Qtyp 1. 1. Bill IGtbrarg Nnrth (Earoltna S>tat? Unmprflity QH431 D213 THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE DATE INDICATED BELOW AND IS SUB- JECT TO AN OVERDUE FINE AS POSTED AT THE CIRCULATION DESK. 50M/3-84 North Carol ina^S^t^^CI^rary VrtSwfgn BODY-BUILD AND ITS INHERITANCE BY CHARLES BENEDICT JDAVENPORT DIRECTOR OF DEPARTMENT OF GENETICS, CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON I > - • ■ : • • : ' "■ .: *F. :■: Published by the Carnegie Instituti| washington, 1 >ecembe1 THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE DATE INDICATED BELOW AND IS SUB- JECT TO AN OVERDUE FINE AS POSTED AT THE CIRCULATION DESK. 50M/2-78 CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON Publication No. 329 Paper No. 35 of the Department op Genetics JCDD A DETWEII KB WASHINGTON PREFACE. This study of the hereditary factors of body-build is an outgrowth of the author's activities in the office of the Surgeon-General of the Army during the World War, where he was in charge of anthropology. In the examination of thousands of young men the extraordinary diversity of build was a striking fact. The question of its genetic basis arose and the desire was stimulated to find out if those physi- ologists are correct who account for variations from average build solely on the ground of special conditions of food intake and activity, and generally disregard the possibility that factors of heredity are involved. It was anticipated that the study would be a minor one. But, on account of the wealth of family data at the Eugenics Record Office, the task assumed unexpectedly large proportions. Much cor- respondence had to be undertaken to secure confirmation or correction of the records, and the period of analysis of the materials grew from months into years, while the manuscript of the text and tables accumulated. Though it has added much to the bulk of the volume, it has seemed desirable to print full details about the more critical cases. Geo- graphical location, race, occupation, and diseases have been generally given because they all bear upon build. The height and weight are of course given, and these are usually in English measurements, since they were first reported in that system. They are given in brief form thus: "120/63 inches"; which means that the subject weighed L20 pounds (usually including clothing) and was 63 inches tall (without shoes). The word "inches" is added as an indicator of the system of measurement employed. In other cases English measures, or indices based on them, are placed in parenthesis in accordance with scientific custom. Net relative chest-girths, where given, are based on meas- urements taken just below the axilla, are reduced to "on skin" measurements by subtracting 3 centimeters for summer clothing and 6 centimeters for indoor winter clothing, and are divided by net stature. To this book many persons have contributed. Hundreds have fur- nished data on the Records of Family Traits. Dr. Bret Ratner kindly responded to my request by having daily measurements made on 11 infants during the first 10 days of life. The photographs of men of standard build were contributed by Dr. George L. Meylan; the photo- graphs of boys on plate 3 were obtained for me by Dr. William Burdick, of the Playground Association of Baltimore. Through the iii IV PREFACE. kindness of Mr. Carle 0. Warren, of the Marquand School, Brooklyn, the photographs of boys of various ages shown on plates 4 to 6 were secured. Dr. Harvey G. Beck and Dr. L. F. Barker gave permission for the republication from Barker's "Endocrinology and Metabolism" of the photographs at the bottom of plate 8. The families who have, on request, furnished special data are too numerous to mention. To all of the foregoing I desire to express sincerest thanks. I TABLE OF CONTENTS. Pagi Preface iii Part I. Build, its definition and its ontogeny A. General considerations Types of variation in build A The measurement of build 1 Ontogenetic I Adult 5 Sexual differences in build 5 Racial differences in build 7 Geographical differences in build 7 B. The ontogeny of build 8 Materials and methods B The ontogenetic curve of build 11 Later ontogenetic changes in individual build L6 Relation of juvenile to adult build 19 Part II. Mass studies in heredity of adult build 22 Methods and materials The adult index of build Classification of build Significance of variations in build 28 Diseases in relation to build Mass study of variation and heredity in build Regression of progeny toward mediocrity Hypothesis 40 Mate selection in build 11 The basal tables 1" Part III. Family studies in heredity of build 51 A. Statement of problem 51 B. Discussion of special matings 51 Class I. Both parents slender 51 Mating 1. One parent is very slender of slender stock; the other slender ."»l Mating 2. Both parents are slender, of slender stock Mating 3. Other slender x very slender matings Mating 4. Other slender X slender matings Summary of slender X slender matings I s Class II. Both parents fleshy Mating 1. One parent is very fleshy, the other fleshy of fleshy stork Mating 2. Both parents fleshy of fleshy stock 77 Mating 3. Other very fleshy X very fleshy matings BO Summary Class III. Mating of slender with fleshy stock. The Fi generation 86 Mating 1. One parent slender, of Blender stock, the other fleshy of fleshy stock M ' Mating 2. Other slender X fleshy mating- Mating 3. Very slender X very fleshy Mating 4. Slender x ver\ lleshy matings Summary 105 Class IV. Matings of probably heterozygous parents. The Fi genera- tion 107 Mating 1. Both parents either n edium or Beshj . and pn bablj cart] gametes for .slenderness as well as fleshiness '"' Mating 2. other medium \ medium matings Summary and discussion VI CONTENTS. Page Part III. Family studies of build — Continued. B. Discussions of special matings — Continued. Class V. The back cross 119 Mating 1. Heterozygous medium or fleshy X slender 119 Mating 2. Fleshy X heterozygous fleshy parents 132 Summary and discussion 140 C. General discussion 141 Heredity and environment in build 141 Endocrine glands as links between chromosomes and somatic qualities .... 145 Evidence of segregation in the heredity of build 146 On the number of factors involved in fleshy build 149 D. Summary of conclusions 152 Appendix 155 Literature cited 175 Plates 177 BODY-BUILD AND ITS INHERITANCE BY Charles Benedict Davenport Director of Department of Genetics, Carnegie Institution of Washington PART I. BUILD, ITS DEFINITION AND ITS ONTOGENY. A. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS. If a hundred men of about the same Btal lire be compared, it La Been that they vary greatly in weight. At the same time they vary in form, and especially in bulk. This variation is popularly recognized by the variety of terms applied to build. Tt may be of hit en pause a moment to consider popular terminology relating to build. We have, first, terms expressing a marked deviation below the normal build. We speak of persons as "slender," "thin," "gaunt." "slim," "slight." "spare," "lank," and "spindling." These terms :u< not exactly synonyms. "Lank" implies angularity; "gaunt" connotes the ravage of disease; "thin" connotes a loss of weight ; "slight" connotes lightness and smallness of bone; "spindling" is used especially of youth in the period of rapid growth preceding adolescence; "slim" has a faint connotation of insufficiency; "slender" best exp' the idea which we shall want to use in this work where we have a rela- tively small interest in stature and where we wish to avoid connota- tion of disease, developmental changes, etc. In other languages there exists a series of terms which similarly differ slightly in connotation. Thus, in French, there is "maigre," in German "mager," which often connote a loss of weight through disease, "diinn." which con- notes loss of a former more nearly average weight, and "schlank," which is close to the English "slender." On the other hand, the English language contains a variety of terms applicable to deviation in build above the average. Thus we have the words "stout," "portly," "fleshy," "corpulent," "thick-set," "obese." "chubby," and "fat." The word "stout" usually carries a connotation of vigor. The term "portly" connotes large size with a tendency to excessively great circumference. "Fleshy" is nearly synonymous \yith "portly* 1 but has less connotation of majesty of size. "Corpulent" usually carries connotation of abdominal enlargement. '"Thick-set" implies a lai bony frame. "Obese" frequently connotes excessive, Btrictly patho- logical, increase of build, "(hubby" is applied especially to infants. "Fat" connotes excessive production of fat in the body, as opposed to an unusually large muscular development. Perhaps of all of thi terms "fleshy" is as satisfactory as any as an expression for build without connotation in respect to degree or source of great weight, whether due to fat, muscle, or bone. In the German language there are the terms, "plump," and "schwerfallig," winch serve to expi large build. In the French language there are the terms, "gl "obese," and "embonpoint." which is near to the English equivalent 3 4 build: definition and ontogeny. "stout" or "fleshy." In the present work the term "fleshy" is used, despite its slight suggestion of muscular development merely, largely because it begins with a different letter from slender. The word "slender" will be used for the other extreme of build. It has been found convenient to indicate those terms by their initial letters "S" and "F" respectively. Our main problem is, in how far does this difference in build between slender and fleshy persons depend on constitutional factors? Types of Variation in Build. Two types of variation in build have to be distinguished: (a) the ontogenetic change in normal build during development with increas- ing stature, and (b) the change in weight in adults of relatively invariable stature. In type a, stature and other proportions are rapidly changing, but in type b, stature remains constant, and, throughout the race, stature does not differ as much in mature persons as it does from birth to maturity. These two types follow different laws and must be studied by different methods. Consequently they are considered in distinct parts of the present paper. The Measurement of Build. It is now necessary to consider how build may best be expressed quantitatively. The subject of the best index of build has been much discussed, but without sufficiently differentiating between the two types of variation in build, the ontogenetic and the adult. One of the latest authors to consider the matter is Bardeen (1920, p. 486), who mentions the desirability of recording the volume of the body as a whole, notes its impracticability, and concludes that we may estimate volume from weight. It may, however, be doubted if volume is really involved in the popular notion of build. At least, it is equally prob- able that the idea of build, as popularly conceived, is a relation of transverse to vertical diameters. When I look at a man, or a photo- graph of one as in plate 1, and think, "he is slender," it is because I make a mental comparison of his breadth (of shoulders or chest) with his height and find that his breadth in comparison with that of most men I know of that height is small; or if he is stout the diameter of the chest is large in relation to stature (plate 2). It seems probable that breadth in relation to height gives the best expression of the popular idea of build. By the use of this relation, build can be easily expressed for any age, since chest circumference (which bears a nearly constant relation to chest diameter) has been recorded for many per- sons of all ages. Ontogenetic. — Since in so many children and young people the stature and chest circumference have been measured, it is possible to use these data in finding the law of normal ontogenetic changes in MEASUREMENT OF BUILD. .". build from birth to maturity. This ratio, chest-girth -s-stature, has thus been used in discussing this law, as more fully described in g tion B. This relation can be used for tracing the change in build of the same developing child or for tracing the average change of build. Adult. — In the study of adult changes of build we start with the condition that in the individual the stature is fixed. Consequently, in an individual whose weight is changing, the relation of the build at a years is to that at another period n years later as chest -girth at a years : chest-girth at a -f n years. Thus, in the adult period, changes of build arc proportional to chest-girth. In different persons, of differing stature, the stature has to be taken into account, and the differences in build are measured by the relation of relative chest- girth as in children. Unfortunately, in our study of heredity in adult build, we usually do not know the chest-girth of the different mem- bers of the family, but only their stature and weight. Our problem is, then, to find a relation between chest-girth and weight that will enable us to infer the one from the other. This problem will be further considered in a later section (p. 24). Sexual Differences in Build. Sex influences the body so profoundly that we have, first of all. to consider its influence on build, either in early or in adult stages. At birth there is, on the average, a difference between the sexes in weight. The male is about 2.5 per cent heavier than the female (3,310 : 3.230 grams in German children, Daffner. 1902, p. 125, quoting Hecker; 3,606 : 3,485 grams in American children, Benedict and Tal- bot, 1915). But this does not imply that the boy baby is the chubbier, since the boy baby is longer by about 1.7 per cent than the girl baby. There is no obvious difference in the chubbiness of the sexes at birth. Likewise, in later infancy no obvious difference has been detected, though no thoroughgoing studies have been made on this subject. In childhood and youth children of different sex differ in build on the average, but this is because the form of the ontogenetic curve of build is very different. After maturity and cessation of growth, there is a marked difference in form between the sexes. The female has more subcutaneous fat and appears plumper. If the criterion of weight be applied, the complication arises that the specific gravity of the female seems to be less than that o\ the male | Bardeen, 1920, p. 488, following Meeh, 1895). As found by Medico-Actuarial Mortality investigations of the Associated Life Insurance .Medical Directors of the Actuarial Society of America. 1912, volume I. p. 251 : "The difference in weight between men and women iA the same height is slight under the age of 20, but above that age young men are distinctly heavier than young women, the difference becoming less marked as they grow older. The tall women are markedly lighter 6 build: definition and ontogeny. than men of the same height." The main reason for the greater weight of young men is their relatively much greater chest circum- ference. Table I.— The distribution of frequencies of the various classes of build of offspring derived from the various types of matings. Summation Table, Males only. Based on Table 11. Build o f male offspring. Total Type of mating. No. of matings. No of No. children. male and VS S M F VF female children. VSxS 4 5 1 2 1 1 11 VSxM 8 11 2 7 2 28 VSxF 5 12 1 4 6 1 25 SxS 23 29 1 21 7 47 SxM 101 172 12 116 38 6 306 SxF 49 88 1 5 51 30 1 155 SxVF 11 23 3 8 10 2 34 MxM 92 178 18 117 40 3 327 MxF 114 194 9 118 58 9 340 MxVF 30 59 1 3 21 24 10 112 FXF 33 77 3 30 34 6 4 156 FxVF 30 57 22 28 7 100 VFxVF Total 7 21 9 3 9 30 507 926 7 106 515 246 52 1.671 Average build 25.00 29.03 33.64 ! 39.15 49.09 Average male index of build, 35.81 ±.12. Standard deviation, 5.33 ±.084. Table 2. — The distribution of frequencies of the various classes of build of offspring derived from the various types of matings. Summation ' rABLE, Females onlx . Based on Table 11a. Build of female offspring. Type of mating. No. of matings. No. of children. VS S M F VF VSxS 4 6 1 4 1 VSxM 8 17 1 5 10 VSxF 5 13 1 4 6 1 1 SxS 23 18 4 11 3 SXM 101 134 36 78 15 5 SxF 49 67 2 16 29 19 1 SxVF 11 11 1 6 4 MxM 92 149 2 21 81 41 4 MxF 114 146 19 90 30 7 MxVF 30 53 1 4 29 12 7 FxF 33 79 12 30 27 10 FxVF 30 43 3 16 14 10 VFxVF Total 7 9 5 3 1 507 745 12 136 384 167 46 Average build 24.17 28.69 33.41 39.23 46.76 Average female index of build, 34.54±.13. Standard deviation, 5. 13 ±.09. SEXUAL 1)111 Kl IN i:i ll.D. 7 Proceeding by a method to be developed later, I have divided adult build into five classes, and counted for the various matings the Dumber of children falling into each. (See tables 1 and 2. ) The a index of build, obtained from the individual indices of build, is 2.52 I metric system) or 35.81 ± 0.12 (English system) for males, and 2.43 (34.54 ± 0.13) for females, a difference of only 3.7 per cenl in favor of the males, a difference that for our purposes can be neglected. A separation of the sexes in our studies will therefore be, ordinarily, not attempted, and this has the advantage in giving us larger fre- quencies in our tables. Racial Differences in Build. That there are marked racial differences in build is notorious. The slender Scotchman (plate 1, fig. 3) is in striking contrast with the South Italian, Greek, or Russian Jew (plate 2, fig. 3). The Eskimo are noted for their fleshiness, but Arctic conditions seem to favor la build. (See Davenport and Love, 1921, p. 165.) Martin (1914, p. 248) gives an average body-build of 1.42 (2.3 our system) for South Russian Jews and 1.07 (1.7 our system) for Bushmen. Probably the Nilotic negroes are the slenderest race on earth (Martin, 191, p. 21 for photograph see Martin, p. 203, or Davenport, 1917, p. 347). The racial differences in body-build are so great that, when feasible, race should be taken into account in studies on body-build. Geographical Differences in Build. Apart from race, it seems probable that climate influences build. The races that live in the north polar region are of stout build, but this may be a racial trait. On the other hand, the whites who come to live near the pole are heavier than those who live near the equator. This may be due to relative freedom in the subpolar area from certain diseases which reduce weight. There may. however, be a physiolog- ical response of the body to the long, cold winters. Whatever explanation, men from Alaska were found, at mobilization of the United States Army in 1917-1S, to have a much higher index of build than those from any other region, i.e., 2.28 (32.41 >: North Dakota and South Dakota came next, with indices of 2.24 (31.85) and 2 (31.73) respectively. These were followed by Montana. Mini and Wisconsin. Contrariwise, the recruits from the Gulf States had a low index of build. Whatever the determining causes, geographical differences in build do exist. Consequently, in studies of build, r desirable to consider the residences of the persons studied. "The method of measuring build i- -I The smaller between 1.5 and 4.5) is the metric index The lirir-r in lei [2 » up U> 100 system index, and is usually 8 1 without decim 8 build: definition and ontogeny. B. THE ONTOGENY OF BUILD. From the time of fertilization of the egg it proceeds on its course of development directed by its "hereditary factors/' but modifiable by the conditions offered by the environment. Thus is determined the weight of the baby at birth, and thus the build of the later stages to maturity are directed. It has seemed useful to measure the changes in build from birth to maturity, using the method of measuring build during development described in an earlier section (p. 4). Materials and Methods. The materials available for such a study are considerable and may be drawn from a large number of different nationalities. A selection had to be made from this material; there were chosen the best avail- able series from those nationalities most representative of the popu- lation of the United States, considering the diversity of its European origin. Two sets of data were utilized: first, collections of measure- ments made on males from 1 year to 21 years ; second, some collections from children of both sexes from birth to 1 year of age. The first collection of data is gathered from nine sources, listed below. The data used are given in detail in table 3, which shows the number of individuals measured by each observer at each age, the average relative chest-girth at that age, and the average, for each age. of the different averages of the relative chest-girths formed by each observer. These averages are not weighted, since the racial stocks measured by the different observers differed. The average of each observer has therefore to be considered as a unit of nearly equal value with that of any other (table 3). 1. Quetelet (1870) data. As Quetelet's original book was not available, the data reprinted in Bardeen (1920, p. 544) were used. Quetelet measured 10 persons at each age from 1 to 20 years (and older). He selected his subjects with good judgment and the resulting curve of varying build is remarkably smooth. The subjects were doubtless Belgians. 2. Weissenberg (1911) data. These were gathered by observations on South Russian Jews. The numbers observed ranged from 15 males at birth to about 40 to 100 at later ages. This series is of especial value because such large numbers of individuals of each age were measured and because in it are considered only children as near as possible to their birthdays; that is, as 2 or 3 year old children were taken those of exactly 2 or 3 years ± 2 months; as 4, 5, and 6 year olds, 4, 5, and 6 years ± 3 months; as 7 and 8 years, 7 or 8 years ± 4 months. For older children the even year =fc 5 months was taken. The measurement was taken at the line of the nipples and below the lower apex of the scapulae; chest apparently at rest. 3. Benedict and Talbot (1920) data. These were gathered from healthy children of Boston, Massachusetts. Girth was taken at the nipples, in a quiescent condition. The number of individuals considered at each age is small (1 to 9) , but the data are precious, because so few have been published for the period 2 to 5 years. ONTOGENY OF BUILD. . © >> > o el .sq "O © « ■•-> 3, A - '© - it c ^3. 3 -o *-' © o °0 Sj V M -»- — w S s o j! ft ♦j M A C ^w g a c A C 9) "a w C ft 2 B e § 3 -c i- tJ © -o »— _ CO a 2 k to a CO •I- co ** © c 3 s 58 00 U t - -5 > cS 03 ■•J © ri .3 J= o .3 CO -? S j3 C5> V so c •o - <: OS u o C 3 7) -ft o © *- H M f 03 so in o V E -c s o *-> > h «o o io CO ^s u © c "— >M ^3 — !~ ,= © V - = 13> © c m u j= © Sa *** O e 4 — 1 X 2 © > o es jrt Q ■ M u Id = 00 < > © co ~ - H .3 O © CD © .c d '3 CO © 5 OS O t- «a -= © 6* os © 09 © ©J, ^L © © - OS -o © r - & .a m Ml OS t 5 :i -< n / ■: .- / 3 ::-.: — / -. - _- :.-.-_ O n a r» uj :i - ; ?. / / / i . / / / • - _ ~, -, ffl O O i; «) iO ifl c f t -r ■ 9 ^ f 55 iC © a it > c < p 1 ja © > 3 / — 3 y. y~. i 3 r. 3 3 — :i r< ■ - — -. • - x e o> ° !Z5 £ y III ai) •3 - 3 O O a 3 1-3 ~. ~. o a «J 3. 3 — 71 Tl •r >s is o is o 3 3 3 3 3 00 "Z ,_| ^ ^4 v^ ^| d bb NHtanoHntc - ; - — »H iS M O ffl » M C f •" l> 1- s < X X JC 1- 1- 1- 1- l~ A f r T3 "oS n ^* w" ^r ^T 1 T T ^* T* ^* T* ^T o 33C3CCC -_ 33 t^ Z 3 3 3 C » 'C C C '3 "3 3 eo 3. io s '~ ■-■; '~ 3 '* cc >■ ■^"^"^f't^ff'r'r'T-r OS . x ^h — a eo ox :i-: :» <0 ?. 3 /" 3 /: -r '■■; -r — i - -r ? i "-rM--"-"-" si ?J O c r ~ Q OB £ -< iO t»< o 6 ^H ^H >o 00 -H CO >> bi) > y> --3 n 3 a 53 M h- M — 3 -< OKJO 6 ri Tl Tl i-C .2 o bi oooooooo^^ccr: o o io s o t f a o 3 c i.: - "O i r* tC«ONOMO-i-C-T. r © -3 © r- 1 «< co o oo >c >o >o >o io >•'; >o ni Tf t}< «T3 o m n o h « t(i ^ m, i. .: ; ,; • C C*3 c5 2 t C « bb ^H is « i- m / /: : c :i - r r c ~r r O O O «S O '-^ re — • ~ — X •" - -i / " i — i - — ^H > »o pooio«£NOc3oa»N3( / .- - r r r r O'0'SO«0''5«-'0'-0') , ': ': ■: ■'>:■: s © ■♦-» © 3 ** -1 < 6 rooooooncrrrrrrrrrrr r w* ^ © E T T E ■ T E 90 E I E E ■ e > e e r. E e : e L : e wO©©©©©©©©- -OOC P ,3>innnPi^^^^hnnhnn' l ^inhKnPi S - n n ^ o c i- / r :-•!-- '■ — o 10 build: definition and ontogeny. 4. Masters Day Nursery data, Original, from measurements made upon healthy children in New York City. The chest was measured at the line of the nipples in a quiescent condition. The numbers are small, 2 per year. 5. Town (1922) data. A special study of 5 and 6 year old children of Cedar Rapids, Iowa. There were 31 and 11 children respectively. 6 Reitz (1904) data. A study of school children of Berlin, Germany. Chest-girth measured "at rest." From 23 to 209 at the respective ages from 6 to 19 years, inclusive. 7. Baldwin (1921) data. A group of 60 boys of the well-to-do class at the Horace Mann School, New York City, were measured repeatedly in successive years from 7 to 17 years of age inclusive. Chest at "normal" condition. 8. Godin (1903) data. Measurements taken annually on the same 100 boys in a French military school at St. Hippolyte-du-Fort, Gard. Chest- girth below pectoralis in repose. Ages 131/2 to 17 years inclusive. 9. Hitchcock, Seeley, and Phillips (1900) data. Measurements made on about 40 to 600 students at Amherst College at each age from 16 to 26 years inclusive. The chest-girth is made at the level of the nipples and embraces the scapulse. Owing to the complex nature of the curve of build during the first year of development, special collections of data were made for this portion of the curve (table 4). They are listed as follows: 1. Original data contributed by Dr. Bret Ratner, pediatrician, of New York, being measurements made in May and June, 1922, of weight, length, and chest circumference on 11 babies at the Manhattan Maternity Hospital during each of the first 10 days after birth. There were 9 boys and 2 girls. Judging alone by the surnames, there were apparently of British stock 6, of German stock 2, of Italian stock 2, and of Spanish stock 1. It is very difficult to measure length and chest-girth of infants. Length "on birthday" was generally taken with the child suspended by its feet, chest- girth with the chest as quiet as possible. The first measurement was taken as soon as the baby was born, and each morning thereafter at 8 h 30 m a. m. The later lengths were measured on a graduated board. 2. New York Milk Station data collected by Miss Louise A. Nelson and Miss Margaret R. Babcock, of the Eugenics Record Office staff. They were made during May and June 1922, on healthy babies, without clothing. The length was measured with the aid of a graduated board. Boys and girls were both included, as at this age their build is not very different, on the average. The numbers ranged from 4 to 52 for the various months from 0.5 month to 13 months by 0.5-month intervals. 3. Ratner advanced data. Original data secured by Dr. Bret Ratner (at Manhattan Maternity Hospital, New York City, on healthy children whose parents brought them repeatedly to the hospital) and kindly given to the writer for this study. In this series, observations are especially abundant at 1, 1.5, and 2 months (47, 170, and 30 cases respectively). 4. Grover (1915) data. Boys only among out-patients of the Children's Hospital, Boston, and visitors at milk stations. No clothing. Chest mea- sured at level of nipples, midway between inspiration and expiration. Length measured on graduated board. From 2 to 5 at each month of age. 5. Benedict and Talbot (1920) data. (See No. 3, p. 9.) One to 6 individuals at the various months. ONTOGENETIC CURVE OF Hill.]). 1 1 6. Schmid-Monnard ( 1892 1 data. Copied from Bardeen (1920, page 5421. Boys and girls measured at Frankfort am Mam. Germany. 8 U I i in respective months. Ages 1 to 13 months and up to .'*<) months. 7. Crum (1915) data. Average measurements of babies without regard to sex, 193 to 264 per month, mostly baby-show babies and hence Btrongly selected. Various parts of the United States. From the foregoing collections of data, tables 3, 4, and 5 were drawn up, giving for each age the mean relative chest-girth found by each observer. Also, the number of individuals upon which the measure- ment is based, necessary for weighting the mean. The mean of all measurements was weighted in table 4, but not in table 3 for the reasons stated on page 8. Table 4. — Average relative chest-girth of irifants from birth to 13 month*. [Obtained from 6 series of observations, described on pages 12, 13. The main entries of the tabic are given in 4 places of decimals (point omitted). Immediately to the loft of each main entry i« given the number of persons measured to obtain that average. The column at the extreme right gives the weighted averages of the averages standing in the same line.] Time. 3. Ratner. 2. N. Y. Milk ( cf and 9 )• 4. Grover. 5. Benedict and Talbot. 6. Schmid and Monnard. 7. Crum. Aver No. Avg. No. Avg. No. Avg. No. | Avg. No. Avg. No. Avg. 2 weeks 1 month 1.5 months 2 months 3 months 4 months 5 months 6 months 7 months 8 months 9 months 10 months 11 months 12 months 13 months 32 47 170 30 11 12 10 8 10 3 3 2 1 1 6641 6602 6772 6670 6700 6542 6492 6500 6720 6267 6550 6200 6600 5800 4 26 36 52 49 39 26 39 27 23 26 18 13 8 11 6533 6504 6639 6623 6566 6542 6522 6542 6424 6317 6364 6431 6354 6271 6186 3 6599 2 6249 4 6574 6627 6418 6745 6612 6607 6368 «;:.4o 6466 1 6400 6318 6222 2 5861 67 6280 4 3 3 3 5 3 4 3 2 2 1 6661 6220 6157 6278 6278 6203 6464 6060 6237 f.SCS 5691 3 4 4 3 6 3 1 4 2 1 1 1 6765 6529 6304 6455 6117 6500 6308 (;:::,_• 6110 6174 6383 6026 44 37 30 37 27 19 16 20 17 1.". 22 19 6470 6040 6510 6230 6540 6240 1.4 OO 6160 6-100 6120 ootid tiOSd 268 232 J 11 209 193 289 ■ 6666 6468 6470 6366 6404 6298 ■ It will be observed that the means of build differ, for the constant age, more than do the differences between successive ages. That is to say, the absolute difference between races at any given age is greater than the average differences between one year and the next. The mean relative chest circumferences for the different ages are plotted in figure 2. The Ontogenetic Cubvb oi Hi ild. The resulting curve of build from birth to maturity is given in figure 1. This curve shows that build in males is greatest at birth, or at about 1 month, and that it then steadily diminishes to L2 years 12 build: definition and ontogeny. of age. It then slowly increases to maturity, and indeed to 30 years, after which it increases with extreme slowness, probably to 55 years. From table 4a and the curve of build, figure 2, we see that the infant at birth has a chest-girth which is somewhat over two-thirds of stature (0.6685). It falls rapidly to one month after birth, and then begins to rise. This minimum is connected with the loss of weight which follows birth, and is due to the difficulty of making adjustments to the new conditions which the organism has to meet. This adjust- ment is soon thereafter completed and within 2 months chest-girth and weight are not only recovered, but have caught up with increasing length of body. At 6 weeks the body has reached its maximum post-natal chubbiness. Another temporary loss in chubbiness occurs 690 670 650 630 610 590 570 550 530 510 490 470 ~~1 i _ I i 1 I i c v 1 — 10 12 16 18 20 22 »4 25 Years Fig. 1. — Polygon of development of relative chest-girth, male. Abscissae: Age in years. Ordinates (chest-girth -r stature) X 1000. Based on averages of the measurements of Quetelet (Belgians), Weissenberg (Russian Jews), Benedict and Talbot (U.S.A.). Masters Day Nursery, N. Y. City, Town (Iowa children). Gray and Jacobs (school boys, well-to-do), Reitz (Germans), Godin (French), Hitchcock (U. S. A. college men), Baldwin (N. Y. City schools). at about 8 months, due perhaps to the cutting of the incisors. The decline which subsequently ensues is prevailingly due to the rapid growth of the legs without corresponding increase in transverse diameter (plates 3 and 4). At about 12 years the boy enters the awkward age when, his legs and arms having grown from 5 to 10 cm. in a single year, he has not yet acquired muscular control of them (plate 7, fig. 2). At the same time his trunk retains childish propor- tions (plate 5, fig. 12). A little earlier than the boy, the girl enters the "Backfisch" stage of similar slenderness and awkwardness (plate 7, fig. 3, from Stratz, 1922, p. 258). It is commonly believed that this rapid growth of the appendages and their long bones is controlled by the secretions of the pituitary gland. Gradually in the boy, at 14 years, as the gonads begin to ripen, the growth of the legs is retarded and the transverse chest diameter begins to increase rapidly; ONTOGENKI K « i i;\ l. 01 m II.!>. 13 the lad is quickly transformed into a broad-shouldered, broad-chested, stocky man (plate 3, fig. 3, plate :>, I'm. 8) and accordingly the of build rises much more in the young man than in the young woman (plate 7, figs. 4 and 5). Consequently the adult female build, as measured by relative chest circumference, is relatively Bmall. At about 19 or 20 years' growth in stature has usually practically ceased. Meanwhile chest-girth increases slowly by the enlargement of trunk muscles and deposition of fat. Weight i-, indeed, stated to increase, on the average, until the age of 55 years (tables G and 7). Relative chest girth. 670 660 650 640 630 620 V v7\ v \ f\ 1 \/ r I 610 I- M itha Fro. 2. — Polygon of relative chest-girth in infants, from liinli t.> fourteen months, with smoothed curve of build (dotted line). Data from New York Milk Stations and I >r B. Ratner. It may be well to consider briefly, necessarily somewhat specula- tively, the significance of this ontogenetic change in build. First of all, the high relative chest circumference of infancy is due chiefly to the extremely short legs of the infant. Leg-length constitutes only about 40 per cent of stature at birth, whereas it comes t<> constitute 53 to 55 per cent at maturity. Consequently, the relative leg-length at infancy is only a trifle more than 70 per cent of tic adult relative 14 build: definition and ontogeny to to © C »-< JS v. © • js ■* » © to _C co f 1 B).g g 4=> •-* to ■g 3 £s « .IS 05 •8 E o CO » S-o © -4= £3 u to co •- c •£ © - »'3> ^ © tJ JS d » ■a-fc •- gd C — TO P o u .§ •- c ■u a > ■~S © El to £ d v. &3 to to o -*D TO CO JS d ^3 3 § s I **" d ■X to to .to to < CQ •< H © -n £■* CO TO «.§ £ © — P5 c: JS to TO 8 u. © d -*- C £'e 10 iO »o »o t^ 10 «o "O cq 'O >o CM JS ^ OONCO® N CO M "H t^ tN O X ^ •* •- H C5 NN h^i * N N*» MCO* CI CO "O CO OWOO Tjo uo iO •0 •o 5 b C. 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'J 03 B : ? ■_ - - — _ "— - <*- s **- - *— - >— g *~- z • ■- o ft - r c - o -i< o p s r r r if) m M ~ ri = M | . - ■J ;— ^| H - 1 c- ' 'r- © i C s ■a t 4 j i - . : Ca 1 "J - s> r > u I 3 '-"•5 - © S SO ~ V 16 build: definition and ontogeny. leg-length. Likewise the leg-length of the gorilla is about 70 per cent that of a European man (German, cf. Martin, 1914, p. 308). Con- sequently the relative leg-length of the infant, at birth, is to that of the adult as the relative leg-length of an anthropoid ape is to the relative leg-length of man. Incidentally, it may be added that the relative length of the arm of the infant is only slightly (8 per cent) less than that of the adult, while in the chimpanzee the relative arm-length is 18 per cent greater than that of man. We have seen that the relative leg-length of the boy increases to about 12 years and thereafter diminishes to the period of completed growth. The white man has his greatest leg-length shortly before adolescence. We find that among the races of mankind it is the long- legged negro tribes of East Africa, especially the upper Nile (Johns- ton, 1906, II, p. 932), which are among the lowest races of mankind, and which seem to represent in the adult the physical stage through which the white boy passes at 12 years. Other African tribes have, indeed, relatively shorter legs and thus show a persisting adult stage that is either slightly younger or slightly older than that of the 12-year-old white boy. Figure 1 (to return to it after this digression) seems thus adequately to measure the varying build of humans from birth to past maturity. It may, indeed, be regarded as composed of two parts ; first, that from birth to the cessation of growth in stature, and second, that beyond cessation of growth in stature. The curve of build thus obtained is, apart from the first period of adjustment that follows birth, a smoothly flowing one, that might indeed be expressed by a formula y = ax + bx 2 + cx s + dx*, etc. The curve of build of figure 1 seems to be new in this form. It is, however, of the same general shape as the curve of varying "Korper- fiille" drawn by Martin (1914, p. 246) from Quetelet's data and based on the relation of weight -j- stature 3 . The numbers of children con- sidered in Martin's figure are inadequate and there is hardly sufficient justification for the use of this formula to express changes of build during ontogeny. The ontogenetic curve of build may serve as a graphic representa- tion of the stages of development as listed by Stratz (1922). These stages are shown in table 5. Later Ontogenetic Changes in Individual Build. Any investigation of the heredity of build is apt to meet with the difficulty that only the present weights and statures of children, par- ents, and grandparents are known; that the persons are of different ages and hence the data concerning them are not precisely com- CHANCES IN INDIVID! AL lll'lLI). 1 parable. Even if we exclude from consideration children of the rapid developmental period, under 18 years of age, BtiU we have the prob- lem of individual change of build in mature life. Since Btature is practically immutable at this period, change in build may be measured by change in weight. That change in weight does occur is notorious. Figures 3 to 6 illustrate graphically the changes in weight in various individuals from records taken almost at random. In figure 3 the curves of increasing weight run rapidly upward; in figure 4 they go up and then fall again; in figure 6 they are more nearly horizontal. Table 5. — Growth-periods in children. [Modified from C. W. Strata, 1922, p. 87.] Year of age. First (neutral) child age. to 1 Infancy. Lactation. 1 to 2 2 3 4 5 6 3 4 5 6 7 .First period of filling out. . First stretching. Second (bisexual) child age. Youth. Boys. Girls. 7 to 8 8 9 9 10 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Second period of filling out. Second stretching (shooting up in stature). Change of voice. Third period of filling out (broaden- ing of chest; rapid increase in weight). Maturity. Second period of filling out (round- ing of hips and l B30 1 --.f.0^ ^*^^ ^\_ 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 yrs Fig. 6. — Changes in weight from 15 to 50 years in 4 sibs of the D: Ban-1 family, showing no great tendency to change of build dur- ing life. CHANGKs l\ [NDIVIDUAL Hi II.D. 19 and adding the difference between this weight and the weight in the same column opposite the mid-parental age to the given weight of tin- child. Table 6. — Graded average weight of men of different tiature* at vario [Copied from Table IV of " Medico-actuarial mortality inveetigationa."] 8 8 9 8 8 8 s i i 9 J3 i • ja X. JZ -c JB ~ J3 -c -= Q JB jfl — _= Age, o c o B c a o a - a 9 c e £ B = years. .-I (N M -r 10 v> t- 00 o> ^-« — •:i n * 4> «J 4d 4g ♦- 4d *» *a •j «j *a *a ~ •* a* ~ * CO 9 D - 4, 0) V In 4, gj t, I ■m J W4 tea "5 >o >o 'O m l~ «3 10 <-. IO Ifl 10 CD J * - 15 107 109 112 115 118 122 126 130 134 138 112 117 152 157 172 177 16 109 111 114 117 120 124 128 132 136 140 1 11 1 19 154 I'M 169 174 170 17 111 113 116 11 i) 122 126 130 134 138 142 1 16 161 156 [61 166 171 17,, lsl 18 113 115 118 121 124 128 132 136 1 in 144 1 18 L63 [58 [63 168 17.1 19 115 117 120 123 126 130 134 138 112 i 16 L50 1 55 160 [66 17n 175 185 20 117 119 122 125 128 132 136 140 144 148 152 156 161 166 171 176 lsl 186 21 118 120 123 126 130 134 138 111 145 149 153 157 162 167 172 177 is.' ls7 22 119 121 124 127 131 135 139 112 146 150 154 158 168 178 17s ls:< 188 23 120 122 125 1 28 132 136 140 143 147 151 1 55 159 169 175 180 is.", 190 24 121 123 126 129 133 137 141 144 148 1 .".2 156 160 165 171 177 is.' ls7 192 25 122 124 126 11". i 133 137 1 11 145 149 153 157 162 167 173 17" 184 189 26 123 125 127 130 134 138 1 12 146 l :,i i 154 158 163 168 171 180 186 I'M 27 124 126 128 131 134 138 1)2 146 150 154 l.'.s 163 If.'.i 175 181 1*7 28 125 127 129 132 135 139 143 147 151 155 159 164 170 [76 182 lss - 29 126 128 130 133 136 1 111 111 lis 152 156 160 165 171 177 183 [89 199 30 126 128 130 133 136 140 144 148 152 156 in 1 166 17.' 178 184 190 31 127 129 131 134 137 141 145 1 19 153 157 162 167 17.; 179 185 I'M 197 32 127 129 131 134 137 141 145 149 154 158 163 168 171 180 [86 192 33 127 129 131 134 137 141 145 149 151 159 164 169 175 181 187 34 128 130 132 135 138 142 146 150 155 160 165 170 176 182 lss I'M 35 128 130 132 135 138 142 146 150 1 .">.", 160 165 17(1 176 182 189 211 1 36 129 131 133 136 139 143 117 151 156 161 L66 171 177 183 100 1"-. 2' is 37 129 131 133 136 140 144 148 152 157 162 167 172 17s L84 I'M 1"7 209 38 130 132 134 137 140 1 11 148 152 157 162 167 179 is.", 198 39 130 132 134 137 140 144 1 18 152 157 l<->-' 167 173 179 is.", 205 211 40 131 133 135 138 141 145 149 153 158 163 168 171 180 is.; 198 41 131 133 135 i:;s 141 145 149 l .">:> 158 163 168 171 I SIP 42 132 134 136 139 142 146 1 :>( I 154 159 164 169 17.-, ls| 1-7 I'M 201 211 43 132 134 136 139 142 1 16 150 154 159 n;i 169 175 Isl 187 201 44 133 135 137 140 143 147 151 155 160 165 170 178 [82 188 45 133 135 137 140 143 1 17 151 155 Kill L65 17H 176 182 188 186 - 46 134 136 138 Ml 144 1 is 152 1 56 na 166 171 177 196 2ln 47 134 136 13.S 141 114 14.S 152 156 161 166 171 177 [M 197 211 48 134 136 138 141 144 148 152 [56 161 166 171 177 1M 197 211 49 134 136 138 141 in 1 is 152 156 161 166 171 177 [go 197 211 50 134 136 138 141 l n 148 152 156 161 166 171 177 ISO 197 217 51 135 137 139 142 145 149 153 157 162 167 172 17s lsl 19] 52 135 137 139 1 12 145 149 153 157 H12 167 172 17s [84 191 198 53 136 137 139 142 146 14!) 153 157 162 H.: 172 17s 184 I'M 198 - - 54 136 137 139 142 145 1 19 153 158 168 [68 17.; 17s 1st I'M 198 55 and up 136 137 139 142 145 149 153 158 163 168 17.; 17s |s| I'M 198 ! Relation of Juvenile to Adult Build. This adjustment was not always necessary, first, because in not ■ few cases the children were of an adult age and the data for the build of the parents, now dead, were given for the same a cond, exam- 20 build: definition and ontogeny. ination of such developmental curves as are shown in figure 6 strongly indicates that when the parents are of slender build, and the children are of slender build at the age of 25 years younger than the parents, the increase in weight of the children will not usually follow the actuarial tables. The actuarial tables, indeed, represent only the average increase, and this average is made of a population that does not increase its weight at all when it grows older (fig. 6) and a popu- Table 7. — Graded average weight of women of different stat ures i it various ages. [Copied from Table IX of " Medico-actuarial mortality investigations."] m CD tn CD .a . en cu J3 .G CQ CD J3 73 CO 00 CD so CD GO a J3 CO o CO CD J3 m o GO CD o o a c C. 1 o o CJ u o o "o _C _fl Age, _c a a C .s c _c a .s « o ",_, years. 00 o o ^3 t-3 Ol CO "* lO CO t- cc S3 — " 43 o o <*- 43 CD CD +3 CD a 43 CD a +3 0) cd 43 o 43 o cu 43 o o 43 o 43 0> o ■3 o CD 43 CU CD 43 CD CD 43 CD CD 43 4 CD 4- CD CD ■* ■* ^ •o lO lO o lO ITS "O >o lO lO »c lO CO 15 101 103 105 106 107 109 112 115 118 122 126 130 134 138 142 147 152 16 102 104 106 108 109 111 114 117 120 124 128 132 136 139 143 148 153 ; 17 103 105 107 109 111 113 116 119 122 125 129 133 137 140 144 149 154 18 104 106 108 110 112 114 117 120 123 126 130 134 138 141 145 150 155 19 105 107 109 111 113 115 118 121 124 127 131 135 139 142 146 151 155 20 106 108 110 112 114 116 119 122 125 128 132 136 140 143 147 151 156 21 107 109 111 113 115 117 120 123 126 129 133 137 141 144 148 152 156 i 22 107 109 111 113 115 117 120 123 126 129 133 137 141 145 149 153 157 23 108 110 112 114 116 118 121 124 127 130 134 138 142 146 150 153 157 24 109 111 113 115 117 119 121 124 127 130 134 138 142 146 150 154 158 25 109 111 113 115 117 119 121 124 128 131 135 139 143 147 151 154 158 26 110 112 114 116 118 120 122 125 12S 131 135 139 143 147 151 155 159 27 110 112 114 116 118 120 122 125 129 132 136 140 144 148 152 155 159 28 111 113 115 117 119 121 123 126 130 133 137 141 145 149 153 156 160 29 111 113 115 117 119 121 123 126 130 133 137 141 145 149 153 156 160 30 112 114 116 118 120 122 124 127 131 134 138 142 146 150 154 157 161 31 113 115 117 119 121 123 125 128 132 135 139 143 147 151 154 157 161 32 113 115 117 119 121 123 125 128 132 136 140 144 148 152 155 158 162 33 114 116 118 120 122 124 126 129 133 137 141 145 149 153 156 159 162 34 115 117 119 121 123 125 127 130 134 138 142 146 150 154 157 160 163 35 115 117 119 121 123 125 127 130 134 138 142 146 150 154 157 160 163 36 116 118 120 122 124 126 128 131 135 139 143 147 151 155 158 161 164 37 116 118 120 122 124 126 129 132 136 140 144 148 152 156 159 162 165 38 117 119 121 123 125 127 130 133 137 141 145 149 153 157 160 163 166 39 118 120 122 124 126 128 131 134 138 142 146 150 154 158 161 164 167 40 119 121 123 125 127 129 132 135 138 142 146 150 154 158 161 164 167 41 120 122 124 126 128 130 133 136 139 143 147 151 155 159 162 165 168 42 120 122 124 126 128 130 133 136 139 143 147 151 155 159 162 166 169 43 121 123 125 127 129 131 134 137 140 144 148 152 156 160 163 167 170 44 122 124 126 128 130 132 135 138 141 145 149 153 157 161 164 168 171 45 122 124 126 128 130 132 135 138 141 145 149 153 157 161 164 168 171 46 123 125 127 129 131 133 136 139 142 146 150 154 158 162 165 169 172 47' 123 125 127 129 131 133 136 139 142 146 151 155 159 163 166 170 173 48 124 126 128 130 132 134 137 140 143 147 152 156 160 164 167 171 174 49 124 126 128 130 132 134 137 140 143 147 152 156 161 165 168 172 175 50 125 127 129 131 133 135 138 141 144 148 152 156 161 165 169 173 176 51 125 127 129 131 133 135 138 141 144 148 152 157 162 166 170 174 177 52 125 127 129 131 133 135 138 141 144 148 152 157 162 166 170 174 177 53 125 127 129 131 133 135 138 141 144 148 152 157 162 166 170 174 177 54 125 127 129 131 133 135 138 141 144 148 153 158 163 167 171 174 177 55 125 127 129 131 133 135 138 141 144 148 153 158 163 167 171 174 177 1 JUVENILE AND ADUI/T Bl OjD. 21 lation that increases its weight at a much faster rate than indicated in the actuarial tables (fig. 3). Consequently, no adjustment is made to the given weights of the children whose parents are Blender. In the case where one parent was slender and one fat, the adjustment is still made in the build of all the children. This procedure, undoubt- edly, introduces an error which, so far as I sec. can not be avoided. Baldwin (1921, p. 74) states that "as a general rule heavy children remain relatively heavy during the period studied"; and his develop- mental curves of individual children show that the same persistence of the juvenile build is commonly true for children of Blight weight. It is striking how often the children of heavy parents will be heavy even in youth, and conversely, children of exceptionally great weight are apt to retain, and add to, their build. Chambers (1850, pp. 139-143) cites the following cases of early familial obesity: A boy of 3 years weighs 39.5 kg. (87 pounds) ; his i; sisters and brothers are obese. A girl of 5 years 5 months weighs 89 kg. (196 pounds); obesity on both sides of the house. A boy of 16 weighs 114 kg. (252 pounds) ; there is collateral heredity. A striking case of early obesity persisting to maturity is that of Miss Allen (plate 8). On the other hand, it is often strikingly true that in families with a tendency to fleshy build some of the children will remain slender until 20 or 25 years and then begin to grow fat. The metabolic changes that induce fatness first appear in later life. PART II. MASS STUDIES IN HEREDITY OF ADULT BUILD. It is a matter of common observation that in some families the parents and children are all slender; in others, there may be many examples of obesity. Worthington (1877, p. 50) cites a number of examples from C. Bouchard. A woman of 45 years weighs 107 kg. (236 pounds); her obesity began shortly after marriage; her father is very obese and her mother obese. A woman of 49 years, whose father is a Turk and whose mother is French, weighs 117 kg. or about 258 pounds; her mother was obese. A woman of 115 kg. or about 250 pounds has an obese mother and two sisters who were obese in infancy ; also a gouty mother's father and father's father. The following, from Chambers (1850), show obesity "on both sides of the house": Male of 28 years, 120 kg. (266 pounds); woman of 48 years, 127 kg. (280 pounds); woman of 52 years, 98.4 kg. (217 pounds) ; man of 57 years, 227 kg. (500 pounds) ; woman of 58 years, 104 kg. (231 pounds): woman of 68 years, 118 kg. (260 pounds); woman of 70 years, 107 kg. (238 pounds). In many other cases cited by Chambers, one parent of the obese patient was obese. Howard (1908, p. 54) cites the case of a 7-year-old girl, 45.5 inches (115.6 cm.) tall, who weighed 40 kg. (88 pounds), had a pendulous abdomen, and was feeble-minded. Her sibs were not abnormal and her parents were of average build. One of her great uncles weighs 127 kg. (280 pounds), an uncle, at 40 years, about 109 kg., and an aunt of 31 years. 