice proportions was the Pile, But large and massy ; for duration built ; With pillars crowded, and the roof upheld By naked rafters intricately crossed. Like leafless underboughs, 'mid some thick grove, All withered by the depth of shade above. Admonitory texts inscribed the walls, 6 6 o o 10 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. Each in its ornamental scroll, enclosed, Each also crowned with winged heads a pair Of rudely-painted cherubim. The floor Of nave and aisle in unpretending guise, Was occupied by oaken benches, ranged In seemly rows : the Chancel only shewed Some inoffensive marks of earthly state And vain distinction — a capacious pew Of sculptur'd oak stood here, with drap'ry lined ; And marble monuments were here display'd Thronging the walls; and on the floor beneath Sepulchral stones appeared with emblems graven And footworn epitaphs, and some with small And shining effigies of brass inlaid. A certain order adapted to the proper celebration of the ritual observances, was always preserved in the plan and arrangement of our ancient Churches, although the simple style of the architecture of those of an earlier date often affords a striking contrast to the more richly ornamented fabrics that were erected at a later period. These venerable structures, from the many holy and interestmg as- sociations connected with them, as well as on account of their sacred character and beauty, are the only appropriate models for edifices to be consecrated to the service of the Anglo- CathoUc Church. At the Reformation in the sixteenth century, they were o o o o INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 11 generally despoiled of their sumptuous furniture and costly decorations, but in other respects their appearance was not very materially affected by the alterations that were then accomplished under the sanction of the proper authorities. They were afterwards subjected to many wanton and disgraceful mutilations during the Great RebeUion in the reign of Charles the First, " a pohtical and ecclesiastical catastrophe which went far indeed beyond the wishes and intentions of the Reformers." Since that stormy and eventful period, the injuries which the buildings have sustained, are, for the most part, the results of shameful neglect and tasteless reparations. To acquire a correct knowledge of the elements of design in Church Architecture, and to bring about that "union of genius with imitation" whose produc- tions shall be worthy of being compared with our ancient ecclesiastical edifices, it is indispensably ne- cessary that these beautiful monuments of mediaeval art should be studied with the greatest care and diligence. "When principles are to be recovered by the examination of examples alone, which is the case with Middle Age Architecture, of which no precepts are preserved, the greater number of exam- ples that can be compared the better ; and we are by o o o 12 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. no means to confine ourselves to the most excellent, for we may often detect the rules of successful practice by comparing the attempts of unskilful artists, or the experiments of experienced ones, with those specimens in which the desired effect has been obtained in the highest degree*^." When designing a Church, it is by no means sufficient that we borrow the details of an old build- ing, unless we hkewise preserve its general propor- tions and canonical distribution, upon which its character and effect are chiefly dependant. It is also of great importance that both the size of the intencled structure, and the locality where it is proposed to be reared, should be taken into con- sideration, although such matters are sometimes entirely disregarded. The most glaring defects perhaps in modern Church-building have been occasioned by the desire of producing something fine or novel. How often in a secluded village, wlicrc a Simple unpretending edifice would have added grace and interest to the landscape, do we find some incongruous pile erected, which in no respect harmonizes with the surrounding scenery ; it is either what is termed an original conception • Willis on the Architecture of the Middle Ages. o o o o INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 13 that bears no resemblance whatever to the " shrines of ancient faith," or it is a tame and meagre com- bination, on a small scale and with inferior materials, of the various features of our grand and magnificent Cathedrals, — fabrics which, from their immense size and peculiar arrangement, are not fit and appropriate models for Parish Churches ; these frequently con- sisting only of a nave and chancel, with a small belfry-tower or bell-gable, and an entrance porch. The enrichments of a sacred structure ought always to be deemed objects superior to mere ornament, and should exhibit as much as possible the propriety and usefulness of their application ; thus niches appear somewhat unmeaning unless they contain figures. The Cross is the great symbol of our Faith ; for " when heathens despised the Christian rehgion because of the sufferings of Jesus Christ, the Fathers, to testify how httle such contumehes and contempts prevailed with them, chose rather the sign of the cross, than any other outward mark, whereby the world might most easily discern always what they were ^ ; " it is therefore of all decorations the most appropriate that can be introduced in Ecclesiastical Hooker's Ecclesiastical Polity, book v. o o o o 14 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. Architecture, and like " a guardian crest" ought to be placed on the summit of every structure that is dedicated to the solemn services of the Church ; And we will not conceal the precious Cross Like men ashamed. The sun with its first smile Shall p^eet that sjTnhol crowning the low pile, And the fresh air ** of incense-breathing mom" Shall wooingly embrace it ; and green moss Creep round its arms through centuries unborn *. The lofty stone cross which was usually erected in the Churchyard, was sometimes elaborately orna- mented with the symbols of the four Evangelists or other appropriate sculpture, and it is much to be re- gretted that so many of these interesting and beauti- ful monuments of our pious forefathers have been wantonly destroyed, and that those which yet remain are generally in a perishing and dilapidated state : the figure of the cross was also frequently chiselled upon the tombs. Tlie Holy Name, the emblems of the Blessed Trinity, and other mystical devices which adorn our old Ecclesiastical structures, eloquently proclaim how greatly such embellishments, " so beauteous, so symbolical of faith and love," contribute to impart • Wordsworth's Ecclesiastical Sketches. o o o o INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 15 a religious character to the very architecture ; at the same time it must be admitted, that ' a sober piety cannot sanction ' some of the grotesque com- positions that were occasionally introduced. The ancient practice of writing sentences from Holy Scripture upon the walls of the sacred edifice is enjoined by the eighty- second Canon of our Church, and affords a most instructive and eloquent mode of embellishing the interior of the building. These inscriptions should be written in small English cha- racters upon scrolls, and the initial letters may be painted and enriched with gilding in the style of some of the beautiful illuminated manuscripts of the middle ages. Window s ' coloured with the Saints and Mart}TS of the Cross,' are too frequently regarded as extra- vagant and unnecessary ornaments ; but surely The storied windows richly dight, Casting a dim religious light, ought not to be deemed subjects of trifling import- ance, for they are valuable as means of imparting to the interior of a Church, much of the peculiarly holy and solemn aspect, that may almost be considered as a test of the excellence of Ecclesiastical Archi- 6- o O- -o 16 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. tecture, which fails of its noblest object, if it does not impress the mind with those feelings of reverence and devotion that ought ever to be excited on entering a building devoted to the service and glory of God. o- -o O- -o LAUS DEO. ANGLICAN CfiurcS ^rcfiittcture. II. OF THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE VARIOUS PARTS OF A CHURCH. "the wisest reform is REXEWAL — STARE SUPER ANTIQUAS VIAS," — LORD CHANCELLOR BACON. o- -o o o THE PLAN. THE MATERIALS. THE CHANCEL. THE NAVE AND AISLES. THE PORCH. THE DOORWAYS. THE WINDOWS. THE ROOF. THE TOWER. THE SPIRE. THE VESTRY. THE CHURCH- YARD. o o o -o THE I'LAN. A Fr lit. B. Eeadiug Pew. C. Pulpit D. FaldetooL E Altar Table. F. AIonuiQeDtB G. Sedilia.fcc H. Children's Seata. I. Open Seata Haseley. Oxon o- o o- -o A Cruciform Plan is the most expressive and beautiful that can be employed by Christians in the erection of an edifice for the solemn celebra- tion of pubUc worship, but ought only to be occa- sionally adopted, since the long double parallelo- gram, consisting of a well- developed chancel and nave, with or without aisles, is altogether better adapted for the services and requirements of our Church : to complete the holy structure a belfry- tower, or bell- turret, and an entrance porch, are requisite; a small vestry may be erected on the north or south side of the building, although it should never be made a prominent featm^e in the composition. The Christians of the early ages, from various mystical and religious motives, placed the Altar at the east end of the sacred edifice, and consequently in this respect the plan was directly opposed to that of the Jewish Temple, which had its sanctuary towards the west : the Anglican Church never sanc- o- -o c 2 O o 20 THE PLAN. tions any unnecessary deviations from the practice of antiquity ; and therefore, in the disposition of her houses of prayer from the remotest period, followed the same arrangement, which ought not to be de- parted from, since there appears to be no reason- able objection to prevent the continual observance of this most ancient and Catholic usage. The relative proportions of the different parts of a Church, are so various in the old buildings, that with our present limited knowledge of the principles of Ecclesiastical design, it is impossible to lay down any definite rules upon the subject. The annexed plan of Great Haseley Church must not be regarded altogether as a model for imitation, since the nave is narrower than the chancel, and the south aisle is considerably too wide ; it possesses, however, all the essential features of a Parish Church, and the furni- ture has been lately arranged under the superin- tendence of the Oxford Architectural Society. o 6 O- -o Churches ought to be built of stone, and when they are highly embellished and costly structures, it is generally desirable that they should be faced with " clene hewen Asshler altogedir in the outer side," especially if erected in cities or large towns. The walls of edifices of a more simple and unpre- tending character, may be advantageously built of rough rubble, for the very unevenness of the mate- rial imparts great richness and variety of colour to the plain mural surfaces, and gives at once an ancient aspect to the building ; it also renders the finished masonry of the buttresses, windows, and other orna- mental portions, sufiSciently prominent and effec- tive, without producing the unsightly contrast that cannot be avoided when flints are used in combina- tion with new freestone : the appearance, however, of some of the old parish Churches of Norfolk and Suffolk, which are thus constructed, is very pleas- o- -o o o 22 THE MATERIALS. ing. "They were erected, for the most part, in the fifteenth century, and a few so late as the reign of Henry the Eighth. The walls of many of these edifices consist of a mixture of squared flints, in- serted amidst a sort of framework of freestone, pro- ducing a firm and durable fabric with the help of good cement. The use of fhnts was suggested by considerations of economy, as good stone could only be procured from distant quarries; but by careful practice the workmen of former ages attained to a degree of perfection in the management of this rugged material, which may justly claim our admi- ration f." There is an air of reality even about brickwork that renders it superior to any imitation of stone, which always has a perishable look, wholly at vari- ance with architectural grandeur ; it demands, more- over, constant renewal, and therefore is particularly unsuitable for Ecclesiastical buildings, since they never acquire that time-worn and venerable aspect which contributes so great a charm to our old Gothic Churches. The timber that is employed in a sacred edifice, if it be of an inferior description, ought on no account * Pugin's Examples, vol. i. c o o o THE MATERIALS. 23 to be painted in imitation of oak or any other costly wood- Lead is an expensive material for covering the roofs of Churches, and requires to be laid with great care in order to insure its durabihty ; it has been found to decay in a most insidious manner ; for in process of time minute perforations are formed through the substance, which, though not large enough to admit rain, yet do not exclude moisture, — and thus the timbers under it are gradually destroy- ed. The common blue slates from Wales cannot be recommended, but they may be procured of a good colour from various quarries in Cumberland, West- moreland, Derbyshire, and some other parts of Eng- land : flag- stones, and small dark tiles are unobjec- tionable, but thatch ought not to be used in Eccle- siastical Architecture. Oak shingles are very dura- ble, and on account of their lightness, may some- times be employed with advantage in restoring the roofs of old rural Churches, whose walls are insuffi- cient to sustain much weight ; the Rev. Gilbert White, in his Antiquities of Selbourne, remarks, that shingles, well seasoned and cleft from quar- tered timber, never wai-p, nor let in drifting snow ; nor do they shiver with frost, nor are they liable o o o o 24 THE MATERIALS. to be blown off; but when well nailed down last for a long period, and the consideration of accidents by fire excepted, this sort of roofing is much more eligible than tiles. The mode of manufacturing glass for glazing the windows of Churches, is stated by William of Malmesbury to have been introduced into England in the seventh century, by Benedict, sumamed Biscop, or Biscopius, a noble Northumbrian, the founder of the monasteries of Monks Wearmouth and Bishops Wearmouth. Painted glass does not appear to have been used for the embellishment of windows until about the middle of the ninth cen- tury; in each style of Gothic Architecture it will be found to be distinguished by certain pecuhari- ties in the tone and disposition of the colours, which require to be carefully attended to by modern artists, since the effect and character of the interior of a sacred building are often greatly dependant upon the proper introduction of this beautiful and resplendent material. It has been well observed by Willement, in some excellent remarks pubhshed in the Glossary of Architecture, " that stained glass ought properly to decorate and not supersede the architecture ; and that through the whole series of o — o O _o THE MATERIALS. 25 ancient examples the most effective specimens are those in which the design and arrangement are made subservient to the architectural features of the window in which they are placed." When only- common glass is used in Ecclesiastical structures, it should be in small panes, disposed diagonally, or in various geometrical figures, so as to afford a direct and pleasing contrast both to the horizontal and vertical lines of the windows; ground glass has always a dull and monotonous appearance, unless it be diapered and reheved by pieces of colour. Encaustic tiles, covered with ornamental devices, or charged with the armorial bearings of founders and benefactors, are the best materials for paving the floor of a Chm'ch ; common stone is preferable to black and white marble, the effect of which is too crude and glarmg to harmonize well with the solemn architecture of a Gothic edifice. Wincbester Cathedral. O O a- 'Ei)t ©j^anceL -O The Chancel being that essential portion of the sacred edifice, which is set apart for the most solemn and impressive administration of the Holy Eucharist, should always be designed of spacious and dignified proportions : it may Hkewdse with pro- priety be very highly embellished, if the painted or sculptured decorations be of a severe and rehgious character ; the east end is sometimes terminated by a semicircular or polygonal apse. The Chancel-floor ought to be on a higher level than that of any other part of the building, and should be paved with encaustic tiles covered with appropriate devices ; it is also desirable that either the number, or the arrangement, of the mullions and tracery of the windows over the Altar, should be symbohcal of the Blessed Trinity, the Altar itself being adorned with various sacred and mystical emblems : the Reredos, or Altar- screen, in hke man- o- -o o THE CHANCEL. 27 ner, may be very elaborately embellished, the back- gromid of the panels being painted or chiselled wdth diaper- work, or other ornaments. The faldstool which is used for the Litany is frequently placed at the entrance of the Chancel. The Sediha, or seats for the Clergymen, were gene- rally in former times arched recesses constructed in the south wall, and on account of their superior ele- gance, are greatly to be preferred to wooden chairs. A Credence for the reception of the bread and wine previous to their oblation; a Piscina with its basin and di'ain to carry away the water used for rinsing the chahce ; and an Aumbrye, or cupboard, to lock up the sacred vessels, are some of the graceful and con- venient appendages of an ancient Chancel, which might be advantageously retained for the service of the Church of England. When seats are introduced in the Chancel, they should be arranged lengthwise, with their backs to the wall, and low desks in front of them, with poppies at each end ; or when there is a Chancel- screen, the seats next to it may have their backs to the screen, and face the east, joining the other seats at an angle, as we find in ancient examples, where the furniture of the Chancel is in its original state ; as at Broad- o o o- -O 28 THE CHANCEL. water Church, Sussex; St. Mary's, Oxford; and many others. In our old Gothic Churches, the Chancel is often separated from the nave and aisles by a richly carved perforated screen, that always adds considerably to the beauty and effect of the archi- tecture. The perforated part of the ancient chancel- screen generally furnishes the best model for the altar-rails which modern usage requires. When there were aisles to the chancel, they were formerly called the north chancel and the south chancel, and there was a separate altar in each. On the east side of the transepts in cruciform Churches, and generally at the east end of every aisle, there was also an Altar, parted off from the rest of the church by a screen (cancellus), as at Fyfield, Berks. o- -o — o -o ^s^*^?!©^'^^^ '^i)t i^abc ant) Aisles. The Nave ought to be kept subservient to the Chancel, and being of more imposing dimensions should not therefore be so richly ornamented. In manv ancient buildings, the piers or pillars are of various forms, and generally in our small parish Chm'ches, the shafts are much shorter in proportion to the width of the arches, than in Cathedrals and other large structures ; the capitals consist of nume- rous mouldings, and are often adorned with sculp- tured fohage, or other enrichments, which display great variety and elegance in their design : the open seats in the aisles may frequently be so arranged as not to conceal the bases of the pillars, but in the centre of the sacred edifice there must always be an alley or avenue leading up to the Altar. The canonical distribution of Ecclesiastical furniture is a subject of the greatest importance. The Font o- -o o o 30 THE NAVE AND AISLES. is ordered to be set in '' the ancient usual place," near the porch or entrance, and the pulpit ought to be erected by the side of the Chancel- arch, or against one of the adjoining pillars, so as not to obstruct the view of the Altar : it is customary also to have the Clergyman's desk or reading pew placed near the east end of the nave, but the lessons are sometimes read from a brazen eagle, with expanded wings support- ing the sacred volume, and is the most graceful and significant form that can be adopted for the lettem. The seats, if correctly designed, are merely low open benches, constructed of oak, which admit of being elaborately ornamented v^ith carving, and must always be so arranged that none of the congrega- tion sit with their backs towards the Altar. A chest for alms is required to be fixed in some con- venient position for receiving the contributions of the parishioners, and the organ may be built on the floor at the extremity of either of the aisles, or elevated in a small loft or chamber, constructed within the arch of the tower, but not projecting into the nave. The sepulchral monuments with the single exception of the Founder's tomb, should be confined to brasses, or incised slabs of stone, which form a part of the pavement, but a series of arcades 6 o o- o THE NAVE AND AISLES. 31 or panels, carried round the walls under the win- dows for the insertion of inscriptions, might often prevent the introduction of marble tablets and other unsightly memorials. Galleries are in every way so injurious to the effect of the interior of a Gothic Church, that they should never be erected excepting in unavoidable cases of necessity, and to render their appearance unobtrusive, the fronts must be kept quite plain; they ought likewise ahvays to be supported on shafts unconnected with the main pillars of the structure, in order to interfere as Httle as possible with the architecture of the edifice. Haseley, Oxfordshire, a -o c- -o ^i)c porc)^. The Porch is both an oniamental and convenient appendage to the sacred structure, and when erected in its usual position, on the south or north side of the nave, in the second bay from the west end, its pro- jection gives a pleasing variety to the outline of the design ; it destroys also that uniform regularity which it is seldom advisable to preserve in the architecture of the flank elevation of a Gothic Church : the porch may be built to face the west, if the plan or locahty of the edifice requires such an arrangement, but a western entrance is not desirable in a small Church, since it admits strong currents of air, and renders the building very cold. The interior of the porch is generally lighted bv small windows, and the roof is often vaulted with stone and richly groined : the side walls also are sometimes embellished with arcades or panels, as at Bamack, Northamptonshire. When of the height of o- -o o- -o THE PORCH, Eaiuack. Northamptoushire o- -O O- o THE PORCH. 33 two stories, the upper chamber is well adapted for the reception of a parochial library, or for keeping the records of the parish, and should be ascended by a narrow winding staircase, partly formed within the substance of the wall, as at St. Peter's-in-the-East, at Oxford. Many of our old country churches have porches constructed chiefly of oak, ornamented with carvdng and perforated tracery : these might frequently be adopted with advantage in rural districts. " In ancient times the porch was used for the per- formance of several rehgious ceremonies, appertain- ing to baptism, matrimony, and the solemn comme- moration of Christ's Passion in Holy Week, &c. It was also the place where the parishioners assembled for civil purposes ^." » Pugin's Examples, vol. i. o- -o o- -o 'E])e Soortoape. The Doorways of the Church ought not to be introduced in any of the elevations that face the east, and although their number, as well as position, must be regulated by the plan and dimensions of the sacred building, it is always desirable that there should be a narrow entrance at the side of the Chancel appropriated to the use of the Clergyman. The doors themselves may be constructed of stout planks of oak, bound together with long and ele- gantly formed iron hinges, suspended on hooks in the ancient manner; the external surface of the woodwork in Anglo-Norman and Early Pointed edifices is usually more or less covered with vari- ous ramifications of metal scroll-work, a beauti- ful species of enrichment, which at a subsequent period was generally superseded by the introduc- tion of panels and tracery : the handle, and the heads of the large nails or bolts, with which the old doors are frequently studded, often display con- siderable talent and ingenuity both in their design and execution. o- -o c- -O THE DOORWAYS. 