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Annals of Horticulture
In North America
FOR THE YEAR 1890
A Witness of Passing Events and a
Record of Progress
L? H^ BAILEY
Copyrighted 1891
NEW YORK :
Rural Publishing Company
1891
By the Same Author.
ANNALS OF HORTICULTURE IN NORTH
AMERICA FOR THE YEAR 18S9. A Witness of
Passing Events and a Record of Progress. Cloth, $1 ;
paper, 60 cents.
*** A new volume is issued each vear.
THE HORTICULTURIST'S RULE-BOOK. A
Compendium of Useful Information for Fruit Growers,
Truck (lardeners, Florists and Others. Pp., 236. Cloth,
$1 ; paper, 50 cents.
THE NURSERY-BOOK. A Hand-Book of Pro-
pagation AND Pollination. A Complete Guide to
the Multiplication of Plants. Profusely Illustrated.
Cloth, $1 ; paper, 50 cents.
FIELD NOTES ON APPLE CULTURE. Pp., 90;
19 Illustrations. Cloth, 75 cents.
TALKS AFIELD: ABOUT PLANTS AND THE
SCIENCE OF PLANTS. Pp., 173; 100 Illustrations.
Cloth, Si. 00.
INTRODUCTION.
1 SUPPOSE that all horticulturists are agreed that an an-
nals of yearly progress in horticulture is a desideratum ;
and yet there is no unanimity as to the plan or scope of
such a work. It must necessarily include a record of the
new plants of the year, and some reference to current books
and bulletins may be expected, together, perhaps, with direc-
tories of societies and other horticultural institutions. But
beyond these matters, perhaps no two horticulturists would
agree. It is, therefore, peculiarly difficult to prepare a yearly
volume which shall satisfy its readers. The field which these
volumes are designed to enter is an entirely new one, not only
because of the broad survey which they attempt to make, but
largely also, because they are made at the close of the year,
rather than at its beginning. They make no effort to compile
directories and trade-lists for the use of the year to come, but
they aim to glean the most important facts and movements of
each closing year, and to bind them up compactly into a single
sheaf. In a country so large and an industry so varied, it is
impossible to gather all which is worthy of record in a com-
pendium of horticultural progress ; but I hope that there is
enough in the following pages to enable the sympathetic
reader to arrive at some measure of the broader activities
of the year.
4 hitroditdion.
It has been the desire to place in each volume the result of
some unique investigation which should represent the status
of a particular branch of American horticulture. In the vol-
ume for 1889, the Catalogue of American Kitchen Garden
^'egetables occupied this place, and constituted the kernel of
the book. It was expected that the present volume should
contain a complete annotated census of all native North Amer-
ican plants and their horticultural varieties, which have been
introduced into cultivation, and reference is made to it upon
page 35. But it is so difficult to collect data upon which to
elaborate such a census, and the botany of our cultivated
plants is so little understood, that it was thought best to post-
pone the list ; and the size to which the volume has grown has
also justified the omission.
L. H. BAILEY.
Garden Home, Ithaca, N. Y.
CONTENTS.
PART I — General Annals.
§ I. Fruits, Vegetables and General Interests 7
Apples 7
Tasmanian Apples 9
Other Orchard Fruits 15
Oranges 15
Grapes 16
Small Fruits 16
Cranberry Crop 16
Vegetables 17
Melon Crop 17
Tomato Pack 17
California 17
Washington 28
Fruit Culture in Mexico .."...... 32
^ 2. Ornamentals ....••■ 35
The Chrysanthemum 36
The Roses 41
Foreign Roses 44
Orchids 56
General Foreign Notes 58
Japanese Plants Worthy of Introduction 62
I 3. Plant Diseases and Insects 74
Plant Diseases 76
Insects 87
6 Annals of Hoi^ticulture.
\ 4. National and Educational Interests 112
Legal Control of New Varieties 112
Nomenclature 129
Road Agitation 131
The Census 133
The New Tariff 133
Educational Matters 136
American Wild Flower Clifb 141
Societies 147
PART II— Special Annals.
§ I. Introductions of i8go. 153
§ 2. Plant Portraits of 1890 185
\ 3. Directory of the National, State, Provincial and
other most important horticultural societies in
North America 210
§ 4. Directory of Horticulturists, or Those in Charge
OF Horticultural Work of Experiment Stations
of North America 215
\ 5. Botanic Gardens of the World 217
§ 6. Title Index to Experiment Station Horticulture
in North America for 1890 (Including Publications
of the Department of Agriculture). 224
\ 7. Subject Index to Experiment Station Horticulture
in North America for 1890 (Including Publications
of the Department of Agriculture) 232
^ 8. Books of 1890, Exclusive of Reports of Horticultu-
ral Organizations 243
§ 9. Horticultural Periodicals of the World 246
\ 10. Tools and Conveniences of the Year 250
§ II. Necrology of 1890 279
?.?■
Part I
GENERAL ANNALS.
FP^UITS, VEGETABLES AND GENERAL
INTERESTS.
The year 1890 was marked in general by poor crops. The
orchard interests in particular suffered greatly in nearly all
regions east of the Rocky mountains. Several causes com-
bined to produce this disaster. The distribution of rainfall
was abnormal. In most of the eastern states the precipitation
was largely in excess of normal amounts, especially during the
blooming season, while in the upper Mississippi and Missouri
valleys rainfall was so light that very severe droughts followed.
The difficulties were aggravated by excessive rainfall in the
east in i88g and by insulHcient rainfall in the Mississippi val-
ley. The Pacific coast suffered from excessive precipitation
during the winter of 1889-90, but the summer was dry, es-
pecially in the northern regions. The temperatures of the
year were also abnormal. Throughout the region east of the
Rocky mountains the winter of 1889-90 was remarkably mild,
especially in its latter part, and trees bloomed much in ad-
vance of their usual time. Disastrous frosts followed in March
and later, bringing ruin to the fruit buds in all the middle and
southern states, and to many districts farther north. On the
other hand, the winter upon the Pacific coast was unusually
severe, and the spring was also below the average in tempera-
ture. Fruits in the east which escaped the disastrous spring
frosts were attacked to an unusual extent by fungous troubles,
which were no doubt augmented by the peculiar meteorologi-
cal conditions.
The apple crop was almost a complete failure east of the
(7)
-OPWTT JJBRARV
8 A7inals of Horticulture.
Mississippi, barring partial crops in Michigan and Wisconsin.
As this loss followed a partial failure in 1889, it has proved a
serious menace to apple culture. Missouri gave the best yield
for 1890, it being not far from a half crop. Wisconsin, Michi-
gan, Ontario and Nova Sco^a produced probably less than a
fourth crop, while New England, New York and the middle
states produced almost none. Apples have been brought in
from the west to supply the demands, even in New York state.
The cause of the apple failure is not determined, although
it is supposed that an unusual and early development of the
apple-scab fungus was largely concerned in it, at least in New
York.*
The extent of the apple crop is well illustrated by the ex-
ports. The exports have been only about half as great as
last year and one-fourth as great as in 1888-9. The following
statement, furnished by Otto G. Mayer & Co., New York,
shows the movements of apples to February 14th, 1891, at
which time the exportations had practically ceased :
Barrels of apples exported lo Europe for week ending February 14, i8gi.
\ LIVERPOOL.
LONDON.
GLASGOW.
VARIOUS.
TOTAL.
From New York
Boston
385
60
25
470
6 S60
Portland
This week
7.578
11,061
60
12,317
25
415
7,663
23-793
Same week last year ....
This season
Last season to date ....
197,422
378,504
57,357
87,061
68,040
111,439
2,043
31,267
324,862
608,271
Short
iSi,o82
29,704
43,399
29,224
283,409
The apple export trade began in 1845, when five barrels
were shipped from Boston to Glasgow under the auspices of a
Scotchman — Buchanan. It was about thirty 3^ears later that
the enterprise began to attract general attention. Very heavy
exportations were made in 1885-6, and the largest trade was
reached in 1888-9. I^ ^^^^ latter year the exports were 1,407,
419 barrels from America, of which 942,400 barrels were from
the United States. The export trade gives promise of afford-
ing our most profitable market for winter fruit.
♦Bailey and Dudley. Bull. xix. Corne 1 Exp. Sta.
Fruits, Vegetables and General Interests. 9
The apple crop in Europe was short in 1890. In England
it was about one-fourth of a full crop, the poorest known in
many years. France produced an average crop, while Bel-
gium had a half crop and Holland even less. Denmark had
scarcely any apples.
Tasjnanian apples began to reach London the last of April or
first of May, and prices ranged from $10 to $12 per barrel.
These apples reach the market so late and the prices are
necessarily so high, because of the distance over which they
are transported, that they do not compete seriously with
American fruit. But some of this fruit found a market in San
Francisco in 1890, and it will undoubtedly be shipped to
America in large quantities in the future ; and there are so
many features of the Tasmanian apple industry which are in-
teresting and suggestive to our growers, that I have invited
John L. Conacher, of Tasmania, to prepare the following
paper for this occasion :
'^Although the apple industry of Tasmania may be consid-
ered as only in its infancy, I venture to express the conviction
that within the next few years, stimulated by the profitable
returns from the almost unlimited inter-colonial, European
and American markets, it will become one of the staple indus-
tries of the colony, and fully realize the recent prediction of
the Fruit Farm Review in becoming a ' gigantic concern. ' That
the orchardists of Tasmania enjoy to a pre-eminent degree
every element necessary to the perfect production of the apple
has been fully and practically demonstrated by the magnificent
results obtained in the high yield per acre, combined with a
quality which the great English expert, Sampson Morgan, de-
scribed as of a very high standard, and which Dr. Hogg, the
English pomologist, declares (even after the unavoidably de-
teriorating circumstances consequent upon a journey of four-
teen thousand miles) as equal to English hot-house fruit.
''The climate and soils of Tasmania are very variable, from
the damp but rich forest lands of the west to the dry open
plains of the east and the high elevated table-land of the mid-
lands. The best fruit districts are the valleys of the rivers
Huon and Derwent in the south — the former being considered
the 'Kent of Tasmania;' although, owing to the drier climate
of the Derwent valley, some experts consider the fruit raised
A. H. 2
lo An?ials of Horticulture.
in it better adapted for long transit. The soils most in favor
are friable surface (loam or dark sand) and clay sub-soil, or de-
composed rock and basaltic or tertiary formation. Great care
is necessary in selecting the particular site of the orchard —
shelter from winds and comparative freedom from spring
frosts, combined with clay sub-soil, being imperative requi-
sites, the latter to afford the necessary moisture to the tree
roots during our dry summers.
'' Most of our varieties are imported from England, America
and France, but some few are from Tasmanian seedlings.
Some time ago the Fruit Growers' Association of this colony
offered a prize for a paper on best apple trees to plant, and
after careful consideration they awarded first position to Dr.
Benjafield's essay, who thus writes: 'To find out what fruit
trees are best to plant, we must first know what markets we
have to supply with the fruit when grown. And we may
speak of them as four markets : (i) The home market in
Hobart and Launceston ; (2) New Zealand, with its seasons
even later ; (3) the Melbourne, Sydney and other colonial
markets, which require late keeping fruits chiefly; and (4) the
London market, requiring good keeping and carrying fruits,
but fruit that will gather early. The character and appear-
ance of fruit, too, must be taken into account. Salesmen, all
the world over, tell us they must have large fruit and well col-
ored. If with this we can obtain quality as well, we have
then reached what the market requires. But the grower must
consider the character of the tree he is planting — is it a strong
grower? will it bear well? is it a good bearer every year, or
only alternate years ? and so on. I shall try to remember all
these in the sorts now to be given, best six dessert and three
kitchen apples, and proportion of each in the 1,000.
DESSERT.
Cox's Orange Pippin 400
Sturmer Pippin 140
Adams' Pearmain 100
Ribston's, or King of Pippins 50
New York 50
Emperor Alexander 10
COOKING.
French Crab 100
Wellington's 100
Prince Bismarck 50
Fruits, Vegetables and General Interests. ij
''The distance at which trees are planted is an ever varia-
ble one. Orchards situate near centers uf population are
planted at 12 to 17 feet apart, but in the more rural districts a
greater width is given, principally to allow tillage by horse
power, in which case root crops are grown between. The
style of tree most in favor, and which is almost universally
adopted, is what is termed the dwarf, with short stem and
twelve to fourteen cordon branches. The principal advan-
tages in this system are (r) ease of pruning, (2) fruit is better
protected from wind, and (3) fruit can be gathered with greater
care.
''When trees come into bearing, and how long they bear
profitably are difficult questions to answer. It would be
almost impossible to lay down any hard and fast rule on
either of these points, so much depends upon the variety of
tree, situation and soil of orchard. Generally speaking, taking
the assortment as given above, the average yield obtainable per
acre in fifth year after planting is fifty bushels, and about 100
bushels in the succeeding (or sixth) year, gradually increasing to
tenth 3'ear, from which latter date to twenty-fifth the tree may
be said to be in its prime or best bearing period. As regards the
age at which our trees cease to bear profitably, this question
cannot, as yet, be answered from experience. In twenty-five
to thirty years a general decline is noticeable, gradually de-
creasing thereafter, although several instances have come
under m}^ notice where trees are bearing profitable crops in
their fiftieth or sixtieth years.
" Fruit gathering begins for the earlier varieties at the end of
February, but many crops are not ready for picking till end of
March and month of April. The careful handling of fruit is
one of the most vital essentials to the realization of successful
apple farming. Hitherto growers have not sufficiently realized
the imperative necessity of having each individual apple care-
fully picked and placed in a lined basket or case before re-
moval to store or packing room. At present the fruit is gath-
ered and placed in cases — in some instances packed in orch-
ard — conveyed to receiving house, and there packed for ship
ment.
"No point in fruit industry has received more attention
than that of exportation, so far as having matters publicly dis-
cussed in the press and at various meetings of the growers is
12 Annals of Horticulture.
concerned. At present no definite rearrangement of the past
methods has been agreed upon. Owing to the many risks to
which the fruit is subject in the cool chambers of the ocean
steamers by either having temperature too high or vice versa,
and the perishable nature of the apple, the various shipping
companies insist upon freight being prepaid, and this, in many
instances, is a barrier the producer has found it difficult to sur-
mount. Commercial houses of standing have stepped in, and,
under guarantee to shipping companies, chartered a given
proportion of cool chambers some time in advance of the fruit
which they undertake to ship, pay freight and other incidental
initial expenses, transmit the various consignments to any
sales agent the grower may prefer, and in due course forward
the original account sale with proceeds, less shipping charge
and initial expenses disbursed.
''In treating of average yield per acre and profit of fruit-
farming, we venture on the solution of a very difficult prob-
lem. W E. Shoobridge, of Glenora, who may be considered
as the leading orchardist of Tasmania, in reply to our query
on this matter, says 'average yield per acre depends greatly
on situation, care and cultivation, good orchards yielding an
average of lOO to 200 bushels, and in some instances 300 to
400 bushels, according to season. ' Dr. Benjafield, on the other
hand, in reply, gave the following as the actual result of an
orchard of ten acres : '4,600, 3,600, 3,600 bushels for tenth,
eleventh and twelfth years respectively, or an average yield of
393.3 bushels per acre. Outside yields of 600 to 1,000 bushels
per acre have been obtained.' When considering this question
and tne profit, it must be borne in mind that the fruit producer
has, like his brother, the agriculturist, many troubles to contend
with. In the first place, labor is expensive and scarce at time
when most wanted, in addition to which there is the contin-
gency of excessive spring frosts, high winds and the apple
pests, principally the codlin moth and oyster scale. I should
also hesitate in giving any definite decision in matter of profit,
as this can only be done with any degree of accuracy by taking
the average of older established industries than that of fruit
culture in Tasmania.
"In treating of the average prices realized in the various
markets, we may class our home and inter-colonial sales under
one head. In this, the prices ruling for season just ending
Fruits, Vegetables and Gener'al Interests. 13-
have been most unsatisfactory to the sellers. In the beginning
of the 3^ear, a second line of steamers was inaugurated between
Hobart and Sydney, reducing freight generally 50 per cent,,
but owing to irregular sailing dates, the result has, as was an-
ticipated by many, proved disastrous to the orchardist. The
fruit was placed in shipments of ten to thirty thousand bushels
per steamer, with sometimes only one and two days interval,
on the New South Wales markets, the results being as afore-
said. Fruit merchants and others were unable to judge when
a second steamer would arrive with a heavy shipment, there-
by reducing the value of fruit purchased by 40 per cent, to
75 per cent. Briefly, the average net return to the pro-
ducer for last five years for sales in Tasmania and adjacent
colonies may be put three shillings six pence to four shillings
per bushel at the orchard. During the past season, we have
opened a new market for the sale of our apples in San Fran-
cisco, with most satisfactory results and every encouragement
to materially increase our annual consignment thereto. Prices
ranged, according to quality and packing, from two to four dol-
lars per bushel, with an average of about $3.
'*In dealing with results obtained in London, I shall con-
sider it as the center of European markets. As far back as
1870 small test shipments of fruit were consigned as ordinary
cargo, the result being, as a rule, unsatisfactory. Five years
ago the matter was inquired into and arrangements made with
the shipping companies for conveyance of fruit in the cool or
refrigerated chambers of the ocean steamers, since which date
our shipments annually have materially increased. For the
ensuing season arrangements are in course of completion for
the consignment of probably about one hundred thousand
bushels of apples to be placed on London markets. Com-
plete returns for past season's sales. are not yet to hand — ac-
count sales for last two shipments being still wanting. The
average realized for shipments by four steamers is
Ribston Pippins ig i-. \ d. per case of say 43 lbs.
King of Pippins 1=^ s. \o d.
New York Pippin 15 .r. 6^/. "
Cox's Orange Pippin 15 j-. 5 </. " "
Sturmer Pippins 14 .f. 11 </. " " "
''The foregoing averages may be considered as conclusive of
the qualit}' of Tasmanian apples, and as fully bearing out the
14 An7ials of Horticulture.
opinions expressed b}^ the English pomological experts quoted
in my opening remarks. I may also add that our last ship-
ment this season was placed on the market at the same time
as consignments from Nova Scotia, the latter averaging accord-
ing to catalogue returns 15 j. to 17 j-. 6 <^. per three bushel bar-
rel, whereas Tasmanian one bushel case realized about 15 j-.
each all round. Against the foregoing high averages we re-
gret to add that this season's experience again emphasizes the
risk to which our fruit is subject in the cool or refrigerated
chambers during transit.
"To maintain the high averages in the European market ob-
tained in past two 3^ears, experience demands that only primest
quality of fruit should be shipped. Orchardists, instead of al-
lowing the tree to prematurely exhaust its resources, and spend
its energy and vitality in producing the necessary greater num-
ber of 'pips' consequent upon growing large and small ap-
ples, must give greater attention to growing the maximum
number of saleable apples which can be included in the
'graded' requirement of our English market. B}^ this means
the heavy freight expenses are reduced, the strength of the
tree is conserved, fruit of a finer quality produced, and instead
of having heavy crops every alternate year, a nearer approach
to continuous annual 3aeld is obtained. Other vital elements
are the picking and wrapping of each individual apple in good
impervious tissue paper. The past 5^ear's experience has con-
clusively proved that finest 'wrapped' realizes shillings
more per case than unwrapped. Economically it pays the
fruit producer so to do. A given quantity of apples wrapped
will fill eleven per cent, more cases than unwrapped, the sur-
plus increase defraying extra initial expenses incurred in labor
and paper.
"Tasmania maybe considered • as the best countr}^ in the
world for the production of pears, peaches, apricots and small
fruit. The pear has received special attention, some growers
having a very fine collection of best European varieties. The
apricot and peach are now being largely grown. It may par-
ticularly interest many of my readers to know that young
peach trees have been shipped from here this 3^ear to the Del-
aware Experiment Station for experimental purposes, with
the view of growing trees from this new stock that shall resist
the fatal '3^ellows.' Plums of ever3^ description are exten-
Fruits, Vegetables and General hiterests. 15
sively cultivated and produce prolific crops, while currants
and strawberries far surpass their namesakes in England, both
in quality and fertility."
Other orchard fruits gave very poor yields throughout the
north. Peaches failed more completely than ever before per-
haps. In New Jersey, Delaware and southward the failure
was due to frosts which followed warm weather, and the same
was true of the peach region of Michigan and Southern Illi-
nois. In some parts of the country, particularly in New York,
the trees set fruit, but it was destroyed by severe attacks of
curl leaf {Taphrina deformans') upon the leaves. The yellows
is making rapid headway in the orchards of the Chesapeake
peninsula and is lessening the peach area. Peaches were
probably never more scarce than in 1890. Pears were nearly
everywhere much below the average in quantity and quality.
The pear scab and cracking of the fruit were prevalent and
serious. The Le Conte pear yielded well in some parts of
Georgia, however, notwithstanding the March freeze, and high
prices were realized. Plums and cherries have yielded fair
crops in some localities. Quinces were fair to poor. The nut
crop, mostly derived from wild trees, was also small.
Orchard fruits were below the average in Europe as a rule,
and the plum crop in England was one of the smallest for
many years. The French prune crop is reported as large.
The Smyrna fig crop is said to be below the average.
Oranges were a fair crop in Florida. About 2,000,000 boxes
were secured, against 2,150,000 in 1889. The March freeze
did much damage, probably lessening the crop by one-third,
but the young orchards and the second crop of flowers held up
the yield. Prices are good. The export trade in Florida
oranges, which began in 1886, is now assuming considerable
importance. The yield in California is probably the best ever
secured. Mexican oranges have reached American markets in
some quantity this year, and there is reason to expect that seri-
ous competition will soon arise from that source. Mr. Tem-
ple's account of fruit possibilities in Mexico, on a following
page, are instructive in this connection. Bonavia '' predicts
that the citrus fruits of India will lessen the demand for the
Florida product in foreign markets. ''Orange growers in
India and Ceylon, with their command of cheap labor, might,
*Oranges anil Lemons of India and Ceylon, xi (1890).
1 6 Annals of Horticidture.
I think, advantageously compete in the London markets with
the growers of Florida and their dear labor. An English or
American laborer is paid 5s. 3d. per day, and skilled garden-
ers get higher wages ; that is, about ten times the wages of an
Indian 7naii. ^ * * j^ should be remembered that a suffi-
ciently good orange grower, if he has the right soil, requires
ver}^ little knowledge be3^ond that necessary for raising seed-
lings, budding them, and manuring and watering the trees at
the proper times, all which he might learn in a month. If
garden labor in India is ten times cheaper than that of Florida,
it would require that the carriage from Florida to London
should be ten times cheaper than that from Bombay and
Karachi to London, to enable the former to compete on equal
terms with the latter. It will be seen, moreover, that in
Florida, frosts are occasionally so severe as to turn all the
orange crop into ice-balls and ruin it, besides killing all the
young stock in the nurseries, if it does not also injure the adult
trees. There is, perhaps, no part of India where oranges are
grown extensively, which is subject to destructive frost, such
as that which is said to have occurred in Florida in 1885-6."
Grapes were a heavy crop in the great vineyard regions of
New York and Ohio, but were below the average in New Jer-
sey and Delaware. The fungous diseases were very prevalent
throughout and in most regions the copper salts had to be em-
ployed to save the crop. The raisin and grape crops of Cali-
fornia were large, and there was a sufficient raisin crop in Arizona
to attract the attention of fruit growers. The foreign raisin crop,
especially in the far east, is said to have been lessened by bad
weather and by the depredations of phylloxera. The Smyrna
raisin crop is reported as one-fourth short of last year. Mala-
gas were a good crop, but copper salts were largely used upon
them.
Small fruits nearly everywhere gave large yields, although
there was some complaint from various fungous diseases.
The returns on the average were fair, although they were very
low from the crop of Southern Illinois, particularly strawber-
ries, owing to the immense crop and the soft condition of the
fruit. The blackberry and raspberry yield in New Jersey and
Delaware was estimated at about a half crop.
The Cranberry crop of the countr}^ for 1890 was good, stand-
ing in round numbers, about as follows :
Fruits, Vegetables and Ge7ieral Interests. 17
New England 375,000 bushels
New Jersey 150,000
Wisconsin 275,000 "
Total 800, 000
Prices opened higher than usual and the market continued
to improve until January ist, when there was a slight reaction
which continued for about six weeks. Since then there has
been improvement. The prices were on the whole steady,
and although not high were very satisfactory. Oregon and
Washington are beginning to attract some attention as cran-
berry states.
Vegetables of all kinds yielded well. The year was a profit-
able one for the truckers about Norfolk. The potato crop v^diS
light and poor, probably no more than half an average crop.
Rot was very serious in many regions. The statistician of the
Department of Agriculture reports as follows upon the crop :
''The potato crop suffered from unfavorable weather at time
of planting and at time of harvest. This was especially true
in New England and the Ohio Valley ; condition throughout
the season was low, and the returns of yield per acre were in
close harmony with the season's record. The estimated yield
per acre is onl}' SlY^ bushels, which, with two exceptions, is
the lowest yield ever reported. The same conditions which
injured the crop during the early growing season resulted in
making the area smaller than was originally intended. The
actual supply for consumption per head of population of this
important food crop is smaller than in any recent year." The
crop in Manitoba was large enough to afford some for impor-
tation into the United States. The crop was a failure in Ire-
land and great distress has resulted. In other parts of Europe
it appears to have been fair or good.
The ?nelon crop of the South is yearly becoming more im-
portant, and the area devoted to watermelons in Georgia alone
for i8go has been estimated at nearly 30,000 acres.
The to7?iato pack y^diS somewhat above the average of the last
three years. For the Union it was 3,166,177 cases, as com-
pared with 2,976,765 cases in 1889. Maryland, New Jersey
and Delaware gave heavy yields, while the pack in other states
was comparatively light.
California. In general, the fruit crop of California was the
1 8 A7i7ials of Horticulture.
largest ever produced, and the scarcity of fruit in the east
caused prices to run high. The last year has witnessed a
widespread interest in California fruit throughout the country.
The present condition and prospects of California horticulture
are discussed for this occasion by Charles Howard Shinn, In-
spector of the California Experiment Stations : '^ The growth
of the horticultural industries of the State of California has at-
tracted much attention, but chiefly in a fragmentar}^ and un-
finished way. The field is so large that this is perhaps impos-
sible to avoid at present. Statistical science is not well main-
tained by the government of California, and horticulture has
been especially neglected in this regard. Some counties make
admirable reports of the orchards and of similar industries ;
others furnish little or nothing that can be depended upon.
The nurserymen give no statistics worth the name, and the
growers of ornamental plants, cut-flowers and vegetables are
not much better. Briefl}^, then, one must depend upon per-
sonal observation for a general review of the progress of Cali-
fornia horticulture from year to year and decade to decade.
''A few of the larger statistics that may be accepted as ac-
curate are as follows : The area of wine and raisin grape
lands is 225,000 acres ; the wine product of 1890 was 18,200,-
000 gallons of wine, and 9,000,000 lbs. of dried wine grapes.
The raisin crop was 40,000,000 pounds : the prune crop was
15,000,000 pounds. The amount of green fruit shipped out
of the state was 105,000,000 pounds, or about twenty times
the shipments of 1880. The shipments of dried fruits, other
than prunes, was 66,318,000 pounds, or about one hundred and
twenty times the shipments of ten years ago. The orange
shipments now beginning to be sent away will be about 4,000
car loads. The value of the cereal, hay and root crops for
1890 was about $75,000,000. The population of the state has
only increased fifty per cent, since 1880, and is now about
1,250,000, but new industries have been created, and the old
ones have been developed with a rapidity that is one of the
surprises of American agriculture. The total value of all the
products of the state in 1890 was more than $303,000,000.
''The fruit crop of California for 1890 shows, in the various
counties of the state, an increase of from twenty to one hun-
dred per cent, over the crop of 1889. At the beginning of
the season a short crop was expected by the fruit growers,
Fniits, Vegetables and General Interests, 19
owing to the late frosts in some districts, and rains during the
blossoming time. The leadmg canners became convinced that
this was a mistake, and so the}' contracted in many cases to de-
liver enormous quantities of fruit at a low price. When the
situation was understood — a failure of the eastern peach crop,
and a great demand for all kinds of California fruit — the can-
ners hastened to secure contracts with the growers before prices
went up. They failed in most cases, and the unprecedented
profits made in 1890 in California fruit were made by the spec-
ulators who bought ' long ' on canned goods, and by the actual
growers of the fruits. One result of this state of affairs will
probably be a 'close combination' of all the California can-
neries.
''The profits of fruit growers have been in many cases so
great as to pa}' for the land three times over. The local news-
papers of the state are crowded with well authenticated illus-
trations of the possibilities of California fruit growing. I will
give a few of these which I have myself investigated and can
vouch for as in every respect reliable :
*'The Oak Shade Fruit Company, of Davisville, shipped
seventy-five car loads of Bartlett pears to eastern markets,
and their entire fruit crop was 150 cars. This includes almonds,
raisins, prunes, etc. The profit from these was a total of
$30,000 from 360 acres, or eight per cent, on an investment
reckoned at $1,000 per acre. Ernest Dewey, of Pomona, re-
ports as follows : ' Golden cling peaches, 10 acres, seven years
old, produced forty-seven tons green, sold dried for $4,800;
cost of production, $243.70 ; net profit, $4,556.30. Soil, sandy
loam, not irrigated.' E. P. Naylor, of Los Angeles, says:
' Fifteen acres of six year old prunes produced 149 tons ; sold
for $7,450 ; cost of production, $527 ; net profit, $6,923. Soil,
loam with some sand, irrigated one inch per ten acres.' The
dried prunes from ninety-seven trees on W. A. Gibson's place
near Calistoga, sold for v^537. The number of trees above
mentioned is a little less than prune-growers set on an acre of
ground. W. M. Baker, manager of the Colfax Mountain Fruit
Company, says that he has peach trees two years old on his
place at Landor, Nevada County, many of which yielded $1
per tree and some $5 per tree. A Woodland grower says :
* I would rather cultivate prunes than anything that grows. In
1889 I dried 15,000 pounds of prunes, my own and wdiat I
20 Annals of Horticulture.
bought on the tree. I got 6,300 pounds of the dried article
which I sold for six cents. My four year old prune trees
yielded me from 200 to 250 pounds to the tree of large and
beautiful fruit. Counting seventy-five trees to the acre, this
average would net about 83^ tons to the acre, worth about
^350. ' James McPherson, of Oroville, cleared $100 per acre on
his Bartlett pear orchard in its first year of bearing. A four
year old peach orchard in the same district yielded $150 per
acre above expenses. The Paige & Morton fruit farm in Tul-
are County reports as follows : ' In this orchard there are in
bearing, the trees being four to five years old, 25 acres of apri-
cots, 119 acres of peaches, nearly ig acres of pears and 7}^
acres of prunes. The fruit from these trees aggregated, weigh-
ed green as it came from the orchard, 3,047,754 pounds. Sixty
car loads were sold green to California canneries, or shipped
to New York, Chicago, Minneapolis or Boston. Ninety car
loads of green fruit were dried, making fifteen cars of dried
fruit, averaging 20, 000 pounds to the car. The apricots paid this
year per acre, net, $211.70; nectarines, $276 ; peaches, $350;
prunes, $600; pears, $427. The total receipts from the or-
chard, exclusive of vineyard, were nearly $90,000.'
'' One could easily obtain higher figures than any of these.
One prune grower cleared $650 per acre on his orchard. But
it does not seem wise to use many such illustrations. The
' general average ' is better. In Riverside, for instance,
where about 543,000 orange trees are planted, the average
annual yield is $400 per acre. The average profits in all the
old and established deciduous fruit districts are so great as to
lead to the conclusion that one acre of good land in fruit paid
in 1890 about as well as 26 acres in wheat. Ten acres in
peaches or apricots, pears, plums, prunes, or any other decidu-
ous fruits are therefore more valuable than 250 acres in grain.
'' The census returns show that all the counties of California
that have urged forward horticultural developments have
greatly grown in population and wealth, while those that con-
tinue to depend upon sheep-raising and wheat-farming have
remained at a standstill for a decade and more.
*' ' Irrigation and sub-division ' is now the motto of the
progressive Californian. During the last year a very large
number of new irrigation districts have been established, and
many old ones have been enlarged. Not less than 250,000
Fruits, Vegetables and General Interests. 21
acres will be brought under water before the close of i8gi ;
possibly nearly a million acres may be reclaimed in this man-
ner before 1892. Only about 2,500,000 acres of land are cul-
tivated in the whole state, while 33,000,000 acres are arable,
and 20,000,000 acres of wild mountain territory are covered
with forests. The vast increase in the number of irrigation
schemes has led to much activity in the way of new colonies.
Every possible method of organizing and establishing colonies
is illustrated in California. All sorts of co-operation are being
tested. There are colonies where the entire planting is car-
ried on by a board of directors elected by the colonists ;
there are others where each man pays a given sum monthly,
and at the end of a fixed term receives his land in a high
state of cultivation. A book is yet to be written upon the de-
tails of colony management, and the general conditions of life
in these colonies, which are for varied purposes — wine making,
raisin growing, olive culture, the orange industry, and dozens of
other enterprises. Women are combining to grow flowers for
San Francisco markets, and vegetables to ship east. Every
month in the year a number of new colony schemes are offered
to purchasers, and the greater number of them promise to be
successful.
"As I have already said, the statistics of tree-planting are
deficient. Some counties, however, have made admirable re-
ports. Such famous districts as Napa, Sonoma, Santa Clara,
Solano and Alameda — districts that will probably always lead
the rest of the state in deciduous fruits, and in table wines —
are districts that make but poor and badly classified statistical
reports. A very satisfactor}^ statement from Los Angeles
county may serve to illustrate the extent of the present grow-
ing industries in the state. Fully twenty out of the fifty coun-
ties of California make great showings in these fields.
LOS ANGELES HORTICULTURAL STATISTICS.
Orange Trees.
Seedlings, 10 years and over 259,038
Seedlings, under 10 and over 5 years 24,378
Seedlings, 5 years and under 20,261
Budded, 10 years and over 68,611
Budded, under 10 and over 5 years 123,689
Budded, 5 years and under 491.115
Seedlings in nursery .' 1,642,315
Budded, in nursery 788,409
Ir^seed bed 4,446,600
22 Annals of Horticulture.
Lemon Trees.
In bearing 37, 106
Not in bearing 29,524
Olive Trees.
Number of olive trees 170,654
In nursery 336, 594
Deciduous Trees.
Number of acres of deciduous trees 12,629
Number deciduous trees in nursery 287,075
Walnut trees no, 626
Walnut trees in nursery 12,900
Totals.
Orchard trees, citrus 1,336,002
Orchard trees, deciduous 1,515,480
Nursery trees, citrus and deciduous 3,067,293
In seed bed, citrus 4,446,600
Total 10,365,375
''In this connection I may add that, since the above report
was made, a San Fernando firm has arranged to plant out
30,000 wahiut trees. Ventura and Santa Barbara are also be-
coming great walnut districts.
''Butte is one of the most prosperous of the Sacramento
Valley counties. The assessor's report of that county gives
394,867 fruit trees planted in orchards. But the Oroville or-
chardists claim that a private census made by a committee
gives them over 500,000 trees. At Chico, Gen. Bidwell has
about 100,000 trees, and the rest of the county would carry
the total to nearly a million. About 60,000 olive trees and
100,000 oranges are planted chiefly in colonies. If complete
statistics were secured from Butte, the district would rank as
one of the first in the state. A great deal of land has been
bought there for planting this season or next.
"The State Horticultural Commission has compiled much
valuable statistical material, and its report on the Fresno dis-
trict may serve to show the nature of the development going
on in the San Joaquin counties. I quote from the Expositor' s
editorial :
"'There are 1,600 vineyardists in this county, the total
acreage of grapes is 49,068, the acreage in bearing is 22,280,
and the acreage in wine-grapes 5,908. The increase in the
Fruits^ Vegetables and General Interests. 23
acreage during the season of 1889-90 has been particularly
heavy, the planting to vines of tracts of from 250 to 1,000 acres
being quite a frequent occurence.'
f What is especially interesting to the home-seeker in con-
nection with this information is the fact that every one of
these vineyardists is prosperous. No other horticultural in-
dustry is so profitable as the culture of the raisin grape ; in no
other is the work so pleasant ; and no other yields a return so
quickly.
'<An acre of Muscat vines in full bearing will yield from two
to three tons of grapes, on good heavy soil; at 5)^ cents a
pound in the sweatbox, this means from $225 to $325 per acre,
gross. Numerous instances are known, however, where the
yield of an acre of Muscats amounted to as much as $450, this
being the result of careful cultivation and favorable circum-
stances. Some grapes are borne on the vines when they are
one-year old, while two-year olds have been known to bear a
crop. At three years the vines pay the expenses and interest
on the money invested, and at four years from planting they
bring the first large paying crop.
''An acre of wine grapes will yield from seven to nine
tons. These may be sold either wet or dried. The former
will sell at about $12 a ton, or from $85 to $100 for the yield
of an acre. Dried, the yield will shrink to from one and a-half
to two tons, which will bring $60 a ton. These figures are for
land that is of fair quality and which has received intelligent
cultivation. Some vineyards yield less and others more, so the
figures given are a fair average.
"■ Multiplying the 3^ield of an acre of grapes by the total num-
ber of acres in bearing, the value of its vineyards to Fresno
county at once becomes apparent. There is a difficulty, how-
ever, in striking an average for an acre of grapes for the pur-
pose of making this calculation, for the bearing vines are of all
ages and the difference in soil and methods of cultivation also
cut an important figure. Of the 28,000 acres in bearing, the
vines on about 20,000 must have attained their full growth by
this time. A very moderate estimate of the amount of money
to be gained from an acre of grapes is $200. This would bring
the total for the 20,000 acres to $4,000,000.
'' In about four years more the total acreage now in grapes,
49,086, will be in full bearing; multiplying this by $200, the
24 Annals of Horticulture.
value of an acre, the immense total of $9,817,200 is reached
for the entire grape crop of 1894 off the vines now planted.
''Of the 5,600,000 acres cf land comprising this county
(Fresno) at least a fourth may be classed as agricultural land.
Owing to the absence of water in sufficient quantities, however,
only one-third of this amount, or about 400,000 acres, is suit-
able for the culture of the grape. But these 400,000 are here
awaiting the coming of the enterprising capitalist and the in-
dustrious home seeker.
"The California horticulturist finds it hard to procure
laborers. The case was well stated by Mr. W. H. Mills, in
his State Fair address. He says : 'The vineyard owned by
Senator Stanford is the largest in the world. It covers 3,900
acres of bearing vines. It is operated under a single control,
and is the largest operation of its kind known. The statisti-
cal facts relating to it would be the equivalent of statistical
facts relating to thirty-nine vineyards of 100 acres each, and
the facts are as follows : Exclusive of any labor employed in
planting or grafting old vines, the operations of the vineyard
require the labor of 135 men for six months ; that is the
maximum requirement of the period of cultivation ; then
comes the vintage. This requires the steady employment of
500 men every part of two months, but for three weeks of
that period the demand will be for 700 men. For steady
annual employment, but 70 men are required. Here we
have a minimum of annual employment equal to 70 men,
for the period of cultivation 135 men, and a maximum during
the vintage of 700 men. The maximum is ten times the
minimum in this case. There are about 200,000 acres of
bearing vineyard in this state. Carrying the proportions de-
rived from an exhibit of the great vineyard into the entire
vineyards of the state, and the 200,000 acres of vineyard in
this state would give us annual employment for 3,500 men.
It will at once be seen that, if grape- growing was the sole in-
dustry of the state, the 3,500 men who would find in it steady
employment would be the only available labor for the vintage,
and they would be grossly inadequate. As has already been
shown, the vintage requires ten times as many men as the in-
dustry affords annual employment. It would be impossible to
have the labor of nine men available for a few months in the
vintage season for one man who might find steady employ-
Fruits, Vegetables and Ge?ieral hiterests, 25
ment. The value of a diversified industry comes into view,
and with the accession of population, industries become more
diversified.'
"In the leading fruit districts whole families 'camp out'
and gather fruit by contract. Japanese laborers are increasing
in numbers. Hundreds of girls and women are employed in
the canneries. At Fresno they are paid $1.75 a day. It is
certain, however, that there will be a scarcity of labor in a
few years more unless an unexpected increase in immigration
takes place. The lack of labor is the only doubtful feature
about the future of fruit growing. Many of the fruit growers,
it may be said, emplo}- Chinese, and wish that they could ob-
tain more.
<'One of the coming industries of the state is the growing
of winter vegetables for the eastern markets. The bean crop
of 1890 was 1,000,000 centals, but many farmers think that
the crop of winter cabbages, onions, potatoes, peas and simi-
lar products will be more important in a few years than even
the Lima bean fields of Ventura.
**A letter to the Salinas Index says : 'The enormous quan-
tity of potatoes per acre raised on the Buena Vista Ranch
this year is almost incredible. Several of the parties who
bought land there a little over a year ago, paying $100 per
acre, have raised this year upon the same upward of 200 sacks
per acre, and some as high as 300 sacks, and have sold them
on the ground at $1 to $1.25 per sack.' The winter fairs for
citrus fruits which have been held in Los Angeles, Riverside,
Pasadena, Oroville, Marysville, Sacramento and other cities of
northern and southern California are not less notable for their
winter vegetables and small fruits than for their oranges.
Beans, peas, red peppers, melons, tomatoes are exhibited at
these fairs as gathered from the open ground in January.
"A letter from Los Angeles in reference to winter cabbages
says : 'A good time to sow the seed is the latter part of Sep-
tember or the first part of October. A person should be gov-
erned by the time the land will be in condition to set the
plants, as regarding the time of planting the seed. The
plants should be from four to six inches high when trans-
planted, and allowed to grow from five to seven weeks from
the seed. To get the very best results in raising plants, the
A. H.— 3
26 Annals of Horticulture.
seed should be put in with a seed drill in rows from eight to
ten inches apart and not too thick. This year the cabbages
were cut so as to leave three or four of the bottom leaves to
keep the heads from bruising in the car, the cabbage being in
much better condition at destination than to have the head
stripped bare as formerly. The yield per acre in this part of
the country is from five to ten tons. The average price per
ton for the last four years has been from $13 to $14. The
best land to grow this vegetable is heavy corn soil.
' ' ' The principal points to which cabbages have been shipped
the past season from this part of the country are Denver,
Ogden. Kansas City, and different points in Minnesota, Mon-
tana, Oregon, Washington and Texas. Denver has been by
far the largest distributing point. Texas has also been a good
customer. The freight on cabbages in car-load lots has been
go cents per hundred pounds to Denver and Salt Lake City,
80 cents to Portland and ^i to Chicago, St. Louis, Kansas
City and St. Paul, and all points in Texas. The demand for
cabbages can be pretty accurately figured in November by
those who are posted in regard to the condition of the cab-
bage crop and the amount raised in the eastern states. The
principal point that California has to compete with in raising
fresh winter cabbages is Florida. Some years January and
February shipments bring the best price, while other years
April and May take the lead.'
''The horticultural meetings of 1890 showed increased
attendance, a very gratifying degree of success in fighting in-
sect pests, and a general advance in all that pertains to the
various departments of the industry. The State Board of
Horticulture was created by an act of 1883, and consists of
nine members, appointed by the Governor. It appoints a
salaried secretary, upon whom a great deal of work necessa-
rily falls, an inspector of insect pests, clerks, etc. The total
appropriation that it has for the fiscal year ending June
30th, i8gi, is ^12,500. Twenty-one counties have boards of
'county horticultural commissioners,' each with a salaried
secretary, and these boards meet in a yearly convention. B.
M. LeLong, the Secretary of the State Board, reports that
1,128 volumes of horticultural books are in the library. The
reports of the Board are considered very valuable abroad and
at home. They are large and expensively illustrated volumes,
Fruits^ Vegetables and General Interests^ 27
well edited and full of practical information upon the olive,
orange, lemon, prune, fig, cherry and other fruits, besides
horticultural machinery, California patents, and all the sub-
jects that belong to the industry. The ten thousand copies
printed of each report are almost immediately exhausted.
Last year many schools wanted a copy for each pupil, but
only one copy could be sent to each district.
'*The University has charge of five experiment stations.
Three of them are well established, one at Jackson, Amador
County, for the Sierra foothill region, one at Folsom, for the
alkali soils of the San Joaquin, and one at Paso Robles for the
Coast Range. The central or home station at Berkeley
hardly represents any typical climate. A new and very im-
portant station has now been commenced in the Chino Valley,
about midway between Chino and Pomona, and this is to be
chiefly a citrus and semi-tropic station. The Chino Valley
lies mostly in San Bernardino county, and represents a happy
medium between the coast and the interior climate. It is not
as famous for oranges as the superb citrus colonies of River-
side and Redlands, farther inland, but it offers many advan-
tages for experiment, and the planting of orchards and laying
out of gardens has already commenced there.
''The work that the California experiment stations have to
do is extremely varied. Not only fruits, but a great list of
economic and medicinal plants are tested, soils are constantly
analyzed, and the horticultural resources of the state are
mapped out in the rough by thousands of observations and in-
vestigations, which must continue for many years before their
full value is understood. A recent bulletin of Professor E.
W. Hilgard illustrates the extent of the field. It was a study
of ' the amounts removed from the soil by some of the chief
fruit crops, of nitrogen, potash, phosphoric acid and lime,
these being, according to all experience, the only ones of
which the replacement need ordinarily be considered in ferti-
lization.' These amounts, the report says, are expressed both
with reference to 1,000 pounds of fresh fruit and to what, ac-
cording to our best information, maybe assumed to be a 'fair
crop ' per acre. The latter figure is, of course, liable to great
variations and differences of opinion ; but by the aid of a little
arithmetic each one can calculate for himself the data suitable
to his own case or views. The crop assumed in the case of
28 - A7i7ials of Horticulture.
oranges is 325 boxes per acre of fifteen-year-old trees ; that of
grapes is intended to represent a mean between upland and
lowlands.
QUANTITIES OF SOIL INGREDIENTS WITHDRAWN BY VARIOUS FRUIT CROPS.
Total ash. Potash. Phos. acid. Nitrogen,
lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs.
Grapes, 1,000 lbs 8.8 5.0 1.52 1.70
Crop of 10,000 lbs. per acre 50.0 1520 17.00
Oranges, seedless, per 1,000 lbs 6.07 2.78 .67 2.69
Crop of 20,000 lbs. per acre 55-6o 13.40 53-8o
Pears, 1,000 lbs 3.3 1.8 .5 .6
Crop of 20,000 Ids. per acre 36. 10. 12.
Plums, 1,000 lbs 2.9 1.72 44. 4.2
Crop of 30,000 lbs. per acre 51.60 13.20 167.7
Apples, 1,000 lbs 2.2 .80 .03 .6
Crop of 20,000 lbs. per acre 16.00 6.00 12.0
''The drift of all experiments shows that lime and potash
are usually abundant in California soils but that nitrogen and
phosphoric acid are scarce. When the report alluded to was
published, it aroused immediate discussion in newspapers,
granges and horticultural meetings over the state. The need
of the application of fertilizers was universally acknowledged.
The University reports have gradually educated the public,
and the 'scientific farmer ' is not so rare a creature as he was
a decade ago."
Washington. Attention has been directed of late to the
remarkable horticultural resources of some parts of Oregon
and Washington. It appears that the region lying about the
Straits of Juan de Fuca, in the extreme northwestern corner
of our territory, possesses adaptabilities to fruit-growing of
an unusual character. The following correspondence upon
fruit-growing upon Orcas Island, by Rev. S. R. S. Gra\^,
which originally appeared in the Seattle Post-Intellige7icer,
indicates the possibilities of the region :
"The Japanese current exercises a profound influence upon
western Washington, where, entering through the grand chan-
nels called the Straits of Juan de Fuca and the Gulf of
Georgia, it penetrates by sounds, by canals, by reaches, natural
harbors and vast bays, gulfs and channels far into the body
of land lying west of the Cascade range and east of the
Olympic range, so that thousands of square miles of agricul-
tural lands are influenced. Lying in that vast waterway
Fruits^ Vegetables and General hiterests. 29
where the waters of the Gulf of Georgia and the Straits of
Juan de Fuca unite, in what is called the Archipelago de
Haro, is an island which, not only favored by climate, has
also great natural advantages for fruit and vegetable culture,
surpassing any other part of western Washington. Situate
partly in the cretaceous and partly in the lower silurian
epochs, it has a soil rich in lime and phosphates, made in
great part by the gradual erosion or decretion of the moun-
tain slopes. Orcas island, named by the Spaniards, is the
most favored of all the islands in the archipelago, or even of
those lying outside to the west, east and south. Mountains
rise on all sides, sheltering and warming by reflected heat
the valleys and rolling lands between them. The sides of
these mountains will some day be terraced and the grape be
cultivated ; and on higher slopes the peach and apple will find
a soil and exposure which will produce the richest results.
In every part of the island streams and natural springs abound
— plentiful for irrigation of the whole of the 28,000 acres
of bottom and valley lands. The soil, which varies from rich,
black clay loams to red and brown sand loams, is everywhere
underlaid at a depth of from eighteen inches to four feet with
a good clay subsoil. The prune and the pear find their
natural homes in the clay and heavy black loams, and the
gravel and boulder lands produce those superb apples and
peaches for which the island is famous. A well drained clay
subsoil, other things being equal, will always produce finer re-
sults than any other kind. The richness of the soil above is
never leached and wasted, as in those lands where the sub-
soil is of sand or gravel. Draining is very easily accom-
plished, as the lands are all rolling, and while so many ditches
are not required, those that are properly put in do more and
better work than where the land is level. Most of the drain-
ing has been done, so far, with cedar, or carefully constructed
rock work, but tile will probably, in the near future, take the
place of this rougher method. There has been a steady ad-
vancement in prices of lands for the past three years. To-
day uncleared ten and twenty-acre tracts bring an3^where from
$20 to $100 per acre, according to location, and cleared and
cultivated lands from $60 to $400 per acre, the higher prices
being obtained in the village, at the head of East Sound.
"The fruits raised for market are apples, apricots, pears,
30 Annals of Hoj'ticiilture.
peaches, prunes, plums, strawberries, blackberries, and other
small fruits. The principal vegetables raised are cauliflower,
celery, cabbage, tomato, squash, pumpkin, and potato.
Grapes of certain kinds, and canteloupe melons have also been
successfully raised. Green corn is also a paying crop. It is
a well-known fact amongst fruit-growers that the late varieties
of apples pay much better than early ones, but many like to
grow some early and fall varieties for market and they pay re-
markably well at a net price of 75 cents per bushel. The Red
Astrachan, which in some localities becomes a striped apple,
is a good annual and early variety. But Williams' Early Fa-
vorite, a very dark crimson and juicy apple, is probably the
best variety grown. Later the Gravenstein takes the first
rank as an early fall variety. It is a fine golden apple with
red stripes in the sun, very juicy, with a mild, subdued flavor,
of a large or medium size. It brings 75 cents to ^i a bushel,
net. The Twenty-Ounce apple is the next variety of an}^ great
value. It is a large, boldly striped apple of second-rate quali-
ties, but as it yields enormous crops every year it is much
cultivated. About 3,000 boxes of this apple were shipped this
year from East Sound alone, and brought an average price of
80 cents. The next varieties of any great value are Blue
Pearmain, a large, purplish apple, with a fine bloom, aro-
matic, but generally of a second-class order ; the Tompkins
King, a large, brilliant scarlet apple of first quahty, of which
there was an enormous yield this year, bringing from $\ to
$1.25 net, and those held to Christmas this year will probably
bring nearly double ; Canada Reinette, Blenheim (erroneously
called the Dutch Mignonne), Fallawater, Paradise Winter
Sweet, Ben Davis, Jersey Black, Rhode Island Greening, Gil-
pin (erroneously called Vandevere), Monstrous or Gloria
Mundi, a fine cooking apple,- Fall Pippin (erroneously called
the Golden Ball), and the Yellow Belleflower, a fine and most
profitable apple. After these come the longest keepers : the
Lansingburg, a small green inferior apple, which yields
heavily, and as it keeps till April, a very profitable variety ;
Peck's Pleasant, Monmouth, English Russet, Golden Russet,
Ortley, a small medium sweet, green apple similar to the Lan-
singburg and locally called the Imperial, which yields heavily
every year and keeps till April, and the Belmont, a good
apple, but not as valuable as Monmouth or Peck's Pleasant.
Fruits, Vegetables and General Interests. 31
Several other varieties are grown in smaller quantities and
are doing well. Cole's Quince, an early variety, American
Golden, and Grimes' Golden, are fall varieties and very valu-
able (the two last will probably be grown in great numbers) ;
the Baldwin, Esopus Spitzenberg, Jonathan, Yellow New-
town, Fameuse, Maiden's Blush and Ribston, are also popu-
lar. Other varieties are being tried, such as the Mcintosh
Red, Ronianite, Autumn Strawberry and Northern Spy. The
best apple orchards on the island will yield this year about
$500 to the acre. An average income can be obtained of
about $300 in ten-year-old orchards. But this amount could
be doubled and trebled if fruit-growers would follow Barry's
advice, which is practiced all through Europe, of growing
dwarf and semi-dwarf trees among the standards for the first
twelve 3^ears.
''Pears are very profitable, but require a more thorough
culture than has yet been given. And if this fruit were grown
in pyramids, as well as standards, every acre would yield one
hundred times as much as at present. The Bartlett, whilst
not as large as the Bartlett of California, is much more lus-
cious and more highly flavored. The Seckel, Onondaga, Gray
Doyenne, Vicar, Anjou, Giffard, Flemish Beauty, Louise
Bonne, and many other varieties are grown with great success,
but perhaps the Bartlett and the winter pears pay best. They
bring from $2 to $4 per bushel, and are sold in half bushel
boxes.
''The prune industry gives promise of rivalling, if not of
outstripping, the apple culture. The Fellenberg, commonly
called Italian, gives promise of being the most valuable va-
riety. The yield is simply enormous, averaging $400 per
acre in 7-year-old plantations. The German prune, which,
on good black loam, also yields very largely and is a most
valuable variety for drying, seems not to have grown into
favor so far. The Prune d'Agen is left to California growers,
being considered too small. The Silver prune in this locality
is often confounded with Coe's Golden Drop, which it resem-
bles only in color. The true Silver prune, the St. Catherine
plum, is a ver}^ valuable variety and it is extensively grown in
Belgium ; It is smaller than Coe's Golden Drop, slightly larger
than the Prune d'Agen, broad at the base, and upon turning
the plum so that the suture is hidden, it is seen that the right
32 Annals of Horticulttire .
lobe is longer. There are about 10,000 acres suitable for
prune and pear culture on the island.
''Cherries are an excellent and paying crop. But of the
varieties grown, the Black Republican, the proper name of
which is Llewellyn (an Oregon seedling), the Napoleon Bigar-
reau (erroneously called the Royal Arm), Murillo, Sparhawk,
Governor Wood and the Bigarreau are the most valuable va-
rieties. The Moorpark is the only apricot in bearing, but
other varieties are being grown. This fruit, if well cultivated
and severely pruned, will be one of the best paying fruits
grown. Peaches are a proved success, the early and late
Crawfords taking the lead. The Fidalgo, Waterloo, Troth's
Early and Alexander all yield abundant crops. Strawberries
are extensively grown, and do exceedingly well, yielding from
$500 to $1,000 per acre. The principal varieties are the
Sharpless, Crescent, Jucunda, Wilson and Manchester.
Blackberries, of which fruit only the Lawton is grown, yield
as high as $800 per acre.
''There are about 28,000 acres of good fruit land on the
island, without counting the mountain slopes which will be
terraced and utilized also. Less than one twenty-eighth part
of this is now in use. But the population is rapidly increas-
ing, and one, five, ten and twenty acre tracts are being sold in
every direction-. During the past year over 1,000 acres have
changed hands in tracts of various sizes in the village of East
Sound alone, and over $75,000 worth of fruit lands have been
sold on the island. There is no reason why the island should
not in years to come be as densely populated as the Island of
Jersey, which is rather smaller in area than Orcas, but which
by fruit and vegetable culture has built up a city of over
60,000 people, as well as an immense rural population."
Fi'uit culture in Mexico has been brought into prominent no-
tice during the year through the discussions upon the tariff.
Orange growers fear serious competition from this source.
To determine somewhat of the extent of the fruit industry and
possibities in Mexico, I have invited A. V. Temple, of
Guanajuato, who is well acquainted with the country, to ex-
press his opinions :
" The result of my experiences with American fruits in the
state of Guanajuato is as follows :
"Apples, peaches, apricots, nectarines and cherries im-
Fruits^ Vegetables and Ge7ieral hitefrsts, 33
ported from California do not do well, partly on account of
there being no cold season to give the trees a rest, and partly
because of the long dry season, succeeded by heavy, drench-
ing rains. The trees grow in a sickly fashion for two or three
years, and then become subject to various diseases and die.
I have experimented with some five or six hundred trees of
the above mentioned species, including some of the more
prominent kinds, but uniformly with unsatisfactory results.
The apricot trees are subject to a disease of the roots, which
swell, and appear to be affected by some sort of fungus. The
more vigorous the tree, the more it is subject to this disease.
I now have under cultivation Bartlett and Seckel pears, and a
few specimens of other varieties. They appear to be doing
fairly well, and I judge they will be successful. Japanese per-
simmons also are doing quite well.
''I have under cultivation about 15,000 grape vines, mostly
imported from California. These vines are doing well, in fact,
quite as well as in California. The thicker-skinned and dark-
fruited varieties appear to do the best, but as the fruit ripens
mostly in the rainy season, we cannot count on a crop as
surely as in California, for the hail storms and the periodical
rains injure the fruit, and produce rot; but I think the crop
will be as sure as the grape crop in New York, which is more
or less subject to storms. The varieties known as Isabella,
American, Concord, etc., do not do well in this country.
They grow in a feeble, disheartened manner, and so far my
own have produced no fruit.
''American horticulturists need fear no competition from
American fruits grown in the central mesa of Mexico — that is
to sa}^ in the great plain from 4,000 to 6,000 feet above the
sea. But the competition that American horticulturists will
have to meet from this country is from the native fruits, which
grow in great perfection. I mean the sub-tropical fruits, such
as guavas, cherimoyas*, aguacatesf and sweet limes. These
are apparently subject to no special diseases, the trees grow
vigorously, and the fruit ripens to perfection. The fruit is
also better flavored than that grown on the coast, or in the
immediate neighborhood of the sea.
"The one element that will prevent a rapid extension of
*Anona Cherimolia. fPersea gratissima.
34 Annals of Horticulture.
this industry is that all these trees are of very slow growth,
requiring from eight to twelve years to come to full bearing,
and as the number of trees now under cultivation is small, be-
ing confined to the local consumption, it will be many years
before there will be any quantity of fruit for exportation.
Fruit cultivation as an industry by itself is almost unknown
in this country, the fruit trees being found mostly in the gar-
dens connected with large haciendas, and 1 know of no fruit
farm in the republic. The railroad communications with
Texas and Kansas, and the exportation of coast oranges by
rail through the central mesa is beginning to open the eyes of
the hacendados to the importance of this branch of agricul-
ture, and in a number of places trees are being set out, but as
I stated before, it will be many years before they are in bear-
ing. There are also a number of large vineyards, mostly of
California varieties of grapes, being set out with a view to
the manufacture of wine for home consumption. Mexico will
never be able to export grapes to the United States in my
opinion, but I think before many 3'ears the importation of
grapes and wine from the States to Mexico will cease. The
most serious competition from Mexico will come from the
orange trade from the coast states.
" The haciendas with their orchards are entirely owned by
Mexicans and Spaniards. The only American representatives
of horticulture in this country that it has been my pleasure to
meet, are the drummers for the nurseries, who travel through
the country with their picture-books in hand, and specimens
of fruit, but even they are not as well received nor doing as
good a business as a few years since. Last season about
2,500,000 cuttings of California grapes were imported, and
from Spain also quite a number. The California grapes have
so far given better results here than those imported directly
from Spain. American strawberries which I have experi-
mented with do not do as well as the native berry, on account
of the vines being more susceptible to drouth ; the American
berry is finer flavored and larger, but requires constant irriga-
tion, whereas the native berry needs less water."
§ 2. ORNAMENTALS.
The ornamental gardening of the country is very rapidly
undergoing a change, particularly in its application to home
or private grounds. The formal and purely conventional
features of ornamentation are giving place to the freer use of
hardy perennials and native plants. Carpet bedding appears
to have passed its zenith, or certainly to have reached it.
The interest in native plants has never been so great as now ;
and it therefore appears to be an opportune time to compile
some statistics of the cultivated plants of our flora, which I
have attempted to do in a later part of this volume. Many
of the so-called old-fashioned plants are coming again into
favor, at least in their improved forms. All this indicates an
evolution in taste which must be abiding.
The national flower discussion, which was so wide-spread dur-
ing i88g, has greatl}^ subsided. The California State Floral So-
ciety, at its December meeting, 1890, chose the eschscholtzia as
the state flower, but beyond this no definite action has been
taken by state organizations. The Superintendent of Public
Instruction of New York obtained the votes of the school chil-
dren of the state, with the following result : Golden-rod, 81,308
votes; rose, 79,666; ox-eye daisy, 33,603; violet, 31,176;
pansy, 21,202; lily, 16,438; lily of the valley, 11,626; trailing
arbutus, 7,888; buttercup, 6,127.
The interest in flowers is spreading rapidly, especially in
the older portions of the country, and flower shows have
never been so numerous and never more successful- than
during 1890. Exhibitions in the large cities are now patron-
ized to such an extent as often to make even the most elab-
orate of them self-supporting. Several shows of unusual
merit were held during the year. The most notable was that
held under the auspices of the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society upon the occasion of the meeting of the Society of
American Florists. The practice of holding flower shows
has extended to many small cities all over the land.
(35)
36 Anjials of Horticulture.
The Chrysantheimwi appears to have received greater atten-
tion during the year than any other plant, both with profes-
sional florists and amateurs. No plant combines so many
attractive qualities, as extreme variations in form, color and
habit, and ease of cultivation and adaptability to exhibition
purposes. Numbers of chrysanthemum exhibitions were held
during the fall of 1890, and without exception, apparently,
they were successful, and tended to still further popularize
the flower. The following notes upon the chrysanthemum
for 1890, have been made for me by B. M. Watson, Jr., of
Harvard University :
"The chrysanthemum season just passed has been an in-
teresting one. Never before have we had such an abundance
of good bloom ; the trade in cut-flowers has been satisfac-
tory, and the attendance at the various shows has been
greater than ever. While a large number of seedlings have
been brought forward, and while they show good variety in
form and color, we have no such additions to record as have
marked the two preceding years ; for instance, nothing has
been shown which approaches the Neesima collection. It is
noticeable that in many cases the still older sorts have held
their own against the newer introductions. The production
of seedlings is likely to continue, however, for some time.
This is undoubtedly a most interesting feature of the cultiva-
tion to most growers, and we shall probably get improve-
ments in different directions ; but new sorts will be more
critically examined by the gardener, and only those showing
some decided advance are likely to attract much attention.
It seems as if we had at present almost a sufficient variety in
form and color, and that the desideratum now is in the line
of good, marketable kinds. The gardener's interest in the
shows has centered more in cultural improvements than in
new varieties.
' ' The demand for flowers up to this year has been largely for
yellows and whites, and these have been grown to the exclu-
sion of most others, by many of the larger growers. This
year, with the introduction in greater quantities of finely
grown flowers, there has been a call for more variety, and
willingness has been shown to pay roundly for them. The
trade in large flowers has been unsurpassed, and it looks
rather as if these alone were to be the chrysanthemums of
Ornamentals. 37
the future. It seems, however, that there are two other
lines worth experimenting in, viz., the production of hand-
some and typical sprays, say of three flowers each, and, sec-
ondly, paying^ more attention to growing plants suitable for
house decoration.
''It will not be easy for the commercial grower to bring
himself to the point of view which makes anything but the
biggest best. This is shown in the roses of the day, and, it
may be, the people who buy the flowers like the monstrosities
as well as the florist. There are signs in the air, however, that
a reaction may set in, and that the criterion of a well grown
flower will not always be size entirely. Even if size is re-
quired, a good showing can still be obtained by growing in
a more natural way. The cluster of three is natural to the
chrysanthemum, and if as carefully handled as in the one-
flowered system, there seems no reason to doubt that suf-
ficient size can be obtained, while a more characteristic effect
would be given ; the idea that chrysanthemums should be
bought, like cabbages, by the pound, would be abolished.
The long stems and fine foliage could easily be kept. Some
experiments would be needed to find out the varieties best
suited to this method of growing. Cut flowers so grown
might not at once commend themselves to the mass of
buyers.
"In regard to potted plants being offered for sale in quan-
tities, there are some difficulties in the way ; chiefly, because
as compared with cut flowers, plants are cumbersome to
handle not only in shipping but in distribution, and there is
is as yet, in our market at least, no decided demand for grow-
ing plants of any kind. The chrysanthemum is a good one
to begin with ; it seems in every respect a plant to be used as
a whole, and is never so attractive as when of moderate size,
and without that excessive staking which increases the na-
tural stiffness of all the compositae ; a plant can be grown so
that it will- be well developed in every part, and yet not re-
quire the support of a stake for each individual flower as well
as stem, nor need these stakes be arranged with too much
firmness. Plants in six and seven inch pots would not be
expensive to handle ; they could be put on the market with
good profit to grower and shopman, and become an important
feature in the trade. A well grown plant fairly in flower, the
38 Annals of Horticidinre.
centers of the principal flowers just unrolling, will last in an
ordinary living room in good condition from two to four
weeks, with not nearly so much care as would be required
to keep cut flowers one half this time ; a single plant, or a group
is more effective than an equally costly arrangement of blos-
soms. The autumn shows have demonstrated how kindly
chrysanthemums blend with most foliage plants, palms, ferns,,
cycads, ficus, etc. Where such a collection is kept, nothing
better can be found to add to the interest of flowers during
the fall and early winter months, and no better background
could be desired to exhibit at its best the plant under consid-
eration. It may be doubtful if a great demand will arise
for flowering plants for these purposes, but the effort to intro-
duce them is worth considering ; the result cannot be deter-
• mined until they are marketed in larger quantities and in bet-
ter condition than they have yet appeared.
'' One good feature of this season's shows has been the
more uniform excellence of the cut flowers ; last year, there
were a few growers who staged specimens far above the aver-
age ; this year, there has been greater equality in this respect,
and for large and well colored flowers, the rank and file of
the gardeners have taken up the running, and pushed the
leaders hard. The size of the blooms is immense, and is
largely owing to the fact that for cut-flowers the plants are
grown in beds, sometimes made on the floor of the house,
where the piping allows this arrangement, sometimes on
benches where carnations or other things can follow. More
even conditions of moisture are by this method obtained and
richer soil and more liquid manure are used. When possible,
the glass is removed during the summer months. A plant
carries from one to four flowers, and it is hardly necessary to
say that disbudding is required. Another noteworthy point
is, that many of the older sorts hold their own against the
more recent introductions ; Jardindes Plantes and Fair Maid
of Guernsey are good examples of this. Mrs. C. H.
Wheeler, Cullingfordi, Edwin Molyneux, Comte de Ger-
miny, Grandiflorum, are also successful competitors against
the newcomers and the Neesima is one likely to keep its
place for sometime. It takes a little time to get the knack of
doing one's best with a new variety, so we cannot fairly make
comparisons as yet with last year's seedlings. Mrs. Alpheus
Oriiamentals. 39
Hardy has been exhibited this year not only in fine flowers,
but also in some remarkably fine plants, showing that with
proper care it can be grown satisfactorily. It is said, too;
that it has proved a good money winner to the florists. Louis
Boehmer, the pink ostrich plume, has been shown occasion-
ally, but the color is not bright enough to make it very inter-
esting ; this is possibly owing to the distance it had
travelled. Another hairy flower, this time of tubular form,
has appeared in Lalla Rookh, a bronze or cinnamon-brown,
which, although of not much character, may prove of use for
breeding purposes. Others of this class are reported, but
have not yet been exhibited.
'' Belle Hickey, W. H. Lincoln, Kioto, Neesima and
Lilian B. Bird are all favorites of the practical florists, while
Mrs. Fottler, although of fine form and color, has the repu-
tation of not carrying well ; this is said too of Mrs. Langtry,
one of the purest of whites, of large size and a good grower.
Domination and Robt. Bottomley have been sent to market in
excellent condition, but there is an opportunity here for im-
provement in shipping qualifications. From Philadelphia,
Mrs. Bullock and Miss L. Canning come highly commended
as marketable whites. E. G. Hill, yellow with purplish
shading, is unique, and a flower of great substance. John
Thorpe has no rival in its peculiar color, deep lake, unless
it be in the seedling Mr. John Thorpe offers the present
year, described as being of the color of a Jacqueminot rose.
Ethel, Elaine, Christmas Eve and Gloriosum still please some
large growers, even if they no longer make much showing
at the exhibitions. Thunberg, yellow, seems a very satisfac-
tory late bloomer and is certainly a fine flower, truly Japanese.
The pale yellow tinge of the interior petals, free habit of
growth and flowering will always make Moonlight a favorite.
Among pinks should be mentioned, although none are of re-
cent introduction. Bouquet Fait, Flamboyant, Belle Paule and
Mad. C. Audiguier as being excellent and well worth growing.
Marvel, white with a bright maroon center, is very distinct.
Canon Farrar, white, tinged with pink at the base of the
petals, and Mrs. Anthony Waterer, of great size, white with
a blush tint, might be added ; these last three are compara-
tively new.
''Among anemone-flowered chrysanthemums, Emily,
40 Annals of Horticulture.
pink, with delicate yellow center ; Sabine, white, with a pale
yellow center ; Mrs. Gane, an early white ; Mrs. R. Owen, also
white and of good size ; Nelson, a large dull red ; Mrs. M.
Russell, yellow, and Bessie Pitcher, rose with a lighter center,
seem desirable and worthy of more general cultivation ; some
of them when grown for single flowers make fine specimens
and give a pleasing variety. Something too should be said
for the Pompons, but so few are to be found that a select list
would be hard to make. It seems a pity that such an interest-
ing class should be so entirely overshadowed by the Japanese ;
the profusion of flowers and their bright and natty appear-
ance more than make up for what is lacking in size. It is
not profitable to extend any list of these flowers, although
it is difficult to pass by many favorites ; every gardener
will have his own successes and failures. What can be well
grown in one place is not always satisfactory in another.
' ' There remains to be said a few words about insects. With
the more extensive and elaborate cultivation, as would be
expected, there have appeared several new pests, the most
injurious of which attack the plant while growing out-doors,
both in field culture and in pots. In many places, the plants
have been greatly damaged, and in some cases practically
destroyed during the past season by what appeared to be
a very small fly. The trouble begins soon after the plants
have been put in their summer quarters, but does not become
evident until they have attained some size ; then it will be
seen that there is a marked failure in the growing points ;
growth is stopped, and when new growth begins, it is again
stopped ; and so on until the vigor of the plant is destroyed.
This is probably caused by a leaf-hopper, but it is quite possible
that other insects may help. These insects are described with
care, and figured by J. G. Jack, of the Arnold Arboretum, in
Garden and Forest, Vol. iii. No. 133, page 439, and remedies
are suggested. It is doubtful whether this trouble is wide-
spread, but when it comes it seems to stay and increase.
When plants are grown under glass, the insects do not
appear in sufficient numbers to do harm, and it is certainly a
cure to lift and bring in the plants. Fumigation will drive
the insects from the greenhouse if it does not destroy them.
The mere work of lifting and potting in some cases seems to
drive them away. Mr. Jack advises spraying with a kerosene
Orjiamentals. 41
emulsion, or with pyrethrum powder. Apparently the leaf-
hopper must be taken on the wing to kill ; this is not easy to
do, and makes constant repetitions necessary. Everyone
who is troubled in this way should consult the article named.
The so-called chrysanthemum fly, a much larger insect, is a
cause of complaint in some quarters. The damage is done
by the droppings discoloring the petals, mainly in white or
light colored kinds ; the harm is very slight and probably
some easy plan of getting rid of this fly could be devised.
Hand-picking would not be difficult. A leaf-borer which has
appeared on the French marguerite {Chrysanthemum friites-
cens), seems more alarming. Tobacco fumigation seems to
hold in check the fly which lays the eggs of the maggots ;
affected leaves should be destroyed."
The roses of the year are treated for me by E. G. Hill, of Rich-
mond, Indiana: "The various rose firms of Britain and the
continent have displayed their usual fertility of resource in
putting upon the market over one hundred new roses, most
of them seedlings. Of this great number probably ten or
twelve will be found useful as bedders in our own country,
while if even one tea variety proves a good forcing rose of
pleasing color, good form and substance, and distinct from
existing sorts, it will be given a hearty welcome by florists at
large, and in another season or two will be found in all the
leading cut-flower stores. Of the different classes of new
roses sent out, our American growers usually concentrate their
attention first on the teas and hybrid teas, in which we
always find our most useful roses. The climbing teas being
tender, are of little use except in those limited sections where
the thermometer registers but a few degrees of frost ; the
hybrid perpetuals, though representing the highest ideal of a
perfect rose, are not so popular as the everbloomers, from the
fact that they flower but once in the season, and also that
they require from two to four years to become established.
Bengals and bourbons at the present time attract scarcely a
passing notice. The polyanthas are gaining in popularity as
the years pass, and little wonder, for such hardy, flower-
covered bushes as Mignonette and Gloire des Polyanthas can
not fail of popular appreciation. Clotilde Soupert, while
showing rather too many of the traits of the tea family to be
42 An?ials of Horticulture.
as distinctly a polyantha as we might wish, is a great addition
to our lists, and is destined to become as great a favorite as
Hermosa, if only it proves as hardy as that sturdy sort.
" The best new teas of the year are these :
''Duchess Marie Salviata. \Soupert 6^ Netting.^ A strong,
vigorous grower ; flower large and double from long pointed
buds. Color a fine chrome orange, with shadings of rosy flesh,
the center pure saffron ; sweet violet scented ; the raisers claim
this to be a good forcer. It is a cross between Mme. Lambard
and M. Kuppenheim.
' 'Jeanne Guillaumez. {^Bonnaire. ) A very vigorous grower ;
flower large and double, of good form, with beautiful long
buds. Color clear red, touched with salmon ; center coppery
red, with pale silvery shadings. Received first-class certifi-
cate from the Lyons Horticultural Society.
"Gustave Nadaud. {Soupert d^ Nottiiig.^ A free branch-
ing grower, with large double flowers ; the outside petals are
large and rounded, giving it an exquisite cup shape. Color
vermilion, with clear touches of carmine lake and soft pink
center. (yMvie. Lambard and Safrano. )
"J. B. Varrone. {Gnillot.) A fine grower; flower large
and very double, with high center opening from long buds.
Color soft china rose, changing to a bright deep carmine of even
shading ; an extra good rose, and very sweet ; extremely
variable in color, ranging all the way from soft flesh pink to
deep china rose, with varying conditions of temperature.
"Mme. Marthe du Bourg. {Bernaix.') One of the finest
of the new roses. The habit and foliage are beautiful, denot-
ing a ready grower ; the flower is large, perfectly double, and
of beautiful form ; the outer petals recurve at the edges,
showing a beautiful pointed center ; the color is creamy
white, touched with carmine or pale heliotrope on the edges;
texture heavy. A very promising rose.
"The best hybrid teas are as follows :
"Bona Weillshott. (^Soupert 6^ Nottmg.') A very strong
grower ; flower large and double, and of the centifolia form.
Color rosy vermilion, with center of orange red ; very sweet.
{^Goubault and M. Batiniami.)
"Mme. de la Collogue. {A. Levet.) Bright rose color;
large, double, and of perfect form. A vigorous grower.
Ornamentals. 43
'*Mme. H. Montefiore. {Soupert & Notting.) ri strong
grower ; flowers large, double and quartered. Color white,
marbled soft flesh, with center of chrome or ochre yellow.
"Augustine Guinoisseau or White La France. An exquis-
ite sport from La France, not white at all, but very much
lighter than the parent ; will probably be very widely grown
in this country.
"The hybrid perpetuals of value are:
' ' Gustave Piganeau. {Perftet-Ducher. ) Flowers extra large,
equaling Paul Neyron in size, double and of cup form. Color
a beautiful shade of red and brilliant carmine. Received
four medals, and was illustrated in the Joiir7ial des Roses.
"Laforcade. Color brilliant carmine-red; flowers large
and quite double ; a strong grower. A variety of the very
highest order.
"Mme. Renah}^ (^Guillot.) Flower large, double, and of
fine globular form ; color rosy carmine, with brighter center ;
reverse of petal soft silvery heliotrope. Very sweet and very
free.
"Lady Arthur Hill. {Dickso?i.~) A most vigorous grower,
with flowers of the largest size, double, and finely formed.
Color fine silvery rose of most pleasing shade. Seedling from
Beauty of Waltham. Extra good.
"Roi de Suede. {Soupert 6^ JVottmg.) One of the very
darkest of hybrid perpetuals, with touches of brown in the
shadings ; very velvety in texture; a very distinct variety.
"Two new American teas are promising:
"Waban or Red Mermet. Catherine Mermet is a magnifi-
cent tea rose and universally admired ; and its sports, so far,
are keeping up the family reputation, judging by The Bride,
our finest white, and now Waban, which is a Mermet of deep
rose color, and the same splendid rounded form. As there
can be no question as to its forcing qualities, and as it does
not turn pale in dark weather, it will doubtless prove a great
acquisition.
"Rainbow* hails from California, a sport from Papa Gon-
tier ; it might be described, in short, as a light pink Gontier
striped and variegated with the true Gontier red ; it has
created great interest in the west, where it has been shown
in fine shape."
* Annals Hort., 1889, 104.
44 Aniials of Horticulture.
Foreign roses. — American rose growers draw so largely upon
European es-tablishments that any account of the roses of
1890 must be very incomplete without some account of foreign
novelties. The following two papers appear to be judicial in
their estimates, and are likely to prove useful to our culti-
vators.
The following list of the novelties of i8go was compiled by
the editors of the Journal des Roses. The varieties are mostly
of French origin, and the originator's description is given with
each :
^'Guillot & Sons, 27 Chemin des Pins, Lyon-Guillotiere, in-
troduced three seedling varieties :
"Mademoiselle Christine de Noue (tea). The plant is vig-
orous and flowers abundantl}^ The flowers are very large,
double, well formed and gracefully borne. The outer petals
are imbricated, of a deep red-purple maroon color ; those of
the center are straighter, lake rose and light purple in color,
blended with a beautiful silvery white ; very fragrant.
"Miss Wenn (tea). Plant vigorous; flower large, double,
well formed and china rose in color ; a free-blooming va-
riety.
"Madame la Comtesse de Bouchaud (noisette). Plant
very vigorous and branching ; buds long, ilower very large,
double, well formed ; internally the petals are yellow saffron
in color, externally yellowish-white.
"Three new roses are introduced by Joseph Bonnaire, 6
Chemin des H^rideaux, Lyons :
"Souvenir de Madame. Sablayrolles (tea). Plant very
vigorous ; the branches are upright and covered with beauti-
ful dark green foliage. The peduncle is very strong, and the
flower is large, double, spherical, almost always solitary. Its
color is apricot-rose blended with yellow, the edges of the
petals being bordered with carmine, which passes into a white
cream. This is an excellent variety for cut flowers. It is a
cross of Devoniensis and Souvenir d'Elisa Vardon.
" Elisa Fugier (tea). Plant very vigorous, branches
straight and somewhat erect ; it is a variety closely related to
Niphetos, but its habit is much superior ; it does not drop its
foliage, and its leaves are more abundant and always green.
The buds are very long ; flowers very large and double, and
pure white except at the center, which is clear light yellow,
Orna7nentals . 45
and the external surface of the petals, which is tinged with
rose. It is exceedingly floriferous, very good for cut flowers,
and is very hardy. It is a cross of an unknown variety with
Niphetos.
''Henri Brichard (hybrid tea). The plant is very vigor-
ous, the branches straight and erect, foliage large, dark
bronze-green in color. The flower is large, very double and
supported on a firm peduncle. Its color is pure white at the
borders, the interior being bright red-carmine, shaded with
rose-salmon. The flowers are produced abundantly and con-
tinuously.
"The firm of KettenBros., of Luxembourg, introduced three
seedling varieties :
"Astra (hybrid tea). Flower rose-carnation, sometimes
lighter at the borders of the petals, large, double, cup-shaped
and solitary. The plant is of medium vigor and very flori-
ferous.
" Chloris (hybrid tea). Flowers clear crimson-purple,
very large, very double, very fragrant. Plant of medium
vigor and very floriferous.
"Anna Scharsach (hybrid remontant). Flower clear rose,
at the center often bright purple ; large, double, cup-shaped.
Plant very vigorous and hardy. A cross between Baronne A.
de Rothschild and Madame Lauriol de Barny.
' ' The following varieties were introduced by Messrs. Soupert
and Notting, Luxembourg :
" Princesse de Sarsina (tea). Plant vigorous; flower
large, double and of beautiful form. The ground color is
clear yellow, shaded with a light rose ; the center is apricot-
yellow, tinged with vermilion. The flower is fragrant and
blossoms in the fall. It is a cross of Madame Lambard and
Sulfureux.