95 kg. (210 pounds). This case is instructive because of the skipping of a generation. In the class of obese cases known as adiposis dolorosa, heredity is usually obvious. Price (1909) cites a case of an obese woman of 48 years and weighing 140 kg. (310 pounds) who belongs to a fraternity of 7; 1 was a miscarriage, 2 died young of accident, 1 died at 22 of typho-pneumonia, 1 died young of scarlet fever, and 1 brother is large and rheumatic. The father seems to have been of average build and the mother is stated to have been "very thin." Of her sibs, 6 were fleshy or very fleshy, 1 medium, and 1 slender; the children of these fleshy sibs of the mother are "all stout." Lyon (1910, p. 68) discusses heredity in adiposis dolorosa and lipomatosis and cites a considerable number of cases of family recur- rence in his cases and others. Thus he twice treated a father and his son for multiple fatty tumors; also twice a mother and daughter. Lyon's obese case No. 5 was like her 3 sisters and 1 daughter; a son of her father's brother showed similar fatty deposits. 10 other instances of family recurrence of abnormal fat deposit are cited. 22 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM. 23 Maranon and Bonilla I L920) cite the ca» of a girl of is years who was slender, like her parents, until after an attack of Byphilis, when she came to weigh 157 kg. or 350 pounds, while her height was 160 cm., her chest-girth 130 cm., and that of her abdomen L50 cm. oi 90 per cent of her height. She had a very large brother, and both mother's parents were obese, though the parents were not known to be so. Such examples might be multiplied indefinitely. Our problem is not what arc all the causes of this diversity <»t' build, but rather in how far do genetical factors play a part in this diversity. We are not oblivious to the fact that there are many factors responsi- ble for the result — deviation from the average build. These we -hall consider in detail in a later section, and the consideration will help us to see the limits to the action of the genetical factors. Before going on to that, we shall have to consider more in detail the nature of the facts for which an explanation has to be sought. METHODS AND MATERIALS. The method of analyzing the genetic factors in build is that of tabulating the distribution of aberrant builds in the family network. There is required, first, a large mass of family data which includes many extreme or aberrant types of build, and which is as reliable and as accurately quantitative as possible; secondly, this has to be sub- jected to the ordinary methods of genetic analysis. The available material has consisted of data on stature and weight given in the Records of Family Traits which constitute a fair sample of the population; and of quantitative data on special schedules giving stature and weight of a fraternity, its parents, uncles and aunts, and grand-parents. These special schedules had been mailed to an address list of overweight and underweight persons obtained through the kind cooperation of Mr. Arthur Hunter. Those who returned the schedules showed an especial appreciation of the require- ments of our study. A third source w T as the A file of the Eugenics Record Office, where are gathered miscellaneous pedigrees <»t families showing aberrancy in build. A fourth and especially valuable source was the field work of Miss Louise A. Nelson, of the Eugenics 1!' cord Office; this started with selected, usually obese, cases. After the data had been assembled and tabulated, a certain amount of correspondence and personal visitation was undertaken m cider to secure a confirmation or revision of the records in hand. In some cases this brought to light errors in the records, in others LSeful details. Naturally, it was not possible t<> Becure a revision of all of the data used, but an attempt was made to select only records that had been compiled with care and conscientiousness, and these traits in the compiler reveal themselves pretty clearly to a person who I 24 MASS STUDIES IN BUILD. examined thousands of these records, just as carelessness is revealed also by slipshod speech or posture. For our study we desire the data of stature and weight for children, parents, and grand-parents. With some exceptions only those families are studied in which all these data are accurately given. Also, only children who are above 18 years of age can be utilized, because stature changes so rapidly until that age. However, since it is build and not stature we are studying, the fact of increase of stature from 19 to 21 years of age affects the result very little. Finally, in a certain propor- tion of the cases the stature and weight of all of the grand-parents are not given quantitatively. Such families are utilized, nevertheless, with such quantitative data as may have been afforded. The data were taken from the Records of Family Traits by Miss Miriam Kortright, who long assisted in our statistical work. The computations of index of build were made by Miss Kortright and Mr. William Kraus, Miss Laura Craytor, and Miss Margaret Andrus, who checked one another's work. The tabulation and seriations of the indices were done by Misses Margaret Babcock and Katharine Belzer. THE ADULT INDEX OF BUILD. In an earlier section of this paper the question of the best index of build has been discussed generally. It was pointed out that many regard it as a truism that build is a relation of volume to stature. Since the volume of a person's body is rarely known, and it is difficult to determine it, weight has been substituted for volume. However, this substitution assumes that specific gravity is the same for slender and for fat persons; but this is not at all the case. The specific gravity of a fat person is about that of water (0.978 to 1.079 in 4 children 7 to 13 years of age, Meeh, 1879, and 1.014 in a 61-year-old man of 98 km. weight, Mies, 1899) ; of a thin person it may be 5 to 8 per cent above that of water (1.049 to 1.082 for thin convicts, Mies, 1899). This variable specific gravity complicates the attempt to infer volume from weight. In view of these difficulties it were better to measure build by a relation of chest diameter (or circumference) to stature. But this ratio can not be used in our studies, since our data, for the most part, give only weight and stature and not chest- girth. It remains thus to determine the closest relation between weight and chest-girth. This determination I have attempted to make for 100 young men, 20 to 25 years of age, measured at Harvard University where they were students. It will hardly be worth while to reproduce the detailed tables of measurements and ratios, but they will be found summarized in table 8. In this table is given the fre- quency of occurrence of each of the different ratios (or rather classes of ratios) found using chest-girth in first, second, and third powers as ADULT INDEX OF Bl ELD. 25 a divisor. If weight varied exactly with the chest-girth, then the ratio of the former to the latter should remain constant. Such a Btricl relation is hardly to be expected and, of course, is doI found. The ratios obtained show a certain variability aboul the mean condition, and this variability is measured by the standard deviation. Similarly, if each weight be divided in turn by the second and third powi stature, and the corresponding variability of the ratios be considered, we shall have a method of deciding whether weighl varies more closely with the first, second, or third power of chest-girth, and which of those powers gives in its fluctuations the best measure of the cor- responding fluctuations in weight. Table 8. — Variability of weight in relation to the second and third found in 100 Harvard students. [/, frequency of occurrence of the given index-class.] Weight Weighl Weight chest-girth chost-girth- chest-girth 1 / / / 610 to 619 1 690 to 700 1 711 to 720 1 640 649 3 711 720 1 761 77(i 3 660 669 2 731 740 1 791 800 3 670 679 4 741 750 1 sill sm 3 680 689 6 751 760 5 811 820 3 690 699 2 761 770 2 821 830 3 700 709 7 771 780 4 831 B40 3 710 719 6 781 790 11 841 850 5 720 729 4 791 800 10 s.m 860 1 730 739 10 801 810 7 861 870 in 740 749 7 811 820 9 871 880 6 750 759 7 821 830 8 881 890 8 760 769 6 831 840 5 891 BOO 5 770 779 4 Ml 850 3 901 910 5 780 789 7 851 860 4 911 920 3 790 799 5 861 870 9 921 930 2 800 809 2 871 880 3 931 940 1 810 819 3 881 890 4 941 950 1 820 829 3 891 900 3 951 960 4 830 S3!) 3 901 910 4 961 970 4 S4I) S49 4 921 930 2 '.-71 850 859 1 951 960 1 981 990 1 870 879 1 961 971) ■> 99] 1000 900 909 1 L001 1010 • • 920 929 1 1031 L040 mil 1050 Una in7(i 1111 1120 1 1 •> 1 So- -rjpi" cm" cm cm' cm cm cm cm cm «\i ro csic^firofncidnron nm^ni*. | VERY SLENDER | SLENDER | MEDIUM FLESHY VERY FLESHY Fig. 7. — Polygon of frequency of the various indices of build (weight : stature 1 ). Prom last column of table 12, with slight modifications. is, the range of weight classes is three times as great abi below the mean. Plotting data in logarithmic fashion, as shown in figun 7 it appears that the modal index of build is 2.3 (33). The range is from 1.4 (20) to 4.5 (64). Using the logarithms of abscissa 1 , t In- curve is more nearly a symmetrical one. It is more irregular above than below the mode, because the classes are more numerous and the frequency of each class smaller. The presence of two mod< gestive of the hypothesis that the medium class and probably the fleshy classes are not strictly homogeneous, but, on the contrary, coin- prise groups of individuals whose build is due to dissimilar factors, Of sets of factors. Table 9. — The five standard classes of build; limits and middle point Class. Range <>f int li- Metric. iah. i . Very slender (V. S.) 1 i.i to 1 sii _'n U>26.4 1.8] 2 1 1 2 15 2 66 2 ".7 3 06 21 4i' i- M;< ■liuni (M.I Fleshy (F.) Very fleshy (V. F.) 3 . 06 4 50+ B M 28 MASS STUDIES IN BUILD. To derive the desired classes from figure 7, the polygon was some- what arbitrarily divided into five parts, as indicated. Taking 33.5 as a starting-point, an equal logarithmic distance was laid off, above and below this point, on the base-line. This was taken as the range of middle class. An equal logarithmic range was accorded the classes next above and below the median respectively. All of the remainders were thrown into the extreme classes to which are given, thus, a somewhat greater range than the interior classes. This seemed desira- ble, since their frequencies were so low. The adjusted classes finally adopted are as shown in table 9. SIGNIFICANCE OF VARIATIONS IN BUILD. What is the meaning of the great variations of build described in the preceding paragraph? What is known in this matter may here be briefly summarized that it may be held in mind in considering the numerous cases to which we shall have occasion to refer. In general, it may be stated that variations in build are due to endogenous causes and exogenous causes. In this book we shall have occasion to examine especially the former — the constitutional or hereditary factors. These include idiosyncrasies of metabolism, in part controlled by peculiarities in the functioning of the endocrine glands; in part, probably, by even finer protoplasmic differences. Thus it is known that the thyroid gland greatly influences metabolism; its activity in growing children tends to produce tall and slender form. On the other hand, deficiency in its activity in childhood leads to the type of obesity known as cretinism, and in middle life to myxedema. The secretions of the pituitary gland cooperate with the thyroid in stimulating growth, especially in the preadolescent stage. When pituitary secretions are deficient there frequently results, it is believed, the adiposogenital syndrome, in which great masses of fat are deposited on breasts, abdomen, hips, and buttocks, and the gonads remain infantile. A case that quite certainly belongs to this cate- gory is shown by Beck (1922, p. 881) and reproduced in plate 8, figures 3, 4, 5 ; 3 of this man's 4 sibs are fleshy and have scant beards. This is quite like our standard very fleshy case (plate 2, fig. 5). See, also, the extreme cases falling under this category described by Lyon, 1910. Lesions of the pineal gland (Beck, 1922, p. 909) and of the gonads are stated in some cases to induce obesity. Certain it is that, on the other hand, the activity of the gonads tends to slow up growth in stature and to increase the chest circumference (plate 6), and this change is more marked in the male than the female. The exogenous causes of build are striking, so much so that many physiologists seem to accept the hypothesis that they are of sole importance, that excess of fat is due merely to excess of calories ingested over those concerned in bodily activity. While no one will SIGNIFICANCE OF VARIATION IN BllU). deny the possibility of starving most fleshy persona thin or of incn ing the weight of most adults by an excess of food, ye\ it i- also obvious that two persons of the same stature and fed equal amounts of similar food may come to differ enormously, due to interna] con- ditions, sometimes of glandular origin and sometimes dependent upon, or at least associated with, disease. DISEASES IN RELATION TO Bl I LI). As just stated, it is frequently true that build is influenced perma- nently by disease. To test the influence of disease on. or association of diseases with, different types of build, a tabulation was made of the diseases recorded (in the Records of Family Traits. Eugenics Table 10— Incidence of disease in relation t» build. Diagnosis of disease. In 10,000 of stand- ard population. [a persona of selected build. 1. No. of cases. Per cent afflicted. :;. No. of cases 4. Per oent afflicted in (i'.l V. 8. pop- ulation. 6 i: itio of (■.il. 1 to col. •-*. Vert Slender Build. YOUTH. Influenza Tuberculosis 7 24 48 10 L30 58 "7 .24 I'- ll' 1.30 58 2 2 :; 2 6 •j 2 Bl 2 Bl 1 2 81 _' Bl 10 1 1 11 70 - in J Colds MIDDLE AGE. Melancholia Nervousness Tuberculosis Slender Build. youth. Fo\'ers 4 10 28 11 •_'4 104 53 165 71 117 150 281 :{ i 23 68 94 139 138 ii 04 .10 28 11 24 1 04 53 1 65 71 1 17 1 60 2 81 2 63 03 04 68 94 1 1 1 38 1 9 13 6 Hi 30 12 34 15 16 19 29 25 ■ » • • 9 16 22 Per cent afflicted in 737 S. popu- lation. n 542 1 22 1 76 ON l 36 1 n7 1 62 t 61 2 2 17 2 57 Hi7 «o7 1 J JO 00 10 170 13 66 12 -•'» 28 16 A 91 :< I :t 1 - 1 71 1 1 1 i 1 1 10 17 :. 14 16 i M l 67 Adenoids Appendicitis Anemia Tuberculosis Bronchitis Pneumonia Nervous breakdown . . . . Rheumatism Diphthoria Scarlet Fever Typhoid fevor . . . MIDDLE AUK. Anemia Intestinal trouble. Appendicitis. . Heart disease Pneumonia Typhoid fever 30 MASS STUDIES IN BUILD. Table 10— Incidence of disease in relation to build — Continued. Diagnosis of disease. In 10,000 of stand- ard population. In persons of selected build. 1. No. of cases. 2. Per cent afflicted. 3. No. of cases. 4. Per cent afflicted in 543 F. popu- lation. 5. Ratio of col. 4 to col. 2. Fleshy Build. YOUTH. Adenoids 10 281 253 165 0.10 2.81 2.53 1.65 3 36 28 17 0.553 6.642 5.166 3.136 55.30 2.36 2.04 1.90 Scarlet fever Tvphoid fever Pneumonia MIDDLE AGE. Hernia 8 9 10 10 23 6 13 16 49 94 22 27 18 38 31 51 139 43 138 74 349 0.08 .09 .10 .10 .23 .06 .13 .16 .49 .94 .22 .27 .18 .38 .31 .51 1 39 .43 1.38 .74 3.49 ■7 1 6 6 6 12 3 5 6 18 34 8 S 5 9 7 10 27 8 22 11 37 Per cent afflicted in 542 F. indi- viduals. 1.29 1.10 1.10 1.10 2.22 0.55 0.92 1.10 3.38 6.28 1.47 1.47 0.92 1.66 1.29 1.84 4.98 1.47 4.06 2.03 6.82 16.00 12.22 11.00 11.00 9.65 9.17 7.11 6.88 6.80 6.69 6.68 5.44 5.13 4.37 4.16 3.61 3.58 3.42 2.95 2.74 1.95 Arterio-sclerosis Bladder trouble Measles Appendicitis Eczema Hemorrhoids Liver trouble Paralvsis Heart trouble Gallstones Apoplexy Tumor Erysipelas Cancer Pneumonia Malaria Typhoid fever Kidnev trouble Rheumatism Very Fleshy Build, youth. Pneumonia 165 14 15 37 74 51 94 139 43 138 349 1.65 0.14 .15 .37 .74 .51 .94 1.39 .43 1.38 3.49 7 3 3 5 8 4 6 8 2 6 10 Per cent afflicted in 103 V. F. popu- lation. 6.79 2.91 2.91 4.85 7.76 3.88 5.S2 7.76 1.94 5.82 9.70 4.115 20.80 19.40 11.40 10.60 7.61 6.20 5.6 4.5 4.2 2.8 middle age. Dropsy Stomach trouble Apoplexy Kidney trouble Heart disease. . . . Pneumonia Malaria Tvphoid fever Rheumatism Very slender build: A. Youth; expectation for cases of measles, 2; found, none. Slender build: A. Youth; expectation for cases of whooping-cough, 7; chicken-pox, 4; colds, 4, croup, 3. Cases found, none. B. Middle Age; expectation for cases of eye trouble, 30, erysipelas, 24, tonsillitis, 23, and apoplexy, 21. Cases found, none. Fleshy build: A. Youth; expectation for cases of ear trouble, 19, lung trouble, 18. Cases found, none. B. Middle age; expectation for cases of throat trouble, 5. Cases found, none. DISEASES AND Bill.!). 31 Record Office) as occurring during youth and during middle age in 10,000 fairly well described persons. This constituted the control. Then there was determined for our groups of very Blender, Blender, fleshy, and very fleshy, the incidence of disease. The ratio of the per- centage incidence of the latter to the former was then calculated. In table 10 is given in sum many of the results found for i he principal diseases. This table may now be briefly discussed. Persons of very slender build are characterized in youth by an excess of respiratory diseases — influenza, tuberculosis, and colds. In middle age they show an excess of melancholia, nervousness, and tuberculosis. In 737 persons of slender build there are found in youth many dis- eases in excess of normal incidence. These comprise diseases of the respiratory tract — tuberculosis, tonsillitis, bronchitis, pneumonia: BOme nervous diseases, "nervous breakdown"; various general infections, such as "fevers," appendicitis, anemia, "rheumatism," diphtheria, scarlet and typhoid fevers. One might conclude that slender youth are relatively nonresistant to infections. In slender persons there is found in middle age an excess of tuberculosis and pneumonia, much appendicitis and intestinal trouble, and (as also in youth I anemia. These associations of slender build and disease are not alwa to interpret. The common idea of the tubercular diathesis compi slender form. On the other hand, a person who has, or has recovi from, active pulmonary tuberculosis is apt to remain underweight, partly because the respiratory apparatus is damaged. The associa- tion of "nervousness" with slenderness is probably due to the double effect of some glandular dystrophy, as, for example, of the thyroid gland. Hyperthyroid individuals are usually tall, slender, and "ner- vous" or irritable. In 103 persons of very fleshy build, the only outstanding disease of youth is pneumonia. In middle age occur "kidney trouble." "dropsy" (which often accompanies chronic nephritis), and apoplexy, which is sometimes caused by extra pressure on the blood-vessels resulting from impeded elimination from the kidney or to a diabetic tendency which puts extra work on the vessels. 'Heart disease" is also com- moner than usual. In iA'l persons of fleshy build, "bladder trouble" (probably includ- ing diabetes) and kidney trouble are exceptionally frequent, also arterio-sclerosis and its accompaniments, apoplexy and paralysis Hernia is frequent, as are various diseases of the digestive tract, such as appendicitis, hemorrhoids, liver trouble, and gallstoni B. Th< are doubtless not the cause of, but a consequence or concomitant overweight. Sibilant bronchitis, lithiasis (uric and biliarci. and dia- betes mellitus are mentioned, in addition to the above, by li< (1920, p. 31) as especially apl to be as ited with obesity. 32 MASS STUDIES IN BUILD. Table 11 —Distribution of progeny of the different matings according to index of buHd; males and females tabulated separately. [From Appendix tables, omitting starred families.] 2 Distribution of male progeny. Index of bu (English) co X M > 3 > fa X> CO"- 1 > CO>_ xi> CO x> 02 fa fH >— 1 CO ^ fa CO 3 2 fa fa x* 2 fa HH 1— 1 fa^ fa >> fa fa > fa* > "3 o 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 79 103 > index of build; i andfemalee tabulated separately— Continm d [From Appendix tables, omitting i tarred fam lies.] Index of build (English) Distribution of female progeny. o» — c 1 - - CO 1 - 1 > > ft, x> DC M > 0Q •^ i— ( x> i— i 'id 1—l — X> 1st Xh 02 s 2 fa — - -- X* - - >> - > > o» 1 o H 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 68 79 103 i 1 J 2 14 13 21 41 47 71 65 71 1 65 42 31 23 14 21 10 11 8 <■ 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 12 16 .'4 69 -' ll" 159 17s 14a 154 142 102 7'.. 38 42 28 18 12 16 6 7 6 7 - t, 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 3 3 4 1 2 1 1 2 3 2 11 10 10 22 18 12 9 10 7 3 2 2 :i 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 3 1 1 5 6 8 2 11 4 2 2 3 5 5 1 1 3 1 1 2 1 1 2 i i l 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 7 10 15 12 14 12 9 19 14 7 10 3 5 2 l 4 5 9 9 15 20 13 13 20 8 7 5 6 1 2 1 2 1 2 • > 2 4 6 4 '.» 4 2 4 2 2 2 J 2 1 1 1 1 2 6 :i 2 2 1 8 9 s 7 2 6 2 7 .i 8 1 2 1 1 1 i 2 4 1 4 2 3 2 2 2 3 4 2 .-. : i 3 1 1 3 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 ! l i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ■ • • • 1 1 1 ■ • • • ' I 1 1 6 17 13 18 134 67 11 149 140 43 t, m;i Avg. 9 . 34.54 ±0.17 S. D. 9 , 5.133 ± 0.089 The one clear conclusion from this study is ilia! no MH2.lt* diai and no special single collection of disease- i- exclusively responsible for exceptionally slender or except idiiallv fleshy build. The variation! in build are due primarily rather to various idiosyncrasies of develop- ment and metabolism which have largely an hereditary basis, upon which may be superimposed modifications by various types of dig) :i-» 34 MASS STUDIES IN BUILD. 00 ca .O O H 8 S. R. ""* S o «J oo e -© O 00 H -T3 H 5 8^ e s~ II 11 _ © to ©5 e 8 8 <» S3S © fa. 8 5 •^ 8 CN K ►J < "3 c CO o CO Tf O C5 CO h N M O X o o> x co •* ci CM CO 05 X OOIMO r-H > X fa > X fa > t>. CJ ■* ^H CO CM CM ?— ( • CM CM > rH X fa >■ X r_ o co C5 CM • r-H OJ ■* to a c qc o CO X X CO X fa X fa CM 05 CO CO CO fH CM X Tfl T}< CO Tt< CM t> t^ i— 1 r-i ^H CO r-l t^ O 1— ( X fa > X o o CO ■ CM FH CO CO CD 05 X CM CM CO O! U) H K) t— » i— i X fa X CO CO ■* i—i •* N. CO iO O CO tH CO O H fl 1 X CO 05 1-H HHN M*«OHNH CM CO i<3 CM M >-* > fa X CO CO ^ ~< CM CO — CM t~ M CO 05 -T 1 X CO CO rH CI — i — CO tJ< CS CO r^ r-H i— i > X r. o 00 o Tf CM -h CO X ^H ^H ^H C5 05 lO CO •* i-i CO CO CO CI CO CM > X X X OS Ol CO CN ~* "tf oo ^h CO CO CO CO l.0 N > i— i fa X > CM CO lO ^H CM »-H ^H ^H CO CO OJ CI -^ ^H CM M t-H X > oo X T— 1 H H HC3 01 ■^ CO CO CM 01 — 1 1— 1 1— I X DO > r— 1 CO ^ rH rH CO >-H ^H i-H rH H ^H 6 J 'C a> CO '-P S3 a *~ c o a >> H 2 .a c ® > SO 1 O 6 01 CO -"t 1 iO CM CM CM CM ONXOIO CM CM CM CM 00 hNCO^iOO CO CO CO CO CO CO t^ X OS o co co co ■* HEREDITY. oo co o c> to o r>- o r~ ri « ■4C4HH I - - I- r . -r / r. — i i : i : 7 -H * -H l-l f -N — :i :i r - r. 4] 7\ if. ~ — " / 3 = 2 r — •■ - r — - / .- — i - -. - ~ ■ - 1 - — < ~i ro Tf o o h- A ~ ~ — -i :? — '" - t- r 3 a g : - i. - - — - > << 1. • 2_ 5 - 36 MASS STUDIES IN BUILD. MASS STUDY OF VARIATION AND HEREDITY IN RUILD. Having considered the classification and something of the causes of variation in build, we have now to consider the relation between the build of the parents and that of the progeny. This is the mass treatment of the data of "heredity" which was the prevailing method 25 years ago and earlier. It is still a useful method in the case of traits due to multiple factors, such as the present one. The distribution of build in the children of the different matings is given in tables 11, 11a, and 12. There are 15 possible different com- binations of matings of the five grades. The first of these (VS X VS) is not represented in our data, and the fifth, VS X VF, is represented by only one mating and no column is devoted to it. The frequencies are given separately for male and female offspring (table 11), and again for both sexes together (table 12). Table 13 shows that there is a considerable correlation between the average build of the parent- age and that of the progeny. From the matings of the fleshier parents the progeny are fleshier; from those of slender parents, slenderer. This relation may conceivably be due to family tradition handed down from parents to children. We shall see later that this hypothesis meets with formidable difficulties to acceptance. The most reason- able hypothesis is that there are, above all, hereditary family tend- encies that help determine build. Comparing the tables for male and female offspring, it appears, first, that there are, for some reason, more males than females about whom data of build are given, probably because more males than females know their stature and weight, or willingly record it ; second, there are relatively more females than males of very slender build (grades 22 to 31) ; there are recorded relatively more very fleshy males than females (grades of 50 and above) ; third, there are relatively more recorded daughters than sons derived from one very slender parent, and from the F X F and M X M matings. The male progeny are more variable than the female as 5.325 ± 0.084 is to 5.133 ± 0.089; but the difference is less than three times the probable error, and is, consequently, not very significant. Considering next the table of total progeny of the various matings, it appears that the average number of children with recorded build from the recorded matings is variable. In descending order the fecundity of the matings is shown in table 14. This table shows that larger families, on the average, were derived from fleshy parents than from slender parents. Thus the F X F matings yield 2.3 times as many children, on the average, per mating as the S X S matings. keorkssion. 37 REGRESSION OF PROGENY TOWARD MEDIOCRITY. Galton pointed out, in the case of stature, that, since correlation between parents and progeny is not perfect, the progeny of selected parents will tend to be less extremely selected and hence more nearly mediocre than their parents. It has, indeed, been shown in my Btudiee on stature (1917, p. 341 ) that the progeny of tall parents do do! shew this regression to mediocrity as much as the progeny of short parents. This was regarded as evidence that the gametes of tall parents carried fewer recessive allelomorphs than those of short parents; hence were genetically ''purer" and comprise more recessive factors. What is the condition in respect to the varying indices of build? Table 13. — Distribution of progeny of the various matings, according t<> classes of build, absolute numbers, and proportions, based on Appendix table, including starred f am Type of mating. Total No. of children. 1 Absolute numbers. Proportional frequence (per nulla). VS. S. M. F. \ 1 va s. M. F. \ 1 No. 11 VS x S III VS x M IV VS x F VI Sx S VII S x M VIII SxF IX S x VF X M x M XI M x F XII M x VF XIII FxF XXV FxVF XV VF x VF Total 20 28 25 51 313 170 50 332 346 112 159 1 If. 37 4 1 1 5 5 2 2 1 12 7 5 35 49 25 7 40 31 7 15 7 2 17 10 11 200 85 18 201 210 50 62 52 12 2 3 7 2 200 ■AC, 40 98 28 6 is 7 600 250 200 est; I. -.: 140 140 121 90 63 94 IS 100 i,ii7 400 215 639 475 360 605 111 10 446 390 too 100 Ki7 280 30 53 57 17 82 S.N 36 61 51 s 11 7 8 7 17 17 21 35 10 169 35 318 39 340 160 247 21 l-.i 19 Jin '1,7 1798 Table 14. — Average number of progi ny yielded '>.'/ melt type of muting (basal on table IS). Mating. No. of children. Mating. No. -f children. VS x F :. 00 - < F 3 16 FxF 4.72 - Y 1 09 VFx VF 4 29 - M 3 <>.< M X VF 3 7(i M < F .' 98 MX M 3 55 VS x s 2 77. VS x M 3 50 - - 2 1 F x VF 3 •!.". The answer to this question is given in table 15, which in turn is based on table 12. This table shows for each of the IS matings t In- average departure of the parents from mediocre build (which for the 38 MASS STUDIES IN BUILD. parents is 34.86) and the corresponding departure of their offspring from mediocre build (which for the progeny is 35.24). In the right- hand column of the table is given the difference between these two departures, which measures the amount of regression toward medi- ocrity on the part of the progeny. The results of the last column are shown graphically in figure 8. Table 15. — Average build and regression from parental average of the progeny of the various types of mating. Also matings arranged in order of regression. Sexes combined (based on table 12). Departure Departure Type of No. of No. of Avg. build Avg. build of parents of progeny Regression. mating. matings. progeny. of parents. of progeny. from from mediocrity. mediocrity. VSx s 4 11 26.13 28.55 ± .86 - 8.73 - 6.69 + 2.04 VS X M 8 28 28.38 32.18 ± .54 - 6.48 - 3.06 + 3.42 VSx F 5 25 32.00 35.04 ± .83 - 2.86 - 0.20 + 2.66 SxS 23 47 29.77 28.47 ± .24 - 5.09 - 6.77 - 1.68 Sx M 101 306 30.90 34.01 ± .16 - 3.96 - 1.23 + 2.73 Sx F 49 155 33.85 34.39 ± .22 - 1.01 - 0.85 + 0.16 Sx VF 11 34 37.91 35.48 ± .51 + 3.05 + 0.24 + 2.81 M X M 92 327 33.23 34.79 ± .15 - 1.63 - 0.45 + 1.18 MX F 114 340 36.45 35.41 ± .16 + 1.59 + 0.17 + 1.42 M x VF 30 112 40.68 36 . 53 ± .38 + 5.82 + 1.29 + 4.53 Fx F 33 156 39.21 37.56 ± .29 + 4.35 + 2.32 + 2.03 Fx VF 30 100 42.97 38.49 ± .36 + 8.11 + 3.25 + 4.86 VF X VF Total... 7 30 47.43 39.20 ± .78 + 12.57 + 3.96 + 8.61 507 1671 34.86 35 . 24 Mediocrity for parents, 34.86. Mediocrity for progeny, 35.24.. Matings Arranged in Order of Regression. SxS - 1 . 68 F X F + 2 . 03 VS x M + 3.42 S X F +0.16 VS X S +2.04 M X VF + 4 . 53 M X M + 1 . IS VS X F + 2 . 66 F X VF + 4 . 86 M x F +1.42 S X M + 2 . 73 Sx VF+ 2.81 VF X VF + 8.61 Figure 8 shows clearly that, in spite of considerable irregularities, the line of regression descends from the matings of two very fleshy parents at the left, and in general from matings in which the average parental departure from the mean build of parents is positive, to the mating of two slender parents (or, less strikingly the VS X S mating) or in general to the matings in which the average parental departure is extremely negative. This result is most easily explained on the ground that whereas fleshy parents carry all sorts of gametes for build, slender parents carry a preponderance of gametes of their own kind; hence the progeny do not regress so much from the selected parental condition. This suggests that the slender parents are more nearly homozygous than the fleshy parents. REGRESSION. Still another test of the gametic composition of the parents ia the variability of their offspring. The facta regarding such variability are given in table 16. From this table il appears that the mating thai Table 16. — Progeny of the various tapes of mating* arranged in order of oariabUUy or ttandard deviation (8. D.), together with the probable errore I P. E. I of tht meant and d* also the coefficients of variation {based on tabh 1 : . Typo of mating. No. of progeny. Mean build of pro- geny and (P. I Standard di lion and (P I. I variabil S X M x Sx Sx VSx VSx s .. M. . F. . M . S.. M . M X F . . Sx VF. FxF.. Fx VF. VS X F . . VF X VF M X VF. 47 .327 loo 300 11 28 .340 34 157 100 25 30 112 2S 17 34.79 34 . 39 34.01 28.55 32.18 35.41 35.68 37.56 .3S 19 35.04 39.20 37.64 24 15 22 16 86 54 16 51 29 36 83 78 o ;.s 41 06 13 20 21 22 27 44 37 ::s (i is 6 31 9 11 0.17 it II ii L6 ii 11 it r,i 0.38 0.11 0.36 ii 20 27 59 55 41 - 11 u 12 14 13 '..7 67 in .;'. 7.'. 11 12 06 17 64 16 l" 24 17 yields the least variable progeny is that of two slender consorts. The variability in their progeny is measured by 2.41 ± 0.17. The varia- bility of the progeny of the VS X S mating is greater, 4.21 ± 0.61, ♦g ♦6 +7 , r •9 -> - +4 ♦3 ♦2 1 | i • -3 j / , i -1 i -1 2 *\ -10 -9 *! 1 - J +7 +6 + 5 +4 +3 *■', u_ c-y- 1 loll tr»u. > — oo->~l — «« o> " 1+0 -2-3-4 \ 5 / 6 -7 -8 -2 + 8 «>£ * Fig. 8. — Line of regression of progeny on*parents based on the difference betwi filial and parental departures from mediocrity. The ab» isure 1 1 1 . departure of each class of mating. The ordinates are proportional t<> the filial r.-k:rr- but on account of the small number of the progeny the probable error is large, and it is possible that this difference in variability between S X S and VS X S progeny is not a significant one Next to the least 40 MASS STUDIES IN BUILD. variable are the offspring of the M X M mating, 4.06 ± 0.11, and this leads to the conclusion that a large proportion of the M parents are not merely heterozygous, but constitute a "pure race" of medium build. The offspring of the S X F mating have a fairly small varia- bility 4.13 ± 0.16, as befits a first generation (Fi) hybrid. On the other extreme, we have the M X VF mating with a standard deviation of 9.11 ±0.41. This large standard deviation is due chiefly to the inclusion of one family (Ber-A) which contains 2 progeny of builds 79 and 103, weighing 180 kg. (400 pounds) and 215 kg. (475 pounds) respectively. Otherwise, the variability of this mating is not extreme. It is 5.25 ± 0.24. The next largest variability is from the VF X VF mating, 6.31 ± 0.55, a variability that is due to the absence of any important mode. The progeny of the VS X F mating are highly variable, 6.18 ± 0.59, but this standard deviation has the largest probable error of any except VS X S, so that great stress must not be laid upon its exact position. In general, the progeny of matings with 2 or 1 F or VF parents, belong to the more variable group and those with S (or VS) parents to the less variable group. The meaning of this is clear to the geneticist who has dealt with multiple factors. It indicates that some or all of the factors that make for fleshy build dominate to a greater or less degree over the factors for slenderness. The test of the regression of progeny toward mediocrity and the test of the variability of the progeny of the various matings thus lead to the same result — the factors for fleshiness are imperfectly dominant over those for slenderness, and the latter probably lack some or all of those factors that make for fleshy build. HYPOTHESIS. The foregoing brief studies of the progeny of classes of matings suggest the following hypothesis : Fleshy build results from the action of several positive (dominant) factors that make for stoutness, while slenderness results from the absence of one or more of such factors, or is due to recessive factors. Fleshy parents may, and frequently do, carry gametes which lack the "fleshy" or carry the "slender" factor, while in slender parents for the most part the gametes carry only the slender factor, hence the gametes of slender parents are more nearly homogeneous. This hypothesis may be further developed as follows: Assuming that there are two independent factors A and B for build, then these may be found in different zygotes in the following com- binations : AABB AaBB aABB aaBB AABb AaBb aABb aaBb AAbB AabB aAbB aabB AAbb Aabb aAbb aabb II VPOTHESIS. 41 Or, disregarding order of the letters, and considering only the number and kind of genes in each kind of zygote, we have: AABB 2AaBB aaBB 2AABh 4AaBb 2aaBb AAbb 2Aabb :t;d»l> in which the coefficients indicate the relative frequency of the different combinations. We may assume that : 4 positive factors in a zygote correspond to a very fleshy person 3 factors correspond to a fleshy person. 2 factors correspond to a person of medium build. 1 factor corresponds to a slender person. factor corresponds to a very slender person. Table 17 indicates the possible matings and their progeny. Table 17. — Percentage distribution of the progeny oj the various malinga, on the (uzunvption that extreme fleshy build is dependent upon 4 zygotic factors in I is. One parent Other parent Zygotic formula-. ( raxnetic Percentage <>f each aumber of zygotes in provjony. tormuise. vs I - 2 M 4 4 AABB x AABB AB x AB 100 4 3 AABB x AABb / AB x AB \ 1 AB x Al, 1 :,,! 4 2 WHBx AAbb ! \ \BB x AaKI, AB ■ Ab li in .Mi \B ■ AB 1 AB x Ab ] AB x aB [ AB x ab ■ 25 4 1 AABB x Aabb | AB x Ab \ \ AB x ab SO 50 4 AABB < aabb AB x ab inn 1 3 :5 \ \l'.l, ■ \ \BI, AB X AB ] AB • Ab Ab X AB Ab ■ \'. 25 3 2 AABb • V U>b \ \BI. • \ alii, AB X Ab M, ■ Ab AB ■ \B AB K Ab \B ■ aB \l'. ■ ab Ab X IB Ab • \ Ab X Ab ■ ab .-,11 1: 6 u 5 42 MASS STUDIES IN BUILD. Table 17. — Percentage distribution of the progeny of the various mating s, on the assumption that extreme fleshy build is dependent upon 4 zygotic factors in the parents — Con. One parent. Other parent. Zygotic formula?. Gametic Percentage of each number of zygotes in progeny. lormula?. (VS) 1 (S) 2(M) 3(F) 4 (VF) 3 1 AABb X Aabb ( AB x Ab j AB x ab I Ab X Ab [ Ab X ab 25 50 25 3 AABb X aabb / AB x ab \ \ Ab x ab / 50 50 2 2 'AAbb x AAbb AAbb X AaBb AaBb X AAbb < AaBb X AaBb Ab x Ab 100 50 50 37.5 < < ' Ab X AB ] Ab x Ab ( Ab X aB Ab X ab ' AB x Ab ] Ab x Ab 1 aB x Ab . ab x Ab J ' AB x AB ' AB x Ab AB x aB AB x ab 2Ab X AB 2Ab X Ab ! 2Ab X aB ' 2Ab X ab ab X AB ab X Ab ah x aB , ab X ab J 6.25 25 25 25 25 25 25 6.25 2 1 AAbb x Aabb J AABb x Aabb 1 1 I J Ab X Ab \ Ab X ab f ' AB x Ab ' Ab X Ab AB x ab Ab x ab aB x Ab f aB x aB ab X Ab ab X ab 12.5 50 37.5 50 37.5 12.5 2 AAbb X aabb AaBb X aabb Ab X ab f AB x ab 1 Ab x ab aB x ab ' [ ab X ab 25 100 50 25 1 1 Aabb X Aabb f Ab X Ab 1 Ab X ab ) ab X Ab ' ( ab X ab 50 50 1 Aabb x aabb f Abab \ abab 50 50 aabb X aabb 100 i 1 HYPOTHESIS. 43 Table 18. — Percentage distribution of the progeny of tin varioiu moMngt on the at that extreme flesh ii build it dependent on 6 zygotic factort m tin /«ir. No. of factors in Pera ntage of each ■ I. -- of i ■ One parent. Other parent. 6 .-. 1 J 1 || 6 6 inn 6 5 50 50 e 4 / 1IKI 50 { 25 25 6 3 \ 12.5 .50 37 . 5 50 37.5 12.5 6 2 / MX) 50 \ 25 25 6 1 50 •Ml 6 100 S 5 25 50 25 5 4 J \ 12.5 50 37 . 5 50 37.5 12.5 5 3 / 6.25 \ 25 25 37.5 50 25 25 6.25 5 2 {::::::::: 12.5 37.5 50 37.5 50 12.5 5 1 25 .50 25 5 50 50 4 4 f 6.25 25 25 25 37.5 ;,() 100 25 25 25 6.25 ::::::::: I 4 3 f 3.125 15.625 12.5 1 2 .'. 31.25 37.5 37.5 50 31.25 37 . 5 37 5 50 15.625 1 J 5 12 ■". 3.125 ::::::::: I 4 2 r 6.25 25 25 25 37.5 50 50 100 25 :■:. 25 6 25 \ 1 4 1 r 50 37.5 50 37.5 { 12.5 12.5 4 25 50 25 3 3 \ 1 . 5625 9.375 6.25 6.25 23.4375 25 25 25 31.25 37 . 5 37.5 .50 23.-).'w.-. 25 2.'. 25 9.375 6 25 1 . 51 1:::..... 8 2 r 3.125 16.625 12 :» 31.25 37 5 a: :, 50 31.25 :c :. 37 5 50 16.628 12 6 12 B 3 125 ... [.::...:.. 3 1 r ., ::, 25 (7 :> 50 25 25 6.6 { 3 /. . 12.5 .7 '■ 60 50 I 2 2 [ 6.25 25 37.5 50 Km 25 6 25 1::::::::: o 1 /. 12.5 :(7 .'. Ml 50 Mm {:.: 2 / 25 {::::::::: 1 1 25 50 25 1 50 60 100 44 MASS STUDIES IN BUILD. On the hypothesis of 6 zygotic factors for build, the possible com- binations in the progeny are much more numerous. Seven classes of zygotic combinations are possible. We recognize in our work only 5 classes of build. Accordingly, it would be necessary to redistribute our classes of build into 7 or else assume that the two lowest classes are both comprised in "very slender" and the two highest in "very fleshy." The former operation would require an amount of work hardly justified by the possible advantage; so the latter procedure was adopted as perhaps a sufficiently close approximation. The dis- tributions are given in table 18 which is given in detail only in part. MATE SELECTION IN BUILD. Statistics on temperament and stature of consorts (Davenport, 1915, p. 106; 1917, p. 329) seem clearly to show that there is an assortative mating in respect to these traits. The question arises: Is there assortative mating in respect to build? The inquiry is ren- dered the more difficult, inasmuch as build changes to such an extent with age. Nevertheless, as there appears to be a considerable corre- lation (though not yet calculated) between build at 25 and at 50 years, it is fair to assume that some degree of the mature build is already indicated at the period just before marriage. Table 19. — Percentage distribution of parents of each sex among the various classes of build as found in 531 selected matings. Based on Appendix tables. Classes. Males. Females. Frequency. Per cent. Frequency. Per cent. VS S M F VF Total . . 22 97 230 158 44 .38 18.27 43.31 29.75 8.29 18 127 210 120 56 3.39 23.92 39.55 22.59 10.55 531 100 531 100 If, now, there is no assortative mating in respect to build, we should find that persons of any given build, say slender, would have very slender, slender, medium, fleshy, and very fleshy consorts in the respec- tive proportions in which such classes of build occur in the whole population of parents. A marked deviation from this expectation would indicate the falseness of this hypothesis and that there is an assortative mating in respect to build. To test the hypothesis we can make use of 531 matings, including those which are employed in the main tables. We find the male and the female consorts in these matings to occur in the different classes in the numbers and proportions shown in table 19. MATE SELECTION. 45 In applying the test to the hypothesis we may assume in turn that the groom has done the selecting and that the bride has doi selecting. We then compare, in the selections made by the groon the expected proportion of the classes of build on the assumption of no assortative mating, with the proportions actually found in the brides. Similarly, with suitable changes for the selections made by the brides. The results are given in table 20. Table 20. — Percentage distribution of build of consorts selected In/ grooms and by hr >f ; i eny uf table III. VS • M matjngp Number <>f indh iduals, 28 b'00 A00 wo 2nn inn son 700 6no snn 4nn 3nn 2no 100 vs M VF M F Fig. 11. — Percentage distribution of prog- eny of table IV. VS X F matings. Number of individuals, 25. VS b FlG. 12. IVr, ••• nbini.ui ol i I eny of I ible VI, - 9 mating*. N umber of indi\ iduala, 51 48 MASS STUDIES IN BUILD. /OO 600 ouu 400 300 200 100 1 vs M VF Fig. 13. — Percentage distribution of prog- eny of table VII, S X M matings. Number of individuals, 313. fiOO 500 'lOO 300 ?nn 1 * inn 1 vs M VF Fig. 14. — Percentage distribution of prog- eny of table VIII, S X F matings. Number of individuals, 179. 600 500 400 300 200 100 VS M VF 6no 500 400 300 200 100 MM VS M VF Fig. 15. — Percentage distribution of progeny of table IX, S X VF matings. Number of indi- viduals, 50. Fig. 16. — Percentage distribution of prog- eny of table X, M X M matings. Number of individuals, 332. BASAL TAB I-I.s. 4fi ToblcIX. — Matings of slender X very fleshy parents. Thert are 16matii of this type. They yielded 50 progeny: 7 S. is M. 17 F, 8 VF. I i progeny are very variable (fig. 15). Tabic X. — Matings of medium X medium parents. There are 93 matinge of this type. They yielded 332 offspring: 2 VS. 40 8, 201 M B2 1 7 VF. The progeny are not very variable (fig. 16), indicating that all individuals of medium build are not "heterosygotes" ; but that there is also a "medium" race. fino son /inn ?no 2D0 100 a vs M VF Fig. 17. — Percentage distribution of prog- eny of table XI, M X F matings. Number of individuals, 1,346. 600 500 400 300 ?00 100 vs M VF Flo. 18. — Percentage distribution of prog- eny of table XII, M X VF inntinga. Number of individuals, 112. 400 300 200 100 400 300 200 100 m VS M VF Fig. 19. — Percentage distribution of prog- eny of table XIII, F X F matings. Number of individuals, 159. VS S M F VF Fig. I'd. IVrci-ntiigo distribution "f | my <»f tabic xi\ . I • \ i mntragi Number <>f individuals) Table XL— Matings of medium X fleshy parents. There are 115 matinge of this type. They yielded 346 offspring: 31 S, 210 M, 88 F, 17 \ 1 The progeny show an intermediate degree of variability (fig. 17). Table XII.— Matings of medium X very fleshy parents. There are 30 mat- inge of this type. They yielded 112 offspring: 2 VS, 7 S 60 M, 36 I 17 VF. The progeny show considerable variability (tig. 18). 50 MASS STUDIES IN BUILD. Table 13. — Matings of fleshv X fleshy parents. There are 33 matings of this type. They yielded 159 offspring: 15 S, 62 M, 61 F, 21 VF. The progeny show a rather high variability (fig. 19). Table XIV. — Matings of fleshv X verv fleshy parents. There are 30 matings of this type. They yielded 146 offspring: 1 VS, 7 S, 52 M, 51 F, 35 VF. The progeny are very variable (fig. 20). Table XV. — Matings of very fleshy X very fleshy parents. There are 7 matings of this type. They yielded 37 offspring: 1 S, 12 M, 11 F, 13 VF. The progeny are exceedingly variable (fig. 21). 1 400 300 200 100 VS M VF Fig. 21. — Percentage distribution of progeny of table XV, VF X VF matings. Number of individuals, 37. : The diversity of the distributions of the progeny of the various matings and the great difference in their variabilities indicates that there is not only an inheritance of tendencies to particular types of build, but also that there is a strong evidence of some sort of Men- delian inheritance. PART III. FAMILY STl DIES l\ HEREDITY OF I'.l III). A. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM. Our study of the mass relation in build between parental and filial generation has followed the ordinary pre-Mendelian method of analy- sis of heredity, a method that has proved rather sterile for prediction of filial traits. It has, however, enabled us to formulate an hyp* >th< in Mendelian language. It now remains to use our data in Mendelian fashion, to seek a test of the hypothesis. In this study we shall not use all of the families Listed in tie' mam tables of the Appendix, because some of them are for various reasons not adequate for Mendelian analysis; for example, in some cases the ancestry is insufficiently known, so that the gametic nature of the parents can not be inferred. It is considered preferable to analyze a few of the more completely known families than to rest content with the mass statistics. I shall take up in order the more significant matings. B. DISCUSSION OF SPECIAL MATINGS. Class I. Both Parents Slendi b. Mating 1. One Parent Is Very Slender, of Slender St 4 4 ■ ti very slender slender medium fleshy very fleshy unknown Sch-37 Family. A family of German extraction living in Ohio. The Father, a farmer, who in youth suffered from inflammation of the bowels and in middle age from congestion of the brain, died at 69 years from tetanus and apoplexy. Formula: 150/72 inches, build 2.0 (29). His father, a farmer, died of apoplexy at 83 years. At 80 years his formula was: 150/72 inches; build 2.0 (29). His mother, who in middle age was subject to stomach trouble and "shingles," died of old age at 83 years, having at 80 years the formula 130/M; build 2.3 (33 =t). Thus, this side of the house is prevailingly slender. The Mother, who in youth was subject to hives, and in middle age to asthma and eczema, has at 73 years the formula 94/63 inches; build 1.7 (25). Her father, a farmer, who always suffered from asthma and died of it at 74 years, had at 70 years the formula 120/M; build 1.9 (27 ±). Her mother, who died at 83 years of tuberculosis of intestine, had at 80 years the formula 110/M; build 2.0 (29 =t). This is a decidedly slender family, more so than that of the paternal side. The five children: 1. Male, who in youth had measles, whooping-cough, hay-fever, colds, and, in middle age, asthma and hemorrhoids, has at 47 years the formula 165/72.5 inches; build 2.2 (31). BOTH PARENTS SUNDER. 2. Female, who in youth Buffered from sore throat, colds, dipht and quinsy, and in middle age from sore throat; is quick-tempered and astigmatic. At 42 years she has the formula 140/68 inches; build 2 1 (3 3. Female, who died at 7 years, accident. 4. Female, who in youth was subject to lung trouble and bronchh weighed 160 pounds at 27 years, 7 pounds at birth. She has gradually lost weight since 27 years, till at 37 years she has the formula 13.V68 inches; build 2.1 (29). 5. Male, who in youth suffered from lung fever, has a nervous tempera- ment, at 30 years has the formula 137.5/72 inches; build 1.9 (27 I . Comment. — All but one of this fraternity of 4 who grew up are of Blender build (unadjusted). The exception is a man of 47 years who is of Blender- medium build (R : Sch-37). To summarize: Of 10 progeny (who grew up) of these 3 matings all are slender except 1 who falls just over the line into medium. Mating 2. Both Parents Are Slender, of Slender Stock. Table 21 gives the progeny of matings of slender stock. Of the 5 matured progeny, 4 are slender and 1 just over the line into medium. The details of the families are given below. Table 21. — Matings of two slender parents; together with their progeny. [From Table VI.] FF FM F F's sibs MF MM M M's sibs Offspring VS S M F VF Ker 5 Ste 9 M M 30 S 29 28 M S 27 31 29 28 1 3 1 Ker-5 Family. A family of English extraction, living mostly in western United States — Colorado, Texas, New Mexico. The Father, who was an army officer, is a railroad official who suffered in middle age from tropical fever. He has, at 51 years, the formula 1 50 72 inches; build 2.0 (29). His father, who was a mechanic, died at 74 yean from hardening of arteries, having had at 60 years the formula 160 M. His mother, who had 2 children, suffered in middle age from typhoid; she died at about 47 years from pneumonia. At 40 years, her formula 110/S; build probably about 2.1 (30). This side of the house is prevailingly slender. The Mother, who has had 4 children, suffered in middle age from neurit She is living at 49 years. Formula, 115/63 inches; build 2.0 (29). Her father, who was an army officer, suffered in mid. lit- age from heart trouble and rheumatism. He died at 58 years from heart trouble. At 38 year- his formula 160/M. Her mother, who had 2 children, was an invalid; she died at 36 years from consumption. Formula 100 8; say about 2.0 (27). This side of the house is prevailingly slender. Three children grew up: 54 FAMILY STUDIES IN BUILD. 