35 In England the doorways of the Cathedrals and other great Churches are seldom features of that magnitude and importance which they are in the same class of Ecclesiastical structures on the con- tinent, and it is always advisable to presen-e as much as possible the distinctive peculiarities of Anglican Church Architecture. Chancel Door, Combe Oxon. D 2 -o O- -o Zf)t S^aintioios. The Windows of our ancient Churches are gene- rally elevated a considerable height above the floor, an arrangement that difilises a pleasing light through the interior of the sacred structure, and in a great measure prevents external objects from being visible to disturb the attention of the congregation. In the earlier styles of Gothic Architecture, the windows are often narrow and without mullions, and being always inserted near the external surface of the wall, their recesses consequently have the greater depth internally; these should be properly^ splayed, and when the aper- ture is very small, the width of the slope must be proportionally increased in order to admit a suffi- I.uddeniiarn , Kent. c> -o o- -O THE WINDOWS. 37 cient quantity of light : in Perpendicular edifices the muUions are sometimes placed in the centre of the wall. The size and form of windows are of course greatly dependant upon their peculiar position, but the pattern of their tracery may frequently be varied with advantage in elevations where it is requisite that the same general outline should be preserved : when the openings are of large dimensions they require more especially to be filled with painted glass. ;iil!"-'-^iin Stanton St John Oxon. o- -o o rj 1fc^^^ Zije J^oot The science and ingenuity displayed by the old masons in that most difficult and expensive branch of architecture, stone -vaulting, cannot fail of excit- ing our admiration of their profound skill and per- severance. In many specimens of ancient groin- ing, the moulded ribs will be found to radiate from shafts that rise direct from the ground, as at York, Winchester, Lichfield, &c. : and such ex- amples are usually more effective and deserving of imitation than those which diverge or spring from sculptured corbels, as at Lincoln, Wells, Exeter, and other places. The carved bosses at the inter- section of the ribs may be richly painted and gilt, as at Canterbury Cathedral ; but if armorial bear- ings are introduced, they should either be of an Ecclesiastical character, or such as belong to the founders and benefactors of the Church, o- -o o- o THE ROOF. North Aisle St Michael's, Coventry. O- -o o o THE ROOF. 39 The open timber roof with arched braces has a beautiful effect, and is less costly and more easily executed than stone-vaulting ; it does not even re- quire to be very elaborately embellished, for great richness and expression may always be produced by the judicious distribution of a few bold mouldings and other simple decorations. The Churches of Suffolk, and the adjoining counties, possess numer- ous magnificent examples, in which the ends of the beams that support, what are technically termed the struts, are generally sculptured in the form of angels bearing shields charged with various sacred devices. A wooden roof of a coved or polygonal figure is very suitable for a Chancel, or a small highly orna- mented Chapel ; it should be divided into panels, or compartments, in which the Holy Name, the emblems of the Passion, or other symbols of a mystical and religious character, may be appropriately depicted. A high steep roof is a most essential and distinc- tive feature of an Early Gothic Church, and is more- over admirably adapted to om' cUmate. It not only has a fine effect externally, but the side-thrust of the rafters is so inconsiderable as to require little abutment ; and therefore, if the walls of the edifice are properly constructed, the tie-beams may safely 1 I o ^ o o o 40 THE ROOK. be dispensed with, for they are only really requisite in a low-pitched roof, and do not altogether harmo- nize well with the vertical and aspiring character of Pointed Architecture : the outline of the exterior is sometimes ornamented with a crest on the ridge, as at Exeter Cathedral, and probably in former times this decoration was very commonly introduced on the buildings in this country. The roofs which cover the aisles of a nave or chancel that is without a clerestory, are generally of a different inclination from that over the central division, or have separate parallel ridges, like those of the Lady Chapels at the east end of Sahsbury Cathedral, and St. Saviour's, Southwark : the latter arrangement may always be adopted with advantage when the structure has but one aisle, since it will render the appearance of the design somewhat less imperfect. In the beautiful Httle Church at Skelton, near York, the aisles are included under the same roof, and a small bell-gable on the ridge affords the only external indication that the edifice is divided into a nave and chancel ; the width of the aisles is also marked by the buttresses introduced in the east and west fronts. o o o- -o THE TOWER. Cundry. near Bristol o- -o o- -o The Tower or Steeple was introduced into Eccle- siastical Architecture for the purpose of containing the bells, which require to be suspended at a con- siderable height in order that they may be heard at a distance ; from its elevation it also serves to point out the situation of the sacred edifice. It is usually erected at the west end of the Church, either in the centre of the front, or at the termination of an aisle ; but its position, as well as its height and general proportions, should always be regulated by the plan and locality of the structure to which it is attached. In a cruciform building it is almost in- variably constructed over the square of the inter- section, and frequently also in Churches which have no transepts, it is built between the nave and the chancel. The base or lower part of the tower ought to be kept plain and massive, the upper portions being designed of a more elegant and ornate character ; in o- -o o o 42 THE TOWER, many of our finest ancient examples, two windows, on account of their light and graceful appearance, are introduced on each side of the belfry-story; but when the steeple is of small dimensions, a pair of narrow openings, with a foliated ornament over them, comprised under one arch, is altogether the most pleasing and effective arrangement that can be adopted ; buttresses, which are often essential features, generally require a bold projection, and are frequently crowned with pinnacles ; a stair-turret also at one of the angles imparts much picturesque character and variety to the outline. When a Church has only a central tower, which forms a lantern to the interior of the edifice ; or when, from the want of funds or any other cause, the erection of the steeple is obliged to be postponed to some future period, the bells may be suspended in a perforated turret or gable ; many of our ancient Churches and Chapels possess good models for imitation, and there is a beautiful example of the thirteenth century at Glastonbury Abbey ; it has two arched openings, over which a trefoil-headed niche, containing a small figure, is very happily in- troduced, and the whole composition is character- ized by great richness and simplicity, o o o- -o THE SPIRE. Cassiugton Church Oxiordshn-e o- G '^f>t empire. The Spire, " pointing in silence heavenward," is the most beautiful covering for the tower of a Gothic Church ; but when erected on an elevated and ex- posed situation, it seldom appears to the same ad- vantage as in a flat or wooded country, or when seen rising in simple majesty above the dense smoke and houses of a town ; in ancient times it served as a landmark for the guid- ance of travellers, and was often, from its very great height, a con- spicuous object at a considerable dis- tance ; the summit ought always to terminate in a finial agreeing with the style of the architecture, and surmounted either by a metal cross or a gilt weathercock. Lo ! on the top of each aerial spire What seems a star by day, so high and ^"^^^' - '/'['far'* It quivers from afar in golden liglit ; gt. Aidates, Oxford. o- O o- -o 44 THE SPIRE. But 'tis a form of earth, though touched with fire Celestial, raised in other days to tell How, when they tired of prayer, Apostles fell*. Many of our early spires spring direct from the towers without any intervening parapet, and the effect is excellent, but in the later styles this feature is rarely omitted, and they are usually connected together by pin- nacles, either arranged in a cluster, as in the steeple of the Church of St. Mary-the- Virgin, at Oxford, or combined with flying buttresses from each of the four angles, as at Louth and Caythorpe, in Lincolnshire. The spire is often enriched with broad bands of ornament, and with crock- ets on the ribs, as at Sahsburv Ca- thedral ; the outline is also fre- quently varied by the introduction of one or more tiers of small open windows, called spire-lights, which, when long, are generally divided by a hori- zontal bar or transom, as at Bampton and Witney, Oxfordshire ; this additional support appears to be rendered necessary on account of the apertures being without glass and ironwork. " Lyra Apostolica. Yardley o- o C- -O Zijt 'iJcgtrg. The Vestry is usually built on the north or south side of the chancel, and when kept properly subser- vient to the general design does not detract from the beauty of the sacred edifice to which it is annexed ; a want of uniformity being quite in accordance with the erenius of Gothic Architecture. It is often covered with a simple inchned roof, as at Minster Lovel, Oxfordshire : where a chimney is required, it should be rendered an unobtrusive feature, with- out being carried up and attempted to be concealed in a perforated turret or pinnacle. In some of our ancient Churches the tower is erected at the eastern end of one of the aisles of the nave, and, when the situation of the building will admit of this arrangement being adopted, the lower part of the steeple may be most conveniently applied to the purposes of a vestry. o- o O- o In a Christian cemetery, the green turf, or plain slabs of stone, from their simple and unobtrusive character, are most appropriate coverings for the graves ; and when sepulchral monuments of greater pretension are required, the coped tombs of the mid- dle ages, with their characteristic ornaments, afford veiy good models for imitation. Coped Tomb. St Giles'3. Oxford. Our pious ancestors generally erected in the Church- yard a stone cross, probably both to serve as a signi- o- o THE CHURCH-YARD -o 1'^^ ' iii'-^i.ii^/ Cross. Yam ton Oxibrdshire o- -o o o THE CHURCH-YARD. 47 ficant memorial of the faith and hope of the departed, and to designate that the ground was consecrated ; the ancient custom of planting a yew-tree near the porch ought also to be observed ; for during the holy season of Christmas, as well as at other festivals, its evergreen boughs are often used with the branches of the holly to decorate the interior of the sacred edifice. The Church-yard should always be surrounded by a low stone wall with a moulded capping, in pre- ference to an iron raihng, excepting in cities or great towns, where, for the protection of the graves, a very lofty enclosure is generally requisite. "^Tien the o:ates are of oak thev oug-ht to be huno: with large iron scroll hinges. It may be observed that the entrance to the Church-yard seems to have been generally selected with care by the architect, at that point from which the Church is seen to most advantage. In some instances in country places, the entrance was over a stone stile, an example of which remains at Merton, Oxfordshire, where from the coping it appears to be of the same age as the Church^ » See Guide to the Architectural Antiquities in the Neighbourhood of Oxford, p. 16. 6 o O- Q 48 THE CHURCH-YARD. A Lich-gate, with its projecting roof or canopy, for the bearers to rest the corpse under, is a very picturesque object, and forms an appropriate and or- namental entrance to a Church-yard ; it might often be adopted with advantage in rural districts, and there is a good specimen at Beckenham, in Kent. Lich Gate, Garsingtou o- o -o LA us DEO. ANGLICAN or ft u r f !) ^ r c D 1 1 1 c t u r e. III. ECCLESIASTICAL FURNITURE. "oh! gather whekcesoe'er ye safely may THE help which ^LACKEXIXG PIETY REQUIRES, NOR DEEJI THAT HE PERFORCE MUST GO ASTRAY ■WHO TREAD-: rPON THE FOOTMARKS OF HIS SIRES. WOUDSWORTH. -r^ o -O THE FONT. THE ALTAR. THE REREDOS. THE CREDENCE. THE SEDIHA. THE PISCINA. THE AUMBRYE. THE PULPIT. THE LETTERN. THE READING-PEW. THE FALDSTOOL. THE CHEST FOR ALMS. THE SEATS. THE ORGAN. THE MONUMENTS. o- o o- THE FONT. o Fotheringhay, Northamptonshire o -o o- -o In the eighty-first Canon of the Church of Eng- land, it is ordered that the Font is to be of stone, and to be set in the ancient usual place, which was always near one of the doorways of the nave, and generally under the westernmost arch of the north or south aisle. This situation at the entrance of the sacred edifice is a most significant and appropriate position for the celebration of Holy Baptism, it being emblematical of that solemn sacrament by which persons are admitted members of the Church of Christ. The Font should be designed of a date and cha- racter to accord with the architecture of the buildins- o in which it is placed, and the exterior may be richly ornamented : its appearance is greatly improved by being elevated on three steps, whose sides, in some o- E 2 -o o o 52 THE FONT. instances, are carved with panels containing quatre- foils or flowers, and many old examples have a pro- jecting piece of masonry for the convenience of the officiating Priest, as in Fotheringhay Church, Nor- thamptonshire. The Font should be sufficiently capacious to admit of the total immersion of an infant, a practice which has become nearly obsolete, but this injunction of our Church is occasionally required to be observed, and provision ought always to be made for its due per- formance ; the water used in the ministration, to prevent its being profaned, should be conveyed into the ground through an orifice at the bottom. Ancient Fonts are very numerous, and frequently embellished with a profusion of sculpture, consisting of figures and other architectural decorations. Many of the early specimens are supported on small pillars, encircling a large central stem, and are generally round or square ; but those of the later styles are almost invariably octagonal. They were all probably furnished originally with oak covers, which in the fourteenth and fifteenth centmies were often made lofty and beautiful compositions of tabernacle-work, resembling the canopies that surmount the stalls in the choirs of our Cathedral and Collegiate Churches. 6 6 O- -o THE ALTAR. ^^^ lilll l^i^ t I / \^W\^ ?] 1 /1x >.^ 1 4. % ^ "W.7-.' U't ^ F.nstone. Oxfordshire u- -o c- — ^ -o The Altar is generally elevated on three steps at the east end of the chancel, and ought to be con- structed either of stone or of some costly wood, but the former material is to be preferred on account of its superior beauty and durability ; the front and sides may be ornamented with panels and tracery, containing the symbols of the Passion, or other ap- propriate sculpture. The Altar-cloth which is ordered to be pro\'ided is usually of velvet, embroidered with the Holy Name, the Cross, or some rehgious and mystical emblem. The chalices and sacred vessels must be of silver or gold, and should be copied from ancient examples, whose forms are more graceful and convenient, and differ materially from those now commonly used ; there is a very elegant specimen in Corpus Christi College, Oxford : an offertory basin is also required to receive " the alms for the poor, and other devo- tions of the people" at the celebration of the Holy Eucharist. The service books should be bound in 6 O o o 54 THE ALTAR. the style of the middle ages, the covers being adorned with richly- worked corners and clasps. In many of the Cathedrals and College Chapels, two candlesticks are placed upon the Altar with large wax tapers, which before the Reformation were kept constantly burning, a custom thus alluded to by the poet ; " Our ancestors within the still domain Of vast Cathedral or Conventual Church, Their vigils kept ; where tapers day and night On the dim Altar burned continually, In token that the House was evermore Watching to God. Religious men were they ; Nor would their reason, tutored to aspire Above this transitory world, allow That there should pass a moment of the year, When in their land the Almighty's service ceased*. * Wordsworth. Corpus Christi College, Oxford o : o o o THE ALTAR. 55 The Reredos, or Altar-screen, is generally made of stone though sometimes of oak, and in former times was often adorned, as at Enstone Church, Oxford- shire, with numerous little niches that once contained images of the Saints. The design frequently also consists of a series of arches or panels, embellished with diaper- work or other ornaments ; and the Ten Commandments, which are ordered " to be set up at the east end of every Church or Chapel," may be written in small old Enghsh characters, within some of the compartments, the initial letters being painted in bright colours and enriched with gilding : such illuminated inscriptions, when well executed, are preferable to pictures of scriptural subjects, which cannot be regarded as desirable decorations for the sacred edifice, unless they are productions of con- siderable excellence. In the Chapel of the Nine Altars, which forms the eastern division of Durham Cathedral, the Reredos is composed of a succession of arches, with slender detached shafts, the place for each Altar distinctly marked by the sweep of the mouldings, and the whole design, though now incomplete for want of the Altars, presents a valuable specimen of Early Enghsh work. o o o 5G THE ALTAR. The Credence is a small table or niche, for the reception of the elements previous to their oblation, and should be provided in every Chancel to enable the Priest himself, during the celebration of the Holy Communion service, to place the bread and wine reverently upon the Altar, as enjoined by the rubric of the Anglican Church. There is a beautiful stone credence-table, of the fifteenth century, adorned with panels and tracery, in the Church of the Hospital of St. Cross, near Winchester. The custom of using a small side-table or credence for placing the elements upon, previous to their conse- cration, has been continued in many instances to the present day ; as in St. Michael's Church, Oxford, where it is always covered with a fair linen cloth, in the same manner as the Altar itself, and this is of immemorial usage. The practice of assembling the Communicants in the chancel, when large enough, prior to the commencement of the Communion ser- vice, is also still continued in some places. The Sedilia for the officiating Clergymen in our ancient Churches, consist generally of three arched recesses constructed in the south wall ; they are often graduated, the highest seat being nearest the Altar, and from the elegance of their design, contribute o o ■o THE ALTAR. 57 greatly to the beauty of the Chancel : when oak chairs are adopted in preference they shoidd be or- namented with carvdng, and placed in a similar position instead of facing the congregation. The Piscina is a stone basin with a drain to carry away the water which has been used for rinsing the chalice : it is generally formed at the bottom of a small niche, adjoining the sedilia, and is one of the appurtenances of an Altar which cannot properly be dispensed with : there is an excellent model, of Decorated character, in St. Mary's Church, at Tarrant Rushton, Dorsetshire. Piscina. St. JUary's Churcti. Tarrant Eushton. a -o c- 58 THE ALTAR. -o The Aumbrye. — An Aumbrye, or cupboard, to lock up the sacred vessels, is frequently constructed in the north or east wall of the chancel, and the doors may be elaborately carved, or ornamented with iron scroll hinges. In large Churches there were usually several Ambries, or Lockers, in different parts of the building. Occasionally we find other smaller recesses in the wall, which probably also had doors to them, but are quite distinct from the Ambries : they are sup- posed to have been used for keeping the Chris- matory, or vessel containing the Holy Oil. There is an example, of a triangular shape, m Buckland Church, Berks. i;;'^'!,.!cj- '^'. ■'-'( Sutton-Courtney. Berks. o- -6 o- o THE PULPIT. Beaulieu Heuats. o- o o ^J)e pulpit. The Pulpit should be constructed of stone, or of some costly wood, and, when entirely detached, an octagonal figure is preferable to any other form : the sides may be adorned with panels, containing sculpture or paintings of a symbolical character, and the ancient specimen in Worcester Cathedral is or- namented with the emblems of the Holy Evangelists. The Anglican Church does not prescribe any par- ticular situation for the pulpit, but only that it be set in a convenient position within the sacred edifice ; it should, however, be placed in the nave, as in former times, either by the side of the chancel-arch or against one of the adjoining pillars. It must on no account be exalted in front of the Altar, since it is enjoined in the Order for the administration of the Holy Communion, that the Priest is to consecrate the elements in the sight of the assembled congrega- tion, and such an arrangement prevents the possi- bihty of this injunction being properly compUed with ; o o Q O GO THE PULPIT. it likewise compels the Clergyman, when preaching, to turn his back directly on those sacred mysteries which Bishop Heber remarks " are, or ought to be, in every Church the chief object of a Christian's reverence*:" on the authority also of the same learned and excellent Prelate there is never any occasion for the pulpit being elevated more than six feet above the level of the floor : it may be ascended by steps encircling the pillar, or by a small staircase partly constructed within the thickness of the wall, and presenting externally an angular projection, which is sometimes carried up above the roof of the building to form an ornamental turret. In the refectory of the old Abbey at Beauheu, in Hampshire, there- is a very elegant Early English pulpit, but in our ancient Churches examples are rarely to be met with of a date antecedent to the fifteenth century ; of this period we possess many valuable models, which are often most elaborately carved, and in some instances surmounted with rich canopies, delicately groined. a See his Letter to C. R. Cockerell, Esq., printed in the Christian Remembrancer. o o Q- -O THK LliTTERN. ^sagBffiSBffig?"