" Comtesse de Vitzthum (tea). Plant vigorous; flower
large, double, perfect in form. The external petals are light
yellow, the center is a brilliant Naples-j^ellow ; very flor-
iferous. This variety may be particularly recommended for
grouping. It is a cross of Adele Jourgant and Perle des
Jardins.
" Gribaldo Nicola (tea). Plant very vigorous, climbing.
Foliage broad, large and glossy. Flower very large, very
double and of the same form as Souvenir de la Malmaison.
4.6 Annals of Horticulture.
Color silvery-white on a rose ground color, the center shaded
with a nankeen-yellow, the under side of the petals being
Isabelle rose ; very fragrant. Cross between Bouquet d'Or
and Sylphide.
''Charles de Franciosi (tea). Plant vigorous ; buds long,
well formed and orange-red in color. Flower large, double,
broad, in the form of a rosette. The color is a chrome-yellow,
shaded with a soft salmon-yellow. The exterior petals are
lightly tinged with rose. This variety is particularly good
for forcing in winter. Cross of Sylphide and Crombez.
''Comtesse Eva Starhemberg (tea). Plant vigorous and
of good carriage ; flower large, double and of perfect form ;
buds elongated, petals firm and broad ; color a yellow-cream,
the center being chrome-ochre, and the edges of the external
petals tinged with a light rose. Cross of Etendard de Jeanne
d'Arc and Sylphide.
"Joseph Degueld (hybrid remontant). Plant vigorous
and straight ; flowers large and double, having the exterior
petals imbricated ; color a brilliant lake-carmine blended with
vermilion, the under side of the petals blood-red ; very fra-
grant. A cross of Duhamel du Monceau and Charles Mar-
gottin.
''Mr. Moreau-Robert, Chemin de la Treille, near Angers,
introduced the following :
"Madame Durand (tea). Plant very vigorous, almost
sarmentous ; foliage a beautiful purple ; wood firm, somewhat
thorny. The flowers are large and double, spherical, and open
early ; color a beautiful copper-yellow. The flowers are
borne in corymbs, and are very abundant.
" Madame Simon (tea). Plant very vigorous, sarmentous,
the old wood only slightly thorny ; foliage beautiful red when
young, passing into a light green ; flower very large and
double, of the same form as Souvenir de la Malmaison ; color
rose-white, sometimes slightly tinged with yellow ; very flor-
iferous. Seedling of Madame B^rard.
"Capitaine Basroger (moss rose). Plant exceedingly vig-
orous ; foliage a beautiful deep green, the leaves consisting of
5-7 leaflets ; wood very strong, with many very fine and hard
thorns ; flowers very large, well formed, spherical ; color a
bright carmine red, blended with black-purple. The plant
bears corymbs consisting of 15-25 flowers.
Ornamentals.
47
''Souvenir de Victor Landeau (bourbon). Plant very vig-
orous ; foliage deep green ; the old wood straight, strong and
thorny ; flowers very large, double and cup-shaped ; color
bright red, shaded with carmine ; corymbs very strong and
numerous.
"Commandant Larret de Lamalignie (hybrid remontant).
Plant vigorous, wood somewhat flexible ; foliage light green ;
flower large, double, opening well, and perfect in form ; color
a beautiful red scarlet ; floriferous ; flowers in corymbs.
"Madame Lemesle (hybrid remontant). Plant very vig-
orous ; wood large and robust, armed with recurved prickles ;
foliage beautiful deep green ; flowers large and double, globu-
lar, red velvety-purple passing into violet.
" Mr. Tesnier, near Angiers, introduced these varieties :
"Etoile de Angers (tea). Plant very vigorous; the old
wood green ; thorns few ; foliage glossy green ; buds long and
borne on a firm peduncle ; flower large, very double, spheri-
cal and well formed. The ground color is copper yellow,
largely bordered with red peach reflection from the bronzed
petals.
"Madame Dorgere (tea). Plant vigorous; wood deep
green and thorny ; foliage light yellow ; buds elongated,
oval ; peduncle long and firm ; habit excellent ; flower large,
very double, spherical ; color flesh carnation, softly shaded,
sometimes light salmon. The flowers remain half opened for
a long time and become purple rose as they grow older.
The variety is a cross between Sylphide and Catherine
Mermet.
"Madame Charles de Rostang (hybrid remontant).
Plant vigorous, older wood light green ; thorns few ; foliage
broad and glossy green ; flower large, double, well formed ;
color china-rose, the outer petals a soft rose-mallow, the
veins being- rose-carmine. A seedling of Comtesse d' Ox-
ford.
" The following varieties were introduced by Mr. Vigneron,
Olivet, near Orleans :
"Madame E. Forgeot (hybrid remontant).- Plant very
vigorous ; branches straight and firm ; foliage beautiful light
green ; buds borne on firm leafy peduncles ; flowers medium
to large, double, of fine form ; color a very clear and bright
48 Annals of Horticulture.
cherry red ; very floriferous. Cross between Jules Margottin
and Elizabeth Vigneron.
"Monsieur Jules Lemaitre (hybrid remontant). Plant
very vigorous branches straight and firm ; foliage deep
green ; flowers very large, double, spherical, and of a bright
red carmine color ; habit perfect ; floriferous ; very fragrant.
A seedling of Madame Isaac P^reire.
"Madame Eugene S^bille (hybrid remontant). Plant
vigorous ; branches straight and firm ; foliage light green ;
peduncle very firm ; flower large, double, finely formed ; color
cherry red, the center slightly darker ; very floriferous.
Seedling of Madame Charles Crapulet.
"Madame Schwartz, of Lyon-Guillotiere, introduced the
following seedling varieties :
" Mademoselle Juliette Berthaud (bourbon). Plant vigor-
ous ; foliage elegant ; flower medium in size, with reflexed
petals ; color yellow-white, mingled with carnation and rosy
white towards the center. The lower part of the petals is
citron-yellow ; fragrant and remontant.
"Roger Lambelin (hybrid remontant). Plant vigorous;
foliage abundant, and light green in color; flower medium
size and well formed. The petals are clear red, margined
and spotted with pure white and light rose ; stamens numer-
ous and conspicuous.
"Madame Delville (hybrid remontant). Plant vigorous;
foliage beautiful ; flower very large, double, perfect in form,
center compact ; color a bright rose, becoming lighter at the
borders, and passing into clear rose ; the under side of the
petals is silvery ; very fragrant. Seedling of Alfred Colomb.
" Eugene Verdier, of Paris, sent out the following varieties :
" Souvenir de Clairvaux (tea). Plant vigorous; branches
strong and erect ; foliage dark green and glossy ; thorns few ;
flower medium to large, very double and well formed, borne
on a firm peduncle ; color a beautiful shade of china-rose, the
base of the petals being apricot-yellow, flushed with nankeen
and marked with carmine ; floriferous and fragrant.
"Docteur Chopart (^bourbon). Plant vigorous; branches
straight and firm ; thorns numerous ; foliage deep green ;
flowers medium in size, and well formed ; color a soft beauti-
ful rose.
"Docteur Bastien (hybrid remontant). Plant vigorous;
Ornavientals . 49
branches erect and light green ; thorns few ; foliage deep
green ; flowers medium to large, double, perfect in form,
spherical ; petals broad and concave ; color a bright currant
rose magenta ; very fragrant.
"Souvenir de C^cile Vilin (hybrid remontant). Plant
vigorous, branches firm and* straight, thorns not numerous,
foliage dark green ; flowers large, double, well formed, like
Annie Wood ; color carmine-amaranth, with bright purple.
" Elie Lambert, Lyons, introduced Madame Elie Lambert
(tea). Plant exceedingly floriferous and uncommonly vig-
orous, although of small size ; buds borne on firm peduncles ;
flower cup-shaped, well formed, its center rose color, and
beautifully set off by the pure white of the exterior petals.
"Mr. Veysset, of Royat-les-Bains, introduced Madame
Angelique Veysset (hybrid tea). Flower rose colored,
streaked with bright red. It is a sport of La France.
"Alexandre Bernaix, of Villeurbanne, near Lyons, produc-
ed the following :
"Mademoiselle Adelina Viviand-Morel (tea). Plant
sarmentous, foliage glossy ; the coloring is very clear apricot,
passing into canary-yellow, with golden tints which fade into
straw-yellow, relieved by carnation ; very fragrant.
"Madame la Princesse Bassaraba (tea). Plant small, vig-
orous, branching, very floriferous ; bud ovoid ; flower medium
large and double ; color flesh carmine changing to carnation
in the outer petals, and changing from a canary yellow to pale
chrome while opening.
" Souvenir de Mademoiselle Elise Chatelard (dwarf poly-
antha). Plant dwarf branching at the base and forming a
thick symmetrical bush ; foliage small, deep green above,
paler on the under side ; flowers abundant, about an inch in
diameter, and finely formed ; the color is a fresh red-carmine.
The external petals are mucronate, those of the center
crimped.
"Jean Ducher, of Montplaisir-Lyons, introduced the
Beauts de Grange de H^by (hybrid tea). Plant vigorous,
wood smooth, branches straight ; foliage glossy, bronzed green,
thorns few. The flower is large, double, and borne on a firm
peduncle ; color pure white, lightly tinged with yellow at the
center. Cross between Baronne A. de Rothschild and
Madame Ch^danne Guinoiseau.
50 Annals of Horticulture.
''Three roses were introduced by Mr. Pernet, of Charpen-
nes-les-Lyons :
''Triomphe de Pernet p^re (hybrid tea). Plant vigorous,
branches straight and firm ; flowers large, almost double,
bright red, gracefully borne ; buds very long and opening
easily ; the plant flowers continuously and abundantly. It is
a cross between Monsieur D^sir and General Jacqueminot.
''Marquise de Salisbury (hybrid tea). Plant vigorous,
branches straight and firm, thorns numerous ; foliage dense,
and dark green in color, bordered with red ; flowers medium
to large, almost double, bright velveted red ; buds long and
T-shaped ; very floriferous.
"Madam Dubost (bourbon). Plant vigorous, branching;
flowers borne in corymbs, almost double, medium to large,
light carnation at the borders of the petals, and bright red at
the center ; floriferous.
"Jean Perrier, of Lyons, sent out Professeur Ganiviat
(tea). Plant very vigorous and floriferous ; flower well form-
ed, large, double, and borne on a firm peduncle : color red,
shaded with crimson.
"M. Liabaud, of Lyons-Croix-Rousse, introduced:
"Comtesse de Bernis (hybrid remontant). Plant vigor-
ous ; branches straight, reddish ; foliage light green ; flowers
large, double, bright rose ; very floriferous.
" Docteur Branche (hybrid remontant). Plant vigorous,
branches firm, thorns few and small ; foliage glaucous and
bearing small thorns on the under side ; flowers large, double,
the petals being large and cherry red.
" Rougier-Chauvi^re (hybrid remontant). Plant very
vigorous and the branches firm ; thorns strong, reddish, and
numerous ; foliage large, deep green, armed with small thorns
on the under side ; flowers large, double, velvety red-purple-
amaranth.
"Madame Joseph Linossier (hybrid remontant). Plant
vigorous, branches straight, thorns small and numerous, foli-
age light green and abundant ; flowers large, almost double ;
color very soft rose, margined and marbled with bright rose.
Sport of Madame Montet.
"Madame Pierre Liabaud (hybrid remontant). Plant
very vigorous, branches firm and always terminating in four
or five flower buds, thorns quite numerous ; foliage metallic-
Ornamentals. 51
green ; flower large, double, arched, and carnation-white.
Seedling of Madam Isaac P^reire.
''Souvenir de Lady Ashburton (tea) was introduced by
Charles Verdier, Ivry-sur-Seine. Plant very vigorous,
branched, and floriferous ; branches numerous, rather short,
the bark red and slightly glaucous ; thorns long, very sharp,
curved ; peduncles strong ; sepals reddish ; foliage glossy
green above, glaucous and often tinged with red below; flow-
ers large, double, and very variable in color, being copper-red,
salmon-yellow, sometimes red, often intense red, light yellow,
and presenting all these shades either separately or mingled,
depending upon the stage of flowering ; very fragrant. A
vegetable chameleon.
''Nabonnand & Sons, of Golfe-Juan, introduced the follow-
ing kinds :
"Princess Marguerite d' Orleans (tea). Plant very vigor-
ous ; flower very large, double, perfect, peduncle long and
firm ; buds long and well formed ; the outer petals very deli-
cate pale rose, silvery on the lower side, the inner ones bright
carmine red. Cross of Papa Gontier and Isabelle Nabonnand.
"G6n^ral de Mertchansky (tea). Plant very vigorous;
flower large, double, erect, and of perfect form ; buds elon-
gated and opening well ; wood reddish, thorns few ; color a
soft carnation rose, the center more bright ; very floriferous.
''Jaune Nabonnand (tea). Plant very vigorous; flower
very large, double, opening easily ; buds long and well form-
ed ; wood reddish, thorns few, foliage large. Color a chrome
yellow, tinted with chamois, the center somewhat copper col-
ored, the under side of the petals much lighter ; outer petals
very large ; floriferous.
" Maurice Rouvier (tea). Plant very vigorous and hardy,
forming a large bush ; flower very large and double, of per-
fect form ; buds long, opening well ; wood reddish-brown,
thorns few ; foliage light green ; flowers abundantly and con-
tinuously. Color a soft rose, lightly veined with red, the
outer petals somewhat lighter.
"La Chanson (tea). Plant very vigorous; foliage large,
deep green ; flower very large, double, erect, usually solitary
on a firm peduncle ; buds long and perfect ; color bright rose-
carmine, nacreous, the center darker, gilded. A cross of Isa-
belle Nabonnand and G^n^ral Schablikine.
52 Annals of Hortiadture .
''Etienne Levet, Montplaisir-Lyon, sent out Mademoiselle
Josephine Viollet (noisette). Plant vigorous, hardy, sar-
mentous ; flower very large and double, opening well, of
perfect form, very fragrant ; color copper-yellow at the cen-
ter of the petals and rose-salmon on the borders, sometimes
a soft rose white ; buds long, foliage dark green. Cross be-
tween Ophirie and Mar^chal Niel.
' ' The following sorts were put out by M. Corboeuf-Marsault,
of Orleans :
"Mademoiselle Marie-Louise Bourgeois (moss). Flowers
large, double, well formed ; color a light carnation-white upon
a ground color of chrome-yellow ; fragrant and vigorous.
''Madame C^cile Morand (hybrid remontant). Plant
moderately vigorous ; flower large, very double and well
formed ; color deep carmine-red, the under side of the petals
silvered ; very floriferous.
''Mademoiselle Madeleine Delaroche (tea). Plant sar-
mentous : flower large, very double, carnation-rose ; very
floriferous. A seedling of Mathilde Lenaerts.
"M. Chauvry introduced two varieties :
" Mademoiselle Thirion-Montauban (tea). Plant very vig-
orous, of good habit, hardy ; foliage deep green, reddish-pur-
ple on the under side ; buds round, usually solitary ; flowers
cup-shaped, large, well formed ; color white, center light yel-
low, the borders of the petals rose, sometimes dotted with
red. Seedling of Shirley Hibberd.
"Souvenir de Pierre Magne (tea). Plant vigorous,
branches straight, foliage deep green ; flower medium to large,
semi-double ; color a deep china-rose on a copper-yellow
ground color, passing to light rose, the under side of the
petals a deeper rose ; very floriferous. Cross of Souvenir de
David d'Angers and Madame B^rard.
"L^veque & Son, of Ivry-sur-Seine, gave the following :
" Mademoiselle Andr^e Worth (bourbon). Plant very vig-
orous ; flower large, double, perfect in form ; color white,
slightly tinged with rose or pure carmine, shading exceedingly
delicate.
"Belle Yvryenne (hybrid remontant). Plant very vigor-
ous ; foliage glaucous-green and abundant ; flower very large
and double, perfect in form ; color a bright rose-red, mingled
with white and carmine.
Ornamentals. ^2
''General Korolkow (h3^brid remontant). Plant very vig-
orous ; foliage dark green ; flower large, double, well formed ;
color deep red-carmine, shaded with purple and brown.
''Madame Brault (hybrid remontant). Plant vigorous;
foliage lanceolate, light green ; flower large, double, well
formed ; color bright clear rose.
"Madame Theodore Vernes (hybrid remontant). Plant
vigorous ; foliage abundant and dark green ; flower large,
double, well formed; color bright rose, the borders of the
petals having a softer hue.
"Professeur Chargueraud (hybrid remontant). Plant
vigorous ; foliage abundant and deep green ; flower large,
double, well formed ; color deep red, marbled with brown
and crimson-red.
" Professor Lambin (hybrid remontant). Plant vigorous;
foliage glaucous-green ; flower large, double, well carried, the
color a bright rose or clear red. In form, color and florifer-
ousness it is of the first order.
"Eiffel (multiflorus climbing, not remontant). Seedling
of Grifferaie. It has the foliage of the parent, but the flow-
ers are larger, and deep red-crimson ; very floriferous.
"Giffard (multiflorus climbing, not remontant). Seed-
ling of Grifferaie; foliage same as that of the parent but the
flower is larger, well formed, and of a bright clear red-car-
mine color; very floriferous.
"Recapitulating, we find that the varieties are thus divided :
Tea 27
Hybrid Tea 7
Hybrid Remontant 24
Bourbon 5
Noisette 2
Multiflorus, not Remontant 2
Moss 2
Dwarf Polyantha i
Total 70."
Another view of new foreign roses is presented by C. P.
Strassheim in Eose?izeitung, as follows :
"During my many visits in the Moselle district I had excel-
lent opportunities for visiting the roseries of Lambert &
Reiter, Trier, and of Soupert & Netting, Luxembourg, and I
closely watched the new varieties that were being tested. In
54 Aymals of Horticulture.
company with Mr. Netting, I repeatedly examined the novel-
ties in the latter place, and the following varieties impressed
me as being particularly valuable. I even believe that in the
future they will occupy permanent positions in our gardens.
There are still many other promising varieties, but they were
not in a condition most favorable for judging of their merits.
''Of the many varieties that I saw the one which struck
me most favorably as regards form and color was the rose
Madame Moreau (tea) of Moreau-Robert. The deep copper-
yellow color of this rose can be found in no other. The
shade is sometimes approached in Beauts de I'Europe, and
perhaps in Madame B^rard and a few others, but in none is
there such a rich color as in Madame Moreau. If we con-
sider Clotilde Soupert (polyantha) as a novelty of 1890, it
nevertheless hardly requires mention here, for it is already so
well known on account of the color and number of its flowers.
"Another excellent tea rose is Sappho, of W. Paul &
Son. The color is a deep straw yellow. The buds are
almost perfectly spherical, but when expanded the flower is
in the form of a cup. The plant is of very free habit, blooms
abundantly, and is by no means to be neglected for cut-flowers.
"A third tea rose is Miss Marston (of Pries). Its ground
color is white with a flush of yellow, the outer petals having a
margin of pink at the tips, passing into apricot-yellow towards
the center. When the flower is fully opened the yellow
recedes, the inner petals appear to be white, and the outer
ones assume a deeper rose-pink. The form is spreading and
open, producing a magnificent effect.
''Duchesse Marie Salviati, of Soupert & Netting, should
occupy the fourth place. The form of the flower is very dif-
ferent from that of the others. The buds are very long, as in
Niphetos when grown under glass, Reine Marie Henriette,
and a few others, but still the flower opens very easily. What
gives this variety an especial value, besides its form, is its
peculiar coloring. The shades are a dark orange-yellow,
flesh-colored rose, and the finest peach-red. Since these
tints run together, the gray-rose of David Pradel may some-
times be seen on individual flowers. In coloring, this variety
perhaps approaches most closely the beautiful old Mont Rose,
but in form it is radically different.
''The tea rose Rheingold, of Lambert & Reiter, must also
Ornamentals. 55
be mentioned on account of the beauty of its form and color.
Unfortunately it is of rather weak growth, due probably to
its continuous flowering. The coloring is almost exactly the
same as that of William Allen Richardson, but the form of
the flower is regular and faultless. It is an excellent rose for
bouquets.
''Another tea rose worthy of mention is Jaune Guillaumez
(of Bonnaire). Its buds are also long, and the flower is of a
brick-red color, passing into a salmon-yellow towards the cen-
ter. This coloring is not often found in roses, and although
we have pink tea roses which pass into various tints of yel-
low towards the center, there is none possessing such a red
color as the Jaune Guillaumez. The form of the flower is also
very regular and beautiful.
''Among the tea hybrids I could not fail to notice Bona
Weillschott (of Soupert & Notting) on account of its brilliant
color. This rose may be particularly recommended for group-
ing on a lawn because of the abundance of its flaming car-
mine flowers.
"The above are all seedling varieties, and may be highly
recommended.
" I shall now mention a few sports, of which two are excep-
tionally good. The best, most beautiful and undoubtedly the
most valuable is the tea hybrid Augustine Guinoisseau (of
Guinoisseau & Sons), or White La France. This rose has
the same character of wood, foliage, growth and abundance
of bloom as our old La France, and the flowers have the same
form, only they are white. It is a sport of La France, and so
much resembles the parent form that if without flowers it
would be mistaken for it. When opening, the blossom is of a
light cream color, such as is found in many other white roses,
as Elise Boelle, Madame Nomann, etc.
"A second rose, a pure tea, is The Queen* (of Dingee &
Conard). This comes from the old Souvenir d'un Ami, and
has its well known characters, only the flower is pure white.
"Another white tea rose, Madame Olga (of Leveque), is
also said to be a sport, although known for a long time. I
have a suspicion that M. Leveque does not possess our Gross-
herzogin Mathilde or else this sport would have been known
*See Annals Horticulture,
^6 Annals of Horticulture.
to him. I do not think I am mistaken, for the form and color
of the flower, the wood, growth and foHage of this sport re-
semble those of Grossherzogin Mathilde as much as one egg
does another.
"A third white tea rose is Climbing Niphetos (of Keynes
& Co). I am not very well satisfied with this rose either, for
what I have seen of the Climbing Niphetos is all Niphetos
with very little climbing about it. If that is to come later, the
originator unfortunately forgot to mention the fact.
''In conclusion, I must mention another tea hybrid, one
which possesses all the characteristics which a good rose should
not have. This is the White Lady (of W. Paul & Son). But
it is very often of a pink color ; indeed, I have found this to be
the rule. Judging from most of the plants one would suppose
they were Lady Mary Fitzwilliam, of which the White Lady
is supposed to be a sport, nor is there an}^ cause for complaint
about an unusually strong growth, for not only is this moder-
ate, but indeed very moderate. Such roses, especially if they
are sports, had better remain with the originators. However,
I shall not pass final judgment, but rather hope that I am mis-
taken, and that time will remedy the defects of these two roses.
Nevertheless I stand by what has been said in regard to the
varieties first mentioned, and I hope to speak favorably of
those that were not in good condition, at their next period of
flowering."
Orchids. Among professional growers and fanciers, orchids
have received the usual amount of attention during the year,
and the extent of the introductions in this country can be
learned from the list of introductions given on a later page.
Popular interest in these plants is also growing, but there are
few general cultivators who attempt to grow them to any ex-
tent. The interest appears to be rather one of curiosity,
and exhibitions of them are always well attended. The in-
terest in orchids in England appears to be unabated, and as
we draw our supplies largely from thence, I have obtained from
W. J. Bean, of the Royal Gardens, Kew, the following com-
plete list of introductions into that county during 1890 :
By whom raised
Name. or introduced. Country or Origin.
iErides Augustianum Linden .... Phillipine Islands.
" d'Ansonii Low Natural hybrid? Burmah.
Angraecum Hetiriquesianum Island of St. Thomas, West Africa.
" primulinum Low Natural hybrid, Madagascar.
Ornamentals.
57
By whom raised
Name. or inttoduced. Country or Origin.
Bulbophyllum lemniscatoides . . . Lansberge . . . Java.
Calanthe Mylesii Garden hybrid, C. nivalis X C. Veitchii
" rubens Langkawi Islands, Malay Peninsula.
" Veitchii, var alba Garden hybrid.
Cattleya Ballantiniana Sander .... " C. Trianie C. X War-
scewiczii.
" Gaskelliana, var. picta Venezuela.
" granulosa, var. Buysson-
iana Linden .... Guatemala.
" intricata, var. maculata Brazil.
" labiata, var. Warocqueana Linden . . . . South America.
" Rex ^ .... Central America.
" superba, var. alba .... Rand Amazon Valley.
Coryanthes Bungerothii Linden .... Venezuela.
Cymbidium Tracvaiium Sander .... Burmah.
Cypripedium Alci'ades Sander . . . . Garden hybrid, C. insigne X C. hirsu
turn.
" "Alice" " .... "
'Alfred" Drewett
Antigone Veitch . .
Aylingii Ayling .
Buchanianum
Castleanum Sander .
'Constance" Drewett
Cythera
Deboisianum .... Vervaet .
Doris Cookson ,
Elinor" Drewett
Eyermannianum . . Sander .
H. Ballantine" . . . Veitch . .
Hera
C. Stonei X C. Spicer-
ianum.
C.venustum X C. Phil-
lipinense.
C. Lawrenceanum X
C. niveum.
C. niveum X C. cilio-
lare.
C. Spicerianum X C.
Druryi.
C. hirsutissinum X C.
superbum.
C. Stonei X C.Curtisii.
C. Spicerianum X C.
purpuratum.
C. venustum X C. Box-
allii, var. atratum.
C. venustum X C.
Stonei.
C. s el liger u m X C.
Veitchii.
C. barbatum X C. Spi-
cerianum.
C. Fairrieanum X C.
purpuratum.
C. Spicerianum X C.
villosum.
Hookerfe.var.Volon-
teanum Low & Sander Borneo.
insigne, var. longi-
sepalum Sander .... Northern India.
insigne, var. Macfar-
lanei " "
Leeanum, var. bi-
florum Garden hybrid, C. insigne, var. Chan-
tinii X C. Spicer-
Leeanum, var. gigan-
teum Heath
Maynardii Sander
Niobe Veitch .
Northumbrian" . .Drewett
Numa Veitch .
lanum.
C. insigne X C. Spice-
rianum.
C. purpuratum X C.
Spicerianum.
C. Fairrieanum X C.
Spicerianum.
C. insigne, var. Maulei
X C. calophyllum.
C, Lawrencianum X C.
Stonei.
58
Annals of Horticulture.
Name.
Cypripedium CEnone .
" Osbornei
Pollettianum
By whom raised
or introduced.
Sander .
Osborne .
Sander
Country or Origin.
Garden hybrid, C. HookeraeXC. super-
Siamense
Vipani .
Weidlichianui
Bangkok, Siam.
Vipan Garden hybrid.
biens.
C. Harrisianum,
superbum X C.
cerianum.
C. calophyllum
venustum.
var.
Spi-
" Youngianum . .
Dendrobium atroviolaceum . .
" Cassiope (hybrid)
" Venus
Sander
Sander
Laelia anceps, var. Thomsoniana
" Tresederiana
Laelio-Cattleya " Proserpine"
MasdevalliaCostaricensis . . .
" fulvescens . . . .
" guttulata
" Lowii
" Measuresiana . .
C. niveum X C. Philli-
pinense
C. Hartwegii X C.
Schlimii.
C. superbiens X C. Roe-
belenii.
Veitch Eastern New Guinea.
Cookson . . . . D. JaponicaX D.nobile,var. albiflorum.
.... Garden hybrid, D. Falconerii X D.
nobile.
Mexico.
Statter Cattleya crispa •; Cattleya Loddi-
gesii.
Veitch Garden hybrid, Laelia Dayana X Cat-
tleya velutina.
Costa Rica.
New Granada.
. Tropical America.
Low New Granada.
Sander .
Hoesman
Sander
O'Brieniana
Rolfeana . .
Stella ....
Garden hybrid,
amabilis.
New Grenada?
M. Tovarensis
M.
Sander
Hincks
M. Estradae X M.
Maxillaria longisepala . . .
Moorea irrorata
Odontoglossum Leroyanum
" Wattianum
" Youngii . .
Oncidium Larkinianum . .
" Leopoldianum .
Phaius Cooksonii
Phal^nopsis Schilleriana, var. alba
Rodriguezia Fuerstenbergii . . , .
Scaphosepalum antenniferum . . .
Sobralia Lowii
" Sanderae
" Wilsoniana
Sophro-Cattleya Calypso (hybrid)
. Garden hybrid,
Harry ana.
Linden .... Venezuela.
Tropical America.
Leroy Garden hybrid, O. crispum X O. luteo-
purpureum.
Sander . . . . Natural hybrid.
Mexico.
Brazil.
Linden .... Andes.
Cookson . . . Garden hybrid, P. Wallichii X P. tuber-
culosus.
Phillipine Islands.
Sander .... New Grenada.
Shuttleworth . Tropical America,
Low New Granada.
Sander .... Central America.
Trichopilia punctata
Vanda Amesiana, var. alba .
Zygopetalum caulescens . . .
" Jorisianum . .
(Bollea) Whitei
Veitch Sophronitis grandiflora X Cattleyi
Harrisoniana.
Sander .... Costa Rica.
India.
Sander .... Brazil.
Linden .... Venezuela.
White New Granada.
General Foreigti
Notes. W. Watson, of the Royal Gar-
dens, Kew, writes as follows to Garden and Forest of the new
ornamentals of 1890:
''The whole catalogue of the new plants of last year con-
tains scarcely anything of exceptional merit. Not even among
Ornameutals. cq
orchids, usually so rich in new prizes for the cultivator, is
there any one plant of extraordinary interest or beauty equal
to those we already possessed, though there are not a few
which might be classed as first-rate acquisitions did they not
resemble so closely others already in cultivation. The ques-
tion naturally arises, how is it that so few good plants are in-
troduced now, compared with the rich harvest each year
brought, say in Dr. Lindley's time, or even later ? Have
nurserymen and others interested discovered that more can
be made out of the material already at hand by cross-breeding,
selection, etc., than out of new introductions ? It cannot be
that the ground is exhausted, that everything worth having
has been secured. There are scores, one may safely say hun-
dreds of beautiful plants known to botanists which have never
yet been seen in the garden. China, Upper Burmah, New
Guinea, Madagascar, Africa and South America teem with
good garden plants of all kinds. Even ground already beaten
over by collectors contains many beautiful plants unknown in
horticulture, while among early introductions, which have
since disappeared from gardens, there are a great number of
first-rate things. Of course we have an enormous number of
beautiful plants in every department of the garden, and, as
many would say, more than sufficient for our needs. Yet a
new introduction of sterling merit is certain to find general fa-
vor, and while we all love old favorites we are always ready to
welcome new friends.
"Orchids. — Perhaps the most interesting new orchid of
1890 is Aloorea irrorata, a new genus, which flowered at Glas-
nevin, and is named in compliment to the curator, Mr. Moore.
It is allied to houlletia, has a spike eighteen inches long,
bearing a dozen fleshy flowers, two inches across, and colored
rich reddish-brown. Unfortunately, Mr. Moore's plant is
unique, and w^e do not even know of what country it is a native.
Dejidrobiiim Macfarlanei, introduced and flowered by Messrs.
J. Veitch & Sons, is beautiful in flower, but it comes -from
New Guinea, and, like almost all the dendrobiums from that
region, it is, unfortunately, too difficult to manage to ever
find general favor. Among cattleyas the only new introduc-
tions of note are C. War oc que ana, C. Lrndeni and C. Rex, of
the Messrs. Linden. The first-named is an improved C. Gas-
ke//ia?ia, the second a good C. labiata, and the third not unlike
6o Annals of Horticultitre.
the white C. aurea, known as C. Imschootiana. Cymbidiian
Tj'acyanuin is a big-flowered C. Hookerianum, the older name
for which is C. graudifloj'inn. Three new sobralias, named 6".
Lowii, S. Sandercp and S. Wilsoni differ only slightly in color
from species already known in gardens. There are only two
newly introduced cypripediums — C. Schoinburgkii and C. Sia-
inense — and these are scarcely more than botanical curiosities.
The same may be said of the seven new species of masdeval-
lia. This genus is attracting an unusual amount of attention
just now, as is shown by the fact that more new species have
been introduced lately than of any other genus of orchids.
The pick of the lot is AI. Lowii, which has the habit of M.
Chimcura, tailed flowers, three inches across, and white with
purple spots. Varieties of species already established in gar-
dens continue to appear among the numerous plants annually
imported, and some of these are valuable. Cattleyas have
produced C. Lawrenciana, var. Vinckii, with flowers of a de-
cided bluish or magenta hue ; C. aurea, var. Imschootiana, with
white sepals and petals and a richly colored lip ; C. gra?mIosa,
var. Buyssoniana, with white sepals and petals. Laelias have
revealed several excellent varieties, particularly in Z. prcsstans,
alha and L. elegans, Broonieatia.
''Hybrid orchids eclipse in beauty and interest the new in-
troductions. Best of all is Fhaius Cooksoni, a hybrid between
P. tiiberculosiis and P. Wallichii, raised by Mr. Norman Cook-
son. It has the constitution of the latter parent and the ek*-
gance of the former, plus a rich rosy color. This orchid ought
to prove a useful garden plant. Equaling the phaius in in-
terest is the h3'brid Odoutoglossiim Leroyaniun, raised by M.
Leroy, gardener to Baron E. de Rothschild, at Gretz, its
parents being O. crispuin and O. luteo-piirpureiiin. It is the first
hybrid odontoglossum originated in the garden. Equally in-
teresting are the two bigeneric hybrids produced and flowered
last year by Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons — namely, Epiphro7iitis
Vcitchii and SopJiro- Cat t ley a Calypso. Masdevallia stella is an ad-
ditional hybrid in this genus. Dendrobiums have produced
several beautiful hybrids, those exhibited by Sir T. Laurence
at the beginning of the year being at least as beautiful and in-
teresting as the best of those previousl}^ raised ; they are named
Juno, Luno, Chrx'sodiscus and Melanodiscus. Something like
thirty hybrids have been added to cypripedium, and, whilst a
Ornamentais. 6i
few of them are good, most of them are of no account. The
cream of them are Aylingii, H. Ballantine, Pollettianum, Vi-
pani and Osbornei. Cattleyas and laeHas have added nothing
particularly noteworthy.
"Stove and Greenhouse Plants. — The most interesting new
plants in this department are the following : HeliampJiora nu-
ta?is, which has been successfully introduced from Roraima
by Messrs. Veitch and which flowered in their nursery last
year. It is a near ally of sarracenia, having erect, pitcher-
like leaves and regular white flowers not at all like those of
sarracenia and darlingtonia. Hitherto, however, the heliam-
phora has not shown a disposition to grow freely under culti-
vation. Messrs. Veitch have also distributed three new
nepenthes of good quality — namely, N. stcnopJiylla, a narrow
pitchered species not unlike TV". Curtisii, and two varieties of
the excellent N. Bui'kci, Tx^^xa^d prolific a and excel/ens.
''Clematis Stanleyi'^ must be numbered among the prizes of
last year, but it needs no more than mention in these pages.
Hcemanthus Lindeni is a handsome species in the way of H.
Kalbreyeri 2iX\di H. pimiceus. Mr. ^\\\V s Sonerila orientalis and
varieties are pretty additions to this class of stove plants ; they
have prettily marked foliage, a free branching habit, and pro-
duce bunches of bright-rose attractive flowers in profusion.
A new fern in the way of Ptcj'is Cretica, but far more elegant,
has been introduced by Mr. Bull and distributed under the
name of Fteris ensifonnis, var. Victor cc. This will become
popular as a table plant, as its fronds are semi-erect, very
graceful and prettily mottled with silvery gray on a bright green
ground.
'' Calla Ellioitiana is a plant which ought not to be lost sight
of, as it has all the charm of the common C. ^-Ethiopica, differ-
ing onl}^ in the clear sulphur-yellow of the spathe. C. yEthio-
pica, var. Little Gem, is remarkable in having small flowers/
and leaves scarcel}' a foot high.
''Cineraria lanata, a tall, handsome-flowered greenhouse
plant, and Dipladejiia atropurpurea, with rich purplish-maroon
flowers, were reintroduced into gardens last year after an ab-
sence long enough to make them practically new.
" Hardy Plants. — Liliiim Henryi is the most interesting and
promising of these. It has already been noted in Garde ft and
* Figured and described in Gard & For., Oct. 22, 1890, 512, 513.
62 Annals of Hortiadture.
Forest,^ but I may supplement the information already given
by recording the fact of the bulbs having stood uninjured the
severe weather here of the past two months. L. Bolafideri is
another new lily, small-flowered, almost black in color and
likely to please those who cultivate this beautiful but some-
what refractory genus. Three new species of gladiolus,
namely, G. decoratiis, G. prwiulinus and G. Kirkii, flowered at
Kew last year, and were so distinct in color and size as to have
attracted the attention of breeders of these plants. These
three will no doubt eventually be heard of again. Thalic-
tnim Delavayi, a pretty hardy plant from south-western
China, completes the list of new, good, hardy, herbaceous
plants.
"Trees and Shrubs. — Cytisus scopariiis, var. Afidrea?uis, is
the only beautiful new plant in this department. It is a seed-
ling variety of the common broom, the flowers large, rich yel-
low, with the wings colored velvety maroon. Grafted on
short stocks of the type it makes a presentable pot-plant and
flowers freely when small, so that it should prove valuable in
spring as a greenhouse plant."
The fear expressed by Mr. Watson that we are giving our
attention too exclusively to the improvement of old plants is
no doubt well founded. The days of active and general in-
troduction of new species have passed away. It is but nat-
ural that our chief effort should be that of ameliorating the
rich and varied harvest of a few decades ago, but there must
still remain in foreign lands more plants worthy of introduc-
tion than we now have in our gardens. Even the most fam-
iliar countries still possess treasures for us. We have drawn
so largely upon Japan, for instance, for our fruit and orna-
mental plants that there is a common feeling that it holds
nothing more for us. I have therefore asked Professor George-
son, of the Kansas Agricultural College, who was for three
years connected w^ith the Imperial College of Agriculture in
Japan, to write upon the question, What more can Japan con-
tribute to our horticulture ?
'' No other country of its size has contributed so much to en-
rich and beautify our gardens as Japan. There is not a pleas-
ure garden, scarcely a door yard, in the land, with a modest col-
lection of shubbery, which does not contain representatives
*iii ([890), 428, 484, 525.
Ofiiavientals. 63
from that charming little country. But can we expect more
from that quarter ? The answer is a distinct affirmative. It
has still many gems to offer which now are unknown to us or
known only to botanists, and many which we do possess are
not appreciated.
" The writer does not pretend to know all that may be found
there, but will call attention to a few things that have come
under his observation. Japan's ability to contribute to our
horticulture is especially strong in the line of ornamental
plants. It is not that it lacks vegetables and fruits unknown
or unsuited to American gardens, for the list of these is long
and interesting, but their adoption here is more a matter of
fashion and caprice than is the case with ornamental plants.
A handsome new shrub or tree is always and readily appreci-
ated by everybody, but when a new vegetable becomes a can-
didate for favor, its success depends largely on the art of cook-
ing, and perchance its use involves an alteration in our ac-
customed diet, which is almost sure to prove fatal to its gen-
eral culture. The public stomach is exceedingly conservative.
The finocchio of Italy and the celeriac of Holland and Ger-
many have never become favorites in America, although their
value is conceded here, and they are highly esteemed at home.
We should probably not relish Japanese radishes which are a
foot and a half in length and four inches thick throughout, but
prepared as they are in Japan in a kind of pickle and eaten as
a condiment with rice, I can testify that one can learn to like
them. It would not be difficult to enumerate a score of vege-
tables worthy of culture for their intrinsic merits, but I shall
here confine myself chiefly to their ornamental plants, their
culture at home, if cultivated at all, and the merits which re-
commend them to this country. And in order that we may
understand their taste in landscape work, and the better ap-
preciate the plants they grow, let us first take a brief glance
at the conditions under which these have been developed.
" We of the western hemisphere are apt to consider Japanese
efforts at dwarfing trees and shrubs as bad taste and a trifling,
inexcusable waste of time and energy, and we cannot under-
stand their love for miniature representations of natural scen-
ery in their gardens. Nevertheless, a Japanese garden has a
grotesque charm about it which grows in strength as one dis-
covers the motive of the arrangement. The development of
64 Ajiyials of Hortiailtu?'e.
the taste which takes expression in dwarfed forms, miniature
mountains and streams has no doubt been largely influenced
by the cramped conditions under which the people live. The
40,000,000 people in Japan are huddled together on about
20,000 square miles of country. This one fact throws light on
many otherwise inexplicable features of their agriculture and
horticulture. It explains why the land is nearly everywhere
worked b}^ hand. The farms, or rather gardens, are too small
to support beasts of burden in addition to the people. It ex-
plains the laborious, painstaking care with which ever}^ foot of
soil is worked and cropped twice and often three times a year.
It explains the industrious gathering and saving of fertilizers,
and the almost miserly economizing of space for all purposes.
It has made the Japanese a nation of horticulturists. The
whole cultivated area is one vast garden. This fact, too, is
no doubt also a leading cause in the dominating taste for
dwarf forms in ornamental trees. Their pleasure gardens,
often only a few yards square, did not afford room for free-
growing trees, and what thus had its origin in necessit}^ has
become a national characteristic. In their fields and culti-
vated patches there is no space especially dedicated to vege-
tables, as with us. Their peas, beans, greens, radishes and
yams grow side by side with wheat, barley and other grains
which would here be denominated field crops. The irrigated
rice alone cannot be classed with the garden crops, as it is
often grown over extensive tracts of low-land to the exclusion
of everything else.
''The garden proper is a flower and pleasure garden alto-
gether. This enclosure either surrounds the house or in most
cases, in towns and villages, is situated back of the house, and
is very generally fenced by a hedge. It is crowded with dwarf
trees or low shrubs, has usually a lake or small pond, or at
least a basin in which water plants are growing, also a more
or less tortuous stream crossed by a bridge, an artificial
mound, a stone lantern and perhaps a grotto, all arranged
with much skill. The writer has seen all this in a garden twenty
feet square. These same features are dominant in all cases.
The rich man's garden may be larger, even park-like, but we
find the same attempt to imitate nature by artificial mounds
to represent hills, and lakes, streams, grottos and the land-
scape adorned with the favorite trees and shrubs, with bridges,
Ornamentals. 65
stone lanterns and sometimes also buildings. Buddhist and
Shinto temples are numerous, for, according to their light,
the Japanese are a religious people. The grounds dedicated
to these temples constitute their public parks which are open
at all times, and where the people gather for recreation and
amusement. They differ from the gardens in that they show
little or no attempt at artificial landscape work, and usually
contain groves of majestic trees, while dwarfed and trained
specimens are comparatively scarce.
*' What trees and shrubs do we find in these places ? In
the temple groves forest trees predominate. Cryptomeria,
bamboo, pines, keaki, oak, camphor trees, ginkgo trees, cam-
ellias, flowering cherries and plums, and some shrubs especi-
ally regarded as sacred, like the Illicium religiosinn, are the
leading trees. In the gardens the available space generally
controls the character of the flora. The larger forest trees
are often absent ; flowering cherries and plums are always pre-
sent ; dwarfed and trained forms of pine and other evergreens
are great favorites, and besides these a large variety of shrubs
and flowering plants, some of which are well known here,
while others are not.
''This brief outline of the character of the ornamental
stock in most demand gives us also a good index to the con-
tents of the nurseries. These establishments, w^hich are
usually numerous on the outskirts of every considerable town,
give little attention to the propagation of fruit trees and
berry plants, and, in fact, but few nurseries have any of these.
Ornamental stock is all important. They are interesting places
to foreigners. It was from these at Tokio, Nagasaki and
other open ports that Fortune procured the collections which
so enriched the gardens of Europe and America thirty years
ago. Evergreens of every kind, but especially conifers, pre-
dominate. Of the latter they have a dozen or more species,
and scores of varieties, in common culture, trained in many
forms. And I want especially to enter a plea for the intro-
duction and more general planting of the numerous dwarf
varieties of pines, firs, cypresses and arbor vitaes, and of many
other conifers. The leading species may usually be found
here, but their varieties are not. They differ much in habit
of growth, length of needles and general appearance, and are
known by distinctive names. And the same is true of nearly
66 Ajinals of Horticulture.
every other species of plant under culture ; the varieties are
numerous and usually handsome. Owing to the length of the
voyage, cost of transportation and the difficulty of procuring
competent persons to make selections, importations are for
the most part confined to seed which, of course, does not re-
produce the varieties as seen there. The surest way to get
what they have that is desirable is to go there and make se-
lections as Fortune did. As an example of what we may yet
obtain from there, the Japanese maple may serve as an illustra-
tion. Perhaps there are 30 or 40 varieties cultivated here.
But a nurseryman at Oji, who grew them largely, told me that
he knew some four hundred varieties. Oji is a suburb on the
north of Tokio where the nurseries are noted for their collec-
tions of maples. Those mentioned, and camellias, azaleas,
flowering plums and cherries and some hardy palms {^Cham-
CETops excelsa and Rhapis flahelliformis'), together with a large
collection of miscellaneous kinds of less import, constitute the
stock of the nurseries.
"The fruit trees, persimmons, pears and grapes, are
mostly propagated by the growers themselves. Each of these,
too, could contribute to our horticulture. There are already
many of the persimmons in America, but so far as I have learned
there are none that can stand the winters even in the central
states. There are a few kinds which are hardy in the north-
ern part of the main island which might extend the limit of
their culture here. Of their pears there is possibly but one
variety, the Kago or Mino, which would be considered worth
culture here by people in general, though they are all excel-
lent cooking pears ; but those which root freely from cuttings
would be desirable for stocks, especially the wild species {Fyrus
Ussurieiisis). As for Japanese grapes, they excel our native
varieties in all desirable points, and could they be established
here would become the leading grape of the country. There
is, however, a question of their success here, as they are un-
doubtedly of vinifera origin.
"Following is a list of desirable trees and plants which
Japan can contribute to our horticulture. Some of them are
not new, but are still rare; others, and this is true of most of
the cultivated kinds, though known in a general way still have
many desirable varieties that are strangers to this country, and
still others I believe to be unknown to horticulture.
Ornamentals. 67
"Flowering cherries {Frimus Psendo-Cei'asus, Lindley.
Japanese, Sakura). Fruit bearing cherries in Japan are rare,
and those which may be found there have been imported from
America. They have, however, a large number of kinds from
the above species, which are extensively cultivated solely for
their flowers. They bloom during April and early May, at
which season the whole country is gay with the pink blossoms.
No garden is so small and poor as not to have its cherry trees.
The}^ may be dwarfed and gnarled specimens grown in six
inch pots, or they may be stately trees that overshadow the
premises, but cherries will not be wanting. We in this utili-
tarian age and land are apt to look askance at cherry trees
that produce nothing but flowers, yet were they known they
would surely be appreciated. From modest single pink or
white flowers they vary through all shades of red to magnifi-
cent double ones two inches in diameter. A few kinds are
sweet scented, and at least one kind has green flowers. There
must be in the neighborhood of a hundred varieties, or per-
haps more, most of which would be an ornament to any lawn.
When fully expanded the trees are a perfect cloud of bloom,
and some of the double ones remain intact for a month.
"Flowering plums {Frinms Mume, Sieb. and Zucc. ; Jap.,
Utne, Mwne). Although they bloom earlier, beginning in Tokio
in Januar}^ and continuing till April, I place these plums sec-
ond to the cherries, because less magnificent. But still they
are unique and greatly admired by the Japanese. They have
the advantage of being sweet-scented, and of blooming at a
time when they have but few rivals. Like the cherries, the
varieties are very numerous, the blooms shading from white to
dark red, single and double, large and small. They are grown
both as free standing trees and in pots, and being slow growers
and easily dwarfed, they are favorites for the latter purpose.
The blossoms, even the double ones, are followed by round
greenish-yellow plums of the size of the green gage, which,
however are not of a high quality. There are probably 50 va-
rieties, many of w^hich deserve to be generally planted for
ornament here.
"The double-flowered peach is found in many varieties
which I believe to be unknown here. The varieties bloom
later than the plums, and more profusely. On some kinds the
branches are literally solid spikes of flowers.
68 Annah of Horticulture.
" Mematsu pine {^Piniis de?isiflora, Sieb. and Zucc. ; Jap.,
Mematsu, Aka-matsii). This pine is a favorite everywhere. It
has many dwarf forms. A common mode of training these is
in the shape of a flat or round-headed bush, onl}^ a couple of
feet high. Another common way of training is as an irregular
P3^ramid, in which each leading branch is spread into a flat-
tened bunch, and these arranged one above the other with in-
tervals of a foot or so. Seen from a distance, trees so trained
remind one of stratified clouds on the horizon. Though such
methods of training would not harmonize with surroundings
here, yet these low pines, allowed to follow their natural bent,
would add much to the beauty of American gardens.
'-'Thunberg's pine {^Pinus Thunbergii, Parlot.; Jap., O-matsu,
Kuro-matsii). This species has also many dwarf forms which
would be desirable acquisitions. And the same remark ap-
plies to
"The oriental arbor-vitae. Some nursery catalogues men-
tion a golden arbor-vitae, but the Japanese have more than
one. I call to mind having noticed at least three ; one a good
sized, free-growing tree, another of medium size and growth,
with branches much flattened, and a third a dwarf, slow grower
with bunched branches, apparently a result of the suppressed
growth of the leading shoots, all three kinds with bright golden
shoots, especially on the south side.
'' Other arbor-vitaes are the following : Thuja obtusa, Mas-
ters ; Jap., Hinoki, KamakuraJiiba ; also a variety of this nam-
ed breviraf?iea, Jap., Chabo-hiba. Thuja pisifera. Masters
(^Retinospora pisifera, Sieb. and Zucc ); Jap., Sawara, Shinobu-
hiba. Thuja Japonica, Maxim.; Jap., Goro-hiba. Thuja dolabra-
ta, L. ; Jap., Hime-asunaro. All these are common forest trees
in the mountain regions of the main island, where they grow
to great size. They are beautiful ornamental trees, especially
the last named, and deserve attention here.
^^ Cijptomeria Japonica, Don (Jap., Sugi, Euko-Sugi), is an-
other tree which, though no stranger here, deserves wider cul-
ture than it receives. It grows to enormous size. At Nikko,
for instance, specimens can be found six to seven feet in di-
ameter, a hundred and fifty feet tall and as straight as candles.
One of the finest avenues in the country is the road to Nikko,
which, for several miles, is closely lined on both sides by these
handsome trees. Plantations of artificial forest are also com-
Ornamentals. 69
monly made of this tree, and closely planted groves of it can
be seen on every hand. It grows wild in the mountains of
Akita Ken in the north of the main island, but it does not
propagate itself readily, a circumstance from which it is
argued that it is an introduced tree. It is, however, easily
propagated from seed, which is borne in abundance, and the
young plants are very generally used for hedges, being planted
very close and trimmed freely. The wood is used for lumber
and building purposes and much resembles red cedar.
'■^ Podocarpus macropJiylla, Don (Jap., Alaki, Kusa-inaki), ^-nd
Podocarpiis Nageia, R. Br. (Jap., Nagi), and its variety rotundi-
folia, Maxim. {]2ip., Marul?a-nagi), are fine tall trees, the first
named especially having very large leaves. They thrive well
in Tokio, but their habitat is in southern Japan, and they
would, probably, not be hardy in the northern states.
"Of the firs may be mentioned :
^^ Abies fif-ma, S. and Z. (Jap., Mcv/ii); Abies Veitchii, Lind-
ley (Jap., Shirabisd). Both of these are large forest trees
in the north, and are desirable evergreens. The bluish foliage
of the latter, with two narrow white lines on the under side of
the needles, renders it especially ornamental. They would be
hardy anywhere in the United States. Other species might
be mentioned, as A. Mariesii, Masters ; A. Jesoensis, S. and
Z ; A. Sachaliensis, Masters ; A. Tsi/ga, S. and Z.
''A couple of magnolias should be mentioned as of special
merit, viz : Magnolia hypoleuca, S. and Z., Jap., Ho-7io-ki \ and
Magnolia Kobus, D. C, Jap., Koboshi. Both of them grow
in the northern island, and would be perfectly hardy in Amer-
ica. The first named, especially, is a magnificent tree. It is
of rapid growth and attains a height of 75 feet or more, and
the trunk a thickness of two feet. The leaves are obovate, often
a foot or more in length, shining bright green and arranged in
a close rosette around the flowers on the tips of the branches.
It blooms in June, when the strong fragrance of the flowers is
carried long distances by the wind. The flowers are some
nine inches in diameter, white, with flesh}^ petals. The fruit
is a cone-shaped pod, with red seed. Good judges pronounce
it equal in beauty to our Magnolia grandiflora, and it has the
great advantage of being hardy in the north. I confidently
predict that it will meet with general favor as soon as it be-
comes known here. The wood also has its merits ; it is fine
yo Annals of Horticulture.
grained and close and takes a brilliant polish. It is much used
for carving and inlaid work.
^'Magnolia Kobus is a somewhat smaller and more spreading
tree than the other, and it blooms earlier. It, too, is a desira-
ble ornamental tree.
"The family Styracaceae furnishes two trees which should
also be mentioned here :
^' Styrax Japonica, S. and Z., Jap., Ye go, Ye go no-ki \ and Sty-
rax Obassia, S. and Z., Jap., Haku-unboku. The former is now
offered in some catalogues as a new thing. It is a small tree,
some twenty feet tall, with rounded head and rather close
growth. It is quite common in central Japan. In early sum-
mer it produces an abundance of white, pendant, slightly fra-
grant flowers, somewhat resembling small cherry flowers, and
these are followed by gelatinous berries which emit a strong
fragrance when crushed. Styrax Obassia is a larger and more
stately tree, and much the handsomer of the two. It is also
less common. In growth and leaf it reminds one of the
American linden. The flowers appear in June, in large, up-
right racemes. They are abundant, quite large, white and
fragrant. It is a tree that will meet with favor in American
gardens as soon as known.*
''Albizzia Julibrissin, Boiv. (Jap. Nemu-no-ki'). This legu-
minous tree is common in the southern states, but I have also
seen it in northern Japan, my attention being particularly at-
tracted to a very handsome specimen in the court yard of the
government office at Sendai, in full bloom. The foliage is fine,
twice pinnate and the flowers pink, long stemmed and feathery.
It blooms in the last of July and beginning of August.
"Another striking tree, which, however, is peculiar to the
south, though it can be grown all over the main island, is
Sterciilia platanifolia, L. (Jap. Aogiri). It is a rapid grower with
few branches, smooth grayish-green bark and very large pal-
mately veined leaves, the leaf stalk being often a foot and
a-half to two feet long.
'' Zelkowa Keaki, Sieb. (Jap., Keaki). This tree belongs to
the nettle family and in foliage somewhat resembles the elm.
It is, however, a much larger tree than the elm. The trunk
has a smooth light gray bark and it branches rather irregularly.
It is, perhaps, the finest deciduous forest tree in Japan. The
wood is hard, white, fine grained and is commonly used for
*See Annals Hort., 1889, los; also introduction list in this volume.
Ornamentals. yi
lumber and for every sort of wooden manufacture. It grows
to an enormous size ; trunks six feet thick are not rare and it
is tall in proportion. It has open cymes of small bluish or
purple flowers, but the beauty of the tree lies chiefly in its
majestic appearance.
''Of the many species of oak indigenous to Japan I shall
mention only Quei-cus cuspidata, Thunb ; Jap., Shii, Shii-no-ki.
It is an evergreen oak largely used for hedges and ornament
in Tokio. It would probably be hardy anywhere south of
Washington. The leaves are two-ranked, shining dark green,
long, rather narrow, dentate and pointed, as the name indicates.
Its small acorns are peddled on the street and eaten like nuts,
having no bitterness or astringency whatever.
"Among shrubs, one of the most common in Japanese gar-
dens is Nandina dojuestica, Thunb. (Jap., Nanten), of which
there are many varieties under culture. It is an evergreen
bush with rather large, shining, dark green pinnate leaves and
slender upright branches. Old bushes are some eight feet
tall. The flowers are not conspicuous, but they are succeeded
by large persistent clusters of bright red or white berries,
which add greatly to the beauty of the plant. It would prob-
ably be hardy as far north as Maryland. The varieties differ
in size of leaf, habit of growth and color of berries. Photi-
nia glabra, Maxim (Jap., Kaneme-mochi^. A handsome ever-
green bush or small tree, with dark green, rather large leaves
and pretty white flowers resembling those of the privet. The
young leaves are purple, which gives the bush a peculiar ap-
pearance in spring. It is much used for hedges and orna-
ment. In this connection it might be mentioned that Camellia
Japofiica, the single flowered camellia, grows wild in central
Japan where I have often seen trees thirty feet high and the
trunk a foot thick. This wild species would doubtless be
hardy over a considerable portion of the United States and
would add variety to the shrubbery wherever it can thrive.
The innumerable varieties, both single and double, are grown
both in pots and as garden shrubs. Efikiantlius Japonicus,
Hook. (Jap., Doda7i tsr/tsugi) is a handsome deciduous shrub
belonging to the heath family, which is well worth introduc-
tion. It is wild over a large portion of Japan, and would
probably be hardy in the Middle States. Its leaves turn a
brilliant scarlet early in the fall, and on this account is much
72 A?inals of Horticulture.
grown for ornament and hedges. The flowers are not showy.
Lindera sericea, Blume (Jap., Ktiro-vioji). A deciduous shrub
belonging to the laurel family, which is worthy of culture.
Its leaves somewhat resemble those of the syringa. The
wood is fragrant and is commonly used for tooth-picks.
Zanthoxylitm piper itum, D. C. (Jap., Sans ho) ; Z. schi?iifotiu??i,
S. and Z. (Jap., Ijiu-sansho) ; Z. ailanthoides, S. and Z., (Jap.,
Karasu-sansho) ; Z. planispinum, S. and Z. (Jap., Fuyu-sa?tsho).
Are all hardy, fragrant shrubs well worth culture. They are
all more or less thorny, especially the last two, which also
grow to the size of small trees. Varieties of the first named
are grown for the seed and for ornament, and some of them
are thornless. Hex crenata, Thunb. (Jap., Inu-tsuge), is a box-
like evergreen bush of much beauty, and it is worth culture.
Lespedeza bicolor, Turcz., Jap., Hagi, Yawa-hagi, is a half-
woody shrub much grown for ornament, and is also abundant
wild. It sends up from the roots slender, willowy shoots,
clothed with feathery foliage and small purple pea blossoms
all summer long. It would probably be hardy everywhere in
America. Several other species of lespedeza are good fodder
plants.
''Vines. Vitis inconstans, Miq. {]di'^., JVatsii-Zuta, Tsitta.) It
seems probable that this very handsome vine, which is so
common in Japan, has already found its way to this country,
but if so, I have failed to learn the fact. It is a woody vine,
which climbs by tendrils like the Virginia creeper, and clings
tenaciously to all objects of support, whether trees or build-
ings. It is found in abundance in groves and woods every-
where in central Japan, and I think it would be hardy any-
where in America. The leaves on the young wood are small,
those on older wood large, impressing the casual observer with
the idea that there are two distinct vines. In shape they re-
mind us of the grape leaf, and they are so numerous as to
form a "thick carpet on the wall. Earl}^ in the fall the vine
turns a brilliant scarlet. It is the handsomest vine for cover-
ing buildings that it has been my privilege to see. Akebia
lobata, Decaisne (Jap., Mintsba-akebid). This species of the
akebia is not known to American horticulture. It is a stronger
grower than A. quinata, and I believe hardier. It is common
in the mountains of northern Japan, where I have seen some
very large vines. The leaves have but three leaflets, and are
Onimncntals. y.
larger than those of A. quinata. The fruit is hke that of the
latter. It climbs by twining. Actiuidiavolubilis, Planch. (Jap
Shirakiichi-zuru). Actinidia polygama is known here, but I be-
lieve the above species to be a stranger to this country It
would be hardy anywhere in America, as it is indigenous to
the island of Yezo. It chmbs to a height of 70 or 80 feet, and
may be suited to arbors. In appearance it resembles A. poly-
gama. Schizophragma hydrangeoides, S. and Z. (Jap., Yuki-
kazura Iwa-kagami, Uchi-wagi). This beautiful climber has
already been introduced, but it is not known as well as it de-
serves to be. In some portions of the mountain forests of cen-
tral Japan nearly every tree is covered with it. It climbs up
the straight trunks of the cryptomeria, and when it blooms in
July and August, the trunks from top to bottom are studded
with the large bunches of its odd white flowers. Kadsura
Japomca, L. (Jap., Sane-kadsura), is another wood-vine of much
beauty. It grows chiefly in the south. It climbs by twining
the slender branches about the objects of support, and would
be suited to verandas and arbors in sheltered positions The
foliage resembles that of the so called madeira vine "
§3- FLANT DISEASES AND INSECTS.
Plant diseases were unusually prevalent and serious during
1890, and insects were about normal in numbers and destruc-
tiveness. Among fungi, attention was particularly drawn to
the apple scab, especially in New York, as it was supposed
to be responsible for much of the apple failure. Grape dis-
eases were also serious, and for the first time the mildew and
rot invaded the vineyards of western New York to an alarming
extent. A new grape disease has also occasioned much alarm in
California, and a new trouble has arisen in western New York.
The New York disease fortunately bids fair to submit to such
treatment as thorough under-drainage and careful culture, but
the disease invading the Pacific coast is yet wholly obscure.
The New York disease is known as rust or blight, and is indi-
cated by a browning or shrivelling of the leaves and the con-
sequent death or retardation of the fruit. The injury first
appears as small reddish or brown discolorations between the
veins. So far as known, the trouble is a physiological one,
apparently due to cold and insufficiently drained soil, and it
was probably brought on, or at least augmented, by the ex-
cessive rains of 1890.*
But experimentation has kept pace with the difficulties, and
it has been proved beyond all doubt that many of our worst dis-
eases and insects can be kept in check profitably by the use of
sprays. Grape growers in all the best grape regions are
adopting the copper sprays, and many orchardists are treating
apples, pears and other fruits with good success. In most
parts of the country the growers are following closel}^ upon
the experimenters in the application of fungicides and insecti-
cides. So great has become the general intererest in the sub-
ject that growers in several states are asking for the enact-
ment of laws looking to the control of plant diseases and in-
sects. It is only a question of a short time until nearly every
state will add this important labor to its government machin-
*See Journ. M^-cology, vi. 95.
(74)
Plant Diseases and Insects. 75
ery. Laws for the suppression of peach yellows exist in
Michigan, Ontario, New York, Virginia and Delaware,
although in the last state the law applies only to the south-
ern half of the state. New Jersey has a law, which was ap-
proved in May, for the suppression of any new diseases which
may enter the state. It is entitled "An act to prevent the
spread of fungous diseases of plants," and is as follows:
"When the officers of the State Agricultural Experiment
Station shall discover any new fungous growth which is doing
injury to plants or vines, and while the same is confined to
limited areas, they are hereby authorized and empowered to
enter upon any lands bearing vines or plants so affected, and
destroy the same by fire or otherwise, as they shall deem best.
"Any damage to private property resulting from the opera-
tion of destroying the said fungous growth by the officers of
the state, shall be certified to by them, and the amount of
damage paid to the owners thereof, from the same fund and in
the same manner as is paid to owners of diseased animals
killed by the State Board of Health.
" Expenditures under this act shall not exceed one thousand
dollars in any one year.
"This act shall take effect immediately."
The most signal legislation of the year, however, is that
directed against the gipsy moth {Ocne?'ia dispar) in Massa-
chusetts. Public attention was first called to this insect by
Professor Fernald in a special bulletin of the Massachusetts
Hatch Experiment Station in November, 1889. The gipsy
moth appears to have been introduced into Medford twenty
years ago by L. Trouvelot, who was conducting experiments
upon silk culture. The insect escaped from him, and subse-
quently spread rapidly. In Europe the insect is regarded as
a great pest, for it is an omnivorous feeder. The state enacted
a law aiming at its destruction, and appropriated $50,000 for
the purpose. The first commission was a political one, and
little was accomplished, but the Governor dismissed it and
appointed new commissioners, selected from members of the
State Board of Agriculture. It is not yet determined if the
insect can be exterminated, but the venture is an important
one to the whole countr}^, because it will indicate the extent
to which we can hope for relief from insect depredations
through laws. J. G. Jack writes, in Garden and Forest, that
76 Annals of Horticulhtre.
''the appropriation and expenditure of $50,000 alread}^ voted,
however, will not have been altogether in vain ; for, besides
the accomplished temporary suppression of the pest, a wide-
spread popular interest in entomolog}' has been aroused, and
the value of a knowledge of such things has been once more
very effectually and practically demonstrated to those who
usually behttle such studies." The legislation in both New
Jersey and Massachusetts was the result of inquiries con-
ducted by experimenters of the respective states, and it is an
illustration of the influence which experiment stations are
already beginning to exert.
The larger part of the experimentation of the year in econo-
mic mycology and entomology has been that of perfecting the
means and materials for spraying plants, and much of the
best efforts of the next few years will probably be expended
in the same direction. The year has marked the advent of
several new pumps, particularly of the knapsack pattern ; the
ammoniacal solution of carbonate of copper has superseded
the Bordeaux mixture in general favor, and initial experi-
ments have been made in the combination of fungicides and
insecticides and in the exact relations of the arsenites
to injury of leaves. Exact reference to all the experiment
work of the year w^ill be found in the ''Register of Experi-
mental Horticulture" in Part II.
Plant diseases. The gist of the year's results in plant dis-
eases is given for this occasion by D. G. Fairchild of the Di-
vision of Vegetable Pathology of the national Department of
Agriculture :
"The importance of investigating the diseases of our crops
is becoming more and more apparent as our knowledge on the
subject increases. To the older inhabitants whose memories
stretch back into the days of sure crops and bounteous har-
vests, the successive failures and multiplication of plant dis-
eases may well raise the question of what these plant parasites
are, where they come from and into what straits they must in-
evitably drive the horticulturist of the future. That the fung-
ous diseases of plants have increased during the past few
years there is no more reason to doubt than that the weeds of the
gardens have grown and spread their seed from field to field.
The two cases are analogous. From the beginning of hus-
bandry the attention of farmers has been called to the neces-
Plant Diseases and Insects. 77
sit}' of thorough weeding, 3'et, with all the care given, many
farms are almost ruined b}^ noxious weeds. Is it any wonder,
then, when it is considered that the study of plant diseases is
only a few years old and that few attempts have been made
to combat injurious fungi, that orchards, gardens, and green-
houses are filled with these tiny parasitic weeds, visible only
by the aid of the microscope ? These minute fungi which
grow upon the living parts of our cultivated plants and send
their roots, or vegetating threads, deep into the leaf or stem,
instead of into the moist earth, have probably been here as
long as the oaks or poplars, and the fungus causing the grape
vine mildew has just as much right to be considered an old
inhabitant of the globe as the vine upon which it lives. The
maladies of plants, like the plants themselves, are migratory,
and we must expect to find new diseases in our greenhouses
and orchards just as much as new weeds in the garden.
While it may be said that this tendenc}^ to spread or migrate
may explain in part the apparently sudden appearance of
these diseases, the main reason is that we do not notice them
when they first begin their work. The average farmer or fruit
grower passes, unnoticed, hundreds of fungous diseases of
his growing crops ascribing causes of 'the weather' or 'too
much rain' for their sickly appearance.
"If these lower plant forms are looked upon as weeds, it
will not be wondered at that there should be found in one
year hosts of new forms, some of which are living upon cul-
tivated plants and are hence of interest to cultivators. Thus
in a New Jersey cranberry bog a new fungous disease has
been found which forms upon the cranberry stems and leaves
thousands of bright rose-colored galls or swellings, checking
the growth of the plant and preventing fruiting.* Because of
the pronounced habit of the fungus of swimming from plant
to plant and bog to bog, it has seemed advisable to destroy by
fire the whole infected region to prevent the spread of the
trouble. The disease has been named the cranberry gall
fungus {Synchytriiini Vaccini, Thomas) and is so described
that any one will be able to recognize it. In Connecticut Dr.
Thaxter has discovered a new and destructive rot of the lima
bean, caused by a new species (^Phytophthora Phaseoli), allied
to the potato rot fungus, f which, if allowed to spread, may
* Bull. 64, New Jersey Ex. Sta.
t Annual Rep. Conn. Ex. Sta. 18S9. Jour. Mycology U. S. Dep. of Ag. Vol. vi. No. 11.
yS A?ma/s of Horticulture.
check materially the growth of that crop in America. Among
the hollyhocks of New York greenhouses a destructive malady
(^Colletotrichum malvariiui) has been at work which has already
made great inroads, in some cases stopping entirely the cul-
ture of this flower, and which, as will be noted later, has been
placed, through the efforts of the division of vegetable patho-
log}', successfully under control. Almost every scientific pub-
lication on the subject, and nearly every bulletin from the ex-
periment station botanists, announces the discovery of some
new disease of economic importance. Two entirely new
maladies of spinach in New Jersey have threatened the grow-
ers with disaster and called forth an excellent bulletin* on the
subject by Dr. Halsted. The discovery in France by Prilleux
and Delacroix of a destructive germ disease of potato and
pelargonium stems, the simultaneous rediscovery of the cu-
cumber mildew from Cuba in America and Japan, are both
points likely to prove of importance before another year.
''That mysterious and as yet imperfectly known disease of
the California vine, the scourge of the region, has refused as
yet to be crowded into the categor}^ of bacterial or germ ma-
ladies, although studied both in its home and among the hills
of Sicily and Algeria by N. B. Pierce, agent of the division
of vegetable pathology. The malady resembles the foUetage
of the French vineyards and for the present it must be placed,
together with the new malady of western New York, with the
imperfectly understood diseases awaiting further investigation
on both sides of the Atlantic. The appearance in Kansas and
Georgia of a striking peach disease called peach rosette and
cosidered by Dr. Erwin F. Smith as only a form of the yel-
lows, reinforces anew the importance of the investigations
into this mysterious malady which promises more this year
than ever before to be identified as a specific germ disease.
Aside from these newly discovered diseases there are the old
troubles, which although well known by name, are but imper-
fectly understood.
"The fungus of the strawberry leaf-spot or rust, which
ruins hundreds of strawberry beds yearly, has been traced in
the laboratory of Cornell University through its winter growth,
and the reason why it is profitable to collect and burn the
* Bull. 70, New Jersey, Exp. Sta.
Plant Diseases ajid Bisects. 79
leaves in the fall or winter is as evident now to the pathologist
as that weeds killed before they seed will diminish the next
year's weed crop.
" The onion smut, which has diminished the profits of onion
growing in Connecticut, has been so well worked out by Dr.
Thaxter* that the intelligent farmer with the facts before him
can scarcely fail to make this crop a success. By simply sow-
ing the seed in drills along which has previously been scatter-
ed a mixture of equal parts of air-slaked lime and fiowers of
sulphur, the fungus which enters the onion seedling beneath
the ground is immediately checked.
''The cranberry scald, which yearly ruined hundreds of
bushels of this most profitable crop, and which not long since
was attributed to such indefinite causes as unfavorable atmos-
pheric conditions, has been so successfully studied at the New
Jersey Experiment Station that systematic and perfectly in-
telligent attempts are in progress against the trouble.
"The potato scab has attracted unusual attention this year
and at least two kinds have been described. One, discovered
by H. L. Bolley of Indiana, f is caused wholly by the attacks
of a germ or one-celled organism of extremely minute size,
known as a bactei-iiim, which enters the young growing tuber,
and by rapid growth in the cells beneath the skin, breaks
down the tissue and forms, upon the maturing of the potato,
the deep, ugly pits so well known. The other, equally well
described by Dr. Roland Thaxter in a paper at the meeting of
Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations, resembles the
former in appearance almost precisely, and is the result of the
action of a fungus which is found abundantly upon rotting
manure, and is closely related to the moulds. These discov-
eries, together with that of the German investigator who finds
a very low form of plant life, a slime mould, as the cause of
the malady, give us a deeper insight into the hitherto some-
what mysterious affection, and form a basis for intelligent
practical experimentation. From these recent discoveries, the
contagious nature is fully settled and the danger of planting
scabby tubers, or employing lime, ashes, or especially stable
manure, in excess is pointed out.
*Ann. Report Conn. Exp. Station, 1S89.
fAgric. Sci. 243, 2;)7.
8o A7inals of Horticultiire .
" Turning now to the question as to what progress has been
made in the matter of treating these various troubles about
which so much is already known, we have only to point to
the almost universal success during the season in the treat-
ment of pear leaf-blight, pear and apple scab, black-rot of
the grape and blight or rot of the potato and tomato. In the
minds of investigators there is no doubt as to the effective-
ness of the copper compounds, carbonate or sulphate, in the
treatment of such superficial diseases as pear or apple scab.
The experiments the past year in Michigan, Wisconsin and
Maryland point strongly to the necessity of early treatment,
and although another season is necessary to prove fully the
truth of the statement, three sprayings before the fruit is half
an inch in diameter will in all probability protect the fruit
from the disease. Later treatment will probably be unneces-
sary, and, judging from the trials this year, are likely to prove
corrosive in their effect upon the skin of the pear and apple.
The pear leaf-blight has for several 3^ears defoliated the
orchards of both this country and Europe, but is now subject
to the will of every fruit grower who uses the means at his
command. The solutions most profitable in its treatment,
judging from the year's experiments, are the ammoniacal
copper carbonate solution (3 ounces of the carbonate to one
quart of the ammonia and 22 gahons of water) and the well
known Bordeaux mixture.* Three sprayings with either of
these solutions will undoubtedly preserve the foliage intact.
The mildews of the grape vine have received their usual at-
tention, especially in Italy and France, during the past year,
the question considered being simply new modes of cheapen-
ing the labor of application.
''The discovery above mentioned of a promising remedy
for onion smut, the successful treatment of the holl5^hock an-
thracnose in the greenhouses of Peter Henderson with the
Bordeaux mixture, the prevention of the mignonette leaf
spot by the same remedy, and the highly satisfactory experi-
ments in this country and France toward checking, economi-
cally, the ravages of potato blight, all show the interest that
is being aroused on the subject of remedies for plant diseases.
The question of economy, which has until recently prevented
Six pounds of copper sulphate, 4 pounds of lime and 22 gallons of water.
Plant Diseases and Insects. 8i
many from attempting to combat the black-rot of the grape,
has been settled during the past year in a neglected vineyard
of Virginia. Here the Bordeaux mixture yielded as net gain
for a total outlay of $6.51, $25.89, or 297 per cent, upon in-
vestment ; the ammoniacal solution of copper carbonate, above
mentioned, yielded for an expenditure of $3.32, $22.60, or 685
percent, upon the outlay, while, where no sprayings were made,
no grapes whatever were gathered.
''The new realization that, unless these fungous pests are
fought, there will be no profit in fruit growing and truck gar-
dening has created a demand for cheaper and less complicated
machinery with which to apply the various fungicidal mixtures,
and this demand has been promptly met by the manufacture
of various knapsack pumps, tw^o of which are shown in ' Tools
and Conveniences of the Year,' in Part II. One introduces
a new material into the construction of such machinery, in
the shape of indurated fibre-ware. This ware possesses the
advantage of being strong and light, and promises to be even
more durable than copper, should the demand for the pump
ever place it fully upon the market. The Galloway pump was
devised by B. T. Galloway, with the view of putting upon
the market a cheap and, at the same time, durable knapsack
sprayer. It has several advantages of simplicity and ease of
manipulation. Since no patents are upon it, any copper
manufacturer may construct it and may secure figures and a
description of its construction by applying to the Department
of Agriculture.
" Aside from this, the matter of the manufacture of a more
convenient fungicide, or a more convenient form of the old tried
formulas, has attracted some attention, and the firms of Peter
Henderson & Co. of New York City, Benj. Hammond of Fishkill-
on-the-Hudson, W. S. Powell & Co. of Baltimore, E. Bean of
Jacksonville, Fla., and perhaps others, have taken the matter
into consideration and we may expect soon to see commercial
fungicides, as well as commercial fertilizers, put up in the most
convenient form for immediate use. The progress of the year,
while it has not revealed any entirely new fungicides, has tested
old ones and suggested most valuable modifications and combi-
nations, such as that of the Bordeaux mixture with the arsenites
in the treatment of apple scab and codlin moth. The only
modification worthy of notice here is that discovered by M.
82 An7ials of Hoi'tiailhwe .
Perret of France, which consists in adding to a 2 per cent, mix-
ture of copper sulphate and sodium carbonate in the propor-
tion of one to three, one-twentieth of a part of cheap molasses.
Should this fungicide prove to be what it promises, it will
supersede the old and well known Bordeaux mixture of copper
sulphate and lime, and greatl}^ reduce the cost of the treatment
of plant maladies.
''But if an index of progress is looked for only in the sci-
entific facts discovered, or the application of these facts to the
needs of the fruit grower or gardener, a misconception of the
state of affairs may occur. Ten years ago few would have
believed that any state would legislate against such things as
pear blight, peach yellows or black-rot of the grape, yet in
1890 New Jersey framed a law which provides for the destruc-
tion of all plants affected by new diseases which are considered
dangerous to the agriculture and horticulture of the state, and
for the reimbursement of the owner from the state treasury.
''A project is now on foot to connect in an international
association all economic vegetable pathologists, or students
of plant diseases. Should such a plan be consummated nothing
but good can result, as it will furnish the long looked for inter-
communication betw^een American and European investigators
which is so much needed.
"In conclusion, it may be said that one of the most promis-
ing indications of future good to be accomplished by the inves-
tigations of plant diseases is the constantly increasing interest
manifested in the work by practical men. Everywhere there
is a demand for more light on such matters and it is only a
question of time when this subject will be as thoroughly under-
stood as ordinary matters connected with the growing of
crops."
The treatment of grape mildew at the School of Agriculture
at Montpellier, France, in 1890, is told by George Bencker in
Le Progres Agricole:
"The national school of agriculture at Montpellier has this
year continued its experiments with the various preparations
used to prevent mildew on the grape. The materials were
applied to two plats of vineyard which had been used during
preceding years for experimentation ; one plat received
liquid treatment, the other was treated with powders. The
plats were divided into squares for the use of the various pre-
Plant Diseases and Insect<i. 83
parations. The following table shows the amount of each pre-
paration used :
Bordeaux Mixture \ i k.* sulphate of copper Mo i hect.f of
[Boicilhe bo7-delaise) . . ^ 2 k. slacked lime f water.
Verdet ^ , ^ to i hect. of
{^Dibasic acetate of copper') ( \ water.
f I k. sulphate of copper . . ]
Improved Bordeaux Mixture J 5 k. sugar (to i hect. of
[Boui//ie bordelaise celeste) j 5 k. aluminium calcide . . . f water,
i I k. slacked lime I
Bordeaux Mixture and spori- ( ' ^ ^f^'^^l^y °^ ^°PP^'- " | to i hect. of
( r-i \ -Nik. slacked lime -
vore (Glue) ) , . I water.
^ ' ( I k. sponvore )
Mixture of carbonate of soda j i k. sulphate of copper. . ^ to i hect. of
and sulphate of copper. { 2 k. crystals of soda .... f water.
Gelatinous hydrocarbonate of ^ i ^^ ^ ^^^^ ^^
CO p p e r yhydrocarbonate -(1.5 k [-
de ciiivre gelatineiix) ..,,,.( )
Aluminium mixture, without \ i. 73 k. chloride of calium \ to i hect. of
copper I 3- 7 k- alum \ water.
Check square, no application.
''Mr. Duchein, who conducted the experiments, made three
applications to each square :
The first application May 21, i8go.
The second application June 2, i8go.
The third application July 25, i8go.
"The following powders were used upon the squares of the
second plat, one kind to each square : Shawinski's powder,
Shawinski's sulphur, cuprosteatite, sulfosteatite, sulfocyanide
of copper, sulphated verdet {soufre au verdet), hydrated sul-
phate of copper {soufre a V hydrate de cuivre), sulphated sulphur
{soufre sulfate), cupro-phosphate {cuivro-phosphate), sulphur
and cupro-phosphate {soufre au cuivro-phosphate).
''These squares received four applications :
The first application May 20, 1890.
The second application ... June 2, 1890.
The third application June 23, 1890.
The fourth application July 25, i8go.
" Since the mildew did not appear in the squares this year,
the relative merits of the substances used cannot be estimated,
except in regard to the length of time in which they remain
effective.
* Kilogram or kilo, i k. = 2. 2 lbs. f Hectolitre, = 26. 4 gals.
84 Annals of Horticulture.
''Among the powders, the sulfosteatite and the cuprostea-
tite proved to possess the greatest adherence, and conse-
quently, in case of an attack they would have protected the
vines longer than the other substances. The principal ingre-
dient of these powders is talc, which, when dry, has the
greatest adhesive power. But while the sulfosteatite natur-
ally contains only lo per cent, of sulphate of copper, the cu-
prosteatite has 15 per cent, in the form of hydrate of copper,
and consequently it cannot burn, as sometimes occurs with
the sulfosteatite.
"We have frequently called attention to the danger of us-
ing substances containing soluble sulphates. The danger is
increased when the powders contain sulphate of copper in a
natural state, however finely divided. When a drop of w^ater
dissolves one of these particles a concentrated solution is im-
mediately formed and this has an exceedingly caustic action.
