NEW FLORA OF NORTH AMERICA RAFINESQUE R34 ®i?f i.H. Ml IGihrarg Nortlj (Earalina Slate (ColUgt rv 89904 This book may be kept out TWO WEEKS »JLY, and is subject to a fine of FIVE lNTS a day thereafter. It is due on the V indicated below: 5reb54jf EB2 t£|66 NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES S01897913 fr- II NEW FLORA OF NORTH AMERICA, BY PROF. RAFINESUUE. Introduction, Lexicon, Monographs. PHILADELPHIA 1836. ^"'or elites of issue, see J.H.Barnhart, Torreya 7: 177-181. 1907* Pt.l (lB56,^eeenber) 2 (1037, second half) 3 (1858, first ruarter) 4 (1830, late in year). PHOTOLITHOGRAPHED BY THE MURRAY PRINTING COMPANY CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS FOR THE ARNOLD ARBORETUM 1946 IWTROB. LEXICOI^, &c. AND BOTANY OF NORTH AMERICA. BEING A SUPPLEMENTAL FW)RA, To the various Floras and Botanical Works of Michaux, Muhlenberg, Pursh, Nuttall, Elliot, Torrey, Beck, Ea- ton, Bigelow, Barton, Robin, Hooker^ Riddell, Darling, ton, Schweinitz, Gibbs, &e. Besides the general works of Linneus, Wildenow Vahl, Vitnnan, Persoon, Lamark, Decandoie, Sprengel,' Jussieu, Adanson, Necker, Lindiey, &c. Containing nearly 500 additional or revised New Genera, and 1500 additional or corrected New Species, illustrated by figures in Autikon Botanikon. BY C. S. RAFINESQUB, A. M.— PH. D. Prof, of Botany, the historical and natural sciences — Member of many learned Societies in Paris, Vienna, Bonn, Bruxelles, Bordeaux, Zurich, Naples, &c. and in Philadelphia, New York, Cincinnati, Lexington, &c. The Floral wealth in this wide land concealed, "Will be at last by learned care revealed. PHILADELPHIA. PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOR AND PUBLISHER. 1 8 3 & t>. H. HIL-L. UBRARY S9^ftd North Carolina State Coltege ^CfKlVJ^-k DEDICATION. To all my fellow Botanists in the United States of North America, and chiefly to those who are endeavor- ing to complete and illustrate our Botany — I dedicate these pages, results of 24 years of observations and re- searches. But above all, to my friends, colleagues, or contribu- tors now living, and to the memory of the worthy de- parted, Elliot, Collins, Schweinitz, Pursh, Conrad, Brad- bury ... in grateful remembrance of their worth and kind help D. D. D. Philadelphia, September, 1836. THE AUTHOR. INTRODUCTION. After many years of active researches in the continent of North America, I was medi- tating to write a new Flora of it ; but was long dubious in what form to produce it. To enu- merate and describe all the plants of this vast region in a proper form and natural classifica- tion, would be a very acceptable labor, but a very arduous task, to which, altho' I felt quite competent, it was not possible to think of, ow- ing to the expense of it, particularly if many figures were given. All our Botanists have shrunk from this undertaking, except Hooker in his Flora of Canada and Boreal America, now publishing by the help of patronage. Zeal alone does not avail in this as in collecting, other pecuniary means are required. It has been found more practicable and near- ly as useful by our Botanists to publish abridg- ed Floras on the Linnean plan, of which Mi- chaux and Pursh gave the example; while Nut- tall, Torrey, Eaton, Beck, &c. have followed nearly the same path. Elliot alone has some- what enlarged his labor, and produced a most egregious work. None but such condensed or compiled works on our Botany, have been found acceptable to all and saleable; while the elaborate and learn- ed works, full of discoveries and ample re- searches, can only be appreciated by a few, and even often excite the envy of the learned ri- vals. INTRODUCTION. Under such predicament, I was compelled to decide upon a middle course; and 1 therefore undertook this work as a Supplemental Flora of North America, a kind of mantissa and ap- pendix to all my predecessors, avoiding there- by much expense and trouble in accumulating all the scattered materials and fragments alrea- dy published: altho' I endeavored to collect them whenever I had to frame some peculiar careful monographs of neglected Genera or fa- milies. The illustration by figures of my New Genera and New Species will be kept apart in mpt. to be sold apart to any institution or indi- vidual that wish to possess them, as well as my botanical specimens, general Herbarium, and original typical sets collected together under the name of my Autikon Botanikon. I have called this work, a New Floraof North America^ and such it is in fact : a real Flora, although not classed by the false sexual system, nor even my own improved natural method, but arranged differently. I do not even know yet exactly how it will be gone through ; but I propose to commence by a sample of a Lexi- con to be contrasted with the manual Lexicon of Eaton, and go on with monographs of inte- resting Genera or Families, with a SvLVAof my New Trees and Shrubs, a Neogenyion or ac- count of New Genera, and a Neobotanon or compendium of new species. I may, however, deviate from this plan if needful or desirable, and I hope to conclude the whole by a general Index, both alphabetical and classified natural- ly of all the Families and Genera. While I was preparing this work, I found myself so often perplexed and involved into dif- ficulties, by the actual improper framing of Ge- INTRODrCTION. 