! Debtline. Keut. c- o o- -o ^l^c Scttcrn. The Lettern, or Lectern, is a moveable desk, from which the lessons were read in former times, and is retained for the same pm'pose in many of the Cathedrals and College Chapels. This beautiful remnant of ancient Ecclesiastical furniture is gra- dually making its re-appearance in our Parochial Churches, and ought always to be used when two or more clergymen officiate, otherwise the reading-pew with a double desk is in some respects preferable. The early examples of the lettern are of carved oak, often elaborately ornamented with tracery : in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries they were frequently made of brass in the form of an eagle with expanded wings supporting the sacred volume, and thus carry- ing, as it were, the glad tidings of the gospel to the uttermost parts of the earth. The appearance of the lettern is not improved by having a railing attached to it, as at Exeter Cathedral. o- -Q o- -o The Reading- Pew should be constructed of oak, ornamented with perforated panels and tracery, but must on no account be made a lofty and prominent erection like a pulpit, since it is not desirable for the Clergyman, when praying, to be exalted above the people more than is necessary for being dis- tinctly heard. It ought to be placed on the north or south side of the nave, near the entrance to the chancel, in such a position that the Minister may be enabled to look towards the congregation when making his addresses to them or reading the les- sons, and when kneeling at prayers to turn to- wards the Altar : this practice was followed by the Christians of the early ages, and appears also to be implied by the rubric of the Church of Eng- land ; nor is it in accordance with the becoming and significant order of her ritual observances that the Priest and people should offer their petitions together O' -o o- -o THE READING-PEW. 63 to the throne of heaven with their faces turned in opposite directions. The Faldstool is used in many of the Cathedrals and College Chapels, and also in some of our parish Churches; it is a small low desk, at which the Clergyman kneels to offer up the Litany, and shoiild be placed in the centre of the building, either at the entrance to the chancel, or immediately in front of the steps leading to the Altar; according to Bishop Sparrow, the former situation is that from which it was anciently the custom for this solemn supplication to be made. 2M^M^' stained Glass. Great Malvern Church. o- -o o- -0 Z\)t ©Ijfgt for ^Ims. The Chest for Alms ought to be made of oak, ornamented with carving or iron work, and should either be attached to the w^all, or fixed upon a stone or wooden pillar in some convenient situation at the west end of the nave near the entrances, " to the intent that the parishioners may put into it their alms for their poor neighbours." This was at one period a very general article of Church-furniture, but is now unfortunately seldom to be met with, although it ought in every instance to be restored in obedience to the eighty-fourth canon, which orders one to be provided in every Church at the cost of the parish. Above the poor-box some text from Holy Scrip- ture enjoining the duty of alms- giving may very appropriately be inscribed in red and black letters upon an ornamental scroll. o- -o o- ? liiit^ gfeyfcJiQ, o- -o c- o Seats or Pews in our ancient Churches are rarely to be met with of an earUer date than the fifteenth century, but of this period we possess many beau- tiful examples. They are low unenclosed benches, with backs constructed of oak, and though some- times very plain, are usually adorned with panels, tracery, and other sculptured decorations, as in the Church at Steeple Aston, Oxfordshire : in richly ornamented buildings the ends of the seats are fre- quently surmounted by large finials, or crests, caUed poppies, which are generally excellent and elaborate specimens of carved wood- work, but those of a grotesque character should never be selected as models for imitation. Pews, in the modem sense of the word, were not introduced until after the Great Rebellion, and appear to have been far from common before the middle of the eighteenth century : it is much to be o -o O o 66 THE SEATS. regretted that the exclusive and fastidious habits of the present day will not admit of their being entirely discarded, for "earthly state and vain distinction" are quite out of place in structures where Christians meet together as brethren. The seats ought to be made low, and of sufficient width to admit of per- sons conveniently kneeling, and should always have upright backs, which may be perforated with various elegant enrichments, as in old Walsingham Church, Norfolk. Oak is the proper material for their con- struction, but if that cannot be procured, common fir or pine is very preferable to any painted imita- tion of a more costly wood. In the nave the benches must face the east, being arranged on either side of the building, so as to leave a central approach to the chancel not less than five feet wide ; those at the upper end of the aisles, or in the transepts of cruciform Churches, may be opposite the north and south, but none of the congregation ought, on any account, to sit with their backs towards the Altar. In cities and large towns, to distinguish the appro- priated from the free seats, it is perhaps necessary to enclose the former with small low doors, but in every other respect they should be precisely similar : those Q o- -o THE SEATS. 67 allotted to the poor ought never to be placed in an inferior situation, for this custom is entirely opposed to the spirit of Christianity, and is distinctly con- demned by the holy Apostle St. James : *' If there come unto your assembly a man with a gold ring, in goodly apparel, and there come in also a poor man in vile raiment ; and ye have respect to him that weareth the gay clothing, and say unto him. Sit thou here in a good place ; and say to the poor man, Stand thou there, or sit here under my footstool, are ye not then partial in yourselves, and be- come judges of evil thoughts ? " Bench Fnd. Nettlecombe. Somerset. F 2 -o The Organ, with its " soul-awakening tones," harmonizes admirably with the grand and reverend aspect of the interior of a Gothic Church, its music forming an accompaniment to the sacred services so congenial and impressive, that it is impossible to con- ceive any thing more peculiarly holy and devotional than the sound Of choral voices, that in solemn chant With organ mingle, and now liigh and clear — Come swelling, now float indistinct away *>. The ancients, and the Christians of the early ages, do not appear to have been unacquainted with this noble instrument, but it is uncertain at what precise period it was introduced into the Church ; Cas- siodorus, quoted by the Venerable Bede, speaks of the organ in the sixth century, as a tower con- structed of different kinds of pipes, &c. : those which were called regals were moveable and of very small dimensions, a pair of them being often set ^ Carey's Dante. o o O Q THE ORGAN. 69 upon the roodloft. The organ may be rendered ornamental to the sacred edifice, but requires to be carefully designed, so as not to be made too promi- nent an object, although it is not perhaps desirable to have it concealed behind perforated tracery ; the case, which is generally of oak, is sometimes elaborately carved, and in richly embellished build- ings, the pipes should be adorned with diaper- work and gilding. In England, previous to the Reformation, the great organ in the Cathedrals was frequently placed on the north side of the choir, often in a tran- sept, an arrangement very preferable to that now usually observed, of erecting it above the screen in the conspicuous situation formerly occupied by the rood or crucifix, with its attendant images of the Blessed Virgin and St. John. In a Parish Church, a loft, or chamber, may be constructed for its recep- tion, within the arch of the tower, as in the Churches of St. Maiy Magdalene, and of St. Giles at Oxford, but ought not to project into the nave to form a gallery for the singers : where the position of the steeple does not admit of this plan being adopted, the organ should be placed upon the floor, either in a recess, or in a compartment of one of the aisles. o o o- -o The Sepulchral Monuments of the mid- dle ages seldom fail to excite a deep and solemn interest, being generally designed in admirable keeping with the sacred objects by which they are surrounded. The king, the prelate, the noble, and the knight, are usually represented upon their silent tombs in the same expressive attitude of humility and resignation, with the hands joined in prayer, as if awaiting the coming of their Lord : the heads of these recumbent figures are frequently sup- ported by angels, which add considerably to their religious character. Such memorials are in every way superior to modem monuments, which are not only devoid of all the peculiar and eloquent S3m[ibols of Christianity, but with " their overwrought con- ceits and allegorical groups," are full of that vain pomp and glory of the world, which ought to be excluded, as much as possible, from edifices de- voted to the holy services of the Church. -o O ■ o THE SEPULCHRAL MONUMENTS. 71 Sepulchral Brasses were introduced in the thir- teenth century, and are most interesting and beau- tiful works of mediaeval art ; these ' brazen tombs/ as Shakspere calls them, might often be imitated with advantage, since they form a part of the pave- ment of the building, and do not therefore in any respect interfere with the convenient arrangement of the furniture : when armorial bearings are en- graved upon the surface, they should be filled with enamel of the proper colours. Monuments of greater pretension are seldom adapted for Parish Churches, and even in Cathedrals, or other large Ecclesiastical structures, require the greatest care and attention to be bestowed both upon their design and position, so that they may not detract from the beauty and eiFect of the archi- tecture. The Gothic Altar-tombs, with recum- bent effigies, afiford perhaps the best models for our imitation ; they should be placed between the pillars, or beneath arched recesses, formed within the substance of the wall ; and the figures, as in the old Churches, ought always to have their faces turned towards the east. A very beautiful example of the manner in which the finest modern sculpture may be adapted to the o o o- -O 72 THE SEPULCHRAL MONUMENTS. ancient models, has lately been executed by Mr. Bacon, and erected in St. Thomas's Church, Exeter. It is the recumbent effigy of his daughter, on an Altar-tomb, under an arched recess in the wall of the chancel : nothing can exceed either the execution of the work, or the feeling and keeping of the whole design. o- -o o- -o LAUS DEO. ANGLICAN IV. 1. THE ANGLO-NORMAN STYLE. 2. THE EARLY-ENGLISH STYLE. 3. THE DECORATED STYLE. 4. THE PERPENDICULAR STYLE. NON OMNIBIS AXNIS OMNIA CONVENITTNT. — HOR. o- -o O ^o THE NORMAX, THE EARLY-EXGLISH, THE DECORATED, AXD THE PERPENDICULAR GOTHIC, WERE SUCCESSIVELY ADOPTED IN THE ECCLESIASTICAL BUILDINGS ERECTED IN THIS COUNTRY PREVIOUS TO THE REFORMATION; THEY CONSTITUTE THE FOUR GREAT DIVISIONS OF THE ANCIENT ARCHITECTURE OF ENGLAND, AND MAY BE DENOMINATED RESPECTIVELY, THE STYLES OF THE TWELFTH, THE THIRTEENTH, THE FOURTEENTH, AND THE FIF- TEENTH CENTURIES, ALTHOUGH THE PERIODS OF THEIR DURATION WERE NOT COMPRISED PRECISELY' WITHIN SUCH LIMITS. c o o- o THE ANGLO-NORMAN STYLK Middleton Stoney Oxon o- -o -o TWELFTH CENTURY. (f ^ ^ ) Anglo-Norman Architecture possesses many peculiarities and elements of beauty to recommend its occasional adoption, and from its simplicity is well adapted for small Churches, which in this style are seldom designed of lofty proportions. It is not altogether applicable for a large sacred edifice, be- cause the narrowness of the aisles, and the bold and massive piers, or pillars, must always neces- sarily interfere with the convenient arrangement of the interior : the chancel is sometimes terminated with a semicircular apse. This mode of building has been correctly designated Romanesque, since the form of its principal members, and the general predominance of horizontal hues, clearly denote its classical origin. The early ex- amples are very heavy and plain, but the Gothic -o o o 76 THE ANGLO-NORMAN STYLE. character of Anglo-Norman Architecture gradually became more and more apparent during its ad- vancement, and the structures erected towards the close of the twelfth century usually display con- siderable hghtness and elegance in their compo- sition ; not only were Pointed arches occasionally introduced, but the mouldings, the carved foliage of the capitals, and other ornamental details are often very similar to those which appear in Early English work ; in both styles the string-courses are important features, and are frequently con- tinued round the buttresses, and over the heads of the windows, as labels, or weather mouldings. The semicircular arch is one of the most distinc- tive characteristics of the edifices of this period, and should always therefore be adopted in preference to any other forms that may be met with in our ancient Norman Churches, and which ought only to be used when their application is rendered necessary by some unavoidable peculiarity in the plan and disposition of the buildings. Porches in this style are not very common, but the doorways, even in structures which are in other respects of a plain and homely description, are gene- rgdly deeply recessed and elaborately ornamented ; o o o -O THE ANCLO-NOUMAN STYLE. Tuiret. Glastoi^bury Abbey. o -o o o THE ANGLO-NORMAN STYLE. 77 in many instances, as at Iffley, near Oxford, they are inserted in a portion of the wall of the Church that is increased in thickness, and projects to re- ceive the numerous richly- carved mouldings and shafts with which they are adorned ; the abaci of the capitals of these shafts are [/. sometimes continued along the waU to form a string-course under the win- dows. Over the doorway a niche containing an image of the Father or Saviour is frequently intro- duced, and when the aperture within the semicir- cular arch is square at the top, the mystical figure of the Vesica Piscis, or some other sacred and sym- boHcal device is often sculptured in the space above the door, as at Middieton Stoney, Oxfordshire ; the door itself is usually hung with large iron scroU- hinges, which add considerably to its beauty and character. The windows of a Norman building being gene- rally small, and without muUions or tracery, are consequently never features of the same importance as in Pointed Architecture, and contribute but little to the embeUishment of the edifice ; from the di- minutive size of their apertures, and their distance o- c o -o 78 THE ANGLO-NORMAN STYLE. from each other, they impart however an air of soh- dity to the structure which is not devoid of grandeur ; they are always widely splayed on the inside. The windows are sometimes plain, but are usually orna- mented with shafts, or with a succession of carved mouldings, which in many examples are repeated in the interior, as in the Church of St. Cross, near Winchester. When the innermost member of the arch is sculptured with the chevron, or zigzag, it presents a serrated outhne that bears a striking resemblance to featherings or foliations, so that it is not altogether improbable it was the germ from which that graceful decoration had its origin. Two narrow windows are frequently grouped together under one arch, separated from each other by a small column, but the spandrel between the curves of the arches is very rarely perforated. A circular or Catharine-wheel window, with the radiating divi- sions formed of shafts, is occasionally introduced at the end of an Anglo-Norman Church, as at Barfres- ton, in Kent, where it is placed at the eastern ex- tremity of the chancel : little round openings with- out mullions are sometimes met with in the towers and gables. When painted glass is inserted in the windows it o o O- -Q THE ANGLO-NORMAN STYLE. St Johus Devizes Wilts Hredgar Kf'Dt o- -0 _ ■ o THE ANGLO-NORMAN STYLE. 79 ought to be of a very ancient character, its design consisting of rich mosaic patterns and panels of various forms, reheved by the metal hues of divi- sion, and arranged somewhat in the style of that in the aisles of the choir of Canterbury Cathedral, in which the predominating colours are ruby and deep blue : this is stated by Willement, in the Glossary of Ai*cliitecture, to be most probably the oldest stained glass remaining in this countiy, and appears to be of the early part of the twelfth century. There is also some stained glass at Salisbmy, said to have been brought fi*om Old Sarum ; the prevailing colour is green. It was a common practice of the Norman archi- tects to adorn the blank mural surfaces of their structures wdth a series of arcades, formed generally of small shafts, supporting round arches, which fre- quently intersect each other, and when used exter- nally, some of the panels are often perforated to form windows, as at Barfreston, in Kent, and St. Peter's, at Northampton ; the west fronts, the clere- stories, and the upper stages of the towers of their Churches, more particularly, are often oniamented in this manner. The walls being of considerable thickness do not require the additional strength and o o O- -o 80 THE ANGLO-NORMAN STYLE. support of buttresses, which, therefore, are either omitted altogether, or when introduced are very secondary features in the de- sign ; they may be described as broad, flat, ungraduated members, with a slight pro- jection, which in many in- stances, instead of being finished with a slope, are carried up and divide the corbel-table into com- partments : those examples of Norman buttresses, with small shafts inserted at the angles, as at Glastonbury Abbey, are of Transition character. The corbel-table usually consists of a suc- cession of Uttle arches, which spring from blocks of stone, either plain or carved in the form of grotesque heads and other quaint devices. In Norman edifices the pillars are very seldom clustered, but are generally circular or octagonal, and are often channelled with the zigzag, and a o- -o o — -o THE ANGLO-NORMAN STYLE, 81 variety of enrichments : the capitals have square abaci, and are fre- quently sculptui'ed with fohage or other decorations ; and the bases consist of a few simple mould- ings usually placed Gloucester cathedral upon rectangular plinths. Anglo-Norman vaulting is extremely simple in its design, each bay or compartment merely consisting of four cells, and the early examples are quite plain ; in those constructed towards the end of the twelfth century, the groins are generally covered with moulded and elaborately ornamented ribs, which have can-ed bosses placed at their intersection, as in the rich and beautifiil specimen over the enti-ance to the Chapter House at Bristol. There is a Nor- man wooden roof at Peterborough Cathedral, and the framing of the timber is concealed, by a flat boarded ceiling, painted in compartments with figures and mosaic ornaments ; annoiial beaiings did not come into use until a later period. The towers are short and massive, yet there is a certain rude grandeur about them which is im- o- -o o o 82 THE ANGLO-NORMAN STYLE. posing, so that they cannot be regarded as inap- propriate subjects for imitation : they are very fre- quently built between the nave and chancel, both in cruciform Churches and in those which have no transepts ; sometimes a square or circular turret, con- taining a staircase, projects at one of the angles : when the upper story is ornamented with an arcade, several compartments are always perforated to form the belfry windows. The Cathedrals of Nor- wich and Winchester, and the Abbey Church of St. Mary, at Tewkesbury, possess very valuable and magnificent steeples, and there are also excellent specimens of much smaller dimensions at Nor- thampton, at Iffley, Oxon, at East Meon, Hants, and at Stewkley, Buckinghamshire. There is no example of a spire in Anglo-Norman architecture, and the nearest approach to that most graceful and characteristic feature of a Pointed building, are the conical-headed turrets, at Rochester Cathedral, and St. Peter's-in-the-East, at Oxford. It is not im- probable, however, that some towers were originally covered with roofs of a pyramidal form, and a very early and singular instance occurs at Sompting, Sussex. A bell-niche on the summit of a Norman Church o o o- o THE ANGLO-NORMAN STYLE. 83 may be finished with a gable, or a moulded hori- zontal capping, and the top of the aperture should be either semicircular, or in the form of a square- headed trefoil. At Glastonbury Abbey there are some good turrets of Transition character, adorned with small shafts, intersecting arches, and other appropriate ornaments, and their composition is altogether very pleasing and effective. The Glossary of Architecture contains a valuable selection of the numerous enrichments carved upon the mouldings of edifices erected in this style ; of these the chevron or zigzag, in its several varieties, is the most pecuharly characteristic ; the beakhead is often sculptured round the ancient doorways, but does not appear in many of our finest examples, ^ and decorations of a grotesque character ought always to be very sparingly introduced in Ecclesiastical Archi- tectm*e, and never except upon the exterior of the buildings. Norman fonts are verv numerous, and are fre- o- G 2 -o o -o 84 THE ANGLO-NORMAN STYLE. quently profusely adorned with figures and other ornaments; they occur of various forms, but the more ancient are generally square or circular, some- times supported on small shafts surrounding a large cyhndrical stem, as at Winchester Cathedral : the font-cover should be plain. No pulpit, chancel- screen, lettern, or wooden seats of the twelfth cen- tury remain in our old Churches, but sedilia and piscinae of this period are occasionally met with. The Church of Than, in Normandy, possesses an excellent model for a stone cross to be placed on the summit of a gable. ■ ' •■'■'•:(',iiw-inril:ri, Piscina, Crowmaisti. Oxfordshire. o- -o o -o THE EARLY ENGLISH STYLE. Mayor's Chapel Biistol. Phuj s Cray Keut o- o o- -o THIRTEENTH CENTURY. The Early English style of architecture is of ex- treme beauty, its edifices being always distinguished for their chaste simplicity and purity of design, and at the same time uniformly celebrated for th,e supe- rior excellence of their workmanship : it is very pre- ferable to the Anglo-Norman mode of building ; and it has been well remarked, " that it cannot be justly regarded as inferior to either of the subsequent styles in light and elegant proportions, or in rich and ela- borate detail^." Throughout the structures of the thirteenth cen- tury, simple pointed arches are almost invariably used, their proportions being of course greatly de- pendant upon their positions, but those which spring from the large pillars in Cathedrals, or other Cambridge Camden Society on Ecclesiastical Antiquities. o- -o o- -o 86 THE EARLY ENGLISH STYLE. lofty edifices, are generally more acute than in parish Churches. The mouldings are chiefly plain round members, relieved by deep narrow hol- lows, and their ap- pearance from the contrast is very bold and ef- fective. The slender shaft which is applied in such profusion to ornament the architecture, is usually detached, and in the interior of rich build- ings is sometimes of Purbeck marble ; its capital is very elegant, and being of a much greater circumference at the top than at the bottom, the outline resem- bles an inverted bell; this figure is preserved even when the capital is canned with fohage, the lower part being composed merely of the stems of the leaves which project from under the circular abacus in a peculiarly free and graceful manner; the moulded base is gene- rally placed upon a round or square plinth. The drip-stones, or labels, over doorways and win- dows, unless returned as string-courses, are fre- o- O o- -O THE EARLY ENGLISH STVLE. Affpuddle, Dorsetshire c- -o o- -o THE EARLY ENGLISH STYLE. 87 quently terminated by corbel-heads or small knots of foliage. The porches always have high-pitched roofs, and are occasionally of two stories : they are generally vaulted with stone, and the interior is sometimes ornamented with arcades, as at Barnack, North- amptonshire. The south entrance of the Church at Skelton, near York, is inserted in a compartment of the wall, that has a projection merely sufficient to receive the numerous shafts and mouldings which surround the door, and presents an appearance very similar to a Norman portal. The Early Enghsh doorway usually has the sides adorned with slender detached shafts, whose capitals are often sculptured with foliage ; and the tooth ornament, as at Paul's Cray, Kent, is frequently inserted in one or more of the hollow mouldings : ^^'^'^ ^^^y- ^^^''' sometimes it has a trefoiled arch, as at AfFpuddle o- -o o- -o 88 THE EARLY ENGLISH STYLE. Church, Dorsetshire, and occasionally it is square- headed with a trefoil in each of the angles. The wide doorways of many of our Cathedrals and large Churches are divided in the centre by a shaft or small clustered pillar, over which a quatrefoil or other decoration is very commonly introduced in the spandrel, between the heads of the openings and the large arch by which they are included. The doors them- selves are generally enriched with large iron hinges and metal scroll-work of various elegant patterns. The simple lancet window is ,.