"The squares upon which the liquids had been applied re-
ceived the last application July 25. The summer rains soon
washed away all traces of the Bordeaux mixture and shortly
afterwards of the other materials also, excepting two. The
mixture of carbonate of soda and sulphate of copper resisted
the action of the weather admirably, but the stains of verdet
showed plainly upon the leaves even after they had fallen in
November. Like results have been obtained wherever the
verdet has been tried, and thousands of acres have been treat-
ed with it. This property of the verdet is of prime impor-
tance, for we are thereby enabled to make fewer applications
and these retain their efficacy for an indefinite period. Three
applications were made, in order to reach the later growths of
the vine.
"The above observations have led Mr. Duchein to arrange
the liquids in the following order, based upon the length of
time during which they remain effective :
"I. Verdet.
"2. Carbonate of soda and sulphate of copper.
" 3. Improved Bordeaux mixture.
"4. Sulphocyanide of copper (liquid).
"5. Eau celeste.
"6. Gelatinous hydrocarbonate of copper.
"7. Aluminium mixture.
"8. Bordeaux mixture and sporivore.
"q. Bordeaux mixture.
Pla7it Diseases and Insects. 85
''Powders. Although it is advisable to use liquids when
possible, those who find this method of treatment impracti-
cable will obtain good results with powders, especially cupro-
steatite. In the powder cupro-phosphate, the sulphate of copper
is in the form of a hydrate, and thus cannot burn. The phos-
phate of lime, in which this oxide is found, is also a fertilizer
for grapes ; certainly this is an advantage, but is it not to the
detriment of the adhesive quality? We must not lose sight
of the fact that we are trying to destroy the mildew ; the mixed
powders (sulphate and the salts of copper), designed to guard
against the oidium and the mildew, are not very successful.
It is better to combat the diseases separately, although at the
national school last year the sulphur of Skawinski was found
more effective against mildew than Skawinski's powder.
Plainly here was an anomaly.
"Liquids. This year Mr. Duchein wished to try a fungi-
cide having aluminium for its essential ingredient instead of
copper. It is composed of 2 k. of alum to i k. of chloride
calcium, used in the proportion of 5^ k. to a hectolitre of
water. Since the mildew did not appear, the value of this
compound could not be determined, but there is little reason
to believe that it would prove more valuable than the bouillie
biteri'oise which contains no copper and which was not used at
all this year, as it has been found to be worthless.
"The gelatinous hydro-carbonate of copper would have been
better than the preceding, but in regard to adherence and
durability it is far from being equal to the carbonate of soda
and sulphate of copper.
"Sporivore is a glue which is added in the proportion of i
k. in a hectolitre of water to a Bordeaux mixture consisting of
I k. of sulphate of copper and i k. of lime. This material is
still less adhesive than the hydrocarbonate ; besides, when
applied, it covered the leaves with an impermeable coating, so
that they drooped from want of air. But fortunately this was
washed off and growth recommenced.
"This proves the error of those who wish to make the Bor-
deaux mixture more adhesive by adding some substance such
as gelatine, gum, glue, etc. Adhesion should be obtained only
by means of soluble salts which recrystallize on the leaves in
the form of a tightly fitting net.
" In 1887 we maintained that a solution of verdet is and
86 A7i7ials of Horticulture.
always will be the available form in which copper will be most
effective against mildew, and this solution alone fulfils all the
necessary conditions, viz :
''I. Absolute certainty of never burning, whatever the
amount applied.
''2. Ease of preparation.
''3. Solution obtained without the addition of any other
substance.
"4. Copper dissolves without the addition of any other
substance.
''5. The ease with which the substance remains in sus-
pension.
''6. Immediate destructive action against mildew.
" 7. Complete adherence to the leaves.
''8. Indefinite preservation.
''9. Natural richness in the hydrate of the binoxide of
copper.
" 10. Cheapness.
''II. Required number of applications as small as possible.
"One of the failings of the Bordeaux mixture, and of the
carbonate of soda and sulphate of copper, is that they do not
contain sufficient dissolved copper. This defecft might be re-
medied in the laboratory but it is impracticable to do so in the
field. Sugar and lime have been the principal agents used
for this purpose, giving rise to two classes of fungicides —
those prepared in the laboratory, and those made by the grow-
er. The preparation of either kind is difficult and expensive.
The same results do not always follow the use of the same
proportions of the ingredients. Sometimes more and some-
times less lime is required to exactly precipitate all the sul-
phate ; and again a certain amount of sugar does not always
dissolve a corresponding amount of the oxide. Nor does the
preparation retain a uniform strength. Its action grows
weaker so that only the amount to be used immediately should
be prepared. A still more serious objection is, that the
amount of lime or soda used to neutralize the acid may not
be sufficient, and consequently the valuable sulphates remain-
ing would, when applied, seriously burn the foliage.
" In the improved Bordeax mixture the most difficult opera-
tions have already been made. One admirable quality is the
ease with which it remains in suspension. Its cost is about
45 cents per hectolitre. In regard to adhesion and durability
Plaiit Diseases and Insects. 87
it ranks third. But by analysis it was found to contain a
large proportion of free soluble sulphates, and consequently
there is a manifest possibility of its burning the foliage, es-
pecially if the solution on the leaves is concentrated by sev-
eral applications, or by the carelessness of the operator. If
more lime is added it unites with the sugar and is a total loss,
and still the solution may not be completely saturated.
''The name improved Bordeaux mixture could more appro-
priately be applied to a preparation, the formula of which has
been given by Mr. Duchein. It combines the merits of the
Bordeaux mixture and the eau celeste. Mr. Duchein prepares
the Bordeaux mixture according to the formula already given,
but uses as little water as possible. The lime is in excess and
this facilitates the operation. Then he adds as little ammonia
as possible, just enough to obtain a blue coloration in the su-
pernatant liquid. All that is then necessary is to add suf-
ficient water to produce a hectolitre of the liquid. This is a
simple and cheap preparation, and perhaps the only objection
to it is its want of adhesive power."
Insects. Some of the most important results of the year in
economic entomology have been collated for me by Professor J.
B. Smith of the New Jersey Experiment Station :
"The plum-curculio was one of the favorite subjects of
investigation during the 3^ear, Ohio, Michigan, Iowa and New
Jersey having devoted considerable attention to it. In Ohio,
Weed carried on his plum spraying experiments 'under ordi-
nary commercial conditions,'* spraying one-half of an orchard
of 900 plum trees, and jarring the other. The result was extra-
ordinary. Of the sprayed trees not more than 3 per cent, of
the fruit was injured ; of the jarred trees not more than 4
per cent. There is no statement of what neighboring orchards
were like, and this record stands in strong contrast to the results
attained by Gillette and Cook. Cook, after strongly recom-
mending the arsenites for the curculio,t tried his own recom-
mendations most thoroughly, and with a most deplorable lack
of success. X Although treated in the most careful manner, every
plum on the sprayed trees was injured. He adopts now the
rather startling theory that the curculio is a friend, because it
*Bull. 8, vol. iii. Ohio Exp. Sta. fBull. 53, Mich. Exp. Sta.
tSee a thorough discussion of arsenites for the plum curculio in Annals Hort. 1889, 61.
88 Annals of Horticultiu'e .
prevents over-bearing, and he suggests planting plum trees in
apple orchards to prevent injury to the apples. Webster has
reported * the results of his experiments in breeding curcu-
lios on different varieties of apples and plums, and concludes
positivel}^ that plums planted among apple trees do not protect
the latter. As with many other species, it is probably a ques-
tion of the number of insects; when numerous enough they
will take every fruit suitable to their purpose. When compara-
tively scarce, they may exercise a choice. Gillette reports^ as
the results of his studies, that the curculio prefers the import-
ed to the native varieties of plums, 48.8 per cent, of the former
and only 6.6 per cent, of the latter being infested. He also
reports that he found spraying an excellent remedy, although
not applied under the best conditions. He has since repeated
his spraying experiments under the best possible conditions
and reports absolute failure. The sprayed trees were more
infested than the unsprayed checks. Green, who tried spray-
ing with arsenites in Minnesota J again reports the most grati-
fying success. It is evident from these contradictory experi-
ences that spraying is far from being a satisfactory and reliable
remedy for the injuries of the plum curculio. The special cir-
cumstances that produce success in the one case and failure in
the other, are still beyond our ken.
"J. B. Smith has made some experiments in a different
line. § He finds that the insects will not develop in growing
apples, Avhile in dropped fruit, almost every egg-puncture was
represented by a full-grown larva later on, provided the ap-
ples were allowed to decay. When decay was prevented by
keeping the fruit absolutely dry, none of the larvae developed.
As a consequence, he strongly urges the systematic gathering
and destruction of all fallen fruit as the best way of prevent-
ing the maturing of the species. Nine full-grown larvae were
found in a single apple, and the destruction of all such fruit
must do much to lessen the numbers for the following reason.
''All of the publications confirm the statement that there
is only a single annual brood of the curcuHo, although &gg
laying extends to the end of July, or even later.
" Gillette has also studied the plum-gouger {Coccotof^Jis pni-
* Insect Life ii. 305. t Bull. 9, Iowa Exp. Sta.
X Bull. 10, Minn. Exp. Sta. gGarden and Forest. Nov. 19, \%o.
Plant Diseases and Insects. 89
fiicida), a species which ranks close to the curculio in destruct-
iveness, and he finds that this prefers the native varieties,
more than 27 per cent, of the fruit being infested. Spraying
is of no vakie in this c^zse, and jarring to collect the beetles is
recommended. The infested fruit does not drop, and gathering
it before August i is recommended to prevent maturing the
larvae.
" Miss Ormerod* in her thirteenth report describes an
attack by the ''pear blight beetle" of American writers,
{Xylebonis dispar-pyri) on plum, in some parts of England.
She suggests trapping by placing poles among the trees, on
the theory that dead or dying wood will exercise a superior
attraction, and then recommends burning these traps before
the insects mature. This is only another application of the
method adopted by the German foresters to protect growing
trees from the ravages of others of the bark borers {Scoly-
tidce). Badly infested trees should, of course, be cut and
burned.
"Weed gives usf a description of all stages of the cherry
louse (yMyzus cerasi), but adds nothing to our knowledge of
remedies. Smith treats the same insect, J and recommends
kerosene emulsion or fish oil soap as destructive agents.
''The cherry slug {Selandi'ia cerasi) has been injurious to
both pear and cherry in Nevada, and Hillman § recommends
tobacco, hellebore and buhach, all of which were tried and
found successful.
"Peach insects received comparatively little attention.
Erwin F. Smith has given || a very complete description of
the peach louse (^Aphis persicce-iiiger), a new insect, and an ac-
count of its depredations in Virginia, Maryland, Delaware and
New Jersey. He discusses its habits at considerable length,
and thinks that much of the injury to the peach, usually
called the yellows, may be due to this insect. He sug-
gests no remedies for the underground form, but has since
found Tf that tobacco dug into the ground around the tree
is satisfactorily. The true yellows, however, is not to
♦Report of Observations of Injurious Insects and Common Farm Pests during the year
18S9. London. 1890.
t Bull. 2. vol. i. Ohio Exp. Sta. Technical Ser.
t Bull. 72. N. J. Exp. Sta. I Bull. 10, Nev. Exp. Sta.
II Entomo. Amer. vi. 101-201. 1[Bull. 75, N.J. Exp. Sta.
A. H. — 7
go Annals of Hortiadture.
be confounded with this injury. J. B. Smith has treated of
the same insect,* and recommends potash in the form of
kainit as most satisfactory, acting both as a fertihzer and in-
secticide. For the serial forms, whale oil soap is recom-
mended. Later, he repeats E. F. Smith's recommendation of
tobacco for underground forms.
''The peach tree borer has also been treated by J. B.
Smith, f who recommends mechanical means, wrapping the
base of the tree with upright straw or newspaper, to prevent
oviposition, or destructive means by pouring diluted kerosene
emulsion around the base after removing the top soil.
" Alwood, of the Virginia station, related at the meeting of
the economic entomologists in November, that painting the
trunk with ordinary white paint to which a little Paris green
is added is a perfect protection. Of course, all these applica-
tions must extend for a depth of at least six inches below the
soil to be effective.
''Apple insects have received the usual amount of atten-
tion. Spraying for the codlin moth larvae was practiced at
several stations, and uniform success is reported. There is no
longer a doubt that we have a safe and reliable remedy for the
injuries done by this insect.
"Weed has studied the oyster-shell bark louse (yMytilaspis
po7noriH7i) and the scurfy bark louse (yCJiiotiaspis fiirfiiriis^ and
recommends J scrubbing trunk and branches with carbolic
mixture, i pt. crude carbolic acid to 7 parts of a solution made
by disolving i qt. soft soap or yi, lb. hard soap in 2 quarts
boiling water.
"The buffalo tree hopper {Ceresa bubahis) has proved in-
jurious in Ohio by puncturing twigs and branches for oviposi-
ting and for this, the kerosene emulsion, used after the young
insects have made their appearance, is recommended.
"In New Jersey, muriate of potash in water, used to wash
tree trunks, has proved effective in destroying the scurfy scale. §
"Apple plant lice were also reported on by Hillman, || who
recommends for the leaf lice the standard preparations of
kerosene and tobacco, and for the root lice {Schizo7ieura lanigera)
* Bull. 72, N. J. Exp. Sta. t2d Ann. Rept. N. J. Exp. Sta.
t Bull 4. vol. iii. 2, sec. Ohio Exp. Sta. § Bull. 75. N. J. Exp. Sta.
liBull. II. Nev. Exp. Sta.
Plant Diseases and Insects. 91
suggests that the same application be made in a trench around
the base of the tree.
'' From New Zealand comes the statement * that soot, buried
6 or 7 inches deep under infested apple trees, rids them of this
same woolly-aphis, the ' American blight ' as they call it.
"In Miss Ormerod's report a number of apple pests are
treated, none of which are of particular interest to Amer-
ican horticulturists save the bud-moth {^Tffietocera ocell-
ina^ for which no satisfactory remedy is suggested. This
is interesting, because Harvey stated at the meeting of the
economic entomologists in November that this insect had
attacked the terminal buds of the blackberry in Maine, an
entirely new habit for this species.
'' Harvey has also studied the ' railroad worm ' {^Trypeta po-
monella) in Maine. His results are not yet published, but we
understand that gathering and destroying the infested fruit is
recommended as the most practical remed}^
''Gillette gives a brief account of the apple curculio f
(^Anthonomus quadri-gibbns^ which has been seriously injurious in
some parts of Iowa. Spraying, jarring and the destruction of
fallen fruit are all recommended for this insect.
"A second edition of Miss Ormerod's valuable 'Manual of
Injurious Insects and Methods of Prevention,' has been issued
in England, during the year. It contains much of interest to
horticulturists everywhere. Of present interest is the article
on the 'wood leopard moth' {Zeiizera cescali). This pest
has been quite recently imported into this countr}^, and is now
beginning to spread, radiating in every direction from the
vicinity of Jersey City. In Europe it is destructive to pear ;
in this country it has, thus far, been found only on elm. J
" Riley § has treated the 6-spotted mite of the orange {Tet-
ra?iychus 6-macidatus), and finds it easil}^ controlled by the
various soap and kerosene preparations, by sulphur and even
clear water. Clean culture is also an effective method of pre-
venting injury. He also calls attention || to the fact that some
of the scales infesting oranges in Florida have made their
apperance in California, and repeats his suggestion that a quar-
antine be established in these states against infested plants
* New Zealand Farmer, Dec. 1889, cited in Insect Life ii. 290.
tBull. 77. Iowa Agl. Exp. Sta.
JEnt. Amer. vi. 31. Garden and Forest. Jan. 1890, 30.
i Rept. Se'cy. Agl. for 1889 (issued 1890) || Insect Life ii. 341.
92 A?i7ials of Hortic2dtu7'e.
received from the others. Coquillet has an excellent and inter-
esting article * on the use of hydrocyanic acid gas for the de-
struction of the red scale in California. He finds this perfectly
effective, and describes how, after the necessary apparatus has
been obtained, the gas can be produced at a cost of about 26
cents per ordinary sized tree, quite a reduction from the older
method which costs about 76 cents per tree.
''Val^ry Mayet has issued a work on ' Les Insects de la
Vigne' (Paris 1890, pp. 470, 5 plates, 4 colored, and 470 fig-
ures), which is the most complete and important ever issued
on the subject, but calculated of course more particularly for
the European grower.
'' Newman f finds bagging grapes an effective protection
against insect attack, but recommends it only for choice
bunches.
''Riley has described the early stages of the rose-chafer |
(^Macrodaciylus subspinosus), and gives a resume of the history
of the species as an injurious insect. No additions to reme-
dies against the mature insects are made, but it is suggested
that if their breeding places could be found, kerosene appli-
cations might destroy the larvae. J. B. Smith has given his
experience § with this insect in New Jersey, and finds that
none of the recommended applications are of the least avail
when the invasion is an extensive or serious one. It costs
more to protect the vineyard than the resulting crop is worth,
and he recommends bagging as the only practical remedy.
''On currants. Miss Ormerod || describes an interesting
attack by mites {Phytoptus ribis) for which no practical remedy
has yet been found; and a white woolly scale (yPulvinaria
ribesice) allied to our cottony maple scale, for which she re-
commends whitewashing the plants in the winter. Koebele
reports \ that in the Santa Cruz mountains, California, it is
impossible to raise currants, owing to the attacks of one of the
buprestid beetles {Chyrsobothris inali), the larvae of which bores
into stems, branches and even roots. Collecting the beetles,
burning infested stalks, and whitewashing as a protection, are
suggested as possible remedies. Gillette also calls attention to
a new currant borer ** {^Hyperplatys aspersus), a beetle, hereto-
* Insect Lifeii. 202. fBull. 10, Ala. Exp. Sta.
X Insect Life ii. 295. g Garden and Forest July 16, 1890.
li p. i,^, report supra cit. \ Bull. 22, Div. Ent. U. S. Dept. Agl.
**Bull. II, Iowa Exp. Sta.
Plant Diseases and bisects. 93
fore found in cottonwood. The proposed remedies are the
same as for the imported borer, cutting and burning infested
stems. The currant has now a respectable Hst of insect pests !
''Webster gives some account of the strawberry crown-
borer* ^Tyloderma fraga7'i(B) and describes the egg. A jump-
ing beetle {Haltica igfiita) has been found injurious near
Columbus, Ind., and has been also complained of from Arizona
and Florida. The beetle is widely distributed and is a close
ally of the grape flea-beetle ; it may therefore become one of
the pests of the future. No suggestions as to remedies are
made.
*' J. B. Smith has treated monographically f the insects in-
festing the cranberry, giving the life-history of all the species
and the means of destroying them. He strongly recommends
laying out the bogs so that they can be flooded readily and
the insects drowned out. He has during the past season put
his own recommendations to practical use and the results,
eminently satisfactory, will appear in the forthcoming annual
report of the Station.
''Weed has continued his experiments with the striped cu-
cumber beetle, and finds tobacco dust most successful, after
mechanical covering of the plants. J Smith reports § similar
success with tobacco for this beetle, and gives also the results
of a series of experiments on the squash borer, none of which
were entirely satisfactor}^
"Miss Murtfeldt reports || a new rose slug {Cladius isome-
ras) as injurious in Missouri, and suggests hellebore as a
remedy. J. G. Jack finds ^ that an European saw-fly {Emphy-
tus cinctus, injured roses at the Arnold Arboretum. Riley and
Howard have described ** a new icerya (/. rosce^, injuring roses
at Key West.
"Bailey has made a series of interesting experiments ft to
ascertain the amount of injury to peach foliage by applications
of Paris green and London purple. He concludes that London
purple should not be used on peach ; that Paris green at the
rate of i lb. to 300 gal. of water, in a fine spray, did not injure
foliage, and that i lb. to 350 gallons of water would probably
be always safe. He found that nearly 40 per cent of London
* Bull. 33, Ind. Exp. Sta. t Bull. K, N. J. Exp. Sta.
t Bull. 3, vol. ii. ser. 2, Ohio Exp. Sta. § Bull. 75, N.J. Exp. Sta.
II Bull. 22, Ent. Div. Dept. Agl. \ Garden and Forest, March 26, 1890.
** Insect Life iii. 93. ft Bull, xviii. Cornell Exp. Sta.
94 Afinals of Horticulture.
purple is quickly soluble in water, while Paris green contains
no soluble arsenic. Anal3^ses showed that arsenic from London
purple entered into the texture of the leaf, while that from
Paris green remains entirely upon the surface. Experiments
upon plum showed that spraying with London purple so strong
as I pound to 200 gallons produced no injury, and the state-
ment is made that the supposed injury to plum foliage by the
arsenites is really due to a fungus. He also found, as stated
before by Cook, that old peach leaves are more susceptible to
injury than young leaves. The immunity of the young growth
is due to its waxy covering. Injury late in the season is more
apparent than early in the season, because of the cessation of
growth. A convenient device for producing a spray by com-
pressing the end of rubber hose, is described and figured.
Woodworth* has made some valuable tests upon the effects of
arsenites upon plants. He confirms Bailey's statement that
young leaves are less likely to be injured than old ones, and
that 'fresh white arsenic produces less injury than any of the
other arsenites,' but when the same material is not freshly
mixed it is more injurious than the other arsenites. 'Paris
green is uniformly less injurious than London purple.' He
also finds that some varieties of the same species are more
susceptible to injury than others, and he thinks that 'varieties
could be produced by selection to which strong poisoning
would do no injury.' As a rule, the lower surface of the leaf
is more easily injured than the upper surface. Gillette has
also made some most valuable experiments with the arsenites f
with the view of discovering some method of lessening injury
to the foliage. He finds that the addition of milk of lime to
Paris green or London purple will almost entirely prevent such
injury. As peach is admittedly the most susceptible, the re-
sults of this experiment with London purple are most inter-
esting in comparison with Bailey's recommendation that it be
not used on peach :
* Bull. 1 1, Ark. Exp. Sta. t Bull. lo, Iowa Exp. Sta.
Plant Diseases ajid Insects.
95
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I lb. purple to 50
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"The London purple used in the Bordeaux mixture pro-
duced .02 injury at the rate of i lb. in 25 gallons of water, and
none at all at a less strength. No chemical reasons for this
difference in results are given. Analyses and experiments
made at the New Jersey Station show that the addition of
lime to London purple combines the soluble arsenic, forming
with it an insoluble compound, and that only a mere fraction
of I per cent will not so combine. This is really one of the
most valuable results of the work of the year and will make
London purple available at more effective strength than has
been heretofore deemed prudent.
''This report would not be complete without a notice of
letters patent No. 440,612, dated November 11, 1890. This
was granted to Frank Jones, Morse, Kansas, on a wonderful
' Process of Disinfecting for Destroying Insects on Trees and
Plants.' This consists in washing the body and limbs of the
plant or tree, with a mixture or compound of the following
ingredients in the specified proportion, to wit: soft water,
five gallons; indigo, dissolved in the water, one ounce; as-
afoetida tincture, three ounces ; soap, dissolved in the water,
two one-pound bars, and at or about the same time drenching
the roots of the tree with the following drench mixture applied
in connection with sulphur, as hereinafter specified, to wit :
Water five gallons; concentrited lye sixteen ounces; indigo
one and one-half ounces ; camphor tincture, four ounces, and
sulphur, a sufiicient quantity. In practice the sulphur is not
mixed with the compound except in the act of applying, and
the method of applying is as follows : In treating a tree six
96 Anfiah of Hortiailhtre .
inches in diameter, I first sprinkle about four ounces of
sulphur upon the ground close around the foot of the tree. I
then pour about six quarts of the drench mixture upon the
sulphur around the root of the tree. The drench is absorbed
by the roots of the tree, and being carried to the bark and
leaves of the tree, combines with the wash above mentioned
which has been applied to the trunk, and the result is effec-
tive in destroying all insect life upon the tree, while the leaves,
bark and fruit remain uninjured.' Comment upon such a
patented mixture is needless !"
Dr. Riley, Entomologist of the national Department of
Agriculture, presented at the meeting of the Association of
Economic Entomologists at Champaign, Illinois, in Novem-
ber, an extended report upon the "Outlook for Applied
Entomology," from which I make copious extracts:
"The hydrocyanic acid gas treatment against scale-insects
is becoming more and more common in California, and has,
to a certain extent, superseded the use of washes, especially
against the red scale {Aspidiotus Aurantii). This is largely
due to the fact that recent experiments, carried on through
Mr. Coquillett, have resulted in a great cheapening of the
process. The expense has been reduced one-third, and the
bulky machinery mentioned in my report for 1887 has been,
for the most part, dispensed with. It has also been found
that the use of the process at night is safer and more benefi-
cial, in that it lessens the effect of the gas upon the foliage.
"The repeated importation of scale-insects from Florida
into Cahfornia has attracted much attention. The species
concerned are principally the purple scale {Mytilaspis citricold),
the long scale {M. Gloverii^, and the chaff scale {Parlaforia
Fergandei). The fact that these insects must have been
repeatedly imported into the state in past years, without
obtaining a foothold, has been used as an argument against a
quarantine, and a great deal of discussion on the subject has
been had in the California papers. From my own observa-
tions in the state I am convinced that where the proper con-
ditions of shade and moisture obtain there is no reason why
these scale insects should not get a foothold, but that they
will probably die out in the hotter, drier, and less shaded
localities. An agent who was sent to Pomona to investigate
certain newly planted orange groves of Florida trees found
Plajit Diseases arid Bisects. 97
that while the trees were planted a year previously and had
been dipped, according to custom there, in a caustic solution,
every tree examined by him bore a few specimens of the pur-
ple scale. The excitement on this subject in California has
been fostered by the claims of rival nurserymen engaged
either in the importation of Florida stock or dealing in varie-
ties grown at home, and from such contrary claims from per-
sons prejudiced by their business interests it is difficult to
extract the truth. A rigid quarantine, not absolutely prohibi-
tive were wisest, for great injustice might be worked by abso-
lutely prohibitive restrictions. Careful inspection and thor-
ough treatment, if they could be guaranteed, would prove an
effective safeguard, but it were unsafe to trust to them with-
out a rigid quarantine.
"I have commenced a series of experiments upon the
black scale {Lecaniiim olecB), a species which, ordinarily
occurring upon the olive, has long damaged citrus fruits in
California. The horticulturist of the Wisconsin Station,
E. S. Goff, has modified the Nixon pump by adding a tube so
that kerosene may be drawn from one receptacle and a mix-
ture of soap and water from another, thus forming a mechan-
ical mixture in the act of spraymg. This modification, at the
request of Professor Henry, I have had tried in this series of
experiments, and although it is too early to state the results,
it may be said that so little time and labor are required in
preparing a stable emulsion that this mechanical substitute
will probably not come into general use. In this connection
it may be observed that the formulae recommended by some
of our most voluminous writers are very misleading, and are
calculated to produce only a mechanical mixture more or less
unstable. The use of kerosene temporarily combined with
water or soapsuds by mechanical means dates from many
years back ; it was a favorite remedy of my friend Thomas
Meehan, who urged it in 1871 in the Gardener's Monthly;
it was experimented with b}^ others, and I used it successfully
in 1872 against an undescribed lecanium on Austrian pine,
as also against aphides on the place of Julius Pitman, of St.
Louis, and in 1874 ^^^^ 1875 against the congregated young
of the Rocky Mountain locust. But the true and stable kero-
sene emulsion, which now forms one of the most satisfactory
and widely used insecticides, and which requires two parts of
98 Aiinals of Horticulture.
the oil to one of the emulsifying agent, violently churned
until a stable, butter-like emulsion results, was the outgrowth
of my efforts in the investigation of the cotton worm, the milk
having been first suggested in 1878 by the late Dr. W. S.
Barnard w^hile working at Selma, Ala., and the most satis-
factory formula in 1880, by H. G. Hubbard, from experiments
which I had continued over two years, on orange trees.
''The grape phyhoxera has continued to attract the atten-
tion not only of most European governments but also of
those of Australia and New Zealand. It continues its spread
in France, having at last invaded the more valuable cham-
pagne districts. The last report of the Superior Phylloxera
Commission of that country shows that about 240,000 acres
have undergone defensive measures, submersion being em-
ployed in 72,000, bisulphide of carbon in 145,000, and sulpho-
carbonate of potassium in 23,000. The work is practically at
an end in such departments as H^rault, Gard and Gironde,
where the American resistant vines have most effectually been
used ; while the wine growers of Algeria, Spain, Italy, Por-
tugal, Hungary, Austria and Switzerland are all battling
against it, and are all more or less aided by their respective
governments.
''The advent of the insect in New Zealand has been the
cause of much writing and of much legislation there, and the
government has been quite anxious to get the best and latest
information on the subject. There is very little that is avail-
able in the way of published experience in this country, as my
Missoiiri reports are now very difficult to obtain. I would
repeat here in substance what I have recently written to F. D.
Bell, agent-general at London for New Zealand, because the
demand for the information is continuous, and our own peo-
ple are, to a great extent, unfamiliar with the facts.
"During the more than twenty years' struggle in France
against the species innumerable remedies have been proposed,
most of which have proved to be absolutely valueless. A few
measures have been devised, however, which, under proper
conditions, give fairly satisfactory results. These consist in
(i) methods which avoid the necessity of direct treatment,
comprising the use of American stocks and planting in sandy
soils; (2) the employment of insecticides (bisulphide of
Plant Diseases and Insects. 99
carbon, sulpho-carbonate of potassium, and the kerosene
emulsion) ; and (3) submersion.
''It was early found in the histor}' of this phylloxera that
most of the cultivated varieties of American grape-vines, as
also the wild species, resisted, or were little subject to, the
attacks of the root form {radicicola^ of the phylloxera,
although the leaf gall form {gatlicola), which in point of fact
does little if any permanent damage, occurs in greater num-
bers on many of our wild and cultivated sorts than on the
European grape-vines, which are all derived from the single
species, Vitis vifiifera, and which are so exceedingly subject
to the attacks of the root form. This fact was first noticed in
France by M. Laliman, of Bordeaux, and later by Gaston
Bazille, of Montpellier, and was independently proved on a
more extended scale by my earlier investigations in the United
States. The use of American stocks upon which to cultivate
the susceptible European varieties has resulted in an enor-
mous trade in certain American seeds and cuttings and now
supersedes all other methods against the insect.
" It was my privilege and pleasure to spend a week in Au-
gust, 1889, among the world-renowned Medoc and Sauterne
vineyards of the Bordeaux district in France. Here, by vir-
tue of the rich alluvial soil and the ease with which the chief
vine3'ards can be submerged, the phylloxera has made slower
headway, and the opposition to the use of American resistant
stocks has been greatest. Yet they have finally vanquished
prejudice and are, either from necessity or choice, rapidly
coming into general use. When I say choice, I mean that
even where the French vines yet do well and the phylloxera
is kept in subjection by other means it is found that great
vigor of growth and increase in healthfulness and yield of
fruit result at once from the use of American stocks.
"Without going into a lengthy discussion of the subject of
wild American species, those of practical importance to the
grape-grower are the following : Vitis cestivalis, V. riparia,
and V. Labj'usca.
"The varieties derived from V. cestivalis are of value for
their fruit as well as for their resistant qualities, and, being
easily propagated from cuttings, they are very often used in
France as stocks. The most important varieties are Jacquez,
Herbemont, Black July, and Cunningham.
lOO Annals of Hortiailture .
"The varieties of Vitis riparia, both wild and cultivated,
are, on account of their special fitness, almost exclusively em-
ployed in France as resistant stocks, for which they easily
take first rank. The varieties used are, first, the wild forms ;
and, second, the cultivated varieties Solonis, Clinton, and
Taylor. Of the cultivated varieties, the Clinton was one of
the first vines tried for this purpose and has been extensively
used with fair satisfaction. The Solonis now ranks above it,
but is valueless for any other purpose on account of the
acidity of its grapes. In California, the Lenoir, Herbemont
and Elvira have been used, but late experience shows that the
wild riparia is most satisfactory there, as it is in France.
"The different varieties of Vitis Lab^^nsca are less resistant
to the phylloxera than those above mentioned. Certain var-
ieties have, however, been grown successfully in France, and
of these the Concord has given much the best results ; but
others, Isabella and Catawba, for example, succumb there to
the root-louse, as indeed they do in many sections of this
country.
"Of the many valuable hybrids obtained from the Ameri-
can species of vitis which are serviceable as stocks, the more
important are the Elvira, Noah and Viala. The last named,
perhaps of all the resistant varieties, gives the greatest per-
centage of successful grafts, and is admirably adapted for
grafting on cuttings.
"Early in the study of the subject it was found that the
nature of the soil has a very marked influence on the success
of the different stocks. The subject has now been quite fully
investigated in France, and the latest researches are formu-
lated by the experimental school at Montpellier in the state-
ment quoted below, which will be of interest as giving the
various classes of soils, together with the American vines best
adapted to each :
(i) New, deep, fertile soils : Riparia (tomentous and glabrous), Jacquez,
Solonis, Viala, Taylor and Ciinninghani .
(2) Deep soils, somewhat strong, not wet : Jacquez, Riparia, Solonis,
Ctinnins^ha??i, Viala, Taylor.
(3) Deep soils of medium consistency, new and not dry in summer :
Riparia., Jacquez, Solonis, Viala, Taylor, Black July.
(4) Light pebbly soils, deep, well drained, and not too dry in summer :
Jacquez, Riparia (wild), Taylor, Riipestris.
(5) Calcareous soils, with subsoil shallow or granitic : Solonis, Rupestris.
Plant Diseases a7id Bisects.
lOI
(6) Argillaceous soils, white or gray : Cunningham .
(7) Argillaceous soils, deep and very wet : V. cinerea.
(8) Deep, sandy, fertile soils : Riparia (wild), Solonis, Jacquez, Cimning-
ha?n, Black Jtity, Riipestris.
(9) Light pebbly soils, dry and barren : Riipestris, York, Madeira, Ri-
paria (wild).
(10) Deep soils, with a tufa base and salt lands : Solonis.
(11) Soils formed of debris of tufa, but sufficiently deep : Taylor.
(12) Ferruginous soils, containing red pebbles of silica, deep and some-
what strong, well drained, but fresh in summer. All the varieties indicat-
ed, and in addition : Ilerbemont, Clinton, Cynthiana, Marion, Concord, Her-
})ian.
''The accompanying table from the last report of the
Superior Phylloxera Commission indicates, better than words
can tell, the steady growth in the use of American vines :
Ykars.
American vines
covered
1881 22,000 acres.
1882 42,700
1883 70,000
17 departments.
22 '
28
i»«4 131-909 " 34
1885 188,200 " 34
1886 276,900 " 37
1887 413,700 " 38
1888 536,900 ' ' 43
1889 719,500 " 44
"On the subject of cirect remedies, the value of the kero-
sene emulsion for this purpose has not been properly realized in
France, because of the relatively high price of petroleum in
her grape-growing departments. A series of experiments
which I made in 1883 showed conclusively its great value for
this purpose, as it not only destroys the insect in all stages,
but also stimulates root growth.
"In this connection I have recently had a series of expe-
riments made through Albert Koebele's agency, in the
Sonoma Valley, California, to ascertain the effect upon the
phylloxera of certain of the resin washes which proved so
valuable when used against the fluted and other scale-insects.
The results have been quite encouraging and the experiments
have already shown that in the use of those washes we have
a valuable addition to the underground remedies. Soaps
were made b}^ the use of bicarbonate of soda, sal soda, and
caustic soda, each mixed with resin. In the earlier experi-
ments the earth was removed about the base of the vine to a
depth of 6 inches and for a diameter of 4 feet. Ten gallons
I02 Amials of Hortiadtiire .
of the mixture were poured into each hole and found to pene-
trate from 12 to i6 inches or from i8 to 22 inches from the
original surface of the ground. Most of the insects, as also
the eggs, were destroyed to a depth of 16 inches. In the
later experiments the holes were made only about 2 feet in
diameter, and nearly, if not quite, the same results were ob-
tained with half the amount, or 5 gallons of the mixture.
The plan, which I had previously adopted for the applica-
tion of insecticides to underground insects, of washing the
mixture in with pure water was tried with good success. Soon
after the first application 5 gallons of water were added, and
5 gallons more the following day. This would indicate that
in the spring, when rains are frequent (occurring almost every
day) in the Sonoma Valley, only a small amount of the mix-
ture need be applied, and the rains will do the rest, as exam-
ination has shown that up to a certain point each application
of water intensifies and extends the action of the original in-
secticide. The best soap was made with bicarbonate of soda,
but the results of that made with caustic soda are so little in-
ferior, while the price is so much less, that the caustic soda
and resin soap mixture is the one which I would recommend.
The formula which was found preferable is as follows :
Caustic soda (77 per cent.) 5 pounds
Resin 40
Water to make 50 gallons.
**The soda should be dissolved, over a fire, in 4 gallons of
water, then the resin should be added and dissolved. After
this the required water can be added slowly, while boiling, to
make the 50 gallons of the compound. To this, water may
be added at the rate of 9 gallons for i, making 500 gallons of
the dilute compound, sufficient for one hundred large vines,
at a cost of only 84 cents, or less than a cent a vine.
''Considering the effective way in which the ravaged vine-
yards of France have been, and are being, redeemed by the
use of resistant American stocks, and considering the efficacy
of some of the direct remedies discovered, it is passing
strange that no disposition has ever been made of the pre-
mium of 300,000 francs offered in the early history of the
trouble by the French government. It cannot be awarded
to an}^ one person, but should be distributed among those
Plant Diseases and bisects.
103
whose labors and discoveries resulted in the several feasible
and satisfactory methods of coping with the insect.
" Introduction of parasites and predaceous species. — The
success which has attended the introduction from Australia of
Vedalia cardinalis has been phenomenal."^ Indeed, few who
have not kept in knowledge of the reports and the actual
condition of things can appreciate the remarkable character
of the results, not only because of the brief period required
therefor, but because of the thoroughness of the work of the
little ladybird and the moral and financial benefit to orange
growers which have followed in its wake.
"The striking success of the experiment has served to fix at-
tention, not only of entomologists, but of fruit growers and
farmers, to this mode of dealing with injurious insects, and
there is no question but that the cases in which the experiment
may be more or less successfully repeated are numerous. Let
us hope, therefore, that the moral effect will be as great as its
practical effect in opening up means and wa3^s in the future,
as it should serve to remove the disposition to deride any ex-
penditure having such results for its object. Many fears
have been expressed lest after sweeping off the icerya the
vedalia, being so far as we now know confined to that species
for food, should perish and that the icerya, preserved in some
restricted places undiscovered by its enemy, would again
multiply and become destructive. I firmly believe what I
wrote in my last annual report as United States Entomolo-
gist, viz :
" 'We may hardly hope, however, that the last chapter in
the story is written. On the contrary, it is more than probable,
and in fact we strongly anticipate that the icerya will parti-
ally recuperate ; that the vedalia will, after its first victorious
spread, gradually decrease for lack of food, and that the rem-
nants of the fluted scale will in the interim multiply and
spread again. This contest between the plant-feeder and its
deadliest enemy will go on with alternate fluctuations in the
supremacy of either, varying from 3^ear to year according to
localit}' or conditions ; but there is no reason to doubt that
the vedalia will continue substantially victorious, and that the
power for serious harm, such as the icerya has done in the
past, has been forever destroyed. We have learned, also,
(*) See Annals Hort. 1889, 62.
I04 Annals of Horticulhire .
that it will always be easy to secure new colonizations of the
vedalia where such may prove necessary, or even new impor-
tations should these become desirable.'
"During the year I have endeavored to return the favors
received from Australia and New Zealand by sending there
some of the natural enemies of the codlin moth, and from
last accounts, though jeopardized by the action of the custom
house authorities, the experiment promised success so far as
a species of raphidia from California is concerned. I have
also endeavored to introduce some of the parasites which at-
tack the hessian fly in Europe, and which do not yet occur in
this country. These efforts have been made by correspon-
dence, for you will be surprised to learn that the restrictive
'clause in the appropriations to the department of agricul-
ture for entomological work, which limits traveling expenses
to the United States, is still maintained in the face of the
vedalia experience, where by the expenditure of ^1,500 many
millions were saved. The maintenance of this restricting
clause in the last appropriation bill, under these circum-
stances, is a travesty on legislative wisdom, and all the more
remarkable because done by the Senate in opposition to the
House and the recommendations of both the Secretary and
Assistant Secretary of Agriculture.
"While there is much to be done in this direction in future,
I can not let this occasion pass without giving a note of warn-
ing. Success will only come in any particular case when
exact knowledge is first obtained and the most thorough
scientific methods are then adopted ; and we cannot too
severely condemn everything that savors of buncombe and
ignorance. During the year the press of the country has pro-
minently heralded the fact that a gentleman from San Fran-
cisco, especiall}^ charged to study certain entomological mat-
ters in the east, found while in Washington the two-spotted
ladybird i^Cocinelia convergetata) feeding on "the aphis" right
under the windows of the Division of Entomology of the
Department of Agriculture, the inference intended being that
the entomologist and his assistants were ignorant of the cir-
cumstance. Indeed a writer in one of the California papers
of recent date announced this discovery under the sensational
heading "Another good bug — the woolly aphis has found
its Sedan." How supremely ridiculous this sort of thing ap-
Plant Diseases and Insects. 105
pears to the well-informed entomologist I need not tell you,
but it may be well for the information of the public to say (as
I have not alluded to the matter elsewhere) that a number of
different species of ladybirds feed upon the woolly aphis and
that it is a rule with the insects of this family not to be selecSf
as to the particular aphid they prey upon. Hippodamia con-
vergens (the species referred to as the Sedan of the woolly
aphis) feeds over nearly the whole extent of the United States
upon this particular schizoneura, among others, and the fact
that both the species referred to feed upon various aphides is
well known. That one of the species is also common upon
the Pacific coast and that its being carried there from the east
is like "carrying coals to Newcastle" may not, however, be
so generally known. All such efforts as this carried on by
persons unfit, from want of any special knowledge, for the
mission, must invariably do harm, not only because of the ne-
gative results which follow but because of the lack of confi-
dence in such work which they will engender in the minds
of our legislators.
'' Insecticide machinery. — A profitable hour might be de-
voted to the subject of insecticide machinery, but I must con-
tent myself with a few words. At a trial of such machinery
at the Mareil-Marly vineyards, during the late Paris Exposi-
tion, I had an excellent opportunity of witnessing the latest
advances made in France in this direction, and it was extreme-
ly gratif3'ing to note that, wath whatever modification of the
power employed (and many of the machines were very inge-
nious), all other forms of spraying tip had been abandoned
for vineyard purposes in favor of modifications of the Riley
or cyclone nozzle. The superiority for most practical pur-
poses of the portable knapsack pumps of V. Vermorel, of
Villefranche (Rhone), France, was sufficiently evident. M.
Vermorel has identififd himself with the regeneration and
improvement of French grape culture in many directions, and
is, withal, an enthusiastic student of insect life. I spent a
very profitable day with him last year, both at the factory and
at his home, where he has established a virtual experiment
station in the midst of a fine vineyard on American roots,
and with every facility for various fields of investigations,
none of which are deemed more important than the work in
A. H.— 8
lob . Anfials of Hortiadtiire.
entomology, for he fully realizes how much there is yet to
learn of some of the commonest insects destructive to the
vine, even in an old country like France. But in no direction
has he accomplished as much good as in his work with insec-
ticide and fungicide machinery. His sprayer with indepen-
dent pump, his diaphragm pump — L'Eclair — and his reservoir,
with suction and force pump, are all admirably adapted for the
purpose they were invented for and may be obtained in France
at a cost from $5 to $7, which is tripled before reaching this
country, thanks to our present tariff system.
''The last number of the Journal of Mycology, the serial
publication of the Division of Vegetable Pathology of the De-
partment of Agriculture, gives full description, with figures,
of a knapsack spraying apparatus, for which the special merit
claimed is cheapness, and which is named the Galloway
sprayer.
''The combination of a suction and a force pump with knap-
sack reservoir has been frequently made in France, as illus-
trated by the apparatus styled the ' Cyclone' of Vermorel ; the
Japy, Vigeroux, Nouges and Perrin sprayers, and the sprayer
of the society L'Avenir Viticole. A number of pumps manu-
factured in this country of this style were mentioned or de-
scribed in the Fourth Report of the U. S. Entomological Com-
mission. These, in general, are much inferior to the French
pumps named, which are, however, modeled after those
earlier and cruder forms. There are a host of other French
knapsack spraying machines which differ from those men-
tioned, by propelling the liquid by means either of air pumps,
diaphragm pumps, or devices in which the pump is attached to
the reservoir by means of a rubber hose.
"In 1888 Adam Weaber, of Vineland, N. J., brought out the
Eureka sprayer, a very serviceable knapsack pump modeled
after the French machines. The French sprayers will cost,
including duty, shipping, etc., from $18 to $25; the Weaber
sprayer is sold for $21, which is but little more than the cost
of manufacture. Professor Galloway's machine is sold for
$14, or from one-fourth to one-third less than the Weaber or
the French sprayers.
" In the first announcement of this pump in No. i, vol. 6, of
the publication cited, and in the later full description, no state-
ment is made of the indebtedness of the inventor to these older
Plant Diseases and Insech. 107
machines, except in the case of the original description of the
lance and nozzle {op. cit. vol. 5, No. ii), where credit is given.
This naturally gives the impression that the apparatus is novel
in many or all its features.
"When compared with the French machines the following
facts become apparent :
''I. The reservoir is practically identical with that of the
Vermorel, Japy, and other French machines ; and the opening
for introducing the liquid with strainer and lid presents no new
features.
''2. The pump is an ordinary double cylinder (or hollow
piston) force pump, the hollow piston furnishing an air cham-
ber which causes the liquid to be forced out in a continuous
stream.
''3. The lance and nozzle combination consists of the Riley
nozzle fitted to a lance and provided with a degorging appa-
ratus, which also acts as a stop cock model, exactly after
Raveneau's apparatus, and is practically the same as the Japy
degorger and stop cock, except that the action is reversed.
In the latter (see Insect Life, vol. i. p. 265, fig. 61) the spring
normally closes the discharge orifice, and in the former the
orifice is normally open and is closed by the action of a
lever in the spring. That this modification of the foreign
knapsack sprayers will prove a serviceable one for vineyard
work, and by reason of its cheapness and availability come
into general use, I have little doubt.
"A new and distinct type of insecticide machine, * the inven-
tion of G. F. Strawson, Newbury, Berks, England, has attrac-
ted no little attention and has received numerous awards during
the past two years at various agricultural shows in England,
and has been very favorably noticed and recommended by
competent judges.
''International interests.— With the constantly increasing
facilities for intercommunication between different parts of the
globe the results obtained and experiences had in one part are
soon available for the rest of the world. Thus France has
more than repaid the United States for the good — however
vast and important — that has resulted to her by the use of
American resistant stocks. Her experience with these Am-
erican vines has reacted beneficially upon our own viticulture
* Annals Hort. 1889, 177, fig. 15.
io8 Ayinals of Horticulhcre.
in many directions, but particularly in the great advance which
her sons have made in insecticides and fungicides and in con-
venient, portable insecticide and fungicide appliances. It
has often been said of the French that they are not an origin-
ating people ; however that may be, they are very quick at
adopting and improving ideas and discoveries once brought to
their notice, and no nation is more appreciative of the im-
mense practical benefits to be received by the adoption of the
most scientific methods. In fact no nation has given greater
government incentive to the pursuit of science in its bearings
upon the welfare of mankind, and we may stud}^ with profit
what she has of late years done in our own line.
'' I had a delightful visit last August from John West, who
came to this country as a delegate from Victoria to ascertain
all he could of our methods ; also from W. Catton Gasby, of
Adelaide, who came to this country in a similar capacity.
Economic entomology in their part of the world is extremely
interesting to us ; for while the seasons are reversed as com-
pared with ours many of the same injurious insects occur in
both countries. Thus, I was glad to get perfect confirmation
from Mr. West of the fact that the Northern Spy and the
Winter Majetin are found to protect the apple, grafted upon
them, from the woolly aphis. A great deal has been published
of late years in the New Zealand and Australian papers on
'blight proof apple stock, and they have had an important
experience, the outcome of sore necessity, for ScIiizo?ietira lan-
igera has there been one of the most serious drawbacks to
apple culture.
''There can be no question but that this experience will
prove of value to our apple-growers wherever these varieties
grow well and the woolly aphis abounds. The use, as stocks,
of such varieties as enjoy immunity from the woolty aphis has
occurred to our own people, but no such extended experience
has been had in regard to any particular resistant varieties.
Some of our injurious insects are often worse in Australia
than they are with us, and we may expect to reap the benefit
of the experience had there with regard to them. This will
doubtless be true not only of the codlin moth but of their
peach aphis, which, from all that I can learn, is substantially
the same species as that which does so much damage in our
lighter soils along the Atlantic coast, and which Dr. Erwin F.
Plant Diseases and Insects. 109
Smith, of the Division of Mycology of the Department at
Washington, has carefully studied lately and described in
great detail as a new species under the name of Aphis persicce-
niger, but which I have reason to believe is the Aphis prunicola
of Kaltenbach.
''The Italians have been making a very interesting fight
against an insect which has threatened their very important
and extensive silk industry by its attacks upon the mulberry
tree. This insect was described by Targioni Tozzetti in 1885
as Diaspis pentagona. It occurs upon a number of different
trees, among them the paper mulberry, the spindle tree, the
peach, the cherry, laurel, and certain willows, as well as upon
the cultivated white mulberry, and it would seem that its taste
for the latter tree is one recently acquired, judging from the late
date at which the habit has attracted attention. The energetic
director of the entomological experiment station at Florence in-
vestigated the pest in 1886 and recommended the use of
mechanical means at the time of hatching of the young, viz ;
the scrubbing of the trunks and large branches with stiff
brushes and a subsequent application of a mixture of soap
and water with 4 or 5 per cent, of kerosene.
''Professor Franceschini, the editor of the Rivistade Bacchi-
coltura, recommended the adoption of the Balbiani formula as
used against phylloxera and consisting of crude tar oil, naph-
thalin, quick lime, and water ; the naphthalin being dissolved
in the tar oil, and the water and lime afterwards added together.
The insect appeared first in several cantons of the province of
Como and speedily spread to the adjoining localities. The
matter was brought to the attention of the Ministry of Agricul-
ture and a commission was appointed, consisting of Professor
Targioni Tozzetti, Dr. Alpe, and Dr. Andres, who immediately
familiarized themselves with the methods in use in this country
and have made extensive experiments with our kerosene emul-
sion, with our fumigating processes, and with other new reme-
dies. The subject has been taken in hand with great vigor,
and the government has interested itself to the extent of ap-
pointing inspectors in the different communes in the infested
territory and establishing regulations which oblige the imme-
diate report of new localities and the adoption of measures of
extinction, when ordered by inspectors. These regulations
also provide that the inspectors must do the work at the ex-
I lo Annals of Horticultui^e.
pense of proprietors when the latter refuse to do so ; they
prohibit the exportation of leaves from infested localities to
others, and provide for indemnity to owners for the destruc-
tion of trees when the degree of infection is such as not to
threaten the ultimate life of the trees. Expenses for experi-
ments of all kinds and for the watching and care exercised by
agents are borne by the state, while the expense for the execu-
tion of certain of the regulations are borne one-third by the
proprietor and two-thirds by the local society. A fine for dis-
obedience of the regulations is also provided for. The laws,
as published, are none too severe considering the urgency of
the case, and it is refreshing to notice the energy with which
the government has met the threatened danger, and at the same
time gratifying to note the appreciation shown of our ow^n
means and methods.
''Use of contagious germs in the field. — IMost of 3'ou are
aware that I have not had the greatest faith in the availabihty
of contagious disease germs as a means of battling with in-
jurious insects in field, garden, orchard, or forest, as there
are so man}'' delicate questions involved and so many obstacles
in the way of practically carrying out any plan, however plau-
sible theoretically, or true in principle. Our ability to con-
taminate healthy by diseased specimens is but a short step and
leaves man}^ important questions, as of rapid dissemination,
untouched. The theory is very tempting and has been par-
ticularly dwelt upon by some who were essentially closet-work-
ers, having but faint realization of the practical necessities of
of the case. Theoreticall}", with those insect diseases of a
cryptogamic nature, having a complex life-history and a resting
spore, the dfficulties are greater than with those of a bacterial
origin, and it is to these last that we should look for important
aid if it be available. Yet if the work of Messrs. Lugger and
Snow should be fully substantiated, the best results have so
far been obtained with the entomophthora of the chinch bug.
No one will be more pleased to have his doubts dissipated by
some tangible evidence of the practicabilit}^ of this method
than m3^self. Success, if possible, will come only by investi-
gation upon thorough^ careful and scientific lines, such as
those begun and still pursued b}^ Professor Forbes. The ease
with which he conveyed the silk worm pebrine to other larvae ;
his conveying the cabbage worm micrococcus to other larvae,
Plant Diseases and Insects. 1 1 1
and his carr3'ing this micrococcus in cultures over winter are
promising facts, as is also Professor Osborn's contaminating
cabbage worms in Iowa with specimens brought from Illinois.
Congress, having at its last session appropriated ^2,500 for
some further investigation of the boll worm, the possibilities
in this direction for this particular insect have caused me to
plan investigations having for their object thorough field ex-
periment with some of these disease germs.
^' Heliothis arniigera, the boll worm, is one of those cosmo-
politan insects which has become more injurious in the United
States than in any other part of the w^orld, by virtue of its
partiality for green corn, green cotton bolls, and green toma-
toes. The polyphagous and partially endophytous habit of
the larva renders its destruction difficult, except during the
earlier free-living stages by the fine spraying of the arsenites
on the under surface of the leaves. The ideal treatment for
the larger burrowing worms is some rapidly spreading dis-
ease germ that would penetrate and destroy them in their
hidden recesses. The insect was reported as extremely
abundant in cotton bolls during the summer, especially in
Texas ; but by the time the appropriation became available
its numbers had decreased, and it was too late in the season
to do much more than prepare for next year. We may expect,
as a result of special investigation, much additional fact and
experience both as to habits, natural enemies and means of
control ; but it is my desire to make the trial of these disease
germs the special feature of the investigation. Of those em-
ployed in the investigation, F. W. Mally was a former assis-
tant to Professor Forbes and has some experience in the study
and culture of disease germs ; while Dr. A. R. Booth is some-
thing of an enthusiast on the subject and has already estab-
lished the suceptibility, through contact, of the boll worm to
the cabbage worm micrococcus (J/, pieridis) of Burrill. We
hope to carry the germs through the winter so as to continue
the experiment as early as possible next year. I have in
mind as probably the most promising germ, that which affecfts
Nephelodes violans in a similar epidemic way, but which, as
Professor Forbes informs me, is a quite distinct micrococcus,
and I shall be pleased to have any of you co-operate with me
next year, by informing me of any disease of this character
that may prevail in your several localities."
§4- NATIONAL AND EDUCATIONAL INTERESTS.
There was an unusual activity in the discussion of general
questions relating to horticulture during 1890. Perhaps the
most important discussion is that upon
Legal cofitrol of Jiewvarieties. — The question of affording some
legal protection to originators or holders of new varieties, as in-
ventors are protected, was brought prominently into notice early
in the year by A. L. Bancroft of San Francisco, through the me-
dium of the California State Horticultural and Floral Societies.
As the question is not entirely new, it may be well to consider
it from its beginning. The measures so far advanced to afford
legal control of varieties fall more or less distincftly under
three heads : the plant patent, plant registration or certifica-
tion, and copyright or trade-mark. Definite propositions for
the plant patent appear to have originated with Jacob Moore,
of Attica, New York, who, so early as 1874, drew, up a bill
for the protection of ' ' the plant author. "* This bill was '■ ' de-
signed to supply, in part, the deficiencies of a bill introduced
in the legislature last winter for this purpose." From that
time until this — and probably even before that time — meas-
ures to secure a plant patent have been discussed. Thomas
Meehan, editor of the Gardener' s Monthly, always opposed
the proposition, however, for the very sufficient reason that
it is impracticable and impossible. He has thrown his influ-
ence, however, into the copyright or trade-mark scheme.
Five or six years ago, Jacob Moore again proposed the plant
patent system in an independent circular, and as this circular
does not appear to have been preserved in permanent form,
it is here inserted as a contribution to the histor}^ of our sub-
ject :
''The plant patent. The originator of a valuable new
fruit, vegetable, or ornamental plant should have the exclu-
sive privilege of giving it a name, and the exclusive right to
grow, disseminate and sell it. This means in reference to
class 3, below specified, to disseminate and sell to be grown.
* Gard. Monthly, xvi. 361.
(112) .
National a7id Educational Interests. 113
New varieties should be subjected to examination and trial by
a competent committee, that protective letters might not be
given for old sorts, worthless new ones, and those not distindl:
enough to be identified. It would be necessary to classify
plants, in the statute protecting them, according to the purpose
for which they are valued, and apply the protection accord-
ingly ; thus :
''Class I. Perennial plants valued for the seed or fruit.
"Class 2. Plants valued for ornament.
"Class 3. Vegetables, vegetable fruits, cereals and other
annuals valued as edible and marketable products.
"The purchaser of the right to grow a variety for indi-
vidual use would not possess the right to sell the means of
propagation unless such means was the product for which the
variety was valued. For instance, such purchase would not
confer the right to disseminate plants or cuttings of varieties
belonging to class i, nor plants of perennial and seed of
biennial and annual sorts included in class 2, although the
flowers and foliage could be sold as the ornamental product.
With vegetable fruits such purchase would not confer the right
to disseminate and sell the seed apart from the product con-
taining it ; nor would purchase of the marketable product
when it was the means of reproduction, convey the right to
grow the plant unless that right was conveyed in writing by
the owner of the protective right. It must be borne in mind
that growing the plant, that is, the act of setting in the ground,
propagating and cultivating it, is synonymous with manufac-
ture, and the facility with which an article may be manufac-
tured does not invalidate in the least this exclusive right of
the patentee. The party, therefore, to whom the lawful dis-
seminator sold plants, cuttings, seeds, etc., of the variety —
according to the manner of its propagation — would receive
from the latter a conveyance of the right to grow the sort,
and to sell the marketable product under the name. If any
one procured the sort elsewhere, that person could not show
such conveyance when called for, and would have to pay the
penalty the law^ imposed. The right to propagate to obtain
the marketable product would be included in the right to grow
the plant in all cases, as propagation is the result of growth
with a majority of plants, and is part of the use.
''Of course, growers of protected varieties could transfer
114 A7i?ials of Ho rii ail hire.
the right to grow them with the real estate on which they
were situated. All advertisements and circulars of protected
varieties should be required to contain the words ' Protected
according to Act of Congress,' with date affixed to the name ;
and when the marketable product was the means of reproduc-
tion, the party exposing it for sale should be required to place
a sign or label of the name and affix with such product, or at-
tached thereto. All packages of the latter for sending to a dis-
tance would be required to have the same w^ords written or print-
ed thereon. This requirement could be enforced by a fine for
its neglect. When the system was inaugurated, the name,
with the word 'protected,' and date would be sufficient. The
penalty for growing the plant without right should be a mo-
derate price per acre occupied by it, the area of land so oc-
cupied to be estimated by the ordinar}' distance of setting
plants of the same class. For instance, it might be fixed at
$5 for an acre and a less area, of anything in classes i and 2 and
^3 an acre for anything in class 3. This measure, besides
operating as a royalty to introducers of new productions,
would have a tendency to regulate the price of them. They
would seek to profit rather by sale of the exclusive right than
by selling a few plants or seeds at exorbitant rates as they now
do. To enable them to do so, the productions would have to
be decided acquisitions. Probably they would be extensively
taken on trial, to be paid for if found worth}^, and not other-
wise. The introducer of a new sort of potato or cereal of
great merit, could afford to sell farm rights at $2 each, and
yet secure ample compensation. An infringement of the right
to disseminate a production of this kind would be claiming
the right to sell it to be grown by any party not possessing
such right. It would not be selling the article to an}^ one, even
though the buyer should tell the seller he intended to grow
the plant.
"Under this system of protection, the introducers of new
productions w^ould have the exclusive right to appear in print
as the disseminators, and, if meritorious, this advantage alone
might enable them to obtain compensation. Whether a val-
uable production originates on an individual's land through
his design or by accident, it is his sole property. He has as
much right to the exclusive possession of that kind of proper-
ty as any other. This right is guaranteed to him by the con-
National and Educational Interests. 115
stitution of the United States which says : ' No person shall
be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of
law.' If the owner disseminates it, and thus confers a general
benefit, it is no more than just he should have such exclusive
rights in its dissemination as will enable him to make the
benefit reciprocal.
''But when the fact is considered that new varieties are
often disseminated without the consent of the producers, ow-
ing to the facility with which plants, cuttings or seeds of the
same may be stolen from the field or garden, for which there is
no legal redress ; that such productions are generally the re-
sult of many years of costly experiment ; that, even when not
stolen, the first sales of the production do not afford the orig-
inator an opportunity to obtain compensation (he must rely
on these) by reason of the cost of introduction ; when it is
considered further, that the protection proposed would confer
inestimable benefits upon the entire nation by stimulating
efforts to improve the products of the soil through the scientific
process of cross-breeding or hybridization ; that such measure
would protect the public in the purchase of new sorts by prevent-
ing unscrupulous nurserymen and dealers from furnishing old
sorts under the names of the new, which has been so extensively
practiced throughout the United States, then the unwisdom
and foul injustice of the present lack of legal protection for
the laborers in the highest department of horticulture begin to
be reaHzed. There is reason to believe that an enactment
protecting them would form an era in history, and constitute
one of the greatest legislative acts for the benefit of mankind
of the nineteenth century."
The registration idea appeared in three forms last year, in
Mr. Bancroft's and The Rural Pubhshing Company's proposi-
tions, where it was fully and carefully elucidated, and in a
modified form in Annals of Horticulture for 1889. The history
of Mr. Bancroft's effort is told as follows by a publication of
the California committee on registration, w^iich the extract also
describes:
''As the present movement to establish a national plant
register seems to be an assured success, it is nothing more
than right that a correct history of the inception of the move-
ment should be given. The idea originated with A. L. Ban-
croft of San Francisco, about two years ago. The first publi-
n6 An7ials of Horticulture.
cation regarding the matter was a communication by him of
crude ideas, which were pubhshed in Garden and Forest, issue
of January 23, 1889. A paper was then prepared and read be-
fore the Cahfornia State Floral Society, March 8, 1889. This
was published in the California Florist and Gardener, in an issue
of the succeeding month. * All of this time the ideas were
being turned over, improved and commented upon. In Jan-
uary, 1890, the California State Horticultural Society and the
California State Floral Society each elected a committee of
three, the two committees to form a joint committee to formulate
practical plans for the establishing of a national plant reg-
ister. The committee was given full power to act and add to its
numbers. A preliminary meeting was held February 17th, but
the first regular meeting for organization was held April 17th,
1890. The attendance at this meeting was large and enthusi-
astic, and the following officers were elected : President, A.
T. Perkins; Vice-President, Charles H. Shinn ; Secretary,
Emory E. Smith ; Treasurer, Leonard Coates. Executive
Committee — A. L. Bancroft, Chairman ; Emory E. Smith, Sec-
retary; G. P. Rixford, Charles H. Shinn and Fred C. Miles.
Since then several meetings have been held by the joint and
executive committees. The joint committee now has about
fifty members, including many of the leading men of California.
The report of the special committee was isued in circular form,
May I St, and published in California Fruit Groiver. The plans
for working have been submitted to and commented upon by
many of the best thinkers throughout the country, the result
of whose labors will be found in the accompanying circular,
which is preliminary to the completing of the bill for presen-
tation to Congress."
The first. full expression of Mr. Bancroft's plan was ''read
at the request of the California State Board of Horticulture
before the California State Fruit Growers' Convention at Los
Angeles, March 13, 1890. ' ' This paper was widely distributed
by the joint committee on registration, f but the committee
subsequently drew up a somewhat modified statement, which
it distributed during the summer, and which is as follows : J
"The present situation. — At the present time great confu-
*Cal. Florist and Gard. March, 1889, 78.— An editoral comment upon Mr. Bancroft's plan
was made in the preceding issue, page 36.— Z. H. B.
t Published in full in Cal. Frt. Gr. vi. 180 (March 22)
t Also in Cal. Frt. Gr. July 26.
National a7id Educatio7ial Interests. 117
sion exists in the names of existing varieties of fruits, flowers
and plants, and the means of identification are entirely inade-
quate. There are many duplicate and local names, but there
is no source from which to establish official or authoritative
names. Those dealing in, or having to do with plants, are
caused great annoyance, trouble and expense on this account.
Our country is great, and has a large and growing population,
and as this becomes more dense, greater attention will be given
to horticulture in all its branches and to the refining influence
of flowers and plants for ornamentation.
''It is fully time that horticulture throughout the entire ex-
tent of our country should be put upon a more business-like
and comprehensive basis. When this is done, the progressive
horticulturist will be justified in giving more attention to the
originating and developing of the edible, ornamental, and
otherwise useful plants, and mankind will be greatly bene-
fitted thereby.
''The one thing which will give the greatest impetus to hor-
ticultural advancement at this time is, in our opinion, the es-
tablishing of a national plant register, which will give the
description, history, etc., of plants and varieties, which shall
be official and authoritative. In addition to this, the securing
to the originator such protection as will justify him in devoting
his time, thought and money to this work, would induce many
to devote their lives to the securing of better varieties than
we now have.
" These desired improvements can only be secured b}^ the
enactment of the necessary laws by the national government,
and the United States Department of Agriculture at Washing-
ton (assisted by the Experimental Stations, Agricultural Colle-
ges, etc.), is the most natural and appropriate place for their
execution.
"The proposed plan of registration. — The registration of
plants should commence at the point where botany ceases and
horticulture begins. Provision should be made for registering
at once the varieties of all species of plants having a commer-
cial value. If at a future time it is thought best to extend the
register to such species as have but a scientific or botanical
value, the same plan should be so arranged as to admit of its
being extended to any point desired.
"Lists of species should be started under which to register
1 18 Annals of Horticulture.
their varieties. No attempt should be made to classify the
varieties, but they should be added to their respective lists,
and these examined and passed upon and be numbered con-
secutively from the beginning. The ground to be covered by
the register should include the useful plants and their varieties
which are found naturall}^ or otherwise in the United States.
''The register can contain, ist, the number ; 2nd, the official
name ; 3rd, the popular and local names, or synonyms ; 4th,
description ; 5th, short history and a statement of the pecu-
liarities and habits of the plant, and 6th, in many cases if not
always, a photograph, drawing or series of photographs or
drawings of the plant, fruit or flower. While the reproduction
of these views might be too expensive for general circulation
and distribution, complete copies of them should be found at
least in all the state libraries of the country and in many of
the other larger libraries and educational institutions, while
a printed copy of the register without photographs could be
within the reach of every one, as one of the ol3Jects of this
register is to provide a way for the identification of varieties
of plants and to settle all questions and disputes.
''A great national botanical and horticultural garden would
in time, be a natural outgrowth of a national plant register
such as is suggested.
''The originators of new varieties of plants, who do not
wish to secure exclusive sale-rights, should have the right to
offer them for registration with a proposed name, and if after
investigation they are accepted, the originator should be enti-
tled to a certificate, without, or for a nominal charge, setting
forth the facts of the case, which would secure to him the
honor and prestige to which he is entitled.
"Previous to registration, lists of new plants with proposed
names, descriptions, etc., should be published for examination,
criticism and suggestion, and the plants should be kept in the
list of proposed names until all questions are satisfactorily
settled, when they may be numbered and entered in the regis-
ter. After once being entered they should not be revised un-
less for very serious reasons.
"The plan is to employ the foregoing in a bill to be intro-
duced into Congress ; what follows to be embodied in a second
bill to be based upon the first, and to be introduced into Con-
gress shortly after the first.
National and Educational Interests.
119
"The exclusive propagation and sale-rights for a limited
time to originators. — Originators should have the right to offer
new varieties for registration with a proposed name, upon the
pa3'ment of a fee of , for which he shall be granted an appli-
cation certihcate, at any time after the variety has been tested,
so as to be satisfied of its valuable qualities, provided the plant
has not been disseminated. The originator should give a his-
tory of the plant and state the points of excellence upon which
he bases the application for exclusive sale-rights. If, after due
investigation the plant is accepted, the originator after paying
an additional sum of , should be granted a certificate which
would secure to him the exclusive right to propagate and sell
the same for a term of years, without a right to renewal.
This would give him sufficient time to prepare stock for mar-
ket, and an abundance of time in which to enjoy the exclusive
privileges to sell.
"The author is protected by the copyright laws, the inven-
tor by the patent laws, and they certainly deserve no greater
recognition than the originator of new and valuable varie-
ties of plants.
"The purchaser of a plant entered under this act should
have the right to propagate it for his own use, but not to sell
nor disseminate it except by special arrangement with the
originator. At the time of purchase he should be furnished
with a certificate of purchase by the vendor, who should keep
an accurate record of the same as a means of protection to
himself and to the purchaser. At any and all times before the
expiration of the propagation right the possesor of a plant
may be required to show how he came into possession, or hold
himself responsible for violation of the law.
"Protection of this kind would be an incentive to extensive
and systematic experimenting, which would, without doubt,
result in producing new and valuable varieties.
" Note. — Even if there was dishonesty and fraud it could not injure the
originator to any great extent without risk of detection and punishment, so
long as he could not use the official name and number and description
under which to advertise the varieties.
" When a new plant was offered for registration, if the claims of exclusive
rights were not good, the plant should be rejected ; thus fraud would be
shut off at that point. All good plants being registered and numbered, very
few plants could be sold which did not have the official name, number and
description found upon the national register.
I20 Annals of Horticulture.
''Plan of work for establishing the register. — In order to
accomplish the desired object in a reasonable length of time
it will be necessary to have active, energetic and prompt co-
operation from all parts of the country. Societies and organi-
zations of horticulturists, fruit-growers, viticulturists, farmers,
florists, nurserymen, gardeners, and all others interested, should
take up the question in their meetings, and pass resolutions
approving the general plan, and have them published in the
local papers in order to familiarize the people with the move-
ment. Copies of everything published upon the subject should
be sent to the members of Congress and United States Sena-
tors from each state, and to the Joint Executive Committee
in San Francisco. In every case Congress should be memori-
alized and petitioned to enact laws establishing the National
Plant Register. Newspapers and periodicals should every-
where be interviewed by the committees and urged to advocate
the movement. Duplicates of all memorials to Congress
should also be sent to the Joint Committee in San Francisco.
''Two bills are being considered by the Joint Committee
and will soon be submitted to the public for consideration and
for suggestions. We would be glad to receive as many sug-
gestions as possible before the drafts of the bills are completed.
Respectfull}^
OFFICERS OF JOINT COMMITTEE : A. L. BANCROFT,
A. T. Perkins, Pres. Emory E. Smith,
Chas. H. Shinn, Vice-Pres. Chas. H. Shinn,
Emory E. Smith, Sec. G. P. Rixford,
Leonard Coates, Treas. Fred. C. Miles. "
In June and July The Rural Publishing Company, through
The Rural New-Yorker 2lVl^ Tlie American Garden, presented the
following draft of a bill "to protect plantsmen":
"An act to secure to the originators and introducers of
new and valuable varieties of plants a proper share of the
benefits resulting from their labors and expenses in connection
with such new varieties, and to protect the public from fraud
in the purchase and sale of plants.
"Sec. I. — Necessity for the law. — Whereas, one of the first
objects of the government of the United States is to protect
its citizens in the enjoyment of the rights of labor; and
" Whereas, the originators and introducers of mechanical ap-
National and Educational Interests.
121
pliances, and the originators and introducers of books and
periodicals, etc., are already so protected by the copyright and
patent laws ; and
" Whereas, the origination and introduction of new varieties
of plants are of great value to the nation and are the direct
results of study, research, labor and expense ; and
'' Whereas, there is no natural protection for such labor and
expense, and on the contrary the very nature of plants renders
them capable of being cheaply and easil}^ propagated, often to
the express injury of the originator and introducer under the
present lack of protection ; and
'' Whereas, unprincipled men do constantly obtain early speci-
mens, or duplicate plants and seeds, etc. , of such new varieties,
and rapidly propagate them soleh' for the purposes of gain to
themselves, and by such rapid propagation often to tfie injury
of the vitality of the plants so propagated, and consequently
to the injury of the reputation of the variety and the reputation
of its originator, and injury to the persons buying such plants ;
and
" Whereas, unscrupulous persons, for the purpose of dis-
honest gain, do frequently introduce and sell old and sometimes
worthless varieties of plants under new or false names and
descriptions, thereby deceiving the public into the purchase
of the seeds and plants of such varieties at increased and
fictitious prices, and bringing legitimate trade into disrepute,
and injuring honest growers and merchants :
"Sec. 2. — Testing stations. — Therefore be it enacted as
follows: The Secretary of Agriculture is hereby instructed to
invite the several state experiment stations which are in re-
ceipt of appropriations from the general government to co-
operate in the work outlined herewith, and in the event of
their refusal, tacit or direct, the Secretary is hereby authorized
to organize, locate, or designate other testing stations, at
public institutions or on private farms whose proprietors will
thus co-operate with the government for the purposes of this
act.
"Sec. 3. — Sending to stations under secretary's label:
Preliminary certificate for protection. — Originators or dis-
coverers of new varieties of useful or ornamental plants not
previously offered for public sale shall have the privilege of
A. H. 9
122 Annals of Horticulture.
sending samples or specimens of seeds, cuttings, bulbs, roots
and plants originated or discovered and propagated by them,
under the label of the Secretary, to each of said testing sta-
tions, which by agreement with the Secretary of Agriculture
shall have engaged to make careful trials of the same as here-
inafter specified. A written application to the Secretary of
Agriculture from the originator or discoverer, giving a sworn
description of a new variety and its origin, and accompanied
by a fee of $i shall entitle him to a preliminary certificate
which shall set forth his claims to proprietary right in the
said variety, and protect him in such right until such time as
a full certificate of registry may be issued for the same by
the Secretary of Agriculture, Provided that the said originator
or discoverer shall send the specimen seeds, bulbs, roots or
cuttings to the testing stations under the label furnished by
the Secretary of Agriculture within a period of six months
following the date of said preliminary certificate. The origi-
nator or discoverer shall also furnish to the board of experts,
on the request of the Secretary, a specimen plant, seeds, fruits,
bulbs or other product of his variety, for the purposes of iden-
tification and registry.
"Sec. 4. — Conditions of trial. — The Secretary of Agricul-
ture shall make arrangements with the testing stations to
receive seeds, plants, cuttings, bulbs or roots of new varie-
ties and to make careful trial of the same, by cultivation and
comparison with standard varieties, under proper physical
conditions for the various sections and localities, and to make
periodical itemized reports of such trials to the secretary.
''Sec. 5. — Board of examiners. — The Secretary of Agri-
culture shall cause the reports of trials of varieties of plants
received from testing stations to be received by a board of ex-
perts skilled in the scientific and practical characteristics of
cultivated plants, which board or bureau he is hereby authoriz-
ed to organize from among the specialists in the employ of
the department of agriculture, including private citizens, also
specialists who shall be invited with full power to act with the
board, which shall hold periodical sessions at such times and
of such duration as the secretary shall determine.
"Sec. 6. — Register of cultivated plants: Certification of
varieties : Certificate of introduction. — This board of ex-
perts shall carefully examine and compare the reports of trials
National and Educational Interests. 123
of varieties received from the testing station, shall give a
simple and characteristic name to each variety (preference
being given to the name desired by the owner), which official
name shall be entered in a register of cultivated plants along
with a brief account of its origin, the name of its originator
or discoverer, its botanical name, its local or synonymical
names and its economic characteristics as shown by the sta-
tion trials. The Secretary of Agriculture shall, upon the re-
commendation of the board of experts, issue a certificate to
the originator or discoverer of any useful variety of plants
when in their judgment the same is merited, and after pay-
ment of a fee of $25 to the department, which certificate
shall be duly numbered and registered in the archives of the
department and shall secure to the originator or discoverer, or
his assignees, the sole right of propagation and sale of such
certified variety for a period of 10 years following its date.
The Secretary of Agriculture shall also issue a certificate of
introduction to any citizen of this country who shall introduce
a valuable new variety of plant from a foreign country, which
shall be tested or reported by the testing stations and approv-
ed and registered by the board of experts in the same manner
as above provided for varieties originated or discovered in the
United States of America, after payment of a fee of $25 to
the department, and when he shall have proved that he has
parted with a valuable consideration for such variety to the
originator or discoverer in said foreign country, and shall have
proved that the said variety has not been in general cultivation
or offered for general public sale in any foreign country.
Said certificate of introduction shall protect the introducer or
his assignees for a period of five years in the propagation of
the variety in this country.
''Sec. 7.— Register to include all cultivated plants. The
Secretary of Agriculture is hereby directed to make the re-
gister of cultivated plants complete by the entry of all varie-
ties of plants under cultivation, their classification and de-
scription under their best known and authoritative names ; also
to collect prepared specimens, photographs or sketches of the
varieties for purposes of identification not above provided for.
Copies of the register of cultivated plants and its yearly ap-
pendixes shall be prepared and furnished gratis to the libra-
ries of testing stations, the state agricultural colleges, the
124 Annals of Horticulture.
government departments and to such other institutions, socie-
ties and agencies as the Secretar}^ of Agriculture ma}' elect, on
account of services rendered in the furnishing of information
found valuable in its preparation. To all other people copies
of the register shall be sold at a price to be fixed by the Sec-
retar}^ of Agriculture, provided that the said' price be enough
to cover, at least, the extra cost of printing and furnishing these
copies additional to those above specified.
"Sec. 8. — Penalties for infringement. — Any person found
guilty of unlawfully propagating or offering for sale any seeds,
bulbs, roots, plants or cuttings of any variety of plant pro-
tected by the certificate of the Secretary of Agriculture, either
under its proper, or a fictitious name, shall be deemed guilty
of a misdemeanor and punishable in the same penalties as
pertain in cases of infringement of the laws of the United
States governing patent rights. It is provided, how^ever, that
lawful purchase shall entitle the holder to propagate such
plants for his own use and the sale of the products thereof,
excepting such as may be used as a means of propagation.
''Sec. 9. — The sum of $50,000 is hereby appropriated for
the purposes of this act.
"Sec. 10. — This act shall take effect and be in force imme-
diately upon its passage and approval by the President."
The copyright or trade-mark system was clearly and forcibly
outlined by Eugene Glen, of Rochester, N. Y. , in Januar}^,
1878,* and so earh^ as 1879 D. B. Wier, of Illinois, had copy-
righted varieties of cherries, f Since then the trade-mark
has been used with good results. One of the most prominent
instances of its use is that by the Niagara grape company. The
copyright discussion has been lately revived. Definite out-
line of it was made in an editorial in Garden and Forest in
August, 1888, J in the course of remarks upon nomenclature as
considered by the Societ}^ of American Florists : " The ques-
tion of obtaining from Congress the enactment of a law per-
mitting trade-marks or copyrights to be taken out for the pro-
tection of the rights of raisers of new flowers was not brought
before the convention. The question of copyrighting new
flowers is not altogether a new one, and has been discussed in
different European countries at various times, as well as in
the United States. The right of a man to enjoy the results of
*Gard. Monthly, XX. 25. f Ibid, xxi. 284, 314, 364. :t Gard. and For. i. 313.
National and Educational Interests. 125
his labors is as true when the product is a new flower as when
it is a new book or work of art. The intelhgence, thought
and study expended in growing a new race of garden plants
or new varieties of such a race are as great as is required to
produce a book ; but as long as the raiser of new plants must
lose all benefits of these creations of his brain as soon as he
sells the first individual, and so puts it in the power of his
competitors to reap the benefits which should belong to him,
the principal incentive to the production of new plants does
not exist. This is a subject of such vital importance to the
future of horticulture, here and everywhere, that we venture
to suggest to the executive committee of the association that
it deserves careful consideration at their hands."
Several societies have taken up the question, and the Amer-
ican Association of Nurserymen appointed a committee to
take the whole subject into consideration and to report in
1891. The last public discussion of the subject in 1890,
appears to have been the following review which I contributed
to The American Garden for August :
"Control of new varieties by the originator has been a
prolific source of discussion for a few years. Inventors are
protected by patents, and authors by copyrights ; should not
originators of varieties of plants be similarly protected ?
The question seems, at first to .admit of only an affirmative
answer. But there are differences between plants and books
or tools.
"The earlier movement designed to protect the originator
was in the direction of a patent for new varieties. This
movement looked upon varieties as inventions, and for this
reason possesses elements of fatal weakness. It is a fact that
nearly all new varieties are mere accidents to the 'originator,'
who either picks them up in a chance fence-row, or finds them
among a miscellaneous batch of seedlings. The 'originator,'
is usually a mere 'finder,' and he may as well claim a patent
for the invention of a white raspberry or double hepatica
which he may find in the woods, as upon a new peach found
in his hedge-row. When the time comes that men breed
plants upon definite laws, and produce new and valuable
kinds with the certainty and forethought with which the
inventor constructs a new machine, or an author writes a
book, plant patents may possibly become practicable.