5 nera, that I was compelled to take up the sub- ject of Generic reform simultaneously with tliis new flora. This has greatly increased my la- bors and delayed the publication ; but vastly enlarged my field of botanical researches, now based on generic accuracy. In fact till lately most of the Botanists, both here and elsewhere, were perfectly satisfied with the Linnean Genera, and thought they had done their utmost when they referred the Lin- nean or new species, quite at random to those Linnean Genera; often avoiding or neglecting to notice their peculiar floral characters, not seldom at variance with the Genera referred to. The labors of Adanson, Jussieu, Necker, Mcench, Lamark, &.c. upon generic reforms were often overlooked or neglected. At last a better feeling has been prevailing, and the mo- dern improvers Decandole, Agardh, Robert Brown, Lindley, &c. haje restored many of the old Genera, or further corrected generic no menclature. As I rank among these botanical reformers ever since 1808 when I first published new Ge- nera, and 1815 when I published the outlines of my reformed Natural Families, it was just and proper that I should resume these investi- gations, now that I mean to give the results of a whole life of botanical travels, discoveries and arduous researches. This shall then be done in a colateral work published at the same time, but kept apart, which I shall call Flora tellu- riana or synoptical mantissa of 2000 new fa- milies, Genera and species of plants of the whole earth. There most of my generic and other reforms will be elucidated, and I shali merely refer to them in this N. Amer. Flora. 6 INTRODUCTION. Here, the new species of this continent shall be chiefly attended to. They are often in as great a disorder as the Genera; many are occa- sionally blended into one, or improperly deter- mined and settled. To give their synonymy is not always an easy task, nor are the varieties to be overlooked. Many botanists mistake real botanical species for varieties or viceversa. In fact all species might have been varieties once^ and many varieties are gradually becoming spe- cies by assuming constant and peculiar charac- ters. This is an interesting feature of botanical philosophy, which I shall properly explain and prove hereafter. This new Flora is very far, therefore, from being a compilation of former labors : it is quite an original work, chiefly based upon my indivi- dual researches and discoveries, during 36 years of botanical travels and exertions, whereof 24 wore spent in North America, the main field of my scientific rambles and labors. It may perhaps be useful to give here an out- line of my botanical travels in North America, whereby it will be perceived that I have survey- ed and examined more States and regions than any other Botanist perhaps except Nuttall. Thus I was enabled to detect a great number of New Species, and examine many plants alive in full bloom in their native wilds. It would be well if botanical writers would thus detail us their actual excursions and exj)lorations. Some plants are quite local or have very nar- row limits of growth, others are only in bloom for a few hours or days. Many early vernal plants of the Genera Dodecatkeon, Clintonia^ Vernasolis, Viola, Peltandra, Cypripedium, &c. can only be seen in narrow localities during INTRODUCTION. 7 the month of May. Others of the Genera Gen- tiana, Kuhnia, Eclipta, Sjnranthes, Aster, fi>oZi£Z«^o,withmany radiate Genera, are quite late and autumnal, found chiefly in October: therefore they had escaped the notice of our Botanists, who chiefly botanize or travel in summer. Other plants are confined to Mountains, or Finelands, or Western Glades, or deep Swanips, which must be visited by turns, if we wish to collect them. I have sometimes looked in vain for years for some particular plants^ at the very places where they are known to grow, because I was not in the due season : this happens to all Botanists, and it is very im- portant for collectors to know the precise epoch of blooming and seeding. What escapes one of them may be met by another a little earlier or later. There are besides years when some plants bloom more abundantly, and others like the Miegia, Knslenia, &,c. only bloom once in many years. I came to North America in 1802, and tra- velled chiefly on foot until 1804, over New Jer- sey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia, from the Juniata to the Sea Shore, and from the Alleghany Mountains beyond Easton, to the Potomac beyond Washington and Alexandria. Some of the results of my discoveries in those three years of early travels were published in 1808. In 1805 I left America for Euroi)e, where 1 remained till 1815. On my return to this con- tinent in that year, I was shipwrecked on tho shores of Connecticut, and lost all my former Herbals and collections, both American and European. 