^^j'"~Tin,, of very graceful proportions, and does not require the aid of en- richment, although in the later examples it is often ornamented with a small and dehcate trefoil : in rich buildings the sides are frequently adorned with slender detached shafts, sometimes en- circled by bands or annulets, and the tooth ornament is inserted in the hollow mouldings. The architects of the middle ages never introduced the wide lancet, excepting in Cathedrals, and such ""^^S ^ Witney. Oxfordshire. o- -o o- -o THE EARLY ENGLISH STYLE. 89 vast fabrics, where it appears in unison with the bold projecting buttresses and other mural embellishments that surround it ; from its great size it is quite out of character in a small Church, for which the long narrow windowis admirably adapted, since even in the absence of stained glass it scarcely admits too much light, and consequently, the interior of the sacred edifice has that subdued and solemn aspect which it is so desir- able to preserve : it is always placed near the external surface of the wall, having broad splays inter- nally, that are usually arched in a pecuhar manner to form a kind V of hood over the head - of the opening, which adds considerably to its beauty and efi'ect. Two, three, and five ' lancets are occasion- ally grouped together, ^ and sometimes the divisions between them are not much larger than Warmington. Northamptonshire o- -o O— Q 90 THE EARLY ENGLISH STYLE. mullions, so that the combination has the appear- ance of one great window ; a triplet, probably on account of its symbolical character, is often intro- duced at the east end of a chancel over the Altar : singly it is more effective than when a series of them is placed in the same elevation, as in the aisles of the Temple Church, London ; the side lancets ought not properly to be lower than that in the centre, unless the difference is occasioned by their being included within the lines of an arch or vault, or some other important feature in the archi- tecture. A window consisting of two narrow apertures, comprised under one arch, with an open quatrefoil, or other enrichment in the spandrel, was fre- quently used in the buildings of this period, more particularly in the belfry stories of towers : there is a good early example at Cotterstock, Northampton- shire, and Transition specimens occur in Westmin- ster Abbey and Stone Church, Kent. It may be observed that Early Enghsh windows, notwithstand- ing the number of their hghts or their fohation, retain a perfectly distinct character, so long as the orna- ments in the heads are separate and independent perforations ; but when these are connected by mould- o ■ ■ — o o- -o THE EARLY ENGLISH STYLE. 91 ings with the arches underneath, geometrical tracery is at once produced, and the designs approximate very closely to those of the Decorated style of archi- tecture. ,^ ~^f'^ /i'-z^/w r TT^ ■ Cotterstock, Northamptonshire. The circular or Catharine-wheel windows of the thirteenth century are very fine, great care having been bestowed upon their enrichment; the ex- amples at York, Lincoln, and Beverley, are most magnificent and imposing ; those in the west front o- -o o- -o 92 THE EARLY ENGLISH STYLE. of the Cathedral of Peterborough are not of such large dimensions, but their composition is excellent, and they afford models for imitation which are well adapted for Parish Churches and Chapels. The small round openings at the end of the aisles of the south transept of Beverley Minster, have the mul- lions or di\nsions arranged in the figure of the cross, and the effect is very simple and pleasing ; a trian- gular window, with a? the sides curved or '^^ fohated, and an ap- /^' erture in the shape of the Vesica Piscis, are also occasion- ally used. All these '-._ . forms harmonize well with the lines of a gable, and are generally placed in that situation. The stained glass of this period is often designed with considerable elegance, being disposed in circles and other geometrical figures, as in the five lancets in the north transept of York Cathedral : in some of these compartments briUiant colours are inserted, and also in the borders round the different lights of o- o o -o EARLY ENGLISH. Buttress and Pinnacle, St. Maiy's, Kew Shoreham. Sussex c- ■6 O- o THE EARLY ENGLISH STYLE. 93 the windows. The ground was usually of a white or yellow tint, enriched with a sort of delicate diaper- work, formed of slender branches of the ivy, vine, or oak. Small figures and richly-emblazoned shields are sometimes introduced. The buttress in Early English edifices is often divid- ed into two or more stages : its usual projection is about equal to its width, and the edges are frequently cham- fered, as at Sahsbury Cathe- dral, or small shafts are in- serted at the exterior angles : it is generally finished with a triangular head, terminated by a cross or flower, and is seldom carried up above the parapet, excepting in build- ings which have flying but- tresses ; very late in the style it is sometimes surmounted by a pinnacle without crock- ets, as at Westminster Abbey, and St. Mary's Church, New saii^bm^catii.dru.. Shoreham, Sussex : large pinnacles, which resemble o- -o o- o 94 THE EARLY ENGLISH STYLE. turrets, are frequently placed at the corners of towers and at the sides of gables. The parapets are usually plain, but in some in- stances are or- :^i^ namented with ,^|^ paneUing, as at ' Salisbury ; and occasionally, but -^?sb^ rarely, thev are ~ ^ ' embattled, and the corbel-tables consist of a series of blocks, either moulded or sculptured in the form of heads or masks ; these are occasionally connected together by little trefoiled arches, as at Warming- ton Church, Northamptonshire, where the span- drels are ornamented with sunk quatrefoils. The string-courses are generally continued round the buttresses, and over the heads of windows and door- ways, as weather mouldings or labels ; their arrange- ment always demands great attention, for the man- ner in which they are often carried round the build- ing affords no bad criterion of the merits of the design. The clustered pillar in richly- ornamented Churches is sometimes constructed of Purbeck marble, and con- sists of a central column, encircled by four slender shafts which are frequently detached, their bases and c- -o o- -o THE EARLY ENGLISH STYLE. 95 capitals being the only parts that are united. In structures erected near the close of the thirteenth century, the spandrels of the moulded arches of the choir or chancel, and some other portions, are often carved with diaper-work, a most delicate and ele- gant enrichment, which in this style is composed of small square panels containing flowers. In plain edifices the pier or pillar is generally circular or octangular, and these forms are sometimes used alternately, as in Shoreham Church, Sussex. The vaulted roofs of this period always have the groins covered with mouldings, and sculptured bosses are usually placed only at the in- tersection of the diagonal ribs ; there is an excellent model for imitation over the nave of Salisbury Cathe- dral, the whole composition being characterized by great boldness and simplicity. Of open wooden roofs there are very few examples re- maining, but those in Romsey Abbey Church, and Ely Cathedral, are probably of Salisbury o- -o o- -o 96 THE EARLY ENGLISH STYLE. this style, and in both these instances the inchna- tion of the timbers forms a kind of arch. The Early English steeple is of more lofty propor- tions than the Norman, but the walls are frequently enriched in a similar manner with tiers of arcades, as at St. Mary's Church, Stamford ; often the upper stories alone are thus ornamented, and some of the compartments are perforated to form the belfry win- dows, as at Haddenham Church, Buckinghamshire. The tower is gene- rally flanked by square buttresses, or small octagonal tuiTets, and its beauty is greatly increased, when completed, by a spire, which is one of the most graceful and characteristic features of a Pointed building; there are many fine examples constructed at this period, and sometimes they spring from the towers without any inter- vening parapets, and the effect is ex- cellent. The steeple erected over the northwestern transept of Peterborough Cathedral well merits an attentive ex- amination, the pinnacle turrets, and other details, being particularly good. ;!>/. , " ^^f'' Peterborough. o- o o- -O THE EARLY ENGLISH STYLE. Glastonbury, Somersetshire. a- o o- o THE EARLY ENGLISH STYLE. 97 There is a most beautiful bell- gable in this style at Glastonbury Abbey ; it has two arched openings under a trefoil-headed niche, containing a small figure, and the design altogether possesses great richness and simphcity : there are also good ancient specimens of bell-turrets at Biddeston, Wiltshire; and Shipton Olliffe, Gloucestershire. Early English foliage may al- ways be distinguished by the leaves curling in a pecuharly free and graceful manner. The bold and simple finial which is generally used, somewhat resembles the sculptured capital of a small shaft, and there are some excellent models on Bishop Bridport's mo- nument in Salisbury Cathedral. Crockets are sometimes introduced on the sides of windows, niches, and gables, but seldom occur upon pinnacles or turrets. The tooth ornament is formed of a suc- cession of Uttle perforated pyramids or inverted four-leaved flowers, and is the most common en- richment of the thirteenth century ; it is usually inserted in hollow mouldings, but sometimes under o- -o O o 98 THE EARLY ENGLISH STYLE. and above strinsr ,_ ,„, . , , , courses, and when well canned has an ! __ exquisite effect. '' -^^ •' -''^- ' '*^~^-^ Early English fonts are not so numerous as those of the Anglo-Norman period, and their forms are very similar, but they may always be distinguished by their decorations and the outline of their mouldings; an oak cover of a conical or pyramidal figure without crockets, but surmounted by a finial, is perhaps the most appropriate that can be adopted. The Reredos, or Altar-screen, generally consists of a series of niches, which originally were filled with figures, the spandrels and backgroundbeing chiselled or painted with diaper- work and other ornaments : the Altar itself appears to have been always an important feature of the de- sign, as in the Chapel of the Nine Altars in Durham Cathedral. Sediha and Piscinae are not uncommon, and like the niches in this style are often of very grace- ful proportions. At Beaulieu Abbey, Hampshire, there is a beautiful Early English stone pulpit, and an elegant wooden chancel- screen of about the same date occurs in Stanton Harcourt Church, Oxford- shire ; both these remnants of our ancient Eccle- siastical furniture are very valuable subjects for o — o O- -O THE EARLY ENGLISH STYLE. 99 study, since examples of such early character are .extremely rare. In the sepulchral monuments, the recumbent effigy is usually placed in a trefoil-headed niche, and the spandrels of the arch are occupied by figures of angels ; in some instances the whole com- position is surrounded by an open screen, as in the monument to Arch- bishop de Grey in York Minster : the sides of the tomb itself are oc- casionally ornamented with fohage and panels containing images or other sculpture. Mo- numental Brasses were introduced in the thir- teenth centur5^ The Cathedrals of Sahsbury, Peterborough, and Lin- coln, and the httle Church at Skelton, near York, exhibit on their gables various good specimens of the crosses of this period. Skelton, Yorkshire. o- H 2 -o \\^ Z\)t iBecoratcti Sbi^Xt, <^, 6 FOURTEENTH CENTURY. s The Decorated stvle is very rich and beautiful, without being overloaded with ornament, and pre- sents, as it were, a link that connects the more simple architecture of Early English fabrics with that florid mode of building which was adopted in the fifteenth century. It is particularly suitable for large and splendid Ecclesiastical structures, and though many of our small country Churches, in this style, are ex- tremely plain, they nevertheless afford good models for imitation. The Pointed arches used in Decorated edifices, are generally of an equilateral form, and the slender columns, or shafts, are never detached : the mould- ings are peculiarly graceful and varied in their pro- portions, and the dripstones or labels are in most instances terminated by heads, carved with great freedom and delicacy. Angular and ogee canopies are frequently introduced over the doorways and win- Q- -o o- -o THE DECORATED STYLE. 101 dows, as well as over sedilia, tombs, niches, and other subordinate portions. The porches and doorways very much resemble those of the preceding period, the difference mainly consisting in the mouldings and their characteristic enrichments ; the doors also are often hung with or- namented hinges and covered with iron scroll- work, as in the Early English style. The windows are '' usually large, and divided into several lights or compart- ments by mullions, but the horizontal bar, or transom, al- though common in domestic build- ings, was not often adopted in Ecclesi- astical Architec- ture previous to the 1 fifteenth century, excepting in long spire -lights. Con- r "l^ri'ii ■■iri]n||]i|ii Faj'ingdon . Berks o- -o o o 102 THE DECORATED STYLE. siderable variety and beauty is displayed in the ar- rangement of the tracery ; this in the early specimens is generally composed chiefly of geometrical forms, but in the later examples, flowing patterns are almost invariably introduced, and in the fine east window of Carlisle Cathedral, the cusps are curv-ed in a very elegant manner. Square-headed windows are met with in many edifices of this period. A window, formed within the Unes of a spherical equilateral triangle, is sometimes used in a clerestory, as at Lichfield Cathedral ; and in this instance, the tracery is of very early and simple character, consist- ing merely of three circles containing trefoils : it is occasionally also inserted in a gable, as in the west front of Exeter Cathedral, a structure which is cele- brated for the varied excellence of its Decorated work. Many circular windows in this style are of the most elaborate description, and intersecting tri- angles are often prominent features in their tracery. " In the stained glass of the fourteenth century, the openings of the windows are generally occupied by one figure only, an efiigy of the patron saint or benefactor, placed on a ground of one entire colour, which is richly diapered by a reheved pattern ; the whole under a canopy of considerable pretensions. o o C- o THE DECORATKD STYLK. iSllnn^tiit.^. Starxiisb. Gloucestershire. ■ - - -' Lady Chapel. Wells Cathedral. o- o- -o THE DECORATED STYLE. 103 Heraldry at this time had made considerable ad- vances, and the particular laws by which heraldic colours are contrasted, invariably produce a full and perfect effect in stained glass ^." Decorated buttresses are usually worked in stages, and at the angles of the edifice they are generally placed diagonally, and are fre- quently enriched with canopied niches, and various other orna- ments, as in the Church of St. Mary Magdalene, at Oxford; they are often surmounted by pinnacles adorned with crockets and finials, and many specimens are finished with angular heads, or gablets, which are usually fohated, as at Orton on the hill, Leicestershire : some flying but- tresses have open tracery, and contribute greatly to the embel- lishment of the architecture. The large pinnacle-turrets at the end of gables, are in most instances admirably designed, » Willeraent, in the Glossary of Architecture. m 1 ' ! o- O- -O 104 THE DECORATED STYLE. and there are very fine ex- amples at Howden, and Selby, in Yorkshire. The parapets, though fre- quently plain or embattled, are often enriched with tre- foils, quatrefoils, and other figures, either sunk or per- forated ; and when foliated triangles are used, their out- lines are sometimes grace- fully curved, as in the Church of St. Mary Magdalene, at Oxford : the parapets are also occasionally ornament- ed with four-leaved flowers, somewhat resembling diaper-work, as at Beverley Minster. The moulded string-courses which are generally inserted under the windows, prevent the walls beneath being stained by the wet, and in some early buildings in this style are carried round the buttresses and over the heads of the openings as dripstones, or labels, as at Great Haseley Church, Oxfordshire. The clustered pillar usually consists of four or more Howden, Torksbire o- -o o- -o THE DECORATED STYLE. 105 Sandhurst. small columns, or shafts, incorporated together; these have delicately moulded capitals and bases, and the for- mer are very often sculptured with fohage or with quaint and expressive figures . A plain octangular pier, with a simple capital, as in Sandhurst Church, Kent, is very common, and the upper member of the abacus is sometimes embattled. In the vaulted roofs of Decorated structures, great variety is displayed in the arrangement of the ribs, which are adorned with beautifully sculptured bosses, and these are often painted and gilt. The groined roof over the nave of York Minster is admirably designed, and has an appearance of simple grandeur and stability, because the vaulting shafts, from which the moulded ribs radiate, ascend direct from the floor without any horizontal interruption. Open wooden roofs of this period are rare, and in some instances, tie-beams are used in the construction. The Decorated steeple is generally flanked with large and bold diagonal buttresses, and is fre- quently surmounted by a spire, usually connected with the tower either by a cluster of rich pinnacles. o- o o o 106 THE DECORATED STYLE. as at St. Mary's, Oxford, or by flying buttresses at the angles, as in Caythorpe Church, Lincolnshire : some of the early examples are without any inter- vening parapets. The ornament most peculiarly characteristic of this style of Gothic „__,.p,__- — - . ..^^^^^ .^l^^-u^^ Architecture, is the ' ■;>.i|iy^ i k - ^ — , - ' ' n^,^^"^^ ^'^^ ball-flower, which is |^^J|^;^^^h'^^^^^^R«^2m at regular intervals in a hollow moulding, and some- times round the neck of a capital ; they are applied occasionally also as terminations to the labels of sediha, piscinae, or other ornamental ||||:||!j portions. Four- | leaved flowers are Jpp^' likewise very commonly used in the cornices and mouldings, and if not introduced alternately with ball- flowers are either placed at equal distances or closely united, so as to form a continuous band of enrichment, as in the west doorway of the round Church of Little Maplestead, Essex : in this manner they are carved upon the parapets of some buildings. The arches over sepulchral monuments and the o o -:- ^* ^--- ---- _■ . - ?__-^--, =--- ''^n^i ^ ^^^z o- -O THE DECORATED STYLE. 107 heads of niches are commonly of the ogee form, and the spandrels and background are often covered with diaper -work, dehcately chiselled, or painted and gilt : this decoration consists of small flowers, usually inserted within square compartments, but there is an eleg-ant flowins: specimen in Canterbury Cathedral, composed of a series of spherical equilateral triangles. In the sculptured foliage of this period, the leaves have a crumpled and natural appearance, very different from the bold curl of those of the Early English style ; " the mouldings, also, are no longer a collec- tion of equal rounds with hollows, but an assemblage of various mem- bers, some broad and some narrow, beautifully grouped and proportioned^." Decorated fonts are comparatively rare, and although generally in the form of an octagon, are sometimes of an hexagonal figure, as at Kiddington, Oxfordshire ; the oaken cover may be very richly or- ^ Whewell's Architectural Notes. o- -o o- -o 108 THE DECORATED STYLE. namented. The Reredos, or Altar- screen, occasionallv consists of numerous arched panels, or small niches, which, like the sedilia, pis- cinae, and sepulchral monu- ments, are often surmount- ed with canopies, adorned with crockets and finials. Letterns of this era are not uncommon ; and in Dettling Church, Kent, there is a fine specimen, enriched with perforated flowing tracery : the eagle-desk appears to have been introduced in the fourteenth century, and is usually made of brass. Chancel-screens of this .,. ^ „ , , ., ^ ,^ N iche , Walpole , Norfolk period are seldom met with, but there is a valuable and elegant model of Early Decorated character in Northfleet Church, Kent ; and others of later date in Cropredy Church, Northamptonshire, and at Thame and Dorchester, Oxfordshire. The Bishop's throne at Exeter, and the stalls in the choir of Winchester Cathedral, are alike celebrated for the o- -o o- -o THE DECORATED STYLE. 109 varied beauty of their designs, and for the freedom and dehcacy of the carving ; generally, the Ecclesias- tical furniture is of a more graceful and elaborate description than that of the preceding style. There is a good example of an Early Decorated cross, on the east gable of Merton College Chapel, Oxford. o- -o FIFTEENTH CENTURY. The Perpendicular Gothic is a style which belongs almost exclusively to this country, and in its earlier specimens exhibits the richness and elegant sim- plicity of the preceding period; in the later ex- amples the adoption of the four-centred Tudor arch in place of the more acutely pointed forms, and the display of a profusion of intricate and minute en- richments, proved eventually destructive to the pecu- liar character and beauty of our Ecclesiastical Archi- tecture. The numerous buildings of this age are generally in good preservation, and "there are so many small Churches which are excellent models for imitation, that with care and examination scarcely anything need be executed but from abso- lute authority *." The slender shafts which are in- troduced at the sides of doorways, windows, and pillars, are never detached, as in Early Enghsh a Rickman's Gothic Architecture. o- -6 o- -o THE PERPENDICULAR STYLE. Higham Ferrers NoitiiamptoEiShire o o O- -O THE PERPENDICULAR STYLE. Ill structures, and their bases and capitals are of a polygonal figure ; the latter, however, in some in- stances are omitted. The Perpendicular porch is very often of two stories, finished with an horizontal battlemented parapet, and has frequently over the entrance " a little Gothic niche Of nicest workmanship ; that once had held The sculptured Image of some patron Saint, Or of the Blessed Virgin, looking down On all who entered those religious doors. "-Wordsworth. o- King's Sutton, Noithamptonslitre o o- -O 112 THE PERPENDICULAR STFLE. The porches attached to our Cathedrals and other large Churches are usually in this style, most elabo- rately ornamented with niches, panels, heraldic de- vices, and various sculptured decorations. The door- Merton College Chapel, Oxford. ways generally have their arches inserted within square compartments, the spandrels being enriched with carving, and the doors are commonly adorned with beautiful tracery, and sometimes studded with nails of an elegant pattern : the great western en- o- -o o- -o THE PERPENDICULAR SlYLK. WeUs Cathedral. o- -o o o THE PERPENDICULAR STYLE. 113 trance of St. Saviour's, Southwark, lately de- stroyed, was one of our finest Perpendicular ex- amples. The simple pointed windows of this period are of more graceful proportions than the later specimens which have Tudor arches. The mullions are alwavs carried through the heads of the openings, and con- sequently the tracery is composed chiefly of vertical hues, as at Coggs, Oxfordshire. The horizontal bars or transoms, so universally introduced in win- dows of lofty dimensions, are often embattled, and sometimes ornamented with httle flowers. Square - headed windows are frequently used in this style, especially in porches, and small Churches. " In the stained glass of the fifteenth centurj'', the artist frequently carried his design through the whole extent of the window, his subject embracing a considerable number of figures, arranged with more pictorial effect than heretofore. The several tints of the coloured glasses are more varied, and placed with consideration as to the effect of dis- tance ; the shadows are more graduated, and aerial perspective attempted. When figures of the Saints, Apostles, Or Martyrs, are introduced, they are now generally accompanied, either by the animal o- — o o- -o 114 THE PERPENDICULAR STYLE. considered peculiar to them, or represented as bear- ing the instrument of their martyrdom. Scrolls, with long inscriptions in the black letter, are often thrown with wild profusion across or above the figures ^, The Perpendicular buttresses greatly resemble those of the preceding style, and are often adorned with panels and niches ; they are frequently crown- ed also with pinnacles, sometimes placed diagonally, and the flying buttresses are occasionally pierced with tracery, as at Sherborne Church, Dorsetshire. The parapets of many buildings are enriched with sunk or perforated ornament, usually con- sisting of quatrefoils or trefoils, in- serted within small square, circular, or triangular compartments ; and the battlements, which are often pointed, in most instances have their mould- ings carried round their outline. The turrets at the sides of prables „, , „ tt^^cv.,^ o St. Lawrence, Evesham. are conspicuous for the beauty and originality of '' See Glossary of Architecture. o- -o o- o THE PERPENDICULAR STYLE. 