126 Annals of Ho7'tiailture.
*'It is true, however, .that the original proprietor of a new
variety should be in some manner protected. One of the
most important steps 3'^et taken in this direction is the propo-
sition to devise a national register of plants. This scheme
originated with A. L. Bancroft, of San Francisco, and it has
been adopted and advertised, together with a plan of propa-
gation rights, by a joint committee of the California Horti-
cultural and Floral societies. Essentially the same idea has
been put into form by the present writer, and lists have been
published which may 'serve the purpose of the certificates
issued for new varieties by the Royal Horticultural Society in
England, and by similar organizations in other countries.'*
Mr. Bancroft's plan of registration appears to be too heavy
and cumbersome; and the same may be said of the proposed
federal law to secure a propagation right to the originator or
introducer.
''The proposed legislation to protect plantsmen and grow-
ers possesses the fault of all attempts yet made to secure
protection for the originator — the absolute impossibility of
determining what a variety is, and if it is entitled to be styled
a novelty. There are hundreds of varieties now upon the
market upon which no body of judges, even if expert horti-
culturists, could agree as to their distinctness from older
sorts. A character which is regarded as worthy varietal
recognition by one man is disregarded by another. In one
soil, or under one treatment, a plant ma}^ be very different
from one of the same stock grown under other conditions.
Some contend that, among fruits, a seedling is always a dis-
tinct variety, no matter if its characters are identical with
those of an older sort. This opinion is vehemently main-
tained by one of the earlier agitators for plant patents. But
even if this position is correct, there are hundreds of instances
in which the origin is wholly unknown, and which cannot,
therefore, be brought as testimony. In fact, there are scarcely
any two horticulturists who hold the same views regarding
the limitations of varieties ; and it is a fact that the limits
constantly become more obscure the longer one studies varie-
ties, a fact v/hich the horticulturists of the experiment stations
are rapidly learning. If this is true of men in the business,
what can w^e expect of others who might be called to judge if
*Annals Hort. 1F89, 1,96.
National and Ediicatioiial Into'csts. 127
varieties are infringements ? It is extremely doubtful if
Congress could ever be persuaded to pass such a law. To
this objection some have replied that there is also great diffi-
culty in determining merits of new machines, but the patent
law is not invalidated for that fact. But this statement does
not satisfy the question. A machine is the same in Maine
and California, while a variety may be different on adjacent
farms.
"It is possible, it seems to me, to secure protection under
existing laws if the registration of varieties is once secured.
Trade-marks, trade-names, and brands are now protected.
The name of a variety, once used in trade or admitted in a
national register, becomes a trade -mark, with inviolable rights.
This name could not be used to designate other varieties, and
so long as the variety could not be admitted to the register
under any other name, the originator would be tolerably
secure.
"This might not prevent the re-naming of the variety by
obscure persons, in defiance of the national register, but those
who steal varieties need also to steal the best known name as
an advertisement. If this scheme would not entirely over-
come risks, it would at least reduce them to a minimum and
would result in as thorough protection as could possibly be
secured by any special law. An organized effort strong enough
to effect a registration of plants would find little difficulty in
discovering tricksters. The originator should secure a certi-
ficate of registration, and the public would very soon learn to
buy only of those who hold one. Sale of the right to use the
name or trade-mark should be recorded at the office of regis-
tration, so that all stock could be traced to its source. This
is an imitation of the registration of domestic animals. There
is no law to compel one to register an animal, but every
breeder knows that it is only through registration that he can
advertise, sell and protect blooded stock. And there is no
intelligent purchaser who would think of negotiating for such
stock without having obtained the testimony of the herd-
book.
"To be sure, this plan would not remove the difficulties
concerning the limitations of varieties, but it would place the
definition of varieties upon the experts in charge of the na-
tional register, rather than carr}^ it into court. In fact, it
1 28 Annals of Horticidtiire.
would prevent all litigation, for all varieties admitted to the
register would be legitimate, and for all others protection
could not be expected.
"The solution of the whole matter is exceedingly simple.
Let a register of cultivated plants be instituted at the Depart-
ment of Agriculture. Then let the originator send to the de-
partment a specimen, description and, perhaps, picture of his
novelty ; if the variety appears to be a new one, a certificate
of registration is issued for it. If the originator chooses to
sell his stock to dealers, let the fact be recorded, and a record
of transfer be issued to the purchaser. If the originator de-
sires to control the propagation of the variety he can do so
for any length of time by specifications in his contracts with
dealers. It is evident that after a variety is put upon the re-
tail trade, it becomes public property, and no statute can
further protect it. When a man buys for the purpose of
planting, he buys also the privilege of selling the fruit or
other commercial portion, and this portion is often the very
one used for propagation of the particular variety. No law
could prevent the propagation of melons and most other vege-
tables, when the varieties are put upon the market, even were
there no common rights at issue.
"An eastern nurseryman has already secured a copyright
upon the name of a new grape. With the aid of a register
to record his variety and others, he would be practically se-
cure. In fact, he finds himself secure even now. The re-
gister, as I have suggested it, is not a burdensome affair,
although objection has been raised to registration for the very
reason that it would entail so much expense. A list of Amer-
ican kitchen-garden vegetables, comprising 2,696 entries, is
made by a private individual in the 'Annals of Horticulture,'
and the greater part of the work lay in revising the names.
And the same volume makes a catalogue of the introductions
of i88g, which is certainly very nearly complete, comprising
444 entries. These lists are the first attempts yet made in
this country toward a registration of plants. If the fuller
register is ever made by the Department of Agriculture, de-
scriptions will have to be added, but one clerk could peform
all the labor required to do this, after existing varieties were
entered.
"All this needs no memorial to Congress, no great ma-
National and Educational Interests. 129
chinery, no new law. It is in every way feasible and practi-
cable, and no doubt a mere petition to the Secretary of Agri-
culture by the leading horticultural organizations would effect
its execution. On the other hand, it is probable that Con-
gress w^ould never pass the laws proposed. If they should
exist, they could never be enforced, and they would be so
cumbersome, circuitous and tedious as to fall of their own
weight ; and it should be borne in mind that all special pro-
tection is likely to increase prices of the protected article to
such an extent as to greatly lessen its sale or to impose unne-
cessary burdens upon the planter."
Nomenclature. Discussions of nomenclature of varieties re-
ceived considerable attention during the year. The proper
naming of varieties must precede any attempt to secure legal
protection for the varieties, and the subject therefore has a
great impprtafice beyond the more immediate one of avoiding
confusion and educating the popular taste. Two distinct en-
deavors are commonly confounded under the discussions of
nomenclature. Nomenclature proper has to do with the form
and character of the name, and does not consider the plant to
which the name is applied. The labors of the American Po-
mological Society, which are now well known, and those of
the committee on nomenclature of the horticulturists of the
experiment stations* are good examples in point. The other
movement is one to determine synonymy, or the different
names under which a variety or species passes. It considers
the plant rather than the name. Concerted effort in determi-
ning the synonymy of plants has been reached at last by the
Society of American Florists, and its last reportf contains a
good list of synonyms. The experiment stations early be-
gan working in the same line with vegetables.
There is a perceptible gain apparent throughout the country
in the furtherance of a revised and modest nomenclature for
all varieties. The movement is necessarily one of slow growth
and its promoters must not expect too early results. The
movement is also spreading somewhat in Europe, although
mor-e slowly than in this country, and it is only in certain classes
of ornamental plants that definite reform has been attempted.
The following rules for the naming of orchids, adopted recently
*. Annals Hort. 18S9, 78.
fRep. 1890, Append, v.
130 Annals of Horticulture.
by the Council of the Ro3'al Horticultural Society of England,
deserve a wide publicit_y both for their immediate value m
simplif3'ing orchid nomenclature, and as a guide for the naming
of other plants, to which they ma}' be also applied :
''Section i. Genera, species, well-marked varieties and
natural h3'brids.
" I. The names of natural genera, species, and well-marked
varieties, as well as of presumed wild hybrids, shall be writ-
ten so as to accord w^ith botanical language and ways, and to
conform with the laws of botanical nomenclature {Lois de la
Noj)ienclature Botanique) as adopted at the International
Botanical Congress at Paris, in 1867.
" 2. Exhibitors showing for the first time a plant under a
Latin name, shall be required to furnish the name of the
botanist who has described the plant.
"Section II. Artificial h}^brids between genera.
"3. Every bigenfer shall receive a generic name in Latin,
formed by combining the names of the parent genera, and a
specific name also in Latin, the sign of hybridit\^ (x) being
always added.
"Section III. Artificial hybrids between species.
"4. Hybrids between species raised artificially shall be
named in Latin, with the addition of the word hybrid, or of
the sign of hybridity (x).
"Section IV. Artificial crosses between varieties.
"5. Crosses between varieties raised artificially should
receive suitable vernacular names.
"Section V. General recommendations.
"6. The orchid committee shall decline to recognize any
unauthorized name, or any name that is deemed unsuitable,
or is not applied in conformity with the preceding rules.
"7. A name once authoritatively adopted shall not be
altered, unless in case of material error.
"8. An award may be made to an}' plant that is considered
by the committee w^orthy of such distinction, even though it
be unnamed, or not named in accordance with the preceding
regulations, provided that, within a reasonable time, to be
determined by the committee, a proper name be given. Any
award made under the circumstances shall be suspended until
the plant has been properly named.
National and Educational Interests. 131
"9. The operation of these rules shall be prospective, not
retrospective.
^'lo. The council wishes to impress upon orchid growers
the desirability of obtaining drawings or photographs of all
new and certified orchids, and of depositing such drawings in
the library of the society, for reference.
"II. The council also desires to remind cultivators of the
great importance of preserving specimens for future reference
and comparison, and suggests that, wherever practicable,
specimens should be sent for this purpose to the Director of
the Ro3'al Gardens, Kew."
Road agitation. For two or three years there has been great
activity in the discussion of means for improving country high-
ways. The necessit}^ of improved methods of making and
maintaining roads has been brought to the attention of several
legislatures, and new laws have been enacted. The general
agitation of the highway problem is a matter of contempor-
aneous history; it is only necessary here to call attention to a
system of numbering country residences and naming the roads,
which originated with A. L. Bancroft of San Francisco. The
general plan of the movement may be learned from the follow-
ing editorial comment in The American Garden for August ;
''The latest proposition for the socialization of the country
comes from California, and it is known as the 'ten-block sys-
tem' of numbering land and houses. 'The system is to divide
each mile along the roads into ten equal parts, or imaginary
blocks, of 528 feet, 176 yards, or 8 chains each, and to assign
to each block two numbers, one on each side of the road.
Any or every house within a block is given the number of the
block. The first one — and in nearly every case it will be the
only one in the block — has simply the number ; the second
one has the number, followed by the letter A ; the third by the
letter B; the fourth by C, and so on — Nos. 196, 196A, 196B,
196C, etc. If there is no house in the block, the number is
assigned to it just the same, and it remains in readiness should
a house be built at a future time.'
"The further details of the system are few, but we cannot
present them here. This is the first practicable attempt yet
made, so far as we are aware, to know and record the inhabit-
ants of the country. The movement is spreading in the
Golden State, and it ought to spread in every township in the
132 A?inals of Horticulture.
land. The advantages it presents are numerous and important.
The traveler could instantly compute distances and acquire
directions. The numbers on the gate-posts or over the doors
would be mile-stones. Country directories could be published.
Mileage of jurymen could be calculated. But above all, it
would quicken communication and intercourse in the country.
It would be a powerful civilizer.
"To make this feasible, a system of naming country roads
must be inaugurated, and this, too, our California friends are
perfecting. In Contra Costa county, lying against San Fran-
cisco, are such charming bits as the following : Contra Costa
Highway, running through the county and striking the county
seat ; Rio Vista, Mountain Drive, Willow Pass Road, Golden
Gate Way, Lime Ridge Crossing, Stanley Road, and the like.
We know of nothing so good as this since the efforts of dear
old Jacob Bigelow in naming the famous walks and drives of
Mount Auburn.
"All this could add much charm to the country, for it would
personify nature, commemorate events, and localize senti-
ments."
The extent to which this movement has been carried is told
in a late issue of the California Fruit Grower : *
"Contra Costa county has in the last few months become
famous throughout the United States, on account of its bold
and original movement to name all the roads and number the
residences in the county. So general has been the interest
awakened in the scheme that several states and numerous
counties are preparing plans and estimates for systematically
introducing and adopting the same plans. Even foreign pa-
pers have commented favorably and have advised the local
adoption of the Contra Costa scheme entire, or in more or less
modified form. The good people of Contra Costa county cer-
tainly have every reason to feel proud of the enviable notoriety
thus obtained. It has taken the people themselves quite a
while to become thoroughly imbued with the necessary en-
thusiasm for the successful carrying out of this new and gene-
rally beneficial measure. The work is now, however, nearl}^
completed.
"The roads are all located and names listed and such ap-
proximate estimates made as are necessary, and the whole is
*VoI. vii. 387 (Dec. 20, 1890).
National and Educational Interests. 133
ready for presentation to the board of supervisors. The
residents of the county are ahnost unanimously in favor of
the adoption of the proposed plans, and the count}^ officials
will, no doubt, accept them without hesitation. It is but
seldom that men have the opportunity to make for themselves
such an honorable place in the history of their county and of
their countr}- ; for, undoubtedly, the adoption of the Contra
Costa system of road-naming and house-numbering will in a
short time become general throughout the United States and
in European countries, and ever}^ one of the hundreds of thou-
sands of sign-boards erected will stand a monument to the
projectors and executors of ihe Contra Costa plan."
The Census. The eleventh census has undertaken the compi-
lation of statistics of horticulture. This is the first attempt
yet made by the government to measure the extent of our
horticultural interests, and it comes as a response to repeated
demands from the agricultural press. Several horticultural in-
terests are to be made the subjects of special reports, as the
nursery business, semi-tropical fruits, seed-farms, truck farms
and the florists' business. These subjects have been placed
in charge of J. H. Hale of South Glastonbury, Connecticut.
As a preliminary labor, a directory is being made of all horti-
culturists in the United States who cultivate one-fourth acre
or more.
The general census schedules contained the following
questions concerning orchard and garden products : Onions :
Field crop, number of acres, bushels produced and sold, and
value. Potatoes : Sweet and Irish, bushels produced and
sold. Market garden and small fruits : Number of acres in
vegetables, blackberries, cranberries, raspberries, strawberries
and other small fruits, and total value of products in i88g.
Vegetables and fruits for canning : Number of acres and pro-
ducts, in bushels, of peas and beans, green corn, tomatoes,
other vegetables and fruits. Orchards : Apples, apricots,
cherries, peaches, pears, plums and prunes, and other orchard
fruits; in each the number of acres, crop in i88g, number of
bearing trees, number of young trees not bearing, and value
of all orchard products sold. Vineyards: Number of acres
in vines bearing, and in young vines not bearing ; products
of grapes and raisins, and value in 1889.
The new tariff. The Fifty-first Congress passed ''An act
134
Annals of Horticultiwe .
to reduce the revenue and equalize duties on imports, and for
other purposes," the general provisions of which went into
force October 6, i8go. Following are the schedules of duties
upon horticultural products, with corresponding rates under
the old law :
New Old
Schedule. Schedule.
Beans, per bushel, 60 lbs 40 cents. 10 per cent.
Peas, dried, per bushel 20 " 30
Peas, green, in bulk, in barrels, sacks, etc, per
bushel, 60 lbs 40 " 10
Peas, split, per bushel, 60 lbs 50 " 20
Peasin cartons, paper and other small packages, lb. i " —
Beans, peas, and mushrooms, prepared or pre-
served in tins, jars, bottles or otherwise, ad
valorem 40 per cent. 30 ' '
Cabbages, each 3 cents. 10 "
Onions, per bushel 40 " • 10
Potatoes, per bushel, 60 lbs 25 " 15 cents.
Vegetables in natural state not specially provided
for, ad valorem 25 per cent. 10 per cent.
Vegetables of all kinds, prepared or preserved,
including pickles and sauces of all kinds, not
specially provided for, ad valorem 45 " 30 " *
Garden and agricultural seeds not specially pro-
vided for
.... (Agricultural seeds free, old schedule). .20 " 20 "
Plants, trees, shrubs, and vines of all kinds, com-
monly known as nursery stock, and not spe-
cially provided for, ad valorem 20 " Free.
Apples, green or ripe, per bushel 25 cents.
Apples, dried, per lb 2 " "
Grapes, per bbl. of 3 cu. ft 60 " 20 per cent.
Plums and prunes, per lb 2 " i cent.
Figs, per lb 2^ " 2 cents.
Oranges, lemons, limes, in packages of capacity
of \% cu. ft. or less, new schedule, 13 cts.;
old schedule, 13 cts. per half-box of oranges,
16 cts. lemons
In packages between t%. to 2>^ cu. ft., new
schedule, 25 cts. ; old schedule, 25 cts. per
box of oranges, 30 cts. lemons
In packages between 2}^ to 5 cu. ft. , new sched-
ule, 50 cts.
In packages exceeding 5 cu. ft. for every addi-
tional cu. foot 10 cents.
In bulk, per M, new schedule, I1.50 ; old sched-
ule, $1.60 oranges, $2 lemons
* Pickles and sauces, 35 per cent.
National and Educational Interests.
135
New Old
Schedule. Schedule.
Also 30 per cent, ad valorem upon boxes or
bbls. containing oranges, lemons or limes.
Old schedules per 196 lb. flour bbl., 55 cts. for
oranges ; and oranges, lemons and limes in
unenumerated packages, 20 per cent, ad
valorem.
Raisins, per lb 2^ cents. 2 cents.
Comfits, sweetmeats and fruits, preserved in sugar,
syrap or molasses or spirits, not specially
provided for, and jellies and jams of all kinds,
ad valorem 35 per cent. 35 per cent.
Fruits preserved in their own juices, ad valorem. 30 " 20
Orange and lemon peel, preserved or candied,
per lb 2 cents. 35
Almonds, not shelled, per lb 5 " 5 cents.
Clear almonds, shelled, per lb 7^2 " lYz
Filberts and walnuts of all kinds, not shelled,
per lb 3 " 3
Filberts, shelled, per lb =. . 6 " 3
Peanuts, not shelled, per lb i " i
Peanuts, shelled, per lb i^ " i^ "
Nuts, shelled or not shelled, not specially pro-
vided for, per lb xyi " 2 "
Champagne and all other sparkling wines, in bot-
tles containing each not more than one quart
and more than one pint, per dozen $8 00 I? 00
Containing not more than one pint each and more
than one-half pint, per dozen 4 00 3 50
Containingone-half pint each or less, per dozen . 2 00 i 75
In bottles or other vessels containing more than
one quart each, in addition to $8 per dozen
bottles on the quantity in excess of one quart,
at the rate of, per gallon 2 50 2 25
Still wines, including ginger wine or ginger cordial
and vermuth, in casks, per gallon 50 50
In bottles or jugs, per case of one dozen bottles
or jugs, containing each not more than one
quart and more than one pint, or 24 bottles
or jugs containing each not more than one
pint, per case i 60 i 60
Cider, per gallon 5 cents. 20 per cent.
Free List : —
Currants, Zante or other i cent per lb
Dates I "
Fruits, green or dried, not specially provided for
Tamarinds
Cocoanuts, Brazil nuts, cream nuts, palm nuts, palm nut kernels.
Olives, green or prepared
Orange and lemon peel not preserved or prepared
136 Annals of Horticulture.
Free List, continued.
Orchids, lily of the valley, azaleas, palms and other plants used for forcing
under glass, for cut-flowers or decorative purposes
Plants, trees, shrubs, roots, seeds, imported by the Department of Agricul-
ture or U. S. Botanic Gardens.
Saurkraut.
Seeds as follows, not specially provided for : anise, canary, caraway, carda-
mon, coriander, cotton, cummin, fennel, fenugreek, hemp, horehound,
mustard, rape, St. John's bread or bene, sugar beet, mangel wurzel,
sorghum or sugar cane, all flower and grass seeds. Also bulbs and
roots, not edible.
Tapioca or cassava.
Tea and tea plants.
Yams.
Educational matters. The only important question of edu-
tion brought before the horticultural societies of the year was
that of a better education for florists, as outlined in the ad-
dress of President J. M. Jordan before the Society of Ameri-
can Florists. The following editorial comment upon this ad-
dress by The American Garden^ will sufficiently indicate its
scope :
''The Societ}' of American Florists has a high ideal set be-
fore it in the address of the retiring president. The society
should be more than a trade organization. Its objects are
' not only to instruct its members in their daily avocations,
but to educate the masses in horticulture, b}^ widening and
deepening an interest in our profession, by increasing our
membership, active and honorary, until we embrace all the
leading m.en of the country who are interested in the various
callings of horticulture ; all men engaged in scientific re-
search tending to advance the profession ; the formation of
kindred associations : encouraging exhibitions of plants and
flowers, by bri*nging into closer relations the retail dealer with
the grower and wholesale dealer.'
"All this calls for general education and culture, and it de-
mands a more wide-spread appreciation of ornamental gar-
dening. We have not yet come to that stage in this country
when gardening is in general appreciated as a work of art.
Ornamental gardening is usually judged solely by its gross
form and color. Gardeners must get out of old ruts. They
must put spirit and expression into their work. But this,
again, means that the fjardener must be educated.
xi. 617 (Oct,
National and Educational Interests. 137
''President Jordan sees two general ways of elevating the
garden and the gardener. Cities are growing, and the coun-
try is taking on a better life. Gardening is adapted to all con-
ditions, ' and it is committed to our hands to extend our parks
and boulevards far into the country until city is linked to city,
and the most rural districts will feel the vitalizing forces of
plants and flowers.' Those who are benefitted by institutions
of learning ' are very few compared with the great mass of
people that frequent our parks and public grounds to take ob-
ject-lessons, where young and old, rich and poor, learned and
illiterate meet on one common level to drink in nature's best
gifts to man.' Yet in the educational institutions a higher
and more symmetrical culture can be attained. President
Jordan again calls the attention of the societ}^ to the impor-
tance of some school or college training for the florist.
'Science shows us how the things we have to deal with in our
homeliest toil connect us (if we but understand the linking)
to what is most elevating in man's thoughts and hopes. It
helps supply that food for the mind, without which we starve
in drudgery, but by the strength of which we rise to a higher
plane of life '
''The education problem has long been a vexed question
among the florists, and there is yet no appearance of a solu-
tion of it. Members are divided b}^ conflicting aims, and
there has been no one with a practicable and clear-cut propo-
sition who could lead the organization to any definite action.
Many are making the vital mistake of supposing that the first
requisite in a florists' school is a corps of florists to direct it.
The first requisite in any school is men who can teach. When
it so happens that the teacher is also a successful grower, the
highest ideal is attained. But the first requirement of any
man who imparts instruction is ability to fire the enthusiasm of
his students. So it often happens that the most successful
teachers are distanced by their pupils. President Jordan
thinks that wealthy men could be induced to endow florists'
schools, and no doubt the}^ will do so as soon as they feel as-
sured that a sufficient demannd and interest exists. The be-
quest of the late Henry Shaw, of St. Louis, is an example
worthy of emulation. But some of the land-grant colleges
would no doubt take up this work actively if the florists should
138 A^inals of Horticulture.
once present a definite plan or request to them. Nothing can
be accompHshed without united and positive action, and the
apparent lack of interest in the discussion which followed
President Jordan's address to the society at Boston seems to
indicate that the time is not yet ripe for florists' schools."
The most important educational movement of the year was
the passage of an act by Congress to extend the facilities of
colleges of agriculture and mechanic arts which are founded
upon the land grant of 1862. This act was approved by the
President August 30, 1890. It was introduced by Senator
Morrill, of Vermont, to whom the nation also owes the land
grant. The document is so important that I append it in full :
"An act to apply a portion of the proceeds of the public
lands to the more complete endowment and support of the
colleges for the benefit of agriculture and the mechanic arts
established under the provisions of an act of Congress ap-
proved July second, eighteen hundred and sixty-two.
' ' Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of
the United States of America in Congress assembled, That there
shall be, and hereby is, annually appropriated, out of any
money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, arising
from the sales of public lands, to be paid as hereinafter pro-
vided to each State and Territory for the more complete en-
dowment and maintenance of colleges for the benefit of agri-
culture and the mechanic arts now established, in accordance
with an act of Congress approved July second, eighteen hun-
dred and sixty-two, the sum of fifteen thousand dollars for the
year ending June thirtieth, eighteen hundred and ninety, and
an annual increase of the amount of such appropriation there-
after for ten years by an additional sum of one thousand
dollars over the preceding year, and the annual amount to
be paid thereafter to each State and Territory shall be twenty-
five thousand dollars, to be applied only to instruction in agri-
culture, the mechanic arts, the English language and various
branches of mathematical, physical, natural and economic
science, with special reference to their applications in the in-
dustries of life, and to the facilities for such instruction: Provi-
ded, That no money shall be paid out under this act to any State
or Territory for the support or maintenance of a college where
a distinction of race or color is made in the admission of stu-
dents, but the establishment and maintenance of such colleges
National aiid Educational Interests.
139
separately for white and colored students shall be held to be
a compliance with the provisions of this act if the funds re-
ceived in such State or Territory be equitably divided as here-
inafter set forth : Provided, That in any State in which there
has been one college established in pursuance of the act of
July second, eighteen hundred and sixty-two, and also in which
an educational institution of like character has been established,
or may be hereafter established, and is now aided by such
State from its own revenue, for the education of colored stu-
dents in agriculture and the mechanic arts, however named
or styled, or whether or not it has received money heretofore
under the act to which this act is an amendment, the Legis-
lature of such State may propose and report to the Secretary
of the Interior a just and equitable division of the fund to be
received under this act between one college for white students
and one institution for colored students established as afore-
said, which shall be divided into two parts and paid accord-
ingly, and thereupon such institution for colored students
shall be entitled to the benefits of this act and subject to its
provisions, as much as it would have been if it had been in-
cluded under the act of eighteen hundred and sixty-two, and
the fulfillment of the foregoing provisions shall be taken as a
compliance with the provision in reference to separate colleges
for white and colored students.
"Sec. 2. That the sums hereby appropriated to the States
and Territories for the further endowment and support of col-
leges shall be annually paid on or before the thirty-first day
of July of each year, by the Secretary of the Treasury, upon
the warrant of the Secretary of the Interior, out of the Treas-
ury of the United States, to the State or Territorial treasurer,
or to such officer as shall be designated by the laws of such
State or Territory to receive the same, who shall, upon the
order of the trustees of the college, or the institution for
colored students, immediately pay over said sums to the treas-
urers of the respective colleges or other institutions entitled
to receive the same, and such treasurers shall be required to
report to the Secretary of Agriculture and to the Secretary of
the Interior, on or before the first da}^ of September of each
year, a detailed statement of the amount so received and of its
disbursement. The grants of moneys authorized by this act
are made subject to the legislative assent of the several States
140 Annals of Hoi'ticultnre .
and Territories to the purpose of said grants : Provided, That
payments of such instalments of the appropriation herein made
as shall become due to any State before the adjournment of the
regular sessson of legislature meeting next after the passage
of this act shall be made upon the assent of the governor
thereof, duly certified to the Secretary of the Treasury.
"Sec. 3. That if any portion of the moneys received b}^ the
designated ofBcer of the State or Territory for the further and
more complete endowment, support, and maintenance of
colleges, or of institutions for colored students, as provided
in this act, shall, by any action or contingency, be diminished
or lost, or be misapplied, it shall be replaced by the State or
Territory to Avhich it belongs, and until so replaced no subse-
quent appropriation shall be apportioned or paid to such State
or Territory; and no portion of said moneys shall be applied,
directly or indirectly, under any pretense whatever, to the
purchase, erection, preservation, or repair of any building or
buildings. An annual report by the president of each of said
colleges shall be made to the Secretary of Agriculture, as well
as to the Secretary of the Interior, regarding the condition
and progress of each college, including statistical information
in relation to its receipts and expenditures, its library, the
number of its students and professors, and also as to any im-
provements and experiments made under the direction of any
experiment stations attached to said colleges, with their costs
and results, and such other industrial and economical statis-
tics as may be regarded as useful, one copy of which shall be
transmitted by mail free to all other colleges further endowed
under this act.
''Sec. 4. That on or before the first day of July in each
year, after the passage of this act, the Secretary of the Interior
shall ascertain and certify to the Secretary of the Treasury as
to each State and Territory whether it is entitled to receive
its share of the annual appropriation for colleges, or of insti-
tutions for colored students, under this act, and the amount
which thereupon each is entitled, respectively, to receive. If
the Secretary of the Interior shall withhold a certificate from
any state or territory of its appropriation the facts and rea-
sons therefor shall be reported to the President, and the amount
involved shall be kept separate in the treasury until the close
of the next Congress, in order that the state or territory may,
National and Educational Interests. 141
if it should so desire, appeal to Congress from the determina-
tion of the Secretary of the Interior. If the next Congress
shall not direct such sum to be paid it shall be covered into
the Treasury. And the Secretary of the Interior is hereby
charged with the proper administration of this law.
"Sfx-. 5. That the Secretary of the Interior shall annually
report to Congress the disbursements which have been made
in all the states and territories, and also whether the appro-
priation of any state or territory has been withheld, and if
so, the reasons therefor.
''Sec. 6. Congress may at any time amend, suspend, or re-
peal any or all of the provisions of this act."
American Wild- flower Club. It is gratifying to know that
at least some organized attempt has been made to protect the
native plants of the country. The American Wild-flower
Club was organized a year or two ago, and its labors appear
to meet with favor in all directions. The history and scope
of the organization are told in the following extracts from
one of its publications :
"Its raison d' etre was the desire on the part of an American
woman, compelled by circumstances to make her home in
England and reproached persistently by returned British tour-
ists with the unbeautiful aspect of 'civilized' American land-
scape — its barren pastures and weedy hillslopes, its desolate
waysides and despoiled thickets — to see if something could
not be done, if not to re-stock denuded localities, at least to
avert so far as possible the extermination of an indigenous
flora from regions where it remained as yet unawakened.
Her notes on the subject, forwarded to a Philadelphia friend,
were read and discussed in a circle of flower lovers in that
city, the result of the conference being a determination to un-
dertake the preservation of our better wild growths in meth-
odical fashion through the institution of a system of local clubs,
which, knit together, should constitute a national association.
While however, the project transmitted from London as a
suggestion, thus took definite form in Philadelphia, its authors
were alike agreed that the Philadelphia atmosphere, or indeed
that of any great metropolis, was not suited to its fuller growth
and development. In the words of one of their number, the
perpetuation of American wild flowers was a work pertaining
essentially to the country. Establish its headquarters in the
142 Annals of Horticulture.
midst of a population whose interpretation of the floral king-
dom was a bunch of paper roses in the winter and an india
rubber plant dominating a bed of pickling cabbage vegetation
in summer, and it would inevitably perish of its own inconsis-
tency. The centering point must of course be a city large
enough and closely enough in touch with the world and con-
temporary life to permit of resort to the most approved meth-
ods of organization and administration ; but such a city re-
quired in turn to be set among fruit and flowers and penetra-
ted daily by the influences of nature. Of the various localities
falling within range of these stipulations, Wilmington, Dela-
ware, appeared best fitted for the Association's purpose and
it was selected accordingly. The secretary's office in this city
is in charge of a gentleman well known for his devotion to
floriculture.
"These were the preliminaries. That the idea set forth in
the tentative essay, ' Shall We Save Our Wild Flowers?' was
destined eventually to take root in the public mind its projec-
tors cherished no doubt. But they were content to feel that
they must hasten slowly, overcoming much inertia in the
course of their progress. They had been confronted with the
fact that while whatever in native growths was coarse, rank,
vile, whatever was offensive to touch, to sight, to smell, grew
and flourished apace ; w^iatever was beautiful,^ graceful, fra-
grant, if it had not already vanished beyond recall, was perish-
ing swiftly and surely. At fairs and flower shows held in
Eastern cities whose skirting woodlands were within their re-
membrance fair with arbutus, clematis, cowslip, with orchid
and azalea and laurel, they were forced to see that over
against the lavish wealth of English, Dutch, German flowers,
of flowers from Japan, China, Africa, Australia, there was set
not a blossom or plant or shrub indigenous to the soil of the
state. But there had appeared to be so willing a submission
to this condition of things, such unprotesting acquiescence
in the vandal practice of pillaging and plundering every chance
spot in which wild flowers yet survived, the stripping bare of
each surburban building site, the uprooting of every vine and
creeper and shrub from picnic woods and tenting grounds,
that to hope for a ready welcome for so 'disturbing' an in-
stitution as the A. W. F. C, would have suggested itself as
unreasonable.
National and Educational Interests. 143
*' But the apparent indifference which they had noted so re-
gretfully, veiled a dormant interest which needed only a
word to awaken to sympathetic activity. From the outset
the project was everywhere received with eager enthusiasm.
Responses poured in from all quarters, suggestions, queries,
offers of help and counsel, scraps of experience from those
who in their own modest way were seeking to foster the flora
of their respective localities. So far as seemed requisite for
a beginning, the nature of the club's work and the methods of
local organization had been outlined. By the help of these
hints, clubs were formed in sections the nearest and the most
remote ; in Maine, in Illinois, in Pennsylvania, in Tennessee,
in Nebraska, in Florida. Before a month's time and almost
without effort on the part of its originators, the project of pre-
serving our American wild flowers has passed from the realm
of possibilities into that of established facts.
"In the interval which has since elapsed the ground first
cursorily surveyed has been gone over more in detail ; sugges-
tions have been offered as to the choice of flowers to be per-
petuated, the cautions to be observed in their cultivation, the
limits and regulations of floral exchange, the formation of
plants, nurseries, etc. etc., the whole accompanied by illustra-
ted articles descriptive of the best types of our American flora.
"So long, then, as the oflicial organ of the association. The
Home Joui-nal, could be supplied them, enquirers were at no
loss how to proceed. But the demand has been so great that,
despite the publisher's hearty and faithful co-operation, the
association has been unable to keep pace with it. Edition
after edition has been exhausted until now, with changes in
the oflice of publication, while thousands of letters still wait
unanswered, the earlier issues have become altogether unob-
tainable. At the same time to republish as current matter the
mass of essays, editorials and technical articles which have
appeared in them and with which club members are already
familiar, was for obvious reasons deemed impracticable. To
meet the difficulty there, the association decided to embody
in pamphlet form the substance of its most important printed
matter, adding thereto whatever seemed essential to a clear
comprehension of the character and scope of the undertaking
to which it stands pledged. Thus revised, these essays — or-
iginally prepared by the association's direction and under its
144 Annals of Horticulture.
express supervision — constitute a complete hand-book of
American Wild-Flower Club work, the perusal of which will
enable sympathizers everywhere to bring themselves without
further question or instruction abreast of the earliest estab-
lished clubs."
''The national association A. W. F. C. is a union com-
posed of the various local clubs formed up to date. Its pur-
pose is to facilitate communication between local clubs, to
transact business beyond the range of their power or authority,
and to further such details of the A. W. F. C. work as can be
best furthered through extended combination.
''Local clubs are entitled to admission to the association
under the following rules :
"I. No admittance fee shall be charged by the association,
nor shall it exact any dues from, nor lay any assessment upon
either local clubs or members of the club-at-large.
''2. A local club upon its organization must report
through its secretary to the association, giving list of officers
and members of the club, upon receipt of which report the
secretary of the association will in return forward a certificate
of membership for the club as a body, together with cards
and badges for each ofHcer and member.
"3. A local club must consist of at least three members,
(a) But an}^ person can become a member of the club-at-large
by sending name and address to the secretary of the asso-
ciation.
"4. In towns of less than three thousand population, not
more than one club can be formed simultaneously, (a) Mem-
bers of any local club seceding therefrom and forming a rival
local club will not be recognized by the association.
"5. Local clubs dissolving their organization must return
certificate of membership and members' cards to the associa-
tion ; also badges of all such members unless such as may
elect to join the club-at-large.
"6. A local club will be regarded as in full membership
so long as a quarterly report is received from the secretary.
Failure so to report will be followed by a suspension from the
privileges of the association until such failure is made good,
(a) All matter embodied in local club reports will become
the property of the association, which reserves the right to
publish it or any portion of it, either in its official organ, or
National and Edncational Interests. 145
in book form, (b) But this shall not debar local clubs from
furnishing the same matter to the press of their various com-
munities ; Provided, that it be not given the local press in ad-
vance of its forwarding to the association.
"7. Local clubs will be expected to discharge all indebt-
edness promptly. Neglect to comply with these rules, will,
on complaint to the association, be visited by suspension un-
til the obligation is discharged. A club which after having
been suspended, shall be a second time guilty of this offense
will be dismissed from the association.
^'8. Differences occurring among members of local clubs
should, so far as possible, be adjusted by the club itself. But
should points arise upon which a settlement cannot be had,
they may be referred to the association, whose decision in the
case will be regarded as final.
"9. Every local club is at liberty to make any by-laws,
or formulate any regulations for its government that it may
see fit, provided that such local rules do not conflict with the
rules of the association.
" 10. On and after June ist, 1890, no rule of the associa-
tion can be altered or revoked, except at the request of two-
thirds of the whole number of local clubs in full membership
at the time."
''The primary aim of the A. W. F. C. is the preservation
and perpetuation of our best wild flowers. And in manifold
instances this can mean to only a very limited extent, either
the guarding of them in haunts where they still flourish, or
their replacement in localities from which they have already
vanished. No care, no watchfulness can meet the contingen-
cies whose effect is to change the face of the region and bring
about the disappearance of its indigenous fauna and flora.
Trees must be felled, land must be cleared for the plow, marsh-
es and bog meadows must be drained to dryness ; hillside
and prairie, to-day joyous with bloom, will to-morrow be staked
off into building lots. The guide to action here is unmistaka-
bly given in the dealings both of the national government
and of private agencies, with the surviving types of our abori-
ginal fauna. Under certain conditions, to be noted later on,
we may succeed in re-stocking localities at present denuded,
but to insure the perpetuation of our wild flowers, past the
hazard of those circumstances which have so widely wrought
146 An7ials of Horticulture .
this destruction, we must see to it that they cease to be wild.
Whatever the specimens we desire to preserve, some speci-
mens of them must be transferred to our own premises, where
we can keep guard over their safety, and where they will be,
not tenants-at-will but free-holders. Once fairly set as garden
growths, the perpetuation is assured. They will become
settled inhabitants, as much a detail of bed and border as the
pansies and clove pinks, side by side with which they stand,
and the same familiar delight to generations of loving eyes
' far on in summers that we shall not see.'
''As a rule, sun loving plants may be relied upon to take
most kindly to cultivation ; woodland blooms are exquisite in
form and tint, but our showiest varieties are flowers of the un-
screened open, growing where the sun glares upon, the storms
pelt and the winds buffet them, and in their fearless tenacity
to life, best calculated to endure the shock of change from
savagery to civilization. In the transfer of any flower from
the wild to gardens, however, the conditions of its original
habitat should, so far as possible, be repeated. Whatever
modifications of environment it may in course of time learn
to submit to, at the outset of its sophisticated career cinnamon
fern will not thrive on a hot sandy hillslope, or Labrador tea
in the damp chilliness of a shady border. Neglect of this car-
dinal precept has, more than any other cause, served to denude
suburban localities in the middle and New England states of
their flowers and flowering shrubs. Fairmount Park owes to
it the disappearance, so deplored by the park botanists, of the
exquisite wild azalea and the charming valerian. In like
manner free woodlands have been well nigh bared of maiden-
hair, evergreen fern, squirrel corn, hepatica, and anemones
which — snatched from out a leaf mold, light as toilet powder
— have been planted to swift death in a garden soil composed
of equal parts of street dirt and angle worms. Begin then
with shade for your woodland, sun for your prairie flowers ;
with moisture for your meadow growth, with sand, or loam or
sod for the plant accustomed to draw its life from such a
source.
"This repetition of native soils and conditions does not,
however, involve the rejection of artificial fertilizers. On the
contrary, their effect will often be found to be the imparting
of vigor to struggling plants. The application of them likewise
National and Edncafioiial Interests. 147
overcomes the tendency to sterility so often observable in
bulbous rooted growths, both wild and tame ; while it is upon
their use that we must largely rely in our endeavor to augment
the size and improve the tints of flowers. Administer them
sparingly the first year and increase the quantity as the plants
show themselves thriving under it. Flowers thus treated will
become neutral minded as to soils, much sooner than will
those grown in naturally constituted earth.
'' Of our wild flowers the majority are perennials. All such
should be kept from seeding until they evidence themselves
thoroughly well established. The maturing of seed is a strain
on the strength of a plant, which, under unaccustomed con-
ditions it cannot be trusted to survive, and should only be
compelled to undergo when, as in annuals and biennials, the
seed is necessary to the continuance of the species.
" Another caution which every one should observe is to give
the wild growths room, so that they will neither be encroached
upon by prior occupants of the garden nor require to be
checked or maimed lest they crowd too closely upon one another.
American wild flowers are characterized by singular fineness
and delicacy of leaf growth. It would be difficult to name a
really superior variety the foliage of which is coarse or rank.
But should any transplanted flower take so kindly to its new
home as to spread overfast, there is but one safe method of
reduction — uprooting. It is a too common blunder of amateur
florists, pushed for space, to temporarily chasten the exuber-
ance of their spring flowering perennials, by cutting down to
the ground at the end of the blooming season, but the blunder
is one which they generally have cause to rue. Only exception-
ally tenacious lived plants bear to be thus deprived of their
breathing apparatus, and those which do outlive it are always
weakened as to leafage and paled and impoverished as to
bloom."
In this connection it is interesting to notice that Professor
T. J. Burrill, of the Illinois Industrial University, has started a
movement to induce the Illinois Central Railroad to take
measures to preserve the native flora along its lines.
Societies. Horticultural organizations are rapidly increasing
in number and extending in usefulness, especially those of
a trade or semi-trade character. The national conventions of
the year w^ere seven in number, as follows : Columbian Horti-
14^ Annals of Horticulture.
cultural Association, Chicago, Aug. 27 ; American Association
of Nurserymen, New York, June 4-6 ; Societ}^ of American
Florists, Boston, Aug. 19-22 ; Association of American
Cemetery Superintendents, Boston, Aug. 19-22 ; American
Seed Trade Association, Saratoga, June, 10 and 11 ; Cider
and Cider Vinegar Makers' Association of the Northwest, St.
Louis, Dec. 16 and 17; American Cranberr}' Growers' Associ-
ation, Philadelphia, Aug. 26.
The Columbian Horticultural Association is a body organ-
ized to further the horticultural interests of the Columbian
Exposition. The initial movement was made by the execu-
tive committee of Illinois State Board of Horticulture, in
convention at Sailor Springs, Illinois, in July, 1890. This
committee issued a call Juty 30th for a delegate convention
of all horticultural organizations in the United States, to
meet at the Sherman House, Chicago, August 27th. The
full proceedings of this convention, which resolved itself into
an association to exist until the close of the exposition, w^ill
no doubt soon become so valuable as to warrant their record
here. I choose the following report from the Orange Judd
Farmer :
'^Pursuant to call, the horticulturists of the country met
in delegate convention at the Sherman House, Chicago,
August 27. Order was called by Jabez Webster, President
of the Illinois State Horticultural Societ}^, and the object of
convening made known, after which, John Thorpe, of Pearl
River, N. Y. , was elected president pro te?n, and A. C. Ham-
mond, of Warsaw, 111., secretary /r^ t€i?i. The committee
on credentials — N. H. Albaugh, Tadmor, O.., J. C. Vaughan,
Chicago, C. L. Watrous, Des Moines, Iowa — reported the fol-
lowing as being entitled to representation :
"American Pomological Society, G. B. Brackett, Denmark, Iowa;
American Horticultural Society, Parker Earle, Ocean Springs, Miss., and
W. H. Ragan, Greencastle, Ind. ; Society of American Florists, John
Thorpe, Pearl River, N. Y., and E. G. Hill, Richmond, Ind.; The Ameri-
can Association of Nurserymen, James D. Raynolds, Riverside, 111., and
S. M. Emery, Lake City, Minn.; The American Seed Trade Association, J.
C. Vaughan and S. F. Leonard, Chicago ; The Ohio and Mississippi Val-
ley Horticultural Association, Geo. W. Endicott, Villa Ridge, 111.; Arkansas
State Horticultural Society, S. H. Nowlin, Little Rock, and John Karr, Little
Rock ; Colorado State Bureau of Horticulture and Forestry, W. D. Osborn,
Loveland ; Delaware and Maryland Peninsular Horticultural Society,
Wesley Webb, Wilmington, Del.; Indiana State Horticultural Society, Prof.
National and Educational Intei'-ests. 149
J. Troop, Purdue University; Iowa State Horticultural Society, C. L.
Watrous, Des Moines, and G. B. Brackett, Denmark ; Illinois State Horti-
cultural Society, Jabez Webster, Centralia, and A. C. Hammond, Warsaw;
Central Illinois Horticultural Society, G. W. E. Cook, Lacon, and F. I.
Mann, Gilman ; Southern Illinois Horticultural Society, E. A. Riehl, Alton,
and Wm. Jackson, Godfrey; Northern Illinois Horticultural Society,
Arthur Bryant, Princeton, and Andrew Dunning, Chicago; Kansas State
Horticultural Society, Judge L. Houk, Hutchinson, and F. Wellhouse,
Fairmount; Kentucky State Horticultural Society, Wm. L. Dulaney, Bow-
ling Green ; Massachusetts State Horticultural Society, Benjamin G. Smith,
Cambridge, and O. B. Hadwin, Worcester ; Michigan State Horticultural
Society, R. Morrill, Benton Harbor, and C. J. Monroe, South Haven;
Missouri State Horticultural Society, L. A. Goodman, Westport ; Nebraska
State Horticultural Society, G. J. Carpenter, Fairbury, and F. W. Taylor,
Omaha; Northwestern Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, H. B. Beatty,
Oil City ; Ohio State Horticultural Society, N. H. Albaugh, Tadmor, and
N. Ohmer, Dayton; South Dakota State Horticultural Society, Oliver
Gibbs, Jr., Ramsey ; Wisconsin State Horticultural Society, B, S. Hoxie,
Evansville, and M. A. Thayer, Sparta ; Bureau of Pomology, Department
of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. , H. E. Van Deman ; Chicago Floral Club,
Frank Bentley, Chicago, and G. L. Grant, Chicago; Indiana Florists' Society^
J. D. Carmody, Evansville ; Indianapolis Floral Club, Wm. Langstaff,
Indianapolis, Ind. ; Cook County (111.) Horticultural Society, Edgar Sand-
ers, Chicago; Northwestern Cider and Cider Vinegar Makers' Association,
L. R. Bryant, Princeton, 111. ; Tri-City Floral Society, J. Temple, Daven-
port, Iowa, ; Illinois Fruit Growers' Association, N. M. Burns, Clay City,
and Israel Mills, Clay City ; West Michigan Fruit Growers' Association,
Joseph Lannin, South Haven, and Walter Phillips, Grand Haven ; The
Warsaw (111.) Horticultural Society, J. T. Johnson, Warsaw ; Marshall
County (111.) Horticultural Society, E. R. McKinney, Lacon; and Honorary
Members, E. S. Goff, Madison, Wis , Henry C. Freeman, Alto Pass, 111.
"While awaiting above report, the convention listened to
an interesting paper from A. C. Hammond, secretary of the
Illinois Horticultural Society, which set forth an informal out-
line of plans, etc., regarding horticultural exhibits at the
World's Fair.
''Permanent officers were elected as follows: President,
S. M. Emery, Lake City, Minn. ; vice-president, C. L. Wat-
rous, Des Moines, Iowa ; secretary and treasurer, H. B.
Beatty, Oil City, Pa. ; assistant secretar}^, G. L. Grant,
Chicago.
''An informal talk followed, touching the exhibit. H. E.
Van Deman, of Washington, D. C, said : 'The horticultural
exhibit should be cut loose from the agricultural exhibit ;
though twins, they should be separate in order to do each jus-
tice. Plorticulture covers the universe, and the wise course
to pursue is to appoint a commissioner of horticulture, with
150 Aiuials of Horticulture.
four superintendents of departments — i, floriculture ; 2,
pomology; 3, nursery and forest; 4, seeds and vegetables.'
On motion by Hon. C. L. Watrous, the following gentlemen
were unanimously elected by ballot to the positions indicated,
subject to approval by the National Commission and Local
Directors of the World's Fair : Commissioner of Horticul-
ture, Parker Earle, Ocean Springs, Miss.; Supt. of Floricul-
ture and Landscape Gardening, Jas. D. Raynolds, Riverside,
111.; Supt. of Pomology, G. B. Brackett, Denmark, Iowa;
Supt. of Nursery and Forest products, Geo. B. Thomas,
West Chester, Pa.; Supt. of Seeds and Vegetables, J. C.
Vaughan, Chicago. A committee was appointed, with Pres-
ident S. M. Emer}^ chairman, to formulate and present an
address, as to action of this meeting, to the executive depart-
ment of the Columbian Exposition.
''Horace J. Newberry, alternate for Kansas, offered the
following resolution, which unanimously prevailed :
''Resolved, That this organization be known as the Colum-
bian Horticultural Association, and that the advisory execu-
tive committee consist of the president and secretary, and
Messrs. Parker Earle, G. B. Brackett, James D. Raynolds,
J. C. Vaughan and George B. Thomas, and that the Asso-
ciation remain an active organization until the close of the
World's Columbian Exposition, and that all elected officers
be permanent until said expiration.
''Oliver Gibbs, Jr., presented the following resolution,
which was carried :
''Resolved, That delegates from state and other societies
now existing in America, entitled to representation under the
call of this meeting, shall be admitted and enrolled by the
secretar}^, on presentation of proper credentials to the execu-
tive committee at any future meeting of this association.
"On motion of S. M. Emery, it was
"Resolved, That each society here represented be requested
to contribute $25 as a contingent fund for expenses of perma-
nent organization.
"The offices of secretary and treasurer were separated,
and M. A. Tha^'er, Sparta, Wis., elected treasurer. By
appointment, Vice President Bryan met members of the asso-
ciation at the Sherman House, Thursday, g a. m., when all
^proceeded to visit and view the different sites offered for
National and Educational hiterests. 151
World's Fair purposes. The journey was replete with inci-
dents, and frequent individual preference was made, but as
an association no decision was put on record. Adjourned,
subject to call of the president."
The horticultural features of the Columbian Exposition
have occasioned much discussion, but no definite arrange-
ments had been made at the close of the year, and the direc-
tor, or commissioner, had not been chosen. The American
Garden has urged * that an international congress of horti-
culture be assembled at the exposition, and that the opportu-
nity be seized to make a comprehensive stud}^ and report of
our horticultural industries. There is every reason to expect
that the occasion will afford one of the best exhibits of horti-
cultural products ever made.
The leading papers and discussions of the various societies
are here presented as showing the trend of the year's in-
quiries. —
American Association of Nurserymen :
New Fruits — H. E. Van Deman.
Root-Grafting and Budding — L. H. Bailey.
Can Stock be Dug and Shipped too Early in the Fall ? — G. E. Meissner.
Does the Future of our Business Look as Promising as the Past ? —
H. S. Wiley.
Do We Live and Learn ? — Thomas Meehan.
The Cause of Low Prices for Nursery Stock — S. M. Emery.
How Can We Best Prevent Duplicates in our Mailing Lists ? — J. T.
Lovett.
Advertising — G. J. Carpenter.
Looking Backward (poem) — N. H. Albaugh.
Grapes, their Character as affected by Climate and Situation— Geo
W. Campbell.
Transplanting Evergreens — Fred. W. Kelsey.
Peach Culture — J. H. Hale.
Are Hardy Plants Desirable for our Catalogues ? — J. W. Manning, Jr.
Chestnut Culture— Samuel C. Moon.
The Relation of Nurserymen to the Forestry Problem — B. E. Fernow.
Pear Leaf Blight, its Cause and Treatment — B. T. Galloway.
Nurserymen, Agents, Tree Peddlers and Humbugs — George J. Kellogg.
Fruits for the West and North— J. L. Budd.
The Nursery Outlook in England — Wm. Fell.
Society of American Florists :
The Growing Importance of the Easter Trade, and how to Prepare for
it--James Dean.
* xi. 234 (Apr.),"295 (May), 423 (July), 555 (Sept.).
152 Annals of Horticulture.
The Value of System in Business — D. B. Long.
Best Method of Treating Callas during Summer to have them bloom
for the Holidays— E. M. H. Edwards.
Marketing Cut-Flowers — J. D. Raynolds.
Is the Selling of Flowers through Commission Men the best possible
Plan of Marketing our Produce ? — Frank Huntsman.
Berry-bearing Plants for Decorative Purposes — Robert Veitch, Jr.
Twenty-five Indispensable Plants for the Extreme South — R. D. Hoyt.
Fertilizers Under Glass — Professor S. T. Maynard.
Succulents — E. S. Miller.
Best Twenty-five Hardy Herbaceous Plants for Florists' use — J. Wood-
ward Manning.
Can Hellebores be Grown to Advantage by the Commercial Florist ? —
William Falconer.
Can We Reasonably Expect a Race of Early Chrysanthemums, Bloom-
ing in September and October, Valuable for America ? — John Lane.
The Twenty Best Native Plants for Florists' use — A. Gilchrist.
Nomenclature — W. H. Manning.
Review of Plants of Recent Introduction — W. P. Simmons, E. G. Hill^
John Thorpe.
Petroleum as Fuel — Jos. B. Moore, and B. P. Critchell.
Florists' Business in Louisiana, iSSg-'go — R. Maitre.
Crossing and Hybridizing^E. S. Carman.
Peter Henderson — A. D. Cowan.
John Henderson — John H. Taylor.
Overhead Heating — L. Wight.
General Discussion of Landscape Gardening, evoked by William Mc-
Millan's paper of last year.*
Report of Nomenclature Committee, giving an extensive list of syno-
nyms.
Association of American Cemetery Superintendents :
Life of Adolph Strauch — F. Enrich.
Cemetery Roadways — G. Troup.
Mistakes in Cemeteries — A. W. Blaine.
What Trees and Shrubs to Plant in Cemeteries, and when to Plant
Them — Wm. Salway.
What Trees and Shrubs Should We Plant in Cemeteries ? Where;
Should They be Planted ?— O. C. Simonds.
* Annals Hort. 18S9, 34,
Part II.
SPECIAL ANNALS.
§ I. INTRODUCTIONS OF i8go.
A LIST OF THE FRUITS, VEGETABLES AND ORNAMENTAL PLANTS
INTRODUCED INTO AMERICAN TRADE DURING THE YEAR.
The following list is a record of the novelties of the year,
SO far as it has been possible to obtain them. The greatest
pains have been taken to make the list complete and accurate.
Nearly all the introducers whose names appear in the list have
been consulted, and experimenters and others have aided in
the preparation. It cannot be hoped, however, that the list
is complete, but it is certainly sufficiently ample to possess
value as a historical record and as a basis for many interesting
calculations.
The compilation of such a list is peculiarly difficult, not
only because of the widely scattered material but because of the
unsatisfactory aid which is often rendered by introducers them-
selves. These parties often send in lists of introductions for
the 3^ear containing plants which they had introduced and
catalogued in a previous year, and many times the information
concerning the novelties and their history is so inadequate or
uncertain that definite record cannot be made of it. Many
dealers decline or neglect to give information, and to these
difficulties must be added the unsystematic methods of enter-
ing novelties in catalogues, by which it is often impossible to
determine when the plant was introduced, for the same
A. H.— II (153)
154 Annals of Hortiadture .
^'novelty" even though '^entirely new", may remain in the
*' novelty pages" of the catalogue for two or three or more
years; and a direct application to the dealer may elicit no in-
formation. All this difficulty is no doubt, for the most part,
a simple indifference to any rigid or systematic attempt to-
wards a yearly record, and it has its origin in the life-long
half careless methods of introducing novelties.
It is often difficult, also, to determine when a plant is ''in-
troduced," as I pointed out last year (Annals, 1889, 96).
Sometimes plants have been widely distributed from friend to
friend long before they are offered for sale ; some are adver-
tised in catalogues one year, but not actually sold until the
next ; sometimes plants are re-introduced, after having dropped
from sight ; some are introduced in Europe a year or two be-
fore reaching this country , and many are widely known among
experimenters and from reports in the press before appearing
upon the markets. To avoid as many as possible of these diffi-
culties I have attempted to record only the date of introduction
into ''American trade."
There is no attempt whatever towards any revision of names
or the determination of synonyms, as the purpose of the list
is a simple record of the activities of the year. I have attemp-
ted to give a brief description of the plants, obtained from the
originator or introducer. These descriptions are simply such
as I have been able to collect, and in no case can I vouch for
their accuracy.
The list contains 575 plants, against 434* in the list for
1889. .This increase of 141 varieties is due in part to the more
thorough canvas of the field which I have made this year, but
I am of the opinion that greater activity was shown in the in-
troduction of new varieties in 1890 than in 1889, particularly
in the case of some vegetables. The most remarkable circum-
stances common to nearly all these novelties is the assurance
that perfection has been reached, that every old variety has
been out-done, and that the new comer just fills the niche
which was void. The English language is commonly taxed
to its utmost to express the superlative virtues of the claimants,
particularly among vegetables, and. in order to emphasize be-
yond the power of expression, epithets are frequently piled
* Omitting ten chrysanthemums marked " 1890."
Introductions of i8go. 155
upon each other until the impression is made by mere weight
of letters and words. I do not wish to criticize all this. I
only wish to ask my reader ten years hence, or even five years
if I should be so fortunate as to have one then — to count up
the number of the varieties in this list which have won public
favor.
Acacia mollissima. Schlegel ^ Fottler.
— pendula. Kelsey.
A very fine and hardy acacia, of distinct weeping habit, and resem-
bling the weeping sophora ; foliage a delicate light green, exceedingly
graceful and pretty. England.
Allium, The Bride. Biickbee.
Almond, Commercial. Leonard Coates.
— Hatch's No. i. A. L. Hatch.
— Texas Prolific. W. R. Strong Co.
Andromeda Japonica, aurea. Temple 6" Beard.
From France.
Apple,
— Akin's Red. ///. State Hort. Society.
— Black Annette. A. Branson.
— Bostick Queen. Win. Hy. Smith.
— Coppleton (sweet). Coppleton, Mich.
— CuUin's Keeper. Griesa, Ka?isas.
— Dr. Walker. Downer.
— Early Sweetheart. Stark Bros.
— Elkhorn. Kennan.
— Family Favorite. Stark Bros.
— Gloege. Gloege, Wisconsin.
Gracie. F. M. Gideon, Minn.
— Jones' Seedling. Win. Hy. Smith.
— Marshall Red. Leonard Coates.
— Mason's Orange. Griesa, Kansas.
— Poorhouse Greening. Wm. Hy. Smith.
Princess Louise. Smith cr' Kerman, St. Catharines, Ont.
Ragan's Yellow Horse. Win. Hy. Smith.
— Rainbow. Stark Bros.
— Red Riches. Stark Bros.
— Ronk. Albertson d^ Hobbs.
— Sonoma. Leonard Coates.
— Spencer. Stark Bros.
156 A^inals of Horticulture.
Apricot, Acme. G. J. Carpenter Co.
A new apricot from northern China, which was given to Professor
J. L. Budd by a returned missionary. The tree is an immense grow-
er, very hardy and productive ; fruit the very largest size ; a sweet
and delicious freestone, yellow, with red cheek.
Aquilegia chrysantha, alba. Henderson.
Flowers pure white.
Arbor Vitae, Stark's American Golden. Stark Bros.
Argyreia tiliaefolia, or Mammoth East India Climber. Heii-
derson.
A perennial climbing plant of high and rapid growth ; large green
heart-shaped leaves, silvery white underneath ; very large flowers of
white and violet.
Arnebia cornuta, or Arabian Summer-Flowering Primrose.
Hefiderson and others.
Discovered by Dr. Regel. The plant grows in bushy form, about
two feet high and about the same breadth. It blooms with unusual
profusion during the whole summer. Flowers over ^4^ of an inch
across, and of a rich primrose yellow, marked with five black spots ;
the spots change on the second day to a rich maroon, and on the third
day vanish, leaving the flower a clear, bright yellow. Annual.
Aster, Siirpasse Triomphe, or Scarlet Triumph White-Edged.
Henderson.
A new variety of Perfection aster. The flowers are large, fre-
quently measuring five inches across, perfectly double, of a brilliant
crimson purple, each petal being margined with white. The plants
are very dwarf, and bloom profusely.
Azalea mollis, Sinensis. Kelsey.
Double, hardy, bright yellow. Holland.
Bean, Buist's Lightning Early Valentine. Buist.
— Burpee's Saddle Wax. Burpee.
— Ely's Prolific Dwarf Wax. Ely.
— Griswold's Everbearing Wax. Johnson & Stokes.
A bean bearing handsome round yellow pods, which are thick,
fleshy, entirely stringless, growing six to seven inches in length, and
rich, buttery and fine flavored when cooked. Bears in great abund-
ance throughout the season. The stalk is stiffer and branches out
more than other beans. The beans are a fine kidney shape, and very
distinctly marked. Thos. Griswold, S. Wethersfield., Ct., originator.
— Livingston's Improved Six Weeks. Livi?igston.
An early strain of the old Six Weeks.
— New Union White Valentine. Johnson &^ Stokes.
Earlier and of a dwarfer habit than the old White Valentine, the
pods being rounder, smoother, plumper and more meaty, and entirely
- Introductions of i8go. 157
stringless, remaining in a tender cooking condition longer than any
other green-podded variety. The beans, when ripe, are pure white.
Bean, Ruby Dwarf Horticultural. Rawson.
A strong grower (similar in this respect to the Goddard), and pro-
duces large, broad, well-filled pods, somewhat flattened, and of a very
dark ruby color.
— Saddleback Wax. LandretJi.
A golden-podded wax variety, introduced for the first time in the
autumn of 1889. Named Saddleback by reason of the peculiar form
of the pods, which on the back are unusually broad, flat and indented
with a decided crease, so much flattened on back and front as to have
the greatest thickness or diameter from side to side, which peculiar
quality cannot be pointed out for any other bean. Produces edible
pods as early as Black Wax, nearly twice as large, rounder, more
pulpy and absolutely stringless. More prolific than any other bean,
hardier than Black Wax or Golden Wax, and rust-proof.
— Stokes' Evergreen Lima. Johnson &^ Stokes.
The result of several years' selection from Salem Mammoth. Not
only holds the full size and great productivenes of the Salem Mam-
moth, but has the additional quality of holding entirely the deep
green color of the unripe or green state in all stages of growth and
even when dry and shelled.
— Thorburn's Early Refugee Wax. Thorburn.
A perfect Refugee with wax pods. Pods long and yellow.
— Washington Market Lima. Bai'7iard.
Earlier, more productive and of finer flavor than any of the ordi-
nary limas The pods are long and contain five or more beans of
unusually large size when in the green state. Originated near Wash-
ington, D. C.
Beet, Dingo Turnip Blood. Kendall 6^ Whitney.
A rich, blood-red beet, of fine grain and flavor, and is earlier than
either the Egyptian or Eclipse. It originated with a leading market
gardener, and was brought to perfection after ten years of careful
cultivation.
— Mitchell's Perfected Earliest Dark Red Turnip. Johnson
& Stokes.
It has the color and small top of the Egyptian, but it is tender,
sweet and juicy, even after it has lost its leaves from age. (Same as
Mitchell's Dark Red Turnip of last year ?)
— New Half Long Blood. Ferry.
The roots are only half as long as the Long Blood, but weigh as
much on account of their thickness. They are always smooth and
handsome, and their rich, dark red flesh is very sweet, crisp and ten-
der, never becoming woody, even in the exposed portion.
— Yellow Leviathan Mangel Wurzel. Ferry.
Most field beets are liable to one of two faults : either they are so
158 A7i7ials of Horticulture,
small and lacking in vigor as not to give a good crop, or if large they
grow so coarse and with such large neck and top that the flesh is
coarse and comparatively valueless. This variety is an improvement
in these respects. It is uniformly well shaped, and very large, being
the most productive of any. It grows half out of the ground and is
easily harvested, yet never becomes woody. The white flesh is sweet
and tender.
Begonia, Dewdrop. Robert Scott 6^" Son.
A seedling begonia raised by W. J. Chinnick, of Trenton, N. J. It
is a dwarf, compact-growing variety. The foliage is bright glossy
green, with shell-shaped leaves and stems of light crimson. The
blooms are produced in clusters of from six to eight florets, which are
satiny white, with golden yellow stamens. When planted out in the
sun during the summer, the color changes to a delicate shade of pink,
with crimson stems, making a beautiful contrast. It is a profuse
bloomer.
— Scharffii. Schlegel 6^ Fottler.
Berchemia racemosa. Saitl.
Buphane toxicaria. Rcasoner Bros.
South Africa.
Cabbage, Bismarck. Childs.
— Louderback's All Year Round. Johnson c^ Stokes.
This cabbage originated with Daniel Louderback, of Philadelphia.
It is not only the finest Early Drumhead, but is equally as good for
second and third early, intermediate and late. It heads large and
solid, with very short stem and few outer leaves.
— New Diamond Winter. Johnson &= Stokes.
Very compact, the stem short, and does not crack. The heads will
average from 15 to 18 pounds in weight after they are trimmed for
market. Extra hard, solid, round and somewhat flattened on top ;
possesses a fine, small rib. Long Island.
— New Race Horse. Buckbee.
Calliopsis, New Double. Childs.
Callitris robusta. Rcasoner Bros.
Cypress pine. Australia.
Campanula punctata, New Spotted Bell Flower. Hejtdcrsojt.
An elegant hardy perennial, about i]4. feet high. Flowers numer-
ous, pendulous, bell-shaped, milk v^hite, dotted and striped with red
on the inner surface, and as large as the well known Canterbury
Bells, and are produced the entire season.
Canna Childsi (The Tiger Canna). Childs.
It is of a rather dwarf habit, shorter than either Ehemanni or Nou-
toni. Its foliage is rank, and of a light green shade. The flowers
are borne in large, compact panicles, are of a large size and perfect
shape, with broad petals, and of a bright glossy yellow color, thickly
spotted with crimson. Seedling from one of Crozy's.
Introductions of iSgo. I59
Canna, Crozy's for 1890, introduced by various dealers:
Admiral Courbet, Ampere, Antoine Chantin Antome Crozy. Com-
anda^t Dubuis, Enfant du Rhone, Francois Corbm. Francoise La-
nente Gen de Negrier. Geofiry St. HiUaire. Goury. Isaac Casati, Jac-
Tuemet de'Bonnefond, Jules Chretien. Louis C\^f ^-^' L- Chnsten
S Antoinette de AlUary, Mad. LiabaudMme. Oriole. Petit
Teanne, Princess Lusignani. Professor David. Souv. de Asa Gray.
Souv. de Jeanne Charieton, W. Pfitzer.
Carnation, Constancy. Chas. T Starr possessing
A child of the Century, contammg blood of P^^^^^' P°^f.f;.°f
its color with larger flowers, not running to so many small, inferior
florets as does its parent, after the first flush of fall bloom. It is a
blowing scadet fringed ; growth strong and healthy, dark green and
fuxJnant, and will Lceed Portia in the number of long-stemmed
blooms to the same space occupied.
Golden Gate. Chas. T. Starr.
A seedling of Hinzie's White, fertilized with Field of Gold Ihe
plant has thl characteristics of Hinzie's. but more dwarf in stalk and
Fs early flowering. It is a deep golden yellow, without any stripe or
foreign color ; healthy and free.
T R. Freeman. Chas. T. Starr.
' A seedling of Century, crossed with Anna Webb ; exceedingly pro-
fuse Flowers almost all on long stems, full and double ; does not
burst, and is a rich cardinal crimson color ; clove scented.
— Lasandria. Chas. T. Starr.
Peculiarly a long-stemmed pink, like Portia, which it resembles in
manner of growth^and style of flower, but of a rich carmine color ;
early and free.
Marsfuerite. Henderson.
The flowers are of brilliant colors, ranging through many beautiful
shades of reds, pinks, white, variegations, etc.; they are of perfect
form and large size, and the calyx never bursts. They bloom in
abo^t four months after sowing the seeds ; they come eighty per cent^
double The plants are dwarf, much branched, compact and robust m
habit, consequently supporting themselves without the use of stakes.
_ Pomona. Chas. T. Starr. , . u i, .o..
Low growing, like L. L. Lamborn, and adapted to benches near
the glass It is of a deep crimson color, of great substance. Flowers
will keep a long time, and are borne on single, stiff, upright stems that
do not need supporting. Foliage always healthy and vigorous . of a
bluish green color.
— Wm, F. Dreer. Chas. T. Starr.
Seedling of Buttercup, fertilized with Century. Is of e>cceedingly
strong hellthy growth, upright and robust, ^ftainmg he style of
flowel of Buttercup ; has a majority of long stems. Its color is a
beautiful rose pink ; deeply-fringed petals, very large, often three
inches in diameter, and does not burst.
i6o Anjials of Horticulture.
Carrot, New French Bellot. Thorburn.
A new strain, of superior quality, being in size between the Extra
Early Forcing and Early Horn varieties.
— Rubicon Half Long. Johnson & Stokes ; Barnard.
Earlier than the Danvers, and about the same length ; the leaves
are one-third shorter, fewer and finer. It grows without neck, the
crown is hollow, and it grows well under the ground, which prevents
it from becoming sun-burnt. Connecticut.
Cauliflower, Fottler's Improved Erfurt. Schlegel & Fottler.
— New Dwarf Danish. Schlegel & Fottler.
Celery, Dilks' Many-Hearted. Johnson & Stokes.
It originated with George Dilks, Philadelphia, from one stalk found
growing in a field of Golden Dwarf, in 1884 It is very distinct in
appearance, being much stouter, thicker and heavier near the root
than any other variety.
— New Giant Pascal. TJiorburn ; Henderson.
The result of selection from Golden Self-Blanching. It partakes
of the nutty flavor of that variety. About two feet high, with stalks
that are solid, crisp, not stringy, very large and broader than those of
any other. Before blanching it is green, with heart of a golden yel-
low and very full. It is very easily blanched, requiring only five or
six days earthing up, while its preservative qualities make it a fine
shipper.
— Schumacher. Thorburn.
Of immense size, very solid and crisp, with light green foliage and
golden-yellow solid heart. It will keep in splendid condition all
through the winter and into the spring.
— Thorburn' s Heart' s-Content. Thorburn.
Half-dwarf, with light green foliage, with large, solid and crisp
golden stalks.
Centaurea Cyanus fl. pi. Henderson.
Cephelandra palmata, Scarlet Fruited Palm-leaved Climber.
Henderson.
A rapid-growing climber from south Africa, growing about 30 feet
high. The vines are long, slim and straight, bearing very large pal-
mate light green leaves. Flowers large, reddish orange, succeeded
by small, bright carmine, cucumber-shaped fruits.
Cherries, Belle Montreuil. Williams.
— Black Mastodon. Leonard Coates.
— California Advance. Leonard Coates.
— Purity. Leonard Coates.
— Thompson Tartarian. Leonard Coates.
Chestnut, Cut-leaved. Kelsey.
A form of the Spanish, having large handsome green foliage of
deeply lobed finely cut leaves. France.
Introductions of i8go. i6i
Chestnut, Variegated. Kelsey. '
A new type of the Spanish Chestnut, with large, bold foliage, strik-
ingly variegated with bright yellow. England.
Chrysanthemum, Arizona. U. S. Nur.
Japanese. Dwarf and stiff stems, flowers composed of tubular
petals on the outside, and flat incurved in the center, light chrome
color.
— Bohemia. U. S Nur.
Large reflexed flowers of deep Venetian-red color, supported on
stout stems ; last long in perfection ; considered the best red chrysan-
themum.
— Bruinhild. H. P. Walcott.
Japanese. Incurved very large flower of unusually broad petals,
brown-red on inside, yellow on outside surface, florets partly tubular
and closely incurved.
— Carrie Denny. Hill ^ Co.
Clear amber ; comes in large spherical balls, incurving and slightly
whorled.
— Charles A. Reeser. Hill c^ Co.
Recurved ; rosy pink, with lighter shadings.
— Clara Rieman. Hill &^ Co.
Rich lavender rose in color, shading to silvery rose, with a white
center. A very large open-surfaced flower of fine texture.
' — Connecticut. U. S. Nur.
Of the same robust constitution as Bohemia. The flowers are
large, with twisted petals of deep madder, the tips white.
— Cortez. H. P. Walcott.
Japanese. Incurved, large flowers of stiff broad petals of mahog-
any color inside, lighter on the outside.
— Crown Prince. Hill 6r-^ Co.
Flower very large ; petals very broad. Color ox-blood red on upper
surface ; old gold beneath. Fine incurved form ; early bloomer.
— Edwin Lonsdale. H. Watcrer.
— Elliott F. Shepherd. U. S. Nur.
Japanese. Very large flowers, petals broad and ribbon-like, of
beautiful lemon color.
— Gipsy. Harry E. Widcncr, Hill &^ Co. , H. Watcrer.
Bright lemon yellow in color, without shadings. Flower large,
on stiff, stout stem ; incurving, petals crisp and stiff ; very free in
growth.
— Huron. H. P. Walcott.
Japanese. Large flowers of delicate mauve florets, tubular, di-
lated at extremities, and incurved.
i62 Annals of Horticulture.
Chrysanthemum, Indiana. U. S. Nur.
Japanese. Large flat flowers showing the center of a rich crim-
son-lake color.
— lona. U. S. Nur.
Reflexed flower made of tubular, deep rose petals. Stems stiff,
leafy to the flower.
— Iowa. U. S. Nur.
Chinese. Fine, perfect formed flower, white tinted mauve at
the ends. Stems stout, leafy to the flowers.
— Iroquois. U. S. Nur.
Japanese. Large flowers, petals tubular, flat at the ends, magenta-
red, setting off the nankeen-yellow center.
— Ithaca. U. S. Nur.
Japanese. Flowers full, outside petals tubular, inside florets
twisting spirally ; rose color.
— Jean Humphrey. U. S. Nur.
Japanese. Large flowers of a fawn color, outer petals long,
tubular with spatulate ends, the inner incurved of a fawn color.
— John Lane. Hill 6^ Co.
Color a rose pink with peach or light shadings on underside of
petals, ends of center petals tipped with gold. Flowers borne on
long, stiff, stout stems.
— Kansas. U. S. Nur.
Japanese. Petals drawn together at the ends as if bunched, color
sulphur yellow.
— Kearsarge. U. S. Nur.
Chinese. Flowers light mauve supported on stiff, leafy stems.
— Landon Humphrey. U. S. Nur.
Japanese. Flowers of the same shape as Ithaca, but much deeper
rose color.
— Manitou. H. P. Walcott.
Japanese. Large flowers, florets clear white, incurved, not quite
covering yellow center. Catalogued in Annals for 1889.
— Minnewawa. U. S. Nur.
Incurved Japanese. Large flowers of fine mauve color, good stiff
stems, and good foliage.
— Miss Mary Weightman. Hill 6- Co.
Distinct chrome-yellow, form loose and feathery, large and full.
Flowers ten inches across. Early.
— Model. H. Water er.
— Mohawk. U. S. Nur.
Japanese. Large red flowers, rather flat.
— Molly Bawn. Hill 6- Co.
Sport of Syringa. Pure white.
hitrodudioJis of i8go. 163
Chrysanthemum, Moonstone. H. P. Walcott.
Japanese. Large ; irregular, flat flower, with broad silver-white
pointed petals.
— Mrs. Charles Dissel. H. Waterer.
— Mrs. Cornehus Vanderbilt. U. S. Nur.
Japanese. Flowers very large, composed of a number of long
petals of rose madder.
— Mrs. Edmund Smith. Hill &- Co.
Pure white ; long, narrow, interlaced petals ; great substance and
lasting quality.
— Mrs. Frank Chnton. H. Waterer.
— Mrs. Grace Hill. U. S. Nur.
Incurved Japanese. Good form and substance, of a delicate bluish
color.
— Mrs. Hicks Arnold. U. S. Nur.
Japanese. Flowers very large and deep, of beautiful soft rose
color ; dwarf grower, the stiff stems being leafy to the flower.
— Mrs. J. T. Emlen. Hill 6- Co.
Deep blood-red on upper surface of petals, underside old gold.
Flowers large, incurved, of splendid shape.
— Mrs. Libbie Allan. U. S. Nur.
Japanese. Incurved, well formed, large yellow flower not unlike
Mrs. W. K. Harris.
— Mrs. Minnie Wanamaker. H. Waterer.
— Mrs. Winthrop Sargeant. Hill c^ Co.
Bright straw color, incurved, carrying its flowers on long stiff stems.
Very large.
— Oneida. U. S. Nur.
Chinese. Full flowers, of a fine light pink color.
— Osceola. H. P. Walcott.
Japanese. Quite large flowers of irregular shape of a great num-
ber of long tinted petals, narrow, bright red on inner side, pale yel-
low on outer surface.
— Passaic. U. S. Nur.
Flower loose, composed of white, stiff, standing tubular petals.
— Piquat. U. S. Nur.
Japanese. Dark red, curious, tubular, reflexed petals.
— President Harrison. H Waterer.
— Raleigh. U. S. Nur.
Incurved Japanese. Buff color tinged with rose ; the protruding
middle petals are lemon yellow.
— Reward. H. Waterer.
164 An7ials of Ho7^ticult2ire .
Chrysanthemum, Robert S. Brown. Hill &^ Co.
A magnificent dark crimson. Very large.
— Rohallion. U. S. Nur.
Japanese. Retiexed, of great depth ; petals long, twisted, open at
the end, of beautiful dark chrome-yellow, strong grower.
— Semiramis. H. P. Walcott.
Japanese. Very large flowers of broad, stiff, incurved petals, ma-
roon-red on inner, pale yellow on outer surface ; does not show
center.
— Shasta. H. P. Walcott.
Japanese. Large spherical blooms of tubular florets of pure white ;
dwarf growing plant with stiff stems.
— Tacoma. H. P. Walcott.
Chinese. Flower of perfect form, incurved ; white, slightly tinted
with pink in the bud, becoming cream-white when fully expanded ;
of very large size, full center and broad, stiff petals.
— Tecumseh. H. P. Walcott.
Japanese. Very large flower, petals incurved, brown-red on inner
surface, light mahogany color on the outside, closely overlapping
each other, and do not show center.
— Twihght. H. Waterer.
— Virginia. U. S. Nur.
Chinese. Delicate rose, madder color, perfect flowers, produced
on stiff leafy stems.
— White Cap. H. Watere?-.
— multicaule. Tho7^bur7i.
This dwarf annual bedding plant has hitherto been known in Eu-
rope and America only as a botanical curiosity. Though a native of
South Africa it has been found to be admirably adapted to our cli-
mate. The form of the leaves, the whole habit, length of flower
stalk, and the look of the flower itself remind one of the English
daisy, but the flowers are of a golden yellow color. In this latitude
plants from seed sown as late as the middle of May, bloom from the
end of June until frost
Citron. Varieties introduced from Italy and Sicily by the
Divisio7i of Po77iology, U. S. Dept. Agriciiltiwe:
Amalphi, Calabria, Cedro vero, Citrus medica, Icompio, Limon-
ziana, Macrocarpa, Pereltone, Pomo d'Adamo, Sorrento, Testi di
Turco.
Corn, Sweet, First of All. D)'ce7\
Selection from the Cory, but better and ten days earlier.
— Guarantee. Joh7iso7i 6^ Stokes.
It grows a good-sized, handsome, white ear ; grain very much
shrivelled when dry, coming in second early or intermediate, and
producing three to four ears on each stalk.
hitrodudions of iSgo. 165
Corn, Landreth Sugar.
Remarkably productive, two ears on every stalk, often three, some-
times four. Stalks two feet shorter than Evergreen, very close join-
ted ; ears set low, large and well filled. Ripens after Concord, eight
days earlier than Evergreen.
— Maine. Kendall c^ Whitney.
A twelve-rowed variety, ears of medium size, quite dwarf in habit
of growth. It ripens about ten days earlier than Crosby's Early.
The pearly white kernels are tender, succulent and of a rich sugary
flavor. It remains in a green state a long time.
— New Champion. Pi'ice &= Reed.
Introduced as the earliest large sweet corn. Cob white.
— Potter's Superb. Mills, Thorn Hill, New York.
Originated with Rev. W. T. Potter, who has grown it for many
years. Ofifered for trial only in 1890.
— Shoe Peg. Johnson a^Stokes. Breck.
The stalks are of medium height, without suckers ; joints short, and
sometimes yield as many as five ears, well filled out The kernel is
small, very long, white and tender, sweet and of a rich juicy flavor ;
medium late. Grain deep and cob small. Originated at Bordentown,
N.J.
— Simpsonia Prohfic. Wilson.
The ears remain in a good eating condition longer than other kinds.
Grows to a medium height, has a strong, stiff, leafy stalk, ripens
medium early, often bearing 3 good ears to a stalk, each 10 to 12
inches in length. Originated with Simpson Large, Bucks Co., Penna.
— Stabler' s Pedigree Sweet. Burpee.
— Thomas. Delano Aloore.
A very early yellow variety, ears six to nine inches long. Originat-
ed in Presque Isle, Me.