8 INTRODUCTION. Therefore being deprived of all my first la- bors in Botany, Zoology, and Mineralogy in that memorable year 1815, I had to begin again my researches and collections, which I pursued ever since with renewed zeal, always at my own sole expense. I spent 1815 and 1816 in the States of New York, New Jersey^ and Pennsylvania chiefly. In 1816 I went to explore as far as Lake Champlain, Vermont^ and the Saranac Mountains, near the sources of the Hudson River. In 1817 I went to the Mattawan and Kiskanom, or Catskill Moun- tains, and explored Long Island, where I dwelt awhile. But my great travels in the West began in 1818, I made a tour of 2000 miles as far as the Wabash River, crossing twice the Alleghany Mountains on foot, and exploring Ohio, In- diana, Illinois, Kentucky, &/C. Some of the results of my former discoveries in that jour- ney were published in 1819, in the Physical Journal of Paris, in 80 new Gen. of Plants, and 70 New Gen. of Animals. Having been appointed Professor of Natural Sciences in the IJniversity of Lexington, in Kentucky, I went there in 1819, crossing a third time the Alleghany Mountains, through the Cumberland road of Maryland, still on foot, as I never would cross these beautiful moun- tains in any other way, in order to botanize all the while, and I was rewarded by many new plants. I spent seven years in Kentucky in 1826, exploring that State thoroughly, and making excursions to Ohio, &c., my longest journeys were in 1823, when I went West as far as the Rivers Cumberland and Tennessee near their INTRODUCTION. 9 mouths, and next East to the falls of the Cum- berland Kiver and the Wasioto or Cumberland mountains* In 1825 I undertook a long journey through Ohio, and Virginia, crossing the Alleghany mountains of Virginia, and returning by the Alleghanies of Pennsylvania, always on foot. Next year, 1826, I left Kentucky and settled in Philadelphia : but took a very long botanical journey in the way, going through Ohio to Sandusky on Lake Erie ; thence to Buffalo, Niagara, Canada, the New York Canal, &c. My excursions in 1827, were to the Sea Shores of New Jersey, and thence to Troy, the Taconick mountain, and through Massachu- setts to Boston, returning by a different road In 1828, I went to the Alleghany mountains of the North on the Lehigh, the Schooley mountains of New Jersey, and Mattawan mountains of New York. In 1829, 1 went to the Pine-barrens of New Jersey, and as far as Connecticut. In 1830, I made a second jour- ney to the Kiskanom mountains of New York. Several botanical excursions and journeys were undertaken in 1831, in Delaware, New Jersey, and the Taconick mountains. While in 1832 I visited Maryland twice, the second lime I explored the Cotocton mountains of Maryland, and Alleghany mountains as far as Sherman Valley and the Juniata, quite at leisure, residing some times at the top of the mountains. In the year 1833 I proposed to visit the Apalachian mountains as far as Alabama : but was prevented by an accident and heavy rains: I only went as far as those of Virginia, and again in the Cotocton mountains. — In a second JO INTRODUCTION. journey I undertook to visit the sources of the riv^r Delaware, and Susquehannah, exploring first the Pine barrens and Sea shores of New Jersey, next going from Albany over the Hei- delberg mountains to the Lake Utsiantha source of the Delaware at the foot of the Kis- kanom mountains, and Lake Otsego source of the Susquehannah. The year 1834 saw me twice in the Alle- ghany mountains of the north, once by follow- ing the course of the Delaware, the second time westward by the Welsh nlountains, Cone- wago mountains, Albany mountains. Locust mountains to the Pottsville mines and the source of the Schuylkill river, returning by Mauchchunk and Allentown. My travels of 1835 were in the Central Al- leghanies up the River Juniata and Susque- hannah, exploring the mountains of Peters, Buffalo, Wiconisco, Mahantango, Tuscarora, Jack, Seven mountains, &c, with their Val- leys. An account of all these travels and ex- cursions is given by me more at length in my Life of travels and researches^ published ear- ly in 1836. Since then I have chiefly explor- ed South New Jersey and the pine barrens. Although these journeys were often under- taken with the additional ulterior view to col- lect Fossils and Animals, my favorite science and pursuit of Botany was always my main ob- ject. I always travelled with my botanical col- lecting book and reams of paper to preserve my plants : and thus I have been enabled to collect in 20 years, since 1816, a most valuable Her- barium, rich in new species, rare plants, and complete Monographs; which have been in- creased by exchanges and purchases, chiefly of INTRODUCTION. |1 Southern plants; not having been able to ex- plore as yet the Southern States, deterred by the bad roads, unhealthy climate, scanty fare, heavy expenses and state of society. A pedes- trian Botanist is not always very welcome there. During so many years of active and ardu- ous explorations, 1 have met of course all kinds of adventures, fares and treatment. I have been welcomed under the hospitable roof of friends of knowledge or enterprise, else laugh- ed at as a mad Botanist by scornful ignorance. Often deemed a herbalist and wandering doc- tor by the vulgar, I have allowed or indulged this harmless belief, and thereby elicited from many quarters the local knowledge of medical facts, which I have published in my Medical Flora of the United States. I have seldom met with liberal enlightened men, who could believe that I was actuated by the pure love of knowledge and science ; yet I have found such worthy men