115 their designs ; there is a fine model at the end of the north transept of Canterbury Cathedral, and excellent examples occur also at York, Winchester, and in numerous other edifices ; in the later speci- mens the coverings or terminations are generally of an ogee form, as at King's College Chapel, Cam- bridge, andHemy the Seventh's Chapel at Westminster. The clustered pillar is com- posed of slender connected shafts and mouldings, which in many buildings are con- tinued round the arch without any intervening capitals ; the capitals themselves are occa- sionally ornamented with foH- age, and their abaci are some- times adorned either with httle battlements or with the Tudor flower; the bases are usually placed upon a lofty poly- gonal plmth, as at Stogum- ber, Somersetshire : in small Churches a plain octangular pier is not imcommon. Stogumber, Somersetstiire. o~ o I 2 o o 116 THE PERPENDICULAR STYLE. The vaulted roofs of this period are often dis- tinguished for their elaborate beauty, being adorned with a profusion of mouldings and sculptured] bosses which are frequently painted and gilt ; the naves of the Cathedrals of Canterbury and Winchester, and the choir of York Minster, are covered with admirable specimens of Perpendicular groining, and in these structures the vaulting- shafts ascend directly from the floor: fan-tracery roofs belong exclusively to this style of Gothic architec- ture, and are more efiective in porches, towers, or small Chapels, than in large edifices : some of the later examples have stone pendants, that detract from the elegance and simplicity of the designs. The common wooden Church roof consists of nume- rous rectangular compartments, formed by the inter- section of the timbers, and these spaces are sub- divided by moulded ribs, which are usually orna- mented with small bosses and richly-emblazoned shields ; the ceiling, also, is frequently painted blue, and studded with gilt stars to represent the firma- ment. In Suffolk and the adjoining counties, many of the Perpendicular Churches have open wooden roofs of great beauty, and these valuable specimens of ancient carpentry are well adapted for modem o c- -o THE PERPENDICULAR STYLE. 117 ecclesiastical buildings : there are also good models for timber roofs with arched braces in some of the Churches of Yorkshire. The Perpendicular tower is often a lofty and magnificent structure, and is frequently finished with perforated parapets or battlements, as at Bakewell Church, Somersetshire ; the turrets or large pinna- cles are generally surmounted by iron crosses or gilt vanes in the form of ban- ners, and when there is but a single an- gular turret it is usually terminated with a weather- cock. Broad bands of quatrefoils are very commonly car- ried round the walls ; and niches, contain- ing images of the Holy Evangelists, or other appropriate fiffures, are some- '~' Brislington Cliurch, Somersetshire. o- -O o- -o 118 THE PERPENDICULAR STYLE. times introduced in the centre of the parapets, as at Brislington Chiu'ch, and add considerably to the richness and variety of the outline. In many steeples the turrets at the angles are adorned with flying buttresses, which have open tracery, and are sup- ported either by the gurgovles, as at Dundry Church, r Parapet, Thombury Church near Bristol, or on the cappings of the buttresses or the parapet, as at Thornbury Church, Glouces- o- -o o- -o THE PERPENDICULAR STYLE. 119 tershire. The towers are occasionally crowned with octagonal lanterns, but are not so generally covered with spires as in the preceding styles; numerous beautiftd examples, however, were con- structed at this period, and amongst the most cele- brated are St. Michael's, at Coventry; St. Mary's at Louth, in Lincolnshire ; and St. Nicholas, at Newcastle-upon-Tyne. There is a good picturesque bell-turret, of Per- pendicular character, at St. Peter's Church, at Bid- deston, in Wiltshire, and was probably copied from a more ancient specimen, of the same peculiar form, on the adjoining Church of St. Nicholas. The mural surfaces of the buildings of any preten- sion erected in the fifteenth century, are generally more or less covered with panels and tracery. Armorial bearings, and angels with expanded wings, holding shields charged with heraldic devices, or with symbols of a rehgious and mystical character, are also occasion- ally introduced : small battlements, and the enrich- ment called the Tudor flower, are Tudor Floxv- o- -o o -O 120 THE PERPENDICULAR STYLE. ^ styles ; numerous very commonly used to form a crest or brattishing on screens, niches, capitals, transoms of windows, and other ornamental details. The foliage of this period is , 'i often sculptured with great deli- cacy, but seldom exhibits the free- dom and bold- ness of the pre- cedin the mouldings, like- wise, are more angular, and the hollows being rather wide and shallow, they are consequently less ef- fective. Perpendicular fonts are almost invariably of an octagonal form, and are generally of excellent work- manship, highly enriched with panels and other decorations ; there is a most magnificent specimen in Walsingham Church, Norfolk ; the oaken covers are often lofty compositions of tabernacle -work, and are occasionally painted and gilt, as in St. Gregory's Church, at Sudbury, in Suffolk. The reredos is some- times verv elaboratelv ornamented, and usuallv con- o- -o o- -o THE PERPENDICULAR STYLE. 1-21 sists of a succession of small niches., surmounted with canopies, as at Enstone, Oxfordshire. It should be observed that the Altar is a most essential feature in the design for the east end of a Chancel, and should never be placed against an arcade that is complete without it. There are many splendid examples of Perpendicular reredoses remaining, as at Christ Church, Hants : Winchester Cathedral ; St. Alban's Abbey, &c. &c. ; in all of which the Altar itself will be found a necessary part of the composition. In modem attempts at restor- ing reredoses this impor- tant point has frequently been neglected. An elegant stone credence-table of the fifteenth century, occurs in the chancel of St. Cross, near Winchester. There are many beautiful sedilia and piscinae of this period, and the numerous chancel- screens, pulpits, open seats, and other articles of Ec- clesiastical furniture, are generally in good pre- Bench End. Nettlecombe. -o o- -o 122 THE PERPENDICULAR STYLE. servation, and afford excellent models for imitation : the lettern, or reading-desk, is usually made of brass, in the form of an eagle or peUcan, with the wings extended to support the sacred volume. In Cathe- drals and other large Churches, the sepulchral monuments are often placed between the pillars of the edifice, within small Chapels of the most costly and gorgeous description ; these are frequently covered with such a profusion of minute enrich- ments, that the skill and perseverance of the sculp- tor scarcely excite our admiration, and we perceive the truth of Forsyth's remark, that "mere difficulty surmounted never gives pleasure but to the artist himself, for in the fine arts we do not consider the labour bestowed, we con- sider only the excellence produced." There are good specimens of Perpen- dicular crosses on the gables of King's College Chapel, Cambridge, Mer- ton College Chapel, Oxford, and Rotherham, York- shire. Rotiierbam. Yorkshxre. o- -o -o APPENDIX. 1. EXTRACTS FROM VARIOUS AUTHORS. 2. CANONS OF THE ANGLICAN CHURCH. 3. SYMBOLS USED BY THE EARLY CHRISTIANS. i. EMBLEMS OF THE SAINTS IN THE CALENDAR OF THE ANGLICAN CHURCH. o- -o -o APPENDIX. Ancient Architects and modern Builders. " It has been observed as a circumstance full of meaning, that no man knows the names of the Architects of our Cathedrals. They left no record of their names upon the fabrics, as if they would have nothing there that could suggest any other idea than the glory of that God to whom the edifices were devoted for perpetual and solemn worship; nothing to mingle a meaner association with the profound sense of His presence : or as if, in the joy of having built Him a house, there was no want left unfulfilled, no room for the question whether it is good for, a man to Hve in posthumous renown. But come to the mean and petty reconstructions of the interior of our Parochial Churches, which have been effected within the last hundred years, and we o- -o o o 126 APPENDIX. find that they are bedaubed, even if the achievement be no more than the building a gallery, with the names at length, and often in a position of the most indecent prominence, of those, not whose imagina- tions devised the work, not whose hands fashioned it, not whose ofilerings bore the cost, but such as have held some temporary parochial office, as have been, for the year of the unsightly work, some Fidenarum Gabiorumque potestas, and thus have been enabled to gratify their vanity in the temple of God." — Glad- stone's Church Principles. Classical and Gothic Architecture. "The contemplation of the works of antique art excites a feeling of elevated beauty, and exalted notions of the human self; but the Gothic Archi- tecture impresses the beholder with a sense of self- annihilation, he becomes, as it were, a part of the work contemplated. An endless complexity and variety are united into one whole, the plan of which is not distinct from the execution. A Gothic Cathedral is the petrifaction of our rehgion." — Coleridge. " If the science of our ancestors had not been directed and animated by pure taste, high feeling, o o o o APPENDIX. 127 and strong religious enthusiasm, they would not have handed down to us a series of monuments, extending nearly over the whole of Europe, which will be viewed with admiration for ages. It was a noble idea to dedicate to the service of the infinite Creator a temple, apparently indefinite in its extent, through which the eye might range without discem- ins: the hmit or measure ; and the skill with which this idea was worked out meets with no parallel in the best days of classical art." — Petit's Remarks on Church Architecture, vol. ii. Position of Churches. " Our Churches, invariably perhaps, stand east and west, but why is by few persons exactly known ; nor that the degree of deviation from due east often noticeable in the ancient ones was determined, in each particular case, by the point in the horizon at which the sun rose upon the day of the Saint to whom the Church was dedicated. These observ- ances of our ancestors, and the causes of them, are the subject of the following stanzas." When in the antique age of bow and spear And feudal rapine clothed with iron mail, Came Ministers of peace, intent to rear The mother Church in yon sequester' d vale ; c o o 128 APPENDIX, Then, to her Patron Saint a previous rite Resounded with deep swell and solemn close Through unremitting vigils of the night, Till from his couch the wished-for sun uprose. He rose, and straight — as by Divine command, They who had waited for that sign to trace Their work's foundation, gave with careful hand To the high Altar its determined place ; Mindful of Him who in the Orient born There liv'd, and on the Cross His life resign'd, And who, from out the regions of the morn, Issuing in pomp, shall come to judge mankind. So taught their creed : — nor failed the eastern sky 'Mid these more awful feelings, to infuse The sweet and natural hopes that shall not die, Long as the sun his gladsome course renews. For us hath such prelusive vigil ceased ; Yet still we plant, like men of elder days, Our Christian Altar faithful to the east, Whence the tall window drinks the morning rays. That obvious emblem giving to the eye Of meek devotion, wliich erewhile it gave, That symbol of the Day-spring from on high. Triumphant o'er the darkness of the grave. Wordsworth. o o o I APPENDIX. 129 The Font. *' What the font is every body knows, but not why it is so called. The rites of Baptism in the first times were performed in fountains and rivers, both because their converts were many, and because those ages were unprovided of other baptisteries : we have no other remainder of this rite but the name. For hence it is that we call our baptisteries fonts ; which, when rehgion found peace, were built and conse- crated for the more reverence and respect of the Sacrament. These were set at first some distance from the Church, after in the Church porch, and that significantly, because Baptism is the entrance into the Church mystical, as the porch to the temple. At the last, they got into the Church, but not into every, but the city Church, where the Bishop resided, hence called the mother church, because it gave spiritual birth by Baptism; afterward they were brought into rural Churches. Wheresoever they stood, they were held in high veneration." — Bishop Sparrow on the Book of Common Prayer. The Seats or Pews. " By the general law, and of common right, all the pews in the Parish Church are the common property o o K o 130 APPENDIX. of the parish ; they are for the use in common of the parishioners, who are all entitled to be seated orderly and conveniently so as best to provide for the ac- commodation of all." — Sir John NichoU. The Reading -Pew. It appears from Bishop Sparrow's Rationale on the Book of Common Prayer, that pre\4ously to the time of CromweU, " the reading-pew had one desk for the Bible, looking towards the people to the body of the Church, another for the Prayer-book, looking towards the east, or upper end of the chancel. And veiy reasonable was this usage ; for when the people were spoken to, it was fit to look towards them ; but when God was spoken to, it was fit to turn from the people." " In the Church of Drayton Beauchamp, near Aylesbury, Bucks, there are still two desks in the reading-pew, as described by Bishop Sparrow." — Glossary of Architecture. <^% o — ■ o- -o APPENDIX. 131 The Lettern. "The eagle-desk is delineated in the Louterell Psalter, a beautiful illuminated manuscript, written in the early part of the fourteenth century, the eagle being there represented as supported on a slender and cylindrical shaft, banded round half way down by an annulated moulding." — British Critic, No. 50. o- o K 2 o o 132 APPENDIX. Sepulchral Monuments. " If there is one kind of sepulchral monument beau- tiful in its form, comparatively correct in idea, and interesting both to the sculptor and antiquary, it is the old Altar-tomb, covered with its recumbent figiu-e of knight, or king, or bishop, of which so many ex- quisite remains are still found in our Churches. And yet against the general idea of thus commemorating the dead may be urged — the tendency to indivi- duahze sepulchral memorials, — the heavy expense attending it — its being obviously restricted to the rich — its necessarily implying burial within the Church — and an appearance of ostentation not com- patible with the perfect humility and unobti'usive- ness of a pure Christian character." — Quarterly Review, No. 140. Monumental Inscriptions. " There is a simple and striking proof of the extent to which a general secularity had encroached upon the Church, in the ordinary tone of those monu- mental inscriptions which deface the walls of many of our sacred edifices. It is extremely painful to o o o ■ o APPENDIX. 133 see on every hand, in almost every Church, records of social respectabiUty, of domestic affection, of pro- fessional talent, of scientific acquirement, of martial valour, in one instance which has met my eye, even of distinction in freemasonry, without any accom- panying notice of the Christian hopes of the de- ceased, and of that character by virtue of which alone their human qualities can justly claim either permanence or praise. What respect has the stem sceptre of death for these earthly shows ? What title have they to be commemorated amidst the so- lemnities of the Christian temple, unless they be under the seal of Christ? Gladdening it is in the long galleries of the Vatican, waUed with the sepul- chral inscriptions of antiquity, to pass from these cheerless memorials of the dead, which alone pa- ganism could supply, to the emphatic phrases, and the not less eloquent symbols, which marked the tombstones of the early Christians, and told of their present peace and joyful anticipations of the future ; but how sad that we should now recoil from the use of our free privileges, and speak, as is so often the case, of the dead in Christ, as though immortahty was not yet brought to light !" — Gladstone's Church Principles. O -o o- o 134 APPENDIX. The different styles of Architecture. " Contrary to the practice of our own age, which is to imitate every style of Architecture that can be found in all the countries of the earth, it appears that in any given period and place our forefathers ad- mitted but of one style, which was used to the com- plete exclusion of every other during its prevalence. After enduring for about a centur\% this style gra- dually gives way and another makes its appearance, which in turn assumes the exclusive pri\ilege, and is in turn superseded, so that the buildings of every country may be distributed under two general heads : those that exhibit the distinct features of an esta- bhshed style, and those that contain a mixture of the features of two consecutive styles, which are commonly called Transition Specimens. The nature of the last will of course depend on the manner in which the new style has arisen." — Wilhs* Remarks on the Architecture of the Middle Ages. O -O c o APPENDIX. ISo Romanesque and Gothic Architecture. " The ancient Churches of Europe offer to us two st}'les of Architecture, between which, when we con- sider them in their complete development, the differ- ence is very strongly marked. " During the first thousand years of the Christian period, religious edifices were built in the former of these two st}'les. Its characters are a more or less close imitation of the features of Roman Architec- ture. The arches are round ; are supported on pil- lars retaining traces of the classical proportions ; the pilasters, cornices, and entablature have a correspond- ence and similarity with those of classical Archi- tecture ; there is a prevalence of rectangular faces and square- edged projections ; the openings in walls are small, and subordinate to the surfaces in which they occur ; the members of the Architecture are massive and heavy : very hmited in kind and repe- tition ; the enrichments being introduced rather by sculpturing surfaces, than by multiplying and extend- ing the component parts. There is in this style a predominance of horizontal lines, or at least no pre- dominance and prolongation of vertical ones. For instance, the pillars are not prolonged in correspond- o o o o 136 APPENDIX. ing mouldings along the arches ; the walls have no prominent buttresses, and are generally termin- ated by a strong horizontal tablet or cornice. This style may conveniently be designated by the term Romanesque. This same kind of Architecture, or perhaps particular modifications of it, have been by various persons termed Saxon, Norman, Lombard, Byzantine, &c. " The second style of which we have spoken made its appearance in the early centuries of the second thousand years of the Christian world. It is charac- terized by the pointed arch ; by pillars which are ex- tended so as to lose all trace of classical proportions ; by shafts which are placed side by side, often with different thicknesses, and are variously clustered and combined. Its mouldings, cornices, and capitals, have no longer the classical shapes and members ; square edges, rectangular surfaces, pilasters and en- tablatures disappear; the elements of building be- come slender, detached, repeated and multiplied ; they assume forms implying flexure and ramification. The openings become the principal part of the wall, and the other portions are subordinate to these. The universal tendency is to the predominance and prolongation of vertical lines ; for instance, in the c o o APPENDIX. 137 interior, by continuing the shafts in the arch-mould- ings ; on the exterior, by employing buttresses of strong projection, which shoot upwards through the line of parapet, and terminate in pinnacles. " All over Europe this style is commonly termed Gothic ; and though the name has often been ob- jected to, it seems to be not only convenient from being so weU understood, but also by no means in- appropriate with regard to the associations which it imphes." — Whewell's Notes on German Churches. " The Romanesque of Normandy, and still more of England, is essentially Gothic ; not indeed fully de- veloped, but quite sufficiently so to mark its direct and inevitable tendency : hence the transition to the complete styles in these countries is easy and na- tural." — Petit's Remarks on Church Architecture, vol. i. Lancet Windows. " The large plain lancet windows of Sahsbury, of the transepts of York, &c., are only members in systems of ornament, and are each small compared with their aggregate number, and with the vastness of the building. But such windows, though the exactest copies of the originals, appear at once over- o o o o 138 APPENDIX. grown and rude where they are the chief features of a low and unadorned elevation, of which they occupy perhaps two thirds of the height, with the merest shadows of buttresses, if any at all, between them, and perhaps with nothing but some meagre thread of a moulding, or some very bare parapet above them. This only helps to shew how difficult it is to copy well. The successful application of an existing style is almost as great a reach of genius as the original conception of it." — British Critic, No. 56. Early Decorated Stained Glass. " The side windows of the choir of Merton College Chapel, Oxford, retain much of their original glaz- ing, which is particularly valuable, as affording spe- cimens of a very early style of stained glass, as w^ell as for its elegance of design. The principal hghts contain figures of saints, of small proportion, de- picted in colours, and standing in stalls or taber- nacles. Above and below these, the glass is dis- posed in various geometrical Unes, diapered over with slender branches and foliage. A border of rich colours, composed of leaves and heraldic figures, surrounds each light ; and various roundels and o — o o o APPENDIX. 139 small pieces of colour are intermingled with the white glass." — Pugin's Examples, vol. i. The Perpendicular Towers. " In the Pei*pendicular EngUsh style, the tower was boldly finished with the horizontal hne ; broken, it is true, with the embattled parapet, and varied with pinnacles, but still without disguise or conceal- ment ; for it was felt to form an excellent contrast w^ith the vertical Hues of the edifice. The square tower with its capping of battlements and pinnacles, is one of the noblest features of Gothic Architecture, and is pecuharly our own : nor is it confined to one class of buildings ; the town, the village, the epis- copal city, alike boast it as their chief ornament. It admits of every degree of plainness or richness, and appears to have been in general use from the late Decorated to the veiy extinction of Gothic." — Petit's Remai'ks on Church Architecture, vol. i. o— o o ■ o 140 APPENDIX. THE CONSTITUTIONS AND CANONS ECCLESIAS- TICAL OF THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND. ®I)ings appertaining to CTi^urc'^cs. 81. A Font of Stone for Baptism in every Church. " According to a former Constitution, too much neglected in many places, we appoint that there shall be a Font of Stone in every Church and Chapel where baptism is to be ministered; the same to be set in the ancient usual places ; in w^hich only Font the Minister shall baptize publicly." 