Cornus alternifoHa, argentea. Temple &^ Beard.
Elegantly marked with pure white, like C. Siberica, elegantissima.
Sport of our native species found by H. M. Pratt, in Vermont.
umbracuhfera. Temple c^ Beard.
From Germany.
— brachypoda, variegata. Temple 6^ Beard.
Habit upright, branches horizontal or drooping, foliage three-
fourths white. From Japan. Very handsome. Tender.
Cucumber, Buckbee's CKef. Bicckbee.
Size of White Spine ; dark green.
— Parisian Prolific Pickling. Several dealers.
Very long, slender, cylindrical, densely covered with fine prickles,
and deep, rich green in color. The flesh is very crisp and tender,
making it one of the best for slicing as well as for pickles. The vine
produces its fruit in clusters. France.
1 66 An7ials of Horticulture.
Cucumber, Pekin Giant. Btickbee.
— Thorburn's New Everbearing. Tho7-btirn.
Of small size ; very early and productive, and valuable as a green
pickler. The vines continue to produce fruit until killed by frost.
Currant, Red Oak. H. A. Jo7ies, Himi'ods, N. V.
Seedling from Cherry. Originated near Elmira, N. Y. Season
later than other varieties ; good cropper, perfectly hardy ; leaves re-
sembling an oak leaf.
— Saunders. IVm. Saujiders, Ont.
Cydonia Japonica, pendula. Temple ^^ Beard.
A remarkable form of the Japan quince, with habit somewhat like
that of Forsythia siispensa. Found among imported seedlings at
Shady Hill, Cambridge, Mass.
Dahlia, Floral Park Jewel. Colors various. Childs.
— Thomas Ware's, introduced by various dealers :
Amphion, Asia, Dorothy, Diadem, Excellent, Florie Fisher, F. W.
Strandling, HertieKing, Honoria, Isaac Pitman, J. Humerston, Kate,
Lustrous, Major Clark, Margery, Miss Jekyll, Miss Louisa Pryor,
Miss Ramsbottom, Mrs. B. S. Liddall, Mrs. Edward Morley, Mrs.
G. Reid, Mrs. Jas. Grieve, Mrs. Peter McKenzie, Nelly Cramond,
Panthia, Plutarch, Professor Baldwin, Purple Princess, Royalty,
Sidney Hollings, Sir Trevor Lawrence, The Ameer, Walter, Zulu.
Daphne Cneorum, majus. Te^nple 6^ Beard.
Larger than the type. Holland.
Variegated. Temple 6^ Beard.
Foliage bordered with white. Holland.
Date. Varieties introduced from Egypt and Algiers, by the
Divisiofi of Pomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture :
Amhat, Amreeyeh, Deylet Nour, Hazaneh, M'Kentichi-Degla,
Nakleh-et-Pasha, Rars, Rasheedeh, Seewah, Sultaneh, Zeb-et-Aled.
Dewberry, Wilson's Mammoth White. Wilson.
Originated in Texas.
Dodocatheon Clevelandi, or Giant American Cowslip. He7i-
derson ; Farquhar.
Perennial, discovered in California, and named by Prof. Edward
L. Greene, of the State University of California, in i888" Stems
one foot high, surmounted with from six to ten large, beautiful, cycla-
men-like flowers of violet blue, with y*ellow and black center. It is
perfectly hardy, and a beautiful plant for partially shaded situations.
Elderberry, Brainard. Brandt.
Fully three times as large as the common elderberry.
Encephalartos brachyphyllus. Reasoner Bros.
Natal.
Introductions of i8go. 167
Fig, Capri (Wild fig of Europe). Division of Pomology, U.
S. Dept. of Agr.; also the following :
A frutti nero, Bianco precoce, Brianzola, Black Brogiotto, Black
Dattato, Dattato, Delmatino, Dr. NapoliTivano, Guigliona, Lordeialo,
Natalino, Prolifero, Rubado, Sanvito, San Piero, Synirna{?), Tro-
jano, White Brogiotto.
Forsythia intermedia. Temple c^ Beard.
A new cross, with habit between F. suspensa and F. viridisswia, and
foliage ditto. Very valuable. From Germany.
Garcinia Mangostana. Reasoner Bros.
Mangosteen, E. Indies.
Genista Andreana. Saul.
Hardy ; flowers golden yellow.
Gentiana, Little Gem. Buckbee.
Geranium. The four following introduced by Childs :
Jupiter. Enormus double flower of the richest dark vermilion.
Mars. Large, double flower glowing amaranth scarlet, rayed with
intense violet scarlet, and orange yellow center.
Venus. Beautiful large single flower of perfect shape, and light
orange scarlet color.
Saturn. A beautiful large single flower exactly the color of Mars.
A free grower and great bloomer.
— The following French varieties were offered by various
dealers in i8go :
Boguereau. Large truss, florets more than semi-double, clear
damask rose color, with white mark on the upper petals. Very beau-
tiful.
Brutus. Truss of the largest size, with large florets, scarlet shading
to soft amaranth. Very free flowering. Single.
Catulle Mendes. Flower very large, double, purplish rose, upper
petals carrying large white mark. Plant very free flowering.
Fornaise. Immense truss, large flowers of the most brilliant orange
scarlet. Single.
L'Abbe Bourgeois. Enormous truss, with flowers of extreme size,
double, bright vermilion color.
La Vestale. Fine umbels, large flowers, quite round, pure white
and a very vigorous grower. A splendid white bedder. Single.
M. Berger. Double. Very wide truss disposed in half spherical
form, bright rosy shade with capucine shading. Flower holds well.
M. Eiffel. Flowers medium sized, of rosy lake color, with touches
of orange. A beautiful color and a plant of fine habit. Single.
M. Moissan. Large truss of double flowers, orange shading to terra
cotta. Fine habit.
Soleil Couchant. Plant very free in flower ; flowers large and bright
capucine, the nearest approach to yellow. Single.
1 68 Anfials of Horticulture.
Gladiolus, California. Biirbank.
Often double, flowers arranged around the stalk as in the hyacinth.
Originated by Burbank.
Gloxinia, Defiance. He?iderson.
Flowers large and erect and the edges of the petals are delicately
fringed. Foliage very rich and veined with silvery white. It comes
about 95 per cent, true from seed.
Godetia, Stray Beaut}^ Bitckbee.
Creamy white, shading to pink.
Gooseberry, Pearl. Smith 6^ Kermaii.
— Prairie. Nehring, III.
Gourd, Carsley. Delano Moore.
Offered for 1890, but an accident to the seed prevented its intro-
duction.
Grape, Campbell. T. V. Mimson.
— Colerain. Colerain Grape Co.
Vine a strong, healthy grower, of marked Labrusca type ; perfectly
hardy and free from disease, showing no tendency to rot or mildew
wherever tested. An abundant bearer ; very early, ripening from
the 15th to the 30th of August, and hanging a long time on the vine.
Bunches and berries medium size ; bunches shouldered ; color light
green, with a delicate white bloom ; skin very thin and tender ; flesh
very juicy and remarkably sweet, fairly vinous, generally but one
small seed to a berry. Originated by D. Bundy, Colerain, Ohio, from
seed of Concord planted in 1879.
— Cortland. R. Lambert &-' Sons.
— Leavenworth. Stayman.
— Northern Light. Biicke.
— Osage. Stayman. *
— Ozark. Stayman,
— Progress. Stayma?!..
— Wells. Rabords.
— White Beauty. Stayma?i.
— White Imperial. Stayman.
— Willis. Rabords.
— The following varieties were introduced from Persia by
Division of Pomology, U. S. Dept. Agriculture :
Alhakhee, Askaree, Black Shahanee Chavooshee, Dizmar, Dooda,
Hutab, Khallilee, Khishnigoor, Paykanee, Razugee, Red Tabarza,
Rish Baba (Galinburmaghee, or Shirazee), White Shahanee, White
Sifide, White Slishmish.
Helianthus argophyllus, Texanus. Thorburn.
A native of Texas. The stock was procured from India and the
seed grown in Florida. It is a marvel when in full bloom, and pre-
Introductions of i8go. 169
vious to flowering, its silvery foliage is very showy. It is at home in
the south, where it attains a height of ten feet, branching from the
ground to the top, and forming a perfect pyramid with nearly one
thousand golden yellow flowers on the one plant, and continuing to
bloom until frost.
Hibiscus, New Japanese. Wilson.
Hydrangea, Sapphire. Lovett.
The formation of trusses of this is different from most any culti-
vated hydrangea ; they are formed by a few bracts surrounding a
cluster of flower heads. The bracts are delicate porcelain white, and
the flower heads are a deep azure blue, producing a very pretty effect.
The foliage is very rich, and free from fungous attacks.
Hypericum Moserianum. Temple 6^ Beard.
A hybrid with very large flowers of yellow, having a large center of
reddish stamens. France.
Impatiens Sultani, variegated. Originated with F.A. Scholes,
Brooklyn.
Kalmia angustifoha, aurea. Temple 6^ Beard.
France.
— latifoha, crispa. Temple a^ Beard.
Foliage prettily crimped. England.
Laburnum, Park's Golden-leaved. Kelsey.
Leaves a solid bright yellow, permanent and very distinct ; flowers
in long, golden racemes of a different shade of yellow, similar to
those of the common or " Golden Chain " variety. England.
Lantana, NelHe Bly. Viek.
Sweet scented ; pure white, with lemon-yellow center. A strong
grower and profuse bloomer.
Lath3Tus splendens, or Pride of Cahfornia. He7iderso?i.
A striking climber of southern California, producing brilliant clus-
ters of deep rose-red flowers.
Lettuce, Big Boston. Henderson.
Identical in color, shape and general appearance with the famous
Boston Market Lettuce, but is double the size. It is about one week
later in maturing.
— Blonde Block-Head. Gregory.
Sent out by Vilmorin. In structure and habit of growth it much
resembles the Neapolitan cabbage lettuce, so well known by its fine
heading qualities, but differs from it in its rich golden-yellow color.
— Carmine Gem. Buckbee.
— Early White Self-Folding Cos. Ferry.
A cos lettuce which does not need tying up. It forms a large, solid
head like that of an Early York cabbage. The head is nicely self-
blanched, yellowish-white in color, and very crisp, tender and of su-
perior flavor.
A. H. — 12
lyo Annals of Ho7'ticulture .
Lettuce, Longstander Bronze Head. Johnson &" Stokes.
A long-standing sort with compact head and golden bronze color.
— Sunset. Henderson.
It forms large, solid heads, of a rich golden yellow, a shade of color
hitherto unknown in this class of lettuce. It stands very long before
going to seed, and is also an excellent keeper after being cut.
— Trianon Cos. Henderson.
Long, narrow leaves, which form solid heads, almost like a Wake-
field cabbage, which bleach and quickly become snowy white. The
cos lettuces excel all others in quality, having a taste and crispness
unequalled. The leaves, when bleached, are stiff like celery stalks,
and can be eaten in the same manner.
— Thorburn's Cold-frame White Cabbage. Thorbnrn.
Lilac, Alphonsus Lavalle. Sanl.
Double ; flowers large, violet-blue.
Lonicera Tartarica, variegata. Temple & Beard.
From Dr. Dieck, Germany.
Macadamia ternifolia. Reasoner Bros.
Queensland nut. Australia.
Mangoes, Black and Yam. Reasoner Bros.
Jamaica.
Mauritia flexuosa. Reasoner Bros.
Mariti Palm. South America.
Melothria punctata, or African Oak-leaved Climber. He?i-
derson.
A rapid growing climbing annual from South Africa. The leaves
are palmate (or palm-shaped) and of a bright refreshing green, and
it grows so luxuriantly that it is difficult to penetrate it with the hand.
Flowers are succeeded by great numbers of blue-brown berries.
Momordica involucrata, or New Red Balsam Apple. He7i-
derson.
Climber from the mountains of Natal. The vines are strong, with
vivid green, deeply cut foliage. The flowers are borne in profusion
and are very large ; some are creamy white, dotted with black, and
others pure white with red pistils. The flowers are succeeded by
beautiful sulphur-yellow fruits two inches long, which change to rich
carmine scarlet ; when ripe they burst and show the seeds of blood-
red color. The fruits and flowers are borne on the vine at the same
time.
Mulberr}^, Black Northern. Stark Bros.
Musk Melon, California Christmas Pine Apple. Wilson.
A winter melon ; originated with Ira W. Adams, Napa Co., Cal.
— Giant of Colorado. Johnso7i of Stokes.
Fruits very large, with green flesh. Colorado.
Introductions of i8go. 171
Mask Melon, Ideal. Biickbee.
Myosotidium nobile, or Giant Forget-Me-Not. Henderson.
Perennial, growing about one and a-half feet high, producing dur-
ing the spring months, and occasionally in the autumn, large dense
clusters of forget-me-not bloom. The individual florets are one-half
an inch across, brilliant blue, shading to white at the center. The
leaves are large, nearly ten inches in diameter.
Myristica moschata. Reasoner Bros.
Nutmeg. East Indies.
Nerine flexuosa. Reasoner Bros.
Natal.
— tiexuosa, var. pudica. Reasoner Bros.
Natal.
CEnothera, Ice King Primrose. Lovett ; Hallock.
The plant is of dwarf bushy growth ; the flowers of immense size,
white, delicately shaded blush, and are produced in great profusion,
blooming all summer. It is also said to be very hardy, coming from
Montana.
Olive. U. S. Dept. of Agr., as follows :
Ascolana, Correggiola, Du Guazzo, Gentile, Grassia, Infrantoi, Lec-
cino, Marinella, Oriola, Piangente, Razza. St. Caterina.
Onion, White Multiplier. Henderson ; Wilson.
Oreodoxa sp. Reasoner Bros.
Demerara. British Guiana.
Pansy, New Peacock. Wilson.
A parti-colored English sort.
Papaver orientale and bracteata hybrids. Henderson.
These hybrid varieties include charming new colors, including ex-
quisite blush pink, blotched purple, deep blood red, blotched black,
glowing scarlet, pure reddish orange, soft salmon, etc.
Parsley, Beauty. Bnckbee.
Passiflora, John Spalding. Henderson.
A variegated-leaved sport of Constance Elliott, originating with
John Spalding.
Pea, Buckbee's Lightning Express. Buckhee.
Eighteen to twenty-five inches high. Good keeper.
— Chelsea. Henderson.
One foot in height, and is of compact short-jointed habit ; it is as
early as American Wonder and earlier than Little Gem, and gives a
much larger crop than either of these sorts, bearing in pairs from the
bottom to the top an abundance of handsome pods, which are half as
long again as thase of any other first early dwarf kind.
— Early Prize. Gregory.
A cross between Tom Thumb and the Advancer, by Mr. Reed of
172 A7inah of Horticulture.
Vermont. Eighteen inches high, being slightly taller than Premium
Gem, and, while equally early, it is decidedly a better cropper than
either that or Tom Thumb. Pod large, heavy, and well filled. Also
equal to the wrinkled varieties in sweetness and flavor. It can be
planted earlier than these without danger of rotting.
Pea, Electric. Tillingliast,
— Favorite. Gregory.
A green wrinkled variety of branching habit. Grows two feet high,
branching at the ground. Medium early. This is of the Abundance
type, but the pods fill out better than that variety, and it is a better
pea than either that or the Everbearing.
— Heroine. Gregory.
Ripens with the Champion, but the pods are longer and wider. A
fine cropper. Three feet high. From Messrs. Sharpe, England.
— Iowa's Challenge. Iowa Seed Co.
An extra early variety. Vines eighteen inches.
— Marblehead Early Marrowfat. Gregory.
Pods large, often containing eight peas. Vines immensely strong ;
remains in bearing a long time. Comes in after the earliest.
— Nonpareil. Tate &-' Son.
— Pride of the Garden- (Sugar). Afi7/s, Thorn Hill, N. Y.
From four and one-half to five feet high, of very stout growth ;
the foliage is a healthy green and the vines are crowded with pods.
Medium early.
— Queen. Gregory.
This pea has two very valuable characteristics, viz. : the extreme-
ly large size of the peas (much larger than Champion), and the re-
markably dark, rich green color of the pods. Height two feet.
Rather later than Champion. From Messrs. Sharpe, England.
— Shropshire Hero. Gregory ; Henderso?i.
About as early as Advancer, and as good a bearer, while both the
pods and peas are much larger. Vines three feet high. From Eng-
land.
— White Prolific Marrow. Gregory.
This is not of the Marrowfat class, but a wrinkled pea as early
as the Champion ; vines two feet in height, bearing long, straight
pods. From Messrs. Sharpe, England.
Pea, Sweet,' Countess of Radnor. Breck.
Pale mauve standards, with a deeper shading of mauve ; wings
pale lilac.
— — Primrose. Breck.
A near approach to a yellow sweet pea ; quite distinct in color, the
standards and wings pale primrose yellow ; awarded first-class certif-
icate by the Royal Horticultural Society. Eckford.
Peach, Alpha Cling. Leonard Coa'tes.
Introductions of i8go. 173
Peach, Austin Winter. Leonard Coates.
— Captain Ede. Hamilton.
— Champion. Hamilton.
— Chase Early Free. R. G. CJiasc &■' Co.
Very early, ripening with Alexander ; of best quality. A chance
seedling in the garden of S. W. Hopkins, Geneva, N. Y.
— Future Great. Stark Bros.
— Gen. Grant. Leonard Coates.
— George's Late Chng. C. M. Silva.
— Grover Cleveland. I^eojiard Coates.
— Gulley. A. G. Gulley, Mich.
— Hardy Tuscany. Leo?iard Coates.
— Hollister's Free. £. A. Riehl.
— Knight's Mammoth. /. T. Whitakcr.
— Late Golden. H. A. Jones, Himrods, N. Y.
Originated near Seneca Lake, N. Y.
— Lovett's White. Lovett.
Valuable especially for hardiness of blossom and tree, rendering
it a sure cropper. The fruit is large, pure white, of fine quality and
ripens late.
— Madison Mammoth. Kcnnan.
— Missouri Blood Leaf. Stark Bros.
— North American Apricot. Stark Bros.
— Stark Heath. Stark Bros.
— Strong's Mammoth. Jackson.
— Superb Cling. Stark Bros.
— Ulatis. Leofiard Coates.
Pear, Anne Ogereau. Leonard Coates.
— Coreless. Baylcs.
— Fitzwater. H. A. Jones, Himrods, N. Y.
Fruit beautiful canary or golden-yellow, of medium size, slightly
flushed on one cheek with a few freckles distributed evenly over the
surface, mostly at the calyx ; flesh juicy and melting to the core ;
flavor better than Bartlett. Small core and seeds. Ripens Novem-
ber to January. Originated near Seneca Lake, N. Y.
— Groveland. Lippincott, Ala.
— Old Kentucky. Stark Bros.
— Santa Ana. W. R. Strono; Co.
— Victor. S. Miller, Mo.
Pepper, Cardinal. Henderson ; Ferry.
A distinct variety, growing from five to six inches in length, being
about two inches broad at the top and tapering to a point. Pepper
slightly scimetar-shaped and is a glossy bright red color. Very sweet
and thick fleshed.
174 Annals of Horticultnre .
Pepper, New Brazilian Sweet Upright Mammoth. Thorbiirn.
New bright red extra large sweet variety.
— Thorbiirn' s New Fancy Wrinkled. Thorbuj'u.
About the size of the Cherry pepper, but distinct in appearance.
This is one of the prettiest peppers ever introduced. It comes of
two colors, red and yellow.
— Yellow Upright. Landreth.
Phlox, Childs' New Jubilee. {^P. Drunimondii.') Childs.
Physalis Peruviana. Reasoner Bros.
Peru.
Pinus Balfourii. Kelscy.
An exceedingly handsome pine of comparatively slow growth and
very distinct peculiar cone-like foliage of very dark, rich color ;
very hardy. Scotland.
Plantain, Chene Chumpa. Reasoner Bros.
India.
Platanus orientalis, Variegated Golden. Kelsey.
A new form of the eastern plane ; of moderately rapid growth and
compact habit ; large, heavy, thick leaves, rich yellow or variegated
dark green and yellow. England.
Plectocomia elongata. Reasoner Bros.
Java.
Plum, Bassford, Leonard Coates.
— Bunker Hill. H. A. Jones, Himrods, N. V.
Originated near Seneca Lake. A seedling from the Sugar Plum.
Size of Washington, quality of Bradshaw and season of Reine
Claude.
— Bur bank. Bur bank.
The fruit is usually from five to five and a-half inches in circum-
ference, and varying less in size than the other Japan plums ; nearly
globular, clear cherry red, with a thin lilac bloom. The flesh is a
deep yellow color, very sweet, with a peculiar and very agreeable
flavor. The trees are unusually vigorous, with strong, upright shoots,
and large, rather broad leaves. Commences to bear usually at two
years of age.
— Engle's Gage. -Eng/e, Mich.
— Golden Prune. Leonard Coates.
— Hill Top. Stark Bros.
— Illinois Ironclad. Stark Bros.
— Japan Freestone Gage. Biirbank {iSgo /).
— Lincoln. Lovett.
The largest of all plums we know ; reddish purple in color, with am-
ber flesh ; juicy, rich and delicious, ripens early ; tree a weak grower.
— Middlebury. Willard.
Introdicdioiis of 18^0. 175
Plum, Missouri Apricot. Stark Bros.
— Okaw. Nehring.
— Poole's Pride. Stark Bros.
— Prairie Flower. Stark Bros.
— Tragedy Prune. W. R. Strong Co.
— World Beater. Stark Bros.
Poppy, Childs' Rosette. Childs.
Petals fimbriated, bright pink.
Potato, Brownell's Winner. Burpee.
— Corona Beauty. TJiorbiirii.
This is an intermediate variety, originated on Long Island. The
skin and flesh are white and the quality exceedingly fine. It is much
of the shape of Rural No. 2, but entirely distinct in growth.
— Finch's Prolific Snowball. Finch.
Originated in the garden of Frank Finch, Clyde, New York. It
is a cross between Finch's Early Perfection and the Snowflake, and
is a late potato. It is very smooth and handsome in appearance ;
very solid and of fine flavor.
— - Governor Rusk. Sahcr.
Medium to large, roundish oblong to oblong.
— Mills' No. 10. Mills, Thorn Hill, N. Y.
White inside and outside, fine grained, late keeper. Originated
with the introducer. Offered for trial in 1890.
— Red Giant. Gid dings.
Red, oblong ; eyes even with the surface.
— The People's. Ford c^ Son ; Maule.
Originated in Minnesota; medium round or oblong, oval, skin
creamy white, very much russeted ; eyes few and even with the sur-
face, giving it a handsome, smooth appearance ; size large ; a very
strong grower.
— Vick's Perfection. Vick.
A chance seedling The tubers grow compact in the hill, are
large and uniform in size, oblong, inclining to oval, but generally
flattened. Color white, with a tinge of pink around the eyes similar
to the Hebron. The vine is of strong, vigorous growth, yet stocky
and short jointed, maturing about the same time as White Star.
— Wilson's First Choice. Wilson.
Ptelea mollis. Temple 6^ Beard.
From Dr. Dieck, Germany.
Pyrus communis, heteroph_yl]a. Temple & Beard.
Three forms; obtained from Dr. Dieck, Germany.
— Malus, Scheideckeri. Temple 6^ Beard.
Handsome double flowering crab from Japan.
176 Afuials of Horticulture.
Pyrus, Malus, wild Red Rose Flowering. Stark Bros.
Quince, Fuller. Lovett.
Evidently belongs to the Orange group, but is larger than the
Orange, ripening at the same period or a little earlier and is of ex-
ceedingly brilliant color. Quality is good ; tree a strong grower and
prolific.
Radish, All Seasons. Iowa Seed Co.
Handsome shape, stump-rooted, and ivory white in color. Equally
good for spring, summer, fall or winter use. Exceedingly tender,
crisp and delicious China. Offered only as a premium in 1890.
— Eldorado. Henderson.
This novelty is identical with the old favorite Scarlet Turnip radish
in shape, size and quality, but is a golden yellow color.
— Felton's Model White Box. Johnson 6^ Stokes.
Differs from the Philadelphia White Box as follows : The shape
is rounder and handsomer. It is earlier, with fewer and shorter
leaves. Originated by Mr. Felton, Philadelphia, by selection.
— French Early Deep Scarlet Forcing. Thorburn.
Early Scarlet Forcing. Thorburn.
Early Scarlet White-Tipped Forcing. Thorburn.
— Huntington's New White Transparent. Hu7itington.
The finest pure white hot-bed radish ; of exceedingly large size,
rapid growth, tender and sweet. In size and shape it resembles very
closely the Summer White. The tops are very short. It never
cracks or rusts, and will attain a larger size, without running to seed,
than any other sort.
— Mammoth Chinese. Vaughan.
— New Celestial. Henderson.
Imported from China. It is ready for use when two and a-half or
three inches long and continues until nearly six inches long, making
it almost an all seasons' radish. The flesh is firm and solid and pure
white, and is very attractive in appearance.
— New Champion. Faiist.
Three weeks after sowing, this radish is ready for the table. It is
perfect in shape, bright scarlet color, very crisp and tender. The
leaves' are short and make a very small top.
— New Crystal Forcing. Buckbee.
— Non Plus Ultra. Thorburn.
Round, scarlet, short-leaved.
— Rapid Forcing. He7iderson.
It resembles the Scarlet Turnip White-tipped variety, but is
much earlier, coming to maturity in twenty-two days from the time
of sowing, and having very small tops.
Introductions of i8go. 177
Radish, Short-Top Earliest White Turnip. LandreiJi.
A remarkably early sort, suitable for forcing ; very few and small
leaves.
Raspberry, Acme. Palmer, Ohio.
American Everbearing. TJiompson. M. Hatfield, IVayfie
Co., Indiana, originator.
Black-cap.
— Cromwell. Butler, Conn.
— Doomore. Sneably, Ohio.
— Gladstone. Green' s Nursery Co.
A large red berry, giving fruit from the middle of July until Octo-
ber. Originated with Charles Carpenter, Ohio.
— Idaho. Palmer, Ohio.
— Kansas. Griesa, Kansas.
— Lotta. Brackett, Kansas.
— Ransom's Everbearing. Stark Bros.
— Winona. Smith.
Rhus vernicifera. Reasoner Bros.
Varnish Tree. Japan.
Robinia Pseud-Acacia, mimosctfolia. Temple 6^ Beard.
From France. Leaflets minute.
Rose, Clotilde Soupert. Hill &-' Co.
This plant is a vigorous grower, a free bloomer, very double and
handsomely formed. It forms a bush from fifteen to eighteen inches
high. The outer petals are pearl-white, shading to center of rosy
pink, but varying sometimes from pearl-white to deep silvery rose.
It makes a fine pot plant, on account of its free blooming habit and
fragrance. Polyantha. (Soupert & Netting.) First appeared in this
country in i88g.
— Count Henri Rignon. Kelsey.
Silver-flesh tint ; equal to American Beauty in size. (Hybrid Tea.)
— Ernest Metz. Kelsey.
Large silvery pink (Guillot et fils).
— Madame Pierre Guillot. Kelsey.
Large ; orange-yellow, lined with rosy crimson ; fine for bedding.
(Guillot et fils.)
— Marquis of Salisbury. Kelsey.
Bright rose-crimson, shaded with silver.
— Oscar II, King of Sweden. Kelsey.
Large flower and foliage ; petals a peculiar shade, maroon-brown
or brownish crimson.
— Princess Victoria. Miller.
This is said to be a sport from the old Malmaison ; its habit and
178 Annals of Horticulture.
growth do not deny it, In growth it is as vigorous as its parent. It
is very double, petals evenly arranged, and is almost a white rose,
although when first expanding showing a sulphur tinge.
Rose, Souvenir de Wootton. Strauss 6^ Co.
This rose is a cross between Bon Silene and Prince Camille de
Rohan. It is a good grower, every shoot bearing a bud. Flowers
very large and exquisitely fragrant. Color, rosy crimson with velvet
shadings. (Hybrid Tea.) First appeared in 1889.
— White Perle. Hill 6^ Co., and others.
A sport from Perle des Jardins. It is of strong, vigorous growth,
producing freely very fine white flowers.
Salvia splendens, Clavanad and Ingenieur. Schlegel & Fottler,
and others.
Scabiosa, Snowball. Childs.
Double white. German.
Sophora Japonica, pendula nova. Temple & Beard.
Broader in habit than the common form. Originated at Shady
Hill Nurseries, Cambridge, Mass.
Spruce, Albert's New Glaucous. Kelsey.
A form of our common hemlock, but more compact. It has the
same graceful pendulous foliage, but in this new variety, from Scot-
land, the under side of the leaf is a silvery green color, contrasting
effectively with the darker yet rich delicate green of the upper leaf.
— Black Hills. M. E. Hinkley.
Squash, Fordhook. Burpee and others.
It is extremely handsome ; a bright yellow outside, and straw-
yellow within. The flesh is. dry and sweet, and the best in quality of
winter squashes. Placed in a cool, dry room, keeps in perfect con-
dition throughout the winter and spring, until late in June, when
summer squashes are ready. The stem is thin and hard, and also
the roots, consequently it is perfectly free from the attacks of the
squash borer. Matures early. The meat is very thick and seed
cavity small.
— Henderson's Golden Custard Bush. Henderson.
Exceeds in size any of the scalloped edged sorts, frequently attain-
ing a diameter of two feet. The color is a dark rich golden yellow,
and for quality cannot be excelled.
— Sweet Nut. Wilson.
Combined summer and winter squash, somewhat of the scallop
type. Cream-color streaked with green. Originated with Paynter
Frame, Delaware.
— Warren. Gregory.
Three years ago a vine appeared in a field of Essex Hybrid
Squashes raised by a neighbor at Marblehead, Mass., bearing three
squashes, which were distinct from the rest in that they had rough,
Introductions of i8go. 179
warty and thicker shells, and were of a richer color. The seeds
from the three squashes have been planted by themselves, with the
objoct of permanently fixing the new type. Not only is the shell
generally harder and thicker than the Essex Hybrid, but the color is
richer and deeper, and the quality decidedly better.
Stangeria paradoxa. Reasoner Bros.
South Africa.
Strawberry, Alabama. J. ScJmadlebach, Alabama.
A strong grower, perfectly free from rust. Stands drought ex-
ceedingly well. Fruit large, similar to Haverland in size and shape ;
exceedingly productive. Color a beautiful crimson ; blossom per-
fect. Ripens between Stevens and Michel's Early.
— Beder Wood, or Racster. Brandt.
Berries large bright glossy red, quite smooth and of even size and
shape, of excellent quality, very early and enormously productive.
The plant is a dark green, strong and perfectly healthy, with a per-
fect blossom.
"It was introduced last spring by Mr. Racster, after whom it was
named by an Iowa Horticultural society, but since that time conclu-
sive evidence has been presented to prove that the honor of originat-
ing it belongs to Mr. Beder Wood, of Moline, 111., who sowed the
seed that produced it in 1881, and saw the first fruit in 1883. Some
years ago he let out twelve plants, under rigid restrictions, to an Iowa
man, who subsequently reported that they had all died; but now he
has just fruited half an acre, and has a large new plantation coming
on, while a neighbor of his has disseminated thousands of plants of
the same variety under the name of Racster. Mr. Wood, on his part,
had given the berry his own name in full, and was having it tested
by various parties with a view to its introduction, when he discover-
ed the facts recorded above." — Brandt.
— Bessie; J. Schnadkbach, Alabama.
A seedling of the Crescent. The plant is very vigorous. Fruit is
medium to large, of a beautiful glossy crimson, its glossiness being
retained even when over ripe. It is very firm. Quality of the best.
— Boynton. Frice c^ Reed.
Originated near Albany, N. Y. The Boynton is the best all round
berry yet offered. It is a cross between the Crescent and Sharpless ;
berries are large, bright red, firm and solid ; good for shipping.
Known locally for two or three years.
— Chambers. Khiney 6^ Sons, originators. Brandt.
— Dew. Deia, Lansing, Mich.
— Edgar Queen. Brandt.
A pistillate berry, one of 4,000 seedlings from seeds sown in 1883
by D. Brandt, Bremen, Ohio.
— Engle. Engle, Mich.
— Enhance. Younsr.
i8o Annals of Horticultuye .
Strawberr}', Gem. Nehring.
— Hinman. Ford 6^ Son.
This is a chance seedling that, from its vigorous growth and healthy
foliage, attracted the attention of Mr. Hinman on his berry farm at
Akron, Ohio. The plants are strong and vigorous, multiplying free-
ly ; foliage healthy ; equalling the Crescent in productiveness, of
much larger uniform size, holding its size to the last picking. They
color all over at once, a beautiful bright crimson. The fruit is firm ;
the blossom is perfect. Fruit ripens medium early, with the Jessie.
— Jucunda Improved. Lovett Co.
A reproduction of the old Jucunda, or Knox's Seven Hundred, ex-
cept that the fruit is larger and very uniform in size and shape,
while the plant is a strong healthy grower, the old Jucunda being a
weak grower.
— Lady Rusk. Wm. Stahl, III.
Vigorous grower and is firm as Wilson. Larger than Crescent,
holding its size throughout the season. Several days earlier than
Crescent. Pistillate.
— Lovett' s Early. Lovett Co.
Originator's description: " Lovett's Early originated some five
years since on poor old clay soil, that had not been cultivated for
seven years. Parent supposed to be Crescent. Plant large, well-
rooted, as vigorous and healthy as any known variety. Mats over
the ground same as Crescent. Ripens among the very earliest. Will
succeed better on poor soil than any other 1 know of, while on good
soil and good cultivation there is as much improvement as any other
strawberry. Yields as many berries in number as Crescent and fully
as large as Sharpless, of first quality and a first rate shipper. Per-
fect blossom." Mr, Morris, Kentucky, originator.
— Middlefield. Aitgur 6^ Sons.
" The plant is strong and healthy, and produces runners freely.
The blossoms are pistillate; the season medium. The fruit is large
and quite regular in form and size ; berries are nearly conical. The
fruit is quite firm, solid, and a good shipper ; color, a dark glossy
crimson, which gives it a brilliancy and attractiveness which few
varieties possess. The flesh is crimson clear through. The berries
color all over (no green tips) ; as the berries ripen they first turn to
glossy scarlet and deepen in color to crimson as they approach matur-
ity. In quality it is a favorite with our berry customers. It is pro-
ductive and profitable." — Augur
— Neptune. Young, Ohio.
— Oliver. Stnibler, III.
— Oregon Everbearing. Wilson ; Brandt.
— vSaunders. Jolin Little, Grant on, Ont.
Healthy, vigorous, prolific, bright red, glossy.
— Shaw. Little.
Introductions of i8go. i8i
Strawberry, Space's Perfection. Stay man.
— Stayman's No. i. Stay man ; Clei^eland Nur. Co.
Late. Pistillate.
— Sta3'man's No. 2. Stayman.
— Stevens. J. Schnadletnich, Ala.
The plant is a healthy and vigorous grower. Berry size of Wilson
and color of the Crescent. Fruit similar to Chas. Downing on the
surface. Blossom imperfect.
— Tippecanoe. Allen, Md.
This is a selection from several hundred seedlings grown from seed
produced in France. The plant is equally as hardy as any of our
American strawberries, of very large size and wonderfully robust
and strong, producing a large number of strong runners, which set
plants rapidly. Quite productive for so large a variety, producing
on the same ground fully double the yield of Sharpless or Cumber-
land, even late runners bearing large trusses of fruit. Fruit large
and beautiful. It is of a most beautiful globe shape, with now and
then a flattened berry. The flesh is highly colored. It ripens with
the Cumberland and stands the drouth well. The flavor is rich and
delicious, a characteristic of all French berries. Staminate.
— Townsend, Nos. 2, 3, 19, 20. Towtisend, Ohio.
— Van Deman. Bauer, Ark.
— West Brook. Brandt and others.
— Williams. David Greig, Gainesville, Ontario.
Styrax Obassia. H. H. Berger c^ Go.
From Japan. Attains a height of 8 to 10 feet. Introduced also in
1889 by U. S. Nur. (Annals Hort. 1889, 105 — the specific name mis-
spelled.)
Syringa Japonica, argentea. Temple c^' Beard.
The first distinct sport yet obtained of this remarkable species.
Foliage about half pure white ; bark very black. Originated in a lot
of several thousand seedlings at Shady Hill Nur., Cambridge, Mass.
Thrinax Barbadensis. Beasoner Bros.
Barbadoes.
Tomato, Buckbee's Autumn King. Buckbee.
Smooth, scarlet.
— Early Ruby. Henderson.
A large, very early, solid sort found growing in a field of Perfec-
tion, near Monmouth, New Jersey.
— Green Mountain. Giddings. *
— Ithaca. Gornell Experiment Station.
" Medium size, about 3 inches in diameter, nearly spherical, very
smooth and remarkably uniform in size ; color, light cherry. A new
variety, very promising among table tomatoes ; apparently valuable
1 82 Annals of Horticulture.
for forcing, in which capacity we shall test it during the winter. The
history of this variety is as follows :
"About twenty years ago, L. S. McWhorter, a retail grocer of
Ithaca, who was attracted by a very fine specimen tomato shown by an
old English gardener, purchased the fruit, and the succeeding year
planted the seed in his private garden. The parent was the French
pomme d'' amour, or ' Love Apple.' Some years after one plant ap-
peared, which was a marked improvement. From this, Fred Mc-
Whorter, his son, has made careful selections for several years, until
he has secured a superior strain. It is strictly a local variety. We
shall not dispose of seeds this season." — Bull. 21, Oct., i8go, Cornell
Exp. Sta.
Tomato, Mansfield Tree. Mills, Thorn Hill, A^. Y.
— Marquis. Bvckbee.
An angular variety, originating in France in 1888.
— Mitchell No. i. Mitchell, St. Marys, Ont.
— Red Cross. Gregory and others.
This tomato in form is of the Livingston class — round and hand-
some, but is earlier. It is even in size throughout the season, per-
fectly solid, a brilliant crimson in color, ripens close up to the stem,
and bears harvesting better than most varieties.
— Ruby Queen. Childs.
Large, smooth and crimson-red.
— Table Queen. Henderson.
It grows in clusters of from four to six, and a large proportion of
the individual fruits weigh from 12 to 16 ounces. As large as the
Mikado, but perfectly smooth and round ; solid, and contains fewer
seeds than any other. A dark, rich shade of crimson. Offered only
as a premium in 1890.
Tropaeolum, Asa Gra}^ Henderson ; Gardiner.
This new variety of T. Lobbianum is the lightest color yet pro-
duced, being a delicate primrose or soft sulphur yellow.
Turnip, Milk. Salzer.
— Moore's Golden Crown. Delajio Moore.
Flesh very yellow and fine flavored. Noted for symmetry of form,
immense size and keeping quality. Originated by Delano Moore,
Presque Isle, Me.
Ulmus Americana, aurea. Temple &^ Beard.
Foliage all soft golden in color. Discovered in Vermont by F. L.
Temple.
— 'campestris, pendula Smithi. Temple &' Beard.
A dwarf, twiggy and yellow variety from England.
Walnut, Various Japanese. Burbajik.
" Last winter [i888-g ?] I obtained from Japan six other new kinds
of walnuts. The foliage and growth of all are similar. The nuts are
Introductions of i8go. 183
of various strange forms : No. i. (/. Manschiirica). A large nut ij4
inches long by \)i inches through ; shell corrugated like the butter-
nut. No. 2. Smooth, same form as ^nebolaiaiia, but only half as
large ; a handsome little nut. No. 3. In form and general appear-
ance about half way between Sieboldiana and the common English or
Madeira nut. No. 4. A very large, long, smooth, hard-shelled nut.
No. 5. A strange looking nut, flat and pointed like a chestnut. \}i
inches long, i inch across, Yz inch thick ; smooth, very thin shell and
a delicious, sweet kernel, which always comes out complete in one
piece with only a slight blow. No. 6. Larger than No. 5, otherwise
similar, except a suture on each side so deep as to give the nut the
appearance of being double ; very tender, rich, sweet kernel." Some
or all of these have been introduced by //. H. Berge}- &^ Co.
Watermelon, Fordhook. Biwpee ; Wilso7i.
Fruit nearly round, tough-skinned, medium green. Flesh bright
red ; seeds white. Originated with Paynter Frame, Delaware.
— Gragg. Livingston.
Very juicy, sweet and melting — in these respects equaling, if not
excelling, the Ice Cream. Distinct in both outside and inside appear-
ance. The latter is of a delicate salmon tint, which is exceedingly
handsome and tempting. The outside color is dark green, with alter-
nate stripes of a lighter green, the whole being covered with a deli-
cate tracing of dark veins, giving the fruit a peculiar and handsome
appearance. It occasionally shows a melon of a lighter shade, some-
what resembling the Gypsy. Originated in Northern Texas.
— Hoosier King. F. C. Hu7iti7igton & Co.
It originated with a prominent melon grower in Sullivan Co., Ind.
The melons are of extra large size, oblong, and of even diameter
through their whole length. Flesh exceedingly fine flavored and firm.
Rind very thin, though very tough. A long keeper.
— Johnson's Dixie. Johnson & Stokes.
Cross between Kolb Gem and Cuban Queen, and a week to ten
days earlier than either ; the meat more scarlet and better flavored.
Hard rinded and a good shipper. Originated by George Collins,
North Carolina.
— Rosy Cream. A. W. Smith, Ga.
White fleshed, with about six longitudinal rosy streaks. Firm and
crisp.
— Ruby-Gold. A. W. Smith, Ga.
Cross between Green-and-Gold and Jones. Flesh yellow and red,
free from stringiness.
— The Wild. Henderson.
This variety is believed to have originated with the Seminole In-
dians in the Everglades of Florida. It is a long melon like the Rattle-
snake, resembling that variety in the markings on the rind, but far
superior in quality. It also differs in shape from that sort, being
much larger at the blossom end than at the stem end. In its native
184 Ayuials of HorticiUture.
habitat it sometimes attains the weight of 75 or 80 pounds. "Wild "
was the name it received from the Indians. It is a fine melon as to
flavor, is crisp and ripens evenly within X i^ch of the outer rind.
The seed is very peculiar, and distinct from any other variety.
Watermelon, Vaucluse Red-Flesh. Thorbiirn.
It is of French origin, very early, and of large size, with stem end
slightly inclined to point. The flesh is a bright crimson, very sweet,
not in the least stringy, and coming to within yi inch of the skin ; the
seeds are also red. The rind, though thin, is very tough and the
shell glossy. It is of a dark green color, beautifully threaded with a
still darker green.
— Wisconsin Hybrid. Salzer.
Wineberry, Child's Japanese. Childs.
Rtthns pJuxnicolasins from Japan, from seeds sent to J. T. Lovett
Co. by Professor C. C. Georgeson.
2. PLANT PORTRAITS OF iSgo.
A List of all the Illustrations in Leading Horticultural
AND SOME Agricultural Journals which are of such
Character as to Aid in the Determination of the
Species.*
Abbreviations. — Af?i. Agric, American Agriculturist ; Am. F/or., Ameri-
can Florist ; Ai/i. Gar., American Garden ; Bot. Mag., Botanical Magazine ;
Cal. Frt. Gr., California Fruit Grower; Caji. Hort., Canadian Horticultur-
ist; Gar. &= For., Garden & Forest; Gar. Chron., Gardeners' Chronicle;
Gar. Mag., Gardener's Magazine; Gar. IVor/c/, Gardening World; Gar/.,
Gartenflora ; //or/. Beige, Revue de 1' Horticulture Beige et Etrangere ;
//ort. Art Journ., Horticultural Art Journal ; ///. //art., L'lllustration Hor-
ticole; Jard., Le Jardin ; Jour. JHort., Journal of Horticulture; Jour,
/ioses. Journal des Roses; Orch 6^ Gar., Orchard & Garden; Fop. Gar.,
Popular Gardening; /^e-j. //ort.. Revue Horticole ; /v. N.-Y., Rural New-
Yorker ; Vick's Mag., Vick's Magazine.
C, colored plate.
(2), refers to the second volume, in such periodicals as run into two vol
umes in one year.
Abies brachyphylla, Bot. Mag. t. Abutilon vexillarium, Garden, 274.
7113, 7114. C. C.
— bracteata. Gar. Chron. 673. — vitifolium, Pop. Gar. 34.
— concolor, Ggr. Chron. 748, 749. Acacia armata. Jour. Hort. 205. (2).
(2). — cordata, Jour. Hort. 205. (2).
— Fraseri, Gar. Chron. 685. (2). — Drummondii, Jour. Hort. 205.
— grandis, Garden 291. (2). (2).
— Lowiana, Gar. Chron. 750. — ovata. Jour. Hort. 237.
(2). — pulchella, Jour. Hort. 205. (2).
— magnifica, Garden 591. — Riceana, Am. Flor. 67. (2).
— Nordmanniana, pendula, Rev. — verticillata, Jour. Hort. 205.
Hort. 440. (2).
— violacea, Gar. Chron. 751. (2). Acaena microphylla, Garden, 177.
Abutilon Golden Fleece, Vick's Mag. Achimenes, Rosy Queen, Gar.
169. World, 823. (2).
— Thompsoni, Gar. World, 133. Acineta densa, Bot. Mag. t. 7143.
(2). C.
* The nomenclature in this list is that which accompanies the illustrations. The editor
does not vouch in any manner for the accuracy of the illustrations indexed.
A. H. — 13 (185)
1 86
Afmals of Hortiadiiire.
Aconitum Fischeri, Bot. Mag. t.
7130. C.
Acroclinum roseum, var. flore pleno,
Rev. Hort. 487.
Actiniopteris radiata, Gar. Chron.
107. (2).
Adiantum Bausei, Jour. Hort. 67.
— capillus-veneris, var. grande,
Gar. Chron. 696. (2).
— dolabriforme, Gar. World, 217.
(2).
— gracillimum, Orch. & Gar. 8.
Adonis vernalis, Pop. Gar. 85.
iErides augustianum, Gar. Chron.
233-
— HouUeti, Orchidophile, 17. C.
iEsculus Hippocastanum, Hort.
Beige, 209.
— Parryi, Gar. & For. 357.
Agapanthus umbellatus, Garden,
503- (2).
Agaricus campestris, Gar. World,
248. (2).
— detiquescens, Gar. World, 249.
(2).
— melleus, Orch. & Gar. 12.
Agave Americana. Am, Gar. 759.
— Consideranti, Rev. Hort. 391,
392.
— Palmeri, Vick's Mag. 305.
Alkanet, the Italian, Gar. World,
645-
Allamanda violacea, Bot. Mag. t.
7122. C.
— — Garden, 224. C.
Allium cyaneum, Gart. 113. C.
— Kansuense, Gart. 113. C.
Almond, Commercial, Hort. Art.
Jour. 17. C.
Alocasia Bachi, 111. Hort. 77. C.
Aloe Bainesii, Gar, & For. 115.
Alsophila excelsa, Gar. Mag. 364.
Alum-Root, Heuchera cylindrica,
Am. Agr. 138.
— Heuchera parvifolia, Am. Agr.
138.
Amarantus caudatus. Gar. World,
709.
— tricolor. Gar. World, 709.
Amaryllis Conqueror, Gar. World,
441.
— Johnsoni, Vick's Mag. 265. C.
Amelanchier vulgaris. Gar. Chron.
621.
Ammobium alatum. Rev. Hort. 523.
AmphicomeEmodi, Garden 458. (2).
Ananassa sativa, Gart. 273.
Anemone Japonica, Orch. & Gar.
219.
— Pennsylvania, Pop. Gar. 177.
— Pulsatilla, Rev. Hort. 545.
— Rose Japan, Vick's Mag. no.
— Rue, Pop. Gar. 259.
— Virginiana, Gar. Mag. 763. (2.)
— White Japan, Pop. Gar. 27.
— — Vick's Mag. 109, no.
Angrascum caudatum, Gar. Mag.
553- (2).
— fuscatum. Garden 61.
— Kotschyi, Garden loi.
— Sanderianum, Jour. Hort. 489.
(2.)
Anguloa uniflora. 111. Hort. 37. C.
Anona reticulata, Gart. 273.
Antennaria margaritacea. Rev.
Hort. 521.
Anthericum albo-medio pictum,
Jour. Hort. 155.
Anthurium Andreanum, 111. Hort.
57. c.
— Scherzerianum, 111. Hort. 67.
C.
— — var. maximum album. 111.
Hort. 29. C.
Antirrhinum, a green flowered. Gar.
Chron. 131. (2.)
Apple, Adam and Eve, Am. Gar.
273-
— Arkansas Beauty, R. N.-Y.
875.
— Arkansas Seedling, R. N.-Y.
875.
— Aromatic Russet, Gar. Mag.
572. (2.)
— Benham, Am. Gar. 273.
— Bloomless, Am. Gar. 6.
— Bogdanoff, R. N.-Y. 738.
— Bramley's Seedling, Gar. Mag.
621. (2.)
Plant Portraits of i8go.
187
Apple, Candile-Sinoppe, Rev. Hort.
399-
— Cellini, Gar. Mag. 619. (2.)
— Cox's Orange, Gar. Mag. 622.
(2.)
— Dial's Fig, Am. Gar. 624.
— Duchess of Oldenburg, Gar.
Mag. 746. (2.)
— Early Queening, Orch. & Gar.
25-
— Early Ripe, Orch. & Gar. 25.
— Galloway Pippin, Gar. Mag.
621. (2.)
— Gano, Am. Gar. 272.
— Gibson, Can. Hort. 43.
— Golden Spire, Gar. Mag. 778.
(2.)
— Gravenstein, Gar. Mag. 117.
— Grenadier, Gar. Mag. 620
(2.)
— Hawthornden, Gar. Mag. 844
(2.)
— Henderson's Seedling, Can
Hort. 332.
— Hubbardston's Nonesuch, Can
Hort. 97. C.
— Irish Peach, Gar. Mag. 653
(2.)
— Kandyl Synap, Can. Hort
17-
— Kansas Beauty, Am. Gar, 274
— Lady Henniker, Gart. 265. C
— La Rue, Can. Hort. 8.
— Longfield, R. N. Y. 738.
— Lord Grosvenor, Garden, 291.
— Mannington's Pearmain, Gar.
Chron. 205.
— Marshall's Red, Hort. Art
Jour. 13. C.
— McLean, Can. Hort. 44.
— Mr. Gladstone, Gar. Mag.
653. (2.)
— Mrs. Barron, Gar. World, 89.
(2.)
— Ozone, R. N. Y. 873.
— Pear-shaped, Pop. Gar. 221.
— Peasgood's Nonesuch, Jour.
Hort. 341. (2.)
— Queen, Gar. Mag. 60.
— Red Beitingheimer, Can. Hort.
239-
Apple, Renaud's Seedling, Can.
Hort. 331.
— Seedless, Am. Gar. 272.
— Shannon, R. N. Y. 873.
— Small's Admirable, Gar. Mag.
620. (2.)
— Sori-Sinoppe, Rev. Hort. 398.
— Star or Caimite, Am. Gar. 405 ;
Trade Jour. 18.
— Tom Putt, Gar. Mag. 619. (2.)
— Vicar of Beighton, Gar. Mag.
46.
— Yellow Transparent, Orch. &
Gar. 112.
— Warner's King, Garden, 481.
(2.)
— York Imperial, Am. Gar. 273
— Tree, Lord Suffield, Gar.
Chron. 725. (2.)
Apricot, Russian, Am. Gar. 646,
647.
Aquilegia chrysantha. Rev. Hort.
304.
— coerulea. Rev. Hort. 304.
— — flore pleno. Rev., Hort.
304.
— Red Gold, Gar. World, 725.
Araucaria excelsa, Cal. Frt. Gr.
151 ; Jardin, 263.
— imbricata. Gar. Chron. 593,
596. (2.)
Arbor-vitae, Biota elegantissima.
Garden, 443.
Arbutus Menziesii, Gar. & For. 515.
— Unedo, Cal. Frt. Gr. 277.
Arisaema fimbriatum, Bot. Mag. t.
7150. C.
— ringens, Garden, 577.
— speciosum. Jour. Hort, 243 ;
Garden, 576. C.
— Wrayi, Bot. Mag. t. 7105. C.
Aristolochia Goldeana, Gar. Chron.
521 ; Gar. Mag. 286.
— grandiflora, Gar. & For. 597,
598, 599-
— longecaudata, Gar. Chron.
493- (2.)
Arnebia Cornuta, Am. Gar. 181 ;
Am. Flor. 400 ; Gar. Chron.
52.
— echoides, Gar. Mag. 299.
i88
Annals of Ho7iiailtic?^e.
Artocarpus incisa, Gart. 273.
— integrifolia, Gart. 273.
Arum crinitum, Garden, 29. (2.)
— detruncatum, Westnik, Nov.
i8go.
Arundinaria Simoni, Bot. Mag. t.
7146. C.
Arundo Donax, Gart. 209.
Asarum caudigerum, Bot. Mag. t.
7126. C.
Asclepias Cornuti, Rev. Hort. 548.
— tuberosa, Vick's Mag. 310.
Ash, Weeping White. Vick's Mag.
331-
Asimina triloba, Am. Gar. 713.
Asparagus retrofractus arboreus,
Jardin, 255.
— Sprengeri, Gart. 491.
Aspidium acrostichoides, Am. Gar.
659-
— Lepidocaulon, Rev. Hort.
369.
Asprella Hystrix, Rev. Hort. 525.
Aster acris (Blue Starwort), Garden,
248. C.
. — Dwarf Bouquet, Vick's Mag.
141.
— Juwel, Gart. 562.
— Mignon, Gart. 614.
— New Rose, Vick's Mag. 141.
— Prinzess Schneeball, Gart.
614.
— ptarmicoides. Gar. & For. 153.
Astilbe (Spiraea) Japonica, R. N.-Y.
82.
Atriplex halimoides var. monumen-
talis. Blatter silberweiss,
Gart. 105.
Aubergine, Scarlet Fruited, Gar.
Mag. 817. (2.)
Aurantium Pomelo, Am. Gar. 717.
Auricula " Golden Queen," Garden,
108. (2.) C.
Azalea indicata, Gart. 34. C. 111.
Hort. 59. C.
— indcia, var. M'lle Marie Ver-
vaene, 111. Hort. 49. C.
— indica, var. Perle de gend-
brugge. 111. Hort. 87. C.
— indica var. Pharailde-Mathilde,
111. Hort. 69. C.
Azalea, Johanna Gottschalk, Gart.
34- C.
— President Auguste van Geert,
Gart. 34. C.
— Regierungstat von Eschwege,
Gart. 34. C.
— Williams, B. S., Gart. 34. C.
Batchelor's Buttons, Vick's Mag.
361. C.
Bambusa palmata, Gar. Chron. 641.
Banana, Abyssinian, Am. Agr. 267.
Banksia integrifolia, Jour. Hort.
504- (2.)
Barbacenia squamata. Gar. Chron.
409. (2.)
Batemannia Wallisi, Jour. Hort. 9.
(2.)
Bean, Burpee's Bush Lima, Orch. &
Gar. 55 ; Pop. Gar. 24.
— Common Pole Lima, Pop. Gar.
24.
— Dwarf Large Lima. Cal. Frt.
Gr. 7.
— Haricot du Bon Jardinier, Rev.
Hort. 41.
— Haricot prodigo a rames a
grain vert. Rev. Hort. 41.
— Haricot Shah de Perse, Sev.
Hort., 41.
— Henderson's Bush Lima, Pop.
Gar. 26.
— Kumerle Bush Lima, Pop.
Gar. 26.
Beech, Weeping, Vick's Mag. 332.
Beet, Reine desnoires, Rev. Hort. 9.
— Silvery Spinach or Seakale,
Garden, 249.
— White Curled Swiss Spinach,
Garden, 249.
— White-leaf or Spinach, Garden,
249.
Begonia Adonis, Rev. Hort. 156. C.
— Beaumanni, Jardin, 273.
— Blanche Duval, Gar. World,
761.
— Credneri, Gart. 563.
— Double Flowered, 111. Hort. 19.
C.
— Lady, Gar. World, 757.
— lutea nana flore pleno, Rev.
Hort. 204. C.
Plant Portraits of iSgo.
Begonia, Metallic-leaved, Pop. Gar.
37-
— Mme. A. Gourtois, Rev. Hort.
205.
— M. Paul de Vicq. Gar. World,
761.
— multiflora rosea, Rev. Hort.
204. C.
— Pearle Humfeld, Am. Flor.
283.
— Rex, Pop. Gar. 195.
— Rosamonde, Gar. World, 761.
— Scharffiana, Hort. Beige, 17.
— semperflorens, Vick's Mag.
105. C.
— semperflorens Sieberiana, Gar-
den, 389. (2.)
— Simple Flowered, 111. Hort. 17.
C.
— Sobeil D'Austerlitz, Rev.
Hort. 204. C.
— tuberous, double flowered. Am.
Flor. 457.
— — group of, Am. Flor. 455.
— — Melle, Amma Maris de
Duras, 111. Hort. 79.
C.
-» — Melle. Marguerite de
Montpansin, 111. Hort.
79. C.
— — Mme. Leon Tissier, 111.
Hort. 79. C.
— — Mme. Thibaut, 111. Hort.
79. c.
— — Mme. Treyve-Marie, 111.
Hort. 79. C.
— — Phenomenal, 111. Hort.
79. c.
— — single-flowered. Am.
Flor. 455.
— — Souvenir de M. Marie,
111. Hort. 79. C.
Benthamia fragifera. Garden, 416.
(2.) C. 433. (2.)
Berberis Sieboldii, Gar. & For.
249.
— stenophylla, Gar. Chron. 619.
— virescens, Bot. Mag. t. 7116.
C.
Betterave Reine des noires. Rev.
Hort. 9.
Bignonia rugosa, Bot. Mag. t. 7124.
C.
— Tweediana, Gar. World, 377.
Billbergia nutans \Liboniana, Gart.
145. C.
— X Perringiana, Gart. 145. C.
— Quintusiana, Gart. 203
— Saundersii, Gart. 89. C.
Biota elegantissima, Gard. 443.
Bitter Sweet, Am. Gar. 29 ; Trade
Jour. 681.
Blackberry, Early King, Orch. &
Gar. 177.
Blandfordia princeps, Jardin, 203.
Boronia heterophylla, Hort. Beige,
229. C.
Brachycome iberidifolia. Gar.
World, 789.
Briza maxima, Rev. Hort. 488.
Broccoli, Branching, Pop. Gar. 5.
— Sharpe's Monarch, Gar. Mag.
87.
— Sutton's Bouquet, Jour. Hort.
47-
Bromeliad, Gigantic, Jour, of Hort.
487.
Brugmansia Knighti, Garden, 129.
(2.)
Brussels Sprouts, Gilbert's, Garden,
595-
Buckleyadistichophylla, Gar. & For.
237-
Bulbophyllum Godseffianum, Gar.
Mag. 540. (2.)
Burchellia Capensis, Rev. Hort. 441.
Cabbage, Chou rouge conique. Rev.
Hort. 56.
— — fence hatif d' Erfurth,
Rev. Hort. 56.
— — gros. Rev. Hort. 56.
— Early Summer, Am. Agr. 201 ;
Am. Gar. 290.
— Flat Dutch, Am. Gar. 290.
— Jersey Wakefield, Am. Agr.
201 ; Am. Gar. 289.
— Netted Savoy, Am. Agr. 201.
— Noel. Rev. Hort. 9.
— Winnigstadt, Garden, 535 (2.)
C.
Cactus, Eagle's-claw, Gar. Chron.
159- (2.)
igo
Annals of Hoj'ticulture.
Calanthe, Sport of, Am. Gar. i6i.
Calceolaria, herbaceous, Garden,
505-
Calla, Riehardia a 1 b o-maculata,
Can. Hort. 23.
Callistemon lanceolatum, Gart. 295.
Calochortus Madrensis, Gar. Chron.
320. (2.)
Camellia reticulata. Garden, 552. C.
Camoensia maxima, Gar. Mag. 348.
Campanula Barrelieri, Garden, 87.
(2.)
— carpathica pelviformis, Pop.
Gar. 23.
— — turbinata. Pop. Gar. 22.
— isophylla. Garden, 86. (2).
— persicifolia alba. Garden, 573.
(2.)
— primulacifolia, Gart. 225.
— — Brotero, Gart. 225.
— punctata, Gart. 591.
— rotundifolia. Garden, 225.
Canna Ehemanni, Am. Agr. 19.
— Emile Leclerc, Am. Agr. 19.
Cannas, Crozy, Orch. & Gar. 74.
Capsicum annuum (Pimento), Gar.
Chron. 335. (2.)
— Celestial Pepper, Gar. Mag. 47.
Caraguata angustifolia, Bot. Mag. t.
7137- c.
Carica Papaya, Gart. 273.
Carludovica Caput-Medusae, Bot.
Mag. t. 7118. C.
— elegans, Gar. World, 409.
— palmaefolia. Gar. World, 665 ;
Jour. Hort. 383.
Carnation, Alice Ayers, Gar. Mag.
658. (2.)
— Bn. Jules Beerens Cotman,
Hort. Beige, 241. C.
— Crimson Coronet, Hort. Art
Jour. 61. C.
— Fred. Creighton, Hort. Art
Jour. 61. C.
— Germania, Gar. Mag. 656. (2.)
— Jennie McGowan, Am. Gar. 60.
— Marguerite, Rev. Hort. 497.
— Mile. Tilla De Kerchove, Hort.
Beige, 241. C.
— Mme. D'Hoop Goethals, Hort.
Beige, 241. C.
Carnation, Mr. Le Juge D'Hoop,
Hort. Beige, 241. C.
— Mrs. Frank Watts, Gar. Mag.
657. (2.)
— Mrs. Reynolds Hole, Gar.
Mag. 659. (2.)
— Peachblow Coronet, Hort. Art
Jour. 61. C.
— Robert Houigrave, Gar. World,
745-
— Scarlet Bizarre, Gar. World,
9- (2.)
— Self, EmmaLakin, Gar. World,
745-
— White Coronet, Hort. Art
Jour. 61. C.
Carrot, Altringham, Garden, 388.
— Chantenay, Pop. Gar., 76.
— Early French Forcing, Garden,
389.
— Early Scarlet Dutch Horn,
Garden, 389.
— Intermediate Scarlet, Garden,
388.
— Navet, Rev., Hort. 202.
— orangegelbe siisse von Barletta,
Gart., 192.
— Stump-rooted, Am. Agr. 73.
Cassava plant. Am. Agr. 370.
Cassinia fulvida, Gart. 241.
Castanea vesca, Hort. Beige, 41.
Castilloa elastica, Gar. Chron. 649.
Catalpa bignonioides, Gar. & For.
539-
Catananchecaerulea, Rev. Hort. 523.
Catasetum Bungerothi, 111. Hort.
117. C.
Cattleya Alberti, Orchidophile, 328.
C.
— Bowringiana, Gar. Mag. 493 ;
(2.) Rev. Hort. 300. C.
— Buyssoniana, Gar. Chron.
589. (2.)
— Dowiana aurea, Gar. World,
41. (2.)
— Empress Frederick, Jour.
Hort. 251. (2.)
— Gaskelliana, Am. Flor. 185.
— guttata. Pop. Gar. 62. (2.)
— intermedia var. Candida splen-
dida, Gart. i. C.
Plant Portraits of i8go.
191
Cattleya Lawrenceana, Bot. Mag. t.
7133. c.
— Lindeni, Jour. Hort. 471. (2.)
— O'Brieniana, Jour. Hort. 25.
— pumila, Dayana, Rev. Hort.
490.
— Skinneri, Gar. Chron. 289;
Gar. & For. 201.
Cauliflower, Early London, Garden,
151-
— Veitch's Autumn Giant, Gar-
den, 151,
Cedre du Libau en candelabre, Rev.
Hort. 534.
Cedrus Atlantica fastigiata, Rev.
Hort. 32 ; Garden, 195.
Celastrus articulata, Gar. & For.
550-
Celeriac, Apple-shaped, Pop. Gar.
20.
— common, Pop. Gar. 20.
Celery, a couper. Rev. Hort. 90.
— Apple-shaped, Garden, 349.
— Bouquet, Pop. Gar. 51.
— Clayworth Park Pink, Garden,
330. (2.)
— Curled Solid White, Garden,
, 349-
— Pascal, Rev. Hort. 9.
— plein blanc ordinaire. Rev.
Hort. 90.
— rave. Rev. Hort. 91.
— — geant de Prague, Rev.
Hort. 91.
' — sauvage, Rev. Hort. 90.
— Soup, Garden, 349,
— Turnip-rooted, Garden, 349.
Celmisia Lindsayi, Bot. Mag. t.
7134- c.
Celosia pyramidalis. Rev. Hort. 522.
Celtis occidentalis, Gar. & For. 39,
40, 41-
Centaurea Cyanus, Vick's Mag. 361.
C.
Cerasus Pseudo-Cerasus, Garden,
276. (2.) C.
Cereus chloranthus. Am. Gar. 473.
— flagelliformis. Am. Gar. 527 ;
Trade Jour. 33.
— giganteus, Am. Gar. 451, 528;
Vick's Mag. 302.
Cereus Geggii Fruit, Am. Gar. 474.
— Pringlei, Vick's Mag. 303.
— (Pilocereus) senilis, Am. Gar.
479-
Chamaecyparis Lawsoni pendula,
Gart. 449.
Cheiranthus annuus grandiflorus
plenus, Rev. Hort. 304.
Cherry, Governor Wood, Can. Hort.
191. C.
— Windsor, Hort. Art Jour. 64.
C.
Chestnut, American Sweet, Orch. &
Gar. 162.
— Japan Giant, Orch. & Gar. 162.
— Numbo, Orch. & Gar. 162.
— Spanish, Orch. & Gar. 162.
Chimaphila maculata. Am. Gar.
600.
Chionodoxa Lucilise. Jardin, 51.
Chironia palustris, Bot. Mag. t.
7101. C.
Choisya ternata, Gar. Chron. 645 ;
Gar. Mag. 256.
Chrysanthemum, Ada Spaulding,
Am. Gar. 3 ; Gar. & For.
587 ; Orch. & Gar. 75.
— American. Garden, 532. C.
— Autumn Queen, Am. Agr. 563.
— Bailey, I. J., Am. Flor. 227.
— carinatum. Gar. World, 805 ;
Jour. Hort. 139. (2).
— (Culture Japonaise), Jardin,
249.
— Fair Maid of Perth, Am. Flor.
181 ; Gar. Chron 445. (2).
— Elaine, Am. Flor. 181 ; Gar.
Chron. 445. (2.)
— Golden Gem, Gar. World, 313.
— Harry E. Widener, Am. Flor.
229.
— Indicum, Gar. Chron. 565 ;
Gar. Mag. 729. (2) ; Pop.
Gar. 77.
— inodorum plenissimum. Am.
Flor. 301.
— Jane and its yellow variety,
Garden, 484. C.
— Japanese, Jour. Hort. 111.
— — Gloire de Rocher, Jour.
Hort. 405. (2.)
192
A7i7ials of Horticulture .
Chrysanthemum, Japanese, Puritan,
Jour. Hort. 377. (2.)
— — varieties, types of, Rev.
Hort. 321.
— Kiku, Pop. Gar. 75.
— Lady Brooke, Garden, 632. C.
— Lincoln, W. H., Jour. Hort.
547- (2.)
— Louis Boehmer (New Velvet),
Gar. Mag. 712. (2.)
— Mary Ward, Am. Flor. 227.
— maximum. Am. Flor. 329.
— Mme. P. Jung, Hort. Beige,
276. C.
— Moseman, G. F., Am. Flor.
227.
— Mrs. Alpheus Hardy, Can.
Hort. 25 ; Hort. Beige. 39.
— Mrs. Carter, Pop. Gar. 123.
— Mrs. Frank Thomson, Am.
Flor. 227.
— Mrs. Fottler, Am. Flor. 227.
— Mrs. Pres. Harrison, Am.
Flor. 227.
— Mrs. Sailer, L D., Am. Flor.
258.
— nouvelles de. Rev. Hort. 132.
C.
— Rose Laing, Hort. Beige, 37.
C.
— Ruche toulousaine, Rev. Hort.
564. C.
— Sam. Houston, Am. Flor. 227.
— Sinense, Gar. Mag. 730. (2.)
— single-flowered varieties, Rev.
Hort. 276. C.
— sport of. Am. Gar. 161.
— Sunflower, Gar. World, 153.
(2.)
— Thos. Cartlege, Am. Flor. 227.
— uliginosum. Garden, 523. (2.)
— Waban, Am. Flor 303.
Chrysophyllum Cainito, Am. Gar.
405-
Cineraria aurita, Garden, 252. C.
— hybrida grandiflora, Gart. 614.
— Webberiana, Garden, 207.
Cinquefoil, shrubby, Pop. Gar. 173.
Cirrhopetalum fimbriatum. Gar.
Mag., 197.
Cissus discolor. Garden, 27.
Cistus florentinus. Garden, 177. (2.)
Citron, Fingered, Gar. Chron. 385.
Citrus Aurantium, Gart. 273.
— decumana, Gart. 273.
— Japonica, Gar. Chron. 393.
Clearia stellularia, Jour. Hort. 133.
(2.)
Clematis coccinea, Can. Hort. 86 ;
Hort. Art Jour. 40. C.
— crispa, Can. Hort. 86.
— Fremontii, Gar. & For. 381.
— indivisa lobata, Garden, 557.
(2) ; Gar. Mag. 151.
— Lady Caroline Neville, Garden,
537 ; Vick's Mag. 280.
— Jackmanni, Can, Hort. 86.
— kermesinasplendida, Hort. Art
Jour. 89. C.
— lanuginosa, Can. Hort. 86.
— orientalis glauca, Rev. Hort.
561.
— paniculata. Gar. & For. 621.
— patens vesta, Gart. 569. C. 571.
— Stanleyi, Gar. Chron. 327. (2) ;
Gar. & For. 513 ; Jour.
Hort. 295. (2.)
Clerodendron Balfourianum. Gar.
Chron. 133. (2.)
— paniculatum, Bot. Mag. t.
7141. C.
— serotinum, Am. Gar. 757.
Clianthus Dampieri marginatus,
Garden, 298. C.
Clitoria Ternatea, Jour. Hort. 112.
(2) ; Garden, 132. (2.) C.
Clivia miniata, 111. Hort. 39. C.
Clivias, Gar. Mag. 241 ; Jour.
Hort. 29.
Coburgia trichroma. Rev. Hort. 108.
C.
Cocos australis, Am. Flor. 515.
— nucifera, Gart. 273.
— Weddelliana, Hort. Beige,
219. C.
Codiaeum Warrenii , Gar. World, 457.
Coelogyne cristata. Am. Flor. 87.
(2) ; Gar. Mag. 747 ; (2.)
Hort. Beige, 85. C.
— cristata maxima, Garden, 549.
— pandurata, Jour, of Hort. 425.
Coffea Liberica, Rev. Hort. 104.
P/ajit Portraits of i8go.
193
CoffeaLiberica, fruits du, Rev. Hort.
105.
Colchicum autumnale, Gar. World
117. (2.)
Coltsfoot, Tussilago Farfara varie-
gata, Garden, 435.
Cordyline australis, Garden 409.
(2.)
— indivisa, 111. Hort. 99. C.
Coreopsis aristosa. Garden 199.
— auriculata. Garden 202.
— cardaminifolia, Garden 203.
— Drummondii, Garden 203.
— lanceolata. Garden 203.
— tinctoria, Garden 202. C.
Corn, Cory Sweet, Pop. Gar. 76.
Cornel, Weeping, Orch. & Gar. 44.
Cornus Baileyi, Gar. & For. 465.
Cottonia macrostachya, Bot. Mag. t.
7099. C.
Cowslip, Virginian, Pop. Gar. 209.
Cranberry, Dennis, Am. Gar. 586.
— Early Black, Am. Gar. 585.
— Makepeace, Am. Gar. 586.
Crassula Rochea X Jasmineo-cocci-
nea, Hort. Beige 12. C.
Crataegus coccinea var. macra-
cantha. Am. Gar. 509.
Crinodendron Hookeri, Garden 273.
(2.)
Crinum Powelli, Garden 80. C.
Crocosmia aurea imperialis. Am.
Gar. 341.
Croton, Mrs. Dorman, Gar. World
121. (2.)
— variegatum, 111. Hort. 11. C.
Cucumber blanc long. Rev. Hort.
10.
— de Russie, Rev. Hort. 222.
— Duke of Edinburgh, Am. Gar.
543-
— Green Cluster, Orch. & Gar.
lOI.
— jaune hatif de Hollande, Rev.
Hort. 222.
— long vert d'Athenes, Rev.
Hort. 223.
— Sion House, Am. Gar. 543.
— Telegraph, Am. Gar. 543.
— vert long, Rollisson'sTelegraph,
Rev. Hort. 222.
Cucumber vert petit de Paris, Rev.
Hort. 223.
— — tres-long de Chine, Rev.
Hort. 223.
Cucumis dipsaceus, Gar. World 341.
Cunila Mariana, Jour. Hort. 528.
(2.)
Cupressus macrocarpa. Garden 363.
Currant, Crandall, Orch. & Gar.
193-
— Fay's Prolific, Gart. 189.
Cyathea dealbata, Gar. Mag. 364.
Cycas revoluta. Garden 557.
— revoluta, Vick's Mag. 140.
Cyclamens, Giant, Am. Flor. 539.
Cyclamen Persicum, Gar. World
249. (2.)
— — giganteum splendenS;
Gart. 489. C.
— — grandiflorum. Gart. 657.
C.
Cymbidium Traceyanum, Gar.
Mag. 841. (2.) Jour. Hort.
535- (2.)
Cyphomandra betacea, Am. Gar.
409 ; Trade Jour. 25 ; Jour.
Hort. 15.
Cypress, Knee of, Gar. Chron. 332,
328.
Cypripedium Arnoldianum. Am.
Flor. 115. (2); Gar. Chron.
633. (2.)
— Aylingi, Gar. Chron. 797 ;
Jour, of Hort. 481.
— bellatulum, Gar. Chron. 556.
— Binoti, Orchidophile, 120. C.
— caudatum, Gar. Mag. 795- (2) ;
Gar. World, 633 ; Pop. Gar.
62. (6.)
— Constance, Jour. Hort. 353. (2.)
— Curtisii, Gar. Chron, 557.
— EUiottianum, Jour. Hort. 199.
— Galatea majus. Jour. Hort. 5.
— Germinyanum, Jour. Hort. 89.
(2-)
— grammatophyllum speciosum,
Gar. Chron. 297.
— insigne, Gar. Chron. 691. (2.)
Lathamianum, Gar. Chron.
318.
H.
14
194
Annals of Horticultuj-e.
Cypripedium longifolium, Gar.
Chron. 728. (2.)
— Lowi, Gar. Chron. 729. (2.)
— Morganae X. Gar. Chron. 545 ;
Gar. Chron. 264 ; Gar. Mag.
641. (2.)
— Niobe, Gar. World 601.
— Philippinense, Gar. & For.
309-
— Roihschildianum, Bot. Mag. t.
7102. C.
— Schroderae, Gar. World 201.
(2) ; Jour, of Hort. 405.
— Spicerianum, Gar. Chron. 264 ;
Orchidophile, 148. C ; Am.
Gar. 159.
— Stonei, var. platytaenium, Gar.
Chron. 548.
— superbiens, Gar. Chron. 689.
— tessellatum porphyreum, Jour.
Hort. 119.
— villosum, Gar. Chron. 688. (2.)
— Youngianum, Gar. Mag. 476.
Cyrtanthus sanguineus, Garden
344- C.
Cytisus scoparius var. Andreanus,
Jour, of Hort. 439.
Dafiodil, Queen Anne's Double,
Pop. Gar. 257.
— sporting, Gar. Chron. 491.
— Stella, Pop. Gar. 256.
— white, group of, Garden 82.
(2) C.
Dahlia Barkeriae, Pop. Gar. 50.
— Cactus, Am. Flor. 391.
— Cactus, Charming Bride, Gar.
Mag. 605. (2. )
— — Prince of Wales, Gar.
Mag. 604. (2.)
— Cannell, H., 111. Hort. 119. C.
— — Favorite, 111. Hort. 119.
C.
— coccmea, Pop. Gar. 63.
— glabrata. Pop. Gar. 64.
— Kentish Sun, 111. Hort. 119. C.
— Lady Kerrison, Gar. World
21. (2.)
— Mrs. Douglas, 111.. Hort. 119.
C.
— Seedless, Am. Gar. 692.
Dahlia superflua, Pop. Gar. 63.
— White Dove, Orch. & Gar. 45
Daphne Indica alba. Garden jo.
Darlingtonia Californica, Garden
147 ; Gar. Chron. 85.
Davallia Canariensis, Garden 549 ;
Vick's Mag. 315.
— fceniculacea, Jour. Hort. 73.
(2.)
Decaschisiia ficifolia, Gar. Chron.
629. (2.)
Delphinium Cashmerianum, Rev.
Hort. 305.
Dendrobium Ainsworthii, Gart.
177 ; Jour, of Hort. 445.
— Dalhousianum, Garden 608
(2.)
— Devonianum, Gar. Chron. 680.
— Leechianum, Jour. Hort. 85.
— juno, Jour. Hort. 85.
— Macfarlanei, Jour. Hort. 177.
— nobile, Orchidophile 304. C.
— — album, Orchidophile
304. C.
— — Burfordvar. . Jour. Hort.
63.
— — Cooks o n i a n u m, Jour.
Hort. 63.
— Wardianum, Jour. Hort. 8.
(2.)
Dendrocalamus Sikkimensis, Gar.
Chron. 793.
Desmodmm penduliflorum,Pop.Gar.
233-
Deutzia candidissima. Am. Flor.
263.
— — flore-pleno, Jour. Hort.
297.
— scabra. Garden 315.
Dianthus alpinus, Garden 269. (2.)
— Caryophyllus, 111. Hort. 9. C.
— neglectus, Garden 8. C.
DictamnusFraxinella, Am. Flor. 328.
Diervilla Middendorfiana, Gar.
Chron. 581.
Dimorphotheca graminifolia, Gar-
den 180. (2.) C.
Diospyros Virginiana, Am. Gar.
651.
Dipladenia Brearleyana, Garden
185.
Plant Po7'traits of i8go.
195
Disa grandiflora, Garden 516.
— tripetaloides, Gar. Chron. 768.
Dogwood, Weeping, Cornus florida
pendula, Vick's Mag. 333.
Doronicum plantagineum var excel-
sum, Gart. 653 ; Garden
437- (2.)
Drosera cistiflora, Bot. Mag. t.
7100. C.
Durio Zibethinus, Gart. 273.
Echinocactus cylindraceus, Gar.
Chron. 167. (2.)
— Emoryi, Am. Gar. 459; Vick's
Mag. 303.
— hexaedrophorus, Am. Gar. 461.
— pectinatus robustus, Gart. 513.
C.
— Simpsoni, Gar. Chron. 166. (2.)
— Visnac;a, Am. Gar. 461
Echinops Ritro, Rev. Hort. 524.
Egg-Plant, Large Round Violet. Am.
Gar. 219.
— Long Violet, Am. Gar. 220.
— Round White, Am. Gar. 221.
— Scarlet Fruited, Gar. Mag.
817. (2.)
— White Chinese, Am. Gar. 220.
— Group of, Am. Gar. 21S.
— scarlet-fruited, Gar. Mag. 817.
(2.)
Eichhornia azurea. Rev. Hort. 540.
C.
— (Pontederia) crassipes, Am.
Flor. 511.
Ela^agnus longipes. Pop. Gar. 15.
Embothium coccineum. Gar. Chron.
717.
Epacris ardentissima, Am. Flor. 543.
— hyacinthiflora candidissim a,
Am. Flor. 543.
— — fulgens. Am. Flor. 543.
— rubella. Am. Flor. 543.
— Sunset, Am. Flor. 543.
Ephedra altissima, Gar. Chron. 792.
Epiphronitis Russelian u m var.
Gaertneri, Gart. 581.
— truncatum, Am. Flor. 135 :
Am. Gar. 535 ; Gar.
Chron 173.
— — on Pereskia stock, Vick's
Mag 152.
Epiphronitis Russelianum var. ro-
seum. Am. Flor. 327.
— Veitchi. Jour. Hort. 518. (2.)
Episcia maculata, Bot. Mag. t. 7131.
C.
Equisetum sylvaticum. Gar. Mag.
524. (2.)
Eremurus aurantiacus, Bot. Mag. t.
7113. C.
— Bucharicus, Gart. 57. C.
Erianthus Ravennse, Rev. Hort. 546.
Erica andromedaeflora, Gart. 25.
Eriogonum androsaceum. Gar.
Chron. 260.
— compositum. Gar. Chron. 261.
— corymbosum. Gar. Chron.
525- (2.)
— ovalifolium. Gar. Chron. 260.
— racemosum. Gar. Chron. 528.
— Thomasii, Gar. Chron. 529. (2.)
Eryngmm Olivierianum, Garden 97.
Erythrolaena conspicua, Gart. 563.
Eucalyptus Andreana, Rev. Hort.
346.
— calophylla. Rev. Hort. 558.
Eucharis Amazonica, Am. Flor
363 ; Gar. Chron. 193.