1. Male, a railroad man, who in youth suffered from throat trouble and pneumonia and who is very nervous, has at 21 years the formula 150/78 inches; build 1.7 (25). 2. Male, formerly a teacher, now in the army, has at 20 years the formula 158/71 inches; build 2.2 (31). Male, is slender at 15 years. Comment. — The somewhat slender parents have 2 slender children and a third who is in the army and has a slender-medium build (R : Ker-5). Ste-9 Family. A family of German extraction, paternal grandparents living first in Germany, later in Alabama; maternal grandparents, parents, and children living in Alabama. The Father, who is a farmer, and suffered in youth from intermittent fever and in middle age from hay fever and gallstone or intestinal trouble, is living at 52 years. At 40 years his formula 120/65.5 inches; build 1.9 (28). His father, who was a farmer, suffered in middle age from intermittent fever. He died at 82 years from congestion of bowels. At 60 years he was of medium build. His mother died at 57 years from intermittent fever. At 55 years she was slender. This side of the house should contribute a slender to medium tendency, unless the Father's weight is abnormally low, due to his intestinal trouble. The Mother, who in youth suffered from "enlarged tonsils," and in middle age from bronchitis, is living at 50 years. At 40 years her formula 115/64.5 inches; build 1.9 (28). Her father, who was a blacksmith, died at 32 years from "hemorrhage of lungs." At 30 years he was slender. Her mother, who in youth suffered from malarial fever and in middle age from tumors, died at about 64 years from "intestinal trouble — tumors (?)." At 40 years her formula 140/67 inches; build 2.2 (31). The gametes from this side of the house also should tend to produce slenderness in the children. Four children grew up: 1. Male, an engineer, who in youth suffered from tonsillitis and bron- chitis, has at 27 years the formula 125/66 inches; build 2.0 (29). 2. Male, a teacher, who in youth suffered from bronchitis, has at 24 years the formula 145/70 inches; build 2.1 (30). 3. Female, a school teacher, who in youth suffered from malarial fever, has at 22 years the formula 115/62.8 inches; build 2.0 (29). 4. Female, under 18 years, of slender build, but about average for her age. Comment. — All 3 grown children have a slender build at present; it is possible that build may be increased as they grow older (R: Ste-9). Mating 3. Other Slender X Very Slender Matings. There are 3 matings of this type: (1) Nob-1, (2) Cod-1, (3) Jos-1 (table 22). Of 7 grown and 4 immature children derived from this mating, 5 grown children and 2 (or 3) adolescents are slender. In one mating (Jos-1) of ethnically dissimilar parents (from Riga and Baden respectively), both adult children are of much heavier build than either parent, i. e., of medium to fleshy build. This might be explained as an example of the extra-vigorous growth of hybrids; but we find few other examples of this result in human hybrids. It seems more probable that both parents carry 1 or more factors for fleshiness and BOTH PARENTS SLENDER. that all were combined in their eldest son. causing him to develop fleshiness further than either of his parents. Table 22. — Otfur matinga of a slender and a very Blender parent, together with ■■ Rcf. FF FM F Father's MI MM M Mother's si be. < >fT>|.riiiK VS s M l \i R Cod 1 R Jos 1 35 33 29 24 26 30 30 25 27 24 2 1 ! R Nob 1 . . M M Sui, Neur 2 - 1 Total 3 i i 1 Cod-1 Family. A family of English extraction living in Ohio. The Father, a salesman, suffered in youth from whooping-cough, measles, inflammatory rheumatism; in middle age from mumps and smallpox. He is living at 45 years, having the formula 125/66 inches; build 2.0 (29). His father, a farmer, died at ">i'> years from influenza and heart trouble. At 45 years he had the formula 160/68 inches; build 2.4 (35). His mother, who suffered from indigestion, died at 72 years from ''sclerosis of liver." At 45 years her formula was 135/64 inches; build 2.3 (33). Thus this side of the house is of medium to slender build. The Mother, who in youth had mumps, measles, hives, scarlet fever, tonsillitis, and rheumatism, and in middle life sick headaches, tonsillitis, and pneumonia, is living at 45 years, having the formula 95/1)2 inches ; build 1.8 1 25 1. Her father, a farmer, who in youth suffered from malaria and in- digestion and in middle age from heart trouble, gravel, and indigestion, died at 80 years from pneumonia and heart trouble, having the formula 150/71 inches; build 2.1 (30). Her mother, who in youth had whooping-COUgh, mumps, erysipelas, asthma, pneumonia, and in middle age measles, asthma, neuralgia, pneumonia, and a slight attack of rheumatism, is living at 77 years. At 45 years her formula was 108/60 inches; build 2.1 (30 > . Thus this side of the house is slender to very slender. The 2 children arc: 1. Male, a druggist, who suffered from all the children's diseases and appendicitis, pneumonia, smallpox, rheumatism, and asthma, and loses B to 10 pounds in winter and gains it back in summer, has at 20 year- the formula 100/62 inches; build 1.8 (26). 2. Female, who in youth suffered from all the children- di» besides nervous nausea, pneumonia, and tonsillitis, has at IS J the formula 95/61 inches; build 1.8 (26). Comment. — Thus both children are of slender build I R: Cod 1 >. Jos-1 Family. A family whose paternal and maternal grandparents lived in Baden and Latvia respectively; parents and children living 10 Pennsylvania. The Latvian Father, who in middle age Buffered from a "touch" typhoid, has at 60 years the formula 112/68 inches; build 1.7 (34). The Badenish Mother, who had three children, died at 54 yean from pneumonia, having the formula 120/67 inches; build 1.9 (27). 56 FAMILY STUDIES IN BUILD. Of the two children who grew up : 1. Male, a civil engineer, has at 33 years the formula 180/68 inches; build 2.7 (39) ; adjusted to 55 years, 189/68 inches; build 2.9 (41). 2. Female, a student, has at 26 years the formula 150/69 inches - ; build 2.2 (32) ; adjusted to 55 years, 170/69 inches; build 2.5 (36). Comment. — The children exceed in build the stouter parent; probably a result either of heterozygosis or multiple factors (R: Jos-1). Nob-1 Family. A family of English extraction; paternal grandparents living in Illinois and Minnesota, maternal grandparents living in Canada and Minnesota, parents and children living in Illinois and Minnesota. The Father, a livery- man, a very energetic, nervous man, is in middle age liable to rheumatism. He has at 47 years the formula 140/74 inches; build 1.8 (26). His father, a farmer, who in middle age suffered from asthma, colds, and heart trouble, died at 65 years from heart failure, having the formula M/M. His mother, who had 11 children, suffered in middle age from bronchitis. She is living at 77 years, having the formula M/M. The Mother, who has had 7 children, has the formula 105/66 inches; build 1.7 (24). One of her brothers hung himself; one of her sisters was always "sickly" and toward the end of her life "very peculiar." Their father, a farmer, suffered in middle age from heart trouble. He died from "dropsy of heart." At 60 years his formula was M/M. Their mother, who had 7 children, is living, now insane. At 61 years her formula was M/M. The 7 children are: 1. Female, a student, who in youth suffered from adenoids and tonsillitis, has at 21 years the formula 110/65 inches; build 1.8 (26). 2. Female, a bookkeeper, has at 19 years the formula 100/66 inches; build 1.6 (23). 3. Male, a student, has at 18 years the formula 112/67 inches; build 1.8 (25). Comment — There are four children below 18 years. Of these, No. 4, at 14 years, is 18 pounds below standard; No. 5, at 12 years, 15 pounds below; No. 6, at 8 years, 2 pounds below; and No. 7, at 5 years, 2 pounds above standard. Thus the entire family, omitting the 5-year-old, is below the standard and mostly very slender or slender. In view of the fact that the parents are, at around 45 years, still slender or very slender, it is doubtful if the children's weights should be adjusted; it is probably a family character- istic not to put on weight in middle life. This family supports the view that extreme slenderness is a recessive condition, or, at least, is determined by prevailing recessive factors (R: Nob-1). Mating 4. Other Slender x Slender Matings (included in table 23). Since by hypothesis slender parents will rarely carry gametes with more than 1 factor for fleshiness, it becomes important to consider the remaining slender X slender matings, i. e., without special regard to the grandparental conditions. A summary of the distribution of the progeny of all slender X slender matings is given in Table VI (Ap- pendix). This shows that of 51 grown children (resulting from 24 matings), 5 are very slender, 35 slender, and 11 of medium build. BOTH PARENTS SLENDKK. 57 Here is a great preponderance of very Blender and Blender offspring— 40 out of the 51, and all of the 11 of medium build arc below the middle class. There clearly are factors which driveeven these progeny of two slender parents in some cases to become of slightly heavier build than their parents, and this result is to be expected if fleshy build depends on several zygotic factors, and slender build lacks all these factors but two. The distribution of builds in the offspring <>f the selected slender (and very slender) parents is shown in table 23. The percentage distribution of the progeny is: 12 VS, 73 S, L3 M 2 F. On any hypothesis we should expect a large proportion of slender offspring. Close conformity to any theoretical distribution is hardly to be expected in this table, owing to the variety of matings included. Table 23. — Summary of selected slender x slender matings, and those of very slender parents, together with their progeny. VS s M F VF VS S M 1 \ 1 Ada 4 2 2 1 2 4 2 1 2 *PaI 1 1 1 Cod 1 Ran 4 2 1 3 2 Fel Sch 8. . . 1 1 1 1 ♦Fun (a) Sch 37 . . •Fun (b) Hay 4 Sco 5 Shi :, Bay 12 1 1 1 1 *Smi. . 2 3 4 1 1 1 1 1 Hon 12 1 Ste 9.. 1 Wil 23 . . 1 Ker 5 Law 7 1 1 1 1 4 3 1 3 1 3 1 You 9. . A 01 :44. . . A 01 : 19. . ♦Leo (a) *Loo (b) 1 A 01 : 60. . A 01 : 63 . . Lou 2 McA2 McC 11 1 Total 77 Percentage 100 9 11 7 56 72 7 . D. 3 L0 13 n .13 ± 2 iU7 1 *M,>r Moan, 2S.50 ±0.2 1: H Nob 1 2 Detailed family histories of these slender X slender matings are given herewith. Ada-4 Family. A family of old English American (Massachusetts and Ohio) ~ r "ek. living in Michigan and Kansas. The Father, a merchant, who in youth suffered from brain fever, is living at 77 years, having had at 50 y< the formula 150/71 inches; build 2.1 (30). His 4 gibe are all tail. 11 - father, a farmer, died at 49 years from typhoid. At 10 years his formula 160/70 inches; build 2.3 (33). His mother, who had 6 children, and who was always well, died at 65 years from pneumonia. At 10 yean her formula 130/69 inches; build 1.9 (27). This side of the house is of prevailill slender to medium build. The mother, who has had 3 children and who Buffered in middle aire from rheumatism and colitis, is living at 66 years, having had at .">(> years the 58 FAMILY STUDIES IN BUILD. formula 120/66 inches; build 1.9 (28). Her father, a farmer, died from paresis. At 45 years he had the formula 175/69 inches; build 2.6 (37). Her mother, who in middle age suffered from diphtheria, died at 73 years from paralysis. At 45 years her formula 130/68 inches; build 2.0 (28). This side of the house is prevailingly slender (though with 1 stout grand- parent). Two grown children: 1. Male, a photographer, who in youth suffered from tetanus, has at 25 years the formula 140/71 inches; build 2.0 (28). 2. Male, a teacher, has at 22 years the formula 130/70 inches; build 1.9 (27). Comment. — Both slender in the unadjusted build (R : Ada-4). Fel-1 Family. A family of Scotch and Welsh extraction, living mostly in the mid-western United States. The Father, who is a builder, and who has suffered from several attacks of inflammation of the lungs, is living at 50 years, having the formula 143/70.5 inches; build 2.0 (29). His father, who was in busi- ness, suffered from lung fever and was almost helpless from rheumatism several years before he was killed in an accident. At 60 years he had the formula 140/71 inches; build 2.0 (28). His father's father, a farmer, died from lung fever, became emaciated before death. At 38 years, his formula 162/67 inches; build 2.5 (36). His father's mother, who had 6 children, and who was always well, died at 89 years from old age. At 30 years her formula 96/60 inches; build 1.9 (27). His mother, who had 4 children, was liable to chronic neuralgia. She died at 68 from pneumonia. At 30 years her formula 125/64.5 inches; build 2.1 (30). His mother's father, who died at 76 years from pneumonia, had the formula 168/77 inches; build 2.0 (28). A prevailingly slender family. The Mother, who has only 1 child, has always been well. She is living at 46 years, having the formula 110/62 inches; build 2.0 (29). Her father, who was an expert machinist, always well, died at 43 years from appendi- citis. Formula, 200/69 inches; build 3.0 (42). Her mother, who had but 1 child, was always well. She is living at 62 years, having the formula 120/61 inches; build 2.3 (32). A slender mother, with medium to stout parents. The one child, a male, student, alwavs well, has at 19 vears the formula 125/68.5 inches; build 1.9 (27). Comment. — A slender child (D : Fel-1). Hay-4 Family. A family of Scotch extraction; grandparents living in Massachusetts, New York State, Kansas, and California. Parents living in Massachusetts, California, Kansas, and Japan. The first two children were born in Japan, but live in California, where the rest were born. The Father, who is a rancher, has at 54 years the formula 155/73 inches; build 2.0 (29). His father, who was an accountant, died at 67 years from apoplexy. Their mother died from tuberculosis. Apparently a slender strain not very resistant to tuberculosis. The Mother, who in youth suffered from lung fever, has at 45 years the formula 123/65.5 inches; build 2.0 (29). Her three sibs are tall. Their father, who was a merchant, suffered in middle age from tuberculosis and died from it. At 44 years he was tall and slender. Their mother, who in middle age suffered from chronic indigestion, had at 71 years the formula BOTE PARENTS SLi MM.!;. 155/64 inches; build 2.7 (38). This side of the house is prevailingly slender, with :i possible tubercular diathesis. Six children: 1. Male, a forester, has at 23 years the formula 17() 76.8 inches; build 2.0 (20i. 2. Male, a student, at 21 years is 71.5 inches tall. 3. Female, at 18 years, lias the formula 130/70 inches; build 1 '-'7I. There are 3 children under 18 years. 2 slender and 1 whose build i- unknown. Comment.- — The children are slender, though they may develop into adu of medium build (B : Hay— 4). Hay-12 Family. A family of English and Scotch extraction, living in Pennsylvania, Wi -' Virginia, and Washington, D. C. The Father, who i- a clerk, alway- well, is living at 67 years. At 65 years his formula 150/74 inches; build 1.0 (27 I Of his 6 sibs, 3 are slender and 3 of medium build. Their father, who was State senator, suffered in middle age from typhoid. lie died at 85 years from old age. At 75 years his formula was 135/68 inches; build 2.1 (29) Their mother, who had 8 children and was always well until at 12 year- she died from dropsy, was of medium build. This side of the hou carries a tendency to slenderness. The Mother underwent an operation at 63 years for tic douloureux. She is living at 67 years. At 65 years her formula 108 64 inche-; build 1.9 (27 Of her known sibs. 3 are slender and 3 fleshy. One of the corpulent brothers has 2 children, 1 corpulent and 1 medium. Their father, who was a farmer, always well, died at 55 years from "congestion of spine, result of accident." At 50 years he was of medium build. Their mother, who had 8 children, was always well, till at 71 years she died from "adhesion of bowels — caused by rupture." Formula, 00/64 inches; build 1.5 (22). A prevailing slender family, with some tendency to heavy build. Four children: 1. Female, married, who in youth was liable to goiter. i< at 3S years of medium build. 2. Female, married, always well, is at 36 year- slender. 3. Male, a clerk, always well, has at 31 vears the formula 150/69 inch' build 2.2 (32). 4. Male, a clerk, always well, has at 25 vears the formula 135 71 inchi build 1.9 (27). Comment. — Two of the children are slender, like both parent-; 2 medium (R: Hay— 12). Hkx-12 Family. A family of Scotch and Irish extraction. The grandparents on both Bid of the house were southerners. The family is now located in Florida, m which State 4 children were born. The Father, interested in farming, had at 40 year- the formula 140 70 inches; build 2.0 (29). His father, who was killed in the Civil War, medium build. The lather's mother died al 30 years from child-biri was also, at 25 years, of medium build. The Mother suffered with laryngitis in middle ad dad of it years. Her formula then was 112 63 inches; build 1.0 (28). II a physician, and later a fruit grower, died at 75 from g" aeral debility. At 50 he was of medium build. Her mother da .1 at 85 from old ag 50 a medium build. Four children are: 60 FAMILY STUDIES IN BUILD. 1. Female, at 25, has the formula 96/66± inches; build 1.5 (22). 2. Male, at 26, has the formula 146/69 inches; build 2.1 (31); adjusted to 33 years, 151/69 inches; build 2.2 (32). 3. Female, at 25, has the formula 115/67rt inches; build 1.8 (26±). 4. Male, at 22, has the formula 135/70+ inches; build 1.9 (28±). Comment.— The children are all slender, except perhaps one of slender- medium build (R : Hen-12). Law-4 Family. A family of English extraction, living mostly in Vermont and Minnesota. The Father, who was a clerk, died at 25 years from "typhoid pneumonia," having the formula 150/74 inches; build 1.9 (27). One of his brothers is tall, one very tall. Their father, a farmer, died at 74 years. At 50 years he was of medium build. Their mother, who had 5 children, suffered in middle age from asthma; grew fleshy at 50; died at 65 years. Thus the Father is a slender parent of medium to fleshy ancestry, who died young from lung trouble. The Mother suffered in youth from tonsillitis, erysipelas, and diphtheria; in middle age from pneumonia and pleurisy. She is living at 45 years. At 22 years her formula 122/68 inches; build 1.8 (26). Two of her sibs were tall. Their father, a farmer, suffered in youth from fever and ague. He died at 69 years from paralysis. At 48 years his formula 165/68 inches; build 2.5 (36). Their mother, who had 5 children, suffered in middle age from neuralgia. She died at 67 years from heart disease. At 45 years her formula 120/M; build 2.1 (30). A slender parent who has had troubles of the respiratory tract. Two grown children: 1. Male, a salesman, who in youth suffered from tonsillitis and diphtheria, has at 26 years the formula 155/74 inches; build 2.0 (28). 2. Female, married, who in youth suffered from tonsillitis and diphtheria, has at 25 years the formula 110/67 inches; build 1.7 (25). Comment. — One child is slender; the other very slender (R : Law-4). Law-7 Family. A family of English extraction, living in New Jersey. The Father, a clerk, and always well, has at 43 years the formula 129/65.5 inches; build 2.1 (30). His father, who was a manufacturer, suffered in youth from typhoid fever, and in middle age from pneumonia. He died of the latter at 31 years; was of medium build. His mother, who had 4 children, was always well. She is living at 65 years and is of medium build. This side of the house brings in medium-slender elements. The Mother has always been well. She is living at 42 years, having the formula 115/64 inches; build 2.0 (28). Her father, who was a grain dealer, died at 63 years from apoplexy; he was of medium build. Her mother, who had 3 children, suffered in youth from pneumonia. She is living at 68 years and is tall and slender. This side of the house is prevailingly slender. Three children: 1. Female, a teacher, always well, has at 18 years the formula 128/63.5 inches; build 2.2 (32). 2 and 3. Two girls at 11 and 8 years who are below average build. Comment. — The one grown child is of medium build, somewhat stouter than her Father; the other two children are rather slender for their ages (R : Law-7). BOTH PARENTS BLENDER. 61 Leo Family. (Fig. 23 i I 1, J. L., very slender, died of pneumonia. His wife, I 2. at 8 ri is slender and measures 141 cm. in stocking feet; Bhe baa two are slender. There are 5 children: II 4, $ , was 183 cm. tall and very slender; he died at n;* years of catarrh of stomach. II 5, s , was short and slender; he died at 52 years of Bright's di- ll 6, 9, single, is 165 cm. tall and weighs 51.7 kg. (65 in< I ill pounds) ; index 1.9 (27), obviously slender. II 3, 9 , slender. II 7, $ , always slender. So far we have only slender persons to deal with. Now enters a chanf II 3 married a fleshy man who has a fleshy Bister; all 3 children are fleshy. Also II 7 married a woman whose index is 86.2 kg./114 cm., or 6.6 I 190 60 inches, or 53). She has always been fleshy (except during an attack Mrrw w m 12 13 14 15 ■ m w w m 17 18 Fit;. 23. — Pedigree chart showing distribution <>f build in the Leo Family. anemia). She had both slender and fleshy sibs. Their only child iIII L) is a girl of 9 years. Her relative chest-girth is 57 per cent instead of the 49 per cent expected at that age; that is, she is fleshy. Thus the two mar- riages of this slender stock into fleshy lines result altogether in A children, all fleshy; indicating dominance of fleshiness. II 16, S , at 50 years is tall and slender. He has 1 slender and I t!« ahy and very fleshy sibs. His father. I 5, was slender; his mother was short and weighed 86 kg. (190 pounds). He married II 17, a Blender woman; 2 living children are tall and slender. Thus II 16 apparently did not carry the gene for fleshiness from his mother (73: 676 1. Lou-2 Family. A family of Irish and English extraction, living mostly in Ne* York State. The Father, who is a doctor, suffered in middle age from "nen breakdown, indigestion, and stomach trouble"; is living at •><> y< nd haa the formula 155/73 inches; build 2.0 (29). His three brothers, living, are tall. Their father, who BUrvives, is a tanner and Buffered m middle age from "nervousness." Their mother dad from conaumpt "caused from taking care of son who died from sanx 62 FAMILY STUDIES IN BUILD. The Mother, who is living at 50 years, has the formula 115/65 inches; build 1.9 (27). Two children: 1. Female, a student (married), has at 25 years the formula 110/66.5 inches; build 1.8 (25). 2. Female, a student, has at 22 years the formula 120/68 inches; build 1.8 (26). Comment. — Both children are now slender, but may approach a medium weight as they grow older (R : Lou-2). McA-2 Family. A Scotch-English family living chiefly in Ohio. The Father, a farmer, had an attack of diphtheria in middle life, is energetic, and, at 62 years, has the formula 135/70 inches; build 1.9 (28). His sister died of tuber- culosis. Their father, somewhat easy-going, was a farmer, had typhoid fever and died of cancer at 68 years. His formula, 135/72 inches; build 1.8 (26). Their mother, of mediocre activity and mentality, died at 36 years, having borne 4 children. Two of her sisters died of pneumonia. She was of medium build. This side of the house tends to slenderness. The Mother, who once had typhoid fever and is physically active, has. at 60 years, the formula 120/65 inches; build 2.0 (28)/ Her father, who had typhoid fever in the army and was very active, had the formula 180/74 inches; build 2.3 (33). The Mother's mother, who was also very active, was of medium build. This side of the house brings in a slender-medium tendency. Three children: 1. Female, a teacher, who has had typhoid fever and her tonsils and appendix removed, is energetic, and has a formula at 30 years of 109/64 inches; build 1.9 (27). 2. Male, a student and farmer, who has had diphtheria and typhoid fever, energetic, at 28 years has the formula 135/69 inches; build 2.0 (28). 3. Male, student and farmer, who has always been well, energetic, weighed 9 pounds at birth, formula at 23 years, 138/69 inches; build 2.1 (29). Comment. — The unadjusted build of the children averages the same as the parents and differs little from them; it is hardly probable that they will reach the adjusted weight. McC-11 Family. A family of Scotch and English extraction, living in the Middle West and northwestern United States. The Father, who is a proof-reader, suffered in youth from fever and ague. He is living at 74 years, having at 48 years the formula 140/68 inches; build 2.1 (30). His father, who was a farmer, died at 87 years from dysentery. At 40 years, his formula 160/T; build say 2.3 (33). Their mother, who had 4 children, died at 29 years "prob- ably from effects of child-birth." At 26 years she was of medium build. This side of the house probably contributes a tendency to slender or slender- medium build. The Mother suffered in youth from tonsillitis and asthma; in middle age from nervous prostration and abscess. She is living at 60 years, having had at 36 years the formula 130/65.5 inches; build 2.1 (30)/ Her father, who was a farmer and carpenter, suffered in middle age from internal abscess and rheumatism. He died at 72 years from apoplexy. At 40 years he was of medium build. Her mother, who had 4 children, died in child-birth, at 27 years; she was of medium build. This side of the house, likewise, con- tributes a tendency to slender or medium build. Two children: BOTH PARENTS BLEND 1. Female, a student, who in youth Buffered from tonsillitis and d< •: ness, has at 28 years the formula 125 Cm.;} inches; build 2 1 (30) 2. Male, a farmer, who in youth Buffered from asthma, enlargen* i I liver, and attacks similar to epilepsy, has at 25 years the formu 18 inches; build 2.3 (33). Comment. — Both children are of medium or slender-medium build (R:McC-ll). Mob Family, i Fig. 2 I I IV 3, $ , at 46 years is short and very Blender. He married a tall, slender woman; their son, at 22 years, is tall and slender. D-rO ■^rw, ftrO 2 3 4 5 7 8 m 10 DtO m 12 • ih# St© 4, • ik# liiiOi^.iniiTi.DTO II CQ 4 12- Fio. 24. — Pedigree chart showing distribution of Imild in Moh family IV 19, 9 , is tall, like her Father's father, and very slender. She has 1 li nder and 3 or 4 fleshy sibs and both of her parents were fleshy. II- I husband is 182 cm. (72 in.) tall and very -lender. They have :* children, all tall and slender. The Mother apparently carries no "fleshy" gametes (73: '".to Pal Family, i Fig. 25.) Ill 2, J. T. C, 6 , at 64 years is of medium height and slender. One o sisters is slender and one (III 7) at 56 years is 157 cm. tall (without 8 weighs 74 kg. net, and has a chest-girth of 10") cm. m t. Tin- gh i la- tive chest-girth of 67 per cent. This Bister is thus very fl< Ti father (II 3) was of medium build, his wile rather fleshy. J. T. ' III 3, is of medium height and very slender, though her two parents • medium build. The two surviving children are: 64 FAMILY STUDIES IN BUILD. IV 1, $ , at 43 years weighs 165 pounds and is 62 inches tall. She has thus an index of build of 3.0 (43) and is fleshy. IV 2, 34 years old is very slender; she is, however, an invalid and bed- ridden. Here we have a well-authenticated record of two slender parents with a fleshy daughter; obviously both of the slender parents must have carried gametes with one or more genes for fleshiness; and a combination of such genes induced fleshy build in the child. Comment. — A rather remarkable family in that a slender X very slender mating has produced a fleshy child, as well as a very slender one. But the slender Father doubtless carries 2 or possibly (and exceptionally) 3 zygotic B-HflD m ©Ollh© H I 2 12 3 4 5 m 2 3 4 5 6 7 Fig. 25. — Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in Pal family. factors for build (on the 6-zygotic factor hypothesis) ; for his mother was fleshy and a sister very fleshy. On this hypothesis the very slender Mother may contribute one such factor (73 : 709). Ran-4 Family. A family of English extraction, living in New York State and Massa- chusetts. The Father, who is an editor, has at 58 years the formula 150/72 inches; build 2.0 (29). The Mother has at 56 years the formula 130/66 inches; build 2.1 (30). Her brother died at 55 years from tuberculosis; height 72 inches. Her father, a minister, suffered in middle age from bronchial consumption and died of it at 60 years. Her mother, who in youth suffered from dropsy and consumption, in middle age from rheumatism, died at 96 years from heart trouble. This side of the house is slender-medium ; probably because of tuberculosis. Three children: BOTH PARENTS SLENDER. 65 1. Male, secretary of an insurance company, who in youth suffered from hav fever, catarrh, and typhoid fever, has at 30 yean the formula 1 l 1 inches; build 1.9 (27). 2. Female, has at 25 years the formula 130/69 inches; build 1 3. Female, a clerical worker, has at 24 years the formula 120/70 incl i build 1.7 (25). Comment. — All 3 children are of slender build (one very Blender) in the unadjusted ratio. It seems a little doubtful whether, with the inheritance they have, they will ever reach the medium build iK : Ran— 4). Scii-8 Family. A family of mixed German and American origin, living in Connecticut The Father, a master mechanic, always well, has at 51 years the formula 132/66 inches; build 2.1 (30). His father, a farmer, always well, died at 67 years from heart failure; formula 180/72 inches; build 2.4 (35). Hi- mother, who had 3 children and who was always well, died at (»7 years of heart failure. Formula, 115/63 inches; build 2.0 (29). This Bide of the house is slender-medium. The Mother, who has 3 children, has at 47 years the formula 120/64 inches; build 2.1 (29). Her two sisters are tall. Her father, a foreman and always well, has at 73 years the formula 184/69 inches; build 2.7 (39 1. Her mother was of average stature. This side of the house might he expected to help determine slenderness in the children. Three children: 1. Male, a stenographer, well, has at 21 years the formula 130/66 inch. - build 2.1 (30) (adjusted to 49 years, 144/66 inches; build 2.3 (33 n. 2. Male, a student, always well, has at 19 years the formula 138/66 inches; build 2.3 (32) [adjusted to 49 years. 157/68 inches; build 2 A (34) |. 3. Female, at 13 years, is very slender, even for her age. Comment. — The children are slightly below (one is close to) aver build (R :Sch-8). Sco-5 Family. A family of English extraction, living mostly in middle western United States. The Father, a broker, who in middle aire Buffered from cirrhosis the liver, has, at 57 years, the formula 140/70 inches; build 2.0 (29). His father, a lumberman, died at 60 years from paralysis, having the formula 170/68 inches; build 2.6 (37). His mother died at 75 years from arterio- sclerosis; formula 100/64 inches; build 1.7 (24). The Mother has at 49 years the formula 110/62 inches; build i' (29) Her father, a wholesale merchant, died at 63 years from Barcoma. Hil formula 170/69 inches; build 2.5 (36). Her mother, who has 2 children, has at 74 years the formula 90/61 inches; build 2.1 (24). Three children: 1. Male, a surveyor, has at 25 years the formula 150 68 inches; build 2.3 (32). 2. Male, a clerk, has at 23 years the formula 135 67 inches; build 2.1 (30). 3. Male, a student, has at 20 years the formula L25 65 inches; build 2.1 (30). Comment.— The unadjusted build of the children i- only a point or two greater than that of the parents (B : Sco-5). Shi- 5 Family. A family of English and German extraction. The Father's parent* m born in England. The Mother's parents were born in Germany. 66 FAMILY STUDIES IN BUILD. parents and their one child were born in New York City, where the family is now settled. The Father, inclined to indigestion in middle age, has, at 47, the formula 143/70 inches; build 2.1 (29). His father, a dry-goods man, has bronchial trouble in middle age. At 73 his formula is 145/70.5 inches; build 2.0 (29). The Father's mother, having borne 2 sons and 4 daughters, died of kidney trouble and pneumonia at 52 years of age. Her formula, at 51, was 150/65 inches; build 2.5 (36). The Mother, who suffered from bronchitis in youth, at 46 has the formula 120/67 inches; build 1.9 (27). Her father died around the age of 35 from wounds received in the Civil War. He was of medium build. Her mother at 71 years of age has the formula 85/56 inches; build 1.9 (27). One grown child: 1. Female, at 19, has the formula 145/67 inches; build 2.3 (32). Comment. — The child is somewhat of heavier build than either parent and may approach the build of her Father's mother (R : Shi-5). Smi Family. (Fig. 26.) II 9, M. E. S., 9 , at 74 years is 162.5 cm. (64 inches) tall without shoes and weighs 48 kg. (106 pounds) net. Her index of build is 1.9 (27); she m 1UU.U [It© years her formula i 125/66 inches; build 2.0 (29). Her brother died at 55 years from tul culosis of larynx. Her father, who was a farmer, alwa 1. died years from "cancer of the face." At 50 years he was of medium build. I mother, who had 5 children, was always well. She died al 67 -tin typhoid pneumonia; was slender. Five children: 1. Male, a buyer, always well, has at 30 years the formula 1 15 T.'i in build 1.9 (27). 2. Male, an electrical engineer, who in youth Buffered from typhoid fever, has at 29 years the formula 185/75 inches; build 2.3 (33). 3. Male, a physician and surgeon, who in youth Buffered from typhoid and in middle age from acute nephritis, has at 27 years the formula 1 i~> 72 inches; build 2.0 (28). 4. Female, a teacher, always well, has at 25 years the formula 138 69 inches; build 2.1 (29). 5. Male, who in youth suffered from typhoid fever, has at 22 year- I formula 150/74 inches; build 1.9 (27). Comment. — The unadjusted builds of 4 of the children is a little less than the parental builds of 30 and 29. The adjusted builds are a point <>r I higher. In the case of child No. 2 we have an exceptionally large index of build for this fraternity of 2.3 (33). It is possible that the tubercular tendency on both sides may have pulled down the hereditary potentiality of one or both parents (R : Wil-23). Yhi 9 1'amii.v. A family of Pennsylvania Dutch blood; all horn in and about Pennsyl- vania. The Father, an educationalist, ha- had in middle age a nervous breakdown and bronchial trouble. At 44 he has the formula lis 64 im build 2.1 (29). His father, a miller, died of old age at 76. At lis 1.,- bad the formula 130/60 inches; build 2.5 (36). The Father'- mother having had 7 sons and 4 daughters, died of old age at 82. Win n 75 she had the formula 120/59 inches; build 2.4 (34). It is possible that the bronchial trouble may have reduced the Father's build somewhat below it- normal potentiality - The Mother, inclined to nervous disorders, at 43 had the formula 98 build 2.0 (28). Her father, a railroad man. had malarial fever m middle age. At 70 he has the formula 160/66 inches; build 2.6 (37). Her mother in youth had bronchial trouble and St. Vitus dance and in middle age, asthma, pneumonia, rheumatism, nervous prostration, etc She died at from a complication of diseases. At the time of her death -he bad I formula 80/59 inches; build 1.6 (23). The two children an 1. Female, has had bronchitis and encephalitis, at 19 has the formula 94/59.5 inches; build 1.9 (27). 2. Female, at 15 years is slender for her ag Comment. — Slender children from two Blender parents (R . You A : 01 19 Family. A family of probable English extraction. The Fathei yer, i- troubled with catarrh, but otherwise his general health i- prettj g 1. At 20 vears of age he had the formula 129.5/70 inches; build 2.0 26 The Mother has good general health, although troubled with palpi! of the heart and headache. At 20 years -he had the formula 106 "1 im build 2.0 (29). 68 FAMILY STUDIES IN BUILD. The one daughter for whom data are given has had numerous children's diseases. Her general health is now good. At 18 years of age she has the formula 114/64 inches; build 2.0 (28). Comment.— Parents and child are all slender (A : 011d-19). A : 01-44 Family. A family of English extraction. The Father, a dentist, has good general health, but habitual constipation. At 20 years of age he had the formula 140/68 inches; build 2.1 (30). The Mother has occasional headaches. At the age of 18 her formula was 104/62 inches; build 1.9 (27). The son has general good health, but is inclined to kidney trouble, skin diseases, and headache, presumably from his eyes. At 18 he has the formula 124/66; build 2.0 (29) A : 011d-19). A : 01-60 Family. A family of English extraction with some Irish and Scotch blood in addition. The Father, a minister, has had pneumonia and dyspepsia, but his general health is good. At 22 years he had the formula 132.5/68 inches; build 2.0 (29). The Mother has had piles and slight attacks of rheumatism. Her general health is very good. At 19 years she had the formula 110/64 inches; build 1.9 (27). The one child for whom data are available is: 1. Female, inclined to rheumatism and kidney trouble, like her Mother. She has had practically all children's diseases, and at 19 her formula is 108/65 inches; build 1.8 (26). Comment. — Both parents and their child are slender (A : 011d-60). A : 01-63 Family. A family of English extraction. The Father, a teacher, is in good health. At 45 his formula is 134/69 inches; build 2.0 (28). The Mother's health is generally good. She is inclined to some skin trouble and is troubled with headache and habitual constipation. At 34 years she had the formula 97/59 inches; build 2.0 (28). The one child is a son in general good health, although he has rheuma- tism and constipation. He is also subject to frequent colds and grippe. At 19 years of age he has the formula 111/68 inches; build 1.7 (24). Comment. — Both parents and the child are of slender build (A : 011d-63). Summary of S X S Matings. The gametic constitution of slender parents is certainly very diverse. Assuming that both slender parents produce only gametes of the type Abe, their offspring would be exclusively of the type AAbbcc, which we may take as a zygotic formula for slender progeny. Assume that in another case both slender parents have the zygotic formula AaBbcc; then they would each produce gametes ABc, Abe, aBc, and abc. Uniting at random, these gametes would produce zygotes as follows: Number of dominant factors. . . 4 3 2 10 Proportions 6.25 25 37.5 25 6.25 BOTH PARENT8 BLENDER. Thus a very variable progeny would he produced: very Blender, slender, medium, and fleshy. Now it seems probable thai the totals of table 23 are a combination of these two kinds of matings and another which would yield very slender, slender, and medium off- spring in the proportions of 25, 50, and 25, respectively. Considering only the families of table 23 who have 3 or more children, we get a total distribution for these children of: vs s M 5 34 4 If we subtract from the S total the 16 children who belong exclu- sively to slender fraternities, the children who remain have the dis- tribution 5 : 18 : 4, which is fairly close to the 1:2:1 ratio of 6.75 : 13.5 : 6.75 which is to be expected from a mating of parents of the zygotic constitution AAbbcc and AaBbcc respectively. We conclude, therefore, that the S X S matings are gametically of two kinds, one slightly, the other more greatly variable. The dis- tribution found is determined by a combination of these two kinds. Also, the statistical results of the distribution of the progeny of S X S matings are in harmony with the hypothesis that slender parents in extreme cases carry not more than two zygotic factors for fleshy build. The slender parent is, accordingly, to be regarded as one who carries gametes with prevailingly recessive factors. Class II. Both Parents Fi.kshy. Next we turn to the matter of inheritance of fleshiness in fleshy stock. That fleshiness may be a true hereditary character is indicated by the existence of fleshy races of men. Examples are the South- Russian Jews, especially of the female sex: and certain of the Chinese, who have strikingly short legs. The matter is discussed in more detail at page 7. The fact that the body reacts to food and climate must not blind us to the constitutional factors that arc prob- ably present in racial obesity. At any rate, it becomes of interest to inquire as to inheritance of fleshiness in families characterized by the trait. For this purpose we shall consider various matings betw< more or less fleshy parents. Mating l. One Parent is Veby Fleshy, the Otheb I'm -m (oh Van Fleshy) m Fleshy Stock. (Table 24.) From this mating of "pure" or nearly "pure" fleshy parents are derived (table 24) 50 offspring: 2 S, 11 M. 23 F, It VF, or, in per- centages, 4 S, 22 M, 46 F, 28 VF. This distribution of the total d< not agree with the 4-zygotic-factor hypothesis (p. 41), which gi a filial distribution of 50 F, 50 VF. It agrees better with the 5-factOf hypothesis (p. 43), assuming the proper dividing-line between fleshy and very fleshy to lie somewhere in column 5. and the mating 70 FAMILY STUDIES IN BUILD. to be of the 5-factor X 4-factor type. On this assumption we have a percentage of 17 M and F + 83 VF. This approaches the proportions found. Accordingly, the 6-factor hypothesis is preferable. The progeny are more variable than those derived from two slender parents as 5.74 ± 0.39 is to 3.13 ± 0.17. Details concerning the families included in table 24 are given below. Table 24. — Matings of a very fleshy parent and a fleshy parent of fleshy stock, together with their progeny. * Also 4 younger children, 10 to one-half years, all fleshy for their ages. Can Family. (Fig. 27.) A family of Italian extraction, living in a poorly furnished, very much overcrowded, home in a poor Italian neighborhood in a factory city. I 1, $ , was tall and very fleshy; died of "heart disease." I 2, 9 , was tall and very fleshy and had a brother of similar build. This very fleshy pair had 3 children, as follows: II 1 and II 4 both very fleshy. II 5 at 46 years 171 cm. (67 inches) tall (without shoes) and weighing 96 kg. (212 pounds) net; build 3.3 (47), very fleshy. His chest-girth, 106 cm. net; relative chest-girth 62 per cent,' The result suggests that the parents were homozygous for fleshiness. II 5 married II 6, who at 45 years is 152 cm. (60 inches) tall (in bare feet) and weighs over 90 kg. (200 pounds), build 3.9 (56). Her net chest-girth is 110 cm., relative chest-girth is 72. This very fleshy pair has 9 surviving children, as follows: the eldest, III 3, a boy at 23 years is said to be slender (not seen), married, without children. The second, III 5, $ , at 22 vears is fleshy, as he has always been; married, without children. Ill 7, $ , at 19 years is slender but was fleshy until the age of 18 years. Ill 8, $ , at 17 years is short and fleshy. Ill 9, $ , at 12 years is short and fleshy. Ill 10, 9 , at 10 years is 136 cm. (53.5 inches) tall, and weighs about 45 kg. ( 100 pounds) ; build 2.5 (35). Her chest-girth is 85 cm. net, relative chest-girth 63. This indicates a girl of far above average relative chest-girth, fleshv. Ill 12 is a girl of 9 years with a relative chest-girth of 80 -=- 135 or 5*9, BOTH PAREN is I I.l.sil v. 71 fleshy. Ill 13 is a boy of 5 years; his relative chest-girth i 112 01 61, fleshy. Ill 14 is a 6-months-old baby weighing 64 kn. or 14.1 pounde : t r i< 1 very chubby. Comment. — Thus with the exception of the first (of whom no details were obtained), all of the children are, or have been, fleshy; tin- suggests that both parents are homozygous for fleshiness. The meaning the exceptional son is uncertain; various hypothesee may be entertained: illegitimacy, poor health following a fleshy childhood, the possiblt ence of a factor for slenderness in both parental gamete- (73 ; 652). m <> ■rrO.Qii Fig. 27. — Pedigree chart of Cam family. Ekb-1 Family. A family of Swedish extraction; parents emigrated to Illinois, where all the children were born. The Father, a farmer, suffered in middle _ rom dropsy and severe headaches. He is living at 56 year-, having the formula 225/67 inches; build 3.5 (50). He has 6 sibs: (1) brother, dead, :■ 250/70 inches; build 3.6 (51); (2) brother, 225/66 inches; build (3) sister, 180/63 inches; build 3.2 (45). Others are not described. Their father, a farmer, died at 79 year- from "gangrene subsequent to senile paral- ysis," having a formula 170/M inches; build, say 2.6 (36). Their mother died at 79 years from senile paralysis, having the formula 200 M build, say 3.5 (50). The Mother, who in youth and middle age suffered from at 51 years the formula 160/65 inches; build 2.7 (38). Two of her brotl and one sister are tall and nervous. Of the 6 children, 1 survive as adu 1. Male, a university instructor, nervous, has at 30 years formula 190/70 inches; build 2.7 (39); adjusted to 55 yi 202 7" inches, build 2.9 (41). 2. Male, a university instructor, who in youth suffered from p<>h elitis, has at 28 the formula 200 OS inches; 'huh. 1 3.0 : years. 212/68 inches, build 3.2 (46). 3. Female, who suffered in youth from headaches, has at 2 formula 180/64 inches; build 3.1 (44) : adjusted I ears, 196 64 in< build 3.3 (48). 4. Male, a farmer, who in youth suffered from headache-, has i I 22 ; the formula 180/68 inches; build 2.7 (39); adjust* inches, build 3.0 (43). 72 FAMILY STUDIES IN BUILD. Comment. — The Father is perhaps duplex for heavy build; all of the children have a build that is above the average, and 2 of the 4 are very fleshy. Thus, obesity runs through three generations without skipping any (R:Ekb-l). Faz Family. (Fig. 28.) A family of Italian extraction, of the artisan class, living in comfortable homes. II 5, a man who was 183 cm. (72 inches) tall and weighed over 90 kg. (200 pounds) ; build 2.7 (39) ; fleshy now as "always." The 4 others of his fraternity and their father were all fleshy; data are lacking about the mother's build. II 6, the consort of above, died at 66 of cerebral hemorrhage; was of medium stature, say 160 cm. (63 inches) and weighed 100 kg. (225 pounds) ; build 4.0 (57). This obese woman has a sister, who is 150 cm. (59 inches) • 1 1 ■ Br* At* ®,A 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II ID 1 £• oA ii ix 1 1 m ft m 10 II l 12 I3*nf. 4 I Fig. 28. — Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in Faz family. tall and weighs 90 kg. (200 pounds), build 4.0 (57), same as her sister. Her relative chest-girth is 111 cm. -r- 150, or 74 per cent, a huge girth. Two other living members of her fraternity are in Italy and their build is unknown. The father of this fraternity (16) is fleshy, has 3 fleshy sibs and 1 of medium build. The mother is also fleshy. This looks like a "pure" fleshy strain. There are 3 children: (1) 9 , 32 years, married, is 166 cm. (65 inches) tall and weighs 97 kg. (214 pounds); build 3.6 (51); very fleshy. Her relative net chest-girth is 105 cm. -r- 166 or 63. (2) She has a sister, II 14, 38 years, married, who is 156 cm. (61 inches) tall and weighs 78.5 kg. (173 pounds) net; build 3.3 (47), very fleshy. Her net relative chest-girth is 105 cm. —■ 156, or 67. She has always been fleshy. (3) A man of 22 was very fleshy up to the age of 17 years, but he is said now to be tall and thin, though well. He is not married. BOTH PARENTS FLESHY. Comment.— This result is difficult to interpret. A mating of two "pure" strains of obesity produces 3 offspring, all of whom were fleshy h. adolescence and of whom 2 remain very fleshy; but 1 (at 22 said to have become "thin" since the age of 17 years. It seems probable that he also should be recorded as essentially fleshy (73 : 666). Flo-3 Family, i Fig. 29.) This is a family of which all grandparents and Father w.n bora in north Ireland; the children were horn and reared in Greater New York. Father, a blacksmith and fanner, Buffers from digestion troubles; at 63 his formula 185/65 inches; build 3.1 (44). 