82. A decent Communion-tahle in every Church. "Whereas we have no doubt, but that in all Churches within the realm of England, conveni- ent and decent Tables are provided and placed for the celebration of the holy Communion, we appoint that the same tables shall from time to time be kept in sufficient and seemly manner, and covered in time of Divine Service, with a carpet of silk or other decent stuff, thought meet by the Ordinary of the O o o APPENDIX. 141 place, if any question be made of it, and with a fair linen cloth at the time of the IMinistration, as be- cometh that Table, and so stand, saving when the said holy Commmaion is to be administered: at which time the same shall be placed in so good sort within the Church or Chancel, as thereby the Minister may be more conveniently heard of the Communicants in his Prayer, and Ministration, and the Communicants also more conveniently, and in more numbers, may communicate with the said Minister : and that the Ten Commandments be set up on the East end of eveiy Chm'ch and Chapel, where the people may best see and read the same, and other chosen sentences written upon the walls of the said Churches and Chapels, in places conve- nient : and hkewdse that a convenient seat be made for the Minister to read service in. All these to be done at the charge of the parish." 83. A Pulpit to be provided in every Church. " The Churchwardens or Questmen, at the com- mon charge of the Parishioners in every Church, shall provide a comely and decent Pulpit, to be set in a convenient place within the same, by the dis- o ^ o o o 142 APPENDIX. cretion of the ordinar)'^ of the place, if any question do arise, and to be there seemly kept for the preach- ing of God's Word." 84. A Chest for Alms in every Church. *' The Churchwardens shall provide and have with- in three months after the publishing of these Con- stitutions, a strong Chest with a hole in the upper part thereof, to be provided at the charge of the parish (if there be none such already provided) having three keys ; of which one shall remain in the custody of the Parson, Vicar, or Curate, and the other two in the Custody of the Churchwardens for the time being : which Chest they shall set and fasten in the most convenient place, to the intent the Parishioners may put into it their alms for their poor neighbours. And the Parson, Vicar, or Curate shall diligently from time to time, and especially when men make their testaments, call upon, exhort and move their neighbours to confer and give, as they may well spare, to the said Chest; declaring unto them, that whereas heretofore they have been diligent to bestow much substance otherwise than God commanded, upon superstitious uses, now they ought at this time to be much more ready to help o — o ■o APPENDIX. 143 the poor and needy, knowing that to reheve the poor is a sacrifice which pleaseth God : and that also whatsoever is given for their comfort is given to Christ Himself, and is so accepted of Him that He will mercifully reward the same. The which alms and devotion of the people, the keepers of the keys shall yearly, quarterly, or oftener, (as need re- quireth,) take out of the Chest, and distribute the same in the presence of most of the parish, or six of the chief of them, to be truly and faithfully de- Hvered to their most poor and needy neighbours." St Peter's, Oxford, -o o- 144 APPENDIX. 85. Churches to he kept in efficient Reparations. "The Churchwardens or Questmen, shall take care and provide that the Churches be well and sufficiently repaired, and so from time to time kept and maintained, that the windows be well glazed, and that the floors be kept paved, plain and even, and all things there in such an orderly and decent sort, without dust, or any thing that may be noisome or unseemly, as best becometh the House of God, and is prescribed in an Homily to that effect. The like care they shall take, that the Church-yards be w^ell and sufficiently repaired, fenced, and maintained with walls, rails, or pales, as have been in each place accustomed, at their charges unto whom by law the same appertaineth : but especially they shall see that in every meeting of the congregation peace be well kept : and that all persons excommunicated and so denounced, be kept out of the Church." o- o- -O The representations found on the tombs of the early Christians in the catacombs at Rome, may per- haps be considered as authority for the subjects that may with propriety be used, in decorating the walls or the windows of fabrics belonging to the Anglican Church ; which is professedly re-formed on the model of the Christian Church in the three first centuries. It may therefore be useful here to enumerate those most commonly met with. " Among the first Christians, 'iSF' the instrument of God's suffer- ! 3 , , , . , -^ J Ml msr and man s redemption, the l^^^wW^ cross, was made the chief em- ^ blem of their faith, the chief mark of their community, their standard and their watchword. It was carefully imprinted alike on the habitations of the hving and the receptacles of the dead. It was frequently composed of foliage or ornamented with gems." — Hope's History of Architecture. o c- -o 146 APPENDIX. Christ, the good Shepherd, carrying a lamb on His shoul- ders, is of veiy frequent oc- currence on the lamps, the glass vases, and the fresco paintings : sometimes, as in the instance here selected, He is surroimd- ed by bunches of grapes. "The lamb was used to designate the meek and faithful Christian; twelve such, in regular procession, represented the Apostles ; and a thirteenth, more exaked than the rest, adorned with a nimbus, was our Saviour;" this generally carried a cross, or banner, and was called the Agnus Dei. As the Greek word for a fish, IXGYS, contained the initials of the name and titles of Christ, 'It](tovs Xpicrros Qeov Yios, 2a)TT}p, Jesus Christ the So7i of God, the Saviour, the figure of a fish was one of the earliest Christian symbols ; and the rough outline of the fish, formed of two curves meeting in a point at their extremities, was also used as bearing the same signification, under the name of vesica piscis. This was subsequently used to enclose the figure of our Saviour in His glorified o -o -o EARLY CHRISTIAN SYMBOLS. 147 state, the Father, the Holy Trinity, the blessed Virgm, or the patron saint; and displayed in the pediments, or over the porches of Churches, as objects destined to call forth the recollection of these holy personages. The Holy Ghost was represented in the likeness of a dove descending from heaven ; it was often introduced over an image of the Father seated in His glory, embracing the crucifix, the whole forming an emblem of the Blessed Trinity. rg) The monogram of the name of Christ, formed of the two first letters of the word in Greek, X and P, is the celebrated sign which appeared in the sky at noonday to the Em- peror Constantine and his troops, and was afterwards adopted by him on his standard and his coins. It is also continually // found on rings, lamps, &c., in the tombs of the early Christians,with an- other symbol of somewhat similar form. *' Ears of corn and bunches of grapes were fre- quently used as typical of the bread and wine of the Holy Eucharist : the processes of the vintage were also exhibited to denote the holy works of Chris- tians in the vineyard of the faith. The vine, and a vine-leaf, with a bunch of grapes, were another em- blem of Christ the true Vine ; the crown of thorns and l2 o O- o 148 APPENDIX. the instruments of the crucifixion were hkewise com- mon decorations ; and a palm-branch was often placed in the hands of a saint, or martyr, to mark the triumphs of the cross. Stags approaching a vessel of water, stand for the souls of the faithful thirsting after the li\'ing waters, in allusion to Ps. xlii." — Hope's Architecture. We also meet with figures of Adam and Eve ; the murder of Abel ; Noah and the ark, with the dove bringing him the ohve-branch ; Abraham preparing to offer up Isaac; Moses touching the rock Horeb with his rod ; or receiving the tables of the law ; or stand- ing with seven vessels full of manna at his feet ; or taking off his shoes to approach the burning bush : Jonas and the whale ; Daniel in the den of hons ; Tobias with the fish ; Job ; EUas carried up into heaven. The ship, emblematical of the Church, frequently re- presented with St. Peter sitting at the helm, and St. Paul standing at the prow, as if preaching and exhort- ing the people to come into the ship, or sometimes drawing in a net. The anchor, em- blematical of a Christian's hope, constancy and fortitude, or, as others think, of salvation, which was alsorecommended by St. Cle- ment, of Alexandria, to be worn on their rings by the faithful. The cock, emblematical of Christian vigilance. Two cocks fighting ; striving for Christ, and the palm of glory. o -O T^-^-^"- The lion, fortitude EARLY CHRISTIAN SYMBOLS. 149 The peacock, supposed to sym- bolize the resurrection. The phoenix, rising from its ashes, emblematical of the immortality of the soul, and the resurrection. and vigilance, in allusion to Christ, called in Scripture, the Hon of the tribe of Judah. The hare, innocence and timidity. The candelabra, Christ and His Church, the light of true doctrine, with seven branches, with refe- rence to the seven Churches, Rev. i. 20. The figures of Saints most commonly met with, are St. Peter and St. Paul, the blessed Virgin, and her mother, St. Anne. Engravings of all these subjects will be found in the Roma SubteiTanea of Ai'inghi, from which the speci- mens here given are chiefly taken ; and in Mammachii Origines et Antiquitates Christianae, tom. iii., and F. Buo- narrotti Vasi Antichi di Vetrotrovati ne' Cimiteri di Roma. o o o- ©alentiar of tijt Anglican Cj^urcl). "It is a matter of considerable interest at the pre- sent era, when the principles of the Church are so anxiously scrutinised by friends and foes, to recollect how and in what manner our present kalendar of Festivals and Saints' days was formed. Our Reform- ers truly and reverently proceeded upon the principle of honouring antiquity. They found * a number of dead men's names, not over-eminent in their lives either for sense or morals, crowding the kalendar, and jostling out the festivcds of the saints and mar- tyrs.' The mediaeval Church, as the Romanists still do, distinguished betvV'Cen the days of Obliga- tion and days of Devotion. Now, under the Refor- mation only some of the former class, the Feasts of Obligation, were and are retained, being such as were dedicated to the memory of our Lord, or to those whose names are pre-eminent in the Gospels ; — the Blessed Virgin, the Apostles, the Baptist as the Pre- cursor, and St. Stephen as the Proto-martyr : St. Mark and St. Luke as Evangehsts ; the Holy Inno- cents, as the earliest who suffered on Christ's account ; the Feast of St. Michael and all Angels, to o o o CALENDAR OF THE ANGLICAN CHURCH. 151 remind us of the benefits received by the ministry of angels ; and All Saints, as the memorial of all those who have died in the faith. Surely no method could have been better devised than such a course for making time, as it passes, a pei'petual memorial of the Head of the Church. "The principle upon which certain festivals of De- votion still retained in the kalendar prefixed to the Common Prayer, and usually printed in itahcs, were selected from among the rest, is more obscure. Many of them e\'idently indicate names which had been peculiarly honoured of old in the Church of England : St. Alban, the proto-mart}T of Britain ; Augustine, the apostle of the English race ; Venera- ble Bede, and King Edward the Confessor, the real patron of England, supplanted in the age of pseudo- chivaln^ by the legendars* St. George. Others must have been chosen for their high station in the earher ages of the Church — St. Ambrose, St. Augustine, St. Martin, and St. C\3)rian ; others from their local celebrity. " A third class are. Saints who are simply com- memorated ; and it is a veiy curious fact, and, as we beheve, hitherto quite unnoticed, that these Saints'- days, now considered as the distinctive badges of Romanism, continued to retain their stations in our popular Protestant English gdmanacks untQ the alte- ration of the st}-le in 1752, when they w'ere discon- tinued. By what authorit}^ tliis change took place o o 152 APPENDIX. we know not, but perhaps the books of the Station- ers' Company might solve this mystery. " Poor Robin's Almanack affords much matter for consideration . He shews that the tradition respecting the appropriation of the days to particular Saints was considered by the common people as eminently Pro- testant, that is to say, as a part and parcel of the Church of England ; and that an almanack w^ithout Saints for every day was nought. We have neither space nor leisure to pursue this inquiry ; but we do earnestly wish that some one well versed in ecclesi- astical history, for instance Mr, Palmer, would in- vestigate the ' Kalendar ;' not vdth the view of ministering to antiquarian curiosity or idle amuse- ment, but as involving principles of the highest im- portance. The secular power came to the aid of the Church by the statute 5 and 6 Edw. VI., c. 3. This Act commands all our present liturgical festivals to be observed ; and their non-observation is by no means an act of discretion, but a breach of the law of the land. Of the pecuhcir sports and observances which had been attached by ancient usage and custom to peculiar days — the dancing round the maypole on the festival of St. Philip and St. James — the bon- fires on the feast of the Baptist — and the like — it is unnecessary to speak : but the main feature, anterior to the Reformation, was the cessation from work and labour upon such festivals. The people had a time provided to rejoice before the Lord ; and the o o o CALENDAR OF THE ANGLICAN CHURCH. 153 exceptions in the Act shew that such was still the spirit of the age ; those who chose to work are merely permitted to labour." — Quarterly RcAdew, cxlii. The symbols used in the following calendar, are taken from the ancient Clogg Almanacks, of which Dr. Plot gives the following account. " Canutus raigned sole king of England for 20 years : during which time and the raigns of his two successors, also Danish kings of England, many of their customs and utensils, no doubt on't, obtained here, amongst which I guess I may reckon an ancient sort of Almanacks they call Cloggs, made upon square sticks, still (A.D. 1686.) in use here among the meaner sort of people, which I cannot but think must be some remains of the Danish government, finding the same with little difference to have been used also formerly both in Sweden and Denmark, as plainly appears from Olaus Magnus ^, and Olaus Wormius^: which being a sort of antiquity so little known, that it hath scarce been yet heard of in the southern parts of England, and understood now but by few of the gentry in the northern, I shall be the more particular in my account of them. " They are here called cloggs, for what reason I could not learn, nor indeed imagine, unless from the English log, a term we usually give to any pieces of wood, or from the likeness of some of the greater sorts of them to the cloggs, wherewith we usually ^ Historia Gentium Septentrionalium, lib. i. *> Fasti Danici, lib. ii. o • 6 o o 154 APPENDIX. restrain the wild, extravagant, mischievous motions of some of our doggs. "There are some few of brass, but the most of them are of wood, and these chiefly of box ; others there are of fir and some of oak, but these not so frequent. Wormius tells us that there were some of them made of bone, and some ancient ones of horn ; but I met with none of these in this countr\% though all people no question made them of such materials as they thought fittest for their purposes. " Some are perfect, containing the Dominical letters, as well as the Prime and marks for the feasts, engraven upon them, and such are our primestaves in the Museum, at Oxford. Others imperfect, having only the prime and the immoveable feasts on them, and such are all those I met with in Staffordshire ; which yet are of two kinds also, some publick, of a larger size, which hang commonly here at one end of the mantletree of their chimneys, for the use of the whole family : and others private, of a smaller size, which they carry in their pockets. " This almanack is usually a square piece of wood, containing three months on each of the four edges. The number of days in them are expressed by notches ; the first day by a notch with a patulous stroke turned up from it, and every seventh by a large- sized notch. Over against many of the notches are placed on the left hand several marks or symbols, denoting the golden number or cycle of the moon. o 6 o o CALENDAR OF THE ANGLICAN CHURCH. 155 The festivals are marked by symbols of the several saints issuing from the notches. The instrument engraved by Olaus Wormius, in his Fasti Danici, ii. c. 2. p. 87. is hexagonal, and has an intermixture of Runic letters. He gives another, c. 3. p. 90, flat but divided into six columns, besides other varieties. A similar one, but ruder, was found in a castle in Bretagne, with two sides in six divisions." — Plot's Natural History of Staffordshire, foho, Oxford, 1686, p. 418 — 420. Dr. Plot has published an engraving of one of these Clogg Almanacks, p. 420. This is republished by Fosbrooke, in his Encyclopedia of Antiquities, 1825, 4to., vol. i. p. 221, and again by Hone in a frontis- piece to his Every Day Book, vol. ii. 8vo. 1827. Another is given by Gough in his edition of Cam- den's Britannia, 1789, folio, vol. ii. p. 380. There are still (1843) preser\'ed in the Ashmolean Museum, at Oxford, one large and three small square ones of Enghsh workmanship, and ten small flat ones from Denmark. There are also two in the Cheetham library at Manchester. The symbols given in the following calendar are fac- similes from one which is preserv^ed in the Bodleian library. -o o- 156 -O CALENDAR OF THE ANGLICAN CHURCH. JANUARY. 1 A 2 b 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Cirri/77i('is/fi Epiphany. Lucian, P. & M. HUary, B. & C. Prisca, V. & M. Fabian, B. & M. Agnes, V. & M. Vincent, M. ?.onv.of St.Paul A b K. Charles, M. o- -O -O CALENDAR OF THE ANGLICAN CHURCH. 157 Jan. 1. TAe C/rcMmm/ow, or New Year's Day. r j The festival of the circumcision is kept as a hohday throughout Europe. The bells of most Churches are pealed at midnight, by way of ringing in the new year, and this appears to be of ver\'^ ancient usage. The custom of renewing Christmas festivities, and making New Year's gifts on this day is also very ancient. The circle, or ring, which is used as the sym- bol for this day, seems to have been appropriated as a Christian emblem from the earhest period; it is of fre- quent occurrence among the ornaments on the tombs of the early Christians, in the catacombs at Rome, and is used as the crown of sanctity, either on the head of a saint, or suspended over it, and frequently the dove is represented with this symbol in his beak, standing on a branch by the side of the saint, as St. Anne, on one of the curious glass vases found in these tombs, engraved on plate x^dii. of Buonarrotti. Jan. 6. Epiphany. This Greek word signifies Ma- nifestation, and hath been of old used for this day when the star did appear to manifest Christ to the wise men. Onthisdaythe Virgin Mary is represented holding the Infant Christ, and the three kings offering gifts. Ps. Ixxii. 10 ; Gold. Leg. xiv. b. o- -o o 158 APPENDIX. Jan. 8. St. Lucian, Priest and Martyr, A.D. 312, sumamed of Antioch, was bom at Samosata in Syria ; he is principally celebrated for having revised and corrected the text of the Holy Scriptures, and in this particular was of great use to St. Jerome. He died a martyr in prison after nine years' confinement. / Jan. 13. St. Hilary, Bishop and Confessor, jf A.D. 368, was bom at Poictiers, and brought up in idolatry ; his mind was deeply meta- physical, and he was soon found to renounce poly- theism ; he afterwards step by step became con- vinced of the truth of Catholic doctrine, and at length was noted for controversy, and was styled by St. Jerome, The Trumpet of the Latins against the Arians. He is usually represented with three books. In Callot's Images he is treading on serpents, and accompanied by the text Numb. xxi. 7. Jan. 18. St. Prisca, Virgin and MartjT, A.D. 275. There is a Church in Rome dedicated in her honour. In Callot's Images she is represented with a nimbus and a palm-branch, a lion at her feet. Jan. 20. St. Fabian, Bishop and Martyr, A.D. 250, succeeded St.Anselm as Bishop of Rome in 226, to which office he was chosen, according to Eusebius, in consequence of a dove setthng on him while the people and clergy were electing a successor to the pontifical chair. He died a martyr in the persecution of Decius, as witnessed by St. Jerome and St. Cyprian. He is represented kneehng at a block with a triple crown o 6 -o CALENDAR OF THE ANGLICAN CHURCH. 159 on his head. In Callot's Images he is standing with a book and palm-branch, and the triple crown. Jan. 21 . St. Agnes, Virgin and Martyr, A.D. 304, suffered mart}Tdom so young and with such forti- tude, that the tongues and pens of all nations, says St. Jerome, are employed to celebrate her praise. St. Ambrose, and also St. Augustine state that she was only thirteen when she suffered death in the cause of Christianity. There is an evi- dent connection between the name of Agnes, and the Latin word Agnus, and in the legendary account of St. Agnes appearing to her parents in a vision after her death, she is represented with a lamb by her side. Jan. 22. St. Vincent, Martyr, A.D. 304, was bom at Osca in Granada, and suffered martyrdom during the time Dacian was governor in Spain. He is repre- sented on the rack on which he suffered. Jan. 25. Conversion of St. Paul. He was be- headed at Rome, in the reign of Nero, and is repre- sented ^\^th a sword, sometimes a book, or drawing a sword across the knee ; sometimes he carries a book open, and in the other hand a staff. — Golden Leg. f. c^di. On the Clogg Almanacks his emblem is a hatchet. See also Cough's Sepulchral Monuments, vol. ii. p. ccxxxiii. and Blomefield's His- tory of Norfolk, vol. i. p. 193. o- -o o- -o 160 CALENDAR OF THE ANGLICAN CHURCH. 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 1 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 FEBRUARY. . . . Fast, Purification V. M Blasius, B. & M. Agatha, V. & M Valentine, Bp. , . . . Fast. St. Matthias:, A. o- -o o o CALENDAR OF THE ANGLICAN CHURCH. 161 Feb. 2. Purification of the Virgin Mary. The Virgin at her purification is represented with a pair of turtle-doves. Lev. xii. 8. The common name of Candlemas- day is derived from the custom of Ughting up the Church or Chapel with candles and lamps, and the processions of persons holding lights in their hands on this day. Feb. 3. St. Blasius, Bishop and Martyr, A.D. 316. He was Bishop of Sebaste, in Armenia, and suffered martyrdom in the persecution of Licinius, by com- mand of Agricolaus, governor of Cappadocia. St. Blaise has been called the patron of the wool- comb- ers, because they chose his day for their festival. His emblem is an iron comb, with which he was tortured. Over the Altar in the Chapel of St. Blaise in Westmin- ster Abbey is a painting on the wall of a female saint holding a gridiron or carding- comb, and a monk with a label in his mouth imploring her protection. Gough, vol. ii. p. ccxxxvii. In Callot's Images he is surrounded by wild beasts, with the text Job v. 23. Feb. 5. St. Agatha, Virgin and Martyr, A.D. 253. A wgin, honourably bom in Sicily, suffered martyr- dom at Catanea, by order of Quintianus, governor of the province under the Emperor Decius. She is represented with her breasts in a dish, because they are related to have been cut off and miraculously restored : or sometimes with pincers, as in Henry the Seventh's chapel. Gold. Leg. Ixii. , ^j M 162 APPENDIX. i A I A A Feb. 14. St. Valentine, Bishop, A.D.271. He was a Priest of Rome, who assisted the martyrs in the persecution of Claudius the Second. Being- delivered into the custody of one Asterius, he WTOught a miracle upon his daughter, whom he restored to sight, by which means he converted the whole family to Christianity, and all of them afterwards suffered for their religion. St. Valentine, after a year's im- prisonment at Rome, was beheaded in the Flaminian way about the year 271, and was enrolled among the martyrs of the Church. He was a man of most admirable parts, and so famous for his love and charity, that the custom of choosing valentines upon his festival, which is still practised, took its rise from thence. — Wheatley. In Callot's Images he is re- presented as being beaten to death with stones. Emblem, a true-lover's knot. rr Feb. 24. St.Matthias, the I / Apostle. The tradition of <_J the Greeks in their menolo- gies tells us that St. Matthias, after planting the faith about Cappadocia, and on the coast of the Caspian sea, received the crown of martyrdom in Colchis, which they call Ethiopia, where he was beheaded. Emblem, a leg or hatchet. 