sometimes and their names are gratefully impressed on my me- mory. Such were J. D. Clifford, Alex. Walsh, Mess. Knevels, Adlum, Dr. Schultz, D. Jack- son, H. Clay, Clinton, Meade, Maclane, Wells, Thompson, Aldie, &/C. who v/ithout being Bo tanists, or at most mere florists, could appre- ciate my pursuits and facilitate my researches. As to Botanists and Zooligists I made it a point to search for them and enjoy their society, mu- tually imparting our knowledge. Such a life of travels and exertions has it« pleasures and its pains, its sudden delights and deep joys mixt with dangers, trials, difficulties, and troubles. No one could better paint them than myself, who has experienced them all; but 12 INTRODUCTION. I must be brief in conveying a slight idea of them. Let the practical Botanist who wishes like myself to be a pioneer of science, and to in- crease the knowledge of plants, be fully prepar- ed to meet dangers of all sorts in the wild groves and mountains of America. The mere fatigue of a pedestrian journey is nothing com- pared to the gloom of solitary forests, when not a human being is met for many miles, and if met he may be mistrusted; when the food and collections must be carried in your pocket or knapsack from day to day ; when the fare is not only scanty but sometimes worse; when you must live on corn bread and salt pork, be burnt and steamed by a hot sun at noon, or drenched by rain, even with an umbrella in hand, as I always had. Musquitoes and flies will often annoy you or suck your blood if you stop or leave a hurried step. Gnats dance betore the eyes and often fall in unless you shut them ; insects creep on you and into your ears. Ants crawl on you whenever you rest on the ground, wasps will as- sail you like furies if you touch their nests. But ticks the worst of all are unavoidable whenever you go among bushes, and stick to you in crowds, filling your skin with pimples and sores. Spiders, gallineps, horse-flies and other obnoxious insects will often beset you, or sorely hurt you. Hateful snakes are met, and if poisonous are very dangerous, some do not warn you off" like the Rattle-snakes. You meet rough or muddy roads to vex you, and bhnd paths to perplex you, rocks, moun- tains, and steep ascents. You may often loose your way, and must always have a compass INTRODFf TTON. 13 with you as I had. You may be lamed in chmbing rocks for plants or break your hmbs by a fall. You must cross and wade through brooks, creeks, rivers, and swamps. In deep fords or in swift streams you may lose your footing and be drowned. You may be overta- ken by a storm, the trees fall around you, the thunder roars and strikes before you. The winds may annoy you, the fire of heaven or of men sets fire to the grass or forest, and you may be surrounded by it, unless you fly for your life. You may travel over a unhealthy region or in a sickly season, you may fall sick on the road and become helpless, unless you be very care- ful, abstenious and temperate. Such are some of the dangers and troubles of a botanical excursion in the mountains and forests of North America. The sedentary bo- tanists or those who travel in carriages or by steamboats, know little of them; those who merely herborize near a city or town, do not appreciate the courage of those who brave such dangers to reap the botanical wealth of the land, nor sufficiently value the collections thus made. Yet although I have felt all those miseries, I have escaped some to which others are liable. I have never been compelled to sleep at night on the ground, but have always found a shel- ter. I have never been actually starved, nor assailed by snakes or wild beasts, nor robbed, nor drowned, nor suddenly unwell. Tempe- rance and the disuse of tobacco have partly availed me, and always kept me in health. In fact I never was healthier and happier than when I encountered those dangers, while a 14 INTRODUCTION. sedentary life has often made me unhappy or unwell. I like the free range of the woods and glades, 1 hate the sight of fences like the In- dians ! The free constant exercise and pleasu- lable excitement is always conductive to health and pleasure. The pleasures of a botanical exploration ful- ly compensate for these miseries and dangers, else no one would be a travelling Botanist, nor spend his time and money in vain. Many fair- days and fair-roads are met with, a clear sky or a bracing breeze inspires delight and ease, you breathe the pure air of the country, every rill and brook offers a draught of limpid fluid. What delight to meet with a spring after a thirsty walk, or a bowl of cool milk out of the dairy ! What sound sleep at night after a long day's walk, what soothing naps at noon under a shaded tree near a purling brook ! Every step taken into the fields, groves, and hills, appears to afford new enjoyments, Land- scapes and Plants jointly meet in your sight. Here is an old acquaintance seen again; there a novelty, a rare plant, perhaps a new one! greets your view : you hasten to pluck it, exa- mine it, admire, and put it in your book. Then you walk on thinking what it nright be, or may be made by you hereafter. You feel an exul- tation, you are a conqueror, you have made a conquest over Nature, you are going to add a new object, or a page to science. This peace- ful