1 1 i- father, a blacksmith, died at 40 of acute indigestion; his formula 204/70 inches; build 2.9 (42). II. mother, who died of pleurisy at 50 years, had the formula 200 69 ini build 2.9 (42). Thus this side of the house is of stout build. The Mother has at 60 years the formula 200/64 indie-; build 3.4 (49). She is fat, good-natured, and a poor housekeeper. Her father, who was a carpenter and killed by an accident at 47 years, had the formula 180/70 inches; build 2.6 (37). Her mother, who died of old age at 75 years, had the formula 140/63 inches; build 2.5 (35). No ''direct" heredity appears in the Mother's obesity. The 7 children: 1. Male, a bookkeeper, who has spinal curvature, has at 38 years the formula 140/60 inches; build 2.7 (39); but this i> clearly abnormally high, associated with his pathologically short stature. 2. Female, a musician, has at 36 years the formula 160/68 inches; build 2.4 (35); adjusted to 50 years, 173/68 inches; build 2.7 (37). 3. Male, a detective, fond of outdoor life, has at 32 years the formula 190/69 inches; build 2.8 (40); adjusted to 50 vears, 200/69 inches; build 3.0 (42). 4. Male, an army officer, at 29 vears 186/71 inches; build 2.6 (37); adjusted to 50 years, 199/71; build 2^8 (39). 5. Male, a policeman, with a historv of pneumonia, at 27 years, 200 72 inches; build 2.7 (39); adjusted to 50 years, 215 72 inches; build 2.9 (42). 6. Female, a teacher, subject to indigestion, at 21 years, 131 65 incl i build 2.2 (31) ; adjusted to 50 years, 150/65 inches; build 2.5 (36). 7. Male, in the automobile business, with a history of pneumonia, has at 20 years the formula 168/68 inches; build 2.6 (36); adjusted to 50 187/68 inches; build 2.8 (40). Comment. — The build of the children is rather uniformly between 2.1 and 2.9 (42), mostly in the stout class, like the Father, but far below the obese Mother (R : Flo-3). ( roi A Family . A family of English extraction, living in Maine. The Father, at 86, had the formula 160/67 inches; build 2.5 (37). The Mother, at 60, had the formula 250 68 inches; build MS (541 Her eldest brother weighed 200 pound- :it •'<() yean Her youngest brother m Fig. 29— Pedigree chart showing distribu- tion <>f build in tli^ I u>-3 family. 74 FAMILY STUDIES IN BUILD. 1 D weighed 220 pounds at 50 years. Her father had the formula 190/72 inches ; build 2.6 (37), at 70 years. Her mother had, at 70 years, the formula 225/66 inches; build 3.6 (50). Four grown children: 1. Female, at 48, has the formula 210/66 inches; build 3.4 (48). 2. Male, at 46, 160/68 inches; build 2.6 (35). 3. Male, at 44, 180/67 inches; build 2.8 (40). 4. Female, at 40, 140/66 inches; build 2.3 (32). Comment. — Obesity appears in three generations in the direct line with- out a break; 2 of the 4 children are of medium build, less than either parent (S :Gou-A). Lyn Family. (Fig. 30.) I 1, 3 , from Ireland, died at 54 of brain fever; was 173 cm. (68 inches) tall and weighed 78 kg. (175 pounds); build 2.7 (38); fleshy. His sister weighs 90 kg. He married I 2, an Irish woman, who died at 68 years. She was 155 cm. (61 inches) tall and weighed 84 kg. (185 pounds) ; build 3.5 (50) ; very fleshy. She had a sister who was fleshy. The pair had 7 children who grew up: (1) Male, fleshy; (2) 6 , of me- dium build; (3) $ , died, at 50 years, of pneumonia, his stature 169 cm. (66.5 inches) ; weight 63.5 kg. (140 pounds); build 2.2 (31); medium; (4) <5 , died at 70 years, stature 173 cm. (68 inches) ; weight 72.5 kg. (160 pounds); build 2.4 (35 1; me- dium. (5) £ , died, at 37 years, of pneumonia; stature 173 cm. (68 inches) ; weight 82 kg. (180 pounds) ; build 2.7 (39) ; fleshy. Married to a fleshy woman, lie has a child who is 165 cm. (65 inches) tall, weighs 72.5 kg. (160 pounds) ; build 3.2 (46) ; very fleshy. (6) 2 , at 56 years, stature 160 cm. (63 inches I , weight 63 kg. (139 pounds) ; build 2.4 (34) ; medium. Her net relative chest-girth is 95-^- 160. or 36 per cent. Though now of medium build (or less), she used to be very fleshy, weighing over 80 kg. (175 pounds); build 3.1 (44). She may properly be classified as of stout build, secondarily reduced. (7) 8 , aged 54 years, is 178 cm. (70 inches) tall; and weighs 103 kg. (227 pounds; build 3.2 (46) ; very fleshy. His net relative chest-girth is 117 cm. -^ 178, or 66 per cent. This man has always been fleshy; at 21 years he weighed 90 kg. (200 pounds). Comment. — This seems to be nearly a "pure" F X F mating. Of the progeny 4 are fleshy (or very fleshy) and 3 medium (73-684). m w Fig. 30. — Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in the Lyn family. (Fig. 31.) McL-A Family. A family of Scotch extraction from Maine. The Father (II 9). at 77 years, had the formula 200/73 inches; build 2.6 (38). Of his 8 sibs: (1) Brother, at 70 years, had the formula 170/69 inches; build 2.5 (36). (2) Brother, at 75 years, 200/74 inches; build 2.6 (37). (3) Brother, at 65 years, 210/73 inches; build 2.8 (39). (4) Brother, at 78 years, 200/74 inches; build 2.6 (37). (5) Brother, at 71 years, 215/75 inches; build 2.7 (38). (6) Sister, at 75 years, 170/65 inches; build 2.8 (40). (7) Sister, at BOTH PARENTS FLESHY. 7.-, 65 years, 200/67 inches; build 3.1 (45). (8) Sister, at 68 years, 190/66 inches; build 3.1 (44). Their father, at 85 years. 200/72 inches; build 2.7 (39). Their mother, at 80 years. 150/65 inches; build 2.5 (36). The Mother (II 10), at 74 years, had the formula 100 66 inches; build 3.1 (44). Of her 9 sibs: (1) Brother, at 80 years, 170/70 inch.-; build 2 i (35). (2) Brother, at 60 years, 200/77 inches; build 2.4 (34). (3) Brother, at 55 years, 180/72 inches; build 2.4 (35). (4) Brother, at 70 years, 200/74 inches; build 2.6 (37). (5) Brother, at 80 years. 200 73 inches; build 2.0 (38). (6) Sister, at 60 years, 150/64 inches; build 2.6 (37). (7) Bister, at 65 years, 160/63 inches; build 2.8 (40). (8) Sister, at 70 year-. 175/64 inches; build 3.0 (43). (9) Sister, at 75 years, 180/63 inches; build 3.2 (45). Their father, at 70 years, 175/72 inches; build 2.4 (34). Their mother, at 86 years, 200/67 inches; build 3.1 (45). 12 children: 1. Female, at 47 years, has the formula 180/63 inches; build 3.2 (46 I 2. Male, at 22 years, 22/72 inches; build 2.7 (39): adjusted to 55+ years, 221/72 inches; build 3.1 (43). m 10 II "2 Fig. 31. — Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in the Mi I.- A family. 3. Male, at 58 years, 180/72 inches; build 2.4 (35). 4. Male, at 50 years, 230/71 inches; build 3.2 (46i. 5. Male, at 43 years, 160/72 inches; build 2.3 (31 i ; adjusted to 55 J i ars, 163/72 inches; build 2.2 (32). 6. Female, at 70 years, 130/66 inches; build 2.1 (30). 7. Female, at 38 years, 180/67 inches; build 2.8 (40); adjusted to 55 years, 189/67 inches; build 3.0 (42). 8. Female, at 65 years, 160/65 inches; build 2.7 '38). 9. Female, at 61 years, 180/63 inches; build 3.2 (45). 10. Female, at 54 years, 175/66 inches; build 2.8 (40). 11. Female, at 52 years, 125/64 inches; build 2.1 (31). 12. Female, at 50 years, 130/65 inches; build 2.2 (31). Comment.— Mother's mother, Mother, and 3 children nut of 12 1 build of 3.1 to 3.2 (44 to 46 1, very fleshy; :•! children have a build ol 2 I (30 to 31), a lower index than any parent, uncle, aunt, or grandparent Evidently fleshy stock may yield gametee with oot more than 2 or even only 1 gamete for fleshy build. (See p. 43. 1 (8: McL A. i Nic-5 Family. A family of English extraction; paternal grandparents born in Massa- chusetts and Kentucky; family living mostly m Ohio. The I a 76 FAMILY STUDIES IN BUILD. farmer, suffered in middle age from rheumatism and lupus. He is a distant cousin of his wife. He died at 67 years, having at 60 years the formula 175/65 inches; build 2.9 (41). His father, a farmer, died at 65 years from kidney trouble; was corpulent. His mother, who had 8 children, died at 70 years; was corpulent. The Mother, who has 2 children, suffered in youth from pneumonia. She is living at 70 years, having the formula 165/60.5 inches; build 3.2 (45). Her father, a farmer and surveyor, who died at 78 years, had a formula 175/M, and build, say, 2.7 (38). Her mother had 7 children and died at 78 years, having the "formula 160/M; build, say, 28 (40). The 2 grown children: 1. Male, a farmer, who in youth suffered from lung fever, has at 41 years the formula 150/64 inches; build 2.6 (37); adjusted to 55 years, 154/64 inches; build 2.7 (38). 2. Female, married, has at 38 years the formula 190/61.3 inches; build 3.6 (51) ; adjusted to 55 years, 198/61.3 inches; build 3.7 (53). Comment. — There are 3 generations of corpulent persons; in the last generation 1 is very fleshy and 1 fleshy ( R : Xic-5 ) . Whe Family. (Fig. 32.) I 1, <5 , fleshy; his wife, I 2. fleshy; 3 children about whom something is known. m E - J^ >• Ab.\ 3 d-YG.' Fig. 32. — Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in the Whe family. II 1, o , fleshy; married a fleshy woman and had 5 children, none of whom, it is said, are fleshy. II 2, $ , died at over 75 years; fleshy. II 3, $ , died at 80 years; was of medium weight. Thus, in this generation, 2 fleshy and 1 of medium build. III 9, $ , at 61 years has a stature of 160 cm. (63 inches) and weight of 73 kg. (162 pounds) ; build 2.8 (40) ; fleshy. Nothing is known about the build of his relatives. His wife is III 10, age 64, stature 156 cm. (61 inches); weight 88 kg. (194 pounds); build 3.7 (52); very fleshy, relative chest-girth 112 h- 156, or 72 per cent. When she married" at 29 years she weighed 160 pounds and did not begin to grow fleshy until 50 years. She BOTH PARENTS II! had 4 sibs, about whose build something is known (1) HI 2, i . died 70 of uterine cancer; stature 156 cm. (61 incl • pounds) ; build over 3.8 (54); very fleshy. f2) III 3, of "heart trouble"; stature 153 cm. (64 inches) ; weight 77kg. (170 poui build 2.9 (42) ; fleshy. He married a woman of medium build and had a who, at 45 years, has a stature of 163 cm. (64 inches) and weig I BO kg 075 pounds); build 3.0 (43); fleshy. (3) III 6, ? . always Blender. I \< III 7, A, 37.57 ±0.82. S. D.. 4.70 ± 0.52. * Not shown in figure 32. 78 FAMILY STUDIES IN BUILD. slender, which suggests a trihybrid ratio and that there are at least 3 pairs of factors present for fleshiness; and that, of these, 3 or 2 pairs are present in each parent (table 18). It may be that in the Dol-3, Sle-2, and Thi-2 families the parental gametes carry fewer genes for fleshiness. Details are given in the following histories. Dol-3 Family. A family of German extraction living in Ohio. The Father, an inventor, suffered in youth from typhoid, has at 59 years the formula 180/67 inches; build 2.8 (40). His father, an inventor and machinist, died at 73 years from "old age," with the formula 165/M inches; build, say, 2.5 (36). His mother, always well, died at 70 years from "general debility," with the formula 140/S inches; build, say, 2.7 (38). The Mother, who underwent an operation for "fatty tumor," is living at 57 years, having the formula 175/66 inches; build 2.8 (40). Three of her sisters died in infancy from convulsions. Her father, a bookkeeper, died at 98 years from a paralytic stroke, having the formula 160/66 inches; build 2.6 (37). Her mother's build was 180/66, or 3.7 (41). The 5 children who grew up: 1. Female, who in youth suffered from diphtheria, has at 30 years the formula 118/64 inches; build 2.0 (29) ; adjusted to 55 years, 131/64 inches; build 2.2 (32). 2. Male, a machinist, who in youth suffered from diphtheria, has at 27 years the formula 160/73 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55 years, 176/73 inches; build 2.3 (33). 3. Male, a student, who in youth suffered from typhoid, has at 25 years the formula 150/68 inches; build 2.2 (32); adjusted to 55 years, 164/68 inches; build 2.5 (36). 4. Male, a man of science, always well, has at 23 years the formula 150/68 inches; build 2.3 (32); adjusted to 55 years, 166/68 inches; build 2.5 (36). 5. Female, a teacher, always well, has at 20 years the formula 120/64 inches; build 2.1 (29) ; adjusted to 55 years, 139/64 inches; build 2.4 (34). Comment. — Both stout parents come of stout or medium stock. Of the children, 3 are slender, 2 are medium. Adjusted, all are of medium build (R : Dol-3). Lan-A Family. A family from the State of Washington. The Father at 82 years had the formula 180/70 inches; build 2.6 (37). His 3 sibs are: (1) brother, at 50 years, 160/74 inches; build 2.1 (29); (2) brother, at 26 years, 190/73 inches; build 2.5 (36) ; (3) sister, at 70 years, 180/70 inches; build 2.6 (37). Their father, at 90 years, had the formula 200/74 inches; build 2.6 (37); their mother at 95 years, 160/66 inches; build 2.6 (37). The Mother at 52 years had the formula 170/65 inches; build 2.9 (40). Her one sister at 78 years, 145/64 inches; build 2.5 (35). Her father at 54 years, 200/68.5 inches; build 3.0 (43). Her mother at 82 years, 170/68 inches; build 2.6 (37). The two children: 1. Male, at 58 years, has the formula 240/68.5 inches; build 3.6 (51). 2. Female, at 48 years, 120/64 inches; build 2.1 (29). Comment. — Details concerning this family are lacking, From two stout parents, one of whom has a slender 2.1 (29) brother and the other a father BOTH PARENTS FLESHY. of build 3.0 (43), arise two children with indices of 3.6 (51) arid 2.1 (2 respectively (S : Lan-A). Slb-2 Family. A family of Irish extraction living in Michigan. The Father, a lawyer, is recorded to have suffered from no illnesses, lie died at 52 yean from "dipsomania," having the formula 200/72 inches; build 2.7 (39). II - father, a shoemaker, is living, having partially lost hie mind through sive use of tobacco. He has at 83 years the formula 150/85 inches; build 2.5 (36). His mother died at 50 years from "cancer of the breast/' having the formula 170/65 inches; build 2.8 (40). The Mother, who suffered in middle age from asthma, i- Living at ~>\ years, having the formula 170/68 inches; build 2.6 (37). Her father, a lumber dealer, suffered in middle age from typhoid fever and erysipelas, and died of old age at 84 years, having the formula 180/70 inches; build 2.6 (37). Her mother, who had "swelling and lameness of hand-, due perhaps to gout," was killed at 78 years by a fall due to defective Bight. Her formula was 180/65 inches; build 3.0 (43). The 2 children: 1. Male, a teacher, has at 28 years the formula 175/71 inches; build 2.4 (35) ; adjusted to 53 years, 189/71 inches; build 2.7 (37). 2. Female, a school teacher, who in youth suffered from diphtheria, I at 25 years the formula 160/65 inches; build 2.7 (38) ; adjusted to 53 v 177/65 inches; build 3.0 (42). Comment. — The two fleshy parents and fleshy grandparents have 2 chil- dren whose adjusted build is fleshy (R : Sle-2). Thr-2 Family. (Fig. 33.) In this family the Father is the same as child No. 2 of family Thr-1 (p. 138). It lives in Iowa. The father (III 4i, a physician, had at 25 years a weight of 180 pounds, height 69 inches; build 2.7 (38). At 70 year- he weighs 188 pounds, height 68.7 inches; build 2.7 (39). His 5 brothers were of about medium build, "called sturdy, hearty boys"; they all became stout. Their father, though of slender build (following lung disease! in middle life, "took on flesh" in later life; probably came to be of "fleshy" build. Their mother was of medium build. The Mother (III 5) weighs around 170 pounds and is 65 inches tall; thus a build of 2.8 (40). Her parents (II 5-6) each had a build o! 2.7 (38). The 6 children (IV 1-6) : 1. Male, weighed 10 pounds at birth; when in high school he weighed 160 pounds; at the university was a football player; at 36 he weighed I'lii pounds, and at 41 he weighs about 200. His build is probably about 3.0 (43). 2. Female, is "very large"; at 35 years she weighs about lso pounds, stature 65.5 inches; build 3.0 (42). 3. Female, at 33 is of the same weight and Btature a- her Bister; build 3.0 (42). 4. Male, weighed at 23 years about 117 pounds; at 33 yean up I pounds; at 36 weighs about 190 pounds; Btature 71 inches; build 2 7 5. Female, at 26 has a weight of 175 pound:-. Btature 66 inches; build 2.8 (40). 6. Male, weighed while in the Navy at 23 years 17."> pound-, statun 70 inches; build 2.5 (36); at 26 he weighs 165 pound-; build 2.7 '38). 80 FAMILY STUDIES IN BUILD. Comment. — In this family both parents are of fleshy build and all the children are, likewise, of fleshy build (R : Thr-2). Mating 3. Other Very Fleshy x Very Fleshy Matings. (Table XV.) There are 7 instances of this type of mating. These are sum- marized in table XV, Appendix. An examination of this table shows that in all families with 2 or more offspring one or more of them are obese. There is no case of slender offspring, though 12 out of 30, or two-fifths, are of medium build and only 10, or one-third of all, are very fleshy. This indicates the presence of recessive factors in the very fleshy parents. It suggests further that there are two or more pairs of factors that must be present to produce very fleshy children. Assuming that there are two factors and that both parents are m E 15 RWfa oil lorge we!! proportioned Fig. 33. — Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in the Thr-1, 2 families. heterozygous for one of them, we should expect very fleshy, fleshy, and medium offspring in about the proportions of 25 : 50 : 25, which distribution is not very close to the actual proportions of 40 : 27 : 33. On the assumption of 3 pairs of factors, we might expect 17 : 32 : 49 respectively from a 4 X 5 factor mating. Or the 4X4 factor mating would give on one hypothesis 31 (S + M) : 38 : 31, which is closest of all. All of these very fleshy parents are heterozygous. Table XV shows also that when all grandparents are know r n there is always one on each side who is at least of grade 36. The contrast between the families of table II and table XV is this: In table II, of the 20 grandparents 40 per cent are slender or very slender. In table XV of 20 grandparents only 30 per cent are fleshy, BOTH PAREN1 S FU the others are of lower grades of build. Accordingly we are appa i justified in concluding thai some of the very fleshy pai i heterozygous in the faciei- f< r build; and, indeed, a- stated, children 12 are of medium build. Table 11 c mtains Blend* i table X\' largely heterozygous ones. The detailed hist< cases follows. Bow-P. Family. < Fiu. 34.) A Virginia family, probably of English >toek. The Father has tin- formula 200/66.5 inches; build 3.2 (45). His father had the formula 1*7 * inches; build 3.2 (45). Hi? mother had the formula L65 66 inches; build 2.7 (38). Thus this side of the house has a fleshy or very fleshy build The Mother has the formula 220/68 inch«> ; build 3. 1 (48). Her 3 brothers, all 6 feet tall or more, each has a build of about 3.'.. lb r 2 tall sisters have builds of 38 and 50 respectively. Her father had the formula 190/73 inches; build 2.5 (36). Her mother had the formula 90 62 in build 1.6 (23). Thus this side of the house, aside from the fleshy mother, has prevailingly medium build. The mother's mother was i veil slender. Six children: 1. Male, at 56 years, 222 • g§, m [H-rO inches; build 3.5 .:,().. 2. Male, 175 69 inch* -: build 2.6 (37). 3. Male. 240 73 inches; build 3.2 (45). 4. Female, 200 65 inches; build 3.3 (47). 5. Female. Is7 68 in< hes; build Fig. 34. — Pedigree chart showing distribution 2.8 (40). build in the Bow-b family. 6. Female. 170 64 inches; build 2.9 (42). Comment. — Thus of the children, half are fleshy and half very ' and one exceeds any record of build in either side of the house. T I her acts like a homozygous dominant (S : Bow-B I . Bow-2 Family. (Fig. 34a.) The grandparents and parents were born in Cornwall, England; the children, except the first, in Connecticut. The Father, II 6, a contractor, who suffered from hernia and flat foot, had, at 66, the formula 200/67 inches; build 3.2 (45). Two of his Bibs died of consumption; other sibs are as follows: ill Bister, has the formula 225/66 inches; build 3.7 (52); (2) brother, ha- formula 225 67.5 im build 3.4 (49); (3) brother, has formula 225 66 inches; build 52); (4) sister, has formula 200/65 inches; build 3.3 (47); (5) Bister, has formula 190/66 inches; build 3.1 (44 1. Some of these Buffer from van and one is bow-legged. Their father, who was a Bhoemaker, and asthmat died at 77 years of arterio-sclerotic hemorrhage "i lungs Formula 150 inches; build 2.4 (34). Their mother had varicose veins on thr leg ami died at 68 years of "stoppage of the bowels." Formula 250 66 inches; build 4.0 (57). This is an extraordinary family of very fleshy peopli father's father, who had lung trouble), tin obesity coming from tin- Tim- mins side, of Penryn, Cornwall. 82 FAMILY STUDIES IN BUILD. The Mother, II 7, who was much subject to sore throat, indigestion, and piles, died of dropsy and cancer of the liver, at 57 years. Formula 180/61.5 inches; build 3.4 (48). One of her sisters died of consumption; other sibs were as follows: (1) $ , died of pneumonia; formula, 150/68 inches; build 2.3 (32) ; (2) $ , died at 47 years; formula, 150/65 inches; build 2.5 (36) ; (3) 9 , has the formula 136/60 inches; build 2.7 (38). The mother's father was a miner; had asthma and miner's disease, and died at 59 years of paralytic shock. Formula, 180/66 inches; build 2.9 (41). Her mother died at 69 years of pneumonia. Formula, 120/61 inches; build 2.3 (32). Except for the very fleshy — 3.4 (48) — Mother, this side of the house is less fleshy than the other. Five grown children: 1. Male, who has had naso-pharyngeal infections, has at 43 years the formula 140/67.5 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55+ years, 144/67.5 inches; build 2.3 (32). 2. Female, who has suffered from naso-pharyngeal infections, diarrhea, and nervous exhaustion, has at 42 years the formula 112/61.5 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55+ years, 117/61.5 inches; build 2.2 (31). f§£ — i — (§^ *%0 |~ W 3 4 W 5 61 7 *" * 9™Ml m I 2 w 3 4 Fig. 34a. — Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in Bow-2 family. 3. Female, subject to indigestion, has at 40 years the formula 125/62.5 inches; build 2.3 (32) ; adjusted to 55 years, 131/62.5 inches; build 2.4 (34). 4. Male, a bricklayer, subject to diarrhea, has at 35 years the formula 135/67 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55 years, 143/67 inches; build 2.3 (32). 5. Male, subject to biliousness and sleep-walking, has at 32 years the formula 185/66 inches; build 3.0 (43) ; adjusted to 55 years, 193/66 inches; build 3.1 (44). Comment. — Thus 4 of the 5 children have a medium build; onlv 1 is very fleshy (S : Bow-2). Byr-A Family. A family from South Carolina. The Father, at 60 years, had the formula 235/72 inches; build 3.2 (45). Of his 3 sibs, (1) brother. 200/66 inches; build 3.2 (46) ; (2) brother, weighed 150 pounds; (3) sister, 165/66 inches; build 2.7 (38). Their father, at 73 years, had the formula 200/64 inches; build 3.4 (49). Their mother, at 73 years, 175/64 inches; build 3.0 (43). All but one of the Father's brothers are very fleshy. The Mother, at 73 years, had the formula 165/60 inches; build 3.2 (46). Her 6 sibs weighed from 130 to 165 pounds. Her father, at 84 years, had the formula 160/72 inches; build 2.2 (31). Except for the Mother, this side of the house is apparently of only medium build. Four children: 1. Male, at 54 years, has the formula 235/71 inches; build 3.3 (47). 2. Male, at 50 years, 160/71 inches; build 2.2 (32). BOT H PA RENTS F L E SUV. 3. Male, at 64 years, 165/71 inches; build 2.3 (33). 4. Female, 150/62 inches; build 2.7 1 39). Comment. — Thus 1 in 4 is very fleshy, 1 is fleshy, and 2 are medium (S:Byr-A). ( \t-3 Family. A family of Italian origin; grandparents and parents all born in Sicily, moved to Cleveland, Ohio, where the children were all born. T her, a sailor till 24 years, then "in business," suffered in youth (16 years) from malaria, and at 20 years and again at 40 years from bronchitis; be ifl living at 63 years; formula 180/64 inches; build 3.1 (44). His father, a Bailor till 30 years, then a fish dealer, suffered in youth from cold- and in middle age from bronchitis. He died, at 85 years, from stomach trouble. Formula, 180/68 inches; build 2.7 (39). His mother, who was "short and Blim," died at child-birth at 23 years, having the formula 130/61 inches; build 2.5 (35). The Mother suffered in middle age from appendicitis and influenza. She is living at 56 years, having the formula 195/62 inches; build 3.6 (51). Her father, who operated an oil mill, was short and "stocky" and had high blood-pressure. He died, at 77 years, from "sudden shock, caused by chill." having the formula 160/62 inches; build 3.0 (42). Her mother, who had 11 children, was a quick-tempered, heavy-set, broad-shouldered woman. She died at 77 years of pneumonia, having the formula 200/64 inches; build 3.4 (49). Six grown children: 1. Male, a pharmacist, who in youth suffered from diphtheria, has, at 27 years, the formula 145/66 inches; build 2.3 (33); adjusted to 55-|- its, 156/66 inches; build 2.5 (36). 2. Female, who in youth suffered from diphtheria, has, at 2b' year-, the formula 150/66 inches; build 2.4 (34) ; adjusted to 55 years, 168/66 incl build 2.2 (39). 3. Male, a student, who in youth suffered from measles, chicken-pox, and colds, is fond of athletics and out-of-door life. At birth he weighed 10 pounds; at 14 years, 140 pounds. Began athletics and at 17 year- w< . 180 pounds. At 23 years has the formula 190/67 inches; build 3.0 (42) ; adjusted to 55+ years, 209/67 inches; build 3.3 (47). 4. Female, a student, who at 22 years has the formula 120, 62 incl • build 2.2 (31); adjusted to 55+ years, 138/62 inches; build 2.5 (36). 5. Male, a student, who in youth suffered from measles, diphtheria, and pneumonia. Died at 18 years in military sen ice, from pneumonia. Formula, 140/67 inches; build 2.2 (31); adjusted to 55 Years. 165 70 inch.-; build 2.4 (34). 6. Male, a student, who in youth suffered from scarlet fever, has at 18 years the formula 147/66 inches; build 2.4 (34); adjusted to 55+ y. 172/70 inches; build 2.5 (35). Comment.— The Mother's side of the house is decidedly the heavier. I toe son approached the maternal build; the other children are far below i I parent in build, even with the adjustment i which is probably inadequal (R :Car-3). Dal A Family. A family from North Carolina. The Father, at 69 year.-, has the form 225/68 inches; build 3.4 (49). Of his 7 sibs, 1 1 I brother, at 64 y< ira the formula 160/69 inches; build 2.4 (34) ; (2) brother, at 36 L50 70 84 FAMILY STUDIES IN BUILD. inches; build 2.2 (31); (3) brother, at 45 years, 140/67.5 inches; build 2.1 (30); (4) brother, at 40 years, 230/70 inches; build 3.3 (47); (5) brother, 180/72 inches; build 2.4 (35) ; (6) sister, at 60 years, 166/66 inches; build 2.7 (38); (7) sister, at 70 years, 140/70 inches; build 2.0 (29). Their father, at 75 years, 220/68 inches; build 3.3 (48). A very fleshy Father of whose 7 sibs 1 is very fleshy, 1 fleshy, 4 medium, and 1 slender. The gametic constitution is apparently mixed. The Mother, at 36 years, has the formula 225/65 inches; build 3.7 (53). Her father, at 80 years, 330/72 inches; build 4.6 (64). Apparently this side of the house is exceptionally fleshy. Six children : 1. Male, at 64 years, 212/69 inches; build 3.1 (45). 2. Male, at 66 years, 185/68 inches; build 2.8 (40). 3. Male, at 59 years, 240/69 inches; build 3.5 (50). 4. Male, at 54 years, 240/72 inches; build 3.3 (46). 5. Female, at 61 years, 140/64 inches; build 2.4 (34). 6. Female, at 54 years, 130/64 inches; build 2.2 (32). Comment. — Thus 3 out of 6 children are very fleshy, 1 is fleshy and the 2 daughters are medium (S : Dal-A). Dud-A Family. A family of Irish extraction from North Carolina. The Father, at 75 years, had the formula 200/64 inches; build 3.4 (49). His brother, at 70 years, 160/70 inches; build 2.3 (33). The Mother, at 86 years, had the formula 220/66 inches; build 3.6 (51). Two grown children: 1. Male, at 60 years, 251/70 inches; build 3.6 (51). 2. Male, at 70 years, 150/70 inches; build 2.2 (31). Comment. — The children of these parents, the family of one of whom at least is of mixed build, were one very fleshy and one medium (S : Dud-A). Smi-36 Family. A family of English extraction. The grandparents, parents, and one child are all New Englanders. The Father, a physician, in excellent health, has at 53 the formula 208/67.5 inches; build 3.2 (46). His father, a physician also, died, at 82 years, from angina pectoris. He had pulmonary tuberculosis in youth. At 65 his formula was 160/67 inches; build 2.5 (36). The father's mother had three sons and two daughters. She died of tuberculosis, at 35 years of age. Her formula at 30 was 140/64 inches; build 2.4 (34). This side of the house shows heavy build of mixed origin. The Mother in middle age had cerebral embolus. At 51 her formula is 176/63.5 inches; build 3.1 (44). Her father, a farmer, had erysipelas in middle age. He died, at 64, from typhoid fever. At 60 he had the formula 225/70 inches; build 3.2 (46). Her mother, having had 3 sons and 4 daughters, died at 78 from dysentery. At 65 her formula was 160/63 inches; build 2.8 (40). This side of the house is very fleshy to fleshy. One child: 1. Male, a medical student. He has, at 22, the formula 165/74 inches; build 2.1 (30) ; adjusted to 52 years, 190/74 inches, build 2.5 (341. Comment. — Thus the child is slenderer than either parent and like his tubercular father's mother (R : Smi-36). BOTH PARENT8 1 LESHY 8l M MAIIY. The progeny of the three mat ings may now be compared i tabli While even very fleshy parents are sometimes hi ius (perhi carrying 5 or rarely even 1 zygotic factors for build), yet they do i produce any slender children. The merely "fleshy" parents, od the other hand, produce about 7 per cent slender. None would be expected on the 4-zygotic-factor hypothesis, bul about 6 per cenl would be od the 6-factor hypothesis. Table 26. — Summary of selected fleshy matings, together with their prog* No. 50 15 30 < »fT-|.r 1 requency. S 2 1 M 11 5 12 1 L':; S 8 \ 1 - M 1 -7 7 Mating 1. One parent VF; the other F, of I -tuck 14 1 in ■I 7 33 ■in Mating 2. Both parents F, of F stock Mating 3. Other VF X VF matings A comparison of tables 23 and 26 shows a profound difference in the distribution of build in the two sets of progenies. From the matings of slender parents come predominantly (84 per cenl I slender and very slender offspring; from the mating of two fleshy or very fleshy parents come predominantly (67 per cent) fleshy and very fleshy offspring. The ranges of the offspring classes overlap somewhat, for the slender matings produce 16 per cent progeny who are above slender build; and the fleshy matings produce 32 per cent of progeny who are below fleshy build. The progeny of the slender matings are much leas variable than those of fleshy matings. Thus, the standard deviation of the offspring in table 23 is only 3.13 ± 0.17; while the standard deviation of the offspring of the fleshy parents listed in table 24 i- 5.74^0.39 and in table 25 4.70 ± 0.52. From the standpoint of genetics this indicates the presence of more genetical factors in the fleshy parents than in the slender. However, there is one consideration that must not be overlooked. This is that the mean index of build of the slender offspring is tower than that of the fleshy ones. If we place the average indi I of the very slender and slender groups at 2(1, and of the pure fleshy at 40, then the coefficient of variability of tin- slender and very Blende] 3.13-^26, or 12 per cent, and that of the fleshy of table 24 > L70 40, or 14 per cent. Thus the fleshy offspring are not only absolutely but also relatively more variable than the slender offspring. Perhaps a fairer comparison is obtained from the data ^\ table L2. The standard deviation of the progeny of the S • S inati: L'41 ; of the F X F matings is 5.37. The corresponding coefficients of 86 FAMILY STUDIES IN BUILD. variability are 2.41-^-28.47 and 5.35-^37.56, or 8.46 per cent and 14.25 per cent respectively. That is, the coefficient of variability of build of the offspring of the F X F mating is 68 per cent greater than that of the S X S mating. The ranges of the logarithms of the indices of the S and the F groups is as near as possible the same, and the arithmetic range of the F is only 40 per cent greater than of the S group. Hence the greater variability of the offspring of the F X F as compared with the S X S matings can not be accounted for on a difference in the range of index values of the S and F classes. The most reasonable conclusion seems to be that the gametes of the fleshy parents are somewhat more variable than the gametes of the slender and the very slender parents. Class III. Mating of Slender with Fleshy Stock — The F l Generation. After having considered the inheritance of build in the progeny of slender and of fleshy stock respectively, we have next to consider the distribution of build in hybrids between such stocks. This class of matings produces the familiar Fi generation. Incidentally it may be pointed out that where multiple factors are concerned the Fi genera- tion has not that uniformity that it has when only one factor is con- cerned. This is partly because there are several kinds of Fi offspring. For example, the progeny of very fleshy X slender, fleshy X very slender, fleshy X slender, and even subdivisions of some of these categories. If we analyze the progeny of all these matings together, a considerable range of variation in the Fj generation is to be expected. If we deal with each type of mating separately, the numbers are insuffi- cient to be significant. Compromises of various sorts will be necessary between too small numbers of offspring, on the one hand, and too het- erogeneous parents on the other. Further complications arise from the fact that on the hypothesis that fleshy persons carry factors that domi- nate over slender, it is to be expected that the children shall be, on the average, of above medium build; and, again, from the fact that the children are younger than the parents and, for the most part, do not as yet show their full adult build. This is a matter of especial importance in this mating, since heterozygous individuals are slow in developing their potential build. Three kinds of matings will be considered. Mating 1. One Parent Slender, of Slender Stock, and the Other Fleshy, of Fleshy Stock. (Table VIII in Part.) If mainly those fleshy parents are selected whose parents and sibs (so far as known) are fleshy, then the progeny will correspond as nearly as possible to a Mendelian Fi generation, and should be char- acterized by relatively low variability. Such selected matings are given in table 27, extracted from table VIII, Appendix. SLKNDEK X FLESH! . 87 Table 27. — Matings of a slender parent of slender stock and n flethy }> 67 inches; build 2.2 (31) ; adjusted to 55 years, 150 67 inches; build 2 4. Male, student, had pneumonia, has at 26 years the formula 150 67 inches; build 2.3 (33) ; adjusted to 55 year-. 162/67 inches; build 2.5 <• 5. Male, a student, who has had malaria, has at 24 years the formula 130/67 inches; build 2.0 (29); adjusted to 55 years, 111 67 inches; build 2.3 (32). Comment. — A man of a family of a prevailing -lender build, who mother died of tuberculosis, married a fleshy woman of two fleshy par. i Of the 5 children, 1 and perhaps 2 will become fleshy; 1 i- of medium build, and 2 will probably remain slender like the Father. Since all children fleshier than the slender Father, and since member- of the family tend I grow fleshy as they grow older, it Beems probable (barring d • that child No. 2 will gain the build of her Btoul Mother and th ■ will become of at least medium build (R : Dob 2). Di i> 1 Family. A family of Scotch stock residing principally in Ohio and Iowa. The Father, a farmer until his retirement at 5(1 years, who died at 56 of di had at 40 years the formula 215 71 inches; build 3.0 (43). Of his 6 4 were stout to very stout and 1 was slender and died of tuberculoei 90 FAMILY STUDIES IN BUILD. his 2 brothers, one was 72 inches tall and died of kidney trouble; the other was 67 inches tall. The Father's father, also a farmer all his life and very strong, died at 60 years of apoplexy, having the formula 250/64 inches; build 4.3 (61). This side of the house brings into the combination a ten- dency to extreme fleshiness. The Mother, who was operated on for cancer, at 40 years had the formula 115/64 inches; build 2.0 (28). She had 12 sibs, of whom 3 were fleshy or very fleshy. Her father, a carpenter, who died of Bright's disease at 70, had the formula 160/72 inches; build 2.2 (31). Her mother, who died at 50 years of tuberculosis, had at 40 years of age the formula 120/65 inches; build 2.0 (28) . This side of the house is prevailingly slender. The 2 children: 1. Male, a college student and subject to migraine, has at 25 years the formula 158/70 inches; build 2.3 (32) ; adjusted to 40 years, 169/70 inches; build 2.4 (35). 2. Female, a school girl, operated on at 16 for appendicitis, has at 25 years the formula 120/64 inches; build 2.1 (29); adjusted to 40 years, 135/64 inches; build 2.3 (33). Comment. — This mating of parents of stout and of slender stock results in children who are still young and of only medium to slender build. It is to be expected that the young man, at least, will become stout, approaching his father's build (R : Dud-1). Elk-1 Family. A family of English extraction living in Massachusetts and New Hamp- shire. The Father, a "superintendent," suffered in youth from pneumonia. He is living at 47 years, having the formula 200/70 inches; build 2.9 (41). One of his brothers died, at 43 years, from consumption of the stomach "due to accident"; his formula, 175/70 inches; build 2.5 (36). Their mother is living at 73 years, having the formula 160/60 inches; build 3.1 (44). This side of the house is prevailingly fleshy. The Mother, who suffered in middle age from bronchial trouble, has at 49 years the formula 98/60.3 inches; build 2.0 (27). Her father, a farmer, is living at 76 years with the formula 135/67.3 inches; build 2.1 (30). Her mother, who suffered in middle age from bronchitis, pneumonia, and heart trouble, is living at 68 years with the formula 124/62 inches; build 32. This is a prevailingly slender family. The 4 children: 1. Female, a student, has at 23 years the formula 120/64.5 inches; build 2.0 (29) ; adjusted to 48 years, 137/64.5 inches; build 2.2 (33). 2. Female, a student, has at 21 years the formula 108/64.5 inches; build 1.8 (26) ; adjusted to 48 years, 126/64.5 inches; build 2.1 (30). 3. Female, a student, has at 18 years the formula 107/61 inches; build 2.0 (29) ; adjusted to 48 years, 125/61 inches; build 2.4 (34). 4. Female, a student, twin to No. 3, has at 18 years the formula 107/61.6 inches; build 1.9 (28) ; adjusted to 48 years, 127/61.6 inches; build 2.3 (33). Comment. — The children are all fairly young and have the youthful slender and medium build. Even on adjustment they do not rise above the medium class. Unfortunately, we do not know how this family develops its index of build (R : Elk-1). Faz Family. (Fig. 28.) II 8, $ , is slender; he has a fleshy sister and their mother is fleshy. His wife is II 9, who, at 46 years, has stature 151 cm. (59 inches) and weight 90 kg. (200 pounds) ; build 4.0 (57) ; very fleshy. Her relative chest-girth, is 111-=- 151, or 74 per cent. Her sister, II 6, who died at 66 SLENDER X FLESH V «U of cerebral hemorrhage, had the formula 225/63 inches; build 4.0 (57); very fleshy. Both of their parents were fleshy. The children of II 8, 9 who grew up arc: ill III 9. 9 . at 19 of medium weight. (2) III 10, $ , at 18 years fleshy. Two others are too young to include in the statistics. Comment. — Medium and fleshy progeny recur, suggesting that the fleshy parent is not entirely homozygous (73 : 665). Leo Family. (Fig. 23.) II 2 $ , 72 inches tall and fleshy, has a tall and fleshy sister. His wife, II 3, 9 , is of medium stature and slender. She has 4 sibs, all Blender; their parents also slender. Three children, all fleshy. Again, II 7, the slender brother of II 3, married an obese woman, and has 1 child who, at 9 years, is 20 per cent over weight. Sec also page f»l (SXS mating). (73:676.) Lyn Family. D. 0., $ , weighs over 90 kg. (200 pounds), fleshy, has 2 fleshy sibs and fleshy mother. He married a slender woman, who grew fleshier in middle life. They had 6 children, all fleshy. D. O. is a second cousin of figure 30. II 1 (p. 74). The fleshv parent was apparently a homozygous dominant (73 : 684). Ofi Family, A. (Fig. 35.) 1\ $ was tall and slender. His wife I 2 was tall and very fleshv. Tin were 8 children, about whose build something is known. II 1 9 fleshy. II 3 9 at 40 years is fleshy, married to a Blender man, has slender and fleshy children. II 4 $ at 30 years is fleshy. 117 5 is tall and fleshy. II 10 9 is inclined to be fleshy. II 12 9 at 42 y» is fleshy, and has children of both types. II 14 $ at 45 years, stature It'..". cm. (65 inches) ; weight 62.5 (138 pounds) ; build 2.3 (33 1; medium. II 13 g5tyg6 7 9i 10 II ■ m £ I ED m w D D 12 3 4 5 6 7 I? 13 14 lb 16 i' I* 19 tin 8 2i 9 10 II ® m €>• w a ©.# 13 I* IS 16 DtD • . Fig. 35. — Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in On family. 92 FAMILY STUDIES IN BUILD. pounds) ; build 2.9 (42), fleshy; relative chest-girth 92-=- 153, or 61 per cent. She has always been fleshy, was formerly more so than now. Married to a man of medium build, there were 4 children, 2 slender, and 1 fleshy* and I very fleshy. II 16 $ died at 48 of "heart disease," very fleshy. II 17 9 , stature 151 cm. (59 inches); weight 56 kg. (124 pounds); build 2.5 (36), fleshy-medium; relative chest-girth 95-^-151, or 63 per cent. II 18 9 fleshy. II 20 9 , very fleshy, has 3 slender children. II 21 9 fleshy. II 22 $ of medium build. II 23 9 , at 31 years, stature 150 cm. (59 inches) ; weight 69 kg. (151 pounds) ; build 3.0 (43 per cent), fleshy. Rela- tive chest-girth 100 -f- 150, or 67 per cent. Thus, of the 8 children 2 are of medium build, 4 fleshy, and 2 very fleshy. Ofi Family, C. (Fig. 35.) II 2 $ , slender, married II 3, at 40 years fleshy and heterozygous, and had 4 children. Ill 1 $ fleshy ; III 2 $ of medium build, and III 3 $ , 4 $ twins, slender. Thus 1 fleshy, 1 medium, and 2 slender. Comment. — Mating B is apparently that of a nearly homozygous domi- nant fleshy mated to a slender, and producing fleshy and very fleshy off- spring and 2 who are just below fleshy build (73 : 697). Smi Family. II 1 $ (fig. 26), at 50, stature 173 cm. (68 inches); and weight 90 to 100 kg. (200 to 215 pounds) ; build 3.2 (45), very fleshy. As a lad he was very slender, but at 28 years began to grow fleshy. Married a woman who, at 68 years, has a stature of 150 cm. (59 inches), weight 45 kg. (100 pounds) ; build 2.0 (30), slender. They had 8 children: (1) Male, at 50 years, stature 165 cm. (65 inches); weight 80 kg. (175 pounds); build 2.9 (41), fleshy; slender as a child. (2) 9 , at 48 years, stature 155 cm. (61 inches); weight 79 kg. (174 pounds); build 3.3 (47), very fleshy; was slender until about 16 years of age. (3) 9 , at 46 years, stature 155 cm. (61 inches); weight 86 kg. (190 pounds); build 3.6 (51), very fleshy; was slender until 20 years old. By a slender husband she has 3 children, 13 to 5 years of age, all slender, but the eldest boy growing fleshier. (4) 9 died at 28 years of kidney trouble, aggravated by child- birth; at that time she was slender. (5) 9 , at 34 years, stature 155 cm. (61 inches) ; weight 82 kg. (180 pounds) ; build 3.4 (48), very fleshy, rather uniformly over the body. She was fleshy as a child; then became slender and remained so up to the age of 16 or 18 years. By a slender man she has 3 children, all young and slender. (6) $ , at 31 years of medium build with a tendency to grow fleshier, by a slender wife has a slender child. (7) $ , at 29 years, stature 157 cm. (62 inches); weight now about 62 kg. (135 pounds); build 2.5 (35), fleshy-medium, and varying inversely with his activity. (8) $ , at 24 years, stature 168 cm. (66 inches) ; weight 59 kg. (130 pounds) ; build 2.1 (30), medium-slender, but this is the age when in this family they first begin to put on flesh. Comment. — This is an exceedingly instructive family; first, because they are all slender until 20 to 25 and then begin to grow fleshier. The hete- rozygous condition of fleshiness retards the full development of the trait, as so often seen in genetics. It is probable that III 1 is nearly homozygous for fleshiness (73 : 736). * III 7, shading omitted, by error, on chart. SLENDER > 1 LE8HY. Wal \ Family. A New York State family of English and Scotch ancestry. The Father, a business man, with diabetic tendencies, has al 60 the formula 180/G6 inches; build 2.9 (41). His sibs are all ball or vi tall. His father, a Scotch tanner, who had 'kidney trouble." which, aggravated by influenza, caused hia death at 86 year-, had the formula 175/68 inches; build 2.7 (38). His mother, who suffered from neuralgia and died of blood-poisoning at 64 years, had the formula 150 • '»<> incl build 2.4 (341. This side of the house is thus of medium to fleshy build. The Mother is subject to nervous prostration and intestinal indigestion and has been operated on for uterine lacerations. At 52 she has the formula 125/67.5 inches; build 1.9 (27). Her father, who kept a country Btore and died at 83 years of heart failure, had the formula 156 71 inches; build 2.2 (31). The Mother's mother, who died at 75 years of cancer of the stomach, was hunch-backed from an accident when 3 years old; had long arms and would probably have been tall. At 60 she had the formula 100 60 inches; build 2.0 (28). This side of the house is prevailingly -lender Two children are: 1. Male, a social worker, has at 30 years the formula 200 71 u build 2.6 (37) ; adjusted to 55 years, 214/74 inches; build 2.8 (39). 2. Male, a business man, has at 24 years the formula 160 71 inch* build 2.2 (32) ; adjusted to 55 years. 178/71 inches; build 2.5 (35) Comment. — One child is fleshy like the Father, the other i< oi inter- mediate build (R : Wal-4). Mating 2. Other Slendkr x Fleshy Matin In addition to the selected cases of table 27, reference may be made to other families of table VIII of which details air published In with; and which reveal special matters of interest. Tiny ate not included in mating 1, because there is always at leasl <>ne medium- grade parent of the fleshy side of the house. The families are listed in table 28, summarized here and described in extenso further on. Table 28. — Matings of a slender parent of slender stock and a fleshy parent of mind st.tck, together inth their progeny. FF FM F Father's sibs. Ml' MM M Mother's ( >fT«priiu: \ - - M i \ P Bro30.. . . Fin 1 Met A Olm A... She 12... . Van 3 Total.. . . 31 34 M 34 341 29 27 31 M 46 29 30 30 39 38 38 29 :;s 33 ± 34 34 33 in 33 28 39 :;7 37 30 -'l 28 l 1 1 l 1 i i i l l 1 :;\1. IF, IVF IF :\I 1M. 11 16 Offspring: A, 38.01 ± 0.55. S. D., 4 7 I Bro-80. — One child out of 3 is very fleshy, <>t" a made that m our experience never occurs when both parents are slender. 94 FAMILY STUDIES IN BUILD. Fin-1. — In this family all 3 children have already a build nearly equal to that of the fleshier parent. Assuming that they increase in weight in the same degree as the average person, they may be ex- pected to be considerably fleshier than the fleshy parent. Met-A. — Of the 5 children, 3 already exceed in build the fleshy parent. Olm-A. — Of 6 children, all but 1 are fleshier than the fleshy parent. She-12. — Of 7 children, 4 are fleshy like the Father, the others are slender to medium. Van-8. — One out of 3 is fleshy. The distribution of indices of build in the offspring is summarized in table 28. This distribution of offspring is characterized by about the same means as in mating 1, and by about the same variability. It seems probable, consequently, that the fleshy parents were nearly homozygous for this trait. Bro-30 Family. A family of prevailingly English stock. The members of this family, including the grandparents, parents, and 3 children, were born and have lived in Connecticut. The Father in youth had typhoid fever, in middle age neuritis. Now, at 72, his formula is 140/68 inches; build 2.1 (30). His father, a school-teacher and farmer, died at 65 from old age, pre- mature because of his strenuous life. His formula was 150/70 inches; build 2.0 (31). The Father's mother had sick headaches and inflammatory rheumatism in middle age. She died at 82 from old age, having then the formula 115/65 inches; build 1.9 (27). The Mother, who had inflammatory rheumatism in youth and malaria in middle age, has now, at 63, the formula 150/64 inches; build 2.6 (37). Her father, a farmer and politician, suffered from Bright's disease in middle age, and died at 54 from an abscess of the liver as the immediate cause. His formula 175/71 inches; build 2.4 (35). Her mother, having enjoyed good health all her life, died at 87 from old age. Her formula was 175/66 inches; build 2.8 (40). The 3 children are: 1. Male, at 42, 145/67 inches; build 2.3 (32); adjusted to 55 years, 149/67 inches; build 2.3 (33). 2. Male, at 40, 165/68 inches; build 2.5 (36); adjusted to 55 years, 170/68 inches; build 2.6 (37). 