6 o- CALENDAR OF THE ANGLICAN CHURCH. ■o 163 MARCH. 1 2 3 4 5 6, 7i 8; 9 10 11 12 13 14' 15 ie| 17 18 19 20, 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 d Da\dd, Abp. e Chad, Bishop, f S A bj c |Perpetua, M. d e fl ^1 A Gregory, M.B. bl. . .' . . c! dj e ' f' g Edward, King of A b'. c Benedict, Abbot. d, . . . . e f . . . . Fast g Annunciation o/ Al bL I c . dL i e '•. f . [West Sax. \V. Mary. o- -o M 2 c o 164 APPENDIX. March 1. St. David, Archbishop, A.D. 544. Patron of Wales. He was descended from the royal family of the Britons, and celebrated for his learning, eloquence, and austerity of life; founded many monasteries and religious houses, and formed a hermitage and chapel in the vale of Lanthony. He was made Bishop of Caerleon, which see he removed to Menevia, from him ever since called St. David's. Emblem, a leek. ^ March 2. St. Chad, Bishop, A.D. 673. ^^ He was brought up in the monastery of T Lindisfarne, under Wolfhere king of Mercia, whom he is said to have converted. In the absence of Wilfride, Archbishop of York, he was consecrated to that see, but on the return of Wilfride, resigned it to him. Emblem, a branch. March 7. St.Perpetua, Martyr, A.D. 203. Suffered with several others in the violent persecution of Severus at Carthage, early in the third age. Her extraordinai-v vision of a narrow ladder reaching to heaven, beset with spikes on each side, and having a dragon at the bottom, on whose head she trod to mount the first step, is related by herself in her own Acts, and transmitted to posterity by Tertulhan and St. Augustine. This vision is represented by Callot. March 12. St. Gregory the Great, Pope, A.D. 604. He was bom at Rome, and descended from a noble family. He very early addicted him- self to study and piety, giving all his estate -O o o CALENDAR OF THE ANGLICAN CHURCH. 165 to the building and maintaining of religious houses. He was consecrated Pope about the year 590, but vigorously opposed the title of Universal Bishop (which the bishops of Constantinople did then, and the bishops of Rome do now assume) as blasphe- mous, antichristian, and diabolical. He restored the ancient missal, and what is called the Gregorian Chant is also the work of this Saint. He is the great defender of the cehbacy of the clergy, to whom he enjoins humihty and deep learning as necessary quaU- fications. St. Gregory's festival was formerly kept throughout England by order of the council of Oxford, in remembrance of his sending Austin the monk with forty other missionaries to convert the Saxons. March 18. Edward, King of the West Saxons, A.D. 979, was the son of King Edgar, who first reduced the heptarchy into one kingdom ; after whose death in 975 Edward succeeded to the crown at twelve years of age, but two or three years afterwards was murdered by order of his mother-in-law, Elfrida ; being on a visit to her at Corfe castle, in Dorsetshire, he was stabbed in the back while drinking the cus- tomary grace-cup on taking leave ; her object being to make way for her son Ethelred, his half brother. His favour to the monks caused his barbarous murder to be esteemed a martyrdom. In CaUot's Images he is represented on horseback, with the grace-cup in his hand, in the act of being stabbed. March 21. St. Benedict, Abbot, A.D. 543. Patron o o -o 166 APPENDIX. of monks, the founder of the Benedictine order, was born at Norica, in Umbria. He began his studies at Rome, but being disgusted with the world, resolved to leave it, and went into solitude in the mountains of Sublacum when scarcely fourteen years old, where meeting with a monk of some neighbour- ing community, he received from him the religious habit, and he became a man of notorious austerity and piet)\ It was on mount Cassino that he founded the first monastery, and obliged the monks to those rules which have since become so popular. In Callot's Images he is kneeling before a crucifix, his crozier and mitre beside him, and in the back- ground the raven tempting him with food. March 25. Annunciation of the Virgin Mary. Emblem, the almond-tree flourishing in a flower-pot. The Virgin ]\Iary has also a lily for her symbol, and is seated at a table reading; the lily is usually placed be- tween her and the angel Ga- briel, who is clothed, but winged, upon his mantle a cross, in one hand a sceptre, surmounted by a fleur de hs. Gold. LeiT. f. 26. o- o- -o CALENDAR OF THE ANGLICAN CHURCH. 167 APRIL. 1 2 3 4! c 5jd 6] e 7! f 8'g 9 A 10 b 11 c 12 d 13 e 14 f 15 g 16 A 17; b 18 19 d 20 e 21 f 22 g 23 A 24 b 25 c 26 d 27, e 28 f 29 g 30 A Richard.BpofC St. Ambrose. Alphege, Abp. St. George, M. St. Mark, Evan. ► h ;^ I ^ o -o o o 1G8 APPENDIX. t April 3. St. Richard, Bp. of Chichester, A. D. 1261. It is related of him that the situation of his eldest brother's affairs becoming unfortunate, Richard became his servant, undertook the management of his farms, and by his industry and generosity, effectually reheved them. Also that in his extreme old age he fell down with the chalice in his hand, but the wine was miraculously preserved from falling to the ground. He is represented with a chalice at his feet. In Callot's Images he is fol- lowing the plough, a nimbus on his head. April 4. -S^. Ambrose, B. of Milan A.D. 396. Pauhnus relates that while in his cradle a /J^ swarm of bees settled on his lips, a prognostic of future eloquence, similar to that related of Plato. His works continue to be held in much re- spect, particularly the hymn of Te Deum, which he is said to have composed when he baptized St. Augus- tine, his celebrated convert. The antiphonant method of chanting is named after liim, as he was the first to introduce it. In Callot's Images he is standing with his mitre on, exhorting a king who kneels to him crowned, a bee-hive in the background. April 19. S^.^/;j%e,Abp. of Cant.M., A.D. 1012. He was an Englishman of noble family, who led a most holy and austere life. In the year 1012, the Danes spoiled and burned both the city and the church of Canterbury, putting the people to the sword, and after seven months' imprisonment, [ o — — o -O CALENDAR OF THE ANGLICAN CHURCH. 169 stoned the good Archbishop to death at Greenwich. He is represented with his chesible full of stones. April 23. St. George, Martyr, A.D. 290. St. George is honoured in the Church as one of the most illustrious martjTS of Christ, and is the patron Saint of England. Having com- plained to the Emperor Dioclesian himself of his severity and bloody edicts, he was immediately cast into prison and soon afterwards beheaded. Emblems, a spear and a dragon. April 25. St. Mark the Evangelist. St. \y Mark was of Jewish extraction, and the style of his Gospel abounds with Hebraisms. He was a disciple of St. Peter, and was sent by him from Rome to found other Churches. After employing many years in preaching the gospel, he was at last seized by the Pagans, and put to death, after innumer- able sufferings. Of the origin of the symbols of the Evangelists there has been much discussion : but according to the legend, the attributes are taken from the four faces in the first chapter of Ezekiel allegorized. Ezek.i. 10. Dan.vii.4. o o- 170 o CALENDAR OF THE ANGLICAN CHURCH. MAY. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 b c d e f & A b c d e f S A b c d e f cr t) A b c d e f S A b c d St. Phi/ipRudSir. Invent, of Cross St. John E. ante . . [Port. Lat Dunstan, Abp. Augustine, Abp. Ven. Bede, Pres. M.Charles II. [Nat. & Rest. O o -o CALENDAR OF THE ANGLICAN CHURCH, 171 ■NV>VN/W/l^__^ May 1 . St. Philip was of Bethsaida in Galilee ; ^ he preached the gospel !^ J; in Phrygia, hved to a \^ very advanced age, and was buried at Hierapolis. St. James the Less, sur- named the Just, author of the Epistle which bears his name ; was martyred in a tumult in the year 62. He is represented with a pilgrim's staff, book, scrip, and hat, with an escalop shell in it. Gold. Legend. Ixxx. May 3. Invention of the C7^oss, A. D. 32G. St. Helena, mother of Constantine the Great, undertook a journey into Palestine m 326. On her arrival at Jerusalem she was inspired with a great. desire of finding the identical cross on which Christ had suffered. She ordered the building on the supposed site to be pulled down, and on digging to a great depth, they discovered three crosses ; not knowmg which was the cross of our Saviour, the holy Bishop, Macarius, suggested to the Empress to cause the three crosses to be carried to a lady who was extremely ill : the crosses were singly applied to the patient, who perfectly recovered by the touch of one, the other two having been tried without effect. Emblem, the cross lifted out of a tomb amidst spectators. Gold. Legend. In Callot's o -o o 172 APPENDIX. Images for this day there is a figure of the Empress Helena with the cross in one hand and naUs in the other. May 6. St. John the Evangelist, Ante Port. Lat., from a legend that St. John the Evangelist, in his old age, was sent to Rome by Domitian ; and there, before the gate called Porta Latina, was put into a cauldron of boiling oil, from which he suffered no injury. May 19. St. Dunstan, Arch- bishop of Canterbury, A.D. 988. St. Dunstan, the renowned Arch- bishop of Canterbury, was a native of Glastonbury, where it is said his bones were translated some- time after his death. His emblem is a pair of tongs, in allusion to the legend of his seizing hold of the devil with a pair of iron tongs ; he is also repre- sented with a harp. May 26. Augustine, Ahi:t. of Canterbur>% A.D. 604. Deputed by St. Gregory the Great to preach in Eng- land, and is called the Apostle of England. He landed on the east coast of Kent, in 596, and converted Ethelbert, King of Kent, and many of his subjects. May 27. Venerable Bede, A.D. 725. St. Bede is said to have been a prodigy of learning and piety, to have surpassed St. Gregory in eloquence, and to have expired dictating the last words of a trans- lation of St. John's Gospel. — See Wordsworth's Ecclesiastical Sketches. 6 6 -o CALENDAR OF THE ANGLICAN CHURCH. 173 JUNE 1| e 2 f Nicomede, M. 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 A b c d e f A b c d e f g A b c d e f A b c d e f Boniface, Bp. ^7. Barnabas, A, S. Alban, Mart. Tr. of K. Edw. . . . Fast St. John Baptist. . . . Fast, St. Peter, Apos. I DP E E o- -o c — ■ o 174 APPENDIX. June 1. St. Nicomede was scholar to St. Peter, and was discovered to be a Christian by his honour- ably burying one FeHcula, a mart\T. He was beaten to death \Axh leaden plummets for the sake of his religion, in the reign of Domitian. June 5. St.Boniface,^\^]\o\) andMart\T, A.D. 755. St.Winfred, afterwards called Boniface, was born at Crediton, or Kirton, in Devonshire, about 680 : from his infancv he e\inced great sentiments of piety, and a strong desire of preaching the gospel to the infidels and encouraging the faithful. Having thus spent his life, he suffered martyrdom in his 75th year. With him were mart}Ted fift>^-two companions. He is represented hewing down an oak. June 11. St. Barnabas, Apostle, though not one of the twelve ^ chosen by Christ, is nevertheless sg'i styled an Apostle by the primitive Fathers and by St. Luke. After a life spent in preaching the gos- pel, St. Barnabas suffered many torments, and was stoned to death. His day was anciently a great feast among English people ; it was the longest day, according to the old style. Emblem, a rake; a book open in one hand, a staff in the other. — Gold. Leg. f. Ixxxix. June 17. St. Alban, A.D. 303, proto-mart\T of England. St. Alban was the first Christian c o -o CALENDAR OF THE ANGLICAN CHURCH, 175 mart}T in this island, and suffered in 303. He was converted to Christianity by Amphialus, a priest of Caerleon, in Monmouthshire, who, flying from persecution, was hospitably entertained by St. Alban at Verulam, in Hertfordshire, now called from him St. Alban's. Amphialus, being closely pursued, made his escape dressed in St. Alban's clothes. This, however, being soon discovered, exposed St. Alban to the fury of the Pagans, and our Saint refusing to perform sacrifice to their gods, was first miserably tortured and then put to death. June 20. Translation of Edward, King of the West Saxo?is, A.D. 982. This King being barbarously mur- dered by his mother-in-law, at Corfe Castle, was first buried at Wareham, without any solemnit^^ but after three years his body was can-ied by Duke Alferus to Shaftesbmy, and there interred with great pomp. According to the legend the Saint appeared to him in a dream, and ordered him to take measures for the removal of his body. — Gold. Leg. Ixxii. b. June 24. St. John the Baptist. St. Augustine ob- ser\-es that the Chm*ch usually celebrates the festi- * vals of saints on the day of their death, but that the feast of St. John the Baptist is excepted from this rule, because this Saint was sanctified in his mother's womb. "O C- -o 176 APPENDIX. He is represented with a long mantle and long wand, surmounted by a shaft, forming a cross : and a lamb is generally at his feet, or crouching, or im- pressed on a book in hi« hand, or on his hand with- out a book. — Gough. On the Clogg Almanacks his emblem is a sword, in allusion to his death. June 29. St. Peter, Apostle. St. Peter the Apostle f^ ^^ is said to have been the son of I I Jonas and brother of St. An- ^ ., O drew. It is remarkable that \4j the early Christians appear always to ",^ have associated St. Peter and St. Paiil^ together in their minds. In the ancient T^"^ glass vases before referred to, as en- < \v J^ ^^ graved in Buonarotti's work, the heads '^^^*~^*^=^' of these two Apostles continually occur together, generally with the names over them ; and these figures are the most frequent of any that we find at this early period ; next to these perhaps is St. Anne, the mother of the Blessed Virgin. Emblem, the keys, and a triple cross, sometimes a church, as on Bakewell font, engraved by Mr. Carter. — Gough. Gold. Leg. f. Ixiiii. C- o -o 1 CALENDAR OF THE ANGLICAN CHURCH. 1 ( i JULY. 1 S s; 2 A Visit, of V.Mary. ****rC~^ i 3 b " \>V i 4 c Trans, of S.Mart. »► VJ i 5 d ^^ >^^ oj 6 e 7 8 f ^ . 9 A 10 11 b c ^y^^p>\ i ' XkV'vVT 12 d ^ -^co^ 13 e 1 14 f t 15 S Swithun, Bp. :m 16 A »-M s 17 b ^M f 18 c 1 19 20 '^1 d e f Margaret>V.&M. Esa K ea 22 f; St. Marv Magd. 23 24 A b . . . . Fast. 'y: Hn>J 25 c St. James, Apos, r /~w^ 26 d St. Anne. K* /==di ^ 27 e XI— J 28 f t— ^^ 29 g r^*****^*'^*'^^^ - 30 A /^^ 1 31 b **^ : o o o I 178 APPENDIX. July 2. Visitation of the Virgin Mary. This festival was instituted by Pope Urban VI., in commemoration of the journey which the Virgin Mary took into the mountains of Judea, in order to visit the mother of St. John the Baptist, July 4. Translation of the rehcs of St. Martin. Vide Nov. 11. July 15. St. Swithun, Bp. of Winchester, A.D. 863. St. Swithin, in the Saxon Swithun, received his clerical tonsure and put on the monastic habit, in the monastery at Winchester : he was of noble parentage, and passed his youth in the study of grammar, philosophy, and the Scriptures. St. Swithun was promoted to holy orders by Helmstan, Bishop of Winchester ; at whose death, in 852, King Ethel wolf granted him the see. In this he con- tinued eleven years, and died in 863. Emblem, in the Clogg Almanacks, a shower of rain. July ^0. ^S^.Mar^rflre?, Virgin and Mart}T, A.D. 278, born at Antioch, and was daughter of a pagan priest. She is one of the tutelar saints of Cremona, and Vida wrote two hymns to her. Olibius, president of the East, under the Romans, wished to marry her: but finding that Margaret was a Christian, he postponed his intended nuptials until he could prevail on her to renounce her religion, St. Margaret, however, was inflexible, and was first tortured and then beheaded. St, Margaret's day o c O- -o CALENDAR OF THE ANGLICAN CHURCH. 179 used to be celebrated with much festivity and several very curious rites. She is represented trampling on a dragon : a crozier in her hand, or piercing a dragon with a cross : sometimes holds a book, some- times wears a crown. Gough. In the cuts of the legend (cxiii.) she holds between her hands, in a prapng position, a cross bottonee ; below appears the head of a lion, or beast, biting her robe ; but it must mean the dragon which assailed her and was expeUed by the sign of the cross. July 22. St. Mary Magdalene. This day was first dedicated to the memory of St. Mary Mag- dalene by King Edward VI. : and in his Common Prayer the Gospel for the day is from St. Luke ^di. 26. to the end of the chapter. She is re- presented with dishevelled hair, carrsdng a box of ointment, Golden Leg. cxii. b, and Gough. July 25. St. James the Apostle, A.D. 43. Called the Great, either because he was much older than the other James, or because our Lord con- ferred upon him some peculiar hon- ours and favours, he being one of the three disciples whom our Saviour admitted to the more intimate trans- actions of His hfe. He was the brother of St. John the Evangelist, by birth a Galilean, and by profession a fisherman. How St. James was employed in preaching and pro- N 2 o Q O 180 APPENDIX. moting the Gospel after Christ's ascension, we have no account. He was apprehended and beheaded at Jerusalem, by orders of Agrippa, a Httle before Easter, about forty years after the death of Christ. Emblem, a club and a saw. Gough. In Callot's Images, St. Christopher is associated with St. .Tames : he is repre- sented with the infant Saviour on his shoulder, and a staff in his hand : this figure is of frequent occurence in England on stained glass, and paintings on the walls. July 26. St. Anne, Mother of the Virgin Mary. '■^ Tlie Hebrew word, Anne, signifies gracious. St. Joachim and St. Anne, the parents of the Blessed Virgin, are justly honoured in the Church, and their virtue is highly extolled by St. John Damascen. On the tombs of the early Chris- tians, in the catacombs at Rome, the figure of St. Anne is of frequent occurrence, commonly accom- panied by the name : she is usually represented with her arms extended in the attitude of prayer, this being the custom of the early Christians, ac- cording to Tertullian and St. Ambrose : she is also frequently accompanied by a dove, with aring or crown in its beak. In later times she is represented with a book in her hand teaching the Blessed Virgin to read, her finger usually pointing to the words Radix Jesse floruit : as on the tomb of Henry VII., the east window of the chapel of H addon Hall, the Bedford missal, &c. Gough. This is also the representa- tion given in Le Clerc's Almanack. O -o CALENDAR OF THE ANGLICAN CHURCH. 181 AUGUST. 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Lammas Day. Transfigurat. Name of Jesus. St. Laurence, M. . . . . Fast. St. BartholomevK St. Augustin, B. St. John Baptist . [beheaded. I r -o o o 182 APPENDIX. August 1. Lammas day. The term Lammas day is said to be a corruption of the Saxon word Hlapmaeffe or Loaf-mass, and a remnant of a very ancient British custom of celebrating the gifts of Ceres, or the frumentous produce of the earth. August 6. Transfiguration of Christ. The obser- vation of this festival was introduced in the Church of Rome by Pope Calixtus in 1455, but in the Greek Church it was observed long before. August 7. Name of Jesus. The early Christians made constant use of a variety of monograms of the name of Christ ; it is probable that these, with other symbols, were originally used to distinguish each other in the times of persecution and concealment. From whatever cause they were first introduced their use is certain, and continued long after all such occasion for them had passed away ; it may now be considered in the light merely of a very ancient and pious custom, which has never been entirely lost, though it may have fallen comparatively into neglect. Many precious rites, And customs of our rural ancestry, Are gone or stealing from us. "Wordsworth, Excursion, 1. ii. One of these monograms was adopted by the Emperor Constantine, and displayed on his standard. They are all evidently of Greek, rather than of Latin origin, and their use continues to be more frequent in the Eastern than in the West- d- o u CALENDAR OF THE ANGLICAN CHURCH. 183 em Church. The fish is also well known as an emblem of Christi- anity ; and the favourite form called Vesica Piscis. Seep. 146. August 10. St. Laurence, Martyr, A.D. 258. St. Laurence was by birth a Spaniard, and treasurer of the Church of Rome : being deacon to Pope Sixtus. ^Mien that Bishop was killed by the soldiers of the Emperor Valerian, St. Laurence refusing to deliver up the Church treasure, which they imagined to be in his custody, was laid upon a gridiron and broiled over a fire. The celebrated palace of the Escurial is dedicated to this saint. Emblems, a book and gridiron ; Gough : so in the Golden Legend cxxxiii, but the gridiron has only three bars, and those lengthways ; in the legend and in CaUot, it is an iron bed. . August 24. St. Bartholomew, the Apostle, /]^ son of Tolmai, a family mentioned by Josephus. He preached the gospel in Arme- nia, convertedthe Lycaonians, and afterwards visited India. Some authors assert that he was crucified, like St. Peter, with his head do^Miwards ; others, how- ever, w^ith more probability, say that he was flayed alive by order of Astvages, King of Armenia. Many have supposed him to be -o o o I I ' 184 APPENDIX. the same as Nathaniel, since tlie Evangehsts, who mention Bartholomew, say nothing of Nathaniel, and St. John, who mentions Nathaniel, takes no notice of Bartholomew. Emblem, a knife ; Gough. In Callot's Images he is represented as tied to a wide cross. August 28. St. Augustine, A.D. 430, was born at Thagaste, a town in Numidia, in the year 354. He eai'lv applied himself to the study of polite htera- ture, and became a professor of philosophy and rhetoric, first at Rome and afterwards at Milan. He next diligently studied theology, in which he was instructed by St. Ambrose, with whom he contracted an intimate acquaintance. In the year 388 he re- turned to his native country, and three years after- wards was chosen Bishop of Hippo. St. Augustine was a great and judicious divine, and one of the most voluminous writers of all the Fathers. He died in 430, at the age of 77. He is for shortness called St. Austin. In CaUot's Images he is represented with a heart in his hand, having flames issuing from it. In Le Clerc's Almanack he is seated writing, sur- rounded by books, and the light of inspiration shin- ing strongly upon him. August 29. 8t. John the Baptist, beheaded. See June 24. o o o- -o CALENDAR OF THE ANGLICAN CHURCH. 185 SEPTEMBER. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7i 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 90 f g A b c d e f A b c d e f g A b c d e f 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Giles, Abbot. Enurchus, Bp. Nat. of V. Marv, Holy Cross Day LambeK, 9p. \—4 . - . . Fast. St. Matthew, A. St. Cyprian, M. St. Michael A. St. Jerom. . U n o- -o o o 186 APPENDIX. September 1. St. Giles Abbot, called in Latin ^gidius, was by birth an Athenian, of '4J noble extraction, and visited France in 71.5, where he remained two years with Cassarius, Bishop of Aries. He lived in retirement as a hermit, and is said to have been nourished with the milk of a hind in the forest, and that the King of France discovered him in hunting-, bv pursuing the chase of that hind to his hermitage, where it had sought for shelter at his feet. The King afterwards built a monastery on the site of his hermitage, and made him an Abbot. He died in his eightieth year, and was buried in his own Abbey. St. Giles is esteemed the patron of cripples, from his refusing to be cured of an acci- dental lameness, that he might be enabled to mortify himself more completely. St. Giles's Cripple-gate is dedicated to this Saint, and before the Conquest, this neighbourhood was a rendezvous for cripples and beggars, who were accustomed to solicit charity at this entrance of the city. In Oxford and many other places a Church at the entrance of the town is also dedicated to this Saint. Emblems, a hind with its head or its fore-feet in his lap, from the one that took refuge with him : and a branch of a tree sprouting before him, the thorny bush not to be penetrated. — Golden Legend, clvii. In Callot's Images, the hind is by his side, and an arrow has pierced the Saint in the thigh. September 7. St. Emirchus, Bishop, A.D. 340, o 6 o o CALENDAR OF THE ANGLICAN CHURCH. 