— Bakeriana, Bot. Mag t. 7144
C. ; Gar. Chron. 417.
Eugenia myrtifolia. Am. Gar. 756
Eupatorium probum. Gar. Chron
321.
Euphorbia heterophylla, Gart. 105
— meloformis, Am. Gar. 463.
Exochorda grandiflora. Am. Flor
565 ; Gar. Chron. 613 ; Orch
& Gar. 92.
Fern, Chatti, Gar. Chron, 461.
— Maiden Hair, seedling of. Pop.
Gar. 178.
— Royal. Gar. World 18 r. (2.)
— Stag Horn, Am. Gar. 145.
— Walking, Am. Gar. 225.
— filmy, Gar. Chron. 100. (2.)
— New Zealand filmy. Garden
173-
Ficus caverneux du jardin de Pera-
denia. Rev. Hort. 438.
Fir tree. Silver, Garden 159.
Forsythia suspensa. Garden 598. C.
igb
Amials of Hortiadtiu^e .
Foxglove, Can. Hort. ig.
FrancisceaHopeana, Westnik, Nov.
i8go.
— latifolia, Westnik, Nov. 1890.
Fritillaria (Korolkowia) Sewerzowi,
Jour. Hort. 257.
— racemosa, Jour. Hort. 217.
Fuchsia, Black Prince, Am. FIor.29g.
— General Roberts, Gar. Mag.
525- (2.)
Funkia Sieboldi, Garden 79. (2) ;
Am. Gar. 57.
Gaillardia Maxima, Am Flor. 329.
Galanthus Elwesii, Gar. Chron. 268.
— imperati, Gar. Chron. 269.
— latifolius, Gar. Chron. 269.
— nivalis. Gar. Chron. 26g, 271.
— plicatus, Gar. Chron. 268.
Garcinia Mangostana, Gart. 273.
Gardenia Stanleyana, Garden 322.
C._ (2.)
Gaylussacia frondosa. Gar. Chron.
580.
Genista capitata, Jour. Hort. igg.
(2.)
Geonoma Carderi, Jardin 239.
— gracilis, Hort. Beige 220.
Geranium platypetalum, Rev. Hort.
85.
Gerbera Jamesoni, Gar. & For. 507,
501-
Gesnera refulgens. Am. Gar. 416.
Geum coccineum duplex grandi-
florum, Rev. Hort. 305.
— miniatum, Garden 298. (2.)
C.
Gladioli, Lemoine's Hybrid, Cal.
Frt. Gr. 281 ; Garden 327.
(2)
Gladiolus Colvillei, The Bride, Gar-
den 48g. (2. )
— hybridus, 111. Hort. 107. C.
— Snow White, Am. Flor. 279.
— sulphureus, Garden 58, 66.
(2.) C.
— Turicensis, Gar. & For. 8g.
Gloriosa superba, Garden 576. C.
Gloxinia, Garden 271.
— hybrida grandiflora Kaiser
Fredrich, Gart. 616.
Gloxinia, Mile. Berthe, Hort. Beige
217. C.
— — Iglesias, Hort. Beige
217. C.
— Mme. Brabant, Hort. Beige
217. C.
— — Charles d e Bosschere,
Jour. Hort. Beige 217.
C.
— — Cocina, Hort. Beige 217.
C.
— -De Masy, Hort. Beige
217. C.
— group of, Am. Flor. 485.
Godetia, White Pearl, Gart. 563.
Goldfussia isophylla. Gar. Mag. 257
Gomphocarpus arborescens, Gart
106.
Gomphrena globosa, Rev. Hort. 522
Goodia latifolia. Jour. Hort. 157
(2.)
Grape, Black Hamburgh, Gar. Mag,
586, 587- (2.)
— — Prince, Gar. Mag. 587
(2.)
— Calabrian Raisin, Gar. Mag
588. (2.)
— Canada Rupestris, Prog. Agr
et Vit. 58. C.
— Colerain, Hort. Art Jour. 79
— Esperione or Espiran, Gar
Mag. 586. (2.)
— Gros Colman, Gar. Mag. 586.
(2.)
— — Guillaumeor Barbarossa,
Gar. Mag. 587. (2. )
— — Maroc, Gar. Mag. 587.
(2.)
— Horsford's Mammoth, R. N.-Y.
737-
— Keystone, Am. Farm Hort. 3.
— Lady Downes, Gar. Mag. 588.
(2.)
— Madresfield, Gar. Mag. 588.
— Mrs. Prince or Prince's Mus-
cat, Gar. Mag. 589. (2.)
— Muscat of Alexandria, Garden,
306 (2) ; Gar. Mag. 589.
(2.)
— New Brilliant, R. N.-Y. 602.
Plant Portraits of i8go.
197
Grape, Rupestris Petit-bouschet,
Prog. Agr. et Vit. 172. C.
— West's St. Peter's, Gar. Mag.
5S9. (2.)
— White Muscat, Gal. Frt. Gr.
23-
Gunnera scabra, Gar. Chron. 665.
(2) ; Gar. Mag. 845. (2.)
Gymnosporangium macropus, Orch.
& Gar. 135.
Gymnotrix latifolia, Rev Hort. 546.
Gynerium argenteum. Rev. Hort.
489.
Gypsophila paniculata, Rev. Hort.
Habenaria militaris. Jour. Hort.
223. (2.)
Haemanthus Lindeni, Gar. Chron.
437 (2); 111. Hort. 89. C.
Hakealaurina, Bot. Mag. t. 7127. C.
Hawthorn, a spray of, Garden 467.
Hebenstreitia comosa, Gart. 191.
Hedera Helix, conglomerate. Rev.
Hort. 193.
Heliamphora nutans, Bot. Mag. t.
7093. C.
Helianthus globosus fistulosus, Rev.
Hort. 113.
Helichrysum bracteatum, double-
flowered, Rev. Hort.
372. C.
— — grandiflorum. Rev. Hort.
486.
Helleborus maxima. Am. Gar. 63.
— niger altifolius. Gar. World
281.
— punctatissimus. Gar. World
281.
— punctatus. Gar. World 281.
Hemiorchis Burmanica, Bot. Mag. t.
7120. C.
Heuchera cylindrica. Am. Agr. 138.
— parvifolia. Am. Agr. 138.
Hicoria glabra. Am. Gar. 386.
— ovata. Am. Gar. 386, 387, 388.
— microcarpa, Am. Gar. 385, 386,
388.
Holboellia latifolia, Rev. Hort. 348.
C.
Hollyhocks, Garden 138.
Hordeum jubatum. Rev. Hort. 488.
Houlletia odoratissima var. Antio-
quiensis, ?Iort Beige 121. C.
Howea (Kentia) Belmoreana, Gar.
Chron. 75. (2.)
— Forsteriana, Gar. Chron. 75,
533 (2) ; Garden 197. (2.)
Hoya imperialis. Gar. Mag. 211.
Hyacinths, Smgle and Double, Vick's
Mag. 300.
Hydrangea, Climbing, R. N.-Y. 621,
622.
— Hortensia, Pop. Gar. 58;
Vick's Mag. 68.
— Otaksa, Am. Gar. 415 ; Can.
Hort. I. C ; Orch. & Gar.
no.
— paniculata, Can. Hort. 2 ;
Garden 455.
— — grandiflora. Garden 569.
(2) ; Vick's Mag. 67.
— pink. Garden 373.
— ramulus coccinea, Am. Flor.
361 ; Orch. & Gar. log.
— red-branched, Hort. Art Jour.
77. C.
— Thomas Hogg, Am. Flor. 483.
— vestita, var. pubescens. Gar.
& For. 17.
Hymenocallis Caribba^a, Gar. World
421.
— rotata, Am. Gar. 209.
Hypericum densiflorum. Gar. &
For. 527.
— Kalmianum, Gar. & For. 113.
— Moserianum, Hort. Beige 97.
C.
— Hypericum prolificum. Gar. &
For. 526.
Hypoxis erecta, Am. Gar. 420.
Idesia polycarpa, Gart. 64.
Ilex longipes, Gar. & For. 345.
Inula glandulosa. Gar. Mag. 541.
(2-)
Ipomoea hederacea, Jardin 128.
— limbata, Jardin 128.
— Mexicana grandiflora alba, Jar-
din 128.
— pandurata, Jardin 129.
— purpurea, Jardin 128.
Iresine Herbstii aureo-reticulata. Am.
Gar. 414.
198
A7inals of Horticuliure.
Iris Bakeriana, Garden 642. C ;
Gar. Chron. 293.
— (Xiphion) Boissieri, Bot. Mag.
t. 7097. C.
— Bornmulleri, Garden 462. C ;
Gar. Chron. 293.
— Danfordiae, Bot. Mag. t. 7140.
C ; Gart. 401. C.
— Gatesii, Gar. Chron. 17. (2.)
— Germanica, Hort. Beige 145.
C.
— — Madame Chereau, Pop.
Gar. 133.
— iberica, Gar. World 629.
— Japanese, Orch. & Gar. 129.
— Japan Seedling, Am. Agr. 467.
— Kasmpferi, Hort Beige 83 ;
Rev. Hort. 1S8.
— Monspur, Garden 462. C.
— ochroleuca, Garden 462. C.
— orchioides, Bot. Mag. t. 71 11.
C.
— pavonia, Garden 530. (2.) C.
— — coerulea, Garden 530. (2.)
C.
— Persica, Gar. Chron. 577.
— (Juno) Rosenbachiana, Bot.
Mag. t. 7135. C; Gar.
Chron. 577.
— reticulata, Rev. Hort. 133.
— Sindjarensis. Bot. Mag. t. 7145.
C ;.Gar. Chron. 365 ; Jour.
Hort. 377.
— Spanish, Garden 295 (2) ;
Vick's Mag. 375.
Irises, German, Am. Flor. 183.
Ivy, variegated, Garden 545. (2.)
Juneberry, Dwarf Moscow, Pop.
Gar. 2. (6.)
— Dwarf, "Success," Hort. Art
Jour. 29. C.
— Saskatoon, Can. Hort. 257.
Juniperus Californica, Am. Gar.
10.
Kalanchoe carnea. Gar. & For. 53.
Kale, True Scotch, Garden 492. (2.)
Kalmia latifolia. Gar. & For. 453.
Kentia Forsteriana, Garden 197. (2.)
Laburnum vulgare. Am. Gar. 283.
Lachenalia pendula aureliana. Rev.
Hort. 396. C.
Laelia Amanda, Gar. Mag. 61.
— anceps Schroderi, Gar. Mag.
813. (2.)
— — var. Stella, Gar. Chron.
500. (2.)
— — Veitchiana, Gar World
284.
— — Vestalis, Gar. Mag. 812.
.(2-)
— Arnoldiana, Am. Flor. 303.
— glauca. Gar. Chron. 357.
— Gouldiana, Gar. Chron. 169.
— pumila, Gart. 171. C; Orchido-
phile5r. C; Am. Gar. 158.
— purpurata. Am. Flor. 223.
— Cattleya Hippolyta, Jour.
Hort. 303.
Lagenaria verrucosa, Gart. 106.
Lagurus ovatus. Rev. Hort. 488.
Lamarckia aurea. Rev. Hort. 546.
Lansium domesticum, Gart. 273.
Latania Borbonica, Orch. & Gar. 26.
Lathraea clandestina, Bot. Mag. t.
7106. C.
Ledum palustre, Jour. Hort. 45. (2.)
Lepismium cavernosum, Gart. 153.
— dissimile, Gart. 150.
Lespedeza Delavayi, Rev. Hort.
226.
Lettuce blonde geante, Rev. Hort. 9.
Leuchtenbergia principis. Am. Gar.
. 464
Leucojum vernum. Pop. Gar. 193.
Leucophyllum Texanum, Gar. &
For. 489.
Ligustrum Sinense, Gar. & For. 213.
Lilac Madame-Lemoine, Jardin 267.
Lilies, Rosea and Azurea, Hort. Art.
Jour. I. C.
— Zanzibar Water, Hort. Art.
Jour. I. C.
Lilium avenaceum. Gar. Chron. 39.
(2.)
— Bolanderi, Garden 396. C. (2.)
— Browni, Garden 173. (2.)
— Canadense, Gar. Mag. 556. (2.)
— candidum. Gar. Chron. 50. (2.)
— cordifolium. Gar. Chron. 41.
.(2.)
— giganteum. Gar. Chron. 46. (2.)
— Henryi, Gar. Chron. 380. (2.)
Plant Portraits of i8go.
199
Lilium longiflorum, Gar. Mag. 779.
(^•). ..
— — Harrisii, Gar. World
233. (2.)
— maritimum, Gar. 396. C. (2.)
— Nepalense var. ochroleucum,
Gar. 368.
— pardalinum luteum, Gar. 396
C.^(2.)
— pomponium, Gar. Chron. 51
(2.)
— rubrum, Gar. Mag. 557.
— superbum, Gar. 506 C. (2.)
— Thunbergianum var. Alice Wil-
son, Gar. 440. C. (2.)
— Van Houttei, Gar. 440. C. (2.)
Lily, Chinese Sacred, Gar. Mag.
302.
— Double Tiger, Pop. Gar. 82.
— Martagon or Turk's Cap, Pop.
Gar. 48.
— White Martagon, Gar. 393. (2.)
Linum arboreum. Jour. Hort. 193.
Liquidambar styraciflua, Gar. 208.
(2.)
Lithospermum canescens. Am. Gar.
598.
Loasa lateritia, Hort. Beige 193. C.
Lobelia gracilis, Garden 354. (2.)
Locust, Robmia Pseudacacia, Gar.
& For. 311.
Lonicera flava. Gar. & For. 190.
— splendida, Gart. 65.
— Sullivantii, Gar. & For. 191.
Lotus peliorhynchus, Gart. 601. C.
Luculia gratissima, Rev. Hort. 180.
C.
LueddemanniaPescatorei, Bot. Mag.
t. 7123. C.
Lunaria annuelle, Jardin 112.
— biennis. Rev. Hort. 487.
— vivace, Jardin 112.
Lupine, changeantde Guikshanks by-
bride. Rev. Hort. 252. C.
— hybrideatrococcine, Rev. Hort.
252. C.
— jaune scafre, Rev. Hort. 252.
C.
— nain. Rev. Hort. 252. C.
— subcarnosus, Rev. Hort. 252.
C.
Lycaste Schilleriana, Gart. 233. C.
— Skinneri, Garden 397 ; Gar.
Chron. 424 ; Vick's Mag. 233.
C.
Lycopodium laxum, Gart. 97.
— Phlegmaria var. parvifolium,
Gart. 100, loi.
Lycoris squamigera. Gar. & For.
177.
Lysimachianummulariaaurea.Hort.
Beige 164.
Madura aurantiaca. Gar. Mag. 808,
809.
Madrona, Arbutus Menziesii, Gar.
& For. 515.
Magnolia parviflora. Jour. Hort. 3.
(2.)
— stellata. Am. Flor. 305; Gar.
Chron. 617
Malpighiailicifolia, 111. Hort. 47. C.
Malva moschata alba, Pop. Gar. 108.
Mamillaria (Anhalonium) fissurata,
Am. Gar. 465.
— micromeris. Am. Gar. 460.
Manettia cordifolia, Am. Agr. 263.
Manzanita Arctostaphylos, Am. Gar.
26.
Maranta zebrina. Garden 85.
Marianthus Drummondianus, Jour.
Hort. 399.
Marsdenia erecta Gar. Chron. 747.
Martynia, Orch. & Gar. loi.
— fragrans, Jardin 259.
— lutea, Jardin 259.
— proboscoides, Jardin 260.
Masdevallia Carderi, Bot. Mag. t.
7125. C.
— fulvescens, Gar. Chron. 325.
(2.)
— Harryana, Orchidophile 80.
C.
— Lowii, Gar. Chron. 268. (2.)
— Schroederiana, Jour Hort. 557.
(2.)
— Shuttleworthii, Gart. 457. C.
Massangea hieroglyphica, Garden
244.
Medlar, Fruit of. Am. Gar. 185.
INIelhania melanoxylon, Gar. Chron.
513-
Melica macra, Rev. Hort. 547.
200
Arinals of Horticulture .
Melon d'Antibes blanc d'hiver, Rev.
Hort. 176.
— Bayview, Orch. & Gar. 100.
— Countess, Jour. Hort. it.
— de Gavaillon, Rev. Hort. 175.
— Holborn favorite, Jour. Hort.
73-
— de Malte d'hiver a chair rouge,
Rev. Hort. 176.
— muscade des Etats-Unis, Rev.
Hort. 175.
— de Porse on d'Odessa, Rev.
Hort. 176.
Melothria punctata, Gart. 107.
Microcacrys tetragona, Jour. Hort.
419.
Mignonette, Giant, Am. Flor. 431.
Miltonia flavescens, Gart. 433. C.
Momordica involucrata, Gart. 590.
Monstera deliciosa, Jardin 247.
Montbretia crocosmiaeflora, Hort.
Beige 92.
— Etoile de feu. Rev. Hort. 36.
C.
— Gerbe d'or, Rev. Hort. 36. C.
— Incendie, Rev. Hort. 36. C.
— Pottsii, Gar. Chron. 301.
— pyramidalis, Rev. Hort. 36. C.
— Rayon d'or, Rev. Hort. 36. C.
Morning Glory, Clarkia, Jour. Hort.
^ 569- (2.)
Mulberry, New American, Am. Gar.
573-
— Russian, Am. Gar. 562.
Musa sapientium, Gart. 273.
— Seemanni, Gar. Chron 182. (2.)
Muscari botryoides, Jardin 51.
Mushroom freak. Jour. Hort. 178.
Mussaenda erythrophylla, Gar. Mag.
380.
Mutisia decurrens, Gar. Mag. 573.
Myosotidium nobile, Gart. 190.
Myosotis Cintra, Gart. 191.
Myrica rubra. Am. Gar. 13.
Nanodes Medusae, Jour. Hort. 51.
(2)
Narcissus bicolor. Am. Agr. 561.
— bicolor Madame de Graaff,
Gar. World 553.
— Bulbocodium var. monophyll-
us. Jour. Hort. 315.
Narcissus, Countess of Annesley,
Jour. Hort. 277.
— Crown Imperial, Am. Agr.
561.
— Emperor X N. triandrus, Gar-
den 153. (2.)
— Glory of Leyden, Gar. Chron.
484 ; Gar. World 537.
— gracilis, Gar. World 597.
— incomparabilis albus expansus,
Jour. Hort. 322.
— — Queen Sophia, Jour. Hort.
345-
— — Sir Watkin, Jour. Hort.
321.
— Johnstoni, Gar. Chron. 495.
— Macleai, Gar. Chron. 493 ; Gar.
World 393.
— Madame de Graaff, Gar. Chron.
485 ; Jour. Hort. 337 ; Gar.
World 533.
— minor, Gar. World 393.
— odorus. Gar. World 393.
— — rugulosa. Gar. World
405-
— poeticus, Jour. Hort. 325.
— Prodigy, Gar. Chron. 549.
— Pseudo-Narcissus bicolor Em-
press, Jour. Hort. 316.
— — var. minimus, Jour. Hort.
317-
— Pseudo-Narcissus var. minor.
Jour. Hort. 317.
— Sir Watkin, Gar. Chron. 481.
— Tazetta, Gart. 637.
— — Chinensis. Gar. World
521.
— — papyraceus, Jour. Hort.
323-
— — Trew's, Gar. Chron.
492.
— triandrus albus. Jour. Hort
319-
— — calathinus, Gar. World.
393-
— — var. pulchellus, Gar.
Chron. 487.
Nemophila Menziesii discoidalis.
Gar. World 773.
Nepenthes O'Brieniana, 111. Hort.
109. C.
Plant Portraits of i8go.
20 1
Nepenthes O'Brieniana Burkei, Gar.
World 137. (2.)
— — Burkei excellens, Jour.
Hort. 161. (2.)
— — Curtisii, Bot. Mag. t.
7138. C. Gar. World
477-
— — cylindrica, Gar. World
477-
Nephelium lappaceum, Gart. 273.
Nephrolepis davallioides furcans,
Garden 35.
— exaltata, Garden 365.
Nicotiana colossea, Gart. 662. Hort.
Beige 52; Trade Jour. 88.
Nidularium princeps var. magnifi-
cum, Gart. 291. C.
Nigella, de Damas, Rev. Hort. 545.
— Damascena, Garden 130.
— Hispanica, Garden 130. C.
— sativa, Am. Gar. 570.
Nopaleacoccinellifera, Am. Gar. 457.
Nymphaea odorata sulfurea, Rev.
Hort. 540. C.
— Zanzibariensis, Hort. Beige
108. C.
Nyssa aquatica, Gar. & For. 491.
Oak, Major, Gar. & For. 263.
— Quercus lobata, Gar. & For.
611.
— — macrocarpa, Gar. & For.
407.
Ocymum comosum, Gart. 190.
Odontoglossum A n d er.so nianum,
Gart. 377. C.
— Bleui splendens, Jour. Hort.
461.
— cristatum Lindi, var. Leh-
manni Gart. 57. C.
— Pescatorei var. Am. Flor. 333.
— Harryanum, Orchidophile 208.
C.
— Horsmanii, Gar. World 573.
— Humeanum, Gar. Mag. 271.
— Insleayi, Gart. 474.
— luteo-purpureum, 111. Hort.
27. C.
— Noevium, Pop. Gar. 62. (6.)
— Pescatorei, Gar. Chron. 200.
— ramosissimum, Jour. Hort.
503-
A. H. 15
Odontoglossum Rossii var. majus,
Hort. Beige 106.
— Schroederianum, Jour. Hort.
127.
— Wattianum, Garden 416. C.
Olearia Gunniana, Gar. Chron. 623.
— Haasti, Gar. 149. (2.)
Olive, Japan Wild, Pop. Gar 15
(6.)
— Mission. Gal. Frt. Gr. 388.
— Picholine, Am. Gar. 200.
— Saillern, Am. Gar. 200.
Oncidium flexuosum, Gar. World
53. (2.)
Onion, Flat Tripoli, Garden 232.
— Globe Tripoli or Madeira,
Garden 232.
— Italian Tripoli, Garden 232.
— Prizetaker, Pop. Gar. 27.
Opuntia angustata, Am. Gar. 469;
Vick's Mag. 306.
— Emoryi, Am. Gar. 531.
— Ficus-Indica, Am. Gar. 471.
— monacantha var. variegata,
Am. Gar. 529.
— Rafinesquiana, Jardin 236.
— Rafinesquii, Am. Gar. 462.
— Tuna, Am. Gar. 473 ; Vick's
Mag. 304.
— versicolor, Vick's Mag. 306.
— Whipplei, Am. Gar. 468.
Orange, Bushiukan, Am. Gar. 335.
— Dwarf Mock, Pop. Gar ^-x
(6.)
— Kawachi, Am. Gar. 333.
— Marumi-kinkan, Am. Gar. 335.
— Maltese Blood, Hort. A r t
Jour. 37. C.
— Natsu-dai-dai, Am. Gar. 334.
— Oonshiu, Am. Gar. 333.
— Osage, Gar. Mag. 808, 809.
— Otaheite, Am. Agr. 513.
— Sakura-jima, Am. Gar 334.
— Satsuma, Am. Gar. 268. 269.
— — Fruiting branch of. Am.
Gar. 271.
— Shirawa-koji, Am. Gar. 334.
Oreocome (Selinum) Candollei, Gar.
221. (2.)
Osmunda cinnamomea, Am. Gar
658.
202
Ajuials of Hoi'ticuItu7-e.
Osmunda Claytoniana, Am. Gar.
659-
— regalis, Garden 209.
Ostrya vulgaris, Gar. Chron. 275.
(2.)
Oxalis Bowieana, Gar. 508. C.
— crenata, Gar. 509.
— Deppei, Gar. 509.
— floribunda, Gar. 509.
Oxera pulchella, Rev. Hort. 274.
Pachira insignis, Jour. Hort. 595.
(2)
Pachysandra procumbens, Am. Gar.
346-
Pachystoma Thomsonianum, Gar.
Mag. 441.
Pseonia, single flowered, Gar.
Chron. 737.
— corallina. Gar. Chron. 740.
— Wittmanniana, Gar. 201. (2.)
— Single White Moutan, Gar.
370. (2.) C.
— Tree, Gar. 481.
Palm, Cocoanut, Vick's Mag. 591.
Pancratium amoenum. Trade Jour.
27 ; Am. Gar. 419 ; Gar. 303.
— fragrans. Gar. Chron. 359.
(2.)
— illyricum. Gar. 22S. (2.) C.
— rotatum. Am. Flor. 257.
Panicum capillare, Rev. Hort. 525.
— plicatum. Garden 245.
— virgatum. Gar. 245 ; Rev.
Hort. 525.
Pansy, Duchess of Fife, Gar. 552.
(2.) C.
— Hartree, Gar. 552. (2.) C.
Papaver croceum, Rev. Hort. 60.
C.
— nudicaule, Orch. & Gar. 128 ;
Vick's Mag. 297. C.
— rupifragum. var. Atlanticum,
Bot. Mag. t. 7107. C.
Passiflora coerulea, Jardin 50.
— Constance Elliott, Gar. 37. (2);
Vick's Mag. 343.
— Miersii, Bot. Mag. 7115. C.
— quadrangularis, Gar. 584.
— princeps. Gar. 584.
— vitifolia, Gar. Chron. 21^.
(-)
Passion Flower, Passiflora racemosa,
Gar. Mag. 335.
Pea, Rostroy, Can. Hort. 16.
— Stratagem, Pop. Gar. 251.
— Sweet, Gar. 330.
Peach, Champion, Orch. & Gar.
191.
— Dwarf Japan Blood, Trade
Jour. 69.
— Early Imperial, Cal. Frt. Gr.
309-
— Tree, Model, Am. Gar. 129.
Pear, Bergamotte Esperen, Gar.
Mag. 32.
— Beurre Bachelier, Gar. 366.
(2.)
— Beurre Bosc, Gar. Mag. 794.
(2.)
— — Clairgeau, Gar. 367. (2.)
— — Clairgeau, Gar. Mag.
624. (2.)
— — d'Amanlis, Gar. Mag. 4.
— — de I'Assomption, Gar.
Mag. 18.
— — de I'Assomption, Gar.
World 88. (2.)
— — de Ranee, Gar Mag. 71
— — Dial, Garden. 241.
— Colmar d'Ete, Gar. Mag. 616.
— Doyenne Boussock, Gar. 367.
(2.)
— Easter Beurre, Gar. Mag. 622.
• (2.)
— Fondante d'Automne, Gar.
Mag. 762. (2.)
— Gerber, Hort. Art. Jour. 21.
C.
— Glout Morceau, Gar. Mag. 624.
(2.)
— Jersey Gratioli, Gar. Mag. 88.
— Josephine de Malines, Gar.
Mag. 623. (2.)
— KruU Winter, Pop. Gar. 167.
— Louise Bonne of Jersey, Gar.
Mag. 623. (2.)
— Marie Louise, Gar. 367. (2) ;
Gar. Mag. 625. (2.)
— Marie Louise d'Ucele, Garden
477-
— Ne Plus Meuris, Gar. 367. (2.)
— Prince of Wales, Gar. Mag. 604.
Plant Portraits of i8go.
20 •
Pear, Sapieganka, Can. Hort. 238.
— Wilder Early, Can. Hort. 252.
C.
— — Early, Pop. Gar. 46.
— William's Bon Chretien, Gar.
Mag. 625. (2.)
— Worden, Am. Gar. 753.
Pecan, Carya olivaeformis, Hort.
Art. Jour. 85. C.
Pedicularis megalantha, Bot. Mag.
t. 7132. C.
Pelargonium Countess of Derby,
Vick's Mag. 201. C.
— a grandesfleurs, Rev. Hort. 87.
— Jealousy, Garden 400.
— zonal. Rev. Hort. 86.
Pelecyphora aselliformis var. con-
color. Am. Gar. 474.
Peliosanthes albida, Bot. Mag. t.
7110. C.
Pellaea atropurpurea. Am. Agr. 74.
— gracilis. Am. Gar. 660.
Pennisetum longistylum. Rev. Hort,
489.
Pentstemon gentianoides, Gar. 603.
— Menziesii var. Scouleri, Gar.
Chron. 204.
Pepper, Bull's Nose, Gar. Mag. 134.
— Cardinal, Rev. Hort. 10.
— Cayenne, Gar. Mag. 207.
— Celestial, Gar. Mag. 47.
— Chinois, Rev. Hort. 10.
— Pimento (C. annitiini), Gar.
Chron. 335. (2.)
— Procopp's Giant, Pop. Gar. 29.
Pereskia aculeata, Bot. Mag. t.
7147- c.
— Bleo, Am. Gar. 462.
Pescatorea Klabochorum, Gart. 321.
C.
Petunia fimbriata venosa, Gart. 614.
— Webb's Star, Gar. Mag. 119.
— Yellow throated, Gar. Mag. 85.
PhaiusCooksoni Xi Gar. Chron. 389.
— Humblotii, Gar. World 729 ;
Hort. Beige 265. C.
— hybridus Cooksoni, Jour. Hort.
444-
Phalaenopsis amabilis. Am. Flor.
89. (2); Gar. 157. (2);
Hort. Beige 25. C.
Phalaenopsis, F. L. Ames, Gar. &
For. 29.
— Harriettae, Gar. 156. (2.) C.
— Schilleriana, Hort. Beige 30.
Phlebodium aureum. Gar. 351. (2.)
Philadelphus grandiflorus. Gar. 413.
(2.)
— microphyllus, Gart. 40 ; Pop.
Gar. 109.
Phlox, Queen of White, Gar. 459.
— white herbaceous, Gar. 105. (2.)
Phoenix Roebelenii, Gar. & For. 273.
— rupicola, Hort. Beige 220.
Phormium tenax, Vick's Mag. 340.
Phyllocactus Ackermanni, Am. Gar.
446.
— a seedling. Am. Gar. 467.
Picea Breweriana, Gar. & For. 66,
67.
— concolor violacea. Gar, 123.
— Nordmanniana, Orch. & Gar.
III.
Picotee, heavy-edged, Gar. World
745-
— Yellow-ground, Gar. World
745.
Pierardia dulcis, Gart. 273.
Pilocereus Columna Trajani, Rev.
Hort. 129.
— senilis, Rev. Hort. 128.
Pine Tree, Japanese, Gar. Chron.
12.
Pinguicula caudata, Blumen lila,
Gart. 96.
Pink, Boiard, Gar. World 357.
— Clove, Pop. Gar. iii.
— Dianthus alpinus. Garden 269.
(2)
— George Hodgkinson, Gar.
World 357.
— Her Majesty, Garden 346.
(2.) C.
— James Thurston, Gar. World
357-
— John Dorrington, Gar. World
357-
— laced. Gar. World 696.
— laciniated Chinese, Pop. Gar.
71-
— Mrs. Thurston, Gar. World
357-
204
Annals of Hortiadture.
Pink, neue niedrige Remontant, Gart.
20I. C.
Pinus densitlora, Vick's Ma?. 3.
— — albiflora, Vick's Mag. 4.
— Montezumse, Gar. Chron. 465,
466, 467, 475. (2.)
— parviflora, Vick's Mag. 5.
— ponderosa, Gar. Chron. 557,
561. 569.
Piptanthus Nepalensis, Jour. Hort.
399- (2.)
Pitcairnia Darblayana, Rev. Hort.
33-
Platycenum grande. Gar. Chron.
97- (2-)
Platycodon grandiflorum, Gar.
World 713.
Pleurothallis ornata, Bot. Mag. t.
7094. C.
— platyrachis, Bot. Mag. t.
7129 C.
Plum, AnijelinaBurdett, Garden 337.
— Boian, Am. Agr. 16.
— Botankio. Am. Agr. 16.
— Burbank, Am. Agr. 16.
— — No. 2, Am. Agr. 16.
— Chabot, Am. Agr. 16.
— des Bejonieres, Rev. Hort. 228.
C.
— Early Red, Am. Gar. 625.
— Golden Beauty, Hort. Art.
Jour. 45. C.
— Grand Duke, Hort. Art. Jour.
72. C.
— Green Gage, Garden 409.
— Hattankio, Am. Agr. 16.
— Kelsey, Am. Agr. 16 ; Rev.
Hort. 543.
— Lincoln, Orch. & Gar. 67.
— Masu, Am. Agr. 16,
— Moldavka, Am. Gar. 625.
— Ogon, Am. Agr. 16.
— Prince of Wales, Hort. Art.
Jour. 69. C.
— Prunus Simoni, Am. Agr. 16.
— Purple-leaved, Pop. Gar. 51,
— Satsuma, Am. Agr. i5 ; R. N.-
Y. 230.
— Ura-Beni, Am. Agr. 16.
— Voronesh Yellow, Am. Gar.
625.
Podophyllum pleianthum, Bot. Mag.
t. 7098. C.
Poison Ivy, Vick's Mag. 317.
Polyanthus, laced, George IV, Gar.
Mag. 240.
Polygala paucifolia. Am. Gar. 597.
Polygonum lanigerum, Gart 224.
Polypodium vulgare. Am. Gar. 660.
— — var. t r ic ho m a n o ides,
Garden 53 ; Gar. Mag.
412
Pomelo, Aurantium, Am. Gar. 717.
Poppies, Shirley, Vick's Mag. 1 C.
Poppy, Papaver nudicaule, Orch. &
Gar. 128; Vick's Mag. 297.
C.
Populus nigra, Hort. Beige 256.
Potato, Alaska, R. N.-Y. 151.
— EarlySix Weeks Market, Orch.
& Gar. 80.
— Howe's Premium. R.N.-Y. 150.
— The Ideal, Am. Farm Hort. 7.
— Pomme de terre Junon, Rev.
Hort. 161.
Potentilla hybrida flore pleno, Rev.
Hort. 305.
Prepusa Hookeriana, Gar. Chron.
421.
Prestoea Carderi, Bot. Mag, t. 7108.
C.
Primrose, Double Chinese. Pop.
Gar. 83.
— evening. Ice King, Orch. &
Gar. 173.
Primula Allioni, Gar. Mag. 409.
— 'Chinensis cristata hybrida,
Gart. 616.
— cortusoides Sieboldi, Gar.
World 535.
— double Chinese, Garden 127.
— obconica, Can. Hort. 54.
— the wild Chinese, Gar. Chron.
564. (2.)
Primulina Sinensis, Bot. Mag. t.
7117. C.
Protea nana, Bot. Mag. t. 7095. C.
Prunopsis Mume, Rev. Hort. 209.
Prunus Allegheniensis, Gar. & For.
429.
— Japonica spaehrica. Rev. Hort.
468. C.
Plant Portraits of i8go.
205
Pruuus Pissardi, Jour. Hort. 283.
— Pseudo-Cerasus, Gar. Chron.
609.
— Siberica, Am, Gar. 646.
— Simoni, Am. Agr. 16.
— Sinensis, Garden 605. (2.)
Psidium Passeanum, Rev. Hort. 233.
Psilotum flaccidum, Gart. 97, loi.
— triquetrum, Gart. loi.
Ptelea aptera, Gar. & For. 333.
Puya Chilensis, Gar. Chron. 685.
Pyrethrum, Single, Vick's Mag. 329.
C. .
— uliginosum, Pop. Gar. 30. (6.)
Pyrus arbutifolia, Gar. & For. 417.
— coronaria. Am. Gar. 650.
— heterophylla, Gar. Chron. 115.
— spectabile, Am. Flor. 565.
Quercus lobata, Gar. & For. 611.
— macrocarpa, Gar. & For. 407.
Quince, Champion, Hort. Art Jour.
81. C.
— Common Scarlet Japan, Am.
Agr. 137.
— Fuller, Orch. & Gar. 157.
— grandiflora. Am. Agr. 137.
— Seedling grandiflora. Am.
Agr. 137.
— Sunray, Am. Agr. 137.
Radish, blancde Russie, Rev. Hort.
326.
— gris d'hiver de Laon, Rev.
Hort. 326.
— gros blanc d'Augsbourg, Rev.
Hort. 326,
— long d'hiver. Rev. Hort. 326.
— noir gros rond d'hiver, Rev.
Hort. 326.
— rose de Chine, Rev. Hort. 2,
326.
— violet long d'hiver de Gournay,
Rev. Hort. 326.
Ramie (Boehmeria utilis). Rev.
Hort. 184.
Ramondia Pyrenaica alba. Garden
30- c.
Ranunculus Asiaticus superbissimus,
Hort. Beige 133. C.
Raphiolepis ovata. Jour. Hort. 277.
(2.)
Raspberry, Gladstone, Am. Gar. 564.
Raspberry, Kansas, Am. Farm Hort.
13-
— Lovett, Orch. & Gar. 209.
— Muskingum, Am. Farm Hort.
10.
— Progress, Am. Farm Hort. i ;
Can. Hort. 82 ; Orch & Gar.
3-
— Thompson's Early Prolific,
Orch. & Gar. 125.
— Winona, Am. Farm Hort. 15.
Ravenala Madagascariensis. Rev.
Hort. 152.
Rehmannia glutinosa. Gar. Chron.
15G. (2,)
Reinwardtia tetragyna, Bot. Mag. t.
7136. C.
Renanthera Lowii, Hort. Beige 60.
C.
Rhipidopteris peltata, Gart. loi.
Rhipsalis funalis, Am. Gar. 465.
— Houlletii, Gart. 119.
— Regnellii G. A. Lindberg n.
sp., Gart. 119.
— salicornioides, Am. Gar. 463.
Rhodanthe Manglesii, Rev. Hort.
523-
Rhodochiton volubilis, Hort. Beige
252. C.
Rhododendron Boothii, Bot. Mag.
t. 7149. C.
— Countess of Haddington, Gar.
World 505.
— Manglesi, Garden 225. (2.)
— maximum. Am. Gar. 595.
— Nilgaricum, Gar. Mag. 381.
— praecox rubrum. Garden 32.
(2.) C.
Rhodostachys andina, Bot. Mag. t.
7148. C.
— Pitcairniaefolia var. Kirchhoffi-
ana, Gart. 345. C.
Rhodotypus kerrioides, Orch. &
Gar. 92.
Rhyncospermum Japonicum, Vick's
Mag. 4.
Ribes, Double Crimson, Gar. Chron.
653.
Richardia ^thiopica, Gar. Chron.
755- (2-)
Rochea, M.Buchner, Gar. Chron. 229.
205
Annals of Horticulture.
Rochea, Mad. Foucart, Gar. Chron.
229.
— Mr. Pfitzer, Gar. Chron. 229.
— Mrs. Cannell, Gar. Chron. 229.
— Mrs. Wynne, Gar. Chron. 229.
— group of Hybrids, Am. Flor.
433.
Rodgersia podophylla, Garden 125.
(2) ; Gar. Mag. 477.
Romneya Coulteri, Am. Flor. 397.
Rosa berberifolia, Bot. Mag. t. 7096.
C.
— foliolosa, Gar. & For. loi.
— multiflora, Bot. Mag. t. 7119
C. ; Gar. & For. 405.
— rugosa, Orch. & Gar. 91 ; Rev
Hort. 17.
— — fimbriata. Rev. Hort. 427
— Sayi, Am. Gar. 317.
— Watsoniana, Gar. & For. 477
Roscoea purpurea, Gar. Chron. igi
(2.)
Rose Aimee Vibert, Garden 401
(2.)
— alba var. suaveolens, Gar
Chron. 44.
— Alphonse Soupert, Jour. Roses
88. C.
— Autumn, group of, Garden 73.
— Baroness Rothschild, Vick's
Mag. 65. C.
— Bennett, W. F., Am. Flor.
431-
— Bouquet d'Or, Garden 180.
C.
— Bride, Am. Flor. 431.
— Camoens, Jardin 206.
— Capucine jaune bicolore. Jour.
Roses 24. C.
— Capucine ou bicolor, Jour.
Roses 23. C.
— Clotilde Soupert, Hort. Art.
Jour. 25. C.
— Comtesse Julie Hunyadi, Jour.
Roses 56. C.
— Copper Austrian, Garden 600.
(2.) C.
— Docteur Grill, Garden 56. C.
— Edmond Sablayrolles, Trade
Jour. 2.
— Emilie Dupuy, Garden 438. C.
Rose felicite perpetue, Hort. Beige
205. C.
— gallica var. trigintipetala, Gar.
Chron. 45.
— Georges Bruant, Am. Gar. 417;
Trade Jour. 19.
— Gloried'Dijon, Hort. Art Jour.
57. C.
— Grace Darling, Hort. Beige 7.
C.
— Gustave Regis, Jour. Roses
136. C.
— Harrison's Yellow X Rosa ru-
gosa, Am. Gar. 663.
— Jacqueminot, Vick's Mag. 283.
— Lady Mary Fitzwilliam, Jour.
Roses 184. C.
— La France, Garden 233. (2.)
— Madame Eugenie Fremy, Jour.
Roses 168. C.
— MadameEugene Verdier, Jour.
Roses 40. C.
— Marguerite de Fenelon, Jour.
Roses 8. C.
— Mme. Hoste, Am. Flor. 431.
— Mrs. Paul, Garden 484. (2.)
C.
— Moss, Vick's Mag. 33. C.
— Noisette Mademoiselle Adelina
Viviand Morel, Jour. Roses
104. C.
— Papa Gontier, Jour. Roses 72.
C.
— Pink seedling tea, R. N.-Y.
231-
— Reine Olga de Wurtemberg,
Jardin 206.
— Souvenir de Madame Sablay-
rolles, Jour. Roses 152.
C.
— Tea, Niphetos, Garden 467.
— Triomphe de Rennes, Garden
343- (2.)
— Viscountess Folkestone, Jour.
Roses 120. C.
— White Baroness, Vick's Mag.
65. C.
— White Rugosa, Am. Agr. 371.
Roses, Cherokee, Am. Gar. 668.
Rubus Canadensis, Am. Gar. 637.
— hispidus, Am. Gar. 642.
Plant Portraits of i8go.
207
Kubus neglectus, Am. Gar. 721.
— occidentalis, Am. Gar. 722.
— strigosus, Am. Gar. 723.
— villosus, Am, Gar. 720.
Saccolabium bellinum, Bot. Mag. t.
7142. C.
Salvia prunelloides purpurea, Gart.
563.
— splendens var. Bruanti, Am.
Flor. 331.
Sarcodes sanguinea, Am. Gar. 600.
Sarracenia decora, Gar. World 777.
Satyrium membranaceum.Bot.Mag.
t. 7104. C.
Saxifraga Boydi, Garden 10. (2.)
C.
— sarmentosa, Gar. Chron. 237.
Scaphosepalumpulvinare, Bot. Mag.
t. 7151. C.
Schinus molle, Jardin 191.
Schubertia grandiflora, Gar. & For.
369-
Sciadopitys verticillata, Garden 499.
Scolopendrium rhizophyllum, Am.
Gar. 225.
— vulgare cristatum, Am. Gar.
226.
— — lato-digitatum, Am. Gar.
226.
Scutellaria Costaricana, Hort. Beige
73. C.
Selenipedium caudatum var. War-
scewiczii, Gar. & For. 285.
Senecio Ghiesbreghti, Rev. Hort.
492 C.
Sequoia gigantea, Gar, & For. 575.
— sempervirens.Gar. Chron. 303,
306. (2.)
Shortia galacifolia, Garden 204
(2.) C.
Sicana odorifera, Rev. Hort. 516
C.
— spherica, Bot. Mag. t. 7109. C
Silene pendula compacta, Gar
World 197. (2.)
Skimmia fragrans, Jour. Hort. 427,
Snowflake, Leucojum vernum, Pop
Gar. 47.
Sobralia xantholeuca, Rev. Hort. 12
C.
Solanum macranthum, Gar. Chron.
81.
— jasminoides, Am. Agr. 321.
— Wendlandi, Garden 104. C ;
Gar. Mag. 601. (2) ; Jour.
Hort. 227. (2) ; Pop. Gar.
51. (6.)
— William's Improved, Gar. Mag.
130.
Solidago speciosa, Gar. & For. 561.
Sonerila orientalis. 111. Hort. 97. C.
— — guttulata, 111. Hort. 97.
C.
— — picta, 111. Hort. 97. C.
— — punctata, 111. Hort. 97.
C.
Sonerilas, Gar. Jour. Hort. 509.
Sophora, Weeping Japan, Vick's
Mag. 331.
Spinovitis Davidii, Rev. Hort. 465.
Spiraea ariaefolia. Am. Gar. 125.
— Japonica compacta multiflora,
Gar. Mag. 640. (2.)
— opulifolia L. var. heterophylla
fol. aur. marg. Gart. 10.
— Thunbergii, Vick's Mag. 36.
— trilobata. Am. Gar. 503.
— Van Houttei, Hort. Art Jour.
93. C.
Spruce, Blue, R. N.-Y. 131.
— Sargent's Weeping, Pop. Gar. 2.
— Weeping, Vick's Mag. 334.
— — Norway, Vick's Mag. 247.
Squash, Hubbard, Orch. & Gar. loi.
— Red China, Pop. Gar. 3.
Stachys affinis, Gart. 47.
Stanhopea Spindleriana, Gart. 625.
C.
Stapelia gigantea. Jour. Hort. 359.
(2.)
Star Apple, Am. Gar. 405.
Statice pyramidalis, Rev. Hort, 524.
Sterculia rupestris, Gar. World 489.
Stipa pennata. Rev. Hort. 489.
Strawberry, Alpine, Pop. Gar. 250.
— Belmont, Am. Gar. 521.
— Bomba, Am. Gar. 519.
— Bubach, Can. Hort. 240 ; Pop.
Gar. 190, 230.
— — No. 5, Can. Hort. 65. C. ;
Pop. Gar 230.
208
Annals of Horticulture.
Strawberry, Cloud, Am. Agr. 417.
— Competitor, Gar. Mag. 492.
— Daisy, Am. Agr. 417.
— Edgar Queen, Am. Farm Hort.
4.
— Edouard Lefort, Rev. Hort.
84. C.
— Enhance, Am. Farm Hort. 6.
— Gandy, Pop. Gar. 48. (6.)
— Golden Defiance, Pop. Gar. 2.
(6.)
— Haverland, Am. Agr. 417; Am.
Gar. 523 ; Pop. Gar. 48, (6.)
229.
— Hinman, Am. Farm Hort. 11.
— Ivanhoe, Pop. Gar. 231.
— Jessie, Am. Agr. 417 ; Pop.
Gar. 231.
— Lady Rusk, Am. Agr. 417 ;
Can. Hort. 81.
— Laxton's Competitor, Jour.
Hort. 99. (2.)
— Lovett, Orch. & Gar. 209.
— Lower, Pop. Gar. 231.
— Middlefield, Am. Farm Hort.
I ; Orch. & Gar. 176.
— Monmouth, Pop. Gar. 231.
— Mrs. Cleveland, Am. Farm
Hort. II.
— Parker Earle, Can. Hort. 311.
C.
— Pearl, Am. Gar. 417
— Sharpless Seedling, Gar. Chron.
43- (2.)
— Shuster's Gem, Am. Agr. 417 ;
Orch. & Gar. 23.
— Sterling, Pop. Gar. 48. (6.)
— Warfield, Am. Agr. 417 ; Pop.
Gar. 231.
— Waterloo, Jour. Hort. 99. (2.)
— Wilson, Am. Gar. 517 ; Pop.
Gar. 231.
Strelitzia Nicolai, Garden 327.
Streptocarpus Dunnii, Gar. & For.
609.
— Kewensis, Hort. Beige 169.
C.
— polyanthus, Jardin 125.
— Watsoni, Hort. Beige 169. C.
— White Pet, Hort. Beige 169.
C.
Symphoricarpus occidentalis. Gar.
& For. 297.
Syringa Pekinensis, Gar & For. 165.
Taxodium distichum. Gar. Chron.
325 ; Gar. & For. 155.
Tecoma grandiflora, Gar. & For.
393-
— jasminoides. Jour. Hort. 105.
— radicans, Hort. Art Jour. 96.
C.
Thalictrum Delavayi, Bot. Mag. t.
7152. C ; Gar. Chron. 125.
(2.)
Thunbergia coccinea, Rev. Hort.
197.
Thunia Bensoniae, Pop. Gar. 62.
(6.)
Thuya occidentalis Spathii, Gart.
225.
Thyrsacanthus strictus. Gar. Mag.
1S3.
Tillandsia amethystina, Bot. Mag. t.
7121. C.
— usneoides. Garden 221.
Tomato, Champion, 202.
— Cherry-shaped, Gar. Mag. 181.
— Cyphomandra betacea. Jour.
Hort 15.
— Green Gage, Gar. Mag. 193.
— Hathaway's Excelsior, Garden
513-
— King Humbert, Gar. Mag. 193.
— Large Red, Garden 513.
— Laxton's Open-air, Gar. Mag.
43-
— Mansfield's Tree, Pop. Gar.
45- (6.)
— Matchless, Pop. Gar. 45. (6.)
— Old Red. Gar. Mag. 149.
— Peach, Pop. Gar. 103.
— Pear-shaped, Gar. Mag. 180.
— Queen, Gar. Mag. 193.
— Red Cherry, Orch. & Gar. loi.
— Red Currant or Grape, Gar.
Mag. 166.
— Station, R. N.-Y. 17.
— Table Queen, Pop. Gar. 45.
(6.)
— Tree, Trade Jour. 25 ; Am.
Gar. 509 ; Jour. Hort. 15.
— Trophy, Gar. Mag. 148.
Plant Portraits of iSgo.
;o9
Torenia Fournieri, Am. Flor. 401.
Trachycarpus Khasyanus, Bot. Mag.
t. 712S. C.
Trichopilia suavis, Garden 185. {2.)
Trillium grandiflorum, Gar. Mag.
131 ; Am. Gar. 213.
— sessile var. Californicum, Gar.
& For. 321.
Trochetia Erythroxylon B 1 u t e n
weiss, Gait. 96.
Tulipa Archiduc d' Autriche, Rev.
Hort. 420. C.
— Billietiana, Rev. Hort. 476.
— cornuta, Rev. Hort. 476-
— double de Gesner, Rev. Hort.
475-
— double Murillo, Rev. Hort.
420. C.
— dragonne, Rev. Hort. 476.
— Due de Thol, Rev. Hort. 474.
— flamande, Rev. Hort. 475.
— glusiana, Rev. Hort. 476.
— Greigi, Jardin, 51 ; Rev. Hort.
476.
— Lac van Rhein, Rev. Hort.
420. C.
— simple de Gesner, Rev. Hort.
475-
— — native, Rev. Hort. 474.
— sylvestris, Rev. Hort. 476.
Tussilago Farfara, variegata, Gar-
den 435.
Ursinia pulchra var aurea, Garden
392. C.
Vanda Amesiana, Bot. Mag-.t. 7139. C.
— coerulea, Gar. Chron. 17 ; Gar.
& For. 77.
— Orchidophile, 376. C ; Gart.
545- C.
— Kimballiana, Bot, Mag. t.
7112. C ; Gar. 322 C. ;
Jour. Hort. 41.
— suavis, Gar. Chron. 133 ; Hort.
Beige 157. C.
— tricolor, var. Patersoni, Gar.
Chron. 135.
Vegetable Marrow, Long Bush, Gar.
594-
Verbascum Olympicum, Gar. 55.
(2-)
Viburnum pauciflorum. Gar. & For.
— plicatum, Orch. & Gar. 92.
— pubescens. Gar. & For. 125.
Vinca rosea, Vick's Mag. 49.
Virginia Creeper, Vick's Mag. 317.
Vitis rutilans. Rev. Hort. 444. C.
VrieseaGravisiana, Gart. 495 ; Hort.
Beige 49. C.
— X Weyringeriana, Gart. 8.
— Kitteliana, Gart. 327.
— Mariae, Jour. Hort. 221.
Waitzia aurea. Rev. Hort. 523.
Waldsteiniafragarioides, Rev. Hort.
510.
Watermelon, Georgia Rattlesnake,
Orch. & Gar. 100.
— Volga, Pop. Gar. 3.
Wax Plant, Bella, Pop Gar. 13.
Weigelas, white flowering, Pop. Gar.
235-
Willow, Ring-Leaved, Pop. Gar.
50. (6.)
Wmeberry, Japanese, Am. Agr. 515 ;
Am. Farm Hort. 9 ; Orch. &
Gar. 48.
Wistaria, Chinese, Am. Flor. 587.
Xanthoceras sorbifolia, Hort. Beige
181. C.
Xeranthemum annuum. Rev. Hort.
486.
Yucca gloriosa, Gar. Chron. 693. (2.)
— gloriosa, var. recurvifolia, Am.
Gar. 661.
Zamia Wallisii, Bot. Mag. t. 7103.
C.
Zenobia speciosa var. pulverulenta,
Gar. Chron. 612.
Zephyranthes Atamasco, Gar. 155.
— Candida, Gar. 154. C
Zinnia Haageana fiore pleno, Gar.
World 37. (2.)
§3- DIRECTORY OF THE NATIONAL, STATE, PRO-
VINCIAL AND OTHER MOST IMPORTANT
HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES IN NORTH
AMERICA.
Alabama Horticultural Society :
Pres., Geo. I. Motz, Huntsville.
Sec, Frank Boykin, Seale.
American Association of Nurserymen :
Pres., S. M. Emery, Lake City, Minn,
Sec, Chas. A. Green, Rochester, N. Y.
American Chrysanthemum Society :
Pres., John Thorpe, Pearl River, N. Y.
Sec, Edwin Lonsdale, Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia.
American Cranberry Growers' Association :
Pres., J. H. Brakeley, Bordentown, N. J.
Sec. and Treas., A. J. Rider, Trenton, N. J.
American Forestry Congress :
Pres., James A. Beaver, Bellefonte, Pa.
Sec, C. C. Birmey, Philadelphia, Pa.
American Horticultural Society :
Pres., Parker Earle, Ocean Springs, Miss.
Sec, E. A. Popenoe, Manhattan, Kan.
American Pomological Society :
Pres., P. J. Berckmans, Augusta, Ga.
Sec, G. B. Brackett, Denmark, Iowa.
American Seed Trade x\ssociation :
Pres., Albert McCullough, Cincinnati.
Sec. and Treas., John Fottler, Jr., Boston.
Arizona Fruit Growers' Association :
Pres., Dr. A. J. Chandler.
Sec, H. R. Patrick, Phoenix.
Arkansas Horticultural Society :
Pres., D. L. McLeod, Judsonia.
Sec, W. K. Tipton, Little Rock.
Association of American Cemetery Superintendents :
Pres., Chas. Nichols, Newark, N. J.
Sec, A. H. Sargent, Akron, O,
(210)
Directory of Horticultural Societies in No7'th America. 211
British Columbia Fruit Growers' Association :
Pres., J. M. Browning, Vancouver.
Sec, A. H. B. MacGowan. Vancouver.
California Fruit Association :
Pres., James A. Webster, Vacaville.
Sec, F. A. Buckingham, Vacaville.
California Fruit Union.
Pres., J. Z. Anderson, San Francisco.
V. Pres. and Sec, L. W. Buck, San Francisco.
California Horticultural Society :
Pres., E. W. Hilgard, Berkeley.
Sec, E. J. Wickson, Berkeley.
California State Board of Horticulture :
Pres., Elhvood Cooper, Santa Barbara.
Sec, B. M. Lelong, San Francisco.
California State Floral Society :
Pres., E. J. Wickson, Berkeley.
Sec, Emory E. Smith, San Francisco.
California Viticultural Commission :
Pres., I. DeTurk, Santa Rosa.
Sec, Winfield Scott, San Francisco.
Cider Makers' Association of the Northwest :
Pres., G. W. Milliard, Brighton, 111.
Sec, L. R. Bryant, Princeton, 111.
Colorado Horticultural Society :
Pres., C. S. Faurot, Boulder.
Sec, Alexander Shaw, Denver.
Connecticut. No state society.
Delaware. No state society.
Dominion Horticultural Association :
Pres., D. P. Penhallow, Montreal.
Sec, W. W. Dunlap, Montreal.
Eastern Nurserymen's Association:
Pres., W. C. Barry, Rochester, N. Y.
Sec, William Pitkin, Rochester, N. Y.
Florida Fruit Exchange :
Pres., Geo. R. Fairbanks, Jacksonville.
Sec, M. P. Turner, Jacksonville.
Florida Horticultural Society :
Pres., Dudley W. Adams, Tangierine.
Sec, E. O. Painter, De Land.
Florida Orange Growers' Union :
Pres., J. C. McKibbin, Pomona.
Sec, A. H. Manville, Palatka.
212 Annals of Horticuliin'e.
Foreign Fruit Exchange :
Pres., D. Wegman, New York City.
Sec, F. S. Robinson, New York City.
Georgia Horticultural Society :
Pres., P. J. Berckmans, Augusta.
Sec, T. L. Kinsey, Savannah.
Illinois Horticultural Society :
Pres., Jabez Webster, Centralia.
Sec, A. C. Hammond, Warsaw.
Indiana Horticultural Society :
Pres., E. J. Rowland, Rowland.
Sec, W. H. Ragan, Greencastle.
Inter-State Shippers' Association :
Pres., A. M. DuBois, Cobden, 111.
Sec, Thomas Buckle, Villa Ridge, 111.
Iowa Horticultural Society :
Pres., Eugene Secor, Forest City.
Sec, Geo. Van Houten, Lenox.
Kansas Horticultural Society :
Pres., L. Houk, Hutchinson.
Sec, G. C. Brackett, Lawrence.
Kentucky Horticultural Society :
Pres., R. F. Dulaney, Bowling Green.
Sec, John C. Hawes, Louisville.
Louisiana. No state society.
Maine Pomological Society :
Pres., Chas. S. Pope, Manchester.
Sec, D. H. Knowlton, Farmington.
Massachusetts Horticultural Society :
Pres., William H. Spooner, Jamaica Plain.
Sec, Robert Manning, Boston.
Michigan Horticultural Society :
Pres., T. T. Lyon, South Haven.
Sec, Edwy C. Reid, Allegan.
Minnesota Horticultural Society :
Pres., Wyman Elliott, Minneapolis.
Sec, S. B. Green, St. Anthony Park.
Mississippi Horticultural Society :
Pres., H. E. McKay, Madison Station.
Sec, W. H. Cassell. Canton.
Missouri Horticultural Society :
Pres., J. C. Evans, Harlem.
Sec, L. A. Goodman, Westport.
Montana. No society.
Directory of Horticultural Societies i?i North America. 213
Montreal Horticultural Society :
Pres., D. P. Penhallow, Montreal.
Sec, W. W. Dunlap, Montreal,
Nebraska Horticultural Society :
Pres., F. W Taylor, Omaha.
Sec, G. j. Carpenter, Fairbury.
Nevada. No society.
New Hampshire. No society.
New Jersey Horticultural Societ}^ :
Pres., Ralph Egge, Hopewell.
Sec, E. Williams, Montclair.
New Mexico Horticultural Society :
Pres., Arthur Boyle, Santa Fe.
Sec, Geo. H. Cross, Santa Fe.
New York Horticultural Society. Non-active.
North Carolina Horticultural Society :
Pres., J. Van Lindley, Pomona.
Sec, S. Otho Wilson, Raleigh.
North Dakota. No society.
Nova Scotia Fruit Growers' Society :
Pres., Henry Chipman, Grand Pre.
Sec, C. R. H. Starr, Wolfville.
Ohio Horticultural Society :
Pres., Geo. W. Campbell, Delaware.
Sec, W. W. Farnsworth, Waterville.
Ontario Fruit Growers' Association :
Pres., A. M. Smith, St. Catharines.
Sec, L. Woolverton, Grimsby.
Oregon Horticultural Society :
Pres., J. R. Cardwell, Portland.
Sec, E. R. Lake, Corvallis.
Oregon Pomological Societ}^
Pres., E. P. Roberts, The Dalles.
Sec, J. A. Varney, The Dalles.
Oregon State Board of Horticulture :
Pres., J. R. Cardwell, Portland.
Sec, Ethan W. Allen, Portland.
Peninsular Horticultural Society :
Pres., John J. Black, New Castle, Del.
Sec, Wesley Webb, Dover, Del.
Pennsylvania Horticultural Society :
Pres., G. W. Childs, Philadelphia.
Sec, D. D. L. Farson, Philadelphia.
214 Annals of Horticiilhire.
Pennsylvania State Horticultural Association :
Pres., H. C. Snavely, Lebanon.
Sfec , E. B. Engle, Waynesboro'.
Rhode Island Horticultural Society :
Pres., Edward I. Nickerson, Providence.
Sec, Chas. W. Smith, Providence.
Society of American Florists :
Pres., M. H. Norton, Boston.
Sec, W. J. Stewart, Boston, Mass.
South Carolina Horticultural Society :
Pres., H. B. Buist, Greenville.
Sec, G. Wanner, Walhalla.
South Dakota Horticultural Society :
Pres., H. C. Warner, Forestburg.
Sec, C. A. Keffer, Brookings.
Tennessee. No society.
Texas Horticultural Society :
Pres., E. W. Kirkpatrick, McKinney.
Sec, D. H. Watson, Brenham.
Texas State Nurserymen's Association:
Pres., E. W. Kirkpatrick, McKinney.
Sec, J. M. Howell, Dallas.
Utah. No society.
Vermont. No society.
Virginia Pomological Society. Non-active.
Washington Horticultural Societ}^ :
Pres., Henry Bucy, Tacoma.
Sec , A. N. xMiller, Puyallup.
West Virginia. No society.
Western New York Horticultural Society :
Pres., W. C. Barry, Rochester.
Sec, John Hall, Rochester.
Western Nurserymen's Association:
Pres., G. J. Carpenter, Fairbury, Neb.
Sec, J. W. Schoette, St. Louis, Mo.
West Tennessee Horticultural Society :
Pres., J. C. Tharp, Gibson.
Sec, A. 'A. Cawdery, Gadsden.
Wisconsin Horticultural Society :
Pres., M. A. Thayer, Sparta.
Sec, B. S. Hoxie, Evansville.
Wyoming. No society.
§4- DIRECTORY OF HORTICULTURISTS, OR THOSE
IN CHARGE OF HORTICULTURAL WORK,
OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS IN NORTH
AMERICA.
Alabama :
P. H. Mell, M. E., Ph. D., Auburn, Botanist and Meteorologist.
Geo. F. Atkinson, Ph. D., Auburn, Biologist.
Arkansas :
A. B McKay, B. S., Fayetteville, Horticulturist.
California :
E. J. Wickson, A M., Berkely, Supt. of Grounds.
Canada (Agricultural College) :
J. Hoyes Panton, Guelph, Botanist.
Canada (Central Experimental Farm) :
John Craig, Ottawa, Horticulturist.
Colorado :
C. S. Crandall, M. S., Fort Collins, Botanist and Horticulturist.
Connecticut (State Station) :
Roland Thaxter, Ph. D., New Haven, Mycologist.
Delaware :
M. H. Beckwith, Newark, Horticulturist and Entomologist.
Florida :
James C. Neal, Ph. D., M. D., Lake City, Botanist and Entomologist.
Georgia :
Gustave Speth, Griffin, Horticulturist.
Illinois :
Thomas J. Burrill, Ph. D., Champaign, Horticulturist and Botanist.
Indiana :
James Troop, M. S., LaFayette, Horticulturist.
Iowa :
J. L. Budd, M. H., Ames, Horticulturist.
Kansas :
Edward A. Popenoe, A. M., Manhattan, Horticulturist.
Kentucky :
H. Garman, Lexington, Entomologist and Botanist.
Maine :
W. M. Munson, B. S., Orono, Horticulturist.
Mar3dand :
Thomas L. Brunk, B. S., College Park, Horticulturist.
Massachusetts (Hatch Station) :
Samuel T. Maynard, B. S., Amherst, Horticulturist.
Michigan :
L. R. Taft, M. S., Agricultural College, P. O., Horticulturist.
Minnesota :
Samuel B. Green, B. S., St. Anthony Park, Horticulturist.
(215)
2i6 Annals of Horticult2ire.
Mississippi :
Howard E. Weed, M. S., Agricultural College, P. O., Horticulturist
and Entomologist.
Missouri :
J. W. Clark, B. S., Columbia, Horticulturist and Entomologist.
Nebraska :
Charles E. Bessey, Ph. D., Lincoln, Director and Botanist.
Nevada :
R. H. McDowell, B. S., Reno, Agriculturist and Horticulturist.
New Jerse}^ :
Byron D. Halstead, Sc. D., New Brunswick, Botanist and Horticulturist.
New Mexico :
A. E. Blount, A. M,, Las Cruces, Agriculturist and Horticulturist.
New York (Cornell) :
L. H. Bailey. M. S., Ithaca, Horticulturist.
New York (State) :
C. E. Hunn, Geneva, Acting Horticulturist.
George W. Churchill, Geneva, Acting Pomologist.
North Carolina :
W. F. Massey, C. E., Raleigh, Horticulturist.
North Dakota :
C. B. Waldron, B. S., Fargo, Arboriculturist.
Oregon :
George Coote, Corvallis, Horticulturist.
Pennsylvania :
George C. Butz, M. S., State College, Centre Co., Horticulturist.
Rhode Island :
L. F. Kinney, B. S., Kingston, Horticulturist.
South Carolina :
E. A. Smyth, Jr., A. B., Columbia, Botanist and Entomologist.
South Dakota :
Charles A. Keffer, Brookings, Supt. Forestry and Horticultural Experi-
ments.
Tennessee :
R. L. Watts, B. Ag., Knoxville, Horticulturist.
Texas :
S A. Beach, B. S., College Station, Horticulturist.
Utah :
E. S. Richmond, B. S., Logan, Horticulturist and Entomologist.
Vermont :
B. W. Minott, B. S., Burlington, Horticulturist.
Virginia :
W. B. Alwood, Blacksburg, Botanist and Entomologist.
West V^irginia :
Charles F. Millspaugh, M. D., Morgantown, Botanist and Microscopist.
Wisconsin :
Emmett S. Goflf, Madison, Horticulturist.
§ 5- THE BOTANIC GARDENS OF THE WORLD
{WITH CORRECTIONS TO DATE BY PRO-
FESSOR D. P. PENHALLOW).
Algeria — i.
Algiers, Jardin d' Acclimation du Hamma, Charles Riviere, Director.
Australia — 4.
Adelaide, (South Australia), Dr. R. Schomburgk, Director.
Brisbane (Queensland).
Melboiir7ie (Victoria).
Sid7iey (New South Wales), Charles Moore, F. L. S., Director.
AUSTRO-HUNGARY 1 4.
Brmm, Botanic Gardens, Prof. Alex. Makovsky, Director.
^/^^a/><?5/ (Transylvania), University Botanic Garden, Dr. L. Juranyi,
Director.
Czer7iowitz (Bukovia), University Botanic Garden, Dr. Ed. Tangl, Dir.
Gratz (Styria), University Botanic Garden, Dr. G. Haberlandt, Dir.
Innsbruck (Tyrol), University Botanic Garden, Dr. Emil Heinricher,
Director.
Klagenfiirt (Carinthia), Baron Marcus V. Jabornegg-Gamsenegg, Dir.
A6'/c2'.sz/ar(Transylvania), Royal Botanic Garden, Dr. Aug. Kanitz, Dir.
Krakau (Galicia), University Botanic Garden, Dr. Jos. Thorn, De Rosta-
finski, Director.
Leniberg (Galicia), University Botanic Garden, Dr. Th. Ciesielki, Dir.
Prague (Bohemia), University Botanic Garden, Dr. M. Willkomm, Dir.
Schemnitz (Transylvania), Prof. Ludwig Fekete, Director.
Trieste (Istria), Raimondo Tominz, Director.
Vienna, University Botanic Garden, Dr. A. J. Kerner, Director.
Vienna, Imperial Horticultural Gardens of Hofburg, Fr. Antoine, Dir.
Belgium — 5.
Antwerp, Dr. H. Van Heurck, Director.
Brussels, Royal Botanic Gardens, Francois Crepin, Director.
Ghent, University Botanic Garden, Dr. J. J. Kickx, Director.
Gembloux, Botanic Garden of the Agricultural Institute, Dr.C. Malaise,
Director.
Liege, University Botanic Garden.
Brazil — 2.
Rio de Janeiro, Botanic Gardens of the Agricultural Institute, at Cor-
rigez. Dr. Nicolau J. Moreira, Director.
Rio de Janeiro, Government Botanic Gardens, Dr. J. B. Rodrigues,
Director.
Canada — i.
Montreal (P. Q.), McGill University Botanic Garden, Prof. D. P. Pen-
hallow, Director.
A. H. — 16
2IJ
Armals of Hortic^dtiire.
Canary Islands — i.
Orotava (Tenerifife), Jardin d'Acclimatation, Mr. Wildpret, Chief Gar.
dener.
Cape of Good Hope — 3.
Cape Town, Prof. MacOwan, Director.
Graaf Reinet, J. C. Smith, Chief of the Garden.
Grahani' s Town, Edward Tidmarsh, Chief of the Garden.
Ceylon — i.
Peradeniya. Royal Botanic Garden, Dr. Henry Trimen, Director.
Chili — i.
Santiago, Prof. Fred. Philippi (fils), Director.
China — i.
Hong Kong ^ Government Botanic Gardens, A. B. Westland, Supt.
Cochin China — i.
Saigon, Colonial Botanic Garden, Dr. Regnier, Director.
Denmark — 2.
Cope?ihagen, University Botanic Gardens, Prof. Eug. Warming, Dir.
Copenhage?i, Royal Gardens of Rosenberg, Tyge Rothe, Director.
Ecuador — i.
Quito, Prof. R. P. Al Sodiro, Director.
Egypt — i.
Cairo, Gastinel-Bey, Director.
France — 20.
Angers, Dr. Em. Lieutaud, Director.
Besancon, F. Paillot, Director.
Caen, Otto Lignier, Director.
Cannes, Comte d'Empremesnil, Director.
Clerino7it- Ferrand.
Dijon, Dr. Laguesse, Director.
Hyeres, Emile Davrillon, Director.
Lille, T. Meurein, Director.
Lyon, Dr. Ant. Magnin, Director.
Monipellier.
Nancy, Prof. G. Le Monnier, Director.
Nafites, Dr. Ecorchard, Director.
Orleans, M. Rossignol, Director.
Paris, Gardens of the National History Museum, Prof. Maxima Cornu,
Director.
Rochefort, Dr. Barallier, Director.
Rouen. Emm. Blanche, Director.
St. Quentiti, Charles Magnier, Director.
Directories. 219
France, continued.
Toulon, J. B. Chabaud, Chief Gardener.
Toulouse, Dr. Dominique Clos, Director.
Tours^ Prof. David Barnsby, Director.
Germany — 36.
Aix- la- Chape lie, Botanic Gardens, Dr. A. Forster, Director.
Bamberg (Bavaria), Dr. Funk, Director.
Berlin, Royal Botanic Gardens, Prof. A. Engler, Director.
Berlin, University Botanic Gardens, Dr. S. Schwendener, Director,
Bo7in (Rhenish Prussia), University Botanic Gardens, Dr, Ed. Stras-
burger. Director.
Breslau (Silesia), University Botanic Gardens, Dr. K. Prantl, Director.
Brimswick (Brunswick), Botanic Garden of the Polytechnic School.
Dr. W. Blasius, Director.
Carlsruhe (Baden), J. Pfister, Director.
Cologne (Rhenish Prussia), Prof. J. Niepraschk, Director.
Darmstadt (Hesse), Botanic Garden of the Polytechnic School, Dr.
Leopold Dippel, Director.
Dresden (Saxony), Royal Botanic Garden, Dr. Oscar Drude, Director.
Erlafigen (Bavaria), University Botanic Garden, Dr. Max. Rees, Dir.
Frankfort on- Main (Hesse-Nas?au), Botanic Garden of the Medical
Institute, , Director.
Freiburg (Baden), University Botanic Garden, Dr. F. Hildebrand, Dir.
Giessen (Hesse), University Botanic Garden, Dr. H. Hoffmann, Dir.
Gdrlitz (Silesia), Dr. R. Peck, Director.
G'ottingen, University Botanic Garden, Dr. Peter, Director.
Greifswald (Pomerania), University Botanic Garden, Dr. Fr. Schmitz,
Director.
Halle-upon-Salle (Saxony), University Botanic Garden, Dr. Greg. Kraus,
Director.
Hamburg, Dr. Sadebeck, Director.
Heidelberg (Baden), University Botanic Garden, Dr. E. Pfitser, Dir.
Jena (Saxe-Cobourg), University Botanic Garden, Dr. E. Stahl, Dir.
Kiel (Schleswig-Holstein), University Botanic Garden, Prof. J. Reinke,
Director.
Konigsberg, University Botanic Garden, Dr. Chas. Leurrsen, Director.
Leipzig (Saxony), University Botanic Garden, Dr. Aug. Schenck, Dir.
Marbourg (Hesse-Nassau), University Botanic Garden, Dr. A. Wigand,
Director.
Munden (Hanover), Forestry Botanic Garden, , Director.
Mu7iich (Bavaria). Dr. C. G. Von Naegeli, Director.
iy//«.y/'^r (Westphalia), Botanic Garden of the Academy, Dr O. Bre-
feld. Director.
Potsdam, Dr. Juhlke, Director.
Rostock (Mecklenburg), University Botanic Garden, Dr. H. Gobel,
Director.
6'/rfl;j(^«r^ (Alsace-Lorraine), University Botanic Garden, Comte Herm.
de Solms-Laubach, Director.
Tha/rand (Saxony), Forestry Academy Garden, Dr. Fred. Nobbe, Dir.
220 A7inals of Horticulture.
Germany, continued.
Tubingen (Wurtemberg), University Botanic Garden, Dr. W. Pfeffer,
Director.
Wurzberg (Bavaria), University Botanic Garden, Dr. Jul. von Sachs,
Director.
Great Britain and Ireland — 12.
Birmingham (England), Mr. Latham, Director.
Cambridge (England), University Botanic Garden, Dr. Francis Dar-
win, Director.
London (England), Chelsea Botanic Gardens, Thos. Moore, Curator.
London (England), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Prof. W. T. T. Dyer,
Director.
Londo7i (England), Royal Botanic Gardens, Regent's Park, W. Coom-
ber, Superintendent.
Lofidon (England), Royal Horticultural Society Gardens, South Kensing-
ton, A. F. Barron, Superintendent.
Manchester (England), Bruce Findlay, Curator.
Oxford (England), University Botanic Garden, Dr. S. H. Vines, Dir.
Dublin (Ireland), Royal Botanic Gardens of Glasnevin, Dr. Moore,
Director.
Belfast {Ireland.), Royal Belfast Botanic Gardens, R. Motherell, Sec'y.
Edinb7irgh (Scotland), Royal Botanic Gardens, I. B. Balfour, Director.
Glasgow (Scotland), R. Bullen, Curator.
Greece — i.
Athens, Dr. T. de Heldreich, Director.
Guatemala — i.
Guatemala, Dr. Francesco Abella, Director.
Guiana — i.
Georgetown, G. S. Jenman, Superintendent.
Holland — 4.
Amsterdam, Prof. C. A. J. A. Oudemans, Director.
Groninge7i, Prof. P. De Boer, Director.
Leyden, Dr. W. F. R. Suringar, Director.
Utrecht, Dr. N. W. P. Rauwenhoff, Director.
Indian Empire — 8.
Bangalore (Madras), Col. W. L. Johnson, Director.
Bombay, A. Shuttleworth, Director.
Calcutta, Royal Botanic Gardens, Prof G. King, Director.
Ganish Kind {Poom.), G. W. Woodrow, Director.
Mysore, Government Botanic Gardens, , Director.
Ootacatnud, Mr. Jamieson, Director.
Pondichery.
Saharanpur and Mussourie (Bengal), Government Botanic Gardens,
F. J. Duthie, Director.
Directories. 221
Italy — 23.
Bologne.
Cagliari, Dr. P. Gennari, Director.
Caserta, Dr. N. Terracciano, Director.
Catania, Prof Fr. Tornabene, Director.
Ferrara, Dr. Carus Massalongo, Director.
Florence, Prof. T. Caruel, Director.
Genoa, Prof. Fred. Delpino, Director.
Lucca, Dr. C. Bicchi, Director.
Messina, Prof. A. Borzi, Director.
ISIUan, Prof. Fr. Ardissone, Director.
Modina, Dr. A. Mori, Director.
Naples, Dr. J. A. Pasquale, Director.
Padova, Cav. Dr. P. A. Saccardo, Director.
Palermo, Dr. Aug. Todaro, Director.
Parma, Prof. J. Passerini, Director.
Pavia, Prof. J. Briosi, Director.
Perotise, Prof. Al. Bruschi, Director.
Pisa, Dr. J. Arcangeli, Director.
Portici, Dr. Horace Comes, Director.
Rome, Dr. R. Pirrotta, Director.
Siena, Prof. Att. Tassi, Director.
Turin, Prof. G. Gibelli, Director.
Venice, Sen. Ruchiner, Director.
Japan — 2.
Tokio, Koiskekowa Botanic Gardens, Prof, K. Ito, Director.
Sapporo, Government Botanic Gardens, Dr. K. Miyabe, Director.
Java— I.
Buitenzorg, Dr. M. Treub, Director.
Malta — i.
La Valette, Dr. Gavino Gulia, Director.
Mauritius — i.
Port Louts, J. Home, Director.
Natal — i.
D' Urban, Natal Botanic Gardens. J. Medley Wood, Curator.
New Zealand — i.
Christchurch, J. B. Armstrong, Director.
Peru — i.
Lima, Dr. Mig. de los Rios, Director.
Philippine Islands — i.
Manilla (Luzon), — , Director.
222 Annals of Horticulture.
Portugal — 3.
Coimbra, Dr. J. A. Hienriques, Director.
Lisbon, Prof. J. de Andrade Corvo, Director.
Oporto, Dr. F. de S. G. Cardoso, Director.
Reunion, Island of — i.
St. Denis, M. Richard, Director.
ROUMANIA 2.
Bucharest, Dr. Brandza, Director.
Yassy, Dr. A. F§tu, Director.
Russia — 16.
Z>orp at {Livonia), Dr. Ed. Russow, Director,
Helsingfors (Finland), , Director.
Kazan (Kazan), Prof. N. W. Sorokin, Director.
Kharkoff, Prof. W. Palladin, Director.
Kiev, Dr. J. Schmalhausen, Director.
Moscow, Dr. J. Goroschankin, Director.
iSlikita (Crimea), Mr. Basarow, Director.
Odessa, Dr. L. Reinhard, Director.
Orel, P. G. Tretjakoff, Director.
Ouman (Kiev), Prof. L. Scrobichewski, Director.
Penza (Penza).
St. Petersburg, Imperial Botanic Gardens, Dr. Ed. de Regel, Director.
St. Petersburg, University Botanic Gardens, Prof. Andre Bikitoff,
Director.
Tiflis, Prof. W. Scharrer, Director.
Woronesh, Dr. J. E. Fischer, Director.
Warsaw, Dr. A. F. de Waldheim, director.
Scandinavia — 7.
Christiania (Norway), Dr. F. C. Schubeler, Director.
G'oteborg (Sweden), Hort. Soc. Bot. Gardens, Prof. C. Lowegren,
Director.
Lund (Sweden), Dr. F. W. C. Areschong, Director.
Stockholm (Sweden), Gardens of the Royal Academy of Agriculture,
Dr. V. Wittrock, Director.
Stockholm (Sweden), Royal Gardens of Haga, Prof. M. A. Werner,
Director.
Stockhohn (Sweden), Swedish Society of Horticultural and Botanical
Gardens, M. A. Pital, Director
Upsala (Sweden), Dr. Th. M. Fries, Director.
Servia — I.
Belgrade, , Director.
Siberia — i.
Tomsk, Mr. Schestakoff, Director
Directories. 223
Spain — 2.
Madrid, Dr. Miguel Colmeiro, Director.
Valencia, Dr. Jose Arevalo Boca, Director.
Straits Settlements — i.
Singapore, N. Cantley, Director.
Switzerland — 3.
Basle, Dr. H. Vochting, Director.
Berne, Dr. L. Fischer, Director.
Zurich.
Tasmania — i.
Hobart Town, Mr, Abbot, Director.
United States— 5. x, f r- q
^r^^M«^(Mass.), Arnold Arboretum of Havard College, Prot. C. b.
Sargent, Director. . ^ , t^ ^ c r- /i
Cambridge (Mass ), Havard College Botanic Gardens, Dr. G. S. Good-
ale, Director. ^ . . 1 r- n „^
La7isi7ig (Michigan), Botanic Garden of State Agricultural College,
Dr. W. T. Beal, Director. ^ „. o^ i
St. Louis (Missouri), Missouri Botanic Gardens, Dr. Wm. Trelease,
Washingtol\Ty. C), U. S. Dept. of Agriculture Gardens,Wm. Saunders,
Superintendent.
West Indies — 6.
Havana (Cuba), J. Lachaume, Director.
King's House (Jamaica), Wm. Harris, Superintendent.
A-^/f./^;/ (Jamaica). Government Botanic Gardens, Wm. Fawcett, Dr.
St. ^..rru (Trinidad), Government Botanic Gardens. H.Prestoe, Din
St. Pierre (Martinique), Colonial Botanic Gardens, M. Thierry, Dir.