3. Male, at 39, 200/68 inches; build 3.0 (43); adjusted to 55 years, 206/68 inches; build 3.1 (45). Comment. — The children's range of build exceeds that of the parents; the youngest is indeed very fleshy. Probably there is an obese tendency which comes down through the line of the Mother and Mother's mother (R : Bro-30). Fin-1 Family. A family of Russian Jewish stock. The grandparents and parents were natives of Russia; the family emigrated to America and settled in Penn- sylvania, where the 3 children were born. The Father, a manufacturer, is living at 47 years, having the formula 140/68 inches; build 2.1 (30). His father, a merchant, is living at 69 years, having the formula 150/66 inches; build 2.4 (34). His mother, who had 12 children, died at 55 years from cancer, having the formula 145/68 inches; build 2.2 (31). SLENDER X FLESHY. The Mother has at 43 years the formula 165/67 inches; build (7) Her sibs are mostly of heavy build. Her father, a merchant, I years the formula 180/69 inches; build 2.7 (38). Her mother, who had 5 children, died at 53 years, having the formula 135/64 inches; build 2 The 3 children: 1. Male, a salesman, had at 23 vears the formula 1 95 70 inches; build 2.8 (40); adjusted to 45 years, 210/70 inches; build 3.0 (43). 2. Male, a law student, has at 23 years the formula 175 70 inch* - : build 2.5 (36) ; adjusted to 45 years, 190/70 inches; build 2.7 (39). 3. Male, a college student, has at 21 vears the formula 109/70 inch* build 2.4 (35) ; adjusted to 45 years, 186/70 inches; build 2.7 i Comment. — All 3 children have a fleshy build and may be expected to become fleshier than the Mother (R : Fin-1). Met-A Family. A family of English extraction, living in Illinois. The Father. a1 50 years, had the formula 200/72 inches; build 2.7 (39). Of his 5 Bibs: (1) Brother, at 50 years, 170/68 inches; build 2.6 (37). (2) Brother, at 50 years, 160/68 inches; build 2.4 (35). (3) Brother, at 50 vears, 160 68 inches; build 2.4 (35). (4) Sister, at 50 years, had the formula 200 T; build, say, 3.2 (46±). (5) Sister, at 50 years, had formula 1 10 M : build, say, 2.5 (35). Both their father and mother are said to have been of medium build. The Mother, at 50 years, had the formula 120/63 inches; build 2.1 (30). Of her 5 sibs who reached maturity: (1) Brother, at 50 vears, had I formula 160/68 inches; build 2.4 (35). (2) Sister. 130 tit indie; build 2.2 (32). (3) Sister, 110/60 inches; build 2.1 (31). (4) Sister, 120 63 inches; build 2.1 (30). (5) Sister, 110/63 inches; build 1.9 (28.) Their father had the formula 140/S; build, say, 2.3 (33=t). Their mother had the formula 120/T; build, say, 2.0 (28±). Five grown children: 1. Female, at 35 years, has the formula 165/65 inches; build 2.7 (39) adjusted to 50 years, 175/65 inches; build 2.9 (41). 2. Male, at 40 vears, 180/68 inches; build 2.7 (39) ; adjusted to 50 years, 183/68 inches; build 2.8 (40). 3. Male, at 40 years, 185/68 inches; build 2.8 (40) ; adjusted to 50 188/68 inches; build 2.9 (41). 4. Male, at 20 years, 160/68 inches; build 2.4 (35) ; adjusted to 50 178/69 inches; build 2.7 (37). 5. Female, at 35 years, 150/68 inches; build 2.3 (32); adjusted to 50 years, 161/68 inches; build 2.4 (35). Comment. — On the adjusted build, all children are above the mid-parent and 3 of the 5 exceed the stouter parent (S : Met-A I . Olm-A Family. (Fig. 30. 1 A family of old American stock living in New York State. The 1 has the formula 170/67 inches; build 2.7 (38). He has B fleshy brol His father had the formula 150/66 inches ; build 2. 1 (34). The Mother has the formula 100/64.5 inches; build 1.7 (24). Sh< h \& I medium brother and a fleshy sister. Her lather had the formula 150 I inches; build 2.4 (34). Her mother had the formula 125 66.5 in< build 2.0 (28). The 6 children: 1. Male, at 60 years, has the formula 102 01 inches; build 3.6 I I 2. Male, 250/67 inches; build 3.6 (51). 96 FAMILY STUDIES IN BUILD. 3. Male, 180/66.5 inches; build 2.9 (41). 4. Male, 150/68 inches; build 2.3 (32). 5. Male, 155/65 inches; build 2.6 (37). 6. Female, 175/66 inches; build 2.8 (40). Comment.— A fleshy man, whose known family is fleshy or medium, has by a very slender woman whose family shows a variety of builds, 6 chil- dren: 1 medium, 4 fleshy, and 1 very fleshy. This suggests that the Father is nearly homozygous for the factors of build (S : Olm-A). She-12 Family. This family, whose grandparents came from Pennsylvania and New Jersey, is chiefly of English and German stock. The 10 children were born in Iowa and Nebraska. The Father, soldier and editor, is in good health at 76 years, except for "rheumatism"; formula, 180/69 inches; build 2.7 (38). His father, a black- smith, who was killed by the kick of a horse, had the formula 160/69 inches; build 2.4 (34). The Father's mother, who had a large family and died of dropsy, at 74 years had the formula 200/66 inches; build 3.2 (46). Thus this side of the house is prevailingly of fleshy build. The Mother, with 10 children, had an attack of pneumonia and died at 56 of throat and bronchial trouble and had the formula 120/65 inches; build 2.0 (28). The Mother's father, a merchant, who died of a fever, had DI H ■ HS3H0 the formula 175/72 inches; build 2.4 (34). ! 2 3 4 5 6 rpj^ M th er ' s mother, who was inclined to Fig. 36.-Pedigree chart show- bronchia i an( j i ung diseases, had the formula ZulTX" " 120/65 inches; build 2.0 (28). She died of "old age" at 82 years. This side of the house is medium to slender. The 7 grown children are: 1. Female, married, has suffered from intestinal indigestion and "some rheumatism." At 48 her formula is 170/64 inches; build 2.9 (42). 2. Male, a journalist, who was weak after an attack of scarlet fever, but developed into a robust man, has at 46 the formula 180/69 inches; build 2.7 (38). 3. Female, now 40 years old, married and with a family, has the formula 155/66 inches; build 2.5 (36); adjusted to 55 years, 162/66 inches; build 2.6 (37). 4. Male, a linotype operator, subject to throat and stomach trouble, has the formula 170/72 inches, build 2.3 (33), at the age of 37 years; adjusted to 55 years, 176/72 inches; build 2.4 (34). 5. Male, a promoter, in fine health, has at 34 the formula 160/72 inches; build 2.2 (31) ; adjusted to 55 years, 168/72 inches; build 2.3 (32). 6. Male, a journalist, who has had ear and throat trouble following scarlet fever, has, at 32, the formula 170/69 inches; build 2.5 (36) ; adjusted to 55 years, 180/69 inches; build 2.7 (38). 7. Female, delicate and inclined to rheumatism, at 29 years has the formula 120/65 inches; build 2.0 (28) ; adjusted to 55 years, 135/65 inches; build 2.2 (32). Comment. — Four of the children are stout like the Father; the others are intermediate to slender (R : She-12). SLENDER X FLESH! . Yan-3 Family Grandparents from Pennsylvania and New York; children born in Penn- sylvania and Michigan; chiefly of English origin. Father, iron-worl subject to bronchial and catarrhal troubles; formula, at 60 year- I3fi inches; build 2.1 (29). Father's lather, a minister, Bubjed to catarrhal and bronchial troubles, died at 92 years of pneumonia; formula 130 inches; build 2.0 (29). Father's mother died of pneumonia at SI year-; formula 122/65 inches; build 2.0 (29). This side <>I" the house ifl slender. The Mother, who has some catarrhal and bronchial trouble, ha- the formula 150/64 inches; build 2.6 (36.6). Her father, who died at 72 y< of kidney trouble and constipation, had the formula 150/67 inches; build 2.3 (33). Her mother had the formula 160/64 inches; build 2.7 (39). 'I side of the house is of or above the average build. There an- 3 childn a: 1. Female, a teacher, has at 27 years old the formula 110/65 inch- build 1.8 (26). 2. Female, who had an attack of typhoid fever, had the formula 150 64 inches; build 2.6 (36.6) (''physically and mentally like mother" I. 3. Male, at 18 years, has the formula 125/68.5 inches; build 1.8 (27); adjusted to 50 years, 135/69 inches; build 2.0 (281. Thus 2 of the children resemble the (slender) paternal side and 1 the maternal (K : Van-3). Mating 3. Very Slender x Very Fleshy. Mention may be made of one example of this extreme mating, namely, of a very fleshy man with a very slender woman, wh< slenderness may be due to the fact that she had formerly suffered an acute attack of tuberculosis. The two children are still young I L9 and 21 years), but are already 3 and 5 points respectively above average build (English system), suggesting dominance of flesbin* The detailed history of this mating follows. Goo-8 Family. A family of English extraction living in Massachusetts. The Father, a shoe manufacturer, is living at 47 years, having the formula 210 66 incl build 3.4 (48). His father, a farmer, who died at 63 years from Blight's disease, was of medium build. His mother, who had only 1 child, suffi in youth from tonsillitis. She is living at 75 years and is of medium build The very stout Father is probably heterozygous in build. The Mother, who has 2 children, suffered in youth from tonsillitis ami scarlet fever; in middle age from tubercular trouble ("cured"). She i> living at 46 years, having the formula 100/66 inches; build 1.6 (23). Her 2 brothers were tall. Her father, a farmer, well except for headaches, was a distant cousin to his wife. He is living at 72 years, having the formula 150/66 inches; build 2.4 (34). Her mother, who had 3 childn n. died from cancer at 58 years, having the formula 130/63 inches; build 2.3 (33). Thus the mother comes of medium (heterozygous' I stock; her extreme siendern. m is associated with a tendency to active tuberculosis. The 2 children: 1. Male, a student, who in youth suffered from tonsillitis, has at _'i the formula 153/69 inches; build 2.3 (32); adjusted to 17 170 69 inches; build 2.5 (36). 2. Male, a student, who in youth suffered from diphtheria, has at 19 years the formula 160/67 inches; build 2.5 (36); adjusted to 17 >■ 180/69 inches; build 2.7 (38). Comment. — The children are medium to fleshy; they are still young (R : Goo-8). 98 FAMILY STUDIES IN BUILD. Mating 4. Slender x Very Fleshy Matings (Table IX) . Another test of dominance of the fleshy factors is afforded by table IX. The details will be found in the following pages. The distribu- tion of the progeny is indicated in table 29. The sums of table 29, reduced to percentages, are: 12.5 S, 42.5 M, 35 F, 10 VF. On the 4-zygotic-factor hypothesis of build, an equality of medium and fleshy progeny is expected. On the 6-factor hypothesis, a 5 X 2 mating would produce two types of families. Averaging these two types, the expected proportions are 9 S, 41 M, 41 F, 9 VF, which is fairly close to the proportions actually found. It will be observed that fleshy progeny are not far less frequent than those of medium build. Table 29. — Matings of a slender parent and a very fleshy one, together with their progeny. References. Parentage. Offspring. FF FM F Father's sibs. MF MMj M Mother's sibs. VS s M F 1 VF Ban 2 Ben 8 Bon A Bun Cle 5 .... Coo 1 Fen 1 31 42 38 40 F 34 M 48 31 26 S 34 F 44 49 28 51 57 30 29 44 30 44 30 29 49 33 M 39 35 25 F 32 26 26 ± 45 26 26 54 49 27 49 29 51 46 27 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 t 5 VF ........ .... I ... . 1 IF 4S 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 3 IF 2S, 2F... 27 M 32 49 3 F 1 F, 1 VF. 2 Har 15 . . . Hor 9 How 8... . Kro 3 Tea A 41 44 37 34 28 24 27 42 It 35 S 40 38 49 M 46 28 3 t 4 1 1 1 3 5 ]?, 5 17 4?, 5 14 4 Percen- tages (4) 35 10 Offspring: A, 36.54 ± 0.59 S. D., 5.51 ± 0.42. Before passing to the description of the 13 families based on Eugenics Record Office data, reference may be made to a case described by Rose (1907). A slender man (II 1) of slender parents married a woman who weighed 200 pounds ("livres") and over. Her father weighed 270 pounds and her mother, while not obese, has a goiter. From the primary slender X very fleshy mating were derived 4 chil- dren (fig. 37, III 1 to 5). The first is fleshy; the third slender. The second, a girl, at 16 weighed 150 pounds, but after chlorosis became slenderer. This girl married a man apparently of medium build, and they had 4 children, of whom 3 died of meningitis and the other is an obese infant, weighing 36 pounds at 15 months. The fourth and last of the main fraternity is a girl who, at 15 years, is 145 cm. tall and weighs 75 kg. This gives her an index of build of 3.6 (51), very SLENDER X 1 LBSH1 . fleshy. She was very fleshy at 4 years, ami has a big appetite. The fat is accumulated on abdomen, breasts, and appendages, except hands and feet. The extreme obesity came on at puberty and menstruation has never been regular. Epiphyses of radius and meta- carpals of fingers are fused to their diaphyses. These facta indie an obesity of both the dystrophic adiposo-genitalis type ami the hypothyroid type. The progeny are thus 1 S, 1 M, 1 F, and 1 \ I •'. Arx-5 Family. This is a family of the north central States, of English stock. The Father, an engineer, had pneumonia in youth and an attack of gravel at 45; his formula at 60 years is 193/0(5 inch, build 3.1 (44). * His 9 brothers are all one-eighth to 3 inches below a stature. His father, who Buffered G attacks of inflammatory rheumatism, died at 59 years of enlargement of the heart; formula, 135/65.5 inches; build 2.2 (31). His mother, who had typhoid at 25 years and catarrh of stomach at 55, has (at 70 years) the formula 180/02.4 inches; build 3.3 (48). Thus the Father, like his mother, is very fleshy; but there is a slender Btrain in the family. The Mother, who died of tuberculi of the lungs at 40 year- alter having had (3' m Wiw 5 children, had the formula 95 61 inchi - ; build 1.8 (25.5). One of her 4 sibs died Fig. 37.-Pedigree chart of Roses case. of « hardenmg of Iung8 .« ]I(r i :lt hor, who after attacks of pneumonia died at 07 of tuberculosis, had the formula 140/05 inches; build 2.3 (33). Her mother, who had active tuberculosis at 43 years, with recovery, has at 73 years the formula 105 »'>"> inches; build 1.7 (25). Thus Mother and Mother's mother are very slender (associl with tuberculosis); and there is no fleshiness in the record. There ai grown children: 1. Female, who has always been well, has at 24 years the formula 124 61 inches; build 2.4 (33) ; adjusted to 55 years, 140/01 inches; build 2.1 2. Male, who has always been well, has at 22 years the formula 133 67 inches; build 2.1 (29) ; adjusted to 55 years, 149/08 inches; build 2 Comment.— Thus the progeny of these parents of opposite build are into mediate; in the adjusted build inclining toward fleshiness (P : hn Ban-2 Family. A family of Dutch extraction living in northern New York I ■ 1 a farmer, suffered in youth from typhoid fever; in middle age from l douloureux. He died at 54 years from heart failure, "blood b< and watery"; formula, 225/08 inches; build 3.4 I 19). One oi his i died at 40 years from tuberculosis of lungs. One ol his broth< : at 29 years from "consumption of bowels." His father, a tanner, sufifi middle age from inflammatory rheumatism, and died at 7 1 apoplexy. At 00 years his formula was 210 71 inches; build 2.9 I 12). II - mother died at 08 years from heart failure, having at 60 > «lta 100 FAMILY STUDIES IN BUILD. 140/67 inches; build 2.2 (31). Thus we have a very fleshy parent with tuberculous sibs and a fleshy father. The Mother, who in middle age suffered from dyspepsia, "after meno- pause very gradually lost her mind, becoming imbecile and helpless till death, at 66 years," having the formula 96/S inches; build 26=t. Five of her sibs were corpulent. One brother, "small and light framed," died at 27 years from tuberculosis. Their father was of medium build. Their mother, who in middle age suffered from paralysis, died at 73 years from cancer of breast ; at 60 years was corpulent. The slender mother is from fleshy stock. The 2 children: 1. Male, head of a factory, has at 50 years the formula 180/68 inches; build 2.7 (39). 2. Male, a teacher, has at 45 years the formula 185/69 inches; build 2.7 (39). Comment. — Both offspring at middle age are intermediate in build between the two parents, but somewhat closer to the very fleshy one (R : Ban-2). Ben-8 Family. A northern family, of which the 4 children were born in Michigan, of mixed English, Scotch, and other stock. The Father, a farmer, who enjoys good health, has at 40 years the formula 135/69 inches; build 2.0 (28). Both his sibs are above the average in stature. His father, a farmer, who died from over-exertion in the sun at 48 years, had the formula 190/71 inches; build 2.7 (38). His mother died of "heart trouble" at 71 years; formula 100/62 inches; build 1.8 (26). Thus, the slender parent has one fleshy parent in turn. The Mother, who has "heart trouble," has at 40 years the formula 195/66 inches; build 3.1 (45). Her 3 sibs are all tall. The Mother's father, a mill- man, died at 61 years of Bright 's disease, having the formula 205/73 inches; build 2.7 (39). The Mother's mother, who is well, had at 56 years the formula 150/67 inches; build 2.3 (32). This side of the house is prevail- ingly fleshy. The 2 grown children are: 1. Male, has, at 21 years, the formula 185/71 inches; build 2.6 (36); adjusted to 40 years, 202/71 inches; build 2.8 (40). 2. Female, at 19 years, has the formula 130/67 inches; build 2.9 (29); adjusted to 40 years, 145/67 inches; build 2.3 (32). Comment. — One child is fleshy like the Mother (adjusted build) ; the other is of medium build; both are between the parental extremes. Bon-A Family. A family from New Hampshire. The Father, at 55 years, had the formula 250/70 inches; build 3.6 (51). His brother, at 55 years, had the formula 160/63 inches; build 2.8 (40). Their father, at 61 vears, had the formula 200/71 inches; build 2.8 (40). The Mother, at 55 years, had the formula 120/68 inches; build 1.8 (26). Of her 4 sibs: (1) Brother, at 50 years, 150/72 inches; build 2.0 (29). (2) Sister, at 55 years, 115/65 inches; build 1.9 (27). (3) Sister, at 58 vears, 119/65 inches; build 2.0 (28). (4) Sister, at 60 years, 130/68 inches fbuild 2.0 (28). Their father, at 85 years, 180/71.5 inches; build 2.5 (35 K The one child, male, at 40 years, 220/71 inches; build 3.1 (44). Comment. — The progeny of these two parents, one of prevailingly fleshy stock, the other of slender stock, is a very fleshy child, but less extreme than his parent, who is 15 years older (S : Bon-A). BL1 M»KH • FLESH ^ I'll Bin Family. (Fig. 38 I A Long Island family of English stock. The Father, at maturity, ! the formula 280/70 inches; build 4.0 (57); very fleshy. Bis fat fleshy; his mother slender. The Mother, at maturity, had the formula 125/69 inches; build 1.8 (26); slender. She belongs '" a slender family. The four offspring are all mature, 40 to 50 years: il I female, ll<> inches; build 1.8 (25.5); very Blender; i2i female. 140 66 incl i s; build 22 (32); medium; (3) male, 160/70 inches; build 2.3 (33); medium; (4) male. 198/67 inches; build, at 45 years, 3.1 (44); very fleshy (at .'ill his ■Kr® m E 2 3 4 JMb £ i 1 i i i bjfo 6 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 Fiu. 38. — Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in Bum family. build was 2.3 (33) or medium). This very fleshy man has by a wife of medium build (but 3 of whose 9 sibs are fleshy) 2 daughters; one, at 18 years, is 121/62.5 inches; build 2.1 (31); medium; the other at 12 years, is 145/62 inches; build 2.7 (38) ; fleshy; far above normal build for her age. Comment. — The principal mating has produced a variable progeny, but the tendency to obesity is traceable through three generations Cle-5 Family. A family of English extraction living in Ohio. The Father, a farmer, who has for years been subject to stomach trouble, lias at 62 years the formula 140/68 inches; build 2.1 (30). He has a fleshy brother. His father, a farmer, died at 86 years from ''probable cancer of ear." having the formula 140/64 inches; build 2.4 (34). His mother died at 80 year- of indigestion; formula, 150/66 inches; build 2.4 (34). This is a family of -lender to medium build. The Mother, who in youth was liable to asthma and throat trouble and in middle age to rheumatism, underwent an operation at Is •. ■ its for cancer of breast. At 25 or 30 years she began to grow fleshj she has the formula 200/61 inches; build 3.8 (64). She baa 3 fleshy sibs. Her father, a farmer, died at 69 years of "enlargement (probably cancer) of liver"; formula, 130/69 inches; build 1.9 (27). Her mother, who had 12 children, and who underwent two operations for cancer on oose, dad at 83 years of indigestion; formula. 130. 64 inches; build 2 2 •-' The i fleshy Mother's fraternity is apparently derived from slender-medium parents. But one of these had probably losl weight before her death at 83 years. The 4 grown children: 102 FAMILY STUDIES IN BUILD. 1. Female, who has suffered from asthma, stomach trouble, gallstones, diphtheria, and appendicitis, has at 36 years the formula 120/63 inches; build 2.1 (30) ; adjusted to 55 years, 130/63 inches; build 2.3 (33). 2. Male, a farmer, has at 35 years the formula 140/70 inches; build 2.0 (29) ; adjusted to 55 years, 148/70 inches; build 2.1 (30). 3. Male, a farmer, subject in youth to indigestion and catarrh of throat and nose. At 25 years he has the formula 165/68 inches; build 2.5 (36) ; adjusted to 55 years, 179/68 inches; build 2.7 (39). 4. Male, a teacher, who has suffered from diphtheria and colds, has at 23 years the formula 125/63 inches; build 2.2 (32) ; adjusted to 55 years, 139/63 inches; build 2.5 (35). Comment. — The offspring are still young, and we do not know just how they will develop. One is fleshy (but far less so than his Mother) ; 2 are intermediate, and 1, at 35 years, is even slender (R : Cle-5). mih-Q Coo Family. (Fig. 39.) This is a New York State family upon which I personally made obser- vations. A slender-medium man (II 5); build about 2.0 (29), who has 2 fleshy and 2 slender sibs, married a very fleshy woman, build 3.4 (49), whose 2 sibs are also fleshy, 3.4 (48) and 2.8 (40) respectively. Her mother was also about 3.4 (49). There were two daughters. One has now at 42 years a build of 3.4 (48) ; her sister a build of 2.4 (34) with a tendency to increase. The fleshy sis- ter married a man of slender build, whose 3 sibs are of slender to medium build. There are 5 children, all under 16 except one boy who, at 20 years, has a build of 2.3 (32). He is 73 inches (183 cm.) tall. All of the other children are of about medium build. Comment. — The very fleshy (but heterozygous) Mother mated with a slender man has children, all of whom are apparently of medium build (73 : 656). Fen-1 Family. A family of English, Austrian, and Swiss extraction, grandparents and children living in New York State and California. The Father, a merchant, died at 81 years from ulcer of the stomach. At 50 years he had the formula 210/69.5 inches; build 3.1 (44). The Mother, who has 5 children, has always been well. She is living at 77 years, having at 50 years the formula 102/61.5 inches; build 1.8 (27). One of her sisters died at 79 years from "rheumatism of heart." The 5 children are: 1. Male, a manufacturer, who suffered in youth from typhoid fever. He has at 50 years the formula 180/68.5 inches; build 2.7 (38). Fig. 39. — Pedigree chart showing distribu- tion of build in the Coo family. SLENDER X FLESHY. [QQ 2. Male, a merchant, has at 40 years the formula 140 66 inches; build 2.3 (32) ; adjusted to 50 years, 143/66 inches; build 2 3 (88). 3. Female, always well, married, has at 40 yean the formula 120 >■ inches; build 1.9 (27) ; adjusted to 50 years, 126/66.5 inches; build 2 I - 4. Male, a broker, who in youth suffered from typhoid fever. :tt 17 147/69.5 inches; build 2.1 (30). 5. Male, who suffered from hemorrhage of limps while at college, i by "excessive running," died at 31 years from tuberculosis at 28 having the formula 158/74 inches; build 2.1 (29); adjusted to 60 y< 173/74 inches; build 2.2 (32). Comment. — The children are intermediate in build between the para Only 1 out of 5 is even fleshy. Har-15 Family. A family of English (and Welsh) extraction; grandparents living in the northern United States. The Father, a twin, who was in the Civil War and has since Buffered from a tendency toward tuberculosis but was living at 71 years, has the formula 150/70.5 inches; build 2.1 (30). One of his sisters died of tubercul< 30 years, and one of pneumonia at 77 years. His father, who was a farmer and "never sick," died of pneumonia at 47 years, and had the appmxn formula 180/66.5 inches; build 2.9 (41). His mother, who died at 48 >• of "abscess on the back" after years of ailing, was of slender build. Bay, 2.0 (28). Thus, probably on account of the tubercular tendency, the Fat! build is slender like his mother. The Mother, who had 11 children, had a tendency toward tuberculo in youth, but in middle life suffered from "obesity, rheumatism, and vari< veins," was genial and a ready and humorous talker; at 61 years her formula 200/64 inches; build 3.4 (49). Her father, who was a traveling salesman and seldom ill except for "tobacco heart," died of paralysis at 77 years; his formula, 170/70 inches; build 2.4 (35). Her mother, who had pneumonia in middle life and suffered much from "delicate lungs," died of a pulmonary abscess at 37 years; her formula, 194/63 inches; build 3.5 (49). Thus the Mother's build is just like her mother's. Of the 5 children who grew up : 1. Female, a teacher, who has suffered from bronchitis, tuberculosis, and rheumatism, at 34 years has the formula 162/66 inches; build 2.6 (87); adjusted to 50 years, 173/66 inches; build 2.8 (40). 2. Male, a mechanical engineer, always well, at 30 vears has the formula 170/68.5 inches; build 2.5 (36); adjusted to 50 years, 181/68.5 incl build 2.7 (39). 3. Female, married and always well, at 26 years has the formula 135/64 inches; build 2.3 (33); adjusted to 50 vears, 151/64 inches; build 2.6 (36.9). 4. Male, a millwright, who suffers from valvular heart troul ' M years has the formula 140/67 inches; build 2.2 (31 I ; adjusted to 60 yean, 150/67 inches; build 33. 5. Male, an optometrist, always well, has at 23 yean the formula ]"»<> 69.8 inches; build 2.2 (30.6) ; adjusted to 50 years, 169/70 inches; build :t>. Comment. — Thus 3 of the children are intermediate in build between the parents and 2 are fleshy. The build of the children inclines slightly ton the fleshier side of the house; but variability between indices 40 and 33 is marked (R : Har-15). 104 FAMILY STUDIES IN BUILD. Hor-9 Family. A family of Dutch and English extraction, living in Pennsylvania and New York State. The Father, who is a manufacturer, always well, has at 53 years the formula 218/70.5 inches; build 3.1 (44). His father, who is a manufacturer, and suffered in middle age from malaria and measles, is living, at 75 years having the formula 215/70 inches; build 3.1 (44). His mother, who has 5 children, always well, has at 70 years the formula 83/S; build, say, 1.7 (24). The Mother, who has 2 children and who in middle age suffered from pneumonia, has at 52 years the formula 124/66 inches; build 2.0 (29). Her father, who was a cabinet-maker, always well, till at 41 years he died from chronic diarrhea, was a slender man. Her mother, who had 5 children, was always well; she died, at 24 years, of child-birth; she was of medium build. Two grown children: 1. Female, who in youth suffered from measles (4 times), diphtheria, and pneumonia, and has undergone operations for hernia, tubercular glands, and appendicitis, has at 23 years the formula 116/66.5 inches; build 1.9 (26) ; adjusted to 53 years, 135/66.5 inches; build 2.1 (31). 2. Female, who in youth suffered from typhoid fever and influenza, has at 20 years the formula 119/62 inches; build 2.2 (31) ; adjusted to 53 years, 138/62 inches; build 2.5 (36). Comment. — The children, who are quite young, are of a build intermediate between (or less than) that of parents, though a tendency to obesity is found in Father and grandfather (R : Hor-9) . How-8 Family. A Vermont family of English origin. The Father, an author, was sup- posed to have had active tuberculosis in youth. He is living, at 83 years, with the formula 135/67 inches; build 2.1 (30). All 3 of his sibs died of pulmonary tuberculosis. His father, a farmer, died at 79 years, having the formula 180/70 inches; build 2.6 (37). His mother died at 81 years, formula, 100/61 inches; build 1.9 (27). This is a prevailingly slender family with tubercular tendency. The Mother, who has suffered from enlarged tonsils and inflammatory rheumatism, has, at 70 years, the formula 220/66 inches; build 3.6 (51). One of her brothers has a powerful physique. The Mother's father, a legislator, died at 75 years; formula, 200/71 inches; build 2.8 (40). The Mother's mother, who died at 70 years of Bright's disease, had the formula 200/66 inches; build 3.2 (46). This family is characterized by fleshiness. The 5 children are all sons: 1. A writer, at 48, has the formula 150/65.5 inches; build 2.4 (35). 2. A farmer, with an organic defect of the heart, has, at 47, the formula 170/67 inches; build 2.7 (38). 3. A farmer, with chronic Bright's disease, has the formula 180/70 inches; build 2.6 (37) , at the age of 44. 4. A teacher, troubled with rheumatism, has, at 41 years, the formula 185/68 inches; build 2.8 (40); adjusted to 55 years, 190/68 inches; build 2.9 (41). 5. Twin to (4), a forester, has, at 41 years, the formula 180/68.5 inches; build 2.7 (38) ; adjusted to 55 years, 185/68.5 inches; build 2.8 (39). Comment. — Thus the children are intermediate in build between parents. Tuberculosis is absent. Conditions that induced fleshiness on the mother's side are reduced in the offspring of the slender and fleshy mating (R : How-8). BLENDER X FLESHY. Hi.", Kbo .*> Family. A family of Russian and Austrian extraction, living in New Yorl The Father, who is a tailor, nervous has, :it »•"> formuln I J" inches; build 2.0 (29). Hi^ father, who was a tailor, :dv. 85 years from pneumonia. Formula. 150/66 inches; build 2.4 I mother, who had 5 children, always well, died at 56 yeara from pneumi Formula. 140/58; build 2.9 (42). The Mother, who has 3 children, has at it years the formula 172 61 inches; build 3.2 (46). Her father, who was a tailor, is living at 81 Formula, 175/68 inches; build 2.7 (38). Ber mother, who had 6 children, died at 58 years from pneumonia. Formula. 101 <(>() indie-; build 2 I The only grown child, a male, who in youth Buffered from diphthi scarlet fever, and pneumonia, has at 19 years the formula 203 72 in< build 2.7 (39) ; adjusted to 45 years, 228/74 inches; build 2.8 | 12). Comment. — The child is young and the possibilities of build in hi- ■ can not be foreseen, but he is already stout and may be expected to approach his fleshy Mother in build (R : Kro-3). Tea-A Family. A family from New York State. The Father, at 70 years, had the formula 225/68 inches; build 3.4 (49). The Mother, at 50 years, had the formula 115/65 inches; build 1.9 (27 The 5 children are: 1. Male, at 58 years, has the formula 225/70 inches; build 3.2 < 16). 2. Male, at 40 years, 140/69 inches; build 2.1 (29) ; adjusted to 55 y< trs, 145/69 inches; build 2.1 (31). 3. Male, at 68 years, 130/68 inches; build 2.0 (28). 4. Female, at 60 years. 125/64 inches; build 2.2 (31). 5. Female, at 62 years, 140/66 inches; build 2.3 (32). Comment. — There are 2 slender children. 2 medium, and 1 very fleshy, suggesting a sire who is heterozygous for build (S : Tea— A ). Summary. Combining the progeny of the 4 matings of the F generation, we get the results shown in table 30. The mean of this series is 37.82^0.31; the standard deviation is 5.07 =* 0.22. It will observed that the proportions of the totals autre closely with tl mating 1 and give a somewhat closer agreement, with the expectation of 8 : 42 : 42 : 8, than mating 1 does. The standard deviation of 5.07 ± 0.22 is greater than that of the progeny of slender X slender parents (3.17 0.17), but not bo great as that of very fleshy X fleshy parents of fleshy stock ( table 24 I which is 5.74 ± 0.39. It is much less than the standard deviation of the 1 progeny (table 31), which is 6.78 ± 0.26. This is in accordance with the usual genetical finding, that the F, generation is [ess variable than the F, generation. In this respect, as in so many others, the distribu- tion of progeny is exactly that found in experimentally determined multiple-factor characters. The heredity of build follows closely the Mendelian formulas. 106 FAMILY STUDIES IN BUILD. It is noteworthy that the F x generation has an average build that is above the mean of the population ; the progeny of F X S matings are not strictly intermediate, but incline toward fleshiness. This in- dicates again the presence of dominant fleshy factors. Table 30. — Matings of a slender parent and one of fleshy stock, together with their progeny. No. Nature of mating. Grades of offspring. VS s M F VF 1 2 3 4 One parent S, of S stock; the other F, of F stock 4 18 7 1 17 35 15 1 14 7 2 4 Other slender X fleshy matings 2 One parent VS; the other VF One parent S; the other VF 5 Total 9 7 43 33 65 50 13 10 Proportion VS M F YF 7ft SxS 1 V £ ft DU Fx5 C ft 3 \* 30 «J» V J-te— 20 1 1 1 < i i n-4 f 1 u^ I 1 1 ! 1 — - i Fig. 40. — Three superimposed polygons showing distribution, in the various classes of build, of the progeny of the following matings: Slender X slender (S X S) Table 23 Very fleshy X fleshy (F X F) Table 24 Fleshy X slender (F X S) Table 27 HETER0ZYGO1 8 M STINGS. 107 If one superimposes in the same drawing the distribution polygon! of the parental and F, generations tables 23, 24, 25 and 30 I Bg L0 the modes of the fleshy parents and the 1 generation stand at fleshy, though the mean of the F x generation is intermediate between tin- means of the parental stocks. Class IV. Mating of Prouably Heterozygous Parents mn I Generation I We have next to consider the distribution of build in the progi of parents both of whom are certainly or probably heterozygous and. as such, probably carry gametes for slenderness, as well as fleshin This is the mating in which the geneticist finds evidence for segrega- tion, in that the parental types reappear nearly or quite as they went into the combination. At any rate, this generation is characterized by a greater variability than the F 2 generation. However, this greater variability is the less marked the greater the Dumber of factors in- volved in the prevailing dominant trait — in this case fleshiness. Two classes of matings will be considered — that of parents, whether medium or fleshy, who probably carry gametes for slenderness, and that of other parents who are both of medium build. Mating 1. Both Parents Either Medium or Fleshy and Probablt Cabbtow <'.\ metes for Slenderness as well as I*Yi-iiin. This mating includes certain parents selected, usually on the ground of dissimilar grandparents on each side, as those which are probably of the Fi generation. The families used are summarized in table 31, which is made up of the appropriate families taken from tables X. XI, and XIII. The range of variation of the F,> generation includes both the slender and the fleshy types which are found in the grandparents. The distribution of the progeny is more in accord with the hypothesis of the 6-zygotic factors than that of 4-zygotic factors. The mean variability as measured by the standard deviation is 6.78 ± 0.26, as contrasted with that of 5.02 ± 0.30 of table 27 (the Fi generation). The difference is 1.76, which is more than four times the probable difference between the means. Thus, the variability of the F- generation is nearly a third greater than of the I'\ generation. That the difference is not greater is, of course, due in lame pari to the presence of multiple factors. The family histories upon which table 31 depend- arc given below. Bea-17 Family. (Fig. 41. t A family reared in the Central States. Father ill 5) a contractor i i farmer, who died of pneumonia at 70 years, had the formula 170 71 ; build 2.4 (341; medium. Three brothers who were killed in the Civil War at 17 19, and 21 years respectively had the formula 183 72 build 2.6 108 FAMILY STUDIES IN BUILD. 169/69, build 2.5 (36) ; 174/69. build 2.6 (37) ; all about medium. A sister, who died at 68 years, was 138/65; build 2.3 (33) ; medium. The Father's father was a preacher; died at 79 years, had build 185/68; 2.8 (40) ; fleshy. His wife, who died at 81 years, had build 145/62; 2.7 (38) ; fleshy. This side of the house comprises medium-build children of fleshy parents. The Mother (II 6), of quiet disposition, at 60 years has the build 145/66; 2.3 (33) ; medium. A brother, who is a machinist, at 33 has the formula 154/69; build 2.3 (33). Another brother, carpenter, at 30 years, has the formula 145/70; build 2.1 (30) ; medium. A sister has the formula 136/65; build 2.2 (32) ; medium. The eldest brother, a farmer, at 55 years has the formula 160/70; build 2.3 (33) ; medium. The Mother's father, a farmer, died of cerebral hemorrhage at 81 years; 170/72; build 2.3 (33) ; medium. He had a brother, still living at 80 years, with a build 185/71; build 2.6 (37) ; fleshy. The Mother's mother, living at 81 years, has the formula 140/64; build 2.4 (34) ; medium. Thus this side of the house is prevailingly of medium build. There are 4 children: Table 31. — Matings of two heterozygous parents of either medium or fleshy build, together with the progeny, the F 2 generation. FF FM F Father's sibs. MF MM M Mother's sibs. Offspring. VS s M F VF Group X, M X M: Bea 17.. . Cas4.... Smi War 3 . . . Whi 22 . . Total. . 40 39 S 33 41 37 29 F S 27 34 34 35 33 32 4 range betw. 33 and 37. 32* 43 M 41 31 34 27 MJ 26 44 33 34 33 31 36 4 range 30 to 33. 1 3 3t 3 1 7M, IF IS, 1M 3 7 2 4 12 7 Group XI, F X M: Cri 1 ... . Hor 5.... McF2... Mil 23... Ofi 1 Pot 4.... Sta 7 Tra4.... Total. . 37 M 28 30 S 35 35 39 26 F 37 VF 28 29 23 34 31 39 38 33 33 34 39 45 M 35 40 34 F 27 26 39 42 32 33 42 39 43 32 2 6 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 6F, 1VF.. 2M, 3F, 2VF.. 2 29 37 37 43 44 30 1 2 2 2 3 3 1 4 16 12 1 Group XIII, FxF: Ber 50 43 VF 2S 39 38 39 IS, 1VF 2 1 2 3 2 3 4 2 Hod A... 1M, 2F, 1VF.. F 37 F 2 1 Mor Total. . S F AliFl 1 1 1 3 11 3 31 7 26 9 10 Grand total. . 1 A, 36.58 ± 0.51. S. D. t 6.78 ± 0.26. *MFB has an index of 37. tAU of grade 38. tHer father neahy, mother slender. HETEROZYt.nl g MATING8. lll'.t III 1 $ , a farmer, at 35 years, has the formula 140 89; build 2.1 (2 slender; adjusted to 50 years, 2.14 (30). Ill 2 .■ . a teacher I 180/69; build 2.7 (38); fleshy; adjusted to ."><> years, 2.8 I 10). Ill • farmer, at 31 years, 17.") 68; build 2.7 (38); fleshy; adjusted to 60 2.8 (40). Ill 4 ?, married, at 27 years, 150 63; build 2.7 (38 adjusted to 50 years, 2.9 (42). m Fig. 41. — Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in Bea-17 family. Comment. — A mating of prevailingly medium stock with a medium parent from fleshy ancestors yields one slender and 3 fleshy children (K: Bea 17). Cas-4 Family. A family of English stock, living in New York State. The Father, a farmer and lumberman, had at 60 years the formula 160/69 inches; build 2.4 (34). His father, also a farmer and lumberman, who died of old age at 71 years, had at 38 years the formula 200/72 inches; build 2.7 (39). Bit mother, who suffered in middle age from consumption, died at 31 y. with the formula 110/62 inches; build 2.0 (29). The Mother, who died at 57 years from catarrh of the stomach, had at 40 years the formula 130/62 inches; build 2.4 (34). Her father, an iron worker, who died at 75 years from fatty degeneration of heart, had the formula 180/65 inches; build 3.0 (43). Her mother, who died at 77 had the formula 100/61 inches; build 1.9 (27). The children: 1. Female, who suffered in middle life from rheumatism, had at lit v. the formula 140/63 inches; build 2.5 (35); adjusted to 50 year-. 146 inches; build 2.6 (37). 2. Female, had at 38 vcars the formula 120 63 inches; build 2 1 30); adjusted to 50 years 128/63 inches; build 2.3 (32). 3. Male, had at 35 years the formula 180/65.5 inches; build 3.0 (42); adjusted to 50 years, 186/65.5 inches; build 3.0 (43). 4. Female, who suffered in youth from stomach trouble, had at 32 the formula 135/66 inches; build 2.2 (31); adjusted to 50 years; 117 inches; build 2.4 (34). 5. Male, who suffered in youth from stomach and bladder troubli at 29 years the formula 190/70.5 inches; build 2.7 (39) J adjusted to 50 years, 202/70.5 inches; build 2.9 (41). 6. Male, had at 27 years the formula 155 70.5 inches; build 2.2 11); adjusted to 50 vcars. 169/70.5 inches; build 2.4 (34). Comment.— the 6 children vary greatly in index of build. varies from 30 to 42, despite the similar build of the parent- But 110 FAMILY STUDIES IN BUILD. grandparents vary from 27 to 43. This case suggests the uniformity of F x and variability of F 2 (R : Cas-4). Smi Family. The Father, of Scandinavian name and living in New York City, at 50 years has a stature of 171 cm. (67 inches); weight 70 kg. (154 pounds); build 2.4 (34.5) ; medium. His father is said to have been slender, his mother fleshy; his sibs intermediate; one fleshy after 48 years. The Mother, at 41 years, has a stature 162 cm. (64 inches) ; weight 61 kg. (136 pounds) ; build 2.3 (33) ; medium; relative chest-girth 76-^ 162, or 47 per cent. She has a slender brother and one who is of more medium build. Their parents were of medium build; their mother's father was fleshy (build 2.7 or 39) ; their mother's mother was "slender." There is only one child of above mating. She was a full-term baby, who weighed 3.8 kg. (8.5 pounds) , somewhat above the average. She was always plump as a child and, until 11 years of age. always well. Then she had "disease of the tonsils" and of the kidneys (infection) , grew thin (weighing only 40 kg. [90 pounds]), and developed a chorea. After a year she re- covered and began to gain steadily in weight, and now at the age of 13.7 years she is 170 cm. (67 inches) tall, weighs 79 kg. (174 pounds) and has a build of 2.7 (39) ; is fleshy. Relative chest-girth 102 ^- 170, or 60 per cent. Her arms and calves are relatively slender, as they have recently been engaged in linear growth. She has monthly headaches. (Plate 9, fig. 5.) Comment. — It seems probable that this girl has received factors for fleshiness from each medium parent, which have combined to give her a full set of fleshy factors (73 :736). War-3 Family. A. family descended from English and German stock, living in Penn- sylvania principally. The Father, a nurseryman, had malarial fever at 40. He is now living at 67 years, with a formula 135/64 inches; build 2.3 (33). His father, a nurseryman and horticulturist, died at 89 from a fall. His formula was 140/S; build, say, 2.3 (33). His mother, having had 5 sons, died at 42 from consumption; she was slender. The Mother died, at 40, of child-birth. Her formula was 122/62 inches; build 2.2 (31). Her father, a miller, had a temporary attack of melan- cholia in middle age. He died at 75 from natural infirmities. His formula was 200/70 inches; build 2.9 (41). Her mother, having had 5 sons and 8 daughters, died of paralysis at 74. Her formula was 100/62 inches; build 1.8(26). Ten children are: 1. Male, at 43, has the formula 125/65.5 inches; build 2.0 (29) ; adjusted to 55 years, 128/65.5 inches; build 2.1 (30). 2. Male, at 41, has the formula 138/68 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55 years, 143/68 inches; build 2.2 (31). 3. Female, at 39, has the formula 120/63.5 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55 years, 126.5/63.5 inches; build 2.2 (31). 4. Male, at 36, has the formula 158/72 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55 years, 165/72 inches; build 2.3 (32). 5. Male, at 53, has the formula 127/67 inches; build 2.0 (28) ; adjusted to 55 years, 136/67 inches; build 2.1 (30). 6. Female, at 31, has the formula 110/64.5 inches; build 1.8 (26); adjusted to 55 years, 122.5/64.5 inches; build 2.1 (30). HETEROZYGOl 8 matin..-. 1 ] [ 7. Male, at 29, has the formula 125 64 inches; build 2.2 (31)- adjust to 55 years, 134/64 inches; build 2.3+ (33). 8. Female, at 27, has the formula 110 62.5 inches; build 2.< adjusted to 55 years, 126/62.5 inches; build 2.3 (32 I 9. Male, at 25 years, has the formula 138 68.5 inches; build 2.0 adjusted to 55 years, 152.5/68.5 inches; build 2.3 (33). 10. Female, at 23 years, has the formula 132 '65 inches; build 2 2 adjusted to 55 years, 150/65 inches; build 2.5 (36). Comment. — Unadjusted, the indices range from 26 to :>l ; adjusted, from 30 to 36. Using adjusted indices, 4 of the children are 3lenderer than either parent; the parents are doubtless heterozygous in stature 'II: War Win-22 Family. A family of English and German extraction, living partly in X. w York, but mostly in Wisconsin and Minnesota. The Father, who is a constructor, is living at 56 years, having the formula 150/68 inches; build 2.3 (32). His father, who was a farmer and laborer, suffered in middle age from partial paralysis, had one hand amputated i years, one foot at 72 years. He died at 79 year- from "stricture bladder," having the formula 200/70 inches; build 2.9 (41 i. Hi- n who is recorded to have suffered from no illness till at 7!) yean died from "progressive paralysis," had the formula ] 1() 64 inches; build 1.9 27 The Mother, who is recorded as always well, has a1 54 year- the formula 150/65 inches; build 2.5 (36). Her father, who was a farmer, i- recorded as always well, died at 55 years from paralysis, having the formula 150 70 inches; build 2.2 (31). Her mother, who was always well, died at 78 j from old age, having the formula 180/64 inches; build 3.1 (44). T iwn children: 1. Male, who in youth suffered from adenoids, at 25 years has the formula 145/68 inches; build 2.2 (31); adjusted to 55 years. 159/68 inches; build 2.4 (34). 2. Female, a college student, has at 21 years the formula 110 ('>:> n build 1.8 (26) ; adjusted to 55 years, 129/65 inches: build 2.2 (31). Comment. — One of the children has a slighter build than the parent but may grow heavier (R : Whi-22). Cm Family. (Table XI. i A family of English extraction; earlier generation- in Pennsylvania, the last generation in Kansas. The Father, a lawyer, living at 1^ years, suffered in youth from pneumonia, in middle age from rheumatism, formula 165/70 inches; build 2.4 (34). His father, a fanner, suffered in middle age from rheumatism; at 75 years had one leg amputated below the knee; died from "arterio-sclerosis ending in gangrene," having the formula at 74 years, 180/70 inches; build 2.6 (37). His mother, who suffered from no illnesses, is living at 76 years, having the formula 110 65 ind build 1.8 (26). The Mother, who is subject to heart trouble and -mall goiter. i< living 43 years, having the formula 145/61 inches; build 2.7 (39). Her l brothers are of medium height. Her father, a fanner and public official, died from paralysis at 57 years, his formula being 190 65 inches; build 3.2 (45). Her mother, who in middle age Buffered from heart trouble and goiter, died at 65 years from heart failure, having the formula 150 inches; build 2.4 (34). The 2 grown children: 112 FAMILY STUDIES IN BUILD. 2. Female, at 21 years has the formula 125/64 inches; build 2.2 (31); adjusted to 45 years, 140/64 inches; build 2.4 (34). 1. Female, died at 18 years from typhoid fever, having the formula 120/63 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 45 years, 139/65 inches; build 2.3 (33). Comment. — Both the children have the build of the slighter parent (R :Cri-l). Hor-5 Family. A family of English extraction, living in the Middle States. The Father, who is "superintendent of bridges and buildings on a railroad," suffered in youth from bilious fever. He has, at 70 years, the formula 140/67.5 inches; build 2.2 (31). One of his brothers died from "tuberculosis of liver." His father, who was a lumberman, died at 77 years from "consumption of the bowels"; was of medium build. His mother died, at 78 years, from Bright's disease ; she was corpulent. The Mother suffered in youth from bilious fever and pleurisy; is living, at 58 years. Formula, 165/63 inches; build 2.9 (42). Her father, who was a millwright, suffered in middle age from bilious fever and morphine poisoning; left eye removed; died at 75 years from "pneumonia (tubercular tendency)"; was of medium build. Her mother, who suffered in youth from typhoid fever, in middle age from paralysis, died at 68 years from paralysis; of fleshy build. Eight grown children: 1. Male, an electrical engineer, has, at 33 years, the formula 155/67 inches; build 2.4 (35) ; adjusted to 55 years, 164/67 inches; build 2.6 (37). 2. Female, who in youth suffered from "spinal and nerve trouble," has at 30 years the formula 115/63.8 inches; build 2.0 (28); adjusted to 55 years, 128/63.8 inches; build 2.2 (31). 3. Male, a civil engineer, suffered in youth from typho-malaria. Has at 27 years the formula 157/64 inches; build 2.7 (38) ; adjusted to 55+ years, 168/64 inches; build 2.9 (41). 4. Female, who has at 25 years the formula 117/63 inches; build 2.1 (30) ; adjusted to 55+ years, 134/63 inches; build 2.4 (34). 5. Male, an accountant, who in youth suffered from a "nervous collapse due to a severe electrical shock," has at 23 years the formula 145/69 inches; build 2.1 (30) ; adjusted to 55+ years, 162/69 inches; build 2.4 (34). 