187 being sent by the Church of Rome into France about redeeming some captives, at the time when the people of Orleans were electing a bishop, a dove alighted twice upon his head, which the people taking for a sign of his great sanctity, chose him bishop. Emblem, a dove lighting on his head. September 8. Nativity of the Virgin Mary. A concert of Angels is said to have been heard in the air to solemnize this day as her birth- day. The festival was appointed by Pope Servius about A.D. 695. In Le Clerc's Almanack the concert of Angels is represented as taking place at her nativity ; the Angels are also strewing flowers. September 14. Holy Cross Day. The miraculous appearance of the cross to Constantine, the dis- covery of that sacred wood by St. Helena, gave the first occasion to this festival, which was celebrated under the title of the Exaltation of the Cross, on the 14th of September, both by Greeks and Latins, as early as in the fifth and sixth centuries. The recovery of this Holy Rood from the hands of the Infidels, in the reign of Heraclius, in the seventh century, was celebrated on the same day. In consequence of which the festival of the Invocation, or first dis- coveiy of it, was removed by the Roman Church to May 3rd. In Le Clerc's Almanack on this day a procession c — 6 o- ■o 188 APPENDIX. of priests bearing the cross, is represented coming out of the gate of a city. September 17. St. Lambert, Bishop of Utrecht, in the time of King Pepin I, A.D. 709 ; reproving the king's grandson for his irregularities he was barbarously murdered. In CaUot's Images his murder is represented ; two ruffians are piercing him with spears. September 21. St. Mattheiv, the Evangelist, was the son of Alpheus, a Jew, of the tribe of Issa- char, and by profession a pubhcan. He wrote his Gospel to satisfy the converts of Palestine, and went to preach the faith to the bar- barous and uncivihzed nations of the East. St. Paulinus mentions that he ended his course in Parthia. Venan- tius Fortunatus relates that he suffered martyrdom at Nadabar, a city in those parts. September 26. St. Cyprian, Martyr, A.D. 258. Archbishop of his native city, Carthage. He was regarded as the greatest luminar}^ of the third age. As a Father he is highly esteemed for the piety of Jiis writings, and the purity of the Latin tongue wherein they are written. In Callot's Images he is o- -o o o CALENDAR OF THE ANGLICAN CHURCH. 189 accompanied by St. Justina, who has a cross in one hand, and a lily in the other. He is burning some books, probably of magic, and devils are flpng away. September 29. St. Michael and All ^~[~^ Angels. This festival of the dedication of St. Michael and of the Holy Angels, has been kept with great solemnity on the 29th of September, ever since the fifth age, and was cer- tainly celebrated in Apu- leia, in 493. In many parts of the world the Chiu-ches dedicated in the name of St. Michael, >^' are built on ver\'^ lofty ^ eminences, in allusion it is said to this Ano^el's having been the highest of ^:( the heavenly host. St. ^■ Michael's mount in Corn- wall, and that in Normandy, are confirmations of this remark. The office of weighing the souls of the good and bad against each other, was assigned to the Archangel Michael, who is so represented on the tower of Glastonbur}', the tomb of Heniy VII., &c. His emblem is a banner, hanging on a cross, and he is armed as representing victory, with a dart in one hand and a cross on his forehead, or with a thunder-bolt and a flaming sword to withstand the power of evil angels. (Randle Holme.) In o -6 O o 190 APPENDIX. armour, with a cross, or scales weighing souls. Gough : see also M. Paris, p. 182. In the Legend, f. cxxi. he is in armour winged, in one hand holding a sword in the posture of going to strike, in the other a cross bottonee. In Callot's Images he is represented winged trampling on the dragon, and piercing him with the spear which he holds in his left hand; in his right he has a pair of scales. In Le Clerc's Godturugtige Almanack he is repre- sented at the head of the heavenly host with his spear in his hand, expelhng Satan and the fallen angels from heaven. September 30. St. Jerome, A. D. 420. St. Jerome, who is allowed to have been in many re- spects the most learned of all the Latin Fathers, and considered a Doctor of the Church, from his illustrations of the Scriptures, was born at Strido- nium. He was sent to Rome to learn rhetoric under Donatus and Victorinus, became secretary to Damasus, and was afterwards baptized : he studied divinity with Gregory Nazianzen, Epiphanius, and Didymus, and to perfect his qualifications, he learned Hebrew from one Barraban a Jew. He spent most of his time in a monastery at Bethlehem, where he lived in great retirement and hard study, where he translated the Bible, and died at an advanced age. In Callot's Images, and other engravings, he is represented as an old man, with a long beard, trans- lating the Scriptures. c- -A o CALENDAR OF THE ANGLICAN CHURCH. 191 OCTOBER. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Remigius, Bp. Faith, V. &M, St. Denys, Bp. Trans. K. Edw. Etheldreda, V. St, Luke, Evan, Crispin, Mart. . . . . Fast. St. Simon and [S'^. Clement I., Bishop of Rome, A.D. 81, was the author of one certainly, and probably two, very excellent epistles, ^ A 1 A the first of which was so much esteemed by the primitive Christians, that for some time it was read in the Churches. He was condemned 2 O O c- -O 200 APPENDIX. for the sake of his rehgion to hew stones in the mines ; and afterwards having an anchor tied about his neck was drowned in the sea. His martyrdom is repre- sented in Le Clerc's Almanack. November 25. St. Catherine, Virgin and Martyr, A.D. 305, was bom, according to her legend, at Alexandria, and having offended the Emperor Max- entius by making converts to Christianity, she was tortm'ed bv four cutting wheels, in which were iron saws, sharp knives, and nails ; the wheels turned one against another, and thus the saws, knives, and nails met. She was so tied to one of the wheels that the others being turned the contrar}^ way her body might be torn with these sharp instruments. Emblem, a wheel, or a sword pointed downwards : Gough. The same in Le Clerc. November 30. St. Andrew, A.D. 339, was the son of James a fisherman at Bethsaida, and was a younger brother of St. Peter. He was condemned to be crucified on a cross of the form of an X, and that his death might be more lingering he was fastened with cords. He is represented with his peculiar cross beside him, Gold. Leg. fol. xxvi. b ; and tied to his cross in Callot, and in Le Clerc. o -o o- -o CALENDAR OF THE ANGLICAN CHURCH. 201 DECEMBER 1 2 3 4 .5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 f S A b c d e f g A b c d e f g A b c d e f g A b c d e f g A Nicolas, Bp. Concept, of Vir. . . . [Mary. Lucy, V. & M. O Sapientia. . . . . Fast. St. Thomas, Ap. . . . . Fast. Christmas Day St. Stephen, M. St. John, Evan. Innocents' Day. Silvester, Bp. o- -o O o 202 APPENDIX. December 6. St. Nicolas, Bp. of Myra, A.D. 342, was born at Patara in Lvcia, and was inured from his infancy to the exercises of devotion, penance, and perfect obedience. He was chosen Bishop of Myra, and became famous for his zeal, piety, and miracles. St. Nicholas is invoked by sailors ; and being also the patron of scholars, had at some schools, as for ex- ample Eton, a feast twice a year. Mr. Warton says that the custom of going Ad Monteni at Eton origi- nated in an imitation of some of the ceremonies and processions usual on this day. It is related of this Saint that he restored two boys to life who had been murdered and their bodies concealed in a tub. He is called the patron of school children, and is repre- sented with three naked children in a tub, in the end of which rests his pastoral staif; Gough : and the same in Callot's Images. Sometimes the children are at his feet. As patron of Eccles Church, in Norfolk, he is painted on the walls. Blomefield, vol. i. p. 277. Decembers. Conception of the Virgin Manj. \y This feast was instituted by Anselm, Abp. of Canterbury, upon occasion of William the Conqueror's fleet being in a storm, and afterwards coming safe to shore. In Callot's Images, on this day the Virgin is represented trampling on the Dragon. In Le Clerc she is kneeling in prayer, and a bright star is appearing to her. December 13. St. Lucy, Virgin and Martyr, A.D. 305. Was born at Syracuse ; she refused 6 o o- -o CALENDAR OF THE ANGLICAN CHURCH. 203 to marry a young nobleman who paid his addresses to her, because she determined to devote herself to rehgion, and she gave her whole fortune to the poor; which so enraged him that he accused her before Paschasius, the heathen judge, of professing Christianity, and after much cruel treatment she was martyred. She is represented with a short staff in her hand, behind her is the devil. — Golden Legend, xxxii. In Callot's Images she is kneehng in prayer. In Le Clerc she is bemg dragged before a tribunal. December 16. Sapientin. This is the begin- ning of an anthem in the Latin service, to the honour of Christ's Advent, which used to be sung in the Chm-ch from this day until Christmas Eve. December 21. St. Thomas the Apostle. St. Thomas, surnamed Didymus, or The Twin, appears to have been a Jew, and probably a Gahlean ; he is said to have tra- velled and promulgated Christianity among the Parthians, Medes, and Persians, to have been the Apostle of the Indies, and martvred at the instigation of the Brahmins, by the people, who threw stones and darts at him, and ended his life by running him through the body with a lance. He is represented with a spear, or with an arrow, or a long staff, as in Callot's Images. o- -o O- -O 204 APPENDIX. Dec. 25. Christmas Day. The festival of Christmas is the greatest of all the feasts -^ of the vear, beinor the cele- *^, bration of the birth of Jesus .'^^ -o o- -o CALENDAR OF THE ANGLICAN CHURCH. 205 He is represented with a chalice, wdth a dragon or serpent issuing out of it, (alluding to the legend of his driving the devil in that form out of a cup of poison,) and an open book : Gough. In the cuts of the Gold. Leg., xxxvii., in Callot, and fre- quently on tombs, &c., St. John the Evangelist is writing in a -^^ book, with an eagle behind him. December 28. Innocents' Day, or Childermas Day, commemorating the slaughter of the Jewish children by Herod. Though the Holy Innocents were not sensible upon what account they suffered, yet it is certain that they suffered for the sake of Christ, since it was upon account of his birth that their hves were taken away. In the usual representa- tions Herod is seated on a throne, two or three persons are standing by, one of whom holds an infant which he is piercing with a sword. Golden Legend, xl. December 31. St. Silvester, Bishop of Rome, A.D. 335. He succeeded Miltiades in the Papacy, 314, and is accounted the author of several rites and ceremonies of the Romish Church : as of asvlums, unctions, palls, corporals, mitres, &c. In Callot's Images he is represented standing at a font with the papal crown on, baptizing or anointing a person kneehng over it. In Le Clerc he is kneeling, and an Angel appearing to him bearing a cross. c- -o a -o Zije iWobcablc jFf^tibalg. Advent Sunday is always the nearest Sunday to the feast of St. Andrew, (Nov. 30,) whether before or after. The term Advent denotes the coming of our Saviour. In ecclesiastical language it is the denomination of the four weeks preceding the celebration of His birth. Sundays, — Septuagesima, Sexagesima, Quin- QUAGESiMA, — preparatives to Lent. Many reasons are given for these names, but in my apprehension the best is a consequentia numerandi, because the first Sunday in Lent is called Quadragesima, containing about forty days from Easter; therefore the Sunday before that, being still farther from Easter, is called Quinqua- gesima, five being the next number above four; and so the Sunday before that Sexagesima, and the Sunday before that Septuagesima. The observation o- -o o- -o THE MOVEABLE FESTIVALS. 207 of these days is at least as ancient as Gregoiy the Great. — Sparrow, p. 111. The Ember -days are so called from a Saxon word, Ymbren-Dagas, Ember- days, signifying a circuit, or course, and is applied to these fasts because they occur in certain courses once a quarter. The word week is applied to the " Jejunia," or three fasting days, though they do not make up a whole week. Shrove Tuesday is so called because it was the time when sinners were shriven or purified from their sins by a general confession and absolu- tion before the peniten- tial season of Lent. Be- fore the Reformation this practice was compulsory, and the abuses which this led to were among the causes of the Reform ; it was then left optional, and has fallen into disuse altogether. The modem practice on the continent is for the penitents to confess to the priest seated in a sort of watch-box, called a confessional, which has a wooden partition with a lattice in it, but the ancient practice in this country was to confess to the priest seated in the open church. Ash Wednesday is so called from the ancient practice of strewing ashes on the head in the Peni- tential Office of the day. These ashes were made o- -o o- -o 208 APPENDIX. of the branches of brushwood or palms, consecrated the year before ; the ashes were cleansed, dried, and sifted, fit for the purpose. After the priest had given absolution to the people, he blessed the ashes, sprinkled them with holy water, and perfumed them thrice with incense, and the people coming to him and kneel- ing, he put ashes on their heads in the form of a cross, with other ceremonies. Palm Sunday is the Sunday next before Easter, and is sometimes called Passion Sunday. It is de- nominated Palm Sunday from the custom of carrying branches or sprigs of palm-trees, in imitation of those strewed before Christ, when He rode into Jerusalem. Good Friday. The Church on this day com- memorates the sufferings of our Lord on the Cross. "The Tenebrae, a Roman Cathohc service, signifying darkness, is performed on Good Friday, to denote the circumstances and darkness at the crucifixion. This is partly symbolized by •> a triangular candlestick, with v. 5 fourteen yellow wax candles, and one white one, seven of these yellow candles o- o O- -o THE MOVEABLE FESTIVALS. 209 being on each side, and the white one at the top. The fourteen yellow candles represent the eleven Apostles, the Virgin Mary, her sister Mary the wife of Cleophas, and Mary Magdalene, who were with her at the crucifixion ; the white candle at the top is to represent Christ." The emblems of the cruci- fixion or instruments of the passion are continually used as ornaments in our old Churches, particularly in the chancel, but by no means exclusively. These are the five wounds of Christ, the hammer, nails, and pincers, the ladder, the spear, the sponge on thei p-. -— . i reed, the seamless garment, VUiJ \^/ the purse, and the cock. ^»— ^ The examples here given are taken from the pop- ipies in the chancel of Cumnor Church, Berks ; they occur also on a sort of high tomb, said to have been the Altar, but now placed on the north side of the chancel, in Porlock Church, Somersetshire, and on a similar sti'ucture in the chancel of Stanton Harcourt Church, Oxfordshire, and on bench ends in the nave of Braunton Church, Devon ; they are in fact of constant occurrence in every part of a Church, where the original decorations have been preserved. o- -o o o 210 APPENDIX. Formerly, an erection, either of wood or stone, was prepared near the Altar expressly for the Easter ceremonies, called the Holy Sepulchre, and many of the stone ones remain in our Churches. The most celebrated, and probably the finest remain- ing, is at Heckington, in Lincolnshire ; this is richly ornamented with sculpture, having figures of the Roman soldiers watching or sleeping round the tomb. More commonly the Easter sepulchre is merely a sepulchral recess in the wall, on the north side of the chancel, near the Altar ; it often has an actual tomb in it, which was no objection to its being used also for the Easter ceremonies. Per- sons were employed to watch the sepulchre, for which charges are always found in parish ac- counts previous to the Reformation. A curious ac- count of the ceremonies anciently obsei*ved at Easter will be found in Davies' Antient Rites of Durham. Easter-Eve. The making and watching of the sepulchre was a practice founded upon an ancient tradition, that the second coming of Christ would be on Easter-eve. Its cere- monies varied in different places, but the watching of the sepulchre, during the whole day and two nights, between Good Friday and Easter-day, was invariable. The small low window which is frequently found on o o — o THE MOVEABLE FESTIVALS. 211 the south side of the chancel under another window, and at about the height for a man to look through, is supposed to have been for the purpose of watching the light in the sepulchre. Easter-Day. This is the highest of all feasts, says Epiphanius. This day Jesus Christ opened to us the door of life, being the first-fruits of those that rose from the dead, whose resurrection was our life, for He rose again for our justification. — Sparrow. The word Easter is probably derived from the Saxon " Oster," which signifies "to rise." — Wheatley. Easter- day is always the first Sunday after the full moon which happens upon or next after the 21st of March, and if the full moon happens upon a Sunday, . Easter- day is the Sunday after. Rogation-Sunday is the fifth Sundav after Easter, SO called from the Latin rogare, to beseech. The Gospel for this day is concerning Rogations, teaching us how to ask of God, so as we may obtain, and withal foretells His approaching ascension. The service formerly appointed in the Rogation-days of procession, was Psalm ciii. and civ., with the Litany and suffrages, and homily of thanksgiving ; o o O- -O 212 APPENDIX. the two Psalms were to be said at convenient places, in the common perambulation, the people thus giving thanks to God in the beholding God's benefits, the increase and abundance of His fruits upon the earth. At their return to the Church, they were to say the rest of the service mentioned. — Sparrow. The customary places for the pro- cessions to stop at were the crosses by the road side, and especially where four ways met ; these processions are still con- tinued in many parts of the coun- try, and a halt is still made at the accustomed spot, though every vestige of the cross may have ^ ■" . .; ^ \, disappeared. Ascension-Day. This day was Christ's perfect triumph over the devil, lead- ing " captivity captive." This day He opened the kingdom of heaven to all believers, as we say daily in the Te Deum. Those things, saith St. Augus- tine, Epist. 54, which are not ^'^j written but we keep them by, tradition, if they be observed, all the world over, are to be under- stood to be commended to us, and commanded either by general councils, (whose authority in the Church o- o o -o THE MOVEABLE FESTIVALS. 213 is most safe,) or else by the Apostles ; as for example, that the Passion of our Lord, His resurrection and ascension into heaven, and the coming of the Holy Ghost, should be observed by an anniversary solem- nity. Whit-Sunday, or the feast of Pentecost. The great festival of Whitsuntide is celebrated seven weeks after Easter, to commemorate the descent of the Holy Ghost on the Apostles after the ascension of our Lord. It is also called Pentecost, because it is fifty days from Easter. In middle ages a great wax can- dle was usually blessed on this day, to represent the light of faith shining forth to the world. Numerous other ceremonies were used on this and the two following days. The Whitsun- ales were derived from the Agapae, or love-feasts of the early Christians. Trinity Sunday. On this festival the Church commemorates the mvs- tery of the Holy Trinity. Christ our Lord, before His ascension into heaven, commissioned His Apostles to go and preach to all nations the adorable mys- O -o o- -o 214 APPENDIX. tery of the Blessed Trinity, and to bap- tize those who should beheve in Him, "In the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost." The authority chiefly followed in these brief accounts of the Saints in the English calendar, is Wheatley's Rational Illustration of the Book of Common Prayer, compared, however, with several others. The small figures of Saints used in this calendar, are principally taken from the engravings by G. L. Smith, in a Prayer Book printed at Oxford in 1772. In Harwood Church, Yorkshire, an alabaster monument of a knight and his lady has a number of small figures of Saints, said by Gough to be the completest and most perfect collection he had seen. It is described in Gough, vol. i. p. 172, and ii. ccxxxv. On the cope of John Sleford, at Balsham, are ten Saints, with their names : and the same on the Brass of a priest, at Castle Ashby, Northampton- shire, and many others. Saints are painted in sets on screens of parochial Churches in Norfolk and Suffolk, and other counties. Angels are represented o- -o o o AUTHORITIES. 215 with four or six wings, either feathered both bodies and wings, or in white mantles. The instruments of the Passion, musical instruments, censers, scroUs, and shields are their most usual accompaniments. The Attributes of Saints -wWl be found further described in Gough's Sepulchral Monuments, vol. ii. p. ccxxxiii. — ccxxxvi., and in the following w^orks. The Golden Legend, printed by Wynkin de Worde, translated from the Latin of Jacobus de Voragine, not only into English, but also into French and German, and which was anciently held in such high estimation as to be commonly read in Churches. James di Voragine, so called from the place of his birth, in the state of Genoa, a celebrated Dominican friar in the 13th centuiy, was bom about 1230, and became provincial of his order, and Archbishop of Genoa. His most celebrated work was a collection of the legends of the Saints, known by the name of Legenda Am'ea: the first printed edition was at Bologna, 1470, foL; an Itahan tfanslation was printed at Venice, in 1476, fol., and a French one by Batallier, Lyons, 1476, fol. Catalogus Sanctoiiim et gestarum earum ex diver- sis voluminibus collectus : editus a Reverendissimo in Christo patre domino Petro de Natahbus de Vene- tiis dei gratia episcopo Equilino. Lugduni 1538, 4to. ; and another edition, Lugduni 1514, folio. Both editions have small woodcuts, chieflv of the mar- tyrdoms of the Saints. o o o o 216 APPENDIX. Cathalogue des Sainctz et Sainctes par tresreve- rend pere en Dieu Pierre des Natoles evesque de Venise, translate nouvellement de Latin en Francois pour I'information du peiiple Chrestien, et a I'hon- neur gloire et exaltation de Dieu le createur qui s'est monstre merveilleux et admirable en ses sainctz par oeuvres et miracles. Paris, 1580, foL, with woodcuts. Les Images de tons les Saincts et Saintes de 1* Annee, suivant le Martyrologie Remain, faictes par Jacques Callot et mises en lumiere par Israel Henriet, Paris, 1636, 4to. Godturgutige Almanack of Lofgedachtenis der Heyligen, op ijder dag van't Jaar, Gevolgt na den beruchten Sebastian Le Clerc. Wel-standig ver- schikt, verteckent, en in't licht gegeven, door Jan Goeree. Te Amsterdam, 1730, small folio. Menologium Graecorum jussu Basilii imperatoris graece olim editum, munificentia et liberalitate sanc- tissimi domini nostri Benedicti XIII. nunc primum graece et latine prodit studio et opere Annibalis tit. S. dementis presbyteri Card. Albani S. R. E. Came- rarii, et Basilicae Vaticanae Archipresbyteri. Urbini 1727, folio, with engravings of the martyrdom of each Saint. oxford: printed by i. shrimpton. o o M% •'♦^:.- iiF't' v^-i- jfc>vv^^r .:^*/ >*.^ v^ WILLIAM SALLOCH Pines Bridae RonH ■i^.v; ^ K > ■ -,/:^iJ^: ,fc'^:. ,^i