conquest has cost no tears, but fills your mind with a proud sensation of not being use- less on earth, of having detected another link of the creative power of God. Such are the delightful feelings of a real bo- tanist, who travels not for lucre nor paltry pay. INTRODUCTION. the root or the seed or the specimen will fetch at home or m their garden. When you ramble by turns in the shady groves, grassy glades, rocky hills, or steep mountams, you meet new charms peculiar to each; even the gloomy forest affords a shady walk, hyery rock, nook, rill ... has peculiar plants mvitmg your attention. When nothing new nor rare appears, you commune with your mind and your God in lofty thoughts or dreams ot happiness. Every pure Botanist is a good man, a happy man, and a religious man ! He lives with God in his wide temple not made by hands •^ To these botanical pleasures may be added the anticipation of the future names, places, uses, history, &.c. of the plants you discover. For the winter or season of rest, are reserved the sedentary pleasures of comparing, studying, naming, describing and publishing. A time may come, when if all plants are well known, little will be left to be done, except seeking rare plants or occasional deviations and varieties ; but a long while will elapse before this may take place, since so few of our plants are com- pletely known as yet. Then will begin the la- bors of the draftsman, the collector of rare plants and roots, or the seeking of special and generic deviations. In this another wide field of researches will be open to the enquiring mind. My thoughts have oft^n been led thereto when noticing singular deviations. I admit like Adanson, Necker and Linneus himself that plants do vary gradually and constantly, although often very slowly, both in the specific and generic 16 INTRODUCTION. characters. I refer to these authors for exam- ples so often met in gardens ; but I have chief- ly attended to this in the woods and fields where quite spontaneous. The process is by the seedlings being some- what different from the parents, and thus evinc- ing a deviation of typical mould, that may be, or may not be, propagated again. If^ it is, this soon assumes a permanence, becoming a per- manent variety if the deviation is slight, such as mere color of flowers, size of stem, leaves, &c.; but becoming a New Species! if at last several deviations are permanently combined. A tendericy to such deviations is sometimes met even in the various annual shoots of the peren- nial plants, or shrubs and trees, that are not al- ways alike to those of the preceding years. The specific deviations which I could men- tion are numbei-less, this work will be full of them, as all new species are in fact such per- manent deviations of growth, unless they are widely different from all former species. The oldest type of the species may probably be found in the most common with most numerous individuals, while those called rare or with few individuals as yet must be the newest in order of time. Generic deviations are more rarely observed or noticed, because less evident and very slow- ly produced, or not so easily propagated ; but I shall mention here some very striking instances of them ; while many more are to be met with in all the Genera, where the characters are polymorphous, expressed by SO . . . OR .... SO, 3-5 fidis, 4-5 andris, 3-4 stylis, Capsule with 4 or 5 valves, one or many seeds, &/C. I. I have seen in k garden a Tulip with 5 INTRODUCTION. |7 petals only and 5 stamens. That was even a deviation from the family ' nil ' ^.^l%'^^\'^''^^ a Tecoma bearing a ca- bivilvl ' '^' ^"""''^" character is 3. Asters and Solidasros with the li^nleq mixtwith the florets, fonfing a kind of pel olio genus which I have called Mictanthes. 4. The Aster discoidens of Elliot or my genus Anaeiis, has no rays, it must have been a deviated genus like Eclipta from Verhesina. 1 have met some Asters with the rays so short- ened as to be almost invisible. 5. My G. GoNONcus has two sorts of flowers and seeds on the same plant, uniting the char- racters of Polygonun and Persicaria. 6. My G. Stijrandra appears to have' origi- nated once from Convallaria or rather Majan- themum, just like Paris from Trillium, 7. Many monoical and dioical plants return to Polygamy and hermaphroditism. This is the case with some of our Vines, Vitis, Morus, Ur- tica, CallitricJie, &c. 8. Nothing more common than monstruous deviations by addition or deficiency of parts, which are as many links of generic varia- tions. Of all the European Floras, that in which generic and specific deviations are most expli- citly stated and best detailed, is the Floi'a Li- thuanica of Gilibert, where many similar ano- malies may be noticed. Therefore the result will be that our specie^ and genera are not quite permanent as suppos- ed, but are gradually producing deviations of forms ; when these are floral they are of course 18 IKTRODUCTION. generic, and may after centuries form New Genera. Hybridity also multiplies species : this pro- cess is much more common in plants than ani- mals ; but it is often difficult to detect in the wild plants the real parents. Unless they are both found growing near the hybrid, and it has the traces of both forms, we may as safely ascribe it to a