6. Female, who in youth suffered from blood-poisoning, erysipelas, and anemia, has at 21 years the formula 115/64 inches; build 2.0 (28) ; adjusted to 55+ years, 133/64 inches; build 2.3 (33). 7. Male, a pattern-maker, who in youth suffered from hemorrhages, has at 20 years the formula 130/67 inches; build 2.0 (29); adjusted to 55+ years, 150/69 inches; build 2.2 (32). 8. Male, at 18 years has the formula 135/67 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55+ years, 160/70 inches; build 2.3 (33). Comment. — The children's indices range between the two parental indices (R: Hor-5). McF-2 Family. A family of Irish extraction living in Maine. The Father, who was a shipwright, died at 40 years as a result of an injury received in battle. At 39 years he had the formula 180/68 inches; build 2.7 (39). His father died at 82 years from a "general breakdown," having the formula 145/72 inches ; build 2.0 (28) . The Mother, who had 5 children, died at 74 years from apoplexy, having HETEROZYGOUS MATIN..- ]];; the formula at 50 years, 130/64 inches; build 22 (32) Her father who was a farmer, died at G4 years from "fever." having the formula inches; build 2.4 (35). Her mother, who in middle age was "struck by lightning," died at 86 years from a "general breakdown," having the 115/65 inches; build 1.9 (27). The 4 children who grew up: 1. Male, a farmer, who had right arm and three fingers of left hand amputated as result of a wound received in war, is living I I I having at 50 years the formula 140/66 inches; build 2.3 (32). 2. Female, who in middle age underwent an operation mr gallstone | at 40 years the formula 110/63 inches; build 1.9 (28 1. 3. Male, a "master mariner," has at 50 years the formula 170 M un- build 2.7 (39). 4. Male, an attorney, has at 40 years the formula 160/67 inches build 2.5 (36). Comment.— Three of the children have indices like that of the medium parent; the other is somewhat fleshier (R : McF-2). Mil-23 Family. A family of English extraction, living in New England and Ohio. The Father, who is a clergyman, and who suffered in middle age from la grippe, is living at 58 years. At 50 years he had the formula 180/68.5 inches; build 2.7 (38). His father, who was a preacher, died at 72 vears. At 50 years, formula 130/66 inches; build 2.1 (30). His mother, who had 4 children at 30 years, suffered from typhoid fever. At 50 yean her formula 165/66.5 inches; build 2.6 (37). The Mother, who has 2 children, suffered in middle age from pleurisy, capillary bronchitis, and nervous prostration. At 50 vears her formula. 122/60.5 inches; build 2.3 (33). Her father, who was' a hank president. suffered in youth from yellow fever (in West Indies i. and in middle from rheumatism and Bright's disease. At 50 years, his formula ISO 67.5 inches; build 2.7 (40). Her mother, who in youth suffered from "lung fever," and in middle age from curvature of the spine and pleurisy, died at 50 years from "anemic condition with tuberculosa, induced by deformity." At 40 years her formula 95/60 inches; build 1.9 (26). Two children: 1. Female, a student, who in youth suffered from nervous trouble- and diphtheria, has at 33 years the formula 115/60.5 inches; build 2.2 (31 | . adjusted to 50 years, 125/60.5 inches; build 2.4 (34). 2. Male, who in youth suffered from throat troubles, diphtheria, scarlet fever, tonsillitis, during war had influenza, slightly gas>ed. He has ;it 27 years the formula 180/72.5 inches; build 2.4 (34); adjusted to 50 195/72.5 inches; build 2.6 (37). Comment. — Each child resembles a different parent (R : Mil-23 1. Ofi Family, D. (Fig. 35.1 II 14 The Mother has always been well; Bhe is living, at 50 the formula 165/62 Lnehes; build 3.0 (43). Her father, who penter and farmer, was always well; he died from "old age, hard work, and exposure" at 73 years, having the formula 170/68 inches : build 2 I Her mother, who was always well, died from apoplexy at 72 the formula 170/62 inches; build 3.1 (44). Six children: 1. Male, who is a real-estate agent, always well, has at 34 years the fi mula 166/70 inches; build 2.4 (34); adjusted to 65 years, 171 7i» :. build 2.5 (36). 2. Female, married, has always been well, has at 32 vears the formula 118/M; build, say, 2.1 (30). 3. Female, a school teacher, suffered in youth from appendiciti 29 years the formula 124/S; build, say, 2.3 (33 1. 4. Male, a teacher, in youth suffered from typhoid fever; has at 2s the formula 162/69 inches; build 2.4 (34); adjusted to (M inches; build 2.6 (37). 5. Male (twin of No. 4), a salesman, has at 28 years the :'<>nmi!:i 160 inches; build 2.4 (35) ; adjusted to 65 years, 172/68 inches; build 2 < 6. Male, a teacher, always well; at 24 years has the formula i inches; build 2.4 (34) ; adjusted to 65 years,' 178/69 inches; build 2 6 I Comment. — The children are fairly uniform in build, mostly falling m the medium class (R : Sta-7). Tra-4 Family. A family of English extraction, living in Canada and I stern In • States. The Father, who was a station-master, died at 86 years from diabetes, having the formula 200/72 inches; build 2.7 (39). He was a first cousin to his wife. His father, who was a "customs-house otlicer." died at 72 >■ from "typhoid pneumonia," having the formula 200/72 inches; build 2 7 (39). His mother, who had 1 child, was always well, died at 91 from "old age." Formula, 90/63 inches; build 1.6 (23). The Mother, who had 6 children, was "never very strong -nervous/' suffered in middle age from acromegalia and di mellitus, iritis, and cataract. She died at 65 years from acromegalia, having the formula 140/66 inches; build 2.3 (32). One of her sisters died at 26 years from epilepsy; one brother died from apoplexy, "very tall and Btout." 11- r father. who was a "clerk in a freight office," died at 76 years from pneumonia, having the formula 190/72 inches; build 2.6 137). Her mother, who weak heart, died at 89 years from old age and apoplectic strokes; formula, 120/M; build, say, 2.1 (30). Five grown children : 1. Female, has at 47 years the formula 140/66 inches; build 2 2 33 adjusted to 55 years, 142/66 inches; build 2.3 (33). 2. Male, who is a telegraph operator, suffered in youth from dyspepsia, has at 45 years the formula 190/71 inches; build 2.7 (38) ; adjusted to years, 192/71 inches; build 2.7 (38). 3. Male, a telegraph operator, who in youth Buffered from rheumatic fever, has at 44 years the formula 210/71 inches; build ."- (42 4. Female, a physician, has at 42 years the formula 135 68 in - build 29; adjusted to 55 years, 143/68 inches; build 2.3 (32). 5. Male, a draughtsman, always well, has at 39 ; rmub 210/73 inches; build 2.7 (39) ; adjusted to 55 vears. formula 216 7;> ind build 2.9 (41). Comment. — The children are variable (like the grandparents), r.wiging from medium to fleshy (R : Tra-4). 116 FAMILY STUDIES IN BUILD. Ber Family. (Fig. 42.) I 5, J. B., male, born in Germany, was 175 cm. tall (68.9 inches) and weighed 108.8 kg. (240 pounds); build 3.5 (50). He died at 79 years of Bright's disease. He had 2 sisters who were slender. His wife was 152 cm. (59.8 inches) tall and weighed 63.5 kg. (140 pounds), build 2.7 (39). One of her brothers was 183 cm. (72 inches) tall and weighed 113 kg. (250 pounds) ; build 3.4 (48) ; but another brother was slender, about 2.1 (30). This mating may or may not be of heterozygous parents. There were 7 children who grew up. II 4, male, 176 cm (69 inches) tall and weighing at the time of his death (at 50 years from "heart disease") about 215 kg. (475 pounds) ; build 7.0 (100), an extraordinarily obese man. This man was fleshy as a child. The next brother (II 6) remained single, dying at 45 years. His stature 170 cm. (67 inches) and weight 77 kg. (170 pounds); build 2.7 (38). The next brother, II 7, died at 54, single. He was 183 cm. (72 inches) tall and weighed 118 kg. (260 pounds) ; build 3.5 ©,# QtQ ■AHIIIQQ ■Q. 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 Fig. 42. — Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in Ber family. (50) ; thus very fleshy. The next brother (II 8) was slender as a child and began to put on flesh at 19 years. His stature is 175 cm. (69 inches). At 25 he weighed 93 kg. (205 pounds) ; at 33 years, 115 kg.; at 35 years, 136 kg.; at 41 years, 163 kg.; at 52, 172 kg. and now at 57 years over 180 kg. or 400 pounds. This increase of weight occurred despite dieting and reducing exercises. He is a very hearty eater. He is fat all over the body, especially hips, abdomen, and shoulders. He has remained single. Next in order is II 10, who died at 46 years of rheumatism of the heart. She was 175 cm. (69 inches) tall and weighed 73 kg. (160 pounds); build 2.4 (34) or medium. Last was a pair of twins. II 11, male, 182 cm. (72 inches) tall and weighs 79 kg. (176 pounds) ; build 2.4 (34) ; thus medium. The other twin, II 12, is a woman, who at 38 is 165 cm. (65 inches) tall and weighs about 82 kg. (180 pounds) ; build 3.0 (43). She is thus fleshy. Comment. — Thus 5 of the fraternity are fleshy (2 enormously obese) and 2 are of medium build. Thus we have a proportion of 2 medium to 5 very HETEROZYGOUB MATING8. 117 fleshy, approaching a 1 : 3 ratio; or a rati., may be recognised of 2 medium 3 fleshy to very fleshy, and 2 obese; approximately a 1:2-1 r (73 : 646). Hod A Family. A family of English extraction from Illinois. The Father, at si had the formula 230/69 inches; build 3.4 (48 1. Of his 4 Bibs: (1)1 at 60 years had the formula 200/70 inches; build 2.9 (41); (2) 65 years, 200/64 inches; build 3.4 (49); (3) Bister, at 68 years, - inches; build 2.9 (41); (4) Bister, at 60 years, 130/60 inches; build 2 The Mother, at 50 years, 150/63 inches; build 2.7 (38) Her mot! 86, had the formula 150/64 inches; build 2.6 (37). The 10 children are: 1. Male, at 55 years had the formula 242/09 inches; build 3.6 (51 i 2. Male, at 60 years, 125/66 inches; build 2.0 (28). 3. Male, at 21 rears, 180/69 inches; build 2.7 <38i ; adjusted to SI 199/69 inches; build 3.0 (42). 4. Male, at 49 years, 210/67 inches; build 3.3 (47). 5. Male, at 45 years, 190/67 inches; build 3.0 (42). 6. Male, at 47 years, 225/69 inches; build 3.3 (47 i. 7. Male, at 37 years, 180/66 inches; build 2.9 (41 1 ; adjusted to 55 185/66 inches; build 3.0 (43). 8. Female, at 57 years, 125/64 inches; build 2.2 131 ). 9. Female, at 53 years, 115/64 inches; build 2.0 (28). 10. Female, at 39 years, had the formula 200/65 inches; build 3.3 (47); adjusted to 55 years, 206/65 inches; build 3.4 (49). Comment. — This pedigree has a special interest because the original data gave the Father's build as 26 and the Mother's as 28. This led to corre- spondence which yielded the revised results according to which this fra- ternity is the progeny of parents who grew fleshy in their later y< stout instead of slender parents. Of the 10 children, 2 arc slender, 1 medium, 3 stout, and 4 very stout (S : Hod-A I . Mor Family. (Fig. 24.) Ill 13 <5 , short, in middle life weighed 90 kg. (200 pounds) ; very fleshy. In later life he has grown slenderer. His mother was fleshy, like himself, but his father was slender; consequently he is heterozygous III 14 9 , wife of above, is less than 153 cm. (60 inches) tall and weighs about 63 kg. (140 pounds); build 2.7 (39); fleshy. At the tunc of marriage she weighed 43 kg. (96 pounds); build 1.9 (27>; slender 11- r fraternity of 7, of whom 5 are fleshy, 1 medium, and 1 slender. Tin Nevertheless, III 14 apparently contains some non-fleshy genes, as ind by her 6 children: (1) IV 10 9 , was stout as a child; when married at 24 year- she weighed 75 kg. (164 pounds); build 2.7 (39); fleshy. Now. at 41 years, she is 161 cm. (63.5 inches) tall, and weighs, net, 93 kg. (206 pounds) ; build 3.6 (62 very fleshy. For the past 7 years her weight has been invariable. Her pel relative chest-girth is 108 -f- 161 = 68 per cent. She married a man of build 3.7 (53), very fleshy, of relative chest-girth of 60 per cent H< il i fraternity of 7, of whom 5 are fleshy, 1 medium, and 1 -lender. Their 2 children are (a) <5 , who weighed 7.5 kg. (16.fi pounds) at birth, Lost of the average of about 3 kg., and died at the age of 2 days, requiring a casket large enough for a year-old child; (5) 9, at 13 yean M 1 - (60 inches) tall, and weighs 63 kg. (139 pounds) ; build 2.7 39 fleshy; relative chest-girth 97-^ 152, or 64 per cent. She weighed 6.6 kg. at birth, 118 FAMILY STUDIES IN BUILD. grew slenderer to 5 years, and since then stouter. This seems like a pure line for fleshiness. (2) IV 12 $ , is of about the build 2.6 (37) or slightly fleshy. (3) IV 15 5 , at 47 years is 153 cm. (60 inches) tall, and weighs 75 kg. (165 pounds) ; build 3.2 (46) ; very fleshy. Like her mother, she was slender until 39 years of age. (4) IV 17 $ , at 44 years is slightly fleshy. (5) IV 19 9 , is tall and "very slender"; by a very slender husband she has 3 children, all slender. (6) IV 20 $ , at 38 years is slender. Comment. — Thus, of the 6 children, 1 is very slender, 1 is slender, 2 fleshy, and 2 very fleshy — an exceedingly variable progeny. Evidently some of the gametes from both parents are responsible for the result (73 : 690). REMARKS. The mating of two heterozygous parents produces, in general, an exceptionally variable progeny. This is one of the strongest evidences of the presence of genetical factors in build. The result can not, so far as I can see, be adequately explained on any other than the genetical basis. As an illustration of such variability in full sibs, plate 9, figure 4, is striking. Such differences are frequently found in the offspring of heterozygous parents. Mating 2. Other Medium x Medium Matings (Table X). This mating is important for deciding between the hypotheses (a) that medium build is the heterozygous condition between slender and fleshy; (6) that "medium" represents an hereditary type (biotype) as truly as slender does; (c) that the "medium" group is a combina- tion of cases of the heterozygous condition and a distinct biotype. First, it appears that the mating is the commonest one in our records, except medium X fleshy. But this is to be expected, inas- much as the medium grade of build is the commonest grade. Second, the variability of the progeny is small, 4.05 ±0.11. The only mating that has a less variable progeny is S X S, 2.41 ± 0.17. This result, shown in table 12, indicates that the persons of medium build are, for the most part, not heterozygous, but belong to a distinct biotype. On the other hand, M X M matings from table X, selected mostly on account of dissimilar build of parents, give progeny dis- tributed nearly in a 1 : 2 : 1 ratio, such as is got in the second gen- eration of a mono-hybrid. It seems probable, accordingly, that hypothesis (c) is correct, but that the cases of medium that belong to a distinct biotype are much more numerous than the cases of medium parents who are heterozygous. HETEHOZYcnrs MATIN) 119 SI \1M\IIY \\|) DISCI SSION. The matings selected because most obviously adapted to gh i F* progeny produced an offspring about one-third more variable than the Fi progeny. The wide range of variability of the I more in accordance with the hypothesis of 6 zygotic factors for build than that of 4 zygotic factors. The mating of two "medium-build'* parents gives a progeny that is not very variable in build; not more variable than the progeny of the S X F mating. The result is like thai obtained in Btudies in hered- ity of stature, where the progeny of the M v - M was not extremely variable. This result, in the case of build, that the medium build is relatively invariable, suggests that some persons of medium build really belong to a biotype in which fleshy build is due to 4-zygotic factors, and that such parents are zygotically of the AAbb type, and produce offspring of whom 100 per cent are again of that type. Ex- amples would seem to be found in the following families with 4 of more children: Bat-2, Bea-7, Kel-4a, Old-2, Rig-1, War- 3! Tl is, of course, genetical justification for the assumption that the same character may in certain strains be due to 3 gametic factors, in oth to only 2. This is especially well shown in susceptibility to tumor- growth of mice. Class V. The "Back-Cross The mating of heterozygous individuals with the "pure" recessives of the parental stock, as well as with "pure" dominants, is an impor- tant procedure in genetics, in order to determine the number of I involved in the trait. This mating is of especial importance in detect- ing "crossing over," but our data are insufficient to permit use for this purpose. Though the total of our data is considerable, yet the nature of traits due to multiple factors is such that the table has to be broken up into a large number of small ones, of which the "constai are subject to large probable errors. It seems best to distinguish two kinds, of matings: (1) heterozygous medium or fleshy • slender, and (2) heterozygous fleshy X fleshy (or very fleshy) of fleshy Btock. Mating 1. Hbiebozyooub Mtoium oh Plebhi 9 nm. The data for this analysis are in table 32, which contains the appar- ently most significant matings from Appendix tables [II, IV, and \ 1 1 1. The totals of table 32, b + c, give the following proportions: 3 \ S 26 S, 36 M, 20 F, 4 VF. The matings of 4-factor and 2-factor parents respectively gii distribution of two types. Uniting these (on the assumption that they are equallv numerous), we L r et proportions as follov 3 VE 25 S, 44 M, 25 F, 3VF. This theoretical series is of the Bame general type as that a by the data, and the agreement (considering all of the unknown fa 120 FAMILY STUDIES IN BUILD. is fairly close. The details of the family histories included in table 32 are given below. Ach-2 Family. A family of English and probable Scotch stock. The family residence is now located in Oregon, in which State the 3 children of the third generation were born. The Father, a mechanic, inclined to rheumatism and nervous- ness, has at 50 years the formula 150/69 inches; build 2.3 (32). His sibs Table 32. — Matings of a heterozygous parent, of either medium or fleshy build, and a slender parent, together with the progeny of this back-cross. (a) From Table III, VS X M (S). Ref. Parentage. Offspring. FF FM F Father's sibs. MF MM M Mother's sibs. VS S M F VF Ach 2 Bic 1 Gru 1 Ise 2 Mil A Wit 2 Total. . 32 29 M 26 39 26 33 35 M 31 28 M 32 34 31 31 36 33 32 M M 31 35 M 27 S S 27 30 t 25 25 24 23 22 22 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 5 3 1 3 .... 4t It IS, 1M, 3F. . . 1 2t 1 7 14 3 .... A, 32.3^ t ±0. 59; S D., 4.38 ±0.42. (b) From 1 'able IV, VSx F (S). Hoi A 39 43 37 23 24 25 1 2 2 1 4 1 3 1 1 1 1 Law A. . . . Wat 5 34 35 S IS, 1M, 2F. . IF 4S (c) In part fb om Tabli i VII I, S x F (S). Gui 3 . . . . 27 37 30 30 S s s 37 40 50 s F 28 42 38 42 27 34 31 S 35 30 35 S 27 39 27 40 37 F 51 51 29 25 S F S 37 S 28 S 40 1 3 2 1 1 3 2 .... 1 1 3 1 3 Hok 1 . . . . Hot 1 . . . . Hul 2 Kie 36 M 34 S S 25 2 4 2 Leo (a) . . . Leo (b).. . S S 4S F S 3S, 3F 2 1 3 10 Lyn 2 Mer B... s 47 F 27 S 37 M 36 1 Mor (b)... IS, 1M, 4F. . F F 2S, 2F. . 4 2 Mor (c). . . Pad 1 Rid 1 Rom 1 . . . . Van F 31 F(?) S M 35 M(?) F IS 33 S F 23 S M 1 3F . 2 3t 6 1 1 3 .... 1 IS, IF. . 1M. . 2 1 Wat Total. . S F 26 45 3 26 36 20 4 A, 33.67 ±0.40. S. D., 5.58 ±0.28. THE BACK CBOe [21 are all tall (and presumably Blender). Hi- father, a farmer, died « 78 years old, having at 40 year.- the formula 150 89 inch b; build 2.2 His mother, after having borne 6 Bona and ."> daughters, died of 70 years. At that time she had the formula 12.") 02 niche-; |, U iM 2.3 (33). Thus, the Father's fraternity, though their parents wen of medium build, apparently carries a slender tendency. The Mother suffers from ''rheumatism"; she is "always busy" and living at 51 years, with the formula 93/61 inches; build ] 8 (25) Her father, a farmer, died at 82 with the formula 150/09 inches; build 2 2 Her mother, having had 5 sons and 4 daughters, died of "head trou at 42 years. She had the formula 100/01 inches; build 1.9 (27). Thus I side of the house inclines toward slenderness. The 3 children are: 1. Female, a bookkeeper and "nervous," at 26 has the formula 95 55 inches; build 1.6 (23) ; adjusted to 50 years. 112/65 inches; build h 27 2. Female, a bookkeeper, and "energetic" and "nervous," at 22 b formula 120/67 inches; build 1.9 (27) ; adjusted to 50 years, 139/67 incl build 2.2 (31). 3. Female, a bookkeeper and "energetic, impulsive, and anile," has at 23 the formula 112/63 inches; build 1.9 (28); adjusted to 50 years, 129 63 inches; build 2.3 (33). Comment. — A medium Father of medium and slender stock marries a slender, nervous woman who has a slender mother. One of the children is exceptionally slender and two are slender according to the unadjusted index It is very doubtful if the most slender child would ever acquire the adjust d index of 27, though children Nos. 2 and 3, energetic and agile at 23 and 22 years respectively, with builds 1.9 (28) and 2.0 (27), may well acquire a medium build by maturity if they become less active (R : Acb-2). Bic-1 Family. A family of English and French extraction living mostly in Kentucky and Indiana. The Father, a newspaper publisher, suffered in youth from typhoid fever. He is living at 52 years, having at 45 years the formula 175/72 inches; build 2.4 (34). His father, a justice of the peace, died at 39 years from pulmonary tuberculosis contracted during the Civil War. At 26 years he had the formula 140/70 inches; build 20 (29). Sis mot who had 4 children, suffered in middle age from cancer. She is living .' 76 years. At 40 years her formula was 160/68 inches; build 2.4 (35). Thus the father is of mixed ancestry; he is probably heterozygous in respect to build. The Mother has been subject to tuberculosis of throat and lun^s. SI living at 51 years, having at 45 years the formula 102 04 inchi -; build 1 7 (24). Four of her sibs died from tuberculosis of throat and lui Her father, a revenue collector, suffered in youth from rheumatism and in middle age from "very bad throat trouble." He died at 85 year- from old At 45 years he was of medium build. Her mother, who had 9 child: always well, died at 85 years from malignant tumor. At l.". was slender. This side of the house is very slender, largely on account tuberculosis. The grandfather is of medium build; the grandmother \ nervously active and slender. The 3 children: 1. Female, a social worker, who in youth suffered from diphthei i tonsillitis, and adenoids, has at 23 years the formula 106 M inches; build 1.8 (26) ; adjusted to 45 years, 2.1 (29). (R : Bic L.) 2. Female, a college graduate, who in youth suffered from tonsillif - scarlet fever, and appendicitis and had a tendency to consum p t i on, I / 122 FAMILY STUDIES IN BUILD. 22 years the formula 126/66 inches; build 2.0 (29); adjusted to 45 years, 142/66 inches; build 2.3 (33). 3. Female, a student, who has a "nervous temperament," has at 18 years the formula 124/67 inches; build 2.0 (28); adjusted to 45 years, 143/67 inches; build 2.3 (32). Comment. — The tuberculous tendency of the Mother's fraternity and of the Father's father reappears in at least one of the children. None is as slender as the Mother, and all approach the medium grade (R : Bic-1). Gru-1 Family. A family of English and German extraction living mostly in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. The Father, a school-teacher and principal, is living at 52 years, having had at 45 years the formula 134/66 inches; build 2.2 (31). One of his brothers died of "consumption" and was apparently slender. His father, a farmer, often mentally depressed, is living at 75 years, and has a "medium" build. His mother, who had 10 children, and who suffered in middle age from rheumatism, is living at 73 years, and is of "medium" build. Thus the paternal inheritance is toward medium build; the father possibly heterozygous. The Mother suffered in middle age from inflammatory rheumatism; she has at 40 years the formula 106/66 inches; build 1.7 (24). Her father, a farmer, of medium build, died at 77 years from pneumonia. Her mother, who had 6 children, died at 77 years from arterio-sclerosis ; she was slender. Thus the maternal build is prevailingly slender, though the grandfather is of medium build. The 3 children: 1. Female, a teacher, who in youth suffered from diphtheria, has at 20 years the formula 110/65 inches; build 1.8 (26); adjusted to 42 years, 125/65 inches; build 2.1 (30). 2. Female, a student, who in youth suffered from infantile paralysis, has at 18 years the formula 120/64 inches; build 2.1 (29) ; adjusted to 42 years, 136/64 inches; build 2.3 (33). 3. Female, at 13 years, has already the build of her next older sister. Comment. — All the children have a heavier build than the slenderer parent and approach a medium build (R : Gru-1). Ise-2 Family. A family of Swiss and French origin living in Kansas. The Father, who is of Swiss parentage, a farmer, is living at 86 years, having the formula 150/68 inches; build 2.3 (32). His father, a farmer, died of consumption, having the formula 120/68 inches; build 1.8 (26). His mother, who had 8 children, died at 82 years from pneumonia, having the formula 130/65 inches; build 2.2 (31). This side of the house is of mixed slender-medium build. The Mother, who has had 11 children, is of French-Swiss stock and has been a farmer's wife in Kansas. She has been operated upon for glaucoma, is living at 72 years, and has the formula 88/62 inches; build 1.6 (23). Her father, a farmer, died from neuralgia of heart, having the formula 130/65 inches; build 2.2 (31). Her mother, who had 3 children, died at 46 years, suddenly, perhaps from appendicitis, having the formula 115/65 inches; build 1.9 (27). The maternal side of the house has thus a build ranging from very slender to slender-medium. The 8 children about whom information is given are: THE BACK CROSS. 123 1. Male, a college professor, died al 12 yean after an operation appendicitis, having the formula 125 68 inches; build 1.9 (27) dji to 55+ years, 129/68 inches; build 2.0 (28). 2. Female, a librarian, who in youth Buffered from pneumonia, in middle age from a nervous breakdown, has at 47 yeara the formula 112 60 im build 2.2 (31). 3. Female, a stenographer, who in middle age suffered from fever 'in Africa), has at 45 years the formula 117/03 inches; build 2 1 (30). 4. Male, a college professor, always well, has at 41 yean the formula 170/70 inches; build 2.4 (35) ; adjusted to ."..". ! years, 1 :."> To inch< - : build 2.5 (36). 5. Male, a merchant, has at 39 years the formula 160 7(> inch.-; build 2.3 (33); adjusted to 55+ years. 166/70 inches; build 2.4 (34). 6. Male, a merchant, who in youth suffered from acute rheumatism and leakage of heart, has at 36 years the formula 165 72 inches; build 2 2 adjusted to 55+ years, 172/72 inches; build 2.3 (33). 7. Male, an editor, who in middle age has suffered from pleurisy and pneumonia, has at 33 years the formula 150/71 inches; build 2 1 (3 adjusted to 55+ years, 159/71 inches; build 2.2 (32). 8. Male, a newspaper reporter, of unknown build. Comment. — All children, except the first, who was of a nervous, active type and died prematurely, are of medium build, mostly slightly Besbier than the stockier parent (R : Ise-2t. Mil-A Family. A family probably of old American (English) stock, living in Los Angi California. The Father, at 70 years, had the formula 170 68.5 in< build 2.5 (36). Of his sibs, 1 is slender, 1 medium, and 4 are fleshy. II father, at 70 years, had the formula 180/68 inches; build 2.7 (39). II mother, at 70 years, had the formula 120/66 inches; build 1.9 (28). Thus the Father is of mixed fleshy and slender origin. The Mother, at 85 years, had the formula loo 67 incla -: build 1 6 (22 Her father, at 70 years, 175/70 inches; build 2.5 (35). Her mother. :it 70 years, 135/67 inches; build 2.1 (30). Thus, the maternal parenl is \n slender with slender to medium grandparent-. The childrt I 1. Male, at 56 years, has the formula 224/72 inches; build 3 1 I I 2. Male, at 53 years, 190/72 inches; build 2.6 (37). 3. Female, at 27 years, 130/67 inches; build 2.0 (29); adjusted to 55 years, 148/67 inches; build 2.3 (33). 4. Female, at 64 years, 100/68 inches; build 1.5 (22). 5. Female, at 50 years, 140/67 inches; build 2.2 'Ml I. 6. Female, at 59 years. 190/67 inches; build 3.0 (42). Comment. — The children vary from Blender to fleshy; thus twi heavier build than any ancestor described (S : Mil— A). Wn 2 Family. A family of English and Irish extraction: paternal grandparent! living in the Middle States and California. The Father, a men in middle age from pneumonia. He is living at 75 yean W To years DM formula was 155/69 inches; build 2.3 (33 1. Hie father, a farmer, died at 86 years from dropsy. At 70 years hi> formula was 140 73 in< lild 1.8*(26). His mother, who had s children, >\ ; ^\ from consumption. A1 years she was of medium build. Thus this Bide of the house i- prevailinj 124 FAMILY STUDIES IN BUILD. of medium build, but the Father's father was slender, consequently the Father is probably heterozygous for build. The Mother suffered in middle age from insanity and consumption, hav- ing the formula 100/68 inches; build 1.5 (22). Two of her 4 sibs who reached maturity died from consumption. Their father, a farmer, died at 74 years from bladder trouble. At 50 years he was of medium build. Their mother, who had 4 children, died from consumption. In this family the very slender stature is probably controlled by lung tuberculosis. The 3 children are: 1. Male, a machinist, who was accidentally killed at 19 years, 145/69 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55 years, 168/71 inches; build 2.4 (34). 2. Male, retired, who in youth suffered from dysentery and pneumonia; in middle age from indigestion, internal catarrh, tuberculosis, appendicitis, and malaria, has at 44 years the formula 140/69.5 inches; build 2.0 (29). 3. Female, who was "very healthy" in youth, but in middle age had mental "nervous troubles," has at 40 years the formula 100/64 inches; build 1.7 (24) ; adjusted to 55 years, 106/64 inches; build 1.8 (26). Comment. — The children of this mating are mixed slender to medium; one of the children is feeble-minded and is very slender; one who is slender has had active tuberculosis and much other illness; the third, who died at 19, had an average build. The record is complicated by disease (R : Wit-2). Hol-A Family. A family from Illinois. The Father at 55 years has the formula : 180/68 inches; build 2.7 (39). The Mother, at 50 years, has the formula: 100/66 inches; build 1.6 (23). The 9 children are: (1) Female, at 30 years, has the formula 180/65 inches; build 3.0 (43) ; adjusted to 55 years, 194/65 inches; build 3.2 (46). (2) Male, at 30 years, 130/66 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55 years, 139/66 inches; build 2.3 (32). (3) Male, at 27 years, 170/68 inches; build 2.6 (37); adjusted to 55 years, 183/68 inches; build 2.8 (40). (4) Male, at 25 years, 165/74 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55 years, 184/74 inches; build 2.4 (34). (5) Male, at 29 years, 140/68 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55 years, 151/68 inches; build 2.3 (33). (6) Male, at 26 years, 125/72 inches; build 1.7 (24). (7) Female, at 24 years, 140/69 inches; build 2.1 (29); adjusted to 55 years, 161/69 inches; build 2.4 (34). (8) Female, at 22 years, 110/72 inches; build 1.5 (21); adjusted to 55 years, 130/72 inches; build 1.8 (25). (9) Female, at 20 years, has the formula 100/64 inches; build 1.7 (24); adjusted to 55 years, 119/64 inches; build 2.0 (29). Comment. — The children vary greatly from very slender to stout or even, adjusted, to very stout. One of them is much stouter than either parent. Probably the Father is heterozygous (S: Hol-A). Law-A Family. A family from Georgia. The Father, at 30 years, had the formula 200/68 inches; build 3.0 (43). His brothers were "all stout." His father, at 30 years, had the formula 160/69 inches; build 2.4 (34). The fleshy father carries factors for at least medium build. THE BACK CBOS 125 The Mother, at 30 years, had the formula KM) »i'> iu.l « . build 17 24 Her brothers were all of "medium" build. Her si-t. -.1 medium, and 2 fleshy. Their father, at 30 years, had the formula 170 70 inches; build 2.4 (35). The 4 children: 1. Male, at 30 years, had the formula 190/68 inches; bud. ;i i. 2. Female, at 30 years, 110/61 inches; I. mid 2.1 (30). 3. Female, at 30 Years, 100/00 inch.-; build 2.0 (28). 4. Female, at 30 years, 130/61 inches; build 2.5 (35 Comment. — A fleshy man of medium Btock has by a very Blender woman of mixed stock in respect to build, 4 children— 2 Blender, 1 medium, and 1 fleshy (S : Law-A). Wat-5 Family. A family of English extraction; grandparents living in Massachusett Michigan, England, Utah, and Montana; parent- and children Living in Utah and Montana. The Father, a miner, Buffered in middle age from pneumonia and died at 64 years from chronic bronchitis. At 60 yean his formula was 190/72 inches; build 2.6 (37). His father, a farmer, died at 37 years. The Father had a fleshy sister, at least 3 of whose children v fleshy. His mother died at 38 years. Apparently, a fleshy .-tram on Father's father's side; Father's mother'.- Bide unknown. The Mother, who had 7 children, suffered in youth from BCarlet fever and lung fever, is living at 60 years, having the formula 107 65.5 inches; build 1.8 (25). Her 4 sibs are "thin." Their father, a lawyer, Buffered at 23 y< from scarlet fever, died from an accident at 42. Two of hia Bibe were "very large" and tall. Her mother, who had 9 children, died at 7<> yean from pneumonia; she was slender and so was her Bister. Thus the b1< has both slender and fleshy close relations. The 5 children who grow up are; 1. Female, married, who in youth suffered from scarlet fever, ha- at years the formula 109/67 inches; build 1.7 (24); adjusted to 55 y< 119/67 inches; build 1.9 (27). 2. Male, a miner, who in youth suffered from scarlet fever, tonsillitis, and throat trouble, has at 34 years the formula 185/71 inches; build 2.6 (37) ; adjusted to 55 years, 193/71 inches; build 2.7 (38). 3. Female, married, who in youth suffered from BCarlet fever, has, years, the formula 128/66 inches; build 2.0 (29); adjusted to 55 143/66 inches; build 2.3 (33). 4. Female, married, who in youth Buffered from throat trouble, underwent & tonsillectomy and appendectomy, has at 2.") years the formula 120 I inches; build 2.0 (28) ; adjusted to' 55 year-. 13S 65.5 inches; build 2 5. Female, married, has at 21 years, the formula 120 65 5 im es; build 2.0 (28) ; adjusted to 55 years, 140/65.5 inches; build 2.3 (33). Comment. — The adjusted build of the children show 1 slender (unad- justed, very slender), 3 medium, and 1 fleshy, BUggesting a parentage. This family has been placed in this category, despite of information about the Father's parent-, because of the great variability of the children (R : Wat-5). Cm 3 Family. A family of Scandinavian extraction, living mostly m K Father, a farmer, who Buffered in middle age from asthma, hai -Ti- the formula 125/68 inches; build 1.9 (27). 126 FAMILY STUDIES IN BUILD. The Mother has at 60 years the formula 150/62 inches; build 2.7 (39). Her father, a farmer, died at 83 years from senile dementia. At 75 years his formula was 150/S inches; build, say, 2.4 (34). Her mother, who had 6 children, died at 84 years, "probably senility." At 75 years her formula was 120/M inches; build, say, 2.1 (30). The 8 children: 1. Female, married, suffered in youth and middle age from heart trouble, following rheumatism. At 40 years she has the formula 110/62 inches; build 2.0 (29) ; adjusted to 55 years, 116/62 inches; build 2.1 (30). 2. Male, a farmer, who in youth suffered from rheumatism, has at 33 years the formula 135/67 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55 years, 144/67 inches; build 2.3 (33). 3. Male, who died at 16 years from operation for rectal tumor. 4. Male, a real-estate dealer, who in youth suffered from asthma, has at 33 years the formula 135/67 inches; build 2.1 (30) ; adjusted to 55+ years, 144/67 inches; build 2.3 (33). 5. Female, a nurse, who in youth suffered from anterior poliomyelitis (complete recovery), has at 31 years the formula 150/64 inches; build 2.6 (37) ; adjusted to 55 years, 162/64 inches; build 2.7 (39). 6. Male, a farmer, has at 29 years the formula 153/70 inches; build 2.2 (31) ; adjusted to 55 years, 166/70 inches; build 2.4 (34). 7. Female, has at 27 years the formula 150/65 inches; build 2.5 (36); adjusted to 55 years, 166/65 inches; build 2.7 (39). 8. Male, a farmer, has at 24 years the formula 150/67 inches; build 2.3 (33); adjusted to 55+ years, 164/67 inches; build 2.6 (37). Comment. — One-half of the children may be expected to exceed the mean build of the parents, and 2 to equal or exceed the fleshy build of the Mother (R : Gui-3). Hok-1 Family. A family of German and English extraction, living in Illinois, Colorado, and Iowa. The Father, who is a carpenter, always well, is living at 63 years, having the formula 180/70 inches; build 2.6 (37). His father, who was a manufacturer, always well, died at 72 years from a fistula. At 72 years his formula 175/70 inches; build 2.5 (36). The father's mother died at about 48 years; was of slender build. The Mother, always well, has at 62 years the formula 105/62 inches; build 1.9 (27). Her father, who was a coal-mine owner, died at 46 years from exposure during Civil War. At 45 years his formula 140/67 inches; build 2.2 (31). Her mother, always well, died at 87 years from old age. Formula, 145/64 inches; build 2.5 (35). Two grown children: 1. Male, a surveyor, who in youth suffered from typhoid, has at 34 years the formula 160/70 inches; build 2.3 (33); adjusted to 55+ years, 168/70 inches; build 2.4 (34). 2. Male, always well, has at 26 years the formula 165/72 inches; build 2.2 (32) ; adjusted to 55 years, 181/72 inches; build 2.5 (35). Comment. — Both children are of medium build, fairly close to that of the fleshier parent (R : Hok-1). Hot-1 Family. A family of English extraction, living mostly in New York State. The Father, who is a carpenter, suffered in middle age from pneumonia. He is living at 51 years, having the formula 150/71 inches; build 2.1 (30). His THE BACK CROSS. 1_'7 father, who was a fanner, died at 69 yean from apoplexy; was of medium build. His mother, who had 6 children, al 50 yean was Blender. The Mother is living at 50 years, having the formula l"' 11 61 in es; build 2.8 (40). Her father, who was a grocer, Buffered in youth from rheumatism; in middle age from typhoid fever. He died at til year- from Brig ease. At 61 years he was slender. Her mother, who had 3 children, • always well. She died at 79 years from cerebral hemorrhag to be slender. One son, a teacher, always well, has at 25 years the formula 1 » inches; build 1.9 i27>. 3. Female, married, and died at 35 years of Addison's disease I inches; build 1.8 (25). 4. Female, who has been operated on for tubercular neck glands, at years, 115/62 'inches; build 2.1 (30). 5. Female, who suffered in youth from tachycardia, at 28 yean, LOO ' inches; build 1.6 (23). 6. Female, who has suffered from migraine and rheumatism and had an attack of pneumonia, at 27 yean, 115/64 inches; build 2.0 (28) ; adjust to 50 years, 119/64 inches; build 2.0 (29). 7. Male, well, at 20 yean, 140 67 inches; build 2.2 (31); adjust 50 years, 158/68 inches; build 2.4 (34). Comment. — On the whole the children are below the average build, like the slender parent (R : Hul-2). Kie Family, i Fig. 13.) II 1 $ , a slender German. His wife, II 2 ? . fleshy. T. of whose build something is known: III 1 ' , fleshy; III 2 6 feet tall, married to a fleshy woman, has 6 tall, .-lender daughter- III 4 9 , died of "heart disease"; -lender. Ill 7 ' . died at 56 lungs, weight in health 82 kg. (180 pound "ire 17s cm. (70 in build 2.6 (37), fleshy. Thus 2 are fleshy and 2 Blender. Comment. — From the variability of the offspring W Mother was heterozygous in build (73 t'>70>. 128 FAMILY STUDIES IN BUILD. Leo Family, A. (Fig. 23.) II 7 $ , slender with 4 slender sibs. Their parents both slender. His wife, II 8 9 , at 36 years, has a stature of 152 cm. (60 inches) ; weight 84 kg. (184 pounds); build 3.6 (51); very fleshy; relative chest-girth 112 -T- 152, or 74 per cent. She has 3 fleshy and 2 slender sibs. Of their parents one was fleshy and one slender. Thus II 8 is heterozygous. III 4, the only child, at 9 years, has a relative chest-girth of 57 per cent; fleshy. Leo Family, B. 15$, slender, and 16$, whose build is about 3.6 (51), or very fleshy, have 6 children of whom something is known, as follows: II 8 $ , build 3.6 (51), very fleshy; II 11 9 , fleshy; II 15 9 , slender; II 16 9 , slender, mar- ried to a slender man and has 3 slender children; II 12 $ , of medium stature and 95 kg. (210 pounds) weight; build, say, 3.2 (45) ; very fleshy; Ht# Tir HB ^P BB3 t3/ I I r. lb r mot] i r had the formula 150/65 inches; build 2.5 (36). Five children: 1. Male, at 21 years, had the formula 175/68 inches, build 2.7 (38). 2. Male, at 21 years, 170/72 inches; build 2.3 (33 1. 3. Female, 140/64 inches; build 2.4 (34). 4. Female, 130/65 inches; build 2.2 (31). 5. Female, 130/67 inches; build 2.0 (29). Comment. — All 5 children are intermediate between the | : 1 is fleshy, 1 slender (S : Mer-B). Mor Family. (Fig. 24.) (a) II 1 $ , stature 181 cm. (71 inches); weight 13 kir. i2(i umbi; build 3.5 (50); very fleshy. Married II 2, a -lender woman. They had 7 sons, 2 fleshy, 5 medium, and 6 daughters, 1 fleshy and 5 medium T 3 fleshy and 10 of medium build. To save space only 5 are represented in figure 24. (b) IV 16 $ , slender, married IV 17 9 . fleshy, who has 2 fleshy and 2 slender sibs; and both parents fleshy. They have 4 living children, all slender. (c) IV 5 $-, fleshy with 4 fleshy, 1 medium, and 1 slender Blbfl and a fleshy and medium parent; married IV 6. slender, with a slender sister. They had 2 sons, both slender (73 : 690). Pad-1 Family. A family of English extraction, living in the middle West. The Father. a horticulturist, subject in middle life to catarrh, is living at 55 having had at 50 years the formula 145/72 inches; build 2.0 (28). Eiifl father, a farmer, who in youth suffered from measles and bronchitis, and in middle age from liver trouble, died at 59 years from complication ol stomach and liver diseases. At 55 years his formula 14") 6S inches; build 2.2 (31). His mother is living at 80 years, having the formula 100 inches; build 2.4 (35). The Mother, at 49 years, had the formula 145 63 in bes; build - ~ ». Her father, a merchant and farmer, suffered in youth from typhoid few and congestion of the brain. He died at 86 years from old age, baving had at 70 years the formula 170/72 inches; build 2.3 (33). Her mother d at 83 years of old age, having the formula 95 til inches; build 1 The only grown child is a male, a student, who in youth Buffered from measles and catarrh, has at 21 years the formula 155 67 inches; build 3 I (35); adjusted to 50 years, 171/67.5 inches; build 2.6 (87). 130 FAMILY STUDIES IN BUILD. Comment. — The only grown child is like his stouter parent in build (R :Pad-l). Rom-1 Family. A family of prevailing English stock, living in Ohio. Indiana, Illinois, and Kansas. The Father, who is a lawyer, has at 72 years the formula 170/67 inches; build 2.7 (38). Three of his brothers died at 26 years, 41 years, and 22 years respectively, from tuberculosis; all were of medium height. Their father, who was a "farmer and blacksmith," died at 76 years from Bright's disease; was slender. Their mother, who had 5 children, died at 55 years from "tuberculosis of the liver"; was corpulent. The Father is doubtless heterozygous in build. The Mother has at 67 years the formula 119/65 inches; build 2.0 (28). One of her sisters, who was tall, died from "quick consumption"; another from diabetes; another from dropsy. Two of her brothers, tall, died from hardening of the arteries, another from "leakage of the heart," and another from dropsy. Their father, who was a miller, died at 76 years — "a compli- cation of diseases (asthma)." He was corpulent. Their mother, who had 10 children, died at 72 years from pneumonia; was of medium build. The 7 children are: 1. Female, married, who in middle age suffered from rheumatism, has at 44 years the formula 155/64 inches; build 2.7 (38); adjusted to 55 years, 158/64 inches; build 2.7 (39). 2. Male, a farmer, who in youth suffered from malarial fever, has at 41 years the formula 150/68 inches; build 2.3 (32); adjusted to 55 years, 155/68 inches; build 2.4 (34). 3. Male, a farmer, has at 38 years the formula 155/68 inches; build 2.4 (34) ; adjusted to 55 years, 161/68 inches; build 2.5 (35). 4. Male, who died at 18 years from diphtheria, having the formula 145/72 inches; build 2.0 (28); adjusted to 55 years, 171/72 inches; build 2.3 (33). 5. Female, married, has at 31 vears the formula 115/65 inches; build 1.9 (27); adjusted to 55 years, 132/65 inches; build 2.2 (31). 6. Male, a farmer, has at 28 years the formula 160/71 inches; build 2.2 (32) ; adjusted to 55 years, 174/71 inches; build 2.4 (35). 7. Female, a student, who in youth suffered from tonsillitis, scarlet fever, and other "children's" diseases, has at 22 years the formula 118/64 inches; build 2.0 (29) ; adjusted to 55 years, 136/64 inches; build 2.3 (33). Comment. — All except one on the adjusted weights equal or exceed the mid-parent index. One of the 7 children is as fleshy as the fleshier parent (R : Rom-1). Rid Family. (Fig. 48. ) III 9 $ , at 59 years, stature 157 cm. (62 inches); weight 73 kg. (160 pounds); build 2.9 (42); fleshy; "as fat as butter when a child." He has 3 fleshy sibs and his parents are dissimilar in build; hence he is hetero- zygous; married to III 10 $ , slender, of two slender parents. Of their 2 children, IV 3 9 , at 30 years is slender; IV 4 $ , at 16 vears, slender (73 : 727). Van Family. (Fig. 44.) 13 5, died at 51 years of heart disease, stature 170 cm. (67 inches) ; weight 86 kg. (190 pounds) ; build 3.0 (42) ; fleshy. He was one of a THE HACK CHOSS. 131 fraternity of 8 of whom something is known of the following: I l slender; 12 5, stature 183 (72 inches); weight 90 kg (200 ; n build 2.7 (38.5); fleshy; slender as a child. I 3, married I 4, wl : at 32, was tall, slender, angular. A brother is of medium build. They have 5 children: II 1 c5 , died at 53 years of ind 189 cm. (74 inches); weight 90 kg. (200 pounds); build 2.6 (37 II 2 9 , always slender. II 3 9 , Blender. 114 $ , at 64, etatun 175 (69 inches) ; weight 88 kg. (194 pounds); build 2.9 (41); fleshy. R< lal chest-girth 108-^-175, or 62 per rent. He first began to increase in b at 22 years and at 30 years had his present build; loses weight after vigor- ous exercise. He married a woman (II 5) who, like himself, was Blender in youth, but began to grow fleshy at 39, and now has a build oi 2.9 I 11 I. She has 2 slender, 2 fleshy, and 2 very fleshy Bibs, and her pan both very fleshy. The foregoing couple (II 4. 5) have 2 children who gj DtB % ® 2 m m Fig. 44. — Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in Van family. up. Ill 1 9 at 28 years, keeps slender by constant dieting. Ill 2 of twins) at 25 years, very slender, nervous, and irritable. The children have not yet reached the age when their mother became fleshy. Finally, II 7 9 , at 50 years, is 170 cm. (67 inches) tall and w< . R8 kg. (195 pounds); build 3.1 (43); fleshy. She was -lender up I 27 of age. She is married to a somewhat fleshy man and their da 27 is of medium build, but beginning to mow fleshy. Comment. — The mating of a man of build 3.0, of a fraternity I variable in build, and a woman of slender build yields grown children with following builds: 2.6, "slender," "slender," 2.9 (slender in youth), and 3 l (slender in youth). Three of the five become fleshy, but probably only in life — the heterozygous reaction (73 : 745). Wat Family. A family of English extraction living in Wyoming. T ; I 1 ather, ■ tuberculosis, has the formula 125 68 inches; build 1.9 (27) H - was slender and of average height. His mother was fleshy and i height. The Mother had at 50 the formula 165 64 inches; build 2.8 but averaged usually from 120 to 128 pounds. She had ible father, an invalid and sufferer from tuberculosis, rheumatism, oeuraJj I 132 FAMILY STUDIES IN BUILD. heart trouble, and dropsy, had the formula 120/68 inches; build 1.8 (26). His weight varied from 102 to 120 pounds; very slender. Her mother, who had a goiter of which she was cured, and quinsy, had the formula 140/56 inches; build 3.1 (45). The mother's father's father had the formula 180/73.5 inches; build 2.3 (33). His weight varied from 180 to 200 pounds. He was muscular, not fat. The Mother's father's mother was always thin and had the formula 115/65 inches; build 1.9 (27). She had liver trouble and cancer of the face. The Mother's mother's father had cancer of the face and underwent an operation for it. His formula was 125/65 inches; build 2.1 (30). The Mother's mother's mother had at 70 years the formula 160/67 inches; build 2.5 (36). She grew heavier in middle age. The children are: 1. Male, liable to tuberculosis, has at 24 years the formula 134/67.5 inches; build 2.1 (30). 