§ 6. TITLE INDEX TO EXPERIMENT STA TION
HORTICULTURE IN NORTH AMERICA FOR
i8go (^INCLUDING PUBLLCATIONS OE THE DE-
PARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.-)
It is impossible to draw a sharp line of separation between
horticulture and other divisions of general agriculture ; but the
following lists (sections 6 and 7) have been made sufficiently
comprehensive to include all that can possibly be called horticul-
ture, and some entries may, perhaps, belong rather to general
farming.
Explajiation.—The figures in the left margin are the numbers of the
bulletins and reports. If the number stands independently it indicates that
the bulletin contains only horticultural matter ; but when it stands in a
parenthesis, the bulletin contains other matter than that which is indexed.
A few bulletins dated late in 1889 had not been received when the previous
volume was printed and they are inserted in this list.
Alabama :
A. Agricitltiiral Experinient Station.
10. Grape Culture. Jan. J. S. Nezujnan.
11. Peaches and Plums. Feb. J. S. Neiuman.
15. Insecticides. April. G. F. Atkinson.
(17.) London Purple for the Cotton Worm. July. G. F. Atkinson.
20. Small Fruits and Vegetables [Strawberries, Raspberries, Musk
Melons, Water Melons, Beans, Tomatoes, OnionsJ. Novem-
ber. J. S. Nezvman and Jas. Clayton.
B. Canebrake Experiment Station.
(7.) Peas.
Arkansas :
(12.) Insects. April. C. W. Woodivorth.
13. Strawberries. Aug. J. McNeill.
14. Effects of the Arsenites upon Plants. Sept. C. W. Woodivorth.
15. Some New Insecticides. Dec. C. W. Woodivorth.
California.
85. Observations on Olive Varieties. Feb. E. W. Hilgard.
86. Preservative Fluids for Fresh Fruits. The Sulphuring of Dried
Fruits. May. E. W. Hilgard.
Canada :
A. Agriculticral College {GuelpK).
LII. Black-knot on Plums. June.
B. Central Experimental Farm {Ottawa).
(1889 report.) Horticulturist's report [Small Fruits and Vegetables].
W. W. Hilbo7-n. Report of Entomologist and Botanist [Vari-
ous Injurious Insects]. James Fletcher.
(224)
hidex to Experiment Station Horticulture. 225
Delaware :
(VIII.) The Value of Sulphide of Potassium as a Remedy against Pear
Scab. F. D . Chester. London Purple as a Remedy against
Codlin Moth. M. H. Beckwiih. March.
(X.) Fungicides. Oct. M. H. Beckxoith.
Colorado :
(2nd report.) Report of Section of Botany and Horticulture [Apple,
Pears and Ornamental Trees, Grapes, Strawberries, Goose-
berries, Currants, Potatoes, Sweet Corn, Peas, Celery, Onions.
Cabbages, Tomatoes, Carrots, Pumpkins and Squashes, The
Growing of Seeds for Distribution, Insects and Insecticides].
i88g. Max C. Brose.
Connecticut :
(97.) Fungous Diseases of Plants. April. Roland Thaxter.
102. Fungicides. March. Roland Thaxter.
(105.) Potato Scab. December. Roland Thaxter.
Florida :
9. Insects and Insecticides. April. Ja?>ies C. Neal.
fii.) Irish Potatoes. Oct.
Georgia :
(6.) The Potato Sphinx. The Twig Girdler. Jan. J.P.Campbell.
(7.) Notes on a Destructive Insect. April. /. P. Campbell.
8. Potato Experiment. July. Gtcstave Speth.
(10.) Corn. Dec.
Indiana :
31. Small Fruits and Vegetables. April. James Troop.
(33.) Small Fruits. Entomological Notes. Nov. James Troop.
Iowa :
(9.) Plum Curculio and the Plum Gouger. May. C. P. Gillette.
(10.) Experiments with Arsenites. C. P. Gillette. Stocks for the
Cherry, Plum, Prune and Apricot. /. L. Biidd. Aug.
(11.) The Potato Stalk-Weevil and Remedies. The Apple Curculio
and Remedies. A New Currant Borer. Nov. C. P. Gillette.
Kansas :
10. Notes on Conifers. May. E. A. Popenoe.
(12.) Fungicides. Aug. W. A. Kellerman.
14. Winter Protection of Peach Trees. Notes on Grapes. Dec,
E. A. Popenoe.
Kentucky :
Circular No. 3. Insecticides, Fungicides, Orchard Treatment.
25. Strawberries. April. James Murray.
31. Some Strawberry Pests. Dec. H. Carman.
Louisiana :
3. Large Fruits and Various Vegetables. H. A. Morgan.
4. Irish Potatoes. Diseases of Potatoes. H. A. Morgan and
/. G. Lee.
226 Annals of Horticulture.
Maryland :
(9.) Strawberries. June. W. H. Bishop.
(1889 report.) The Tomato. E. Lewis Sturtevant. Report of the
Horticulturist [various tests with Tomatoes, Potato Experi-
ment, General Notes on Vegetables] . W. H. Bishop,
Massachusetts :
A. Hatch Experiment Station.
(7.) Small Fruits [Blackberries and Raspberries]. Girdling the
Grapevine. Report upon Vegetables [Tomatoes, Sweet Corn,
Lettuce, Potatoes]. Combined Fungicides and Insecticides in
Potato Growing. Protection of Fruit Trees from Mice, Rabbits
and Woodchucks. Jan. S. T. Maynard.
(8.) Experiments in Greenhouse Heating. April. S. T. Maynard.
10. Special Fertilizers for Greenhouse Crops [Carnations, Pansies,
Lettuce, Tomato Plants, Raspberries, Blackberries and Straw-
berries.] Oct. S. T. Maynard.
(11.) Insecticides, Fungicides.
(1889 report.) Division of Entomology [Jumping Sumach Beetle,
Bud Moth and Remedies, Grape-Vine Leaf-Hopper, Ants,
Experiments with Remedies, Alum not Destructive to Cur-
rant Worms, Poisonous Doses of Insecticides]. C. H. Fern-
aid. Division of Horticulture [Plant Bed Cloth as a Sub-
stitute for Glass, Protection of Peach Buds from Injury by
Cold, Girdling Apple Trees, Girdling Grape-Vines, Protecting
Trees from Mice, Reports on Varieties of Apples, Pears,
Peaches, Plums, Cherries and Grapes, Raspberries, Black-
berries and Strawberries] . S. T. Mayjiard.
B. State Experivient Statioti.
(34.) Potato Scab. June. Jas. Ellis Humphrey .
(7th report.) General Account of Fungi. Potato Scab. 1889. Jas.
Ellis Humphrey .
Michigan :
57. Experiments with Vegetables [Tomatoes, Potatoes, Beets, Cab-
bages, Cauliflower, Corn, Lettuce, Peas and Radishes].
March. L. R. Taft.
58. Insecticides. March. A. J. Cook.
59. List of Fruits for Michigan. Notes on Vegetables. Arsenites for
the Codlin Moth. The Plum Curculio. Black Knot. L. R.
* Taft. Notes on The Fungus of Apple Scab. B. T. Galloway.
Treatment of Apple Scab in Michigan. L. R. Taft. April.
(60.) Potatoes. April. E. Davenport,
63. Greenhouse Building and Heating. July. L. R. Taft.
67. Fruit Testing. Oct. T. T. Lyon.
Minnesota :
9. Description and Value of Russian Willows and Poplars for
Minnesota. Samuel B. Green. Insects Affecting Poplars
and Willows. Oito Ltigger. Nov. 1889.
10. Experiments with Onions and Cabbages. Spraying with London
Purple to Kill the Curculio on Our Native Plums. Bagging
Index to Experi7nent Station Hortiadture. 227
Minnesota, continued.
Grapes. Rollingstone Plum. Potatoes at Different Depths.
Samuel B. Green. Oak Caterpillars. Otto Lugger. March.
(11.) Peas, Beans and other Crops. June. Willet M. Hays.
(12.) Preserving Vegetables in Carbonic Acid Gas. American Grown
Cauliflower Seed. July. Samuel B . Green.
Missouri :
10. Analyses of Apples at Various Stages of growth. Bordeaux Mix-
ture for Grape Rot. Experiments with Small Fruits and
Potatoes. April. /. W. Clark.
Nebraska :
(12.) Potatoes, Sweet Potatoes, Beans Peas, Onions, Radishes,
Parsnips, Salsify, Beets, Carrots, Turnips, Ground Cherries,
Cucumbers, Muskmelons, Watermelons and Pumpkins. Feb.
Jared G. Smith.
14. Injurious Insects. June. L. Briiner.
(15). Peas, Lettuce and Radishes. Sept. Jared G. Smith.
Nevada :
8. The Codlin Moth. Jan. F. H. Hillman. '
9. A Serious Rose Pest. May. F. H. Hillman.
10. The Pear and Cherry Slug. July. F. H. Hillman.
11. Plant-Lice Infesting the Apple. Sept. F. H. Hillman.
New Jersey :
70. Some Fungous Diseases of the Spinach. July. Byron D. Hal-
sted.
72. Various Injurious Insects, and How to Deal With Them. Oct.
John B. Smith.
76. Some Fungous Diseases of the Sweet Potato. Nov. Byron D .
Ha Is ted.
Special Bulletin K. Insects affecting Cranberries. Feb. John B.
Smith.
New York :
A. Cornell University Experimetit Station [Ithaca).
XVIII. The Effect of London Purple and Paris Green upon Peach
Foliage. Trials of Nozzles. July. L. H. Bailey.
XIX. Report upon the Condition of Fruit-Growing in Western
New York, Aug. L. H. Bailey.
XXI. Tomatoes. Odl. L. H. Bailey and W. M. Munson.
XXIII. Insects Injurious to Fruits. Dec. /. H. Co??istock and M.
V. blingerland.
(XXV.) The Hollyhock Rust. W. R. Dudley. The Forcing of Beans.
Influence of Latitude upon Potatoes ; a Criticism. Notes upon
Methods of Herbaceous Grafting. The Influence of Depth of
Transplanting upon the Heading of Cabbages. Peach Yellows.
The Paper Flower Pot. Experiences in Crossing Cucurbits.
L. H. Bailey. Dec.
B. State Experijnent Station [Geneva).
Circular. Methods Adopted for the Systematic Testing of Small
228 Annals of Horticulture.
New York, continued.
Fruits. A List of Fruits at the Station. A List of Trees Plant-
ed at the Arboretum. March. C. E. Htmn and G. W.
Churchill.
24. Strawberries. Od.
North Carolina :
(72). Apples, Pears, Peaches, Plums, Cherries, Quinces, Nuts,
Grapes, Figs, Raspberries, Blackberries, Strawberries, Cur-
rants, Gooseberries, Osier Willows. June. W. F. Massey.
74. Tests of Garden Vegetables and Fruits. Dec. W. F. Massey.
Ohio :
I. Experiments with Potatoes. Jan. W. J. Greett.
(4). Spraying to Prevent Insect Injury. Bark-Lice of the Apple
and Pear. The Buffalo Tree Hopper. Fungous Diseases of
Plants and Remedies. Clarence M. Weed. Directions for
Collecting, Preserving and Studying Plants. Freda Detmers.
April.
7. Strawberries and Raspberries. Aug, W. J. Green.
(8). Plum Ciirculio Experiment. Remedies for Striped Cucumber
Beetle. The Rhubarb Curculio. Potato Blight Experiment.
Sept. Clarence M. Weed.
9. Experiments with Asparagus. Transplanting Onions. Oct.
W. J. Green.
10. Preventing Downy Mildew or Brown Rot of Grapes. Clar-
ence M. Weed. The Smut of Indian Corn. C. E. Bessey. Nov.
(2, Vol. I, Technical Series.) Flowering Plants. Moses Craig.
Fourth Contribution to Life History of Little Known Plant-
Lice. Clarence M. Weed. May.
Oregon :
(4). Notes on Vegetables, Ornamental Trees and Shrubs, Orchards
and Small Fruits. Jan, E. R. Lake.
(5). Some Injurious Insects and Remedies. April. F. L. Wash-
burn.
7. Comparative Tests of Small Fruits and Vegetables. Oct.
George Coote.
Pennsylvania :
(10). Should Farmers raise their own Vegetable Seeds ? Notes on New
Varieties of Vegetables (Beans, Cabbages, Cauliflower, Sweet
Corn, Celery, Peas, Radishes and Tomatoes). Jan. Geo. C.
Butz.
13. Black Knot on Plums. A few Ornamental Plants. Oct.
Geo. C. Butz.
Rhode Island :
(7). Catalogue of Fruits. Results of Wintering Outside and in the
Cellar. June. L. F. Kinjiey.
(Second report). Fruits and Vegetables. L. F. Kinney.
Index to Expei'iment Station Hoi'ticulture . 229
South Carolina :
(2nd report.) Entomology (Cabbage Butterfly, Genus Colias, A New
Butterfly for South Carolina, Insects of the Fig). Botany
(Compositae). Ellison A. Sinyth, Jr.
South Dakota :
18. Cut-Worm and Remedies. March. /. H. Orcutt.
Tennessee :
I. Experiments in Growing Potatoes. Jan. C. S. Pliwib.
Special Bulletin C. Treatment of Fungus Diseases. F. Lamsojz
Scribner.
(2nd report.) Report of the Division of Botany and Horticulture (A
' ' grass-garden, " Diseases of some Small Fruits and Vegetables. )
F. Lai/ison Scribner. Report of the Entomologist (European
Cabbage Butterfly, Southern Cabbage Butterfly, Harlequin
Cabbage Bug, Plum Curculio, Nematode Worms, Experiments
with Arsenites). //. E. Siininiers. 1889.
5. Fruit Trees at the Experiment Station (Apple, Peach, Pear,
Nectarine, Apricot, Cherry, Plum, Fig.). Dec. R. L. Watts.
Texas :
(7). Fungus on Forest and Apple Trees. The Pear. Fungi on Sweet
Potatoes, Treatment of Forest and Apple Trees. Nov. 1889.
L. H. Panimel.
(8). Notes on Experimental Vineyards. Powdery Mildew, Black Rot,
Grape Leaf Blight, Leaf Spot Disease, Anthracnose. Notes
on Strawberries, Blackberries and Raspberries. Best Varieties
of Fruits for Texas. List of Fruits Growing in Experimental
Grounds. Dec. 1889. T. L. Briink.
(9). Pear Stocks. T. L. Bnmk. Some Parasitic Fungi of Texas,
with Notes. H. S. Jennings. May.
United States (Department of Agriculture) :
A. Division oj Pomology.
Bulletin 3. Classification and Generic Synopsis of the Wild Grapes
of North America. T. V. Munson.
(1889 report.) Procuring and Distributing Seeds, Plants and Scions
of Fruits. Fruits ordered from Foreign Countries (Asiatic
Persimmon, Fig, Asiatic Peaches, Grape, Date, Citron). Na-
tive Fruits (Chestnut, Plum, Currant, Apple, Pear). Grape
Syrup. A Fruit Ladder. Fruit Growing in Florida. Trop-
ical Fruits (Cocoanut, Sapodilla, Mango, Banana). Semi-
Tropical Fruits (Kaki). Future Work. H. E. Van De/nan.
(1890 report.) The Fruit Crop. Trips of Investigation. Distribu-
tion of Seeds, Plants and Scions of Fruits. Nut Culture
(Pecan, Chestnut, Almond, Propagation). Native Fruits
(Apple, Strawberry, Grape). Tropical Fruits (Pineapple).
Semi-Tropical Fruits (Kaki, Goumi). H. E. Van Deman.
B. Division of Vegetable Pathology.
Bulletin 11. Report on the Experiments made in 1889 in the Treat-
ment of the Fungous Diseases of Plants. [Devoted largely
230 Annals of Hortiadhire.
United States, continued.
to experiments in treatment of apple scab and grape diseases.]
B. '!'. Gallinvay.
(1889 report.) Treatment of Grape Diseases. Treatment of the
Diseases of the Apple, Pear and Quince (Apple Scab, Bitter
Rot of the Apple, Apple Rust, Apple Powdery Mildew, Pear
Leaf-Blight, Quince Diseases). Treatment of the Blackberry
Rust and other Diseases at Ocean Springs, Miss. Treatment
of the Potato, Tomato, and Melon for Blight and Rot. Straw-
berry Leaf-Blight. Investigation of Peach Yellows. The
California Vine Disease. A Mignonette Disease. B. T. Gal-
loway.
(1890 report.) Experiments near Washington (Treatment of Black
Rot of the Grape ; Treatment of Pear, Cherry and Strawberry
Leaf-Blight as affecting Nursery Stock. Treatment of Pear
Leaf-Blight and Scab in the Orchard). Cooperative Experi-
ments (Experiments in the Treatment of Apple Scab, Rasp-
berry Leaf-Blight ; Experiments in the Treatment of Potato
Rot). Some Practical Results of the Treatment of Plant Dis-
eases. Fungicides and Spraying Apparatus. Peach Yellows
Investigation. The California Vine Disease. Hollyhock An-
thracnose. Anthracnose of Cotton. Ripe Rot of Grapes and
Apples. B. T. GalloTvay.
C. Division of Gardens and Grounds.
(1889 report.) Grape Mildew. Well-ripened Wood. Watering
Plants in Pots. Citron, Citrus Medica. Horticulture in the
Department (Objects and Aims of the Experimental Garden,
Grapes, Pear Trees, Peaches, Japan Persimmons, Cinchones,
Chinese Tea-plant, Coffee, Orange, Lemon and other Citrus
fruits. Apples, Olives, Eucalyptus, Figs, Testing the Merits of
Species and Varieties of Plants, Laying out the Grounds and
Planting the Arboretum, The Conservatory, Pineapples, Build-
ing Glass Houses, Hedges, Miscellaneous Plants Propagated
and Distributed). William Saunders.
(1890 report.) Descriptive Catalogue of the more Important Eco-
nomic Plants in the Department Collection [an alphabetical
list comprising 431 species]. Williaju Saunders.
D. Division of Entomology.
Bulletin 21. Report of Trip to Australia, Made under Direction of
the Entomologist, to Investigate the Natural Enemies of the
Fluted Scale. Albert Koebele.
(1889 report.) The Fluted Scale. The Six-Spotted Mite of the Or-
ange. C. V. Riley.
(1890 report.) The Boll Worm Investigation. Some New Iceryas.
Experiments Against the Black Scale (on Orangesand Lemons).
The Green-Striped Maple Worm. A New Peach Pest [Ceratitis
capita ta). The Rose Chafer. C. T\ Riley.
E. Division of Ornithologv and A/ammalogy.
(1889 report.) Investigations Concerning the Economic Relations of
the Gopher, Hawks and Owls, Crow, Crow Blackbird, Potato-
bug Birds, Collection of Bird Stomachs. C. Hart Merriam.
Index to Experime7it Station Horticulture, 331
United States, continued.
(1890 report.) Seed Planting by Birds. Birds which Feed on Mul-
berries. C. Hart Merriain.
F. Division of Microscopy.
(1890 report.) Mushrooms (Edible) of the United States. Mush-
room Culture. Artificial Mushroom Spawn. Twelve Poison-
ous Mushrooms. Thomas Taylor.
G. Office of Experiment :i>tations.
Bulletin 5. Organization Lists of Agricultural Experiment Stations
and Agricultural Schools and Colleges. March.
Bulletin 6. List of Botanists of the Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tions and Outline of Work in Botany at the Several Stations.
May.
Vermont :
(3rd report.) Report of the Horticulturist (Seed Tests, Cutting
Potatoes, Fungicides, Russian Poplars and Willows, Orchards
and Small Fruit Plats, A Circular to the Proprietors or Origi-
nators of New Fruits, Tests of Vegetables). C. W. Minott.
Report of the Entomologist, (Insects and Insecticides). G. H.
Perkins. 1889.
19. Questions Concerning Injurious Insects. April. G. H. Perkins.
Virginia :
4. Field Experiments with Tomatoes, Chemical Composition of To-
matoes. Jan. Wm. B. Alwood 2.ndi Walker BoTvman.
7. Experiments with Varieties of Strawberries. July. Wm. B. Al-
ivood.
Wisconsin :
(22). Potatoes, tests of Varieties and Experiments in Methods of
Planting. Jan. E. S. Goff.
23. Prevention of Apple Scab. April. E. S. Goff,
7. SUBJECT INDEX TO EXPERIMENT STATION
HORTICULTURE IN NORTH AMERICA EOR
iSgo {^INCLUDING PUBLICATIONS OF THE DE-
PARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE),
Explanation. — Numbers standing alone refer to the number of a bulletin.
Those preceded by p. refer to pages of reports.
Almond —
U. S. Dept. Agr., 1890, rep. p. 417.
Apple, Culture and Varieties —
Can. Exp. Farm, 1889 rep. pp. 93 and 145. Colo. 2nd rep. pp. 23 and
117. La. 3. Mass. Hatch, 1889 rep. pp. 17 and 28. Mich. 59.
N. Y. Cornell xix. N. Y. State A Circular, 1890. N. Car. 72.
Oregon 4. R. I. 7. Tenn. 5. Texas 7 and 8. U. S. Dept. Agr.
1889 rep. pp, 125, 442 ; 1890 rep. p. 418. Vt. 3rd rep. p. 121.
Apple, Diseases and Insects of —
Bark-Lice^ Ohio, 4. Bitter-Rot, U. S. Dept. Agr. 1889 .rep. p. 412 ;
1890 rep. p. 408. Black-Rot, Tenn. 2nd. rep. p. 13. Bucadatrix,
N. Y. Cornell, XXIII. Ctirculio, la. 11. Flat Headed Apple-Tree
Borer, Oregon, 5. Maggot, Del. 1889 rep. p. no. Plant-Lice, Nev.
II. Powdery Mildezu, Ohio 4 ; U. S. Dept. Agr. 1889 rep. p. 414.
Rust, U. S. Dept. Agr. 1889 rep. p. 413. Scab, Mich. 59. Ohio, 4,
U. S. Dept. Agr. 1889 rep. p. 405 ; 1890 rep. p. 399. Wis. 23 ;
7th. rep. p. 193. Tent Caterpillar, Neb. 14. Tree Borer, Del. 1889
rep. p. no. Twig Borer, Del. 1889 rep. p. 100. Woolly Aphis or
Woolly Louse, Oregon, 5. Worm or Codlin Moth, Del. VIII ; 2nd
rep. pp. no, 122. Mich. 59. Nev. 8 Oregon 5 .
Apple, Miscellaneous —
Analyses, Mass. State, 7th rep. pp. 295, 300. Mo. 10. Analyses of
Pomace, Mass. State, 7th rep. pp. 297, 301. Vt. 3rd rep. p. 74.
Apricot, Culture and Varieties —
la. 10. Mo. 10. N. Y. State, Circular, 1890. R. I. 7. Tenn. 5.
Texas 8.
Artichoke, Culture and Varieties—
Vt. 3rd. rep. p. 100.
Asparagus, Culture and Varieties —
Can. Exp. Farm, 1889 rep. p. 96. Ohio 9. Vt. 3rd rep. pp. 100, 115.
Asparagus, Diseases and Insects of —
Beetle, Del. 2nd rep. pp; no, 113, 128.
Asparagus, Miscellaneous —
Analyses, Mass. State. 7th rep. p. 306.
(332)
Index to Experiment Station Hoyticiiltnre. 233
Banana —
U. S. Dept. Agr. 1889 rep. p. 448.
Bean, Culture and Varieties —
Ala. Agr. Exp. Station, 20. Colo. 2nd rep. pp. 35, 100, 120. Kans.
2nd rep. pp. 133, 135. Md. 2nd rep. p. 60. Minn. 11. Nebr. 12.
N. Y. Cornell 25. Oregon 4. Pa. 10. Vt. 3rd rep. pp. 100, 115,
125.
Bean, Diseases and Insects of —
Anthracnose, Tenn. 2nd rep. p. 13. Leaf-Beetle, Kans. 2nd rep. p. 210.
Plant-Bugs Kans. 2nd rep. p. 212. Root-rot of Vine, Tenn. 2nd
rep. p. 13. Weevil, Kans. 2nd rep. p. 206.
Beet, Culture and Varieties —
Colo. 2nd rep. p. 99. Mich. 57. Nebr. 12. Oregon 4. Vt. 3rd rep.
pp. 100, 115, 129.
Blackberry, Culture and Varieties —
Can. Exp. Farm, 1889 rep. pp. 95, 147. Del. 2nd rep. p. 103. Ind.
31, 33 vol. II. La. 3. Mass. Hatch, 7 and 10; 1889 rep. pp. 40,
45. Mich. 59. Mo. 10. N. Y. State, Circular, 1890. N. C. 72,
74. Oregon 4. Texas 8. Vt. 3rd rep. p. 122.
Blackberry, Diseases and Insects of —
Cane-Borer, N. Y. Cornell 23. Rnst, U. S. Dept. Agr. 1889 rep. p. 416.
Black-Knot —
Can. Exp. Farm, 1889, rep. p. 87. Can. Agr. Coll. LII. Mich. 59.
Minn. 2nd rep. p. 13. Penn. 13.
Borage —
Vt. 3rd rep. pp. loi, 115.
Broccoli —
Vt. ^rd rep. pp. loi, 115.
Brussels Sprouts —
Vt. 3rd rep. pp. loi, 115.
Cabbage, Culture and Varieties —
Colo. 2nd rep. p. 41. Md. 2nd rep. p. 60. Mass. Hatch, 1889 rep.
p. 44. Mich. 57. Minn. 10. N. C. 74. N. Y. Cornell 25.
Oregon 4. Pa. 10. Vt. 3rd rep. pp. loi, 115.
Cabbage, Diseases and Insects of —
Aphis, Del. 2nd rep. p. no. N. J. 72. Bug, Del. 2nd rep. p. 130.
Tenn. 2nd rep. p. 14. Btitterfly, S. C. 2nd rep. p. 97. European
Butterfly and Southern Butterfly, Tenn. 2nd rep. p. 14, White
Butterfly, Del. 2nd rep. p. 123. Worin^ Del. 2nd rep. pp. no,
124, 135-
Canker-Worm'^ —
Del. 2nd rep. p. no. Vt. 3rd rep. p. 152.
Carnation —
Mass. Hatch, 10 (fertilizers for).
A. H. 17
234 Annals of Horticulhcre .
Carrot, Culture and Varieties —
Can. Exp. Farm, 1889 rep. pp. 34, 141. Colo. 2nd rep. pp. 41, 99.
Md. 2nd rep. p. 60. Mass. State, 7th rep. pp. 170, 171. Nebr.
12. Oregon 4. Vt. 3rd rep. pp. 102, 115, 129.
Carrots, Miscellaneous —
Analyses, Mass. State, 7th rep. pp. 34, 181, 182, 295, 300.
Cassava —
Texas 8.
Cauliflower, Culture and Varieties —
Mich. 57. Minn. 12. Oregon 4. Pa. 10. Vt. 3rd rep. pp. 103, 115.
Celery, Culture and Varieties —
Colo. 2nd rep. p. 38. Oregon 4. Pa. 10. Vt. 3rd rep. pp. 103, 115,
130.
Celery, Diseases and Insects of —
Plant-Lotise, Ohio, 2.
Cherry, Culture and Varieties —
Can. Exp. Farm, i88g rep. p. 93. la. 10. La. 3. Mass. Hatch, 1889
rep. p. 32. Mich. 59. Mo. 10. Nebr. 12. N. Y. State, Circu-
lar 1890. N. C. 72. R. I. 7. Tenn. 5. Texas 8. Vt. 3rd rep.
p. 121.
Cherry, Diseases and Insects of —
Black-Knot, Tenn. 2nd rep. p. 13. Leaf-Blight, U. S. Dept. Agr. 1890
rep. 396. Powdery Mildew, Ohio 4. Scollop- Shell Moth, N. Y.
Cornell 23. Slug, Nev. 10. Tj'ee Tortrix, N. Y. Cornell 23.
Chervil —
Vt. 3rd rep. pp. 104, 115.
Chestnut —
U. S. Dept. Agr. 1889 rep. p. 439 ; 1890 rep. p. 416.
Chicory —
Vt. 3rd rep. pp. 104, 115.
Citron —
U. S. Dept. Agr. 1889 rep. pp. 116, 439.
Cocoa-nut —
U. S. Dept. Agr. 1889 rep. p. 447.
Conifers —
Texas 8.
Corn, Sweet —
Colo. 2nd rep. pp. 32, 102, 121. Ga. 10. Ind. 31. Mass. Hatch, 7.
Mich. 57. Nebr. 12. N. C. 74. Oregon 4. Pa. 10. Vt. 3rd
rep. p. 135. Wis. 17.
Corn, Diseases and Insects of —
Aphis and Btui Worm, Del. 2nd rep. p. iii. Curciilio, Del. 2nd rep.
p. 129. Worm, Del. 2nd rep. p. 132.
Index to Experi7ne7it Station Horticulture. 235
Cranberry —
Analyses, Mass. State, 7th. rep p. 302.
Cranberry, Diseases and Insects of —
Black-lieaded Cranberry Worm, Fruit Worm, Cranbeny Scale, Tip Worm,
Ye I low-headed Cranberry Worm, N. J. Special Bulletin K.
Cress —
Vt. 3rd rep. pp. 104, 115.
Cucumber, Culture and Varieties —
Colo. 2nd rep. pp. 100, 121. La. 3. Nebr. 12. Oregon 4, Vt. 3rd
rep. pp. 104, 115, 137.
Cucumber, Diseases and Insects of —
Nematode, Mass. State, 7th rep. p. 229. Striped Cucumber Beetle, Del,
2nd rep. p. 117. Ohio 8.
Currant, Culture and Varieties —
Can. Exp. Farm, 1889 rep. p. 94. Colo. 2nd rep. p. 30. Ind. 31, 33
vol. II. Mich. 59. N. Y. State, Circular 1890. N. C. 72. Ore-
gon 4. R. I. 7. U. S. Dept. Agr. 1889 rep. p. 441. Vt. 3rd rep.
p. 112, 122.
Currant, Diseases and Insects of —
Borer, la. ii. Oregon 4. Leaf Roller, N. Y. Cornell 23. Roller and
Worm, Del. 2nd rep. p. iii. Worm, Mass. Hatch, 1889 rep. p.
25-
Currant, Miscellaneous —
Analyses, Mass. State, 1889 rep. p. 306.
Cut- Worm —
Can. Exp. Farm, 1889 rep. p. 70. Del. 2nd rep. p. iii. Fla. 9.
Oregon 5. S. Dakota 18.
Dandelion —
Vt. 3rd rep. p. 114.
Date —
U. S. Dept. Agr. 1889 rep. p. 438.
Dewberry —
Mo. 10. N. Y. State, Circular 1890. R. I. 7. Vt. 3rd rep. pp. 105,
115-
Egg-Plant —
Vt. 3rd. rep pp. 104, 115.
Elm, Diseases and Insects of —
Borer, Vt. 3rd rep. p. 154. Canker-Worm, Vt. 3rd rep. p. 152.
Cockscomb Gall Louse, Vt. 3rd rep. p. 162. Fall Web Worm, Vt.
3rd rep. p. 153. Gall Louse, Vt. 3rd rep. p. 160. Leaf Beetle,
Vt. 3rd rep. p. 155. May Beetle, Vt. 3rd rep. p. 156. Mourning
Cloak Butterfly, Vt. 3rd rep. p. 150. Pla7it Lice, Vt. 3rd rep. p.
157. Tussock Moth, Vt. 3rd rep. p. 150.
236 A7mals of Hortiadture.
Endive —
Vt. 3rd rep. pp. 105, 115.
Fig —
La. 3. N. C. 72, 74. Tenn. 5. Texas 8. U. S. Dept. Agr. 1889 rep.
pp. 127, 436.
Fig, Diseases and Insects of —
S. C. 2nd rep. p. 105.
Fungi —
Conn. 97. Del. 2nd rep. p. 69. Ky. 31. Mass. Hatch 7. Mass.
State, 1889 rep. pp. 195, 214. Mich. 59. Nebr. 11. N.J. 70, 76.
Ohio 4, 10. Texas 7. 9.
Fungicides —
Conn. 102. Del. X. Kans. 12. Ky. Circular No. 3. Ky. 31. Mass.
Hatch 7, 11; 1889 rep. p. 49. U. S. Dept. Agr. 1890 rep. p. 401.
Wis. 7th rep. p. 199.
Gooseberry, Culture and Varieties —
Colo. 2nd rep. p. 30. Del. 2nd rep. p. 103. Mich. 59. N. Y. State,
Circular 1890. N. C. 72. Ind. 31, 33 vol. II. Oregon 4. R.
I. 7. Vt. 3rd rep. pp. 112, 122.
Gooseberry, Diseases and Insects of —
Fruit Worm, Oregon, 5. Saiv-FlyX^^"^- 2nd rep. p. 125.
GOUMI
U. S. Dept. Agr. 1890 rep. p. 423.
Grafting —
Herbaceous, N. Y. Cornell 25.
Grape, Culture and Varieties —
Ala. Agr. Exp. Station 10. Can. Exp. Farm, 1889 rep. p. 94. Colo.
2nd rep. pp. 24, 119. Ind. 33. Kan. 14. Mass. Hatch, 7; 1889
rep. pp. 18, 33, Mich. 59. Minn. 10. Mo. 10. N. Y. Cornell
19. N. Y. State, Circular 1890. N. C. 72, 74. Oregon 4. R.
. I. 7 ; 2nd rep. p. no. Texas 8. U. S. Dept. Agr. Pom. Div.
Bull. 3; 1889 rep. pp. 119, 437, 444; 1890 rep. p. 420. Vt. 3rd
rep. p. 122. Wis. 17.
Grape, Diseases and Insects of —
Anthracnose, Texas 8. Berry Moth, Del. 2nd rep, p. 130. Black-Knot,
Can. Exp. Farm, 1889 rep. p. 87. Black-rot, Del. 2nd rep. p. in.
Texas 8. Tenn. 2nd rep. p. 13. U. S. Dept. Agr. 1889 rep. p.
399 ; 1899 rep. p. 394. Brozvn-rot, Ohio 10. Tenn. 2nd rep. p.
13. Brown and Grey Rot, Texas 8. Dozvny Mildew, Mass. State,
1889 rep. p. 206. Ohio 10. Texas 8. U. S. Dept. Agr. 1889 rep.
pp. Ill, 399. Leaf Blight, Tenn. 2nd. rep. p. 13. Texas 8. Leaf
Hopper, Mass. Hatch, 1889 rep. p. 21. Leaf Spot Disease, Texas
8. Powdery Mildew, Mass. State, 1889 rep. pp. 29, 30, 50, 312.
Tenn. 2nd rep. p. 13. Texas 8. Procris., Del. 2nd rep. p. 131.
Rot, Mo. 10. Saw-Fly, Del, 2nd rep, p. 131. Vine Leaf Borer,
Del. 2nd rep. p. in.
Index to Experime^it Station Horticulture. 237
Grape, Miscellaneous —
Analyses, Mass. State, 1SS9 rep. pp. 303, 304.
Greenhouse —
Heating, Mass. Hatch 8. Mich. 63. U. S. Dept. Agr. 1889 rep. p.
130.
GUAVA —
La. 3. Texas 8.
Hollyhock, Diseases of —
N. Y. Cornell 25. U. S. Dept. Agr. 1890 rep. p. 407.
Insects —
Colo. 2nd rep. pp. 44, 126. Fla. 9. Neb. 14. Ohio i vol. H. and 4.
Ohio 4 and i vol. H. Vt. 19. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. of Ent.
Green Aphis, Fla. 9. Oregon 5.
Insecticides —
Ala. Agr. Exp. Station 16 and 17. Ark. 14 and 15. Colo. 2nd rep.
p. 44. Del. Vni ; 2nd rep. pp. 79, 106, 133. Fa. 9. la. 10 and
II. Ky. Circular No. 3. Mass. Hatch 7, 11 ; 1889 rep. pp. 26,
49. Mass. State, 1889 rep. p. 278. Mich. 58 and 59. Mo. 10.
Nebr. 14. N. Y. Cornell 18. Ohio 4. Oregon 5. Tenn. 2nd
rep. p. 14. Vt. 3rd rep. p. 145.
Juneberry
R. I. 7.
Kale —
Vt. 3rd rep. pp, 105, 115.
Kohl-rabi —
Vt. 3rd rep. pp. 105, 115.
Leek —
Vt. 3rd rep. pp. 105, 115.
Lettuce, Culture and Varieties —
Can. Exp. Farm, 1889 rep. p. 95. Colo. 2nd rep. p, 99. La. 3. Md.
2nd rep. p. 60. Mass Hatch 7 and 10. Mich. 57. Nebr. 15.
Oregon 4. Pa. 10. Vt. 3rd rep. pp. 105, 115.
Mango —
U. S. Dept. Agr. 1889 rep. p. 448.
Maple—
Green-striped Worm, U. S. Dept. Agr. 1890 rep. p. 253.
Melon, Musk —
Ala. Agr. Exp. Station 20. Colo. 2nd rep. pp. loi, 121. La. 3.
Nebr. 12. Vt. 3rd rep. pp. 106, 115.
Melon, Water —
Ala. Agr. Exp. Station 20. Colo. 2nd rep. pp. loi, 121. La. 3.
Nebr. 12. Vt. 3rd rep. pp. 106, 115, Diseases, U. 8. Dept. Agr.
1889 rep. p. 418.
238 Aiinals of Horticulture.
Mignonette —
Disease of, U. S. Dept. Agr. 1889 rep. p. 429.
Mulberry —
Birds attacking, U. S. Dept. Agr. 1890 rep. p. 285.
Mushroom —
U. S. Dept. Agr. 1890 rep. p. 366.
Nectarine —
Mo. 10. Oregon 4. R. I. 7. N. Y. State, Circular 1890. Tenn. 5
Nuts —
Colo. 2nd rep. p. 123. N. C. 72. Oregon 4. R. I. 7. U. S. Dept.
Agr. 1890 rep. p. 415.
Olive —
Cal. 85. U. S. Dept. Agr. 1889 rep. p. 126.
Oak Caterpillar —
Minn 10.
Onion, Culture and Varieties —
Ala. Agr. Exp. Station 20. Colo. 2nd rep. pp. 40, 98. La. 3. Minn.
10. Nebr. 12. Ohio 9. Vt. 3rd rep. pp. 107, 115.
Orange —
La. 3. Texas 8. U. S. Dept. Agr. 1889 rep. p. 123.
Orange, Diseases and Insects of —
Scale bisects, Fla. 9. U. S. Dept. Agr. Ent. Div. Bull. 21 ; 1889 rep.
PP- 334. 340. 355 ; 1890 rep. pp. 250, 251.
Pansies —
Mass. Hatch, 10.
Parsley —
Vt. 3rd rep. p. 107.
Parsnip —
Nebr. 12. Oregon 4. Vt. 3rd rep. p. 107.
Pea, Culture and Varieties —
Ala. Canebr. 7. Can. Exp. Farm, 1889 rep. p. 35. Colo. 2nd rep. pp.
33, 97, 120. Ind. 31. Kans. 2nd rep. p. 151. La. 3 Md. 2nd
rep. p. 61. Mass. Hatch, 1889 rep. p. 44. Mich. 57. Minn. 11.
Nebr. 12 and 15. N. C. 74. Oregon 4, 7. Pa. 10. Vt. 3rd rep.
pp. 108, 115.
Pea, Diseases and Insects of —
Weevil, Oregon 5.
Peach, Culture and Varieties —
Ala. Agr. Exp. Station 11. La. 3. Mass. Hatch, 1889 rep. p. 31.
Mich. 59. Mo. 10. N. Y. State, Circular 1890. N. C. 72. Ore-
gon 4. R. I. 7. Tenn. 5. Texas 8. U. S. Dept. Agr. 1889 rep.
pp. 120, 436.
Index to Experiment Station Horticulture. 239
Peach, Diseases and Insects of —
Black Peach Aphis, N. J. 72. Borer, Ala. Agr. Exp. Station 11. Del.
2nd rep. p. III. Leaf Curl, Tenn. 2nd rep. p. 13. Maggot, U.
S. Dept. Agr. 1890 rep. p. 225. Tree Aphis, Del. 2nd rep. p. iii.
Tree Borer, Oregon 5. Vellozvs, Del. 2nd rep. p. 92. N. Y. Cor-
nell 19. 25. U. S. Dept. Agr. 1889 rep. p. 421 ; 1890 rep. p. 404.
Pear, Culture and Varieties —
Can. Exp. Farm, 1889 rep. pp. 93, 146. Colo. 2nd rep. pp. 23, 117.
Kans. 14. La. 3. Mass. Hatch, 1889 rep. p. 31. Mich. 59. Mo.
10. N. Y. Cornell 19. N. Y. State, Circular 1890. N. C. 72.
Oregon 4. R. I. 7. Tenn. 5. Texas 7, 8 and 9. U. S. Dept.
Agr 1889 rep. pp. 120, 444. Vt. 3rd rep. pp. 112, 121.
Pear, Diseases and Insects of —
Bark Lice, Ohio 4. Blight Beetle, Del. 2nd rep. p iii. Leaf Blight,
Ohio 4. U. S. Dept. Agr. 1889 rep. p. 415 ; 1890 rep. p. 396.
Leaf Blister, N. Y. Cornell 18. Scab, Del. VIII ; 2nd rep. p. 88.
Slug, Del. 2nd rep. p. 11 1. Nev. 10. Stag Beetle Borer, N. Y.
Cornell 18. Tree Slug, Oregon 5.
Pecan —
U. S. Dept. Agr. 1890 rep. p. 415.
Pepper —
Colo. 2nd rep. pp. 102, 120. Md. 2nd rep. p. 62. Vt. 3rd rep. pp.
108, 115.
Persimmon, Japanese, or Kaki —
La. 3. Oregon 4. U. S. Dept. Agr. 1889 rep. pp. 121, 436, 449; 1890
rep. p. 422.
Pineapple —
U. S. Dept. Agr. 1889 rep. p. 130; 1890 rep. p. 421.
Plum, Culture and Varieties —
Ala. Agr. Exp. Station 11. Can. Exp. Farm, 1889 rep. pp. 93, 146,
Colo. 2nd rep. p. 117. la. 10. La. 3. Mass. Hatch, 1889 rep,
p. 32. Mich. 59. Minn. 10. Mo. 11. N. Y. Cornell 18. N. Y
State, Circular 1890. N. C. 72. Oregon 4. R. I. 7. Tenn. 5
Texas 8. U. S. Dept. Agr. 1889 rep. p. 440. Vt. 3rd rep. p. 122
Plum, Diseases and Insects of —
Black-Knot, Can. Agr. Coll. LII. Penn. 13. Tenn. 2nd rep. p. 13
Curculio, Del. 2nd rep. pp. iii, 120. Ind. 33. la. 9. Mich. 59
Minn. 10. Ohio, 8. Tenn. 2nd rep. p. 14. Gouger, la. 9
Fruit Rot, Ohio 4.
Poplars —
Can. Exp. Farm, 1889 rep. p. 145. Minn. 9.
Poplar, Diseases and Insects of —
Borer, Minn. 9. Girdler, Minn. 7. Leaf Gall Louse, Del. 2nd rep. p
128.
240 Annals of Horticulture.
Pot, Flower —
The Paper, N. Y. Cornell 25.
Potato, Culture and Varieties —
Can. Exp. Farm, 1889 rep. pp. 36, 141. Colo. 2nd rep. pp. 31, 104.
Ga. 8. Ind. 31. Kans. 2nd rep. pp. 168, 195. La. 4. Mass.
Hatch, 7. Md. 2nd rep. p. 51. Mich. 59 and 60. Minn. 10.
Mo. 10. Nebr. 12. N. C. 74. N. Y. Cornell 25 Ohio i.
Oregon 4. Pa. 10. R. I. 2nd rep. p. iii. Tenn. i ; 2nd rep.
p. 8. U. S. Dept. Agr. 75 and 76. Vt. 3rd rep. p. 143. Wis. 17
and 22. Wis. 7th rep. p. 205.
Potato, Diseases and Insects of —
Blight, Ohio 4 and 8. Bug-eating Birds, U. S. Dept. Agr. 1889 rep. p.
369. Coiorado Beetle, Del 2nd rep. p. 118 La. 4. Rot, La. 4.
U. S. Dept. Agr. 1889 rep. p. 417 ; 1890 rep. p. 400 Mass. Hatch,
II. Scab, Conn. 105. La. 4. Mass. State, 34. Sphinx, Ga. 6.
Stalk-Weevil, la. 11.
Preservative Fluids for Fresh Fruits —
Cal. 86.
Prune —
la. II.
Pumpkin —
Colo. 2nd rep. pp. 41, 102, 222. Md. 2nd rep. p. 62. Nebr. 12. N.
Y. Cornell 25. Vt. 3rd rep. pp. 108, 115.
Quince —
La. 3. N. Y. Cornell 19. N. Y. State, Circular, 1890. N. C. 72.
Texas 8. U. S. Dept. Agr. 1889 rep. p. 416. Vt. 3rd rep. pp.
112, 122.
Radish —
Can. Exp. Farm, 1889 rep. p. 95. Colo. 2nd rep. p. 99. La. 3. Md.
2nd rep. p. 62. Nebr. 12 and 15. Oregon 4. Penna. 10. Vt.
3rd rep. pp. 108, 115.
Raspberry, Culture and Varieties —
Ala. Agr. Exp. Station 20. Can. Exp. Farm, 1889 rep. pp. 94, 120,
131,147. Del. 2nd rep. p. 103. Ind. 31, 33 Vol. II. Mass. Hatch,
7 and 10; 1889 rep. p. 38. Mo. 10. N. Y. State, Circular 1889.
N. C. 72, 74. Ohio 7. R. I. 7. Texas 8. Vt. 3rd rep. p. 123.
Raspberry, Diseases and Insects of —
Leaf -Blight, U. S. Dept. Agr. 1890 rep. p. 399.
Rhubarb —
Can. Exp. Farm, 1889 rep. p. 96.
Rhubarb, Diseases and Insects of —
Curculio, Ohio 8.
Rose, Diseases and Insects of —
Beetle, Can. Exp. Farm, 1889 rep. p. 88. Del. 2nd rep. p. iii. Nev.
9. Slug, Del. 2nd rep. pp. iii, 115.
Index to Experiment Station Horticulture. 241
bALSIFY —
Nebr. 12.
Sapodilla —
U. S. Dept. Agr. i88g rep. p. 447.
Seeds, Germination and Testing of —
Can. Exp. Farm, 1889 rep. p. 17. Del. 2nd rep. pp. 37, 46. Vt. 3rd
rep. pp. 99, 118. Wis. 7th rep. p. 126.
Seeds and Plants, Distribution of —
Cal. 81 and 84. U. S. Dept. Agr. 1889 rep. p. 132 ; 1890 rep. p.
413-
Spinach —
Vt. 3rd rep. pp. 108, 115.
Spinach, Diseases and insects of —
Anthracnose, Black Mould, Leaf Blight, Mildezu 2in<l White Smut, N. J.
70.
Squash, Culture and Varieties —
Colo. 2nd rep. pp. 42, 102. La. 3. Md. 2nd rep. p. 62. N. Y.
Cornell 25. Vt. 3rd rep. pp. 109, 115, 138.
Strawberry, Culture and Varieties —
Ala. Agr. Exp. Station 20. Ark. 13. Can. Exp Farm, 1889 rep. pp.
95, 120, 130, 148. Colo. 2nd rep. p. 27. Del. 2nd rep. p. 103.
Ind. 31, 33 Vol. II. Ky. 25. La. 3. Md. 9. Mass. Hatch, 10;
1889 rep. p. 91. Mich. 59. Mo. 10. N. Y. State, 24 and Circular
1890. N. C. 72. 74. Ohio 7. Oregon 7. R. I. 7 ; 2nd rep. p.
III. Texas 8. U. S. Dept. Agr. 1890 rep. p. 418. Vt. 3rd rep.
pp. 112, 123. Vir. 7. Wis. 7th rep. p. 213.
Strawberry, Diseases and Insects of —
Beetle, Fla. 9. Blight, N. Y. State 24. Crown Borer, Ind. 33 Vol. 2.
Ky. 31. False Worm, Ky. 31. Grub, Del. 2nd rep. p. in. Ky.
31. June Bug, Ky. 31. Leaf-Blight Fungus, Ky. 31. U. S. Dept.
Agr. 1889 rep. p, 419 ; 1890 rep. p. 396. Leaf Roller, Ky. 31. Root
Worm, Ky. 31. Sfueared Dagger, Ky. 31. I'arnished Plant Bug,
Ky. 31.
Sweet Potato —
Nebr. 12. N. C. 74. Texas 7.
Sweet Potato, Diseases and Insects of —
Black Rot, Dry Rot, Leaf Blight, Leaf Mould, Soft Rot, Scurf, Soil Rot,
Stem Rot, White Rot, N. J. 76.
Tomato, Culture and Varieties —
Ala. Agr. Exp. Station 20. Can. Exp. Farm 1889 rep. p. 117. Colo.
2nd rep. pp. 41, 104. Ind. 31. Kans. 2nd rep. p. 198. La. 3.
Md. 2nd rep. pp. 43, 67, 74. Mass. Hatch, 10. Mich. 57. N.
Y. Cornell 21. N. C. 74. Oregon 4, 7. Tenn. 10. Vt. 3rd rep.
pp log 115, 138. Vir. 4.
242 Annals of Horticulture.
Tomato, Diseases and Insects of —
Rot, U. S. Dept. Agr. 1889 rep. p. 418. Worm, Del. 2nd rep. pp. iii
126.
Turnip, Culture and Varieties —
Can. Exp. Farm, i88g rep. pp. 33, 117. Colo. 2nd rep. p. 103. Nebr.
12. Oregon 4. Vt. 3rd rep. pp. no, 115, 142.
Turnip, Diseases and Insects of —
I-lea Beetle, Can. Exp. Farm, i88g rep. p. 72.
Willow —
Minn. 9. N. C. 72
Willow, Diseases and Insects of —
Flea Beetle, Nebr. 4. Grove Plant Louse, Ohio 2. Saio-Fly, Minn. 9.
Nebr. 14. ^^ng, Minn. 9. Spotted Plant Louse, Ohio 2. Spotted
Will 07V Slug, Nebr. 14.
Wines, Conservation of —
Cal. 87.
§ 8. BOOKS OF 1890, EXCLUSIVE OF EFFORTS OF
HOE TICUL TUEA L OE GANIZA TIONS.
This list contains some of the books of 1889 which did not
appear in the list for that year (Annals 1889, 213). The titles
of books in foreign languages are given in English.
Andrae, E. A. A Guide to the Cultivation of the Grape Vine in Texas, and
Instructions for "Wine Making. Dallas, Texas.
Bailey, L. H. Annals of Horticulture for 1889. New York.
— Horticulturist's Rule-Book New York.
Barral & Sagnier. Dictionary of Agriculture, No. 23. Paris.
Bellair, G. Ad. Fruit Trees. Paris.
Bergmann, Ernest. An Excursion in Portugal. Meaux.
Birmingham Gardeners' Association. A Series of Papers read before the
Association in 1886 and 1887.
Bois, D. The Little Garden. Paris.
Bonavia, E. The Cultivated Oranges and Lemons, etc., of India and Cey-
lon. 2 vols. London.
Bon Jardinier for 1890. 134th ed. Paris.
Bosschere, Charles de. Horticulture at the Paris Exposition. Ghent.
Bouche, C. & J. Construction and Arrangement of Greenhouses. Bonn.
Brooks, C. Mushrooms and their Culture. London.
Bunyard, Frederick. Fruit Farming for Profit. Maidstone, Eng.
Carter. Carter's Practical Gardener. London.
Dame, Lorin, and Brooks, Henry. Typical Elms and Other Trees of Mas-
sachusetts. Embellished 4to. Boston.
Daul, A. Cacti. Stuttgart.
Dilling, Gustav. Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach : a Sketch of His Life.
Hamburg.
Earl of Meath. On the Public Parks of America. London.
Eisen, Gustav. The Raisin Industry. A Practical Treatise on the Raisin
Grapes, their History, Culture and Curing. San Francisco.
E. V. B. Days and Hours in a Garden. 7th ed. London.
Ferns, Book of Choice, for the Garden, Conservatory and Stove. London.
In monthly parts.
Fleischer, Dr. C. The Most Important Enemies of Fruit Trees, and Meth-
ods for their Destruction. Dresden.
Garola. C. G. The Use of Fertilizers. Amiens.
German Agricultural Society. The Stone Fruits of Germany. Berlin.
Goethe, R. Report of the Royal School for Fruit Culture at Geisenheim.
Wiesbaden.
Greiner, T. How to make the Garden Pay. Philadelphia.
Griffith, A. B. Diseases of Crops and their Remedies. London.
(243)
244 Annals of Hortiadtin^e .
Halsted, Byron D. Reserve Food — Materials in Buds and Surrounding
Parts. Mem. Torr. Bot. Club, vol. ii. No. i. New York.
Harris, Jos. Nitrate of Soda for Manure, and the Best Mode of its Em-
ployment. Rochester, N. Y.
Hartig, Dr. Robert. Timbers and How to Know Them. Translated by
William Sommerville. Edinburgh.
Hartwig, J., and Heinemann, F. C. The Clematis. Leipzig.
Heinemann, F E. Aquarium, In-Door Garden and Conservatory. Leip-
zig.
— The Culture of Common Bulbous Plants. Leipzig.
Henderson, Alfred. Peter Henderson. A Memoir. New York.
Hensel, Julius. Explanation of Hensel's Universal Fertilizer. Berlin.
Hofer, A. N. Grape Growing. McGregor, Iowa.
Howe, Walter. The Garden, as Considered in Literature by Certain Polite
Writers. New York.
Hubert, Philip G. Jr. Liberty and a Living. New York.
Jones, Walter. Heating by Hot Water.
Jiihlke, F. Garden Book for Ladies. 4th edition. Berlin.
Kettlewell, Arthur M. The Art of Landscape Gardening. London.
Kirchner, Dr. Oskar. The Diseases and Injuries of our Cultivated Plants.
Stuttgart.
Kolb, Max. European and Trans-Oceanic Alpine Plants. Stuttgart.
Kraetzl, Franz. Sweet Rowan (Pyrus Aucuparia, var dulcis). Vienna and
Olmiitz.
Lebl. Indoor Gardening. Leipzig.
— Mushroom Culture. 3rd edition Berlm.
Lepki. Open Letters for Garden, Field and Forest Culture. Prag-Wein-
berge.
Lisbonne, Gaston. Legislation on Raisins. Montpellier, France.
M' Alpine, A. N. How to Know Grasses by their Leaves. Edinburgh.
Maries, Charles. Mangos of India. London.
Mark, M. Latest Guide to all Garden Literature. Erfurt.
Martin, Edward Alfred. Glimpses of Natures' Secrets. London.
Mathews, F. Schuyler. The Golden Flower [Chrysanthemum]. In Col-
ors. Prang & Co. Boston.
Mayfahrt Ph. & Co. Vegetable and Fruit Culture in the Field, with Refer-
ence to Canning and Preserving. Frankfort a. M.
Meulenaere, O. de. Descriptive List of Winter Chrysanthemums. Ghent.
Mills & Shaw. The First Principles of Agriculture. Toronto, Canada.
Milner, H. E. The Art and Practice of Landscape Gardening. London.
Missouri Botanical Gardens. First Report, by the Director. St. Louis.
Monkemeyer, W. Handbook of Botanical Terms for Gardeners. 2nd edi-
tion of Kohl's Work. Berlin.
Morgenthaler, J. Grape, Fruit and Garden Culture at the Paris Exposi-
tion, and the International Agricultural Congress from the 4th to nth
of July, 1889. Zurich.
Morton, James. Southern Floriculture. Clarksville, Tenn.
Mossdorf, Otto. Studies for Landscape Gardeners. Leipzig.
Moyen, J Les Champignons. An Elementary Treatise upon Mycology,
with descriptions of useful, dangerous and remarkable species.
Miiller, Ludwig. Guide to Horticultural Literature. Berlin.
The Books of i8go. 245
Ohrt, H. The Parks and Gardens of the Grand Duke, at Oldenburg. Leip-
zig.
Oliver, F. W. On Sarcodes sanguinea, Torr. London.
Ormerod, Miss E. A. Report on Injurious Insects. London.
Parey, Paul. Novelties of the Past Year. Berlin.
— Phylloxera Laws. Berlin.
Poole, Mrs. Hester M. Fruits and How to Use Them. New York.
Pratt, Mara L. The Fairyland of Flowers. Boston, Mass.
Ravenscroft, B. C. Tomato Culture for Amateurs. London.
Reeves, J. A. Sap ; Does it Rise from the Roots ?
Remark, Fred. The Cactus Friend. Minden i. W. Germany.
Report of the Tree Planting and Fountain Society of Brooklyn, N. Y.
Rexford, Eben E. Home Floriculture. Vick, Rochester, N. Y.
Ritzema, J. Injurious and Beneficial Animals. Berlin.
Runge, C. Catalogue of the Fruits Adapted to the Province of Branden-
burg. Berlin.
Sandmann, J. Manual of the Markets. Berlin.
Schomburg, R. Report on the Progress and Condition of the Botanic
Garden. Adelaide (South Australia).
Schwaab, Ernest F. Secrets of Canning. A Complete Exposition of the
Theory and Art of the Canning Industry. Baltimore.
Schweizer, Garden Calendar for 1890. Zurich
Scribner, F. Lamson. Fungus Diseases of the Grape and other Plants and
their Treatment. Little Silver, N. J.
Seymour, A. B. and Earle, F. S. Economic Fungi. (Exsiccate).
Sorgues and Berthault. Raisins and Their Uses. Paris.
Stoll, Dr. R. On the Apples and Pears of the Vienna Market. Klosterneu-
burg.
Strassheim, C. J. Desirable Roses. Frankfort, a. M.
Sturtevant, E. Lewis. On Seedless Fruits. Memories of the Torrey Botani-
cal Club, Vol. i. No. 4.
Sutton & Sons. The Art of Preparing Vegetables for the Table. Reading,
England.
Terry & Root. How to Grow Strawberries. Medina, Ohio.
Thomayer, Fr. Technical Pomology. Prague.
Thompson, W. Practical Treatise on the Grape Vine. loth edition.
Edinburgh & London.
Veitch & Sons, James. A Manual of Orchidaceous Plants Cultivated under
Glass in Great Britain. Part VI. Coelogyne, Epidendrum, etc.
London.
Vergara, M. The Falling of Grapes. Translation of Charles Baltet's work.
Madrid.
Wait, Frona Eunice. Wines and Vines of California. San Francisco.
Whitehead, Charles. F. L. S. Hints on Vegetable and Fruit Farming.
London.
— Injurious Insects and Fungi : 3rd annual Reports. London.
Woodward, Miss Florence H. The Genus Masdevallia. Issued by the
Marques of Lothian, chiefly from plants in his collection. Grantham.
Wynne, Brian. Our Hardy Fruits. London.
§ 9- HORTICULTURAL PERIODICALS OF THE
WORLD.
NORTH AMERICA.
This list includes all the periodicals which are strictly hor-
ticultural. Many agricultural papers publish horticultural de-
partments, and a few, of which the Florida Dispatch and
No7'thiuest Horticulturist, Agriculturist and Stockman are exam-
ples, give particular attention to horticultural matters.
American Farm and Horticulturist. Lakewood, Ohio. Quarterly.
American Florist. Chicago Weekly.
American Garden. New York. Monthly.
California Fruit Grower. San Francisco. W.
Canadian Horticulturist. Grimsby, Ontario. M.
Floral Instructor. Ainsworth, la. M.
Florists' Exchange. New York. W .
Fruit and Grape Grower. Charlottesville, Va. M.
Fruit and Vegetable Grower. Cheswold, Del. M.
Fruit Growers' Journal. Cobden. 111. Semi-monthly.
Fruit Trade Journal. New York. W.
Garden and Forest. New York. W.
Green's Fruit Grower. Rochester. Quart.
Horticultural Art Journal. Rochester. M.
Journal of the Columbus Horticultural Society. Columbus, O. Quart.
Lindenia. M. (An English edition of the French journal, with a central
American office in New York).
Mayflower. Queens, N. Y. M.
National Horticulturist. Cambridge, Md. M.
Nebraska Horticulturist. Bower, Neb. M.
Orchard and Garden. Little Silver, N. J. M.
Ornamental and Forest Tree Grower. Evergreen, Wis. M.
Park's Floral Magazine. Fannetsburg, Pa. M.
Pilot Point Horticulturist. Pilot Point, Texas. M.
Popular Gardening. Buffalo. M.
Seed Time and Harvest. La Plume, Pa. M.
Southern Horticultural Journal. Denison, Texas. Sejjii-mcnthly .
Vick's Magazine. Rochester. M.
Vineyardist. Penn Yan, N. Y. Serni-monthly.
Western Garden. Des Moines, Iowa. M,
(246)
Horticultural Periodicals of the World. 247
ENGLAND.
Amateur Gardening. London. Garden Horticultural Gazette. Man-
Botanical Magazine. London. Chester.
Floral Magazine. London. Gardener. London.
Floral World and Garden Guide. Gardeners' Chronicle. London.
London. Gardeners' Magazine. London.
Florist and Pomologist. London. Gardening Illustrated. London.
Fruit Farm Review, Gardening World. London.
Fruit Trade Journal. London. Dis- Horticultural Record. London.
continued with the year. Horticultural Times. London.
Garden. London. Journal of Horticulture. London.
Garden Almanac. London. Northern Gardener. Manchester.
IN FRENCH.
Annales de 1' Horticulture. Brussels.
Annuaire General d' Horticulture. Toulouse.
Art dans 1' Horticulture. Paris.
Belgique Horticole (La). Gand (Ghent).
Bulletin d' Arboriculture. Ghent.
Bulletin d' Arboriculture, de Floriculture, et de Culture Potagere. Gand
(Ghent).
Bulletin de la Federation des Societes d' Horticulture de Belgique, public
par le Ministere de 1' Agriculture. Gand.
Bulletin d 1' Horticulture. Clermont (Oise).
Bulletin de la Societe Horticole, Viticole et Forestiere de Sens. Auxerne.
Bulletin de la Societe d' Horticulture de Bongival. Saint-Germain-en-Laye.
Bulletin du Cercle Floral d' Anvers. Anvers.
Bulletin du Syndicat des Viticulteurs de France. Paris.
Bulletin Horticole (Le). Huy.
Bulletin Mensuel de la Societe d' Horticulture Pratique du Rhone. Lyons.
Chasse et Peche, Acclimation et Elevage. Organ of the Royal Society of
St. Hubert. Brussels.
Flore des Serres et Jardins de 1' Angleterre. Gand (Ghent).
Horticulteur L'. Mons.
Jardin (Le). Argenteuil.
Jardin de la France. Tours.
Journal d' Agriculture et d' Horticulture. Bordeaux.
Journal de Horticulture Pratique. Paris.
Journal des Orchidees. Brussels.
Journal de la Societe Centrale d' Horticulture. Paris.
Journal de Vulgarisation de 1' Horticulture. Paris.
Journal des Roses. Paris.
Illustration Horticole, L'. Brussels.
Lindenia, Iconographie des Orchidees. Brussels.
Orchidophile, L'. Argenteuil.
Lyon Horticole. Lyons.
Moniteur d' Horticulture, Arboriculture, Viticulture, Sciences, Arts et In-
dustries Horticoles. Paris.
248 A7i7ials of Horticulture.
Progres Agricole et Viticole. Montpellier.
Reveil Viticole. Paris.
Revue Horticole. Paris.
Revue Horticole, Viticole, et Apicole de la Suisse Romande. Geneva.
Revue Vinicole. Paris.
IN GERMAN.
Berliner Blatter fiir Botanik, Gartnerei und Landwirthschaft. Berlin.
Deutsche Garten-Zeitung. Leipzig.
Deutscher Garten. Berlin.
Deutscher Garten-Kalendar. Berlin.
Deutsches Magazin fiir Garten-und Blumenkunde. Stuttgart.
Freyhoff's Garten-und Ackerbau-Zeitung. Oranienburg.
Gartner. Berlin.
Garten-und Blumenfreund. Cassel.
Garten-und Blumenzeitung. Hamburg.
Gartenflora. Berlin.
Hamburger Garten-und Blumen-Zeitung. Hamburg.
Illustrirte Monatshefte fiir des Gesammt-Interessen des Gartenbaus,
Munich.
Illustrirte Garten-Zeitung. Stuttgart.
Monatsblatt fiir Gartenbau. Keil.
Monatsschrift des Gartenbauvereins zu Darmstadt. Darmstadt.
Monatsschrift fiir Obst und Weinbau. Frauenfeld.
Nachrichten aus dem Gebiete des Gartenbaus, der Landwirthschaft, Fish-
erei und Jagd. Vilshofen and Hacklberg.
Obstbau. Stuttgart.
Obstgarten. Klosterneuburg bei Wien (Vienna).
Obstdeutscher Anzeiger fiir Gartenbau. Thorn.
Obstmarkt, Berlin.
Pomologische Monatshefte. Stuttgart.
Praktische Obstziichter. Klosterneburg bei Wien (Vienna). .
Practische Ratgeber im Obst-und Gartenbau. Frankfurt a. d. O.
Rheinsche Blatter fiir Obst-Wein-und Gartenbau. Strassburg.
Rheinische Gartenschrift. Carlsruhe Vereinigte Frauendorfer Blatter.
Frauendorf.
Rosen-Zeitung. Frankfort-on-the-Main.
Wiener Illustrirte Garten-Zetung. Vienna. (Journal of the Imperial
Horticultural Society.)
Zeitschrift fiir Obst-und Gartenbau. Leipzig.
IN ITALIAN, SPANISH, PORTUGUESE.
Bulletin© della Societa Toscana d' Horticultura. Florence.
Frutta e Vino. Milan.
Giardini. Milan.
Gardiniene. Milan.
Jornal de Horticultura Practica. Oporto.
Horticultural Periodicals of the World. 249
L' Orticoltura Genovese. Genoa.
O' Floricultor. Oporto.
Revista de Horticultura. Rio de Janiero.
Revista Horticologica. Barcelona.
Revista Orticola. Pallanza.
MISCELLANEOUS.
Dansk Havetidende. Copenhagen.
Gyumolcseszeti es Konyhakerteszeti Fiizetek. Budapest
Het Neederlandsche Tuinboublad. Arnhem.
Journal of the Board of Viticulture. Victoria, Australia
Kerteszeti Fiizetek. Budapest.
Nepkortesze. Budapest.
Sadovodstvo. Moscow.
Sempervirens ; Gronewegen. Amsterdam.
Tidning for Tradgordsodlare. Stockholm.
A. H.— 18
§ lo. TOOLS AND CONVENIENCES OF THE YEAR.
VARIOUS DEVICES FOR FACILITATING HORTICULTURAL LABOR
WHICH HAVE BEEN INVENTED OR HAVE BEEN FIRST PROMI-
NENTLY MENTIONED DURING 189O.*
Weeder. — (Fig. I.)
Fig. I.
This is a purslane weeder, designed
to follow a culti-
vator. It pulls
up and collects
all the purslane
and similar
weeds, beingnar-
rower at the rear
end. The teeth
are about i 4
inches ip length,
round
iron, yz
or f^ in.
in diam-
eter. — Eugene Willet, i?i Populai' Gardeni?ig, vi
Home-made Garden Hoe. — (Fig. 2.) Made from
a blade of an old buck-saw. — Fi-ed W. Cai'd,
AmeiHcan Garden, jgj.
Hoes.— -(Fig. 3, page 251.) Various designs by
A. B. Tarj-yer, i?i American Garden, 20J, 204, 264,
26s, 614.
Hoes. — (Fig. 4, page 252.) ''Nos. i and 2
I use for stirring the soil and for the general
purposes of a weed hoe, and Nos. 3 and 4
for more delicate work among close rows of
plants." — D. S. Marvin, in America^i Gar-
den, 631.
Fig. 2.
* None of the tools mentioned are in any manner recommended by the Editor.
(250)
Tools a7id Co7ivenie7ices of the Year.
251
Fig. 3.
252
A7i7ials of Horticulture.
^^^=z==sO
Fig. 3, continued.
Fig. 4.
Tools a7id Conveniences of the Year. 25-5
Clearing FoRK.-(Fig. 5.) A strong fork for removing
cabbage stumps, stones, etc. — Fred IV.
Card, in Ainerican Garden, jgj.
Clod Crusher or Grater.— (Fig. 6 )
Made from an old stone-boat by driving
strong spikes through it in a slanting direc-
tion, or threshing machine teeth may be
used. Stones and
rubbish may be
drawn from the
field at the same
time that the im-
plement works
the ground. —
Fred W. Card, in
American Garden,
393-
Home-made
Garden Marker.
— (Figs. 7, 8 and
9-) ''For the
beam or head
,/ . (Fig- 7) I use
i>^x2 m. stuff 4 ft. 2 in. long, plow-
ing a grove >^xi/^ in. in the lower
side. I then bore i^-in. holes every 2 in., beginning 2 in
ick Lk'e The h ^'^ '^-^^ ^^^- '^ ^^^ -^^^ of'oak, from a
fnH / beam, With a tenon 2 in. wide by V, in hi^h
mort<V" '"^- ^''° ^^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^his tenon or shoulder I
t" ro "h ?h ' T '" ''^l'^! joint-bolt, which is inserted
fvt^o^^l T ^^^.«l^the tooth. This joint-bolt
witf AV ^^'1' ^^''?' '/« ^^- di^^eter, and pointed,
with a thread turned on the lower end. The hole
m which the bolt lies should be y, in., to allow 0I
Fig. 6.
W
W
Fig. 7.
254
Annals of Horticulture.
easy transference. The lower end
somewhat like a double mould
plow. For handles I use two
rake handles about 5 ft. long,
which are fastened in the head
between the bolt holes. The
teeth can be adjusted to any dis-
tance in a very short time, and
the implement is a useful and
durable one. The rings on the top of the
joint-bolt allow it to be turned with a stick
when a wrench is not handy." — JoJui Jea7min,
Jr., in American Garden, lyg.
Seed Dropper. — (Fig. 10, page 254.) ^'The
part reaching the ground, which is fitted into
the bottom of the box, is made of two strips
of wood grooved out on one side, and fas-
tened to-
B gether, for-
mingatube
through
which the
seed drops.
Carrying
the tool in
number of
the tooth is sharpened
Fig. II.
foot.^
Fig. 12.
-Fred W. Card, i?i American Garde?i, jgj
the hand, the
seeds that are
wanted in the hill is pushed
in w i t h the
thumb, which
remains over
the opening,
p r e ven ting
the escape of
more seeds
till the next
hill is reach-
ed. The cov-
ering of the
seeds is usu-
ally done rea-
dily with the
Tools and Convenie7ices of the Year.
255
Lima Bean Planter. — The bean planters in use are apt
to break or split the bean. A machine which appears to
have overcome this difficulty has been invented by J. D. Mor-
gan, of Ventura, California. It consists of a cast wheel con-
taining pods or fingers, which grasp the beans as the wheel
revolves, each picking up one or two beans, and holding them
firmly until deposit-
ed in the mouth of
the tube, from which
they are conveyed to
the ground. The
wheel can be so ad-
Vl^'. «iV-£; _^ the beans at any de-
sired distance apart.
The planter is made
so that it can be eas-
ily adjusted to a sul-
\^ ky cultivator frame.
— California Fr u i t-
Grower, Feb. 8.
A Handy Cart. —
(Fig. II, page 254.)
y This IS a platform hand-cart, so stable that it can be used
in the field as a table, upon which the sorting and weighing
of experimental crops is done. We use a 3-ft. wheel and a
wide tire. The body is provided with a border an inch high
all around."
L. If. Bailey,
in American
Garden, 88.
Handy
G A R D E N
Wag on. —
(Fig. 12, p.
254.) ''This
is a combin-
ation fruit
and truck wagon
Fig. 13.
Fig. 14.
The body projects over the wheels, giving
a very large surface for the handling of crates, boxes, barrels,
etc. I use a 3-ft. wheel with a 21^-in. tire. The body is 4
256
Annals of Horticulture.
ft. 8 in. by 12 ft. It is used either behind a pole or thills.
L. H. Bailey, in At/ierican Garden, 88.
Lawn Mower Attachment. — (Fig.
13, page 255.) — A patented device for
catching and holding the grass thrown
off by a lawn mower. — Rural New-
Yorker, y4S'
Root Lifter.— (Fig. 14, page 255.) —
The beam is of hard wood, 5 feet long
and 2>^X3>^ in. In front is an inch
hole through which the wheel-rod
passes. The upper end of the clevis
Fig. 16.
Fig. 15.
is turned up and a threaded
hole cut in it to receive the
thumb-screw which holds the
wheel-rod in place. The iron
lifter is inserted in a mortise
about mid-way of the beam,
and is held in place by a key,
which provides means for ad-
justing it to various depths.
The foot is made of ^-inch
jv, f iron 3 inches wide, with a small
.y^":*^ wing of steel riveted to the
3^^^^-^-.?,.^ 1 o w er end. The roots are
''^--"' topped with a hoe before being
lifted. — A7n. Agriculturist, ji^.
Tools ajid Conveniences of the Year.
257
Step Ladder for Fruit Pickers. — (Fig. 15, page 256). A
self-supporting step lad-
der with a revolving
holder for the basket. —
Canadia?i Horticulturist.
Fruit Picker. — (Fig.
16, page 256). A blouse
fruit-picker, designed for
picking choice fruits.
The fruit is taken off with
scissors ; it falls into the
sleeve and enters the waist
of the blouse. If neces-
sary, the over plus may be
conducted into a padded
basket. — Rural New- Yorker, 66j.
Bean Cleaner. — (Fig. 17.) A swinging sieve for cleaning
beans as they are poured into it. The standards should be
about 2x3 at the base, and 2x2 at the top. The rack should
be about 4>^ ft. long, and is hung on strong wires about 20 in.
Fig. 17.
Fig. 18.
long. P^or beans the size of the Navy, five meshes to the inch
will be required ; but for larger beans coarser sieves may be
used. — Popular Gardening, v. 11^.
Hamilton's Fruit Grader. — (Fig. 18.) A new machine
258
Annals of Hortiadture.
for grading fruit, and said by the inventor to be the only one
which is adapted to both green and dried fruit. Made at San
Jos6, CaHfornia
Fruit Sorter
(Fig. 19)— A
simple device
which sorts the
fruit by allowing
the small speci-
m e n s to fall
through the
wire screen as
the cylinder is turned. — Rural New-Yorker, ^go.
California Fruit Fitter. — (Fig. 20.) A machine com-
pleted late in 1889, and put upon the rnarket in California
early this year. It cuts and pits the fruits. — California Fruit
Grower, April 5, 216.
Almond Huller. — (Fig. 21, page 259.) A California ma-
chine. '' A man, with a boy to feed, will hull two tons of al-
monds in a day,
formerly the
work of eight or
ten men. It con-
sists of irregular
hardwood slats,
fastened to an
endless belt.
Bars underneath
it are set on spir-
al springs, which
can be geared to
any size of al-
mond. Those
nuts that pass
through un-
hulled are
picked dut and hulled by hand. Very few shells are broken
in a day's work." — C. H. S., in Rural New-Yorker, y2g.
Potato Sorters. — (Figs. 22-25). Figs. 22 and 23 (page
260) show patented devices, the former being the Hoover and
Tools and Conve7iie7ices of the Year.
259
the latter the CoUins. {^Rm-al New-Yorker, 485.') A home-
made sorter is shown in Figs 24 and 25 (page 261). It com-
prises one screen cyhnder inside another. The inner cyHnder
is coarse enough to allow the dirt and small potatoes to pass
through, while the outer one is finer, and allows only the dirt
to pass. The large tubers, therefore, follow the inner cylin-
der, and the small ones are caught between the two. — W. D.,
in Rural Neiv- Yorker, 6oy.
Celery Hiller. — A machine has been invented by Maurice
M. Ranney, of Michigan, for hilling celery. The hilling is
done by means of mold-boards. '' The mold-boards are ad-
justable to suit
the height of
the plants, and
laterally to cor-
respond with
the width of
the rows, the
machine being
designed to
crowd the
earth from the
bottom of the
furrows under
the leaves, sim-
ultane ously
upon both
sides of the
rows. The
side beams of
the frame are adjustable laterally upon the cross beams, and
from the under side of each side beam projects a pedestal
with an attached spud axle, upon which the drive wheels re-
volve. A post extends downwardly from a bracket on the
under side of each side beam, through a staple and eye formed
on a plate attached to the forward end of the mold-board,
each post being stayed by a brace bar, and the eyes and
staples, being large enough to move freely upon the post.
For the vertical adjustment of the mold-boards, a link con-
nects the staples on the forward end of the mold-board, each
post being stayed by a brace bar, and the eyes and staples
Fig. 21.
26o
Annals of Horticulture.
being large enough to move freely upon the post. For the
vertical adjustment of the mold-boards, a link connects the
staple on the
forward end of
each with the
forward end of
a lever, f u 1 -
crumed upon
an upright of
the frame," a
rack secured to
one of the side
beams being
provided for
each lever.
Fig. 22. which extends
to within easy
reach of the
driver. A stir-
rup is bolted up-
on the outer face
of each mold-
board at its rear
end, a chain
from each stir-
rup passing over
a friction pulley,
journaled at the
upper end of a
rack secured to^^
the center cross "-^
beam, to attach-
m e n t with a
lever pivoted on
the forward
cross beam, and
extending to the
driver. The mold-boards are so hung that they are quite a
distance apart at their forward ends, and nearer together at
the rear, where the two boards are connected by a spiral
spring, which spring is attached through short, adjustable
,'<^/-;
FiG. 23.
Tools and Conve7iie7ices of the Year.
261
arms, whereby the spring may be lengthened, when it is de-
sired to only half hill the rows. The driver, by resting his
feet in the stir-
rups of the mold-
bo a r d s , can
adapt them to
any crookedness
of the rows or
irregularities of
the surface, the
machine being
adjustable to
rows from three
to five feet apart,
and from six
inches to two
and a-half feet
in height." —
Scientific Ameri-
can.
from the point
Fig. 24.
Cane Cutter. — (Fig. 26.) '-It is made
of an old cradle scythe, united to a hard-wood handle about
three feet long, with a leather loop tacked on six inches from
the end." — American Garde?!, 244.
Plant Peg. — (Fig. 27.) A wire peg used
in England for holding down layers and ^ a
vines. — American Garden, 24'/.
^
Fig. 25.
Fig. 26 Fig. 27.
262
Annals of Horticulture.
Wire Stretcher. — (Figs.
Fig. 29.
Flower-pot Hanger
263.) '' Constructed of three wires of equal
length, each extending one-third around the
pot with its bottom end twisted to the next
wire, forming an
outwardly extend-
ing arm ; then all
bent upward, their
top ends joined
and twisted into a
hook. — John Lane,
Popular Gardening,
V. 84.
Pot Holder for Trellis. — (Figs. 33 and
34, page 263.) Fig. 33 shows an iron holder,
which is slipped onto a wall trellis, as shown
in Fig. 34. — Revue Horticole, j^j.
28 and 29.) This has two ad-
vantages : It can easily be made
from heavy wire ; and it can be
used at any time without cutting
the wire, and applied anywhere
along the wire to be stretched.
Notches are filed near the ends
of the stretcher to hold the
wire after it has been stretched.
— W. , in Der Praktische Ratgeber
im Obst und Garte?tbau, yo2.
Garden Bag. — (Fig. 30.) An
English leather bag for carrying
tools, seeds, labels, etc. — Popu-
lar Garde?ii?tg, v. 2^8.
Gardening Apron.
— (Fig. 31.) An apron
c o n t ainiDg
pockets for car-
rying tools and
p 1 a nts.
— Sister
Gracious
in Ajnerican
Garden, 24g.
32, page
(Fig
Fig. 30.
Fig. 31,
Tools and Conveniences of the Year.
263
Fig. 32.
Fig. 34.
264
Annals of Horttculiure.
Fig.
Pot Carrier.— Figs. 35 and 36, page 263). This is a rack,
Fig. 35, make of thin, light slats with ratches for pots, which
sets upon the top of
a wagon box, as seen
in Fig. 36. In order
to bring the pots ^^
above whatever load
may be in the wagon
box, a strong iron
frame is made to carry
the slats, as shown by
the dark line b, a, d,
in Fig. 36.-L. B. ^^^- 37-
- ---^ Pierce, in Popular Gardening, v. 204.
Oetzmann's Flower Pots. — (Fig. 37.)
This English device (patented) consists
of ornamented flower pots, so made that
any number of them can be joined solid-
ly together, and they will fit into the
curves or angles of windows in chain-like
fashion. — Gardeners' Chronicle, May 24,
632.
Chrysanthemum Cup and Tube. — (Fig.
-This device, the invention of Edwin Beck-
ert, Elstree, England, furnishes a stand for cut-
flowers which supplies water and is adjustable
in height. Tube
a contains the
water, and the cap
b, containing a
thread, fits on it.
6 is the flower
cup, in the bot-
tom of which is a
clip, shown at d,
for holding the
flower. This tube
c, screws down
the extent
Horticulture, jyS.
into the water to ^^:?^\.-
desired. — -Jour7ial of
Tools and Coyiveniences of the Year.
265
vegetables through sev-
eral degrees of latitude
so arranged as to
New Fruit Car. — A California fruit car, made by the Earl
Fruit Company, is designed for the shipment of fresh fruits
and
It is
be thrown
into either a refrigerator or
ventilator car.
Toope's Pot Stand. — (Fig.
39, page 264.) — A device for
keeping snails and other in-^^
Fig. 40.
truders away from pots. —
Gardeners' Chronicle, April
12, 460.
Utilizing Tin Cans. —
(Fig. 40.) — Tin fruit cans
are burned until they fall
to pieces, when the cylin-
drical portion is treated as
in the figure, by means of
strong shears, so that the
edges can be clasped to-
They make useful substitutes for pots. — S. H. Tay-
vi, 4(p.
gether
LOR, in Popular Garde ni?i^,
Berry-box Holder. — (Fig. 41.)
enough to hold a quart berry box.
through the funnel. A ----
strap passes around the
picker's body, and
gives him the use of
both hands ; and the
box cannot be tipped
over, and the berries
are not dropped or
spilled. — Orange Judd
Farmer.
Improved Watering
Pot.— (Figs. 42, 43.)
Ordinary watering pots /
are apt to drizzle when
A. H. — 19
This is a tin box, large
The berries are dropped
Fig.
266
Annals of Ho7'ticulttire.
Fig.
44-
Tools and Co7ive7iie7ices of the Year.
267
the water is
nearly exhaust-
ed, as shown in
the lower illus-
tration in Fig.
42. To remedy
this difficulty,
the neck of the
spout, «, should
be made larger,
as shown at b.
The cross sec-
tion of the neck should
be twice greater than it
commonly is, as repre-
sented by the circles in
Fig. 43. — Der Praktischer
Ratgeber i??i Obst-und Gar-
tenbau, 22g.
Indestructible Label.
(Figs. 44, 45.)— The tag
is made of ordinary glazed
earthernware, the name
being sunken and colored
blue. Heavy copper wire
bent into spirals is used
for fastening the tag to a
plant. — R. ZoRN, in Der
Praktischer Ratgeber im
Obst-und Gartenbau, j.
Zinc Label. — (Fig. 46,
page 268.) A zinc label,
fastened to the tree or
stake by driving into it
the ends of a stiff wire
loop. — Isaac Hicks, in
Rural New- Yorker ^ 266.
Double Wooden La-
bel.— (Figs. 47, 48, page
268.) It consists of two
Fig 43.
268
Annals of Horticulture.
ordinary v/ooden labels, fastened together by a wire. The
~ name is written
upon the outside
of the double la-
b e 1 , as in any
label, but it is also
written on the in-
side for perma-
nence. When the
outside writing is
worn off, the label is opened and the inside writing will be
found to be bright. The label is fastened to the tree by a
tack. Fig. 48. —
F. S., in Rural
New- Yorker, 21^.
Seed Protect-
or.— (F i g . 49. (
A box a foot
square, with a
wire cloth bot-
tom, for setting over papers and pans of drying seeds, to pro-
tect from wind and vermin. — L. H. Bailey, in American Gar-
den, 8g.
Apparatus for Testing the Vitality of Seeds. — (Figs.
50, 51, page 269.) This consists
of three parts : a tin tank (r) for
holding water ; a block of gypsum
Fig. 47.
Fig. 48
Tools a7id Conveniences of the Year.
269
{b) which contains several compartments for the reception of
seeds, and which draws up the water and keeps the seeds
moist ; a glass cover {a). When the seeds have been placed
Fig.
50.
in the compartments of the block of gypsum, the latter is
placed in the pan containing the water. The glass cover is
fitted to the block. — R. Betteu, in Der Praktischer Ratgeber
im Obst-und Gartenbau, 22g.
Grape Bags.— (Figs. 52, 53, 54.) The three illustrations
show a convenient method of preparing and applying common
paper bags to grapes. — Rural New-Yorker, 414.
Pollinating Bag.— (Fig. SS^ page 270.) Grocer's manilla
bags (the ^-Ib. bag is most ser-
viceable) are prepared by run-
ning a soft string through two of
the edges, about an inch from'^
the open end, and the string is
tied at one of the edges to keep
it from falling out. The bags
are dipped into water an instant
FiF. 51.
Fig. 52.
270
Annals of Horticulture.
before they are used, to make them soft enough to tie snugly
about the stem of the flower. —
L. H. Bailey, in American Gar-
den, 8g.
Pollinating Kit. — (Figs. 56,
57, page 271.) A tin box 9x12
inches and 3 inches deep, with
compartments for materials.
Along the front of the box is a
compartment for pencils, pinc-
ers and brushes, one for scissors
and one for a lens. In the upper
left hand corner is a place for
bags, and adjoining it is a com-
partment (shown divided in the
cut by mistake) for labels.
Across the right end is a narrow
compartment for string, and a
corner for a bottle of alcohol.
The note book is kept behind a
}-L, guard on the cover.
Bailey, in
Garden, 88.
Reliable Seed
Case.— (Figs. 58,59,
page 271.) Fig. 58
shows a tin box g in.
long, 714 in. wide
and 5 inches deep.
''The cover slides
back. There is a
little rim or elevation
on the front end of
this cover, made by
turning up the tin,
which serves two or
three good purposes.
This rim, strikes the
, top of the pigeon-
hole when the box is shoved in, causing the
box to close tightly. It also prevents the
Fig
Tools and Conveniences of the Yeai\
271
Fig. 59.
272
Annals of Hoyticulhwe .
box from going in too far, in case the pigeon-hole is too
deep. Then, when the box is shut and shoved in, the thumb
is pressed against this rim while the box is drawn out, so that
Pro-
-(Fig-
Fig. 60.
the box is self-opening and self-closing. The boxes are placed
loosely in a pigeon-hole case, shown in Fig. 59, and may be
taken out entirely, if occasion requires. On the front of the
box is a form
into which a la-
bel is d r o p -
ped."— L. H.
Bailey, in
American Gar-
den, 8g.
Plant
TECTOR.—
60.) An Eng-
lish device con-
sisting of an
iron form, so
made that it
Fig. 61.
will hold panes of glass for protecting
tender plants. — Popular Garde?ting,v. 132.
Propagating Box. — (Fig. 61.) A
bottpmless box about four feet long by
three feet wide and two feet deep, cov-
ered with two sashes, one of which raises
upon a hinge. This is set upon the
greenhouse bench. — Fred W. Card, in
American Garde?i, joy.
Fig. 62.
Tools and Conveniences of the Year.
273
-(Fig. 62, page 272.) ''A box, a,
and for use in the house a water-
3 or
tight
Propagating Box.-
4 inches high is taken
hning (painted
tin or galvan-
ized iron) is
filled inside;
and between
this lining and
the sides and
ends, enough
space is left to
allow glass, /^,
to be inserted
and held firmly
in place. The
glass should
come about 10
in. above the
box." The box
is filled with
sand, and may be set upon the back of the kitchen stove or on
greenhouse pipes. — Hortus, in American Garden, ^40, ^41.
A Cheap Ventilator. — (Figs. 63, 64.) "This is a modifi-
cation and improvement of an old device,
raising the whole sash in low and cool houses.
It is useful for
Fig. 63 shows
the fixtures in
place upon one
side of the
sash only. The
upper lever has
a joint, the top
portion being 6
in. long, while
the lower por-
tion is about 16
in. The lower
lever has a slot
3 or 4 in. long,
to. allow the
sash to slide.
When the up-
274
An?ials of Horticiiliure.
per levers are pulled down, the sas^h
until the top of the lower portion of the
when any further pulling of the levers
must raise the whole sash, as shown
in Fig, 64. The first downward move-
ment of the sash allows the top of the
sash to lie under a cap, to prevent
leaking." — L. H. Bailey, in American
Garden, 8g.
Automatic Rain- Water Switch. —
(Fig. 65.) A is the conductor from
the roof, and it terminates in the
switch D. B is the pipe leading to
the cistern, and C is a flaring receiver
constructed to receive one end of the
switch, D, when it is tilted in that
direction. ^ is a barrel for receiving
the first water from the roof, i^ is a
float, connected with the switch and
raising it by rod G. — Pop. Gar, v. p6.
is carried downwards
lever strikes the sash,
Fig. 65.
Knapsack
Pumps . — Sev-
e r a 1 knapsack
pumps have
been introduced
during the year,
all of which pro-
ceed upon the
same principles.
The Galloway
pump (Fig. 66)
perhaps c o m -
bines more mer-
its than any
other. The
lance nozzle,
which is also
shown in the fig-
ure, is an inven-
tion of note (see
Tools and Conveniences of the Year,
275
pages 81, 105). Mr. Galloway has also applied paper indu-
rated fibre, such as is used in the manufacture of pails and
other utensils, to the con-
struction of knapsack
tanks, but so far, tanks of
this material have not been
placed upon the market.
Spraying Device. — (Fig. ^y.) This is a de-
vice to which a hose, 5, is attached, and the
force of the water drives the liquid insecticide
through the rose at the opposite end. 2, 2
are stop-cocks. The receptacle, 3, holds two or
three quarts, and the insecticide is put in at 4.
— Mr. Whiting, in American Florist, v. 368.
Torch for Destroying Insects. — (Figs. 68,
69.) It consists of a small tank which contains
the oil, and a tube for holding the wick. The
tank is pointed at both ends, to allow of its easy
passage among branches; and the tube is bent
so that all parts of the tree may be
reached. — Jos. Stebel, in Der Praktische
Ratgeber im Obst-und Gartenbau, 82'/.
Adjustable Nozzles. — Two adjust-
able nozzles for spra3'ing bushes and
trees, made upon a new principle, are
Fig. 70.
Fig. 6g. Fig 68.
276
Annals of Horticulture.
described and figured in Bulletin i
Fio. 71.
, Cornell University
Experiment Station,
40, 41. They proceed
upon the principle of
compressing the end
of a rubber tube.
Self-Acting Tobac-
co Sheets. — Figs. 70,
\7i, 72.) McDouwal's
tobacco sheet is cellu-
lose saturated light
tobacco, and which,
when burned, gives off
strong tobacco fumes,
with little heat and no
noxious gases. Fig. 70 (p. 275)
shows the method of lighting and
using it in houses. Fig. 71 is a
movable screen or cover for trees
out of doors, and it is being put
in position in Fig. 73. When in
Fig. 72.
Fig. 73.
position, a tobacco
sheet is burned
under it. — Garden-
ers' Chronicle, Nov.
8, 537'
FUMIGATOR (Fig.
73). A barrel is
filled with tobacco
stems, and steam
from a steam pipe,
A, is conducted into
it. By turning the
Tools ajid Conveniences of the Year.
277
valve B, a quick and neat fumigation is secured. — A. H.
Lange, in American Florist, v.
336.
Spraying Outfit. — Bulletin
18, Cornell University Experi-
ment Station, describes and fig-
ures a convenient wheel-barrow
tank for use in spraying bushes
and other small plants.
Fumigating Box. — (Fig. 74.)
''There is a piece of zinc in the
bottom of the box, to prevent
its taking fire from dropping of
coals. On this set three flower
pots, and on these the pan con-
taining the leaves [of tobacco].
The pan should have a hole in
it the size of an Q^g, to give suf-
. ficient draught so that the leaves
will be all consumed." A shelf
above the fumes holds the plants
to be treated. — America?! Agriculturist, ^4.
Gopher Trap. — (Fig. -jc^^ A spring trap, set in the bot-
tom of a gopher's hole, and which is readily understood by
Fig. 74.
Fig. 75.
F. L. Washburn,
in Rural New-
reference to the cut.
Yorker, ^j/.
Sulphur Gun. — (Fig. 76, page 278) ''Made of two pieces
of stove-pipe, the one fitting outside of the other, and working
up and down over the other piece, the latter being held firmly
with its pointed end in the hole, by one hand grasping the
278
Annals of Horticulture.
long handle, while with the other hand one pumps the fumes
down the burrow. B represents a perforated disk fitting into
a smaller pipe, and held in place near the lower or conical
end, A. It is on this plate that one places pieces of old
woolen rags, which are set on fire. Upon this burning mass
is poured powdered sulphur. — F. L. Washburn, Rural New-
Yorker, 486.
Fig. 76.
§ II. NECROLOGY OF i8go.
PETER HENDERSON.
Peter Henderson, so widely known as a seedsman, gar-
dener and florist, died at his home on Arhngton Avenue,
Jersey City, on Friday, January 17th. Although he had been
suffering from an attack of the prevailing influenza, his ill-
ness was not regarded as serious until it turned to pneu-
monia. On Thursday evening the symptoms became alarm-
ing, and within twelve hours from that time he died. He was
born in 1823 in the Scotch village of Pathhead, near Edin-
burgh. His father was the land steward of a gentleman in
the neighborhood. His early education was obtained in the
parish school, where he was successful in obtaining a number
(279)
28o Annals of Horticulture.
of prizes. He was always a close observer and had the
faculty of turning his observations to good advantage. He
early became interested in botany and the arts associated
with it, and before he was eighteen years of age had twice
obtained the medals offered by the Botanical Society of Edin-
burgh for the best herbarium. At sixteen he was appren-
ticed to a gardener, and before he came to this country at the
age of twenty, he had already written for some of the English
horticultural publications. In 1843, with little capital except-
ing pluck, industry and a strong constitution, he came to this
country, and entered the employ of George Thorburn, Astoria,
Long Island. He also worked with the late Robert Buist, and
Charles Spang of Pittsburgh. By frugality he accumulated
a small capital, and in 1847 he began business as a market
gardener in Jersey City.* He worked hard and was success-
ful, and for upwards of twenty years this was his principal
business. He began the cultivation of ornamental plants,
and the business became so great that market gardening was
gradually given up. A little later he became a seedsman,
and this soon proved the most important part of his business ;
at the time of his death he was accounted the most success-
ful and widely known seedsman in the country. In 1865 the
firm of Henderson & Fleming began business as seedsmen in
Nassau street, and afterward it was moved to the present
location in Cortlandt, with the firm name so familiar to all
gardeners. He was probably the most widely read on matters
pertaining to his business of any writer of his time. His
contributions were always welcome to any horticultural publi-
cation and his books among the best selling published. He
always retained an affection for his countrymen and gardeners
in general, assisting many of them in different ways. He
was a busy man,- but even those nearest him say they could
hardly understand how he accomplished so much. He was
indefatigable in his efforts to extend his business, his sagacity
was rarely at fault, and his activity and observation were
ceaseless. His kindly nature and uniform courtesy endeared
him to those who met him, even casually, and have been the
inspiration of many a young florist. Having a strong consti-
tution by nature, he rarely suffered from ill health, a circum-
stance which he himself attributed to his practice of spending
some hours in the open air each day, working about his
Necrology of i8go. 281
grounds or superintending others. Although careful, he was
liberal, and many benefitted by his kindness. He leaves a
widow, two sons and two daughters. — American Garden, Feb.
1890, 113.
The following sketch of Peter Henderson is adapted from
a eulogy read before the New York Florists' Club by A. D.
Cowan :
'Born of respectable and industrious parents in the little village of
Pathhead, in Midlothian, Scotland, where he received the first rudiments of
his education, we find young Henderson at the age of 14 on his way to
Edinburgh to fill his first situation, which he held for the next two years.
One of the great ambitions of a youth on leaving a provincial school is to
obtain a situation in the Scotch capital, and this is given as an explanation
of his having started out in life in the employment of an inn-keeper, this
being the only position available at the time. In after life he never regret-
ted this early experience, which was to some extent instrumental in shaping
his future destiny, and he was always proud of having left the business as
uncontaminated as when he entered it. Throughout his entire life he was
an earnest and devoted friend of the temperance cause, and we know that
many workingmen by taking his advice own their own homesteads to-day.
His subsequent four years' apprenticeship, served in the gardens of Melville
Castle, one of the most noted country seats in Scotland, made him a profi-
cient gardener, and having by this time acquired a botanical and mathe-
matical education, he had thus become possessed of the groundwork of his
career. It was during this period that the attention of botanists was drawn
to the young student by his successful competition for the medal offered by
the Edinburgh Royal Botanical Society for the best herbarium of native
and exotic plants. At the age of 20 he landed on these shores, and it is not
strange that an honestly earned reputation preceded him. His services
were immediately sought after, and for the next five years he was employed
by two of our leading nurserymen, and also in laying out the grounds,
planning and supervising the erection of greenhouses for a prominent resi-
dent of Pittsburgh.
"We have now reached the period when the young gardener's reputation
for fidelity, industry, and ability was attracting wide attention ; but he
wisely concluded at this time to change his occupation to the commercial
production of vegetables and flowers, and with the capital which he had
accumulated ($500), he bought the stock and appliances of a florist and
market gardener's business in the vicinity of Jersey City. This was Peter
Henderson's first venture, his establishment consisting of three small green-
houses, six cold-frames, and twelve acres for raising vegetables for market.
No additions were made to his plant until 1854, when he built another
greenhouse ; and he afterwards kept adding to his area of glass until, in
1865, it had reached a total of 13 houses. * * * * in 1866 Gardenins^
for Profit appeared, and perhaps to that work more than to any other cause
may be ascribed the rapid advance of American vegetable gardening.
Peter Henderson at this time was engaged in an occupation which required
16 hours of attention a day, most of the work involving manual labor, but
282 Annals of Hortictdture.
during the short noon intervals and night hours, when his body required
rest as did his mind, he wrote Gardening for Profit, lying on his back on the
floor with a pillow under his head. Under these circumstances, knowing
from living witnesses that he wrote every word of that book, and dictated
to an amanuensis the works that followed, I cannot avoid referring at this
moment to the reprehensible action of obscure individuals, who under
anonymous protection, being unfortunately accorded access to some of our
horticultural papers, are trying to cast a doubt upon the genuineness of the
author's personal accomplishments. They merely show to the world their
jealous rivalry, and their ignorance of the intellectual powers he possessed.
To Peter Henderson will belong for generations to come the credit of popu-
larizing, improving and developing gardening in the United States.
"One of the most beautiful traits in his character was his humility. In
his public performance, he was entirely destitute of anything like vanity or
self-complacency ; and in his private conduct he was remarkably unassuming
and retiring. He was never jealous of anyone's success, and always seemed
pleased to know of the advancement of a competitor. In truth, Peter
Henderson was among the most humble of men, and when his great talents
and achievements are contemplated, his manly virtues, his modesty and
humility appear pre-eminently conspicuous, and will tend to enhance the
estimation in which he was held by his fellow citizens. Briefly as I have
referred to these fine qualities, we all know that their source could only be
found in a benevolent heart."
Peter Henderson's work and writings have exercised a
profound influence upom American horticulture, particularly
upon vegetable gardening. Gardening foi' Profit marks an
epoch in market gardening in this country. Nearly 250,000
copies of this work have been sold. This was written in one
hundred hours, it is said, while the author was closely pressed
by many duties ; and to this fact is probably to be ascribed
its directness and conciseness. Its influence lay in its sim-
plicity and timeliness. In 1868 Practical Floricttlture appeared,
and in 1875 Gardening for Pleasure was written. The Ha7id
Book of Plants was published in 1881, Garden and Farm
Topics and How the Farm Pays, in 1884. Mr. Henderson's
contributions to the agricultural press were also considerable.
No American writer has written so much to so good purpose
upon the common practices of commercial horticulture.
The influence of his business successes has been felt far
and wide among the horticultural trades, and few men, if any,
have done so much to simplify and improve the methods
of handling plants for commercial purposes. His personal
influence was strong and abiding. A fuller account of his life
and work has been published in a pamphlet of forty-eight
pages by his son, Alfred Henderson. .
Necrology of i8go.
283
The portrait on page 279 is a faithful copy of a photograph
which is commended by Peter Henderson & Co. as the best
one to be had.
CHARLES GIBB.
Charles Gibb, whose name is familiar to all who grow fruits
in the cold north because of his work upon Russian and other
hardy fruits, died in Egypt in March of la grippe, while on his
way home from a horticultural trip to China and Japan. The
following biographical sketch is written by John Craig, of
the Experimental Farm at Ottawa. The above portrait is
made from the best photograph of him.
The subject of this sketch was born at Montreal, on the 29th
of June, 1845, and died at Cairo, Egypt, March 8th, 1890
His father was a notary by profession who amassed a fortune
in Montreal, dying in 1857. The son' s early education began at
the high school of that city, going from there to the grammar
284 Annals of Horticulture.
school at Lennoxville, P. Quebec. He entered Bishop's col-
lege, Lennoxville, but on the completion of the first year took
up work at McGill university, Montreal, where he graduated
in 1865, taking the degree of Bachelor of Arts. On account
of overwork at college his health was much impaired and eye-
sight weakened. After consulting eminent American skill, he
went to Europe and placed himself in the hands of the famous
oculist Von Graeffe, who recommended a walking tour. Ac-
cordingly he set out, accompanied by an old college chum.
In this trip they covered Sw^itzerland, Germany, Holland,
Norway and Sweden, which improved his health very much.
In the winter of 1867-8 he accompanied his uncle, Mr. I. J.
Gibb, of Como, P. Quebec, to the East, visiting Constantin-
ople, afterwards extending the journey up the Nile as far as
the first cataract ; from here going on to Palestine and then to
Corfu, returning by Venice and Rome.
In 1869 he went to Mercersburg, Pa. and bought a peach
orchard; coming back to Montreal in 1870, he brought with
him the first canned fruit exhibited in the country (one jar
of which is still in the possession of Mr. I. J. Gibb, Como, P.
Quebec). His interest in fruit culture was now fully awakened
and he began to look around for a permanent location for a
fruit farm, which he found at Abbotsford, P. Quebec, where
he established himself in 1873. From that time till the date
of his death he was an active, independent worker in horticul-
ture, and being possessed of moderate means, he was enabled
to devote his time and money fully to experimental work.
His travels were extensive, and included tours of Manitoba
and northwest territories, British Columbia, the southern and
western states and the West Indies.
But probably the one of greatest importance, and with which
his name will always be connected, was that to Russia in com-
pany with Professor J. L. Budd in 1882. This trip was under-
taken entirely at his own expense and without any encourage-
ment from the Provincial government of Quebec. The results
of this journey — a most arduous and costly one — are well
known to the horticultural public. Importations of trees,
scions and seeds followed, and were distributed among the
local societies of the Province and to the system of Dominion
Experimental Farms just then being inaugurated. In 1886
he went over the same ground again, verifying the work of his
Necrology of i8go. 285
former trip and making such additional importations as in his
added experience he thought advisable. He also, on this
journey, made a study of the fruits of Norway, Denmark,
Sweden and the adjacent islands. In July, i88g, he left Abbots-
ford on what proved to be his last journey. His route was
across the continent to British Columbia, taking steamer from
that point to Yokohama. It was his intention to make a
study of the fruits of northern China, Japan and India. In
this he succeeded, though laboring under many difficulties, it
being the summer of the many floods in China, which made the
mountain roads almost impassable, From China, Japan and
India he sent home numerous packages containing seeds and
scions of plants which interested him as being useful and orna-
mental. It was on reaching Cairo, Egypt — thus completing a
tour of the world, having visited tnis point via England in 1867,
—that he was attacked by la grippe, which developed into dou-
ble pneumonia resulting in death on the 8th of March, after an
illness of six days. Writing to friends at home on the 6th, two
days before his death, he says : ''I had hoped to have seen
you all again, but am ill and do not expect to see Canada
again. We do not like to do things this way." It certainly
was hard, after accomplishing his self imposed task, to die thus
with his face turned toward home.
He was an active worker in a number of horticultural socie-
ties. The Montreal Horticukural Society owes its present
prosperous condition to his untiring energy and executive
ability. Through his instrumentality several county associa-
tions were organized which have aided largely in the dissemi-
nation of horticultural knowledge and the furthering of fruit
interests. As a member of the Council of Agriculture for Prov-
ince of Quebec, he assisted in obtaining grants of money
which were of prime importance to the early welfare of these
societies. His generous nature was fully exemphfied by con-
stant donations in a quiet unostentatious way to various
charitable and public institutions. The Redpath Museum of
McGill college is indebted to him for many interesting acquisi-
tions from Florida, West Indies, China and Japan.
On his farm, at Abbotsford, he had collected, undoubtedly,
the best collection of hardy fruits, trees and ornamental shrubs
in Canada. This estate is now in the hands of Wm. Craig,
for twenty years his farm manager.
286 Annals of Hoi'ticulture.
Though cut off in the full vigor of manhood, his life work
apparently only fairly begun, he has left many evidences of
the careful and painstaking manner by which his horticultural
W'Ork was characterized. The following is a list of his most
important publications, the principal of which have been pub-
lished in the reports of the Montreal Horticultural Society:
"Ornamental and Timber Trees not Natives of the Province of
Quebec, " being a comprehensive list of those species of possible
value to Canadian planters; "Report on Russian Fruits," a
plain unvarnished tale giving descriptions and first impressions
of the Russian apples and their value ; ''Hasty Notes on the
Trees and Shrubs of Northern Europe," a concise descriptive
list of the hardiest East European trees and shrubs ; ''Rus-
sian Apples Imported by the Department of Agriculture,
Washington, in 1870," a laborious work of translating and com-
paring Russian opinions with the experience of American
growlers; "Nomenclature of the Russian Apples," a work
undertaken at the instance of the American Pomological So-
ciety, of "Translating and Rendering into Euphonious English
Unpronounceable Russian Names, also Throwing out Syno-
nyms ;" " Fruits for the Cold North," compiled after personal
visits to the principal fruit growing districts of the northwest-
ern states, contains a brief description of the varieties best
adapted to northern latitudes. In addition to the above, we
have from his pen many interesting papers, mostly descrip-
tive of new and little known fruits and plants of foreign coun-
tries. The Bishop of Quebec writes of him : " He was one
of my first boys at Lennoxville, and I have always had a most
affectionate remembrance of him. Mr. Williams and I en-
joyed beyond description a visit of a few days to him at Ab-
botsford, but indeed all my remembrances of him were colored
by the atmosphere of his kindly and genial nature. He had,
too, a force of character which is something far higher than
good nature, and which, directed as it was to the improvement
of our fruit culture, made him a public benefactor, and I was
proud of him."
Professor J. L. Budd, of Ames, Iowa, wTites : "The one
thing that struck me most forcibly in my long and close rela-
tions with him w^as his modesty of character. He contributed
^500 towards my expenses (Russian trip), yet he at first con-
veyed the impression that the sum was furnished by the friends
Necrology of i8go. 287
of horticulture in Quebec, and when he found that 1 knew
it to be a private donation, he positivel}^ refused to permit me
to make it public. In his relations with me and the public,
he wished to do the greatest possible good, sub-rosa. There
literally was no selfishness in his composition, so far as I was
ever able to discover."
Mr. Gibb, though physically far from robust, by strictly tem-
perate habits and being of an active, energetic and persever-
ing temperament, accomplished vastly more in the same space
than many gifted by nature with greater strength. His most
prominent characteristic was extreme modesty, ever shrinking
from public eulogy of his own work. His deeds of charity will
make his name long remembered. As a public speaker he did
not excel, but as a conversationalist his manner and expression
of thought were charming. As a man of sterling integrity and
a public benefactor his name will linger long in the memory of
the Canadian people whom he loved.
PATRICK BARRY.
The death of Patrick Barry, June 23, of the firm of EU-
wanger & Barry of Rochester, New York, removed the most
commanding figure in recent American horticulture. He was
a man of strong personality, clear perception and great integ-
rity, and his opinion alwa3^s exerted wide influence. He was
one of the greatest and best known nurserymen of the century.
He entered the nursery business when American horticulture
was 3'oung, and when there was need of a commanding per-
sonality to extend and popularize it. Along with the Down-
ings, Prince, Parsons and others, he was a pioneer. He helped
to build up a great business which is not only a commanding
financial success but a stimulus to ah to grow fruits and orna-
mental plants. He did much to give standing and stability to
the nursery business throughout the country.
Mr. Barry was also well-known as a horticultural writer.
In his early years his pen was prolific, especially in an editorial
way. He was once editor of the famous Horticulturist, and
later he was horticultural editor of the Genesee Farmer. In
his later years he became widely known among pomologists
from his work on the fruit catalogue of the American Pomo-
loo^ical Societv. This was work in a new field. But his most
288 Aiuials of Horticulture.
important literar}^ work is the Fruit Garden, which first ap-
peared many years ago, and which in its revised edition is one
of our best and most popular books upon fruit culture. All
his work was strong and inspiring. His memory will long
remain a great inspiration to horticulturists.
For more than thirty years and until his death, Mr. Barry
was president of the Western New York Horticultural Society;
he was also president of the New York Agricultural Society,
and one of the board of control of the State Agricultural
Experiment Station ; president of the Rochester City &
Brighton Railroad Co., of the Flour City National Bank,
Mechanics Savings Bank, Rochester Gas Co. and Powers
Hotel Co.
The following tribute is from John Hall, secretary of the
Western New York Horticultural Society, of which Mr. Barry
was so long president. It first appeared in The Af?ierican
Garden for August :
It is impossible to do full justice to the life and work of Mr. Barry. He
was born in Ireland, near the city of Belfast, in 1816. After receiving a
liberal education, he emigrated to this country at the age of twenty years.
Entering the employ of the Princes, of Flushing, -Long Island, as a clerk,
he devoted his time and energies to his chosen occupation, and in the
remarkably short space of four years had acquired a very thorough knowl-
edge of the nursery business as it then existed.
In 1840 he moved to Rochester, N. Y., where he formed a partnership
with George Ellwanger. The young firm started business with seven acres
of land, known as the Mount Hope nurseries, and now of world-wide repu-
tation. The young horticulturists of to-day find themselves the possessors
of an inheritance secured to them through the privations and vexations of
years of patient and persistent effort by the firm with which the late Mr.
Barry was identified.
In those early days these pioneers found themselves in a new country,
possessing no collections of fruit, with no telegraphic or cable facilities,
with no railroads or fast ocean steamers, and separated from the Old World
by a distance which then required almost as many weeks to traverse as days
now suffice. Necessarily, therefore, many weeks and months were spent in
the effort to procure new stocks, both in Germany and France, which, when
gathered, were transported to the sea-ports by stage coach, and thence con-
veyed by sailing vessels to the New World. When the young firm started
to budding trees they were sneered at, and called fools and lunatics for their
pains. Such were some of the difficulties encountered by these men in the
efforts to introduce new stocks into this country. But they persevered, and
Mr. Barry was identified with the growth of horticulture to the present
time, having succeeded in giving to the American people the most desirable
plants that can be successfully grown upon its soil. Every new apple and
pear was imported from abroad and tested, in order to determine its quality
Patrick Barry.
290 A7i7ials of Horticiiliu7'e .
and adaptability to the climate before it was placed upon the market. It
IS safe to say that no other nursery firm in the country pursued such a
course ; nor, indeed, is it now so necessary, since the United States govern-
ment and individual states, as well as some colleges, have established
experiment stations for the purpose of continuing just such work as the firm
of Ellwanger & Barry inaugurated forty years ago.
Mr. Barry occupied numerous positions of prominence and trust in the
state and in the "flour city," and was identified with many enterprises
which have helped to make Rochester the prosperous city it now is. For
more than thirty years he was the president, and a most liberal patron of
the Western New York Horticultural Society, and in his last communica-
tion to that body, at its annual meeting in January last, he thus expressed
himself: "And now a word as to the presidency. You have given me
this post of honor for a very long period of years ; I am no longer able to
perform its duties, and lay it down with profound gratitude, and with an
affectionate regard for the society and every individual member." But the
assembled horticulturists with one voice declared that so long as Patrick
Barry was able to write "yours truly," so long he should be continued as
their president.
In an editorial, a Rochester paper thus referred to Mr. Barry: "He
was a man of exceptionally strong character. The slightest contact with
him elicited some manifestation of personal power. He was straightfor-
ward in his methods, honorable in his purposes, and of an integrity that
would not tolerate even the suspicion of indiscretion. In private and public
affairs he was a stern, aggressive personality whose influence went always
for what was honest, genuine, and true ; and in his loss the community
loses not simply an individual life but a moral force." And the bishop of
the church with which Mr. Barry worshipped, as he stood by his casket,
thus beautifully made reference to the dead horticulturist: "This man
and the others associated with him raised the occupation to which they
devoted their life work to the dignity of a liberal profession, not manual or
clerical, but a profession that needed long years of study and careful appli-
cation. By intellectual labor and by extensive reading, he contributed to
make their profession worthy to be called one of the libeial professions —
raising those who were engaged in it above their fellow men ;" and again,
"he ruled in his household wisely, conscientiously, lovingly, as a man
should rule in it."
Such was Patrick Barry, a man to whom every lover of horticulture
owes a debt of gratitude that can best be acknowledged by constant efforts
to perpetuate his example.
He leaves a widow, one daughter and three sons.
The portrait on page 289 is commended b_v W. C. Barry as
a good likeness of his late father.
Necrology of i8go.
291
GEORGE THURBER.
Dr. Thurber, long known to all lovers of rural life as one
of our most genial writers, died in April. The following
sketch of him was prepared by Dr. Byron D. Halsted, of Rut-
gers College, who knew him long and intimately. The por-
trait is a faithful interpretation of the most characteristic pho-
tograph extant.
George Thurber, A. M,, M. D., a brief sketch of whose life and labors
is herewith recorded, was born in Providence, R. I., on September 2, 1821,
and died at his home near Passaic, N. J., on April 2 of the present year,
and was, therefore, in the 69th year of his age. In ancestral lines he was
of Scotch descent. As a boy he possessed a special fondness for natural
history, and after enjoying a partial course in the Union Classical and En-
gineering School of Providence, he became interested in pharmacy and
served an apprenticeship as an apothecary, at the end of which period he
engaged in that business for himself and was soon a master of the history
and derivation of every drug in his store. During this time he became en-
thusiastic in chemistry and botany in addition to his strictly pharmaceutical
studies. His appointment soon after, as lecturer upon chemistry at the
Franklin Society of his native city, is sufficient evidence of the early prog-
ress in sciences of the rising apothecary. A copy of Turner's chemistry
in the possession of his relatives shows that it was a present to him by his
class in 1840, or when he was only nineteen years of age. While fond of
the natural sciences in general, he found his greatest delight in botany, a
branch of science congenial with his occupation, and particularly adapted
292
Aiuials of Horticulture.
to his comprehensive mind. At a very early age his love for collecting and
classifying plants grew to be an absorbing passion, and he soon took a high
rank among American botanists and became, while yet a young man, closely
associated with Drs. Torrey, Gray and Englemann, and others of that noble
order of scientists. These well-sustained relations opened up a new career
for Mr. Thurber, for in 1850 his desire for exploration was realized by an
appointment to the position of botanist, to which were added those of quar-
termaster and commissary, upon the United States and Mexican boundary
survey under Commissioner J. R. Bartlett. During four years he was ac-
tively engaged in exploration along the boundary of the United States from
the Gulf of Mexico to the Pacific ocean. Much of the territory passed over
was unknown to science, and with his strong love for plants, it is needless
to say that Thurber made valuable contributions to American botany. In
Commissioner Bartlett's own words, " He was indefatigable in his exertions
to make thorough examinations and complete collections of everything be-
longing to his department." Many of the more important of Thurber's
discoveries in botany formed the basis of the historic contribution by Dr.
Gray, namely : " Plantae Novae Thurbereanse," published in 1854. At that
time the honor of a new genus was conferred upon the discoverer in a plant
of the mallow family, Thiirberia thespesioides, which Thurber found in
Sonora. Later it was determined that this genus was included in gossypium,
and Mr. Bentham afterwards, in the journal of the Linnaean Society, xix.
58, dedicated another genus to Thurber, comprising grasses of our south-
western country of which the Thiirberia Arkansana (Bentham), figured in
the recent work "Grasses of the Southwest," by Dr. Vasey, is a member.
The exceeding appropriateness of this choice of a generic name will be fully
appreciated in the light of further facts connected with Thurber's extensive
and critical work done upon American grasses, to be mentioned later.
During the boundary survey Thurber, among his many interesting dis-
coveries, found a species of pilostyles, a small parasite upon the shoots of
leguminous plants, and consisting mostly of buds and flowers developing
directly from the bark of the host. Drs. Torrey and Gray could scarcely
believe the truthfulness of Thurber's remarkable discovery and determina-
tion, but became fully convinced after a full investigation of the curious
subject.
The honorary and well-merited degree of Master of Arts was conferred
upon Thurber by Brown University upon his return to Providence at the
close of the boundary commission. Soon after, largely because Dr. Torrey
was its chief, he accepted a position in the United States assay office in New
York, for which his previous knowledge of chemistry was able to fit him
without further preparation, which indicates the thoroughness of Thurber's
early study and the retentiveness of his remarkable memory. In 1856 the
position was resigned on account of political differences, and. we have in
this a characteristic illustration of the honesty and sincerity of Thurber's
whole nature. When asked for a contribution to the campaign fund of the
party in power, a usual thing in such places, Thurber, strongly in sympathy
with the abolition movement and a supporter of Fremont, inquired if it was
an invitation or a demand, and upon learning it was of the latter class, at
once tendered his resignation. In no one was there ever a keener sense of
justice, and his strict adherence to duty often cost him hardships which he
bore as a martyr. Almost at once he became lecturer upon botany and
Necrology of i8go. 293
materia medica in the College of Pharmacy of the city of New York, and
also established connection with the Cooper Union as lecturer upon botany
and allied subjects, while at the same time prosecuting his study of the
Mexican boundary collection of plants, the results of which were published
in the Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge.
The degree of Doctor of Medicine was conferred upon him in 1859 by
the New York Medical College, and in the same year Dr. Thurber accepted
the professorship of botany and horticulture in the Michigan Agricultural
College, a position which he filled with great credit to the institution and
himself until his resignation in 1863, when he assumed the editorship of the
American Agriculturist, which honorable and difficult position he held with
singular success for twenty-two years, when he was forced by failing health
to relinquish the active control of the journal, while still contributing to its
columns and aiding substantially in its management by his wide experience
and wise counsel.
While Dr. Thurber has done a vast amount of solid work as explorer,
lecturer, professor and scientist, it was as editor that he performed the great-
est work for the American people. An editor who is well able to judge has
said; " His writings were characterized always by sound common sense,
based on exact knowledge of many subjects, and they did more, in his time,
to elevate the standing of the agricultural and horticultural press of the
country than the writings of any other man."
Soon after assuming his editorial labors, and in order that they might be
the more complete and effective, he established himself upon a few acres in
a retired place near Passaic, N. J., which he styled " The Pines," after a
small grove of stately trees located near his house. Here, with a sister and
brother-in-law, Mr. George C. Woolson, and their two children, very dear
to him, he spent the last years of his life. While he did not usually write
under his own name, he was well and favorably known as the author of the
" Notes from the Pines," in which he shared with the public the pleasure
he took in his extensive ornamental grounds and experimental gardens.
The careful use of his test grounds furnished the foundation facts for much
that he wrote, and accounts, in part, for the remarkable accuracy that char-
acterized all his contributions. For extent and accuracy, these papers are
conspicuous in horticulture for the botanical information that was contained
in them. A second series of papers was the " Doctor's Talks," which he
contributed for years without interruption. And with his rare faculty
of clear explanation, these columns for the boys and girls were models of
their kind and read with profit by old as well as young. Thousands of now
grown up men and women will long hold in grateful remembrance the
name of "The Doctor," over which title appeared from month to month
much solid science in the garb of clear, charming diction. He possessed
a remarkable fondness for children, seemed to fully appreciate their needs,
and loved to instruct them in a thousand useful ways. This is perhaps all
the more remarkable as he never married, and best of all, never grew old.
Dr. Thurber revised and in part re-wrote Darlington's "Agricultural Bo-
tany, " which was subsequently published under the title of ' 'American Weeds
and Useful Plants," and still remains the standard work upon the subjects
treated therein. In his strictly botanical wcrk, much of which had a strong
practical bias. Dr. Thurber had a particular fondness for the grasses, and
he early conceived the design of preparing a book upon this great family of
294 Annals of Horticulture.
plants as represented in America. While editorial duties and failing health
prevented the accomplishment of this great task for which he was so well
prepared, he was able to do much for his beloved science. For example,
he contributed all the botanical papers in the Appleton's New American
Cyclopedia, a work the usefulness of which can only be known by those
who saw how much of botanical error and untruth were published in the
original edition. He was the author of nearly a hundred pages upon the
graminae in the "Botany of California."
There is a vast amount of substantial scientific work that cannot be out-
lined here, for it was done in connection with his oversight of the publica-
tion of hundreds of rural books upon a wide range of subjects by the firm
with which he was so long associated — The Orange Judd Company.
In 1880 Dr. Thurber, accompanied by his lifelong friend, Dr. M. Miles,
spent a few months in Europe, where he met many of his former corres-
pondents and friends in the botanical and horticultural world. Nearly all
the letters of condolence from these friends across the ocean contain com-
plimentary words of Thurber's important visit to their countries. It was
his wish to travel, but his heavy frame and rheumatic limbs made long jaunts
painful to him, and, therefore, he was almost always at home and at work.
He was a life member and vice president of the American Pomological
Society, and presided at the Atlanta meeting. To the botanists of his own
city he was best known as the long-time president of the Torrey Botanical
Club, the immediate successor of his old friend and botanical adviser for
whom the club is named. Dr. John Torrey. He was president of the New
Jersey Horticultural Society, member of both the New York and the Phila-
delphia Academy of Sciences, and various other societies.
As a worker, Dr. Thurber was indefatigable and rested only when he
could work no longer. He knew neither day nor night so long as his
strength lasted. " Not infrequently would his labors continue through the
night, the hours uncounted, until the family rising perhaps late Sunday
morning, would find him still engaged at his writing, the rays of his lamp
mingling unnoticed with those of the sun." During the last years of his
life it was a custom to have his couch by the side of his table, where he
would work to exhaustion and then retire until strength was gained sufficient
to resume his task.
As an editor, Dr. Thurber always held broad and liberal views of every
important question that bore upon the best interests of his constituents.
His contempt for anything that favored of sham was unbounded, while his
praise of worthy objects and honest men was equally generous. As the
writer of the "Humbug columns," he made his journal the terror of
swindlers and charlatans, and largely because of his straightforward, truth-
ful and convincing exposures in well-chosen words that cut like a knife.
Although frequently tempted by alluring offers, he would not grant an un-
scrupulous advertiser space in his journal. In short, his abhorrence of
quackery and adulteration was such that even in the smallest matters he
took all possible precautions to discourage and condemn them. For example,
he had his own little hand pepper-mill at table, and ground out upon the
spot, frequently with words of commendation of the principle at stake, the
condiment needed for his viands. His intense love for getting at the solid
underlying facts of things sometimes almost made him uncomfortable.
This is humorously illustrated in his not being able to enjoy his green peas
Necrology of i8go.
295
at dinner if he could not be assured of the name of the variety. Into
everything, and particularly his editorial work, he carried this desire for
exactness and bottom facts.
The following brief extracts from a large number of notices of our
friend's life serve to emphasize the statements already made in this sketch
Beginning from across the ocean, Maxwell T. Masters, editor of 'J'he Gar-
deners' Chronicle, writes; "Thurber did excellent work as a botanist, whilst
as editor he occupied a unique position and delighted and instructed thou-
sands who knew nothing of his personality and were ignorant even of the
Doctor's name."
The American Agriculturist records these words for its revered editor •
"Few men, if any, have exerted so powerful an influence on progressive
American agriculture as has Dr. Thurber."
In the 'lorrey Bulletin the following, among appropriate words by Dr.
Rusby, may be found: " Graminology was his well-known specialty and
there were few, either in this country or abroad, who were his equals.''
The leader in the Garden and Forest for April 9 opens as follows : "The
death of Dr. Geo. Thurber ends the career of the most accomplished hor-
ticultural writer America has produced."
In person Dr. Thurber was remarkably conspicuous, while at the same
time extremely modest and retiring. As a young man when starting out
upon the Boundary Commission he was like an arrow in straightness fully
SIX feet in height, broad shouldered, fair in complexion and remarkably
handsome. His face, as familiar to the writer in later life, was brim full of
kindness and sunshine, and with his massive head and long flowing hair
"The Doctor" was "the observed of all observers" wherever he might be
His conversation was animated and ofttimes brilliant, full of a mother's
tenderness and pity for the unfortunate, and reeking with sarcasm for the
pretender in any form. He suffered wrong in silence when he only was
concerned, but would always champion the cause of the injured and
oppressed. When he returned from Mexico on the Boundary Commission
he brought with him a youth of Chihauhua, who for some time attended
school at Thurber's suggestion and expense. And so it was throughout his
life._ He was ever doing some kindness to others, often to his own incon-
venience. His open heartedness prevailed at all times when there was any
genuine call for sympathy. In short, genial and generous, great in knowl-
edge, patient in work, keen of perception, kind hearted, frank and true
sound m judgment, with a most retentive memory, sensitive and sympa-
thetic, considerate and courageous, such are some of the sterling qualities
which combined to make up our revered scientific editor and friend It is
men of this stamp who make the world better while they live and long
after, but sadden with a deep loss the lives of many when they pass away
To have the intimate friendship of such, is to dwell in the companionship
of great souls. ^
Severe labors and accompanying exposure during the four years upon the
frontier were largely responsible for the rheumatism to which Dr Thurber
was a victim for many years. This and overwork paved the way for more
serious troubles that nearly incapacitated him for labor during his last few
years, and entailed much pain and suffering from which death only could
relieve him. ^
He was buried in the Swan Point cemetery, overlooking a beautiful valley
near Providence, R. I., where in early life he first began a career of bot-
anizing that reached across the continent, and the results around the world
296 A?i7ials of Horticulhire .
PETER KIEFFER.
Peter Kieffer, the originator of the Kieffer pear, died at
Roxborough, Philadelphia, November 7th. He was born in
Alsace in 1812, and came to America in 1834. The following
account of him is from his friend, Thomas Meehan :
"Mr. Peter Kieffer was a near neighbor of mine. He was, when a young
man, educated as a gardener, and I may say highly educated, much above
the average class. He came to America from Alsace. He was of French
descent. He was gardener for many years at Mount Airy to Mr. James
Gowen, long known as President of the Pennsylvania State Agricultural
Society, and kept up his connections with friends in the Old World, oc-
casionally introducing rare plants and trees, many of which are still existing
in Germantown. Being of a frugal and saving disposition, after some years
he had means enough to purchase a few acres of ground near here, on which
he established a nursery and market garden. Among his introductions was
the Chinese Sand pear. His land here increased in value to such an extent
that he sold it for a considerable advance, and with the proceeds bought a
farm near Roxborough, about three miles from where I now live ; on this
ground he transplanted some of his Sand pears, planting them among some
Bartlett pear trees. The branches of the Bartlett pears and the Chinese
Sand pears intermixed. There was a great demand for Sand pear trees by
the neighbors for ornamental gardening, on account of the delightful odor
of the fruit, besides the thrifty, healthy growth of the foliage, and he raised
seedlings from his trees in order to supply this demand. On one occasion
he noticed among the seedlings one with somewhat different foliage than
the rest ; this he saved for himself, and when it bore fruit, the one which
we now know as Kieffer pear was the result. It is, of course, only guessed
at from this that the Kieffer pear is a hybrid between the Sand pear and
the Bartlett. I mention this because some have contended that this is not
a hybrid, but simply a sport, without any real intermixture of pollen from
the Bartlett tree. Of course, we are all entitled to our opinion, and my
opinion is, that it is really a hybrid. Mr. Kieffer was a very generous man,
child-like and unsuspecting in his disposition, and, though he knew the great
value of this fruit, he seldom resisted applications for grafts or cuttings, and
though hundreds of thousands of dollars have been made by different parties
by the sale and distribution of the Kieffer, it is probable that he never made
many dollars out of it for himself. Mr. Kieffer's knowledge of gardening
was of a very high order ; he knew how to ripen pears, and it is a remark-
able fact that no matter what the season or what the crop, Kieffer pears dis-
tributed by Mr. Kieffer were always of the highest excellence. I never
knew a Kieffer pear to come from Mr. Kieffer that one would not say was of
a higher character than almost any pear that he ever ate; but those who
know no more of the art of gardening than to put in a tree, and let it mature
of itself, without any help at all on the part of the grower, conclude that
Kieffer pears are scarcely worth eating. Undoubtedly these pears are of
no account in the way of excellence as we usually find them, but in Mr.
Kiefier's hands this pear was something to remember with keen pleasure
after having once eaten it.
Necrology of i8go.
297
"Peter Kieffer spelled his name as here written, and pronounced it as if
written Kifer, the e in the first syllable being silent. Discussions are con-
tinually going on that he ought to have pronounced his name in a different
manner, following the German rule, but Mr. Kieffer was not a German, but
a Frenchman, and I suppose would be justified in judging for himself how
his name should be pronounced." f
Dr. C. C. Parry, one of the most indefatigable of Ameri-
can botanical explorers and collectors, died at his home in
Davenport, Iowa, February 20th, from pneumonia following
influenza. He began his explorations in 1849 as one of David
Dale Owen's party to survey Wisconsin. The next year he
was with the Mexican boundary survey. From that time until
his death his labors were unceasing, and he added greatly to
the knowledge of western botany. Dr. Parry was born in
England, in 1823.
*
Sidney Wilkinson, manager in the seed house of Henry A.
Dreer, Philadelphia, died March 28th. He was born in Prov-
idence, R. I., in 1851.
Charles E. Hitchings, one of the firm of Hitchings & Co.,
manufacturers of greenhouse heaters and supplies, died
December 31, 1889, at 37 years of age.
Oscar K. Kreinberg died early in January, at his home in
Philadelphia, of influenza. He was well known as a grower
of out-door summer flowers.
^ ^t % ^ ¥: ^
R. C. Affaurtit, an editor of the Dutch journal Sempervi-
rens, died Feb. ist, at 65 years of age.
. Dr. Ralph Ainsworth, formerly a member of the Council
of the Manchester Royal Botanical Society, died aged 79
years. He was deeply interested in orchids, and Dendrobium
AinswortJiii was raised in his collection.
t It is evident that the name should be pronounced Keef'-r, after the German method for
It IS a German name. A true French pronunciation would be neither Keefer nor Kifer
In Alsace the name would ordinarily be pronounced with a long e even by Frenchmen.-^
L. H. B.
A. H. — 21
298
Annals of Horticulture.
SHIRLEY HIBBERD.
Shirley Hibberd died at Kew, November i6th, aged 66
years. He was a well-known writer on horticultural subjects,
having published many books, among the most important of
which are Bramble and Bay Leaves, Rustic Ador?wie7its, Fer?i
Garden, The Ivy, Town Gai'den 2.ndi Ainateu)-'' s Rose Book. At the
time of his death he was editor of the Ga?'deners' Magazine. He
had filled this position for thirty years and raised the magazine
to its present state of excellence.
Mr. Hibberd was born at Stepney, England, in 1825. He
was intended for a bookseller, but early turned his attention
to literary work, in which he continued uninterruptedly until
his death. He wrote upon a great variety of subjects, some
of them historical. He was one of the most accomplished
men who ever adorned horticultural professions, and his ex-
ample must always remain an inspiration.
The above portrait of Mr. Hibberd is reproduced from the
Journal of Horticulture.
Necrology of i8go.
299
BENJAMIN S. WILLIAMS.
Benjamin Samuel Williams died June 23, aged 68 years.
He was born at Hoddesdon, England, and at the age of 14
entered the celebrated garden of John Warner, where his
father was long employed as a gardener. At the age of 20 he
entered the lists as an exhibitor, and soon acquired fame as a
cultivator and exhibitor of the pansy. He next took up the
ranunculus, and very soon launched out into floriculture of a
comprehensive kind, accomplishing wonders with the aid of
a few frames to enable him to grow flowers for exhibition in
March and April. His ambition growing with his talent, he
soon became an exhibitor of vegetables and fruits in the neigh-
boring towas.
He soon felt the scarcity of books, and resolved that he
300 A7i7ials of Hortiadture.
would do something to provide gardeners with truthful infor-
mation in the department to which he was now giving special
attention, and he became a careful note-taker, accumulating
material towards the object in view.
In the year 1852, Messrs. Chapman & Hall published Mr.
Williams first book, which was none other than his now fa-
mous " Orchid Growers' Manual." Other books followed on
<' Ferns and Lycopods," "Stove and Greenhouse Plants,"
and the *' Orchid Album," all of them characterized by sound-
ness of teaching, a generous breadth of view of every subject
treated, convenience of arrangement, and all that is implied
in the term "good book-making."
A considerable part of his labors has been bestowed in the
formation and management of the Victoria and Paradise nur-
series, first in Hornsey and later at Upper Holloway, where
his son became his partner. Here orchids certainly take the
lead, and the collection is, for the present, the best monument
of the skill, taste and business energy of an honored veteran,
whose like we may not for many years look upon again. —
Adapted from the Gardefiers' Magazi?ie.
The portrait of Mr. Williams is reproduced from The Gar-
deners' Chronicle.
James Backhouse, director of the York Nurseries, died in
September, aged 65 years. He was one of the most promi-
nent of English horticulturists.
W. H. Baxter, formerly curator of the Oxford Botanic
Gardens, died June ig, aged 74 years. He was associated
with Mr. Loudon, and was a constant writer for horticultural
papers.
Henry Bennett died at his home in Shepperton, England,
August 12, from heart disease. He was one of the most suc-
cessful and best known growers of seedling roses. He
began life as a general farmer, but finding it somewhat un-
profitable, undertook rose culture. Among his most famous
roses are Her Majesty, Mrs. John Laing, Princess Beatrice,
Grace Darling, Viscountess Folkstone, Lady Mary Fitzwilli-
am, Earl of Pembroke, Cleopatra and Captain Hayward. He
Necrology of i8go. 301
visited this country in 1887 and attended the meeting of the
Society of American Florists at Chicago, where he met with a
warm reception.
Theodor Bernhardt, formerly director at the Botanic
Gardens at Erfurt, died in the latter part of November, 1889,
aged 80 years.
* *
John M. Braidwood, of the forest department, Naini Fal,
India, died, aged 50 years.
Alphonse Du Breuil, one of the most popular authors on
arboriculture, died in May, aged 80 years. He held many
important positions under the government, and in 1846 pub-
lished A Course in Arboriculture. He also assisted Mr. Girar-
din in writing the Course in AgriculturCy and was also connected
with the Revue Horticole. In 1853 and following years, the
French Minister of Agriculture employed him to travel over
France for the purpose of giving instruction in the cultivation
of fruit trees. His influence upon the horticulture of France
was very great. He is known to English readers through the
translation of the Tliomery System of Grape Culture (New York),
contained in his Cours (T Arboriculture, and William Wardle's
translation (London), Scientific and Profitable Culture of Fruit
Trees, Du Breuil was born at Rouen in 181 1, in the botanic
garden of which his father was head gardener.
D. Buehler, landscape gardener at Lausanne, died March
18, aged 79 years.
Dr. Alexander von Bunge died June i8th, aged 87 years.
He was a Russian botanist of great note, and he did much to
extend our knowledge of the plants of many remote regions.
W. Caudmell, F. R. H. S., died March 22, aged 67 years.
He was well known as a grower of primroses and hardy garden
flowers.
302
Annals of Horticulhire.
William Chapman died September 25, aged 76 years. He
was commonly known as "Pear Chapman," from his success
in raising and exhibiting hardy fruits.
5H
Dr. E. Cosson, a celebrated French botanist, died Septem-
ber 30, 1890, in his 70th year. Immediately after receiving
his degree of doctor of medicine, he studied the plants around
Paris, and published the Flora of the Vicinity of Paris, which
has remained a classic treatise. He continually contributed
articles to papers, and at different times published the results
of his labors in Algiers and Tunis.
* *
*
Jules Courtois, one of the most respected horticulturists
of France, died December 25, 1889, at the age of 76 years.
He was one of the most distinguished pupils of Mr. Hard}-,
gardener-in-chief at Luxemburg, and later he tried to spread
the excellent principles received from his teacher. He zeal-
ously tried to introduce practical courses in fruit culture in the
department of Eure-et-Loir ; and at the same time he founded
the Society of Horticulture and Viticulture of Eure-et-Loir,
to which he afterwards bequeathed 25,000 francs,
Adolf Credner died May 7, aged 39 years. He first be-
came known through his winter flowers, which he exhibited
in January, 1881, at Berlin. Later he became connected with
L. Moller's Deutscher Gartnerzeitimg, and finally with the firm
of Haage & Schmidt.
George Deal, of the firm John Weeks & Co., horticultur-
al builders, Chelsea, died June 30, aged 56 years.
Friederich Georg Donat, gardener of Count Carl von
Schoenburg-Forderglauchau, died March 17, at the Castle
Wechselburg on the Mulde.
Francis Dumur died recently at Moscow, Russia, aged 76
years. He was for twenty-four years head gardener of Mos-
cow.
Necrology of i8go. 303
JosiAH Goodwin died June 3, aged 70 years. He was form-
erly the editor of the Joi/rnal of the Bath and West of England
Agricultural Society and of the four nal of the Royal Agricultural
Society.
*
Octave Gravot, chief of a section in the firm of Vilmorin,
Andrieux & Co, died August 17th, in Paris.
Mr. Grun, university gardener at Strassburg, in Els, died
Februrary i6th, aged 40 years.
Thomas Harrison, Sr., of the firm of Harrison & Sons, died
at Leicester, England, aged 75 3'ears.
Enoch Harvey died October ist, aged 64 years. Mr.
Harvey was senior member of the firm Harvey, Alsop, Stevens
& Harvey. He was a devoted lover of herbaceous and alpine
plants, and was for many years chairman of the Liverpool
Horticultural Company. His loss will be deeply felt by
orchid growers.
Seraphin van den Heede, commercial gardener at Lille,
France, died, aged 79 years.
William Holmes, of London, died September i8th, aged
38 years. He was a prominent landscape gardener and con-
tractor.
Mr. Houllett, for a long time superintendent of the green-
houses in the Botanical Garden of Paris, died in his 75th
year. The genus of orchids, Houlletia, was named in his
honor.
William Humphries, for twenty-six years head gardener at
Wimpole Hall, died, aged 68 years.
Herman Jager, the most popular German gardener and hor-
ticultural writer, died January 5th, aged 74 years.
304 Annals of Horiiailtnre.
Mr. Jager was born at Munchenbersdorf, Saxe-Weimar.
He visited Switzerland, Itaty, and particularly France, where
he worked a long time. On his return home he was ap-
pointed inspector of the gardens of Eisenach, a position which
he held till late in life. During his long career, he wrote nu-
merous excellent works on horticulture, and assumed, in 1880,
the direction of Moller' s Deutsche Gcwtnerzeitung. He also
directed the arrangement of many parks and gardens which
revealed his wide experience and profound knowledge of hor-
ticulture ; and at the same time he treated aesthetic questions
with enthusiam and great conviction.
J. James, one of the most prominent English horticulturists,
died August 8th.
Dr. Janka, keeper of the botanical department of the Na-
tional Museum of Hungary, Buda Pesth, died recently, aged
55 years.
Alphonso Karr, well-known as the author of the popular
work, ''Voyage Autour de Mon Jardin," died September 30th,
aged 82 years. Mr. Karr was born in Paris, in 1808. He early
became a journalist, and assumed the editorship of Figaro in
1839. He was well known as a novelist.
Stuart H. Low, well-known as the head of the firm of Hugh
Low & Co. ,of Upper Clapton, England, died April 22d, aged
63 years.
*
H. LuDOLPH, the Royal inspector of gardens at Karbsaul,
near Kassel, died December nth, 1889.
Andrew Mackenzie, an extensive writer on horticultural
topics, and superintendent of the Corn Exchange, Edinburgh,
died in 1890.
^< , %
E. Maggs, director of the improvements in the park of the
Manor House, at Aylesbury, England, died February 23d.
Necrology of i8go. 305
Jules Monges, for a long time president of the Horticul-
tural Society of the Bouches-du-Rhone, died March 3d, at
Marseilles, aged 64 years.
Dr. Carl Muller died at Stuttgart, November 28th, 1889,
aged 70 years.
Maud Naftel, R. W. S., well-known through her beautiful
flower pieces, died February i8th.
Julius Niepraschk, died October 14th. He was the direc-
tor of the Royal Garden "Flora," at Cologne, and was well-
known as an able horticulturist.
Marianne North, well known from her wonderful paintings
of plants and natural scenery, died August 30. Her works,
some over 800 in number, occupy a building in the Royal
Gardens, Kew. She was an extensive traveler, and an artist
of rare ability. Her early years were spent in New England.
* *
Gotthelf Wilhelm Poscharsky, court gardener at Dresden,
Germany, died Sept. 7, aged 72 years. He was well known
as a landscape gardener, and many honors were bestowed
upon him as rewards for his valuable services.
Theodor Rau, gardener at the castle in Gusow, died in the
early part of the year, aged 33 years.
Joseph Robinson, formerly well known as a cultivator of
verbenas, pelargoniums, fuchsias and chrysanthemums, died
at Chelmsford, England, aged 79 years.
Fritz Sattler, of the firm of Sattler & Bethge, in Qued-
linburg, died December 5, 1889.
^< , ^
E. Seidel, gardener to the Grand Duke at Arco, Tirol,
died June 10, aged 52 years.
3o6 Annals of Ho}ticnlture.
M. F. Senelar, President of the Horticultural Society of
Bouches-du-Rhone, died on the 17th of March.
^ ^ *
John Shaw, a landscape gardener of note in northern Eng-
land, died in his ygth year, September 14.
Hugo Stark, director of the gardens of the Grand Duke of
Mecklenburg, died at Neustrelitz.
John Stewart, for twenty-five 3^ears secretary of the Royal
Caledonian Horticultural Society, died at the age of 76 years.
Robert Walker, botanist and amateur gardener, died March
21. He wrote a history of the Buchan (England) flora.
John Webster, head gardener of the Duke of Richmond,
died in his 76th 3^ear.
Enoch White, nurseryman at Bournemouth, England, died,
aged 59 years.
* .!. ^
William W^ildsmith, for twenty-five years gardener at
Heckfield Place, Winchfield, England, died January 29. He
was a man of great mental breadth and varied experience,
and admirably adapted by his temper and extensive knowledge
for aiding and improving the plans of his employer, the late
Viscount Eversley.
In the course of his industrious career he won no less than
a hundred and fifty prizes, many of them firsts, and a consid-
erable portion for grapes, although he was such an all-around
man that he might be expected in any department of an ex-
hibition in which high-class English gardening might be rep-
resented. — TJie Gardene?-s' Magazine.
INDEX.
Page
Abies flrma (i9
— Jesoeusis W)
— Mariesii 69
— Sachaliensis 69
— Tsuga 69
— Veitchii 69
Actinidia polygama 73
— volu bills 73
brides, Introductions of ... 56
Affaurtit, R. C, Obituary of . . 297
Aguacates, in Mexico 33
Ainsworth, Ralph, Obituary of 297
Akebia lobata 72
— quinata 72
Albizzia Julibrissin 7
Almonds, Tai'iff on 135
Alpe, Dr.. quoted 109
Alwood, W. B., Investigations of 90
Andres, Dr., quoted 109
Angreecums, Introductions of . 56
Anona Cherimolia, in Mexico . 33
Anthonomus4-gibbus 91
Aphis pei*sicae-niger 89-109
— prunicola 109
Apples, Crop of . . .... 7
— Insects of 90
— in Mexico . . 32
— in Washington 29
— Tariff on 134
— Tasmanian 9
Apricots in California 20
— in Mexico 32
— in Washington 29-32
Apron, Gardening 262
Ai^bor vitee in Japan 68
Arsenites and foliage 93
Aspidiotus Aurantii 96
Azaleas in Japan 66
Backhouse, James, Obituary of . 800
Bailey, L,. H., Investigations of 93
Bag, Garden 262
Basrs. for grapes 269
— Pollinating 269
Page
Bancroft, A. L., quoted ....
112,115,126,131
Barry, Patrick, Obituary of . . 287
Baxter, W. H., Obituary of . . 300
Bean, W. J., Article by .... 56
Bean, Lima, Disease of .... 77
Beans in California 25
— Tariff on 134
Bencker, George, Article by . . 82
Bennett, Henx-y, Obituary of . . 300
Bernhardi, Theodore, Obituary
of 301
Blackberries, Crop of 16
BoUey, H. L., Investigations of . 79
Boll worm Ill
Books of 1S90 243
Booth, A. R., quoted Ill
Bordeaux mixture .... 76,80,83,87
Botanic gardens of the world . 217
Braidwood, John M., Obituary
of 301
Budd, J. L., quoted 286
Bud-moth 91
Buehler, D., Obituary of ... . 301
! Bulbophyllum lemniscatoides . 57
1 Bulletins, Index to 224-232
Bune-e, Alex, von. Obituary of . 301
Burrill, T. J., Laborsof .... 147
Cabbages in California 25
— in Washington 30
— Tariff on 134
Calanthes, Introductions of . . 57
California, Horticulture in . . . 17
Calla ^thiopica • • 61
— Elliottiana 61
Camellia Ja])onica 71
Camellias in Japan 66-71
Cane cutter '-261
Car for fruit 26.>
Carbolic acid wash - 9"
Cart 355
Cassava, Tariff on i3(>
Cattleya aurea 6o
3o8
Annals of Horticulture.
Page
Cattleya Gaskelliana 57-59
— granulosa var. Buyssoniana 57,60
— Imschootiana 60
— labiata 57,59
— Laurenciana Yai\ Vinckii . . 60
— Lindeni 59
— Rex 57,59
— Warocqueana 57,59
Cattleyas, Introductions of . . . 57
Caudmell, W. Obituary of . . . 301
Cauliflower in Washington . . 30
Celery hiller 259
— in Washington 30
Cemetery Superintendents, As-
sociation of 153
Census 133
Cirisa bubalus 90
Chameerops excelsa 66
Chapman, William, Obituary of 302
Cherimoyas in Mexico 33
Cherries, Crop of 15
— in Japan 67
— in Washington 32
Cherry, Insects of 89
Chionaspis furfurus 90
Chrysanthemums 36,161
Chrysanthemum tube ..... 264
Chrysobothris mali 92
Cider, Tariff on 135
Cineraria lanata 61
Cladius isomeris 93
Cleaner for beans 257
Clematis Stanleyi 61
Clod crusher 253
Club, Wild flower 141
Cocoanuts, Tai'iff on 135
Cocinella convergetata 104
Coccotorus prunicida 88
Codlin moth 90
Columbian Horticultural Associ-
ation .... 148
Conacher, John L., Article by . 9
Cook, A. J., Investigations of . 87
Copyright on plants .... 112,124
Coquillet, Investigations of . 92,96
Corn, Sweet, in Washington . . 30
Coryanthes Bungerothii .... 57
Cosson, E., Obituary of .... 302
Courtois, Jules, Obituarv of . . 302
Cowan, A. D., on Peter ilender-
son 281
Craig, John, on Chas. Gibb ... 283
Cranberry, Crop of 16
— Disease of 77,79
— Insects of 93
Credner, Adolph, Obituary of . 302
Cryptomeria Japonica 'o'^
Cucumber, Mildew of 78
Page
Curculio 87
Currant, Insects of 92
Currants, Tariff on 135
Cymbidium grandiflorum ... 60
— Hookerianum 60
— Tracy anum 57,60
Cypripedium Schomourgkii . . 60
— Siamense 5S,60
Cypripediums, Introductions of 57
Cytisus Scoparius var. Andrea-
nus 62
Dates, Tariff on 135
Deal, George, Obituary of . . 302
Delacroix, Investigations of . . 78
Dendrobium Aiusworthii . . . 297
— McFarlanei 59
Dendrobiums, Introductions of 58
Diaspis pentagon a 109
Dipladenia atropurpurea .... 61
Directory of societies 210
— of experimenters 215
— of botanic gardens 217
Diseases of plants 74
Donat, Freidrich Georg, Obitu-
ary of 302
Du Breuil, Alphonse, Obituary
of 301
Dumur, Francis, Obituary of . 302
Educational matters 136
Emphytus cinctus 93
Engravings of plants 185
Enkiauthus Japonicus 71
Epiphronitis Veitchii 60
Experiment Stations, Indexes .
224-232
Fairchild, D. G., Article by . . 76
Figs, Tariff on 134
Filberts, Tariff on 135
Firs in Japan 69
Florists, Education of 136
— Society of 151
Forbes, Professor, quoted . . . 110
Fork, Clearing 253
Franceschini, Professor, quoted 109
Fumigator 276,277
Fungi injurious 74
Fungicides 76,79,80,83,236
Georgeson, C. C, Article by . . 62
Germs, Contagious 110
Gibb, Charles, Obituary of . . . 283
Gillette, C. P , Investigations of
87,88,91,92
Gipsy moth 75
Gladiolus decoratus 62
— Kirkii 62
— primulinus 62
Glen, Eugene, quoted 124
Goff, E. S., Investigations of . . 97
Index.
309
Page.
Goodwin, Josiah, Obituary of. . ^08
Gopher trap '-^•^
Graders for fruit, etc 257
Grapes, Bagging 'J2
— Crop of 1*'
Grape, Diseases of 74,7S,S()
Grapes in California 1S,~2
— in Japan ^'^
— in Mexico 33,34
— in Wasliington 30
— TarifE on ^^^
Grape, Pliylloxera of 98,109
Gravot, Octave, Obituary of . . 303
Gray, S. R. S., Article by .... 28
Green, S. B., luvestigations of . 88
Griin, M., Obituary of 303
Guavas, in Mexico 33
Gun, Sulphur 277
HtEmanthus Lindeni 61
— Calbreyeri 61
— puniceus
61
Hale, J. H., and census 133
Hall, John, on Patrick Barry . . 278
Halsted, B. D., Investigations of 78
on Geo. Thurber 291
Haltica ignita 93
Hanger for pots 262
Harrison, Thomas, Sr., Obituary
of 303
Harvey, Enoch, Obituary of. . . 303
P. L., Investigations of ... . 91
Heede, Seraphin van den. Obit-
uary of 303
Heliamphora nutans 61
Heliothis armigera Ill
Henderson, Peter, Obituary of . 279
Hibberd, Shirlev, Obituary of. . 298
Hill, E. G., Article by 41
Hillman, F. H., Investigations of 90
Hippodamia convergens 105
Hitchings, Chas. E., Obituary of 297
Hoes 250
Holder for boxes 265
Hollyhock, Diseases of 78, 80
Holmes, William, Obituary of. 303
Houllett, Mr., Obituary of . . . 303
Humphries, William, Obituary of 303
Hydrocyanic gas insecticide . . 92,96
Hyperpiatys aspersus 92
Iceryarosae 93
Iceryas 103
Ilex crenata '''2
lllicium religiosum 65
Insecticides 102,237
Insects, Injurious 74,87
Introductions of 1890 153
Inventions 250
Irrigation in California 20
Page.
Jack, J. G., Investigations of . 4o,93
Jager, Herman, Obituary of . . 303
James, J., Obituary of 304
Janka, Dr., Obituary of 304
Japan, Horticulture in ... . 62
— Plants of 67
Jones, Prank, Invention by . . . 95
Jordan, J. M., quoted 136
Kadsura Japonica 73
Karr, Alphonso, Obituary of . . 304
Kerosene Emulsion, History of . 97
Kieffer, Peter, Obituary of.. . . 296
Kit, Pollinating 270
Koebele, Investigations of . . 92, 101
Kreinberg, Oscar K., Obituary of 297
Labels 267
Ladder 257
Lselia elegans var. Broomeana . 60
— prsestans var. alba 60
Laslio-Cattleya 58
Laelias, Introduction of 58
Laws, for insects and fungi . . '<'4-82
Lecanium ole^e 97
Leopard moth 91
Lespedeza bicolor 72
Lilium Bolanderi 62
— Henryi 61
Limes, in Mexico 33
— Tariff on 134
Lindera sericea 72
Literature, of experiments . . 224,232
— books 243
London purple and foliage ... 93
Low, Stuart H., ObituaiT of . . 304
Ludolph, H., Obituary of . ... 304
Mackenzie, Andrew, Obituary of 304
Macrodactylus subspinosus ... 92
Maggs, E., Obituary of 304
Magnolia grandiflora 69
— hvpoleuca 69
— Kobus 69,70
Magnolias in Japan 69
Ma'lly, P. W., quoted HI
Maples in Japan 66
Marker 253
Masdevallia Chimaera 60
— Lowii 58, 60
-Stella 58,60
Masdevallias, Introductions of . 58
Massachusetts, Gipsy moth in. . 75
Maxillaria longisepala 58
Mavet, Val^ry, Book of 93
Meehan,Thomas,on Peter Kieffer 296
quoted 112
Melon crop 1'''
Melons in Washington 30
Mexico, Horticulture in 32
Micrococcus pieridis HI
3IO
Page.
Mignonette, Disease of 60
Monges, Jules, Obituary of . . . 305
Moore, Jacob, on plant patent . . 112
Moorea irrorata 58,59
Morrill, Senator, Bill of ... . 138
Movver, Attachment for 256
Miiller, Carl, Obituary of .... 305
Muriate of Potash as an Insecti-
cide 90-
Murtfeldt,Miss,Investigations of 93
Mvtiiaspis citricola 96
— 'Gloveri 96
— pouiorum 90
Myzus Cerasi 89
Naftel, Maud, Obituary of . . . 305
Nandina domestica Tl
National flower 35
Nectarines in California .... 20
— in Mexico 32
Nepenthes Burkei, vars 61
— Curtisii <3l
— Stenophylla 61
Nephelodes violans Ill
New Jersey, Law in 75
Newman, Investigations of . . . 92
Niepraschk, Julius, Obituary of. 305
Nomenclature 129
North, Marianne, Obituary of . . 305
Nozzles 275
Nurserymen, Association of . . 151
Nuts, Crop of 15
— Tariff on 135
Ocneria dispar 75
Odontoglossum crispum 60
— Leroyanum 58,60
— luteo-purpureum 60
Odontoglossums,Introductionsof 58
Olives in Calif orna 22
— Tariff on 135
Oncidiums, Introductions of . . . 58
Onion, Smut of 79
Onions in California 25
— Tariff on 134
Oranges, Crop of 15
— in California 21,25
— Mexico 3-1
— Tariff on 134,135
Orange, Mite of 91
— Scales of 91-96
Orcas Island, Horticulture on . . 28
Orchids 56-59
— Nomenclature of 130
Ormerod, Miss, Investigations of
89,91,92
Ornamentals 35
Osborn, Professor, quoted ... Ill
Parasites, Introduction of . . 103-108
I'aris green and foliage 93
A?inals of Horticulture.
Page.
Parlatoria Pergandei 96
Parry, C. C, Obituary of .... 297
Patent of plants ii»2
Peaches, Crop of 15
Peach, Disease of 78-89
— yellows. Laws for 75
— Insects of 89
Peaches in California 19
— in Japan 67
— in Mexico 32
— in Washington 32
Peanuts, Tariff on 135
Pear-blight beetle 89
Pears, Crop of . . 15
— in California 20
— in Japan 66
— in Mexico 33
— in Washington 31
Peas in California 25
— Tariff on 134
Peg for plants 261
Pelargonium, Disease of 78
Periodicals, List of 246
Per ret, M., Discovery by . ... 82
Persea gratissima in Mexico . . 33
Persimmons in Japan 66
Phaius Cooksonii 58,60
— tuberculosus 60
— Wallichii 60
Phalsenopsis Schilleriana, var.
alba 58
Photinia glabra 71
Phylloxera 98-109
Phytophthora Phaseoli 77
Phytoptus ribis 92
Picker 257
Pierce, N. B., Investigations of . 78
Pines, Japanese 68
Pinus densiflora 68
— Thunbergii 68
Plants, Tariff on 134-136
Plum curculio 87
— ganger 88
Plums, Crop of 15
— in Japan 66,67
— Tariff, on 134
Podocarpus macrophylla .... 69
— Nageia 69
Pollinating, Outfit for .... 269,270
Portraits of plants 185
Poscharsky, Gotthelf Wilhelm,
Obituary of 305
Potato crop 17
— Diseases of 78,79,80
Potatoes in California 25
— in Washington 30
— Tariff on 134
Potato Sorter 258
hidex.
311
Page.
Pot holders 202,'^64
— stand 265
— Watering 265
Pots, Flower 264
Preserved fruits, Tariff on . . . 135
Prilleux, Investigations of . . . 78
Propagating box 272,273
Protection for plantsmen . . . . 112
Protector 2T2
Prune, Crop of 15
Prunes in California 18,19
— in Washington , 31
— Tariff on 134
Prunus Mume 67
— Pseudo-Cerasus 67
Pteris Cretica 61
— ensiformis var. Victorse ... 61
Puget Sound Horticulture at . . 28
Pulvinaria ribesi^ 92
Pumpkin in Washington 30
Pumps for spraying. . .76,81,105,274
Pyrus Ussuriensis 66
Quercus cuspidata 71
Quinces, Crop of 15
Railroad worm 91
Raisins in California 18,23
— Tariff on 135
Raspberries, Crop of 16
Rau, Theodor, Obituary of . . . 305
Registration of plants .... 112-115
Retinospora pisifera 68
Rhapis flabelliformis 66
Riley, C. V., Investigations of .
91,92,93
— Paper by 96
Roads, Agitation concerning . . 131
Robinson, Joseph, Obituary of : 305
Rodriguezia Fuerstenbergii ... 58
Root lifter 256
Rose chafer 92
— Insects of 93
Roses in America 41
— Foreign 44
Rural Publishing Co. quoted .115-120
Sattler, Fritz, Obituary of . . . 305
Seed case 270
— sower 254,255
— tester 268
Seeds, Tariff on 134-136
Seidel, E., Obituary of 305
Selandria Cerasi 89
S6n(51ar. M. F., Obituary of . . . 306
Scale insects 91-96
Scaphosepalum antenniferum . . 58
Schizoneura lanigera 90-108
Schizophragma hydrangeoides . 73
Shaw, John, Obituary of .... 306
Shinn, Chas. Howard, Article by 17
Page.
Small Fruits, Crop of I6
Smith, E. F., Investigations of .
78,89,108
— J. B., Article by ....... 87
Investigations of . . .88,90,92,98
Sobralia Lowii 58 60
— Sanderaj 58'60
— Wilsoniana 58,60
Societies 147
Soils in California 27
Sonei'ila orieutalis. . , 61
Soot as Insecticide 91
Sophro-Cattleya 58-60
Spinach, Diseases of 75
Spraying 76,105
— Device for 275
— outfit 277
Spruces in Japan 59
Squash in Washington 30
Stark, Hugo, Obituary of .... 306
State Flower, California .... 35
New York ... 35
Stations, Index of 224-232
Sterculia platanifolia 70
Stewart, John, Obituary of . . . 306
Strawberries, Crop of 16
— in Mexico 34
— in Washington 32
Strawberry, Insects of 93
— Rust of 78
Strawson, G. P., Invention by .' 107
Strawsonizer 107
Stretcher for wire 262
Styrax Japonica 70
— Obassia 70
Sulphur gum ' 277
Switch for conductors 274
Synchytrium Vaccini 77
Tamarinds, Tariff on 135
Tariff 133
Tasmania, Apple culture in . , . 9
Tea, Tariff on 136
Temple, A. v.. Article by .... 32
Tetranychus maculatus 91
Thalictrum Delavayi 62
Thaxter, R., Investigations of . 77-79
Thurber, George, Obituary of. . 291
Thuya dolabrata 68
— Japonica 68
— obtusa 68
— pisifera 68
Tin cans. Utilizing 265
Tmetocera ocellana 91
Tobacco sheets 276
Tomato, Pack of . 17
Tomatoes in Washington .... 80
Tools 250
Torch for insects 275
A^mals of Horticulhire.
Tozetti, Targioni, quoted .
Trade Mark on Plants . . .
Trap for gophers ....
Trichopilia punctata . . .
Trypeta pomonella ....
Tvloderma fragariae . . .
Yanda Amesiana, var. alba
Vendalia cardinalis
Page.
. . 109
112-124
58
91
.93
58
102
Vegetables, Crop of 17
— in California 25
— Tariff on 134
Ventilator
Verdet
Vines in Japan
Vitis incoustans
— species and phylloxera . . .
Wagon
Walker, Robert, Obituary of .
Walnuts in California
— Tariff on
Washington, Horticulture in
Watson, B. M., Jr., Article bj
— W., Article by 58
Wester, Investigations of ... . 93
273
83
72
255
306
22
135
28
36
Page.
Webster John, Obituary of.. . . 306
Weed, C. M., Investigations of. .89-93
Weeder 250
White, Enoch, Obituary of . . . 306
Wier, D. B., on copyright .... 124
Wild Flower Club 141
Williams, B. S., Obituary of . . 299
Wildsmith, William, Obituary of . 306
Wilkinson, Sidney, Obituary of. 297
Wine in California 18,22
— in Mexico 34
Wines, Tariff on . . 135
Woodworth, Investigations of . . 94
Xyleborus dispar-pyri 89
Yams, Tariff on 136
Yellows of peach, Laws for ... 75
Zanthoxylum ailanthoides ... 72
— piperitum 72
— planispinum 72
— schinifolium 72
Zelkowa Keaki 70
Zeuzera oescali 91
Zygopetalums, Introductions of. 58
WW^tT^
^