natural deviation of frame, call- ed Peloric if floral and generic. Some Botanists have different ideas of Ge- nera, species, and varieties : their errors and my corrections will be found in the principles of my Flora telluriana. I merely recapitu- late here my ideas of them, deduced from 40 years of botanical observations. Species include all the individuals perfectly alike in all their parts — Varieties are slight ca- sual deviations — Proles are permanent varie- ties, such as are called Breeds among ani- mals. Genera are the groups of species that have similar floral characters and sometimes a simi- lar habit. Whenever a species has different floral forms it must be a peculiar genus. Such are the natural distinctions of those two groups, any others must be unnatural and improper ! All species may have been varie- ties once, except the original types or ancestors of the genus, and all actual varieties may be incipient species. My views of the natural method will be gi- ven in my Flora Telluriana, where I shall correct and improve my former classes, orders and families of 1815 in Analysis of Nature. I have adopted and studied the natural method since 1800, 1 have always tried to improve it, INTRODUCTION. j^ I have always been opposed to «h^ r • system and its blunders -hntM. the L.nnean thod has had so long and h^l n i"''^"'^' "''■ have partly improved this Labyrinth,' • tuUhe clue to guide us is now in our^ands' Let every genus that does not agree "„ genera frame and characters be removed, andXced elsewhere, as I have done. When thJ^T i . i and generally adopted w^e ml^t^plt re'S perfect classification : while that of L.ndLv for fouSofh-^'''"'"" J ^"^^^'-'^^ «'»<=« on« tourth of his genera do not agree to the com- Tn" afaT.'""' "'""''"''' ^"^ feme orders £ This is the ambiguity and absurdity carried Irom Species and Genera to the National Or- ders ! unless restricted or exploded in all in- stances, we can have no correct nomenclature nor classification. What absurdity to have an order without dc/?m7eoM, like the patched genera trentiana and Conmllaria for instance! a talse definition that does not apply to all the Genera or Species, is equal to no definition at all . . Our North American Botanists were very late in noticing the natural method, and even now hardly admit of it, or else without restric- tion on its defects From 1802 to 1804 I was perhaps the only one that followed that new path, Barton, Muhlenberg, and others of that 20 INTRODUCTION. period would not even listen to it. Correa alone began to give lectures on it towards 1816, I vainly tried to introduce it in 1817. Pursh, Elliot, Torrey, Nuttail, Eaton, Bigelow, 'i^^^^ *'«"« °f ^^^ river Potomac.-ll. l^r^ntin^rnXJ.^r^^^'^^^^^^ °^e««^ Kentucky -12. The ^i1?eXl mrnnf^^^'r l^"i^n^«''y^^^^ The WiconiBcof Tuscarora SLs in MaiTnd iT'^'^i^^^^ ^^^ ^"'"niit of the Allegha- IVfoVru- u^^"^-"-^^- The Cacapon mountains of Virginia— 16. The orai- of Ken^ufkv"o? KnTl^u''''''';l'l.''- Jhe Was.oto finu and mou^,^?^ WoK i! X' °/ /""'' ^'l^^' ^'^^ ^h^'f knoblicks.— 18. The banks of the ^ Cumwilli^fnS t"'^""™-^^- The neck of land between the mouth, and Tennessee ^Th. 1f"''''r "7•^^^'•^h the glades of South Kentucky ana i ennessee— The shores of Lake Erie near Sandusky. ' I hardly need add the far famed fall of Nia- gara, the head and falls of the Hudson, the Ta- conick and Mattawan mountains, and in fact every ridge of the Alleghanies. They are all interesting botanical spots to visit; but in or- der to detect all their plants, you must visit them at least three times, in the Spring, Sum- mer and Fall, or every month from May to Oc- tober, and even some plants of short floral du- ration may then escape you. How can we then hope to know all our productions, except gra- dually and by repeated explorations. I have never been able to meet the Hamiltonia, nor Centunculus, nor Parnassia in full bloom, and many rare plants were only found once by me during 24 years of exploration. It is 1 mistake to imagine that all our plants are s- ivan or nemorose, because forests abound in our Continent, The plants growing under- neath the shade of trees are not even the major number, and we must look for many in mea- dows, glades, fields, swamps, sea shores, banks of rivers, brakes, (these are pecuUar places in woods or glades where ferns, canes or grasses prevail,) salt licks, rocky hills and cliffs, moun- tains tops, near springs and brooks. The distribution of the plants in these loca- lities, and the distribution of peculiar tribes 30 BOTANICAL GEOOKAPHV. over the whole continent, would form an inte- resting theme, which although partly conjec- tural and never quite exact, might lead to phi- losophical reflections and deductions. Some problems remain to be solved on the subject. Why are our North American trees chiefly of European and Siberian Genera, but unsimilar in species? Why are our shrubs still more dissimilar both in genera and species ? Why are our grasses and cyperacea so often similar in species, while the other monocotyle plants are all different? Why are the minute and simple Acotyle plants, such as Algas, Lichens and Fungi, near- ly identic in the two Continents ? Why are Mosses and Hepatica so often si- milar, while the ferns are less so, and offer many new forms ? Why are many similar forms oflTered by the tribes of Ranunculacca, Labiate, Juncides, Ro- sacea, Polygonides, Lysimachides, Veronicides, Borragines, Bicornes, Caryophyles, Amenta- cea ? &/C. Why are so many dissimilar genera and spe- cies found among the Violacea, Irides, Aspho- delides, Orchides, Gentianides, Apocynea, Corymbifera, Hypericea, Malvacea, &/C.of both continents ? Why are some families quite lacking in N. America ? Such as Rutacea, Guttifera, Pro- tacea, Epacrides, 6z:c. Why do the tropical genera so seldom extend into Florida ? Why is the vegetation of Boreal America to- tally unlike that of Austral America? BOTANICAL f.EOGRAPHV. 31 anSLdsIi/" "" ^"'^' ^••"ci'"«'-a> Umbellifera rica? ' ^^'"Pa'ed to Europe and Af- easTanVwL?" ^^^« .'^hores of Nortli America, east^ and west, so unlike to each other in vege- These queries and others of a similar nature St? o "" ''' ^i!§"""''^' «f speculative Bo! tanists, or amuse their idle hours ; but thev are facts and as such deserve our notice -^ Another interesting study is that of our na- turalized plants. We have so many that thev appear to invade the fields and drive^out the na^ tive plants in some instances; but it is by no means certain but that some deemed natura- lized, were not really native. Such at least must have been the case with Verbascurnhap- susHypencum perforatum, Daucus caroL Anthemis cotrtla. Origanum vuhare, &c 1 gave a long Ijst of the naturalized plants in my ed, while others have appeared instead out of gardens. But few American plants have be- come spontaneous in Europe, Phytohca decan- dra and Cenotis canadensis are mentioned as such; but we have received several hundreds, besides some few from the Antilles and inland l^ecandole has properly stated that naturalized plants even when not spontaneous, but e.xten- sively cultivated in tiieopen air ought to be ad- ded to every general flora, and Eaton has fol- lowed that advice with us. It appears that even previous to the discovery ot America by Columbus, our Indian tribes had received or imported from abroad or the South several frees and plants. I have at least evi- dently ascerfained iiistoricallv that this was 32 BOTANICAL GEOGRAPHY. the fact with the Maize, Mayzea cerealis (Zea mays of L) the Orange tree, the Chicasa phimb Primus angustifolia^ the Catalpa tree, the Peach tree, and the holy plant Nelumbium hiteum! besides several kinds of Beans, Tobac- co, Potatoes, Squashes, Pumpkins and Melons that were cultivated by our native tribes before Columbus or at least the invasion of Soto be- tween 1540 and 1543, and subsequent French and English colonies. The number of Genera and Species of each botanical region, and their proportion of Trees, Shrubs, Plants, Herbs, Grasses, Ferns, Mosses, Lichens, Fungi, &c. is not only variable in each, but difficult to fix, owing to the great number that are common to several blending on the limits. In general the Trees, Shrubs, Ferns and Grasses, increase in number from North to South, while the Acotyle plants diminish ; but Fungi are most numerous in the Alleghanian region, by Schweinitz account of them they nearly equal the Phenogamous plants. However all the calculations heretofore made were erroneous, depending on the peculiar knowledge of the writer and his limited views of Genera. Forster said they were only 1200! in 1771, Eaton in 1833 said exactly 5267! Torrey about 8000 1 I say 15000 and am near- er the truth : at least 10,000 are Vascular plants in the whole of North America, north of Mexico, with about 5000 cellular plants, where- of nearly 300 are trees or palms. Our largest Flora, the Floridian contains 6000 species at least, while the smallest, the Boreal, has hard- ly 1000 species, and no more exibt in the Lime- stone region of Kentucky. The number of Ge- nera will depend on thr reformed view and cor- rection of them. MONOGRAPHS, WITH NEW GENERA SPECIES AND VARIETIES OF VASCULAR PLANTS CHIEFLY. ABALON Adanson. Veratrun L. Heloni- as Alton and all our Botanists. Melanthiiun Walter, Diclinotrys Raf. meaning tico beds racemes. Dioical. Corolla Gpetals linear, Stamens 6 filiform longer, anthers bilobed adnate, Pistil- late flowers with 6 rudiments of stamens, pis til Sgrooved, 3stigmas sessile reflexed. Cap- sule ovate Sgrooved Scelled, cells with many seeds angled acute. Habit, Caulescent, hates scattered, flower s in long racemes. Adanson good name meaning not in a ball, was applied to the Helonias of L. as this Ge- nus must certainly be divided, this good old name ought to prevail, unless mine of Diclino- trys is prefered. Linneus made many blunders on this plant, uniting to Veratrum and calling it V. luteum altho' the flowers are white. We know only one Sp. as yet ; but it has many vari- eties or deviations. The divided stems are found so far apart, that no fecundation can take place. The sterile plants are more common than the others. This pistilate become fertile at a great distance from them. Abalon (or Diclinotrys) albiflorum Raf. 1817. Melantliium dioicum Walter, Helonias lutea ! Aiton &c. Hel, dioica. 3Ix. Pursh, Elliot, Torrey, Beck, Eaton .... ; Very smooth, stem angular, leaves cuneate lanceolate, subacute, enerve : raceme cylindri- cal, pedicels short, petals linear obtuse. 