2. Male, has weak lungs; has at 22 years the formula 170/67.5 inches; build 2.6 (37). 3. Male, has at 18 years the formula 126/68 inches; build 1.9 (27). Comment. — The children show the usual variability that arises from this type of mating (D : Wat.). Mating 2. Fleshy x Heterozygous Fleshy Parents. This includes matings between a heterozygous parent of fleshy build and a very fleshy (or fleshy) parent of fleshy stock; a back-cross to the more nearly dominant type. The matings of this type are as shown in table 33. Table 33 . — Matings between a probably homozygous fleshy and a heterozygous fleshy -parent, together with the progeny of this back-cross. Ref. Parentage. Offspring. FF FM F Father's eibs. MF MM M Mother's sibs. VS s M F VF Hud Jon lie. . . Pal Rec (a). . . Rec (b) . . . Rid 28 29 F S F 46 49 M s" F 31 M 45 39 43 40 40F 56 VF F 46 38 37 35 42 40 39 40 100 57 49± 48 34 37 1 1 2 1 1 8 2 2 1 1 3 1 3 3 3 2 1VF.3F.5M.. IS, 3F, 1VF... 2F, 4M 2F 2F, IS F S M 33 M VF 33 M 2VF, 2F, 1M.. 4F, 2M 1 1 3 6 3 3 4 Smi The 1 ... . Wen Total. . VF 30 46 IF 1F.4S 2S, 1M.. . 2F 2 3.6 14 25.0 21 37.5 19 33.9 Propor- tions. . . A = 40.48 ± 0.57 S. D. 6.36 ± 0.41. These 9 matings yielded 56 children, with the following percentage distribution: 4 S, 25 M, 37 F, 34 VF. The 6-zygotic-factor mating 5X3 (both possibilities) gives a percentage distribution of 3 S, 25 M, 43 F, 28 VF, which approximates that found. THK HACK ( !«»>>. 133 - — a — c i : Attention is called to the distribution of offspring in the Pal, I Smi, and Wen families. In these families the children are of two extreme types; intermedial are absent. The result may be due merely to small numbers, but it suggests the presence of two sorts of gametes in the heterozygous parent and hence a tendency to segregation in the offspring. Hud Family. (Fig. 45.) The Father's (II 7) build is 3.2 (45) ; very fleshy; his father's (I 1) was 2.0 (28) and his mother's 3.2 (46). Thus the Father is heterozygous. The Mother's (II 8) build is 2.8 (40). Her father's build was 2.7 (38), fleshy; and her mother's 2.5 (35); medium fleshy. The Mother's 7 sibs have builds ranging between 2.5 (35) and 3.2 (46); principally fleshy to very fleshy. So this may be regarded as a back-cross of a heterozygous parent with a fleshy one of fleshy stock. Of the 4 children, 1 is medium-fleshy 1 1 1 1 11) with a build of 2.5 (36), 1 is fleshy (III 10) 2.7 (38). and two very fleshy; build 3.2 (45) ; thus the build of the offspring is varied, but prevailing very fleshy. Jon-11c Family. (Fig. 46.) A family of Welsh extraction living chiefly in New- York State and Ohio. The Father (II 101 , a farmer, suffered in middle age from ''rupture," and died a1 88 years from "old age," having the formula 150/62 inches; build 2.7 (39). Of his 9 sibs: 1. Brother, died at 70 years from "dissipation."' having the formula 175/68.5 inches; build 2.6 (36). 2. Brother, who died at 53 years from "inflamma- tion of kidneys and dyspepsia," had the formula 125/63 inches; build 2.2 (31). 3. Sister, who died at 68 years from Bright 's dis- ease, 140/57 inches; build 3.0 (43). 4. Sister, who died at 74 years from "flux," 150/58 inches; build 3.1 (44). 5. Sister, who died at 75 years from Bright'- dis- ease, 120/59 inches; build 2.4 (34). 6. Sister, who died at 60 years from Blight's dis- ease, 118/59.5 inches; build 2.3 (33). 7. Sister, who died at 73 years, 135/64 inch- build 2.3 (33). 8. Brother, who died from typhoid fever at 1 1 years, 175/68 inches; build 2.7 (38). 9. Brother, 150/62 inches; build 2.7 (39). Their father, a farmer, suffered in middle age from "hernia"; died of heart trouble at (>."> vears. having the formula 120/64.5 inches; build 2.0 (29). Their — * - I -0? 134 FAMILY STUDIES IN BUILD. mother died at 77 years from pneumonia, having the formula 160/57 inches; build 3.5 (49). The Mother suffered from "nervousness" before marriage, then not troubled with it again till menopause. She died of "heart trouble, dropsy, paralysis, and nervousness" at 80 vears, having the formula 150/62 inches; build'2.7 (39). Of her 8 sibs: 1. Brother, who died from "congestive chill," was 67 inches in height. 2. Brother, who died at 56 years from "old age," 180/71 inches; build 2.5 (36). 3. Brother, who died at 81 years from "poor circulation" and stomach trouble, had the formula 170/71 inches; build 2.4 (34). 4. Brother, who died from pneumonia at 45 years, 180/70 inches; build 2.6 (37). 5. Brother, who died from "kidney trouble" at 40 years, 170/70 inches; build 2.4 (35). 6. Brother, who died at 57 years from "abscess on liver," 160/69 inches; build 2.4 (34). 7. Sister, who died at 25 years from "child-birth." I m q& I 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Hi 44 Fig. 46. — Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in the Jox-llc family. 8. Sister, who died at 72 vears from "overdose of medicine," 165/67 inches; build 2.6 (37). Their father, a farmer and cabinet-maker all his life, died at 83 years from paralysis, having the formula 200/74 inches; build 2.6 (37). Their mother, who in middle age suffered from dropsy and palsy, died at 83 years from "old age." Her formula was 160/62 inches; build 2.9 (42). The 10 children: 1. Male, a farmer, recorded as always well, has at 66 vears the formula 165/67 inches; build 2.6 (37). 2. Female, who in youth suffered from "ague, flux, erysipelas, cholera morbus," has at 65 years the formula 130/59 inches; build 2.6 (37). 3. Female, who in vouth suffered from asthma, has at 63 years the formula 150/61 inches; build 2.8 (40). 4. Male, a lawyer, who in youth suffered from scarlet fever, and middle age from "acquired neurasthenia," has at 59 years the formula 190/70 inches; build 2.7 (39). 5. Female, a school-teacher, who died at 20 years from typhoid fever, had the formula 120/61 inches; build 2.3 (32) ; adjusted to 55 years, 139/61 inches; build 2.6 (37). 6. Female, who suffered in youth from scarlet fever and in middle age from typhoid and kidney trouble, has always been "nervous," has at 55 years the formula 150/61 inches; build 2.8 (40). THE BACK ( i;< 7. Male, a farmer and "shopman," who in youth Buffered from ! disease, has at 53 years the formula 170 67.5 inches; build 2.1 8. Female, who at 17 years had fever, losl her mind hat since— "gradual mental deterioration." hi 51 yeai 170/62 inches; build 3.1 (44). 9. Female, who in youth suffered from "thrush," and in middle life from malarial fever and gradual mental deterioration, has at 51 formula 116/57.5 inches; build 2.4 (35). 10. Female, who at 48 years has the formula 165 63 inches; build 2.9 (42). Comment. — This is an extraordinarily valuable pedigree furnished bj member of the family who has taken great pain- with the record parents are of middle-fleshy build (39). The Father's fraternity b1 sibs: 5 medium, 4 fleshy, and 1 very fleshy. This i- associated with -• mi- dwarfishness, one of the sisters being only 57 inches in Btature and <»ii the brothers only 63 inches. One of tin ir pan nt% is si, i,,l< r; om obi ■• Mother's fraternity comprises 4 persons of medium build and :{ Btout. Their parents are both fleshy. The "children" are remarkably uniform. S they all, except one, reached the parental age, no "adjustment" is n< c< jsary; they can be compared directly. One is of medium build. 8 are -tout their parents (including the adjusted age of the girl who died at 20), and 1 is just over the line of being very stout ill), like her paternal aunt and a little less than her Father's mother. Here the obesity ha- -kipped a generation in the direct line, possibly because the Father was phenotypically reduced in build, perhaps because of his advanced a<_ r <' (88). Thi- circum- stance offers, however, no theoretical difficulty. The uniformity of I • progeny favors the hypothesis that in this family there are only ' independent factors for fleshy build (R: Jon-lln. Pal Family. (Fig. 25. 1 A family living in a small town in good circumstances. Ill , a farmer, who at 67 years is 173 cm. (68 inches) tall, weighs around 90 kn. or 200 pounds; build 3.0 (43); fleshy; net relative chest-girth 120 or 71 per cent. This near-obese man was slender as a buy and b< . grow fleshy at 30 years of age. There are 5 others in his fraternity: * 1 • III 7 $ , a physician, at 71 years is 178 cm. (70 inches! tall, weigl (200 pounds); build 2.9 (41); fleshy; relative chest-girth Llfl 178 i per cent. He is doubtless heterozygous for build. Bince, by a b!< rider v he has 2 fleshy and 2 slender children. (2) III 8 9 . married, at 69 has stature 157 cm. (62 pounds); weight 75 kg. (155 pounds); build 2.8 (40); fleshy; relative chest-girth 107-^157, or 68 per cent. By a mai medium build she has 1 fleshy, 1 medium, and A -lender children." IN 11 6 . at 65 years has a stature of 175 cm. ' inches) : weight 61 k| pounds); build 2.0 (28); slender. <4i IN 5 - . at 62 v. tun 178 (70 inches); weight 95 kg. (210 pounds) ; build 3.0 (43) : fl< Bhy. II I la tive chest-girth 117-^-178, or 66 per cent. A- a boy be was of medium build; at about 30 years, like III 7, he began to grow fleshy, and is now dieting for diabetes (?). By a fleshy wife, whose Bibs vary in build, 2 fleshy children and 1 of medium' build. (5) IN 12, at stature of 168 cm. (66 inches) and weight of 102 leg. (224 pounds); build 3.6 (52); very fleshy. By a husband of medium build shi and 1 medium child.* * Not shown in figure L'">. 136 FAMILY STUDIES IN BUILD. The father (II 5) of this fraternity, who died at 87 years of cancer of the face, was fleshy. He had 5 brothers, all of whom lived to be over 80 years of age and who all, save 1, weighed over 90 kg. (200 pounds). The mother (II 6) of the man's fraternity died at 64 of pneumonia; she was of medium build, and her 4 sibs were of medium build. Thus all her children were probably somewhat heterozygous, including III 9, the father of 3. Ill 10, the wife of III 9, is 178 cm. tall and weighs over 90 kg.; build 2.8 (40+) ; fleshy. Of the 3 children: (1) IV 7 $ at 44 is of medium build. By a slender wife he had a daughter who at 22 years has a build 2.4 (34) ; medium build. (2) IV 10 9 , at 42 years, has a stature of 163 cm. (64 inches) and weight of over 115 kg. (250+ pounds); build 4.3 (61+); obese. She married a slender man, and 1 of their 9 children, at 19 years, weighs over 90 kg. (200 pounds). (3) IV 11 $ is a medium weight; he married a slender woman and has 4 children who are of medium build. Comment. — A fleshy Father, who is heterozygous for build, and his fleshy wife (of unknown gametic composition) have 1 obese child and 2 children of medium build (73 : 704). Rec Family, A. (Fig. 47.) II 5 S died at 84 years of "heart disease." His stature was 188 cm. (74 inches) and weight 100 kg. (220 pounds) ; build 2.8 (40) ; fleshy. He had a fleshy brother and sis- ter. Their father was a slen- der man, but nothing is known about their mother. II 5 married II 6, who died at 58 years of bronchial pneumonia. Her formula, 360/60 inches; build of 7.0 (100) ; very obese. She has 1 very fleshy and 1 fleshy sister and a slender brother. This fleshy pair had 6 off- spring, as follows: (1) III 2 $ (plate 9, fig. 2), build 4.0 (57), relative chest-girth, 90 per cent. She is the obese mother (by a fleshy, 2.8 (40) , consort) of a slightly less I HtQ M 2 J^r^^ m E Fig 47. m. ■TItF -Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in Rec family. obese daughter, of build 3.7 (53) (plate 9, fig. 3). (2) III 3 $ , 170 cm. (67 inches) tall, and weighing 91 kg. (200 pounds) ; build 3.1 (45) ; very fleshy. He is now at a State institution and weighs some 20 or 30 pounds less. (3) III 4 $ , build about 2.4 (34) ; medium. (4) III 5 $ , very fleshy. (5) III 6 $ , about 183 cm. (72 inches) tall, weighs over 90 kg. (200 pounds) ; has very large shoulders and abdomen; build, say, 2.8 (40). (6) III 8 9 , at 36 years has a stature of 168 cm. (66 inches) and weight of 71 kg. (157 pounds) ; build 2.7 (38) ; fleshy. Her relative chest-girth is 52 per cent. She married a man of build 3.4 (48) and has 3 sons — 2 slender and 1 fleshy. Comment. — The parents II 5 and II 6 were probably heterozygous, so that they produced 1 in 6 of medium build. Also, their children are mostly heterozygous. Of 8 grandchildren, 2 are slender, 2 are stout (73 : 714). THE BACK CROSS. 137 Rec Family, B. (Fig. 47.) Ill 1 6 , fleshy, with a fleshy father and Blender mother, married to III 2 9 (plate 9, fig. 2i, who at 53 yean baa a stature ol 150 cm (59 and weight of much over 90 kg. (200 pounds) ; build I < • Her relative chest-girth is 135-:- 150, or 90 per cent ; extraordinarily i 16, when married, she weighed 110 pounds; build 2.2 (32);m< lium I 4 sibs and both parents are exceedingly obese (her mother weigl ; [360 pounds | and has a build of 7.0 | 100] ►. The foregoing pair had 5 children, I of whom du-d young I IV 2 $ , at 36 years has a stature of 168 cm. (66 inches) ami weight 104 kg. (229 pounds) ; build 3.7 (53); very fleshy. Ber relative ch< st-girth is 130^-168, or 77 per cent. She had at her marriage, wh< □ 23 ■ ars old (to a slender man), a build of 2.3 (33), medium grade. After marri increased rapidly in weight, menstruation became Bcant, -he lost tl instinct, and is barren (plate 7, fig. 3). Comment. — A tendency to extreme obesity run- m four gent I This is apparently of the adiposo-genitalis type, with Bterility in the L generation. Obvious dominant factors are at work here i 73 : 714 i. Rid Family. (Fig. 48.) II 2 <5 died at 54 years; short and weighed 110 kg. (210 pounds) ; build, say, 3.9 (56) ; very fleshy. A brother who died at 52 of apoplexy was fleshy, married a fleshy woman, and had a fleshy son. The mother of this frater- nity was fleshy; about her consort's build nothing is known, but he ha fleshy sister (II). 2 3 4 5 6 7 6 7 — 8 9 10 II □trO, *rO, cwmd 17 18 19 20 :i 13 3 4 Fig. 48. — Pedigree chart showing distribution <>f bufld i" 'I'- Kn> family. II 3 9 , wife of II 2. died of senility at 89; she weighed over 9 pounds). She had 7 sibs: Hi II 4 ? died of epilepsy, was ol medium weight, married, and had 5 children. A of medium weight and 1 Be (2) II 5 9 of unknown build. I Mi 9 of medium weij slender. II 7 $ weighed over 90 kg. (200 pounds) ; build, sa: fleshy. 118 S weighed over 90 kg.; fleshy. 119 i also fte ike brothers. II 10 unknown. Thus of this fraternity of 6 known p 138 FAMILY STUDIES IN BUILD. 4 are fleshy, 2 medium. Their father was slender; their mother "short and plump." There are 7 offspring from this mating between II 2 and 3: (1) III 1 9 , at 66 years, is bedridden from a broken hip; tall, weight 77 kg. (170 pounds) ; chest-girth 108 cm. (42 inches) ; build, say, 2.8 (40) ; fleshy; she was fleshy as a child of 10 years. (2) III 2 $ , died at 60 of paralysis, was always slender. (3) III 3 $ , at 62 years, is tall (say, 71 inches) and weighs 97.5 kg. (235 pounds) ; build 3.3 (47) ; very fleshy. (4) III 4 9 , at 56 years has the formula 91 kg. (200 pounds) ; 161 cm. (63.5 inches) ; build 3.4 (49) ; very fleshy; relative chest-girth 74 per cent. She was fleshy from the age of 16 years. (5) III 5 9 , at 51 vears, is very fleshy; was a slender child. (6) III 6 $ is fleshy. (7) III 8 9 , at 35 years weighed 86 kg. (190 pounds), but now at 50 she is a helpless invalid and has grown slender; she was somewhat slender as a girl. Thus the offspring are 3 very fleshy, 2 fleshy, 1 always slender, and 1 formerly fleshv but reduced by illness (73: 727). Smi Family. (Fig. 26.) I 1 6 died at 72 years of acute indigestion; said to have been very fleshy, like his father. His wife, 12$, died at 68 years of paralysis. She was less than 155 cm. (61 inches) tall and weighed 82 kg. (180 pounds) ; build 3.4 (48) ; very fleshy. She had 3 sibs, of whom it is known that 1 was fleshy; the other 2 unknown. Her father was of medium build and had 3 children by an earlier marriage, and of these 2 were slender and 1 fleshy. There were 7 children from I 1 and 2. (1) II 1, a man who died at 69 of pneu- monia and diabetes and whose stature is 173 cm. (68 inches) and weight about 95 kg. (210 pounds) ; build 3.2 (45). (2) II 3 $ at 75 years is 155 cm. (61 inches) tall and weighs 82 kg. (180 pounds) ; build 3.4 (48). By a stout consort she has 2 stout and 4 slender children. (3) II 9 9 , married, at 74 years is 163 cm. (64 inches) tall and weighs 49 kg. (107 pounds) ; build 1.8 (26) ; slender. By a slender husband she had one slender daughter, build 1.9 (27), a slender son. and 2 other children who died young. (4) II 5 9 , fleshy. (5) II 6 9 , fleshy. (6) II 7 9 said to be 157 cm. (62 inches) tall and to weigh 82 kg. (180 pounds) ; build 3.3 (47) ; very fleshy. (7) II 4 $ , at 55 years, fleshy. By a medium wife he had a son who at 26 years weighs 77 kg. (170 pounds) and was fleshy as a growing boy. Of the 7 children, 1 is slender, 3 are fleshy, and 3 very fleshy (73 : 736). Thr-1 Family. (Fig. 33.) A family of English and French stock living in the middle western States. The Father (II 8), whose occupation has been very shifting, who suffered from "weak lungs" at 35 years, and who died at 81 years, had in middle life the formula 140/72 inches; build 1.9 (27). But in answer to special inquiry it appears that he "took on flesh" in later years. He has to be recorded as fleshy. Of his 3 sisters, two are slender (both with cardiac hypertrophy), and 1 is of fleshy build. The fat sister had 2 daughters who weighed over 225 pounds each. His 2 brothers are slender. His father (II), a blacksmith, died at 90 years, having the formula 150/71 inches; build 2.1 (30). His mother, always well, died at 68 years, having the formula 130/65 inches; build 2.2 (31); medium. This side of the house carries both fleshy and slender strains, some of the slender individuals being so, probably, through disease. Apparently the Father is heterozygous for fleshiness, perhaps one reason why he became fleshy late in life. The Mother (II 9) suffered from arthritis deformans and died at 79 years. THE BACK CROSS. Her formula was 135/63 inches; lmild 2.1 (34). Two of her si and one of medium build. Her father il 3), who Buffered from arthi deformans, was confined to his chair from rheumatism the Last 15 died at 72 years, having the formula 160/70 inches, buil Her mother, who died at 50 years, had the formula 140 65 inches ; buil I She had a sister (I 5) who weighed about 250 pounds, "an enormous woman." This side of the house is of prevailingly medium build but a tendency to obesity in one line. The children are 10 in number: 1. Male (III 3), a clerk, has at 6G years the formula 150 60 inch build 2.2 (32). 2. Male (III 4), a physician, who has always had a rheumatic tend- • and is liable to sciatic neuritis, at 25 years had I rmula 180 68.75 inches; build 2.7 (38). He is the Father of Thr-2 family, pagi 7'' 3. Male (III 6), a preacher, has at 09 year- the formula 170 68 il build 2.0 (37). He has a daughter with a build of about ;; 2 ! 15). 4. Male (III 7), a physician, who in middle life suffered from inflamma- tory rheumatism, has at 59 years the formula 170/08 inches; build 2.6 '• 5. Female (III 8) . who died at 34 years from appendicitis, has the formula 225/07 inches; build 3.5 (50). She was "a big overgrown woman in her t- - as " 0. Female (III 9), married, who has a rheumatic tendency, i years the formula 190/04 inches; build 3.3 (40). 7. Female (III 11), married, who has 9 children, suffered in middle a<_ r e from rheumatism. At 53 years her formula was 225/07 inches; build 8. Male, a merchant, well, has at 51 years the formula 155 67 inch build 2.4 (35). 9. Male, a merchant, well, has at 49 vears the formula K'.."i * build 2.5 (35). 10. Male (III 14), a doctor and dentist, has at 17 years formul 180 inches; build 2.7 (39). One of his daughters has a build i^i aboul 3 - Child No. 2, a physician, writes: "Many of my relative-, botl on ] and Mother's side, were afflicted with so-called muscular rheun itism (cousins, uncles, and aunts), pains in the limb-; ami muscles (not in joints); especially those of robust and fleshy build, who p< 1 extraor- dinary good appetites and digestion, who liked good things '" eai and n of it; the women being good cooks and the men generally marrying '.rood cooks, they always had plenty to eat (rich food) and I ' of them are users of alcohol, simply being extra-heart iK ; Thr 1 | Wen Family. (Fig. 49.) IV 10 is the Father; his formula is 200 74 inches; build ! very fleshy. His father (III 10) had the formula 245 7:: incl i -: build (40); very fleshy. This father had a brother of just his build (v. eventually died of tuberculosis) and a brother of formul 25 71. build 3.0 (43); fleshy. The Father's father's father ill .". ■ had I rmula 200/70, build 2.9 (41) ; fleshy; one of his brothers was fl< - y (38), and i very fleshy, build 3.2 (45). The latter had a very fleshy son. The Fath- father's father's father had a build of 2.9 (41) and a brother build. These brothers of Gen. I were products of a first-cousin mania The Father's father's mother was a woman whose formula was 200 I - inches; build 3.0 (43); fleshy. Hence I father and hi- broil both of build 3.2 (40), got the fleshy tendency from both Bid DOUSC The Father's mother was a second cousin of the Father's fat ad her line also contained many fleshy representative-, but she herself was 140 FAMILY STUDIES IN BUILD. medium build. Thus the Father belongs to a fleshy strain, but he probably carries some non-fleshy gametes. IV 11 is the Mother; her formula is 160/65.5 inches; build 2.6 (37); fleshy; she has 2 sibs, both fleshy; her parents are of medium build; they have some slender grandchildren. There are 8 children, V 3 to 12, whose sex and indices of build are as follows: $ 3.6 (51), 9 3.1 (44), 2 $ $ 2.5 (35), 3 9 9 2.3 (32), 9 2.2 (31). Thus 2 are very fleshy and 6 are of medium build. The Fig. 49. — Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in the Wen family. (Gen I 1 should be square ruled, indicating fleshiness). interval between the two groups is a wide one, indicating a clear genetic difference between them. The very fleshy brother, who weighs 265 pounds, was able to reduce about 60 pounds to be accepted for army service, but since being discharged from the army he has rebounded to his former weight. (A : 032-25.) Summary and Discussion. In a simple monohybrid with complete dominance the back-cross upon the recessive gives 50 per cent of the heterozygous dominant and 50 per cent of the recessive allelomorph. In a monohybrid with imperfect dominance the back-cross upon the recessive gives 50 per THE BACK CRO \\\ cent of the intermediate and 50 per cent of the n .<•. Wh. a 3 multiple factors are present and lie' heterozygote is Dearly inti mediate but shows a slighl tendency toward imperfect dominai may expect an approximation to a symmetrica] distribution of about the intermediate condition, with a skewness toward the !•• sive condition. That is what is got in both parts of table ::_'. I result supports the conclusion that there is segregation in the garni of the heterozygous parent, so that the progeny tend prevailingly fall again into the slender and medium-fleshy grandparental The results of table 33 similarly support the conclusion of a i ion in the gametes of the heterozygous fleshy parent. C. GENERAL DISCUSSION Heredity and Environ. mi n i in Hi n.n. That a tendency to slenderness or fleshiness of build "runs in families" and characterizes different races is a mat tor of < unon observation. But this fact is far from satisfying the clinician that heredity plays any part in this result. Thus, von Noorden, who occupies a leading position among Teutonic investigators of metab- olism in general and obesity in particular, denies the importance of an hereditary anomaly of metabolism in different families and ia Rejecting "anomaly of metabolism" or "peculiarity of protoplasmic metabolism," he stresses "inheritance" of habits of life that favor obesity, the quantity and quality of food, and the ideals of bodily activity. For example, the Eskimo are fat because they blubber and huddle in narrow spaces, undergoing little movement throughout the long, dark winters. It is true that von Noorden speaks somewhat guardedly; he recognizes exceptions; - possible hereditary hypofunction of the thyroid. But clearly consti- tutional peculiarities are, for him, exceptional as causes of <> weight, and here is where he fails to recognize sufficiently tl. that usually only particular individuals of a fraternity ate fleshy; the others may be slender. But besides anomalies of protoplasm and family tradition- feeding, there are obviously other possibilities. It is well known that different varieties of cattle differ greatly in their capacity for fatten- ing. Armsby and Fries (1911) have inquired into tin- influence type upon the fattening of cattle. They used a pure-bred Aberd< Angus steer and a "scrub," part Jersey, Bteer for comparison. \- well known, the former belongs to the easily fattening beef ty] the Jersey to the difficultly fattening milk type. During years, beginning at under 1 year of age, these steer- were un<: ily continuous observations. They were fed on ordinary growing rati. 142 FAMILY STUDIES IN BUILD. the same for each steer. The digestibility of the total ration was determined at intervals; four tests were made of each animal in the respiration calorimeter to determine the percentage availability of the energy of the feeds consumed by each. The results were as fol- lows: Analysis of feces and urine failed to show any difference in per- centage digestibility of the food by the two animals, and calorimeter tests failed to show any difference in the proportion of the food- energy which was being metabolized. But the two animals did not metabolize in the same way. Thus, in the scrub, a larger proportion of the gain made was of protein than in the case of the beef steer ; and, conversely, the gain of the beef steer was more largely fat than in the case of the scrub. Reduced to common weight, the energy require- ment for maintenance of the scrub steer was nearly 19 per cent greater than for the beef steer. Since the beef steer would eat more than the scrub and tended to store fat rather than protein, the greater tendency of the beef steer to fatten received a biochemical explana- tion. The results seem to show a difference between the two varieties in the working over of the assimilated materials. Indeed, it is easily appreciated that steers of the beef and dairy types of cattle should metabolize differently when we consider the marked difference in the milk production of the cows of these two types. The cow of the highest dairy type is capable of manufacturing 20 kilograms of milk containing 1.2 kilograms of butter fat in one day, or 6 per cent (Bailey, Encl. Am. Agric, III, 365). The cow of the meat type, of larger size, produces up to 30 kilograms of milk, and this contains, perhaps, 1.3 kilograms of butter fat per day, or only 4.3 per cent (Sinclair, 1904, p. 740-42). There is here, obviously, a differ- ence in the metabolic processes in the cows and this is reflected in the steers also.* There is an internal biochemical difference as well as a difference in the feeding instinct. The latter is not merely a matter of family tradition, of the family economics or mores; it is a physiological phenomenon as much as internal metabolism. Indeed, even von Noorden (1907, III, p. 700) seems to be forced to this conclusion by cases of failure to reduce weight at a diet far below that which appears to be essential to maintenance. Thus a man of 39 years, who exercised freely in the open air, had a weight of 102 kg. For 3 months his diet never exceeded 1,720 calories (esti- mated at 1,000 calories short of normal requirements) and at the end of this period he weighed 101 kg. That a relation between ingested food and activity is not the entire explanation of obesity is recognized by medical men of experi- ence. Heckel (1920, p. 371), referring to recurrent obesity, remarks on its frequency and says: To constitute an obesity there must be • I am indebted to Mrs. C. D. Walcott for calling my attention to this point. HEREDITY AND BNVIB0NM1NT. 143 organic and hereditary tendencies: "Ne devient pas obese qui "Aussi la guerison accident elle ou therapeutique dune obeV n'indique-t-elle pas la disparition definitive dee tendanoei ou congenitale." Gulick (1922) has lately undertaken experiments to throw light on the question why some persons fatten easily and BOme with difficult He had noted that he himself belongs to n con-fattening strain and that his inclination toward a very copious diet of predominantly starchy nature did not lead him to put on weight, even though Ins round of activity was moderate. So he undertook biochemical, nutri- tional studies on himself. His observation covered nearly 21 mont During part of this time his caloric intake was low, 1,875 '<< -' 7S0; during another part high, 3,400 to 4,100. He found that he fattened somewhat during the period of heaviest feeding. There was. how- ever, always an excess of intake over predictable need, and this increased absolutely and probably even relatively as the intake increased. The fecal nitrogen was 2 1 / 1 > to 3^ times greater during over-feeding than under-feeding. The basal metabolism dun maximum feeding was normal. Gulick concludes that a person longing to the difficultly fattening type shows a wasteful rate of oxida- tion, whether under or over fed, but especially at the latter time. "It seems clear," concludes Gulick, "that throughout the entire experi- mental series there was some factor at work which caused fuel food to be burned more freely than in the average individual. This factor was not an over-active thyroid, as attested by the entirely normal basal metabolism." Gulick concludes that it was "some factor in the chemistry of nutrition" which caused extravagance. This he thinks may very possibly be comparable to the "secondary effect" ol protein enrichment, which, according to Rubner, can raise the specific dynamic action of the food without raising the basal rate. It possible, he says, that the spare type may be accounted for by any factor that produces a high "cost of digestion," just as the i be supposed to suffer from an abnormally low "cost iA digestion" I von Noorden). Whatever the fundamental cause may be, the fact remains that in certain families there is a widespread inclination to the production ^i slender individuals, while in other fraternities certain proporti (though usually not all) of any fraternity are fleshy or even Perhaps, as in the case of the Jersey as contrasted with the I the two kinds of individuals do not metabolise their food in the same way; some are spare and muscular, others lay on fat. In any case Wt can not disregard the constitutional factors in build. Looking at the matter broadly, we can see that no other tic than that constitutional differences as well a- nutritional differei 144 FAMILY STUDIES IN BUILD. determine build is sufficient to meet all the facts. In other species of animals we have precisely the same kind of differences between hereditary strains of slender and stout build that we have among humans. Thus, among dogs, the slender greyhound or Dachshund and the robust "Chow"; among horses the Thoroughbred and the stocky Percheron; among swine the "razor-back" and the Berkshire; among poultry the slender Leghorn and the stocky Cochin. Slender and stocky as racial traits appear quite as white and black do and they doubtless have similarly a genetic basis. A careful study of the families described in this paper must con- vince anyone, it seems to me, of the importance of the genetic factors. The Fun. family is of a wholly different type from the Thr-1 family. Even if the latter eat more, it is because of a constitutional urge like the constitutional urge that leads the Aberdeen-Angus steer to eat more than the Jersey steer. Very probably the Fun. family metabolizes in a different way from the Thr-1 family, building more protein and less fat. In other cases it is not the whole fraternity that is fleshy or slender. This is well illustrated by the Wen. family, where 2 of 8 of the main fraternity are very fleshy and all the others of medium build. We have here to do not merely with a family habit of eating, but a dif- ferential constitution that provides one-quarter of the children with a large appetite that leads them to eat heavily and manufacture fat and provides three-quarters of them with a small appetite that leads them to eat lightly and to manufacture protein instead of fat. Con- stitutional differences in the appetite and method of metabolism are the essential factors; and these are the things that are inherited. Only on such an hypothesis can we account for the clear evidence presented of constitutional factors in build — not always one only, but sometimes three or more acting together to produce the end result of obesity. A scientific man, interested in nutrition, who has a build of 3.6 (51) himself and one of whose sisters has a build of 3.1 (44), whereas his 4 other sibs have builds of 2.5 to 2.1 (35 to 30), writes that his brother (of medium build, but about 75 inches tall) consumes daily about 2,700 calories; he himself and his fleshy sister about 2,500, and the others of his fraternity, who are of medium build, 2,000 to 1,800. He is a professional man, who does a good deal of office or laboratory work. He drinks about 3 to 4 quarts of water per day. His son, who is nearly 11 years of age, weighs just over 120 pounds, is 63 inches tall, and fairly fleshy. Though he is active, "never still a minute," yet he has to be urged to eat, willingly misses a meal, and uniformly declines a second helping; "he eats much less than his 6-year-old cousins, who are actually under size for their age; he has never been a heavy eater from the time he was weaned." This boy, the son of a very fleshy man, seems to afford an example of the easily fattening type in whom the slight excess of calories produces a striking result in build. ENDOCBINI GLANDS. [45 Endocrine Glands as Links between Chbomob m QUAUTD When it is concluded that there are constitutional, genetic fad for build, the validity of this conclusion is uo1 weakened by the kni role of endocrine glands on metabolism and build. Thus the i ments of recent years have emphasized the importance of the rdle thai the thyroid gland plays in growth and development. As Uhlenhuth (1922, p. 182) says: "The ontogenetic development of the individual is controlled by the thyroid hormone." Since in cretins the thyi functions imperfectly or not at all, the differences between development of a normal child and that of a cretin are supposed to indicate the scope of the control by the thyroid hormone. In the cretin, growth is slowed up almost to cessation. In the long bones the centers of ossification develop slowly. "The epiphyses may be absent many years after they are due to appear and then union with the shafts of the long bones indefinitely delayed. Periosteal as well as endochondral bone formation may be greatly reduced and delayed. The cranial bones are thin, poorly ossified, and osteoporotic; mottling is sometimes evident ontogenologically." .... Incomplete closure of the fontanelles is very common (Janney, 1922, pp. 391, 392). The genito-urinary system is undeveloped; the external genitalia remain infantile. The brain shows defective convolutions and all parts of the central nervous system show deficient development. Owing to the fact that the long bones of the leg develop imperfectly, while the chest may continue to enlarge, the build of the cretin is usually la for his age. Thus, in general, the specific metabolic changes air retarded. When the thyroid functions imperfectly after maturity the victim puts on fat. The fat is usually distributed nearly uniformly under all parts of the skin. One of Janney's cases weighed 212 poui at 12 years. Some degree of hypothyroidism is doubtless responsible for many of the "very fleshy" persons referred to in the preceding pages. The frequent recurrence of obesity in a family i^ in accordai with the tendency for hypothyroidism to recur in different meml of a family; a tendency shown remarkably in Barrett's i 1919) family. The hypophysis, especially its anterior lobe, is believed to exercise an important control over differential metabolism and the resulting form. The results of hyperfunctioning of the gland are vei \ enl from those of hyperfunctioning of the thyroid. An extraordins enlargement of certain parts of the skeleton, especially of the 1 the skull, the hands, the feet, and the ribs, occurs. There is, indeed. in growing persons a tendency to the production ^i giants. In underfunctioning of the hypophysis before puberty an extraordini obesity is apt to appear, known as dystrophic adiposo-geni talis; because, the more the fat increases in amount the more tin tttJ 146 FAMILY STUDIES IN BUILD. genitalia appear under-developed— infantile. The obesity frequently affects the region of the pelvis only or chiefly, though the thighs also may be involved. Disfunctioning of the pituitary in later years is believed, likewise, to induce obesity. Of this disfunctioning there are, doubtless, all degrees corresponding to the variety of grades of obesity. Thus a second factor of obesity must be recognized; and this also "runs in families" — is hereditary. The other endocrine factors in obesity are less precisely known. It is believed that the interstitial cells of the gonads secrete hormones that regulate, especially inhibit, the production of fat. This is inferred by the frequent tendency of women after the menopause to grow fat and of eunuchs (of one type, at any rate) to become fleshy. Also, the secretions of the islands of Langerhans of the pancreas are known to influence carbohydrate metabolism, so that when they do not function properly sugar is eliminated unchanged in the urine, and "diabetes," usually accompanied by fleshiness in its early stages, ensues. Of course, it can not be stated that pancreatic insufficiency is responsible for the prediabetic obesity ; but the relation of the two phenomena is undeniably close. Thus there come clearly to view two links in the chain of causes connecting chromosomal factors (such as are present in "Mendelian" heredity), on the one hand, and build, on the other. First, two or more of the endocrine glands play a great role in metabolism and when disturbed usually result in an abnormal build; and, secondly, just the condition of endocrine disfunctioning is an hereditary one and seems to depend on the condition of the enzymes or catalyzers that must be in the chromosomes. That other constitutional conditions than those of the larger endo- crine glands may play an important role in metabolism can not be denied; probably the quality of the protoplasm of every active cell influences the bodily metabolism; but the endocrine glands proper seem, as it were, to be told off for this specific purpose, and thus peculiarities in their functioning lead to striking results. Evidence of Segregation in the Heredity of Build. The best single criterion of Mendelism in any hereditary distribu- tion is segregation. If there is sufficient evidence of segregation in our study of build, then we are justified in concluding that build is inherited in "Mendelian fashion." There have been several occasions to refer to evidence of segregation in this work; some of this evidence may be brought together here and other added. 1. The difference in variability of the progeny of different matings. The offspring of slender parents are least variable, of fleshy parents most. This is evidence that the fleshy parents carry gametes for SEGREGATION IN HEREDITY. it; slenderness and thus that condition reappears in the offspring; but slender parents rarely carry gametes for fleshiness I p, 2. As a corollary of the above, regression takes place in the pi of fleshy parents to a markedly greater degree than in the progen; slender parents (p. 39). 3. The progeny of heterozygous parents are significantly more vari- able than the progeny of parents belonging respectively to slender and to fleshy stock. This is evidence that the heterozygous pan carry a greater variety of gametes than those of "purer stock." 4. In different matings of the same type the variability of the progeny differs; apparently, because some parents belong to a special biotype and others simulate the biotype merely through heterozyg ity. Thus, if the M X M mating be considered (table X), one finds some families characterized by slight variability of the offspring. The indices of build (English) in such families are given in table 34. Table 34. — Indices of build of the progeny of M x M matings, in which the parents belong to the M biotype. Reference. Indices of build of children. Mid rang*. I Total range. Bat 2 32, 33, 33, 35 Boa 7 31, 32, 32, 34 Die 4 29, 31, 32, 33 Kel 4a 31, 32, M, M, M, 34 Old 2 | 33, 33, 33,'35 Rig 1 30, 32, 32, 34 War 3 30, 30, 30, 31, 32, 32, 32, 33, 33, 36. 33 a 8 i a 8 The slight fluctuation in build of progeny of table 34 is obvious. The modal index of the progeny is close to 33. On the other hand, there are matings of this type which show a much greater variability. These are listed in table 35. Table 35. — Indices of build of the progeny of M X M matings in which the pmmtt are probably heterozygous. Reference. Indices of build of children. Mi.l r:n.. in<*. Cas 4 . . . Coo 5... Eat A... Fis2.... mi.... Mar 22.. Mer 8 . . . Nes 1 . . . Tet A... Rup 1... Smi 33 . . Sto 13 . . . A 01 : 29 32, 34, 34, 37, 41, 43 31, 33, 35. 36, 36, 36, 37, 37, 38, 38, 41 33, 34, 35, 36, 36, 38, 38, 42 33,35,37, 37, 37, 39, 40 33, 34, 35, 35, 37, 37, 38, 39 31, 32, 33, 36, 36, 40 33, 36, 37, 40, 41 32, 33,33, 37, 41, 51 30, 30, 36, 41,43,49,49 30, 30, 31, 31, 33, 36, 38, 40 31, 31, 32, 36, 36, 36, 36, 37 33, 34, 36, 38, 38, 38 29, 39, 41 II B 11 10 7 8 e B 19 19 5 U 148 FAMILY STUDIES IN BUILD. These series of progeny fluctuate in build around 36. It seems probable that the variable progeny are the offspring of heterozygous parents, but this can rarely be proved, since the build of the grand- parents is not often available in the present series. That there are really at least two kinds of matings of the M X M type is shown more conclusively by figure 50, in which two modes, at 33 and 36, respectively, are clearly seen. The conclusion seems to be justified that the mode at 33 is that of progeny derived from the M biotype and the mode at 36 is that of the progeny of hetero- zygous M parents. The existence of these two modes in figure 50 is thus evidence of segregation. Additional evidence is found in other matings, likewise. Thus the M X F mating shows two modes, at 33 and at 36 (fig. 51). There is also one other, possibly significant, mode, namely, at 38, in the fleshy group. Since F parents are sometimes homozygous, mating with M would tend to produce medium-fleshy progeny (i. e., 36). The F parents are, however, frequently heterozygous, containing both slen- der, medium, fleshy, and even very fleshy gametes; and, accordingly, we should expect somatic segregations at about the points 30, 33, 36, and 38 as centers, just where we find them. Again, the S X M mating yields (fig. 52) modes at 32 and 35 respectively, a shade lower than those of the M X M or M X F matings; but the male offspring (taken alone) gives modes at 33 and '26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 Fig. 50. — Polygon of distribution of offspring of M X M matings (from Appendix table X) for males, females, and sexes combined. Abscissae: index of build, English system. Ordi- nates: absolute frequencies for males and females and their half sum for the sexes combined. SEGREGATION IN 1IEREDIT1 . 35. Where the mode is at 33 it is probable that an Sand an M gan have met; and this condition is relatively common just I •• ■ M gametes are common. The mode at 35 may arise from an 1 gan carried in a heterozygous M uniting with an S gamete. The - carried in heterozygous M may be responsible for a probable ra which is hidden in the form of a hump at 28 in figure 52. Attention is called to the probable influence of these modes on the two modes shown in figure 7, at 33 and 35 respectively. These two modes are strong evidence for a segregation in the factors for build. Thus the very irregularity of the polygon of figure 7 is evidence of He- presence of segregating factors for build. Moreover, these two mi appear at every age from birth to maturity, as is clearly shown in figure 53. This bimodality is easily accounted for on genetics] grounds, but is inexplicable upon the bare nutritional hypothesis of build. On the Number of Factors Involved in Fleshy Build. It is by no means an easy matter to determine the number of inde- pendent factors which are active in the case of a trait that is due to multiple factors. This matter is still less easy if there is only very imperfect dominance approaching intermediacy of the trail in tie- progeny of the Fi mating. Yet that is the situation that has to be met in the study of heredity of build. An attempt has been made in this paper to test the relative prob- ability that there are only two, on the one hand, or three or more Fio. 51.— Polygon of distribution of offspring of M X F n i UbU XI), sexes separate and combined. See also 1.k'> A t I ■ 150 FAMILY STUDIES IN BUILD. independent factors, on the other, involved. We have seen, in each of the various matings, that the result is, on the whole, more closely in accord with the 3-factor hypothesis than that of 2 factors. But this is not to insist that never more than 3 independent factors are involved in build, or never less than 3. An attempt was made to apply Dr. Sewall Wright's formula (Castle, 1922, p. 22). Using the data of tables 12, 27, and 31, the value for n (the number of factors) was calculated by the formula N = D 2 8 (^-crx 2 ) where D is the difference between the means of parental pure races, \ v 1/ * '/ ' 1/ '/ if; '/ If! \ > \ 1 \ \ \ 1 \ \ \ d 2" if: '/ II: 1/ 1/ l\ If: / \ \ \ \ \ \ t \ \ \ \ 1 \ \ 1 / 1 <' \ \ \ \ \ \ \ v \ \ \ n n 7 / \ ' \ \ \ N 4 s s • A s .- l -..-v.- 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 Fig. 52. — Polygon of distribution of frequencies of build of offspring of S X M matings (from Appendix table VII), sexes separate and combined. See also legend to fig. 50. Substitution for the letters of their values given n=(39.20 — 28.50 ) 2 -7-8 [ (6.78) 2 — (5.02) 2 ] =0.69. We can only conclude that, owing to small numbers, this formula is not applicable here. Returning, then, to our conclusion that the assumption of at least 3 gametic factors for some, probably most, cases of build accords best with the results of the various matings, we may inquire what is the nature of these factors. It seems probable that two of them may correspond to dystrophies of the pituitary and thyroid glands respec- MWIHKK ()K I ACTuiiS IN\..|.\ 151 tively and the other or others to other regulatory mechanism of metabolism in the organism. It may well be thai one of our I is the same as that which causes hypothyroidism; another a which causes hypopituitarism, and the third that which inhibit* the normal development of the genitalia, such as v functioning in dystrophia adiposo-genitalis. This is, indeed, speculation How< the speculation is an attempt to give a concrete form to the ideal multiple factors in build. If we assume three independent factors tor build, it does aol follow that these are present in all families. Just as it has been demon- strated that in different strains of mice there arc m BOD . m Fig. 53. — Solid figure (model) giving distribution <>f relative chest-drth ! from birth to 20 years, reading from left to rinht. The mean index "f build age is centered on the curve of development of relative chest-girth. The i chest-girth is indicated in percentages passing from 1 1 »« • bottom t-> th< figure. The solid figure is illuminated from the upper pari of th others only 2 factors for susceptibility to cancel. -... apparently, it is with build. In certain families the distribution be only one gametic factor for build. It has been repeatedly pointed out that in many eases where mul- tiple factors are invoked to explain the genetics! results, the results can be equally well explained on the theory of blended inherit The advantage of the factorial theory is that it brings under on of heredity even these most difficult ease- of apparently blending 152 FAMILY STUDIES IN BUILD. inheritance. More than that, however, the theory of multiple factors explains a number of phenomena that the theory of blending inher- itance does not, such as the greater variability of the F 2 as contrasted with the Fi generation, and the skewness in distribution of progeny in the back-cross. Thus an F X S mating should produce a "medium" progeny with symmetrical distribution of deviating types on the theory of blending inheritance; actually it produces not only me- diums, but an excess of fleshy over slender, which is readily accounted for on the hypothesis that fleshiness is partially dominant over slen- derness. In this and other ways, especially in focussing attention on gametes, the doctrine of multiple factors is essential to an adequate interpretation of the results of mating between persons of dissimilar build. D. SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONS. 1. Two types of variation in build are to be distinguished: (1) the change in average build that accompanies ontogeny and (2) variations in adult build. 2. The popular idea of build is best expressed as the ratio of trans- verse chest diameter to stature, or (since the chest diameter is rarely known) chest-girth to stature. When only weight and stature are known, the closest approximation to the chests-stature ratio is given by the weights- (stature) 2 ratio, and this is taken as the standard index of build. 3. The correlation between the standard index of build and the relative chest-girth is, for males, about 0.45. 4. The index of build of adult males is slightly greater than of females, because of the relatively greater chest-girth of males. The average index of build for males is 2.52 (35.8) and for females 2.43 (34.5). 5. There are marked racial differences in build; but they are not so great as the differences in ontogenetic stages. 6. There are geographical differences in build; the heavy build of northern peoples may be due to a physiological reaction or, in part, to a selective survival of the fleshier individuals or strains. 7. The ontogenetic curve of build, expressed by relative chest-girth, is expressed by figure 1 and (for infancy) figure 2. It shows that at birth chest-girth is about two-thirds of stature and diminishes in the male to the age of 12 years; thereafter, on the average, it rises to complete maturity. 8. Build declines temporarily during the first month of life, owing to the physiological difficulties attending adjustment to new condi- tions. It declines temporarily, again, at about 8 months, probably due to the cutting of the incisor teeth. SUMMARY 01 I "\< LI 3ION8. 153 9. The heavy build of the infant corresponds to thai of the short- legged anthropoids. The Long-legged, Blender-build Bfc of 12 years persists in the Nilotic negroes and many 1" minded. 10. In adult life the changes in build vary with familn ». In those characterized by slender build there is typically little change. In those characterized by fleshy build there is typically progn in- crease in weight to 50 years. In some families weight flud greatly at different periods of adull life. In general, though with numerous exceptions, a fleshy adult build is foreshadowed in plump build in childhood. 11. Mass studies on adult build give a polygon of distribution which is skew, the mode being toward the slender* r end of the polygon. There is evidence of more than one mode, and hence that there are two or more types of build. For purposes of description five classes of build are recognized — very -lender. Blender, medium, fleshy, and very fleshy. 12. The diseases associated with very slender and Blender build an tuberculosis, pneumonia, "nervousness." melancholia. The d associated with very fleshy or fleshy build are: diabetes nephi and dropsy, apoplexy, and arterio-sclerosis and paralysis accompany- ing it; also numerous diseases of the alimentary tract. 13. Fleshy parents have, on the average, in our data, larger famili than slender parents. 14. Regression tow r ard mediocrity is less striking in the offspring of slender than of fleshy parents, suggesting that fleshy parents carry not only genes for fleshiness but also for slenderness, while Blender parents more rarely carry genes for fleshiness. 15. The offspring of two fleshy parents are twice as variabli those of slender parents. 16. The hypothesis is indicated that genetically build is controlled by multiple factors, with fleshiness tending Blightly to dominate over slenderness. 17. There is a marked tendency for persons of Bimilar build (or with potentialities for such) to intermarry. Dissimilar buildi selected against. 18. Two slender parents of slender stock have rarely any pi whose index of build exceeds 2.2, or just above the upper limit of the slender group. In general the progeny of slender parents are rela- tively slightly variable. 19. The slender parents are apparently of two kinds: th iny- ing only one kind of factor for fleshy build and the other two such gametic factors. The progeny of the former are very Blightly variable; those of the latter more variable. 154 FAMILY STUDIES IN BUILD. 20. By comparing coefficients of variability instead of indices, and by making allowance for the greater range of the fleshy class than the slender class, it still appears that the progeny of fleshy parents are relatively and per unit range more variable than the progeny of slender parents. Absolutely the offspring of the fleshy parents are, as stated, twice as variable as of slender parents. 21. The matings of slender parents and fleshy parents of fleshy stock yield a variable progeny, such as is typically found in the Fi generation when multiple factors are concerned. The variability is between that of the progeny of slender matings and that of the progeny of fleshy matings. 22. The Fi generation has not a mode of build that is intermediate between that of the parental stocks, but one that is about the same as of the fleshy matings. This is evidence of partial dominance of fleshiness. 23. The mating of two heterozygous (Fi) parents produces, in gen- eral, an exceptionally variable progeny. This is one of the strongest evidences of the presence of genetical factors in build. 24. Many, if not most, parents of medium build belong to biotypes with 1 or 2 independent factors for build. Consequently the progeny of medium X medium matings is often strikingly invariable. 25. The "back-cross" of a heterozygous parent with a slender par- ent, on the one hand, or with a fleshy parent of fleshy stock, on the other, gives a variable progeny, whose mode is shifted toward fleshi- ness; but which shows a tendency to fall again into the slender (or fleshy) and medium-fleshy grandparental types. 26. Variations in build are not to be accounted for merely by varia- tions in intake and out-go of calories, but also by the endogenous factors that determine the "economy of nutrition" or the cost in energy of adding an additional kilogram of weight to the body. The factors involved in producing differences in these respects are hereditary factors. 27. The hereditary factors probably work through the intermediacy of special organs that influence metabolism, notably the endocrine glands. The latter thus intermediate between the chromosomal con- stitution, on the one hand, and control of metabolic processes, on the other. 28. The number of factors involved in very fleshy build is, in some cases at least, three independent ones. But the number is probably not the same in all biotypes. Probably in some there is only one, in others four or more. 29. The factors probably influence the functioning of the thyroid, pituitary, and perhaps other glands. APPENDIX. I-XV. Tables of matinga and progeny based on the origin i XVI. Indices of build, weight-j- (stature)", for weights from ' and 45.4 to 102 kg.; Btatures from 55 to 7^ inch< b and L40 to 198 XVII. Equivalent values of index of build by four differenl tween weight and stature, English system. XVIII. To transmute the English system of index of build to the met] ABBREVIATIONS. In top line of tables: F, father; M, mother; FF, fath< I I mother, etc. In body of tables: ca, cancer; E, epilepsy; F, fleshy; hf, heart failure; I. M-D, mania-depressive insanity; M, medium build; S, slender; su, suicide tuberculosis; V, very (slender, etc.); yg, young; for d, died; families not included in the construction of figure 7, or tables 11 and 12. Table I. — Very slender X very slender mating* and their ■progeny. This mating is not represented in our data. This table is ne\ erl hdess indicated numbered in order to secure the proper ordinal position of the follow Table II. — Slender X very slewler matings and their prt File ref. Male children. Female children. F. FF. FM. Father's sibs. M. MF. MM. M sibs. Cod 1 . . . . *Fun Jos 1 . . . . ♦Leo Nob I*... *Pal 2 26 29 39 VS S S 25 26 28 32 27 S 26 23 43 VS 2 30 29 29 27 24 VS 26 S 29 35 27 33 29 25 25 27 S 24 VS 30 27 26 27 29 27 31 31 M M 29 M F 33 ± S F M M M M Sch 37 . . . 31 27 Average build of parents (excluding VS v bd families with*) 26.13 Classification of progeny -1 12 9 Number of matings: 4 + 3* = 7 Proportional frequency per mille. 200 BOO 10 Total number of progeny: 11 + 9* — 20 'Four adolescents are all below standard weight but 1, who is 5 pound- ah invalid. Table III. — Very slender X medium matinga awl th< File ref. Male children. Female children. P. FF. FM. 32 32 33 34 29 36 35 t 31 M M :;i 31 26 31 36 39 28 26 M Father's sibs. M. MF. MM fiba. Ach2. Bic l 1 . Gay 3. Gru 1*. Hil 8». Ise 2.. Mil A Wit 2 ' . 32 34 28 36 34 33 32 43 37 33 29t 27 33 31 29 33 32 36 30 33 31 31 .in :<:■: 22 31 42 26 I -l t 2 1 -- 23 8 M F F ] M M M M E t. t. t. t t. t ( 'lassificatioa o! progeny Proportional frequencj pet mille Average build of parents, 28.38 Total number of matings, 8 Total number of progeny, 28 'Fdied, 39 years, pulmonary tuberculosis. M linble to tuberculoma of throat tad loner •Female, 13 years, has already the build of her next older sister (881 * F died, 39 years, tuberculosis. 4 FM died, tuberculosis. M insane and tuberculous in middle life: died, 51 p 155 VS M 1 1 < 17 107 156 APPENDIX. Table IV. — Very slender X fleshy matings and their progeny. File ref. Male children. Female children. F. FF. FM. Father's sibs. M. MF. MM. Mother's sibs. Hoi A.... Kut l 1 . . . 32 40 34 33 27 46 34 25 29 35 30 28 35 40 27 33 32 33 39 43 43 38 37 23 24 24 24 25 F M S M F M F 4 S M 34 38 s S 35 34 M 28 S Law A. . . Olm A... Wat 5 s . . . 41 43 51 41 32 37 38 34 F Average build of parents, 32.00 Number of matings, 5 Total number of progeny, 25 VS S M F VF Classification of progeny 1 5 10 7 2 Proportional frequency per mille 40 200 400 280 80 1 Tendency to tuberculosis on maternal side. 1 FF had one sister who had at least three F children. Apparently there is an F strain on Father's side. MF had two i who were large and tall. MM had both S and F close relatives; one sister was S. Table V. — Very slender X very fleshy matings and their progeny. There is only one example of this mating described at page 97. Table VI. — Slender X slender matings and their progeny. File ref. Male Female children. | children. F. FF. FM. Father's i ,, sibs. MF. MM. Mother's sibs. Ada 4 Bee 9 28 27 30 30 28 33 29 27 29 2S 29 37 33tt 28 31 31 tsu, 2t Bright 1 M-D. Fel l 1 Hay 4 2 27 29 29 29 28 F 30 tt 29 29 42 stt 32 38 27 Hay 12 3 32 27 M S 27 29 M S S S M M M 26 MT 22 S s s c c Hen 12 Ker5 Law 7 32 28 ± 25 31 28 22 26 ± 29 29 27 30 29 28 30 29 M M M M 26 33 M 30 F M tt M M 28 29 26 28 27 28 30 M M 36 M M 27 30 S 25 32 25 26 27 30 27 25 Lou 2 McA2 McC 11 Ran 4 28 29 33 27 tt 33 M tt M M tt 30 tt Sch8 Sco 5 Shi 5 30 32 32 30 30 30 29 29 S 28 30 35 37 29 29 24 36 29 29 27 27 28 29 39 36 M F S M M 24 27 F 31 S 32 28 29 S 29 *Smi Ste 9 Wil 23 S 29 30 27 33 28 27 AUF M M S M tt tt You9 4 27 29 30 26 29 28 36 34 28 27 29 ?7 37 23 A-01 : 44 . . A-01 : 19... 29 28 26 A-01 : 60. . A-01 : 63 97 28 Average build of parents (excluding f amilj r with *). » FFF, build 36; FFM, build 27 FMF, build 28. 27.87 1 3 adolescent children are S. Number of matings, 23 + 1* = 24 • M's sib (F) has one F and one M chil i. Total number of progeny, 47 + 2* + 2 no n-quat iti- * F's weight may have been redt ced by bronchial trouii tative = 51 VS S M 35 11 Proportiona I frequency pe r mille 98 686 215 APPENDIX. 157 Table VII.— Slender x medium mating* 45 46 40 S S S S F S S M 35 S M 30 M 35 31 M 38 S s 31 S 32 40 28 F 29 35 35 29 32 33 34 36 29 32 35 31 Wey 2 . . . Whi 15... Woo 14. . Wil 34 . . . Wri 1 A-0 1:16 A.-0 1:50 A-0 1:9. 34 31 36 37 34 36 36 32 32 36 M 44 S 37 32 M 1 33 30 Average build of parents, 30.90 Number of matings, 101 Total progeny, 306 + 7 non-quantitative =313 1 In middle life; build 35 to 27. 5 2 adolescent children; build 29 and 36. * Medium father carries S gametes; 2 adolescent S children. * 3 adolescent children who are slender. * MF'S sibs: 4d. 96 years; 5 others at over 65 years; men weighed 160 to 175 pounds, women 125 to 145 pounds. Height respectively 69 to 71 inches; 65 to 66 inches. MM's family all became VF after 36 years; * gained build 51 at 58 years. * MM reduced in build by old age. ' Also 1 adolescent male child, slender. S M F Classification of progeny 49 200 53 Proportional frequency per mille. 157 639 169 s * and * are twins. ' MF had 3 sibs died of tuberculosis; FF had 3 sisters di< of tuberculosis. 10 3 children died young. u 2 sibs and a nephew died of tuberculosis. 12 Sib died of tuberculosis. "MF and MM were second cousins. " Many F relatives who had muscular rheumatism ; * has daughter, build 45; } has a daughter build 45. APPENDIX. 159 Table VIII.— Slender x fleshy matingt and tfu Male children. 39 34 33 37 15 34 33 36 37 37 33 30 35 33 36 33 31 33 36 32 33 35 31 34 42 43 39 38 37 34 36 37 33 33 38 34 32 34 34 35 34 34 29 32 31 31 38 38 33 40 41 37 38 38 34 /43 38 34 \ 29 32 38 37 VF M 37 33 13 34 38 34 32 41 M 35 37 35 35 39 40 28 37 41 39 35 30 37 31 34 32 33\ / 35 32 30 Female children. 31 42 38 28 38 37 33 36 33 31 33 38 39 29 31 33 32 32 39 33 30 34 33 F. 30 30 40 39 33 30 30 '26 27 25 30\ k 23 29 / 35 M S VS 33 34 31 29 41 35 26 38 12 39 43 33 4 1 /42 36 F VF\ I F 13 / 34 31 39 31 33 42 37 47 .".1 S is 38 36 26 37 S S 13 31 31 29 34 27 30 41 30 29 30 39 il 39 39 42 ca 26 28 43 38 41 40 30 43 37 27 30 29 37 30 30 38 37 39 39 39 30 30 38 38 38 i.; 40 28 29 12 II 27 38 37 38 I 1. 31 M 38 34 ■ 9 33 34 30 M 48 37 36 34 46 31 33 36 M 34 37 3 7 S M M 34 31 3 34 29 IM 27 8 38 49 37 31 61 I ! sib 31 52 38 8 39 F 27 M M S 35 38 F 16 1 8 1 ! 10 F-VF, I IS / i M J ! ! : ■ 28 27 10 II Ml M M M - M ■ »l M ge build of parents (excluding families with * >er of matings, 49 + 3* = 52. No. of progeny, lu5 + 21* + 3 non-quantit;iti\ o - 1 i 4, by first wife; Kra 5, by second wife. this family were slender till about 20 years, then became I 4MM build 36; MMM 30; MFM 27; MIT 33. I rtionaJ fi The sic:. 160 APPENDIX. Table IX. — Slender X very fleshy matings and their -progeny File ref. ArnS 1 ... Ban 2*. . Ben 8... Bon A . . *Bun. . . . Cle5... *Coo Fen 1 . . . Har 15'. Hor 9... How 8*. . Kro3... *Leo Tea A. . . Male children. 32 39 39 40 44 44 33 30 39 35 38 33 30 32 39 33 34 35 38 37 39$ 41* 42 45 46 31 28 Female F. children. 38 44 49 28 32 51 57 25.5 32 33 30 48 34 29 29 44 40 (t) 37 30 31 (t) 36 44 30 29 S 51 S S 46 F 31 32 49 FF. FM. 31 42 38 40 34 41 44 37 34 48 31 26 34 28 24 27 42 Father's sibs. t t 40 F F F S S t t t t M. MF. 26 26 45 26 26 54 49 27 49 29 51 46 51 27 33 M 39 35 27 35 S 40 38 S MM. 25 F 32 32 49 49 M 46 28 51 Mother's sibs. 5 F 29 27 28 28 3 F 48 40 45 46 Average build of parents (excluding families with *), 37.91. Number of matings, 11 + 3* = 14. Total number of progeny 34 + 12 = 46. Classification of progeny . . . Proportional freq. per mille. S . 7 152 M F VF 17 15 7 370 326 152 'M died, 46 years, tuberculosis; M's sib died of hardening of lungs; MF tuberculosis; MM tuberculosis, but recovered. 1 M underwent senile degeneration after menopause. • MM had "delioate lungs." « JTwins. AI'I'KNDIX. IG1 Table X. — Medium x medium maiuiys au,i ti itxT pre File ref. Male children. Female children. F. 1 1 1 M M. Ml Abe 1 . . . All A . . . Aus 3 . . . Bac 1 . . . 34 37 29 35 33 29 34 39 33 36 32 35 32 32 31 31 32 31 34 32 32 36=fc 33 34 32 33 32 34 31 32 35 36 36 33 32 35 34 31 35 33 33 33 32 33 35 32 34 35 36 35 36 35 37 :;.-. 34 33 32 36 33 35 34 35 M 32 B ;::, M 31 39 31 39 M 36d 31t 39 33 M 31 M M 28 39 24 28 M • 35i 36 29t 32 34 32 31 36 33 82 34 34 86 31 33 34 38 84 33 ± 83 82 ■ 32 81 31 33 31 86 31 86 M M M t Bar 10. . Bat 2 . . . Boa 7. . . Bee 6 32 32 30 33 32 35 34 32 32 33 32 31 M M M 27 36 36 Bis 5 Bra 10. . . Bro 18 . . . Cas 4 Chr2... Cla 29. . . 35 33 40 32 36 34 43 41 34 32 36 32 32 38 39 36 37 32 34 32 36 37 41 36 38 33 29 36 31 42 33 35 (37 37 40 33) \ 39 37 / '. Coo 5 Dex 2 Die 4 Dra 1 /38 35 36 31\ \ 36 37 33 / 33 32 31 33 (t) 35 M 35 37 30 F 29 34 1 M M M 11 M M M • :i M M Eat A.... Fie 2 Fis 2' Fra 3 A... Fri 3 God 2.... Gol 4 /34 36 35 36\ 1 38 38 / 33 35 35 35 31 42 39 30 33 85 42 80 35 M S M 31± 34 31 M F S 31 M 31 41 30± 32 M» 30 36 M S S 33± 28t 29 s s s 34 M 34 31 F 33 F 40 M M M 1 35 ■ 39 /27 31 31 3l\ I 30 / 32 30 Gor 7.... Hal 16 2 ... Haw 6 . . . Haw 7 . . . Hen 6 Hod 1.... Hop 5. . . . Hut 4.. . . Ill 1 Joh 1» Ion 20 . . . Jor 1 Kel 4a . . . Kim 1.... Lan 8 Lau 2 Lev 2 Lex \ Llo 4 ... . 34 39 /35 32 35 29\ I 30 / 36 35 36 38 35 35 27 33 39 35 34 33 36 37 36 41 34 32 S 29 35 35 30 36 34 30 47 36 36 34 46 38 38 36 33 36 32 31 37 29 29 27 33 30 42 35 39 31 39 35 38 37 37 39 38 32 (M (t) M Ml I 31 / 34 S 25 40 S 34 M 40 M M 36 39 37 27 Loe A. . 56 40 36 34 34 36 35 37 '41 36 40 37\ . 33 / Mar 22. . M M Mi M M M 4* M Mas 3. . . . Mat 13. . . Mer 8 37 { 1 1 162 APPENDIX. Table X. — Medium X medium matings and their progeny — Continued. File ref. Mou 2 . . Mur A . . McC12. McP A 4 . Nes 1 . . . Nor 6.. . Obr 1 . . . Old 2 . . . Osb4.. . Pag 2... Pai 2 . . . Pat 5 . . . Pan 3 . . . Pot 5 . . . Pro 1 . . . Ras 1 . . . Ric 9 . . . Ric 11.. Rig 1 . . . Riz 11. . Rue 1 . . . Rup 1.. . Sam 3 C . . Sch 11.. Sco 3 . . . She 6 . . . Sle3.... Smi 33 . . *Smi Sto 13. Sut 3 Tag A. . . . Tet A 5 . . . Tor 1 Van 13... VibA.... War 3. . . . Whi 17... Whi22... You 2.... A-01 :26. Male children. 29 35 30 36 32 34 33 35 35 39 37 32 41 33 33 33 38 33 34 32 36 28 (t) 41 33 33 38 35 32 36 40 35 37 39 36 33 33 32 40 34 32 Female children. 35 34 33 27 31 40 38 36 31 30 30 30 35 38 36 37 34 40 36 36 36 37 33 ± 31 30 43 49*43 36 30 35 39 40 35 39 31 30 31 32 30 33 33 33 31 34 34 34 33 32 36 51 37 41 35 33 35 33 25 30 31 35 31 31 31 34 36 36 39 30 37 30 32 30 29 34 28 :;.j .::; 36 33 45 33 35 34 31 32 31 36 39 38 38 36 38 34 31 34 41 49 30 36 34 32 30 32 36 31 37 29 41 39 31 32 33 36 32 33 35 33 36 34 34 32 34 34 33 34 32 33 33 31 31 32 33 31 36 34 32 34 35 33 31 36 34 33 32 33 33 32 34 33 FF. S 38 M M M 34 33 F M S 34 30± 33 34 ± 32 37 37 42 32 33 34 S 36 32 35t 41 33 35 41 38 FM. M 31 S M 34 30 M S s 40 32 31 M 36 35 33 39 33 S F 36 34 31 33 St 32 27 34 Father's sibs. 4tt 37 37 41 36 34 40 40 31 33 4 37 41 47 36 36 65 7 avg. build or above. 33 33 40 M. 36 31 32 31 34 36 36 33 31 36 32 33 36 34 32 31 34 32 36 33 36 32 31 32 31 31 31 31 33 35 36 31 34 34 35t 31 32 33 36 36 35 MF. 30t 33 S 38 M M 29 M M Mt 40 S 38 M S 35 M 36 33 35 39 S M 34 38 32 37 30 41 35 31 39 MM 50 33 F 47 29 F S M 28 33 40 33 M M 32 44 41 M S M S F M 37 31 27 28 26 40 44 31 Mother's sibs. 4tt 40 32 31 28 36 33 29 40 F F(t) 39 S M 34 32 40 38 31 37 Avg. or under 30 Average build of parents (excluding family with *), 33.23. Number of matings, 92 + 1* = 93. Total No. of progenv, 327 + 1* + 4 non-quantitative = 332. VS S M F VF Classification of progeny 2 40 201 82 7 Proportional frequency per mille 6 121 605 247 21 1 MM and MF were first cousins. ! FF and FM were first cousins. » Weak lungs. * Spinal trouble. 1 * has undersized wife and 2 children; male, build 49; female, build 46. • M and F were first cousins. APPENDIX. Kile ref. Ade 1 . Ale 2. Bal 5 . . Bar 2 I Beb 2. . lien 11. Bit 3». . Bio 1 . . Bot 1 . . Bro 23 . B o 34. Cam B. Cam 5. , Car 17. Cas 9 . . Cha 7.. Cha 12. Che 7.. Cle 2 . . . Col 14 . . Con IP. Cra 1 1 . Cra 14.. Cri 1 . . . Cur 5. . Dan A . Dav 6.. Dea 1 . . Dem 1 . Dra 9.. . Ebe 1 . . . Edm 2 . . Eil A . . . Eng3.. . Eva 7. . . Flo 2 . . . Fou 1 . . . Fri 5... . Pri 9... . Glu 1 . . . Goo 4.. . ( 1 1 a 4 . . . Hal 12 . . Bal 17. Hal 22 . Bed G... Hen 3. . , Hen 11. Hor 5. .. Jac 3 . . . . Jon 12. . Jen 9 . . . Kel6. . . Ken 2. . . Kin 10. Kle A . . Kuh2.. Lan 11. Lar A. . Lov 2. . Lut 1. . Table XI.— Medium ■ fleshy maUngt and Ok Male children. 39 32 37 36 36\ I 36 / 29 33 38 38 36 35 35 41 35 36 :;:; 33 30 39 17 45 45 38 32 3S 35 36 35 33 30 32 33 36 44 30 30 53 33 32 32 32 36 34 30 36 34 38 37 34 33 33 38 36 31 33 32 33 35 33 ■lo 35 36 :;:; 33 32 33 33 34 31 33 Hi 38 32 32 31 34 37 34 41 32 \ 33 38 39 36 33 35 33 34 34 31 58 41 41 43 37 31 29 33 32 34 36 I 1 male children. 31 28 31 33 40 33 36 .,.; 35 37 35 3.S 38 38 30 34 36 40 35 (t) 29 30 30 ■■■■■ 36 38 32 33 36 35 34 49 39 32 36 34 33 35 36 46 47 32 42 35 36 33 37 33 33 36 33 36 34 37 47 34 29 44 37 37 34 31 34 31 33 37 30 31 36 36 34 33 37 33 31 31 I 32 •in 38 16 11 33 39 35 40 43 34 37 31 31 37 42 31 36 42 38t 3 1 41 34 31 41 34 39 41 41 31 32 31 to 38 3! 38 43 12 12 321 J9± in 35 31 35 in 38 34 37 in 10 37 34 ! 1 40 34 41 ± 35 30 M M 31 38 33 40 37 M F 23 S 37 28 39 M 26 39 38 M M ra 34 29 32 M M Mi M 40 31 M I". M 34 3 1 I M 81 34 ..1 29 1 M 38 32 32 33 4(1 F M 24 M 26 33 28 S I 3 1 37 1 37 30 39 - 411 17 37 M 1 1 31 1 M 36 M M tt' tt tt tt 34 35 33 F VF -'tt ttl. M. 11 31 32 34 11 31 12 11 Ml - tt M 1 M M 40 tt 30 31 1 M M - M M M M I M 31 M M I M 41 - M M •t'l •II - Ml M 1 t 164 APPENDIX. Table XI. — Medium X fleshy matings and their progeny — Continued. File ref. Met 1 . . . Mer 4. . . Mey 5 . . . Mil 11.. Mil 23 . . Mor A . . Mor 16.. Moy 1 . . Mye A . . Mye 1 . . iMcF 2 . . McM 7. New 10. Nix 2 . . . NolB... *Ofi. Ole 1 . . . Pap 1 . . Pec 6 . . . Phi A. . . Pot 4 . . . Pri 6 3 . . . Pro 2 . . . Pug 2. . . Re.i S . . . Rob 12. . Roe 3. . . Rog A . . Ryl 1 . . . Sar 2 4 .. . Sau A . . . Sch 12. . Sey 1 . . . Sid 1 . . . Smi20. . Spi5... Spi 7.... Sta 7 5 . . . Str 7.... Tho 22 . . Thr 3 . . . Tra 4°. . . Van 10. . Van 12.. Voo 1 . . . Voo A.. . Wak 1 . . Wan 2 . . Wil 10. . Wil22\. Win 7... Woo 8 . . Wri 3 . . . You A . . Zee 1 . . . Male children. 40 37 36 34 32 34 37 42 37 35 42 36 54 32 34 32 39 36 32 41 35 38 41 38 34 31 32 34 34 42 32 40 38 35 42 39 34 33 32 32 35 34 32 43 30 41 31 37 33 33 41 35 33 37§ 37§ 37 36 35 30 38 42 41 38 37 53 47 :io 35 38 36 38 40 37 34 37 34 M 35 M 40 36 36 41 35 32 I 38 35 33 34 32 35 32 Female children. 36 34 36 40 32 34 42 41 43 29 35 32 35 32 33 28 26 32 32 33 38 28 44 38 32 36 39 29 37 30 35 35 32 30 30 31 31 40 S S 28 50 36 30 33 36 36 32 33 32 36 39 36 32 30 35 32 29 32 33 39 34 38 40 34 40 31 34 38 38 32 38 34 36 42 43 43 39 39 34 40 34 33 35 38 31 33 33 37 43 34 31 34 33 33 36 34 41 34 37 36 37 39 34 34 40 37 38 39 34 42 31 33 37 41 41 32 39 43 41 FF. 40 M 30 43 M M 42 28 S S S s 37 32 35 35 M 37 32 32 28 36 M 31 S 37 31 35 34 34 36 39 32 33 M S 38 M M FM. S s 37 34 M S 37 35 F M F VF M 36 27 34 28 28 F 34 38 28 46 28 Father's sibs. M. 4 weak 50 44 39 39 39l f46 42 37 36 \ 31 27 3ft 27 6F VF. 46 38 30 38 30 29 tt 36 43 F I 36 36 36 32 30 29t 39 29 28 23 28 23 25 38 M F M M 38 M 34 39 34 32 43 33 38 37 34 34 32 32 36 37 32 37 MF. 39 M 37 31 42 39 39 33t 33 38 40 39 40 38 39 43 34 40 33 38 33 32 37 43 32 32 31 32 38 36 43 40 35 34 39 35 ;;s 34 36 34 40 32 31 S 35 36 35 M S M 42 S M 32 39 42 29 30 M 36 40 46 34 34 32 41 30 41 33 34 M 37 38 35 M 37 35 32 S M S 40 M MM. 36 44 S 26 31 50 M 30 33 27 S S M M 37 25 44 43 30 M 30 41 34 31 34 Mother's sibs. tt 32 30 32 tt 34 34 37 40 32 30 4tt 31 34 / VF 36, M \VF M M 43 54 51 53 3o M M 36 37 38 39 36 30 2tt /54 30 39 31 1 32 32 37 M 44 34 32 31 30 42 44 M F M M 47 M 37 33 2 F VF All nervous f40 36 33 37 \ 40 Average build of parents (excluding family with *), 36.45. Number of matings, 114 + 1* = 115. Total number of progeny, 340 + 2* + 4 non-quantitative = 340. S M F VF Classification of proeeny 31 210 S8 17 Proportional frequency per rnille 90 606 255 49 1 MF and MM were first cousins. 1 F and M were first cousins. ' FF and FM were first cousins. ♦ F and M were first cousins. 6 § and § were twins. 'F and M were first cousins. : MF and MM were first cousins. File ref. Ada 7 Arm 5. Arm G. Bau 1. Bei 1 . . Ber A Bow A Cam 7. Car, 2 Dre 3 . . Dun 1.. For A Gif 2 ... Hav 9. . Hoa A . Hor 6. . Ing 3. . Mer A . McG 5. Oat 1 . . 01e2. . Ran 5. . Ran 7. Rio 25 . Sch A.. Sch 26. Sev 1 . . War 16 Wey A Win 6. . APPENDIX. Table XII. — Medium ■ very fieahy me UiS Male Female children. ildron. 40 31 32 /35 39 39 \ 33 30 32 35 79 103 45 50 39 42 35 39 38 25 27 in 35 40 37 39 40 37 35 39 33 44 34 38 39 45 35 33 33 29 35 37 45 39 34 37 39 46 40 46 31 36 32 34 35 38 45 43 37 34 34 3S 30 29 32 41 39 32 45 31 f.«t 33 39 \ 43 37 43 34 38 49 35 34 34 32 25 29 34 32 31 34 45 30 35 31 33 34 4f> 34 31 36 37 37 52 50 is 33 36 32 32 35 37 41 35 is 19 36 33 15 32 51 35 36 57 47 35 36 36 44 45 45 51 35 45 46 33 34 33 53 46 32 45 17 Average build of parents, 40.6S Number of matings 30. Total number of progeny, 112. 1 I M I J 35 41 12 S 41 S M 31 M F 36 M 37 M 38 M I M - II M M 26 15 S 38 42 M 25 53 1 30 F S M 31 33 s 39 S 30 42 33 33 40 25 37 I- 13 30 30 32 H 37 M Ml 4s I", 50 ;i 321 .'.l i'. I". 31 ii 5 1 II M M 1 II M M 35 M M ! ' M M 1 M M M M M M l - M \ 1 ( Haasifioation <>f progeny Proportional frequency per mitle.. i v 166 APPENDIX. Table XIII.— Fleshy X fles hy matings and their • -progeny. File ref. Male children. 1 Female children. F. FF. FM. Father's sibs. M. iMF. MM. Mother's sibs. Ben 9 Beh A. . . . Bur 14... Bur 21. . . But 2 Cat 1 Cla 12 . . . Dar 7 Dol 3 Elm A . . . Fea 2 For A Hor 1 Hod A . . . Jam A. . . Jen 7 . . . . Jon lie 1 . Lan A Lie 2 Lin 8 ... . Mar 20... McW 2... Nel 5 *Pal 2 Pie 1 Pit 1 37 35 36 /43 37 32 31*1 \ 29 47 / 34 31 36 40 33 38 34 38 38 33 36 36 42 32 32 33 30 39 39 32 35 35 (51 29 42 47) \ 42 47 43 / 45 34 34 39 37 39 37 51 39 36 36 36 39 41 38 38 (37 38 35 35) I 35 / M M 40 40 31 35 34 34 30 34 (37 32 34 4l\ t 29 ( 36 42 40 43 35 35 47 26 44 32 34 /35 34 36 36\ I 29 / 30 52 49 28 29 37 40 39 37 42 38 37 37 40 37 43 36 37 42 39 43 39 37 40 38 40 40 39 43 39 43 38 39 37 37 39 38 39 42 33 43 37 30 36 32 36 42 36 33 33 M 32 39 M 40 39 38 31 39 40 39 37 41 38 37 42 40 40 37 39 43 38 38 38 39 40 40 43 39 37 42 40+ 43 39 39 37 43 39 38 40 39 37 39 37 35 33 40 38 37 37 32 36 30 47 29 30 38 M 39 40 31 42 41 30 36 35 S 37 40 39 45 /YF VF 40 \ 27 35 ltt 2 t 38 40 34 29 S (29 29 27 28\ \ 27 28 27 J (32 31 32 30 \ 54 25 30 31 28 49 43 41 42 38 36 • 17 40 37 40\ \ 44> 35' 42/ 29 41 49 41 36 M 29 37 M M 36 36 34 F 2 F S M 36 36 F M 39 27 40 S 49 37 M ("36 31 43 44 1 •|34 33 33 38 [ 139 J 29 36 37 M 37 43 30 S 33 33 34 M 42 37 41 M 36 37 34 (36 34 37 35 \ 34 37 35 38 36 26 24 31 M ! M F M 40 37 M M M 34 44 36 35 36 42) I 34 / 61 + 43 40 (37 29 37 301 \ 29 / 37 40 42 :u\ 33 35 35 37 (41 40 28 43l M 150 M 37 36 M M F S M 43 37 M M F S ft Rat 1 Sle2 Smi 40 . . . 45 40 37 Svr 1 Tel 1 Thr la.. . Thr 2 . . . . Wil 15 3 . . . 35 47 36 36 43 38 38 53 30 38 39 53 42§35§ 5 brothers M (39 37 46 50) 42 42 40 44 44 44 35 34 38 M 38 31 135 50 35 351 27 Average build of parents (excluding family with *), Number of matings, 33 + 1* = 34. Total number of progenv. 156 + 3* = 159. S M F Classification of progeny 15 62 61 Proportional frequency per mille 94 390 3S4 J9.21. VF 21 132 1 Feeble-minded. • FF's sibs fleshy; FM's sibs are M. '§ and § are twins. TABLE XIV. 107 Tahi.i. XIV, /'■'■ //.v • i ■ File ref. *Ber' Bol P.. Bro 10. Cen 2.. (la 16. . Cla 25. , Dan B . Ebe2.. Ekh 1 . . Elm B. *Faz s . . . Flo 3 . . Oil A. . GouA. Ore 7*.. Ougl.. Hal 8.. Lou L *Lyn . . M.-L A. *Mor. Per A . Pon 1. *Rec... *Rec... Rei 7. . ♦Rid* . . Saw A . 3cb B. S i L8 Voi i«. *Wen' •Whe. Van : Male children. i i i rhildron. (100 38 50 [ 84> 34 39 40 33 39 36 33 39 32 32 41 46 4S 43 /39 42 39 42\ \ 40 VF« '39 42 : 40 53 39 40 35 12 37 38 43 33 33 34 36 35 33 34 43 30 35 33 34 51 31 37 36 16 51 17 :;: .... 47 ■ F M 31 35 39 46 43 35 46 32 Moo 11. . Nic 5 . . . . Oel A.... Pan 2 38 42 35 33 39 35 44 38 53 34 VF 40 31 34 S 47 48 34 43 } (41 38 34 38 I 30 34 I.", 30 42 38 \45 30 31 31/ /S 52 46 F 1 VS 47 35 53 38 27 1! 42 33 .",7 . : 30 (40 49 VF F S 5.3. .< 51 35 35 P 36 46 HI 12 42 40'| 44 / i.; 36 35 31 r 44 32 35 31 48 12 33 38 1 50 10 in 41 18 40 41 :>() 38 38 37 38 44 38 38 VF 40 41 38 46 .-,1 45 F 40 44 I I 13 :.l Pi 52 I 1 l M 45 M M 12 F n 39 1' 46 - 72 B« 37 M i-r n I \i M 27 M M 12 28 -il M - - B 51 •".-• 15 F F ] I M 32 F 17 .'.I 48 II ll is I :;: 35 :;t 13 I-' U F 1 M r F M 1 •".I 1J 47 !1 r Average build of parents (excluding families with*) Total Dumber of matings, 29 ■{ '. ,3,: ■ Total number of progeny, 100 + 40* - 1 W M M M r M ■ M M ! t ^ M M 1 I Pro] 'Slender as a child. 'All show hiatorj of ohsnce (inoreaae) i>f «oi«lit. 1 VF till 17 years; now thin; fMF sibs F F ! 'Five children died in infancy ihy sister 168 APPENDIX. Table XV. — Very fleshy X very fleshy matings and their progeny (using adjusted indices). File ref. BowB. Bow 2.. Bry A.. Cat 3 . . Dal A. . Dud A. Smi 36. Male children. 50 37 45 32 32 44 47 32 33 36 39 47 34 35 45 40 50 46 51 31 35 Female children. 47 40 42 31 34 39 36 34 32 F. FF. FM. 45 45 38 45 34 57 45 43 44 39 35 49 48 49 46 36 t 34 t Father's sibs. 47 44 52 49 52 46 38 49 134 31 30 471 \ 35 38 29 / 33 M. 48 48 46 51 53 51 44 MF. 36 41 31 42 64 46 MM. 23 32 49 40 Mother's sibs. 35 35 35 38 50 t 32 36 38 Average build of parents, 47.45. Number of matings, 7. Total number of progeny, 30. M F VF Classification of progeny 14 6 10 Proportional frequency per mille. . .467 200 333 TABLK \\ I. Y\b[,e XVI.— Indices of btaid, weight i stature*, for ta ightefrom tOOto statures from 66 t<> 78 inches mid ! ',„, h [Reduction from English t<> metric u *H£S£::::: 100 105 110 115 120 1 26 180 135 140 146 1 4536 4763 1 5216 5443 6670 6124 8677 Stature Stat.' 30.';, 3306 3471 3636 3802 8967 1 1 : ; ■ 1298 1952 3136 2324 2110 2557 2673 2780 3021 56 in ;;i.vi 33 IS 3.507 3667 3827 3986 n 1 .", 3027 1464 3130 3281 MM 2023 2242 2:;:. i 2166 2578 21190 2 so 2 2915 57 in 3240 3078 3232 33M> 3540 3893 3X47 4001 1 1 .',.-, 3O30 8138 l'. 17 1771 1448 mm 2096 2164 2272 2380 2489 2705 2818 5 s in. . . . 3364 2973 3121 3270 3419 3567 3716 :;sr i 1018 2821 1162 3031 2170 2090 2195 2299 2404 2508 27 1 7 59 in 3481 2873 3016 3160 3304 3 117 11 >'f mm 2246 2020 2121 2222 2323 2 12 1 2525 BO in 3600 277S 2917 3056 3194 3333 3172 3611 3750 2323 1 1953 2051 2 14X 2246 2343 2441 27.31 61 in 3721 2687 2822 2956 3091 3359 3494 1031 2401 IS90 lost 2078 2173 2267 2362 2456 2561 B2 in 3844 2601 2732 2X62 2992 3122 8512 LIS 1 1829 1920 2012 2103 2195 22X6 237s 27 1 1 63 in 3969 2520 2646 2771 2897 3023 3149 3275 3401 1 L600 mm 2561 1771 1S60 1949 2037 2126 221 I 2391 2480 4096 2441 2563 2686 2808 2930 3052 3174 32'. '6 1626 mm 2643 1716 1802 1SSS 1971 2060 21 16 2231 2317 2103 65 in 4225 2367 2 1s.-, 2604 2722 2840 3077 3195 3314 2726 1664 1747 1831 191 1 L997 21 181 1 216.3 22 17 2413 (»(> in. . . . 4356 2810 2296 1614 2410 1695 2525 1775 26 to 1856 2755 1937 2X70 2018 2984 2098 321 1 2260 2121 1676 mm. . . . fi7 in 4489 2896 2228 1566 2339 1645 2150 1723 2562 1801 2673 1 870 2785 1958 2111 3110 227 1 68 in 4624 2«. i\:; 2163 1521 2271 1597 2379 1673 2487 1749 2595 1 825 2703 1901 28 1 1 1977 1727 mm ti'.t in. . 4761 3072 2100 1477 2205 1551 2310 1624 2415 1898 2520 1772 2625 1845 2731 1020 1994 2941 2111 3161 7/ index oj b old ' stature, English system, viz, weight + stature; UN ighi + Btalu I li Stature. 55 3025 22434 166375 56 3136 23468 175616 57 3249 24529 185193 58 3364 25619 195112 59 3481 2673S 205379 60 3600 27**5 216000 61 3721 29062 2269*1 62 3844 30268 238828 63 3969 31503 250047 64 4096 32768 262144 65 4225 34063 274625 66 4356 35388 287496 67 4489 36744 300763 68 4624 38130 314432 69 4761 39095 32*51 1'.» 70 4900 40996 343000 71 5041 42476 357911 100 1819 3306 4458 6011 1786 3189 4261 5694 1754 3078 4077 5400 1724 2973 3903 5125 1095 2*7:; 3740 4869 1667 2778 3586 4630 1639 26S7 3441 4406 1613 2601 3304 4196 1587 2520 3174 :;'..w 1563 2441 3052 3815 153S 2367 2936 3641 1515 2296 2826 3478 1493 222* 2722 3325 1471 2163 2623 3180 1449 2100 2558 3044 1429 2041 2439 2916 1408 1984 2354 2794 105 1909 3471 4680 6311 1875 3348 4474 L842 3232 4281 5670 1810 3121 4099 5382 1780 3016 3927 5113 1750 2917 3765 4861 1721 2822 30 13 4626 1694 2732 3469 4406 1667 2646 3333 4199 1641 2563 3204 4005 1615 2485 3083 3823 1591 2410 2967 3652 1567 2338 2858 3491 1544 2271 2754 3339 1522 2205 26*6 3196 1500 2143 2561 3061 1479 2083 2472 2934 110 2000 3636 4903 6612 1964 3507 16*7 6264 3386 4485 5940 1897 3270 4293 5638 1 st 14 3160 4114 5356 1833 3056 3945 5093 1803 2956 3785 4846 1774 2862 3634 4616 1746 2771 3492 4399 1719 2686 3357 4196 1692 2604 3229 4006 1667 2525 3108 3826 1642 2450 2994 3667 1618 2379 2**5 3498 1594 2310 2814 3349 1571 2245 2688 3207 15 1" 2182 3074 115 2091 3802 5126 0912 2054 3667 1900 6548 2018 3540 4f.*S 6210 L983 3419 4 1*9 5894 L949 3304 4301 5599 1917 3194 4124 5324 1**5 3(191 3957 5067 1855 2992 3799 4825 1825 2*97 3651 4599 1797 2808 3510 4387 1769 2722 3376 4188 1712 2640 325! I 4000 L716 3130 3824 1691 21*7 3016 8667 1667 2 1 I 5 2842 3601 1643 2*U5 3353 L620 22 si 27d7 3213 L20 21*2 7213 2143 3*27 5113 2106 3693 4892 6480 4684 2034 3447 5843 3333 4303 191 ',7 3225 4129 52*7 3 122 3965 5035 1905 3023 3809 ■1799 1875 2930 3662 4578 1846 2840 3523 4370 1818 2755 3391 1171 1791 2678 3266 2595 3 1 1 7 3*1 it 2529 3069 1711 2 1 19 2" 2 7 1690 2826 1 25 7118 2193 3847 6096 6760 2155 3716 4879 6407 2119 4675 2083 3472 5787 2049 1301 2016 52 15 1984 4999 1953 3815 1768 1923 8670 1552 1*94 3532 1st -.6 2786 8402 1888 2793 3975 1812 5197 1786 2551 1761 130 7814 1115 :.:, K i 702(1 2211 3S.,1 5974 3735 4862 6330 3611 1662 2131 1173 5727 2(i97 5155 2063 3275 4123 51 MM 2031 3174 4969 2000 3977 2-17 172. 1 1970 2984 8674 191H 1912 2811 2731 1 v-,7 3171 1 88 1 sin 2111 1 1 :,:■ 4913 2288 6573 225H 4841 3628 5948 2177 3512 3401 4285 2199 I 1 » ' 5159 2977 2046 2016 4119 317s 2114 4162 7175 6021 2 1 5 1 4119 2121 |s7.i tut 2417 ■ 160 164 O . - 1 4 - • s. • t 6660 r, s.x.t 681 em 4«10 172 APPENDIX. Table XVII. — Equivalent values of index of build by four different systems of ratios between weight and stature English system, viz, weight ■*■ stature; weight ■*■ stature 2 ; weight ■*■ stature 1 -' ; weight + stature*— Continued. Power of stature. Stature. 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 72 72 1389 1458 1528 1597 1667 1736 1806 1875 1944 2014 2083 2153 2222 2292 72» 5184 1929 2025 2122 2218 2315 2411 2508 2604 2701 2797 2894 2990 3086 3183 72»* 43988 2273 2387 2501 2614 2728 2842 2955 3069 3183 3296 3410 3524 3637 3751 72« 373248 2679 2813 2947 3081 3215 3349 3483 3617 3751 3885 4019 4153 4287 4421 73 73 1370 1438 1507 1575 1644 1712 1781 1849 1918 1986 2055 2123 2192 2260 73» 5329 1877 1970 2064 2158 2252 2346 2439 2533 2629 2721 2815 2909 3002 3096 73»» 45531 2196 2306 2416 2526 2636 2745 2855 2965 3075 3185 3295 3404 3514 3624 73» 389017 2571 2699 2829 2956 3085 3213 3342 3470 3599 3727 3856 3984 4113 4242 74 74 1351 1419 1486 1554 1622 1689 1757 1824 1892 1959 2027 2095 2162 2230 74» 5476 1826 1917 2029 2100 2191 2283 2374 2465 2557 2648 2739 2831 2922 3013 74».» 47106 2123 2229 2335 2441 2547 2654 2760 2866 2972 3078 3184 3290 3397 3503 74» 405224 2468 2591 2715 2838 2961 3085 3208 3332 3455 3578 3702 3825 3948 4072 75 75 1333 1400 1467 1533 1600 1667 1733 1800 1867 1933 2000 2067 2133 2200 75» 5625 1778 1867 1956 2044 2133 2222 2311 2400 2489 2578 2667 2756 2844 2930 752-8 48714 2053 2155 2258 2361 2463 2566 2669 2771 2874 2977 3079 3182 3285 3387 753 421875 2373 2491 2610 2729 2847 2966 3085 3203 3322 3441 3559 3678 3796 3915 76 76 1316 1382 1447 1513 1579 1645 1712 1776 1842 1908 1974 2039 2105 2171 76» 5776 1731 1818 1904 1991 2078 2164 2251 2337 2424 2510 2597 2684 2770 2857 76«» 50355 1986 2085 2185 2284 2383 2482 2582 2681 2780 2880 2979 3078 3177 3277 76» 438976 2278 2392 2506 2620 2734 2848 2961 3075 3189 3303 3417 3531 3645 3759 77 77 1299 1364 1429 1494 1558 1623 1688 1753 1818 1883 1948 2013 2078 2143 771 5929 1687 1771 1855 1940 2024 2108 2193 2277 2361 2446 2536 2614 2697 2783 77»-» 52027 1922 2018 2114 2210 2307 2403 2499 2595 2691 2787 2883 2979 3075 3171 77» 456533 2190 2300 2410 2519 2629 2738 2848 2957 3067 3176 3286 3395 3505 3614 78 78 1282 1346 1410 1474 1538 1603 1667 1731 1795 1859 1923 1987 2051 2115 78 J 6084 1644 1726 1808 1890 1972 2055 2137 2219 2301 2383 2465 2548 2630 2712 78»-» 53732 1861 1954 2047 2140 2233 2326 2419 2513 2606 2600 2792 2885 2978 3071 78> 474522 2107 2213 2318 2424 2529 2634 2740 2845 2950 3056 3161 3266 3372 3477 I ABLE XVII. 173 Table XVII.— Equivalent valves of index of build by four d\ ;> English system, viz, weight 4- stature; weight :- etatvt Power of stature. Stature. 170 175 180 185 190 L96 200 219 215 no 55 55 3091 3182 3273 8456 8646 8818 B906 90 91 55' 3025 5620 5785 5950 6116 6281 6446 6612 7197 55»» 22434 7578 7801 8024 8246 8469 8915 9188 ■ 881 s> 65* 166375 10218 10518 HlNl'.l 11195 111211 117211 12021 r .9 « 1 ,*J 68 56 3036 3125 3214 3304 3393 8482 357 1 3 7. V) 56» 3136 5421 55m ) 6740 5899 6069 621s 0696 6866 11 S"\^ 66'» 23468 7244 7457 7670 7883 M I'M, 8309 8786 ' 56» 175616 9680 9965 10250 10534 10819 11104 11389 11673 1195s 57 57 2982 3070 3158 3246 3333 3421 86 m 57' 3249 S232 "..•{.Mi 6640 .-.ti'. M r,s4s 6002 8165 6810 6464 57'» 24529 6931 7134 7338 7.-, 12 7746 7950 Sl 5 1 8357 v.... . . 57» 185193 9180 9450 9720 9990 10260 10530 10800 11070 11840 11610 08 v."> 888 w 58 58 2931 3017 3103 3190 3276 3448 37(17 M .1 68' 3364 5054 5202 5351 549!) 5648 5797 5945 6014 0688 141 M 68' •• 25619 6636 6831 7026 7221 7416 7611 7807 MM .2 B197 ao on ■ 58« 195112 8713 8969 9226 9482 9738 9994 10251 10607 11019 11276 2M 26 59 59 2881 2966 3051 3136 3220 3305 3590 16 WW 59' 3481 4884 5027 5171 5315 5458 5602 5745 6176 1 59'- » 26738 6358 6545 6732 6919 7106 7293 7480 7667 7864 59> 205379 8277 8521 8764 9008 9251 B495 9738 9982 1H712 60 60 2833 2917 3000 3083 3167 3250 3333 3417 16 867 60' 3600 4722 •J Mil 5000 5139 5278 5417 5556 5694 6111 - 60' •» 27ssf) 6096 6276 6455 6634 6814 6993 7172 7719 9060 60» 216000 7871 8102 8333 8565 8796 902S 9259 9491 9722 9964 4-. 886 61 61 2787 2869 2951 3033 3115 3197 3279 3861 3143 8688 61' 3721 4569 4703 4837 4972 5106 5241 5875 5609 5644 5778 ■ Bl».« 29062 ;,s;,i 1 6022 6194 6366 I1.-.3S 6710 6SS2 71 15 1 722', 77 12 61» 226981 7490 7710 7930 8151 8371 8591 NS11 9932 '.'172 • 62 62 2742 2823 2903 2984 3i if.;. 3145 3226 62' 3844 4422 4553 4683 4813 49 13 5073 5333 - 62'-' 30268 5617 5782 5947 •6112 6277 6443 I'.I'.IIS 6773 7108 i • 62« 238828 7133 7343 7553 7762 7972 S1S2 8392 ssll • 008 80 63 63 2698 2778 2857 2937 3016 3095 3175 3251 79.17 63 s 3969 4283 4409 4535 It'.iil 4787 4913 5039 5291 51 1 7 . - 63'» 31503 5396 5555 5714 5873 6031 6190 6349 6607 63' 250047 6799 6999 7199 7399 7599 7799 7999 8199 S.'., 80 088 188 88 64 64 2656 2734 2813 2N'.)1 29119 3047 3125 3203 8281 64 s 4096 4150 4272 4395 4517 4639 4761 51 ii 15 6127 64" 32768 5188 5341 5493 5646 ;.79s 5961 6104 i -M ~ - 64» 262144 6485 6676 6867 7057 72 is 7439 7- 129 7820 Mill • 65 65 2615 2692 2769 2S16 2923 3000 5ii77 3 1 5 1 3231 ■ V0 93 65> 4225 4024 4142 4260 4379 1197 11,15 475 1 1852 4970 . 65'- » 34063 1991 5138 5284 5431 ;,;,7s 5725 5s 7 2 6018 . 65' 274625 6190 6372 6654 6735 f,919 7101 7486 Mill 66 66 2578 2652 2727 2S03 2879 2955 3106 3182 66' 4356 3903 4017 4132 1247 4362 4 177 1691 17' 6 1821 662.' 35388 4804 4945 -.list; 5228 5369 56 1 ' ' 66» 287496 5913 (ins? 6261 6135 6609 6783 7131 717s . 67 67 2537 2612 26*7 2761 2836 2910 8060 67' 4489 3787 3898 4010 4121 1344 I-, 7s 67'» 36744 4623 4763 4899 5036 5171 6307 5443 57 1 5 1 V\ i H 67» 300763 ;,f,-,2 5819 5985 6151 6817 6484 6660 6816 71 19 • 68 68 2500 2574 2647 2721 279 1 2868 2" 11 68' 4624 3676 3785 3893 4000 4109 4217 . 68>« 38130 4458 4690 4721 4S.V2 4988 51 14 52 15 68» 314432 5407 5566 5725 5ss 1 6043 6202 ■ 69 69 2464 2536 2609 2HS1 27:. 1 2''71 69' 4761 3571 3676 3781 H.KMi 1096 1201 till 108 <'-' 69' •» 39095 4346 1 176 1604 1372 4860 4988 5116 ' .' . 00 69» 328509 5175 5327 .-.17; • 578 1 1 1 ** ' 70 70 2429 25(H) 267 1 271 1 2786 70» 4900 3469 3571 3673 8776 8878 4082 ■ 70' i 40996 4145 4269 4391 161 ; 1757 5001 51 12 6866 70» 343000 4956 5102 5831 0880 . 71 71 2394 2465 2635 27 If. KM 71» 5041 8372 3472 357] 8670 7l'.i 42476 4002 4120 4288 4856 1173 71» 357911 4750 4ss;i 5029 5169 5809 51 IS 5688 0888 174 COMPARATIVE INDICES OF BUILD. LABLE XVII. — Equivalent values of index of build by four different systems of ratios between weight and stature, English system, viz, weight -=- stature: weight -5- stature 1 ; weight ■*■ stature' 1 *; weight -4- stature* — Continued. Power of stature. Stature. 170 175 180 185 190 195 200 205 210 215 220 225 1 lb. 5 lbs. 72 72 2361 2431 2500 2569 2639 2708 2778 2847 2917 2986 3056 3125 13.889 69.44 722 5184 3279 3376 3472 3569 3665 3762 3858 3954 4051 4147 4244 4340 19.290 96.46 722.5 43988 3865 397S 4092 4206 4319 4433 4547 4660 4774 4889 5001 5115 22.734 113.67 723 373248 4555 4689 4823 4957 5091 5224 5358 5492 5626 5760 5894 6028 26.792 133.96 73 73 2329 2397 2466 2534 2603 2071 2740 2808 2877 2945 3014 3082 13.698 68.49 732 5329 3190 3284 3378 3472 3565 3659 3753 3847 3941 4035 4128 4222 18.765 93.83 732.6 45531 3734 3844 3953 4063 4174 4283 4393 4502 4612 4722 4832 4942 21.903 109.82 733 389017 4370 4499 4627 4756 4884 5013 5141 5270 5398 5527 5655 5784 25.706 128.53 74 74 2297 2365 2432 2500 2568 2635 2703 2770 2838 2905 2973 3041 13.514 67.57 742 5476 3104 3196 3287 3378 3470 3561 3652 3744 3835 3926 4018 4109 18.262 91.31 742.' 47106 3609 3715 3821 3927 4033 4140 4246 4352 4458 4564 4670 4776 21.229 106.14 743 405224 4195 4319 4442 4565 4689 4812 4936 5059 5182 5306 5429 5553 24.678 123.39 75 75 2267 2333 2400 2467 2533 2600 2667 2733 2800 2S67 2933 3000 13.333 66.67 75= 5625 3022 3111 3200 3289 3378 3467 3556 3644 3733 3822 3911 4000 17.778 88.89 752.» 48714 3490 3592 3695 3798 3900 4003 4106 4208 4311 4414 4516 4619 20.528 102.64 753 421875 4034 4152 4271 4390 4508 4627 4746 4864 4983 5101 5220 5339 23.727 118.64 76 76 2237 2303 2368 2434 2500 2566 2632 2697 2763 2829 2895 2961 13.158 65.79 762 5776 2943 3030 3116 3203 3289 3376 3463 3549 3636 3722 3809 3895 17.313 86.57 762.' 50355 3376 3475 3575 3674 3773 3873 3972 4071 4170 4270 4369 4468 19.S60 99.29 76' 438976 3873 3987 4101 4214 4328 4442 4556 4670 4784 4898 5012 5126 22 . 780 113.90 77 77 2208 2273 2338 2403 2468 2532 2597 2662 2727 2792 2S57 2922 12.987 64.94 77* 5929 2867 2952 3036 3120 3205 3289 3373 3458 3542 3626 3711 3795 16.866 84.33 772.6 52027 3268 3364 3460 3556 3652 3748 3844 3940 4036 4133 4229 4325 19.221 96.10 773 456533 3724 3833 3943 4052 4162 4271 4381 4490 4600 4709 4819 4929 21.904 109.52 78 78 2179 2244 2308 2372 2436 2500 2564 2628 2692 2756 2821 2885 12.821 64.10 78» 6084 2794 2876 2959 3041 3123 3205 3287 3369 3452 3534 3716 3698 16.437 82.19 782.6 53732 3164 3257 3350 3443 3536 3629 3722 3815 3908 4001 4094 4187 18.611 93.05 783 474522 3583 3688 3793 3899 4004 4109 4215 4320 1426 4531 4636 4742 21.074 105 37 Table XVIII. — To transmute the English system of index of build to the metric system {10 units English = 0.7 unit metric). English. Metric. English. Metric. English. Metric. English. Metric. 16 1.1 30 2.1 44 3.1 58 4.1 17 1.2 31 2.2 45 3.2 59 4.1 18 1.3 32 2.3 46 3.2 60 4.2 19 1.3 33 2.3 47 3.3 61 4.3 20 1.4 34 2.4 48 3.4 62 4.4 21 1.5 35 2.5 49 3.4 63 4.4 22 1.5 36 2.5 50 3.5 64 4.5 23 1.6 37 2.6 51 3.6 65 4.6 24 1.7 38 2.7 52 3.7 66 4.6 25 1.8 39 2.7 53 3.7 67 4.7 26 1.8 40 2.8 54 3.8 68 4.8 27 1.9 41 2.9 55 3.9 69 4.9 28 2.0 42 3.0 56 3.9 70 4.9 29 2.0 43 3.0 57 4.0 LITKHATI I5i; C1TKD. Abmsby, H. P., and J. V i .< 191 1. Theinflu zation of feed by cattle. I Bulletin 128, 245 pp., Oct. Baldwin, B. T. 1921. The physical gr< wtb of children from l>irth I irity. ' Iowa Studies in Child Welfare, 1 (No. 1 .ill pp., Jtn Bardeen, C. R. 1920. The height-weight index of build in relation metric proportions, etc. Carnegie Int. Wash. Pub. N Barker, L. F. 1922. Endocrinology and Metabolism. 5 vo Beck, H. G. 1922. "Dystrophia adipi talis" it i ndroci Metabolism, Vol. I, pp. 860 924. Barrett, A. M. 1919. Hereditary occurrence of hypothyroidism with of the nails and hair. Arch. Neurology and P try, II, ] Benedict, F. G., and F. B. Talbot. 1916. The physiologj of the I Carnegie Inst, Wash. Pub. No. 233, 126 pp. , and F. B. Talbot. 1920. Metabolism and growth from birth I Carnegie Inst. Wash. Pub. No. 302. 213 ; Castle, W. E. 1922. Genetic studies of rabbits and rat-. < a- No. 320, 55 pp., 2 pis. Chambers, Thomas King. 1850. Corpulence, or excess of fat in the human b Also published in Lancet, I, 1850, pp. 523. ."..".7. ."M. r..,l, 687, 747 table showing some inherited cases). Crum, F. S. 1915. Anthropometric table: Male and female children fron old. Newark: Prudential Ins. ( '<>., 2 pp. Cushing, Harvey. 1912. The pituitary body and its d Philad Daffner, F. 1902. Das Wachstum des Menschen: Anthropologische Studies 1 Englemann, 475 pp. Davenport, C. B. 1915. The feebly inhibited: Inheritance of temperament. < Inst. Wash. Pub. No. 236. — — — . 1917. Inheritance of stature. Genetics, 11. pp. '. July. i Record Office Bull. No. 18.) ■ •, and A. G. Love. 1921. Army anthropology. Medical Dept. I World War, Vol. XV. Statistics, Pari I, GovM Printing ' pp. Godix, P. 1903. Recherches anthropometric sur la croissance dee dh corps. Paris: Maloine, 212 pp. Grover, J. I. 1915. Some measurements of normal ohildn l ally of ' leg. Arch. Pediat., XXXI 1. pp. 473-486. Gulick, A. 1922. A study of weight regulation in adult human body dun: nutrition. Amer. Journal of Physiology, LX, 371-395. Heckel, F. 1920. Grandes et petite- (.'.■ treradicale Masson. 537pp. Hitchcock, E., II. H. Seeley, and P. C. Pint. i. ips. 1900. The ant i Qua! of Amherst College. Amherst, 40 pp. Hoffman, F. L. 1918. Army anthropometry and medical rejection (N. J.): Prudential Press, 114 pp Howard, . 1908. Abnormal development in a gurL Children. \ III. pp. 54 56. Janotsy, X. W. 1922. Hypothyroidism, in Barker's Endocrinology and M I, pp. 379-440. Johnson, Harry. 190ti. Liberia. 2 vols. London. Lyon, I. P. 1910. Adiposis and lipomal kreh. of Inter. Med Maranon, G., and E. Bonii.la. 1920. Histoire olinique et autopsie d mortelle. Rev. neurolog. 27, pp. 909 91 t Martin, R. 1914. Lehrbuch der Anthropologic. *vi 4 11 s ' Medico-actuarial Mortality [nvestiqationb. Vol. I- Compiled and the Associate n <>f Life Insurance Medical Doctors and the Actu of America. New V.,rk. l'.'lJ. 181 pp. Build of men. \ women, p. » IT - . 176 LITERATURE CITED. Meeh, K. 1895. Voluinmessungen des menschlichen Korpers und siener einzelnen Theile in den verschiedenen Alterstufen. Ztsch. f. Biol. 31, pp. 125-147. Mies, J. 1889. Uber die Masse, den Rauminhalt und die Dichte des Menschen. Vir- chow's Arch. f. path. Anat. u. Physiol., 157, 90 pp. Niceforo, A. 1910. Anthropologie der nichtbesitzenden Klassen. Leipzig: Maas u. Van Suchtelen, 512 pp. Noorden, Carl von. 1907. "Obesity" in Noorden's Metabolism and Practical Medicine, edited by W. Hall. Vol. Ill, pp. 693-715. London: Heinemann. Price, G. E. 1909. Adiposis dolorosa. Amer. Jour. Med. Sci., 137, pp. 705-715. Quetelet, A. 1870. Anthropometric ou mesure des differentes facultes de l'homme. Bruxelles. Reitz, E. 1904. Das Wachstum der Berliner Schulkinder wahrend den Schuljahre. Arch. f. Anthropol., No. 5.1, pp. 30-42. Rose, F. 1907. Obesite familiale. L'Encephale, II, pp. 299-303, 1 pi. Schmid-Monnard, R. 1892. Uber den Einfluss des Millitardienstes der Vater auf die korperliche Entwicklung ihrer Nachkommenschaft. Jahrb. Kinderheilkunde XXXIII, pp. 327-350. Sinclair, James. 1907. History of Shorthorn Cattle. London: Vinton, 895 pp. Stratz, C. H. 1922. Der Korper des Kindes und seine Pflege. Stuttgart: Enke., 366 pp. Town, Clara H. 1922. Analytic study of a group of five- and six-year-old children. Univ. Iowa Studies: Studies in Child Welfare, I (No. 4), 87 pp. Uhlenhuth, E. 1922. Hormone factors in growth and development, in Barker's En- drocrinology and Metabolism I, pp. 181-203. Weissenbtjrg, S. 1911. Das Wachstum des Menschen. Stuttgart: Strecheru. Schroder, 220 pp. Worthington, L. S. 1875. De l'obesite, 6tiologie, therapeutique, et hygiene. Paris: Martinet, 188 pp. North CaroUf^ State Library ^filleigh 4$ DAVENPORT PLATE 1 > GO o X 0. a; „1 X 02 p, GO ^ OH I n r. bt 1^ - — r it =: t^ 7\ ht -a "~ ^ ri V. ' — ' t(-H ~ »c ~ .10 ■ — C. 2 2 3 ^ - — - M -- - •- £ •- V. 1— ~ -— ~ -r b3 - r. ~ r. — r t ' ~ ■/. /. /. & & £ DAVENPORT 7 — = - - 1 _ — -j ~ _£ / - 1 1 - Xm u ;« — 3 DAVENPORT Pigs. 1 and '_'. "Miss Allen" ni the ages ol I and 23 years respectively, persistence of an earlj juvenile condition «>t build Figs, 3, 1. 5. Views of a case ol obesitj of the km obesity, knock-ki large breasts and mons, and rudimentary genitalia from Ebaugh and rJoskii Barker: Endocrines and Metabolism 1: sv -i Of .. NP0R1 ■ Fig. 1. Rose O, the individual indicated in fig 35 al 111 15; 15 I 15 cm., weight of 85 kg.; build I 54 . relative chest-girth 78, vi Fig. 2. [II 2 in Rec. famihj (p. 139); build 1.2 57 ; relative chest-girth 0.90 Fig. 3. Daughter of foregoing; build '■'• 7 52 Fig. \. < 1 sisters, of Luray, Va., showing conl rasl "t build in two full sisl z\ gous mal ing Fig. 5. The girl at the lefl is the daughter in the Sun familj pedigree p. I 10 The other i> : 1 1 1 unrelated friend. This daughter has the formula 79 kg L70 cm.; build 2.7 3 ; relative chest-girth, 60, fleshy. DATE DUE . DEC 2 8 GAYLORD PRINTED IN USA. North Carolina State University Libraries S^iEpANDiSHffiJig S0277621 A