34 ABALOxN. Varieties and deviations 1. Pumilum^ 6 or 8 inches, leaves narrow, linear above. Mts Alle- ghany, rare. 2. Sylvaticum, large, bipedal, lower leaves broader and thick, cuneate nearly obtuse : crowded on the stem. In woods. 3. Serpentarium^ raceme elongate flexuose like a Snake. 4. Spicatmn, flowers nearly sessile forming a long spike, the pistillate flowers remote Kentucky .... 5. Obomitum, radical leaves petiolate obovate nervose, obtuse, stem leaves remote cuneate few obtuse. Alabama and Florida : perhaps a species, fertile flowers very remote. Flowers white, the pistillate greenish not so crowded — found from Maine to Missouri and Floridas, in meadows, glades and woods. Root tuberose premorse, medical, see my med- ical flora. Figures. Autikon Raf. 1 to 5. ABAMA of Adanson. His good Genus was wrongly named Tofielda by Hudson ; but some American Sp. united to it, being distinct, I called them Conradia or Leptilix in Neog. 1825. Nuttal has named another Genus Con- radia in 1834. I therefore restore the Aha- ma for our Tojieldas and thus reform the characters. Abama. Calix small 3dentate. Corolla 6- parted obtuse alternate longer. Stamens 6fili- form on the corolla and opposite. Pistil one conical 3angular. 3 Styles spreading short, stigmas capitate. One capsule 3celled, SvaU ved, valves bifid above, cells with 2 or more seeds — Habit leaves ensiform, flowers white racemose, peduncles commonly triflore. — Con- ABAMA. 35 laining 2 Sub-genera 1. leptilix Raf. Caules- cent, petals broader, capsule 3angular, cells two seeded— 2 Triantiiui>i Nuttal, Stemless petals narrow, capsule globose, cells with many terete caudate seeds, ToFiELDA Subgenus Paltrima Raf, Differs irom Abama, by petals equal, stamens longer subulate, dilatated at the base. Styles none or very short, stigmas sessile or nearly so, flat, 3 distmcts pistils and capsules, gibbose, opening uiside, few seeds angular curved. Stemless flowers almost spiked. This applies to our 2 species : the European are, T palustris 4- hor- ealis. see Tofielda. Narthecium Smith. No calix, corolla or perigone Gparted spreading persistent. Stam. 6 hirsute, pistil one 3angular, one style stigma 3dentate. Capsul triangular 3celled many seeds caudate. Type N. ossifragum and one American Sp. Therefore the Abama with the capsule of JSarthecium has the calix of Tofielda: the Narthecium of Jussieu which is the Tofielda has 6 pistils, stigmas and capsules. Decandole ascribes to Tofielda a capsule with 3 or 6 cells ! much confusion arose from the rarity of those plants and incomplete descriptions. 1. Abama (Leptilix) scabra Raf. Tofieldapu- hens Elliot, Melanthium. racemosum Walter. Stem naked above glandular rough, leaves ensi- form acute smooth, upper small, peduncles as long as the flowers 2 to 4 fasciculate, capsule 3gone. In Carolina and Alabama wet pines. Root perennial tuberose. Stem. 1 or 2 feet, flowers green tipt with pur- ple, estival, petals lanceolale and obovate. 2. Abama (Triantha) pubens Raf Narthe- 36 ABBOTIA. cium Mx. Anthericum caliculatum Gronovia^. Tofielda puhescens Nuttal &c. Scape pubes- cent raceme oblong interrupted, capsule globose, leaves ensiform — From Delaware to Carolina, rare; flowers greenish white, petals linear cu- neate. Found in Virginia by me. Figure of both Autikon 6 and 7. — The other 2 species called Narthecium by Mx. Tofielda by Fersoon, and all our botanists, are unknown to me ; but very distinct, and per- haps each the type of another subgenus, since they appear to differ more by the flowers than the leaves. 3. A. PusiLLA Raf. smooth, leaves very short, scape filiform, flowers few nearly sessile, calix separate from the corolla, capsule globose. — Lake Mistassin. Subgenus Desmipus Raf. 4. A. GLUTiNosA Raf. Glutinose, stemless, capsule ovoidal double of corolla. — Lake Mis- tassin. Perhaps a LeptUix. ABBOTIA Raf. very distinct from Triglo- chin by 3 Stamens only, more akin to Triste- mon or the triandrons Sp of Juncus, See those Genera. Named after Abbot the Botanical and entomological painter. Calix or perigone simple 3 or 4-leaved, mem- branous, deciduous. Anthers sessile, common- ly 3 seldom 1 or 2. Pistils 3 or 4 cohering. Stigmas sessile glandular cleft. Capsules 3 or 4 gibbose one seeded, united by spungy mem- branes like false cells (Elliot)— Stemless, leaves linear, flowers racemose. 1. A. FiLiFORMis Raf. Triglochin triandrum Mx. Elliot and all our Botanists— Leaves fili- form, equal to scape, flowers clustered on the spike and on short pedicels, capsules gibbose half connected.— -In Carolina and Florida in ABIES. 37 marshes. Scape terete 6 inches, flowers oft with a fourth part. — Figures. Autikon Raf. 8 — Ic. N. Sp. 1. Seen dry. 2. A. PALusTRis Raf. Triglochin palustre L &.C. Leaves Hnear shorter than scape, race- me slender, flowers remote erect, capsules con- nected linear equal to pedicels — Found on Lake Erie, pedal, leaves very narrow obtuse, scape terete — Figure Autikon Raf 9. Seen alive. 3. A. PUMiLA Raf TriglocJiin harrelieri Loesel flora gallica, not in Persoon nor Decan- dole — Leaves linear thick equal to scape, race- me 4 or 5 flore, capsules connected linear-oblong longer than pedicels — Found on Lake Cham- plain, annual, 2 or 3 inches high, leaves nearly convex beneath, obtuse. — Fig. Autikon Raf 10. Ic. N. Sp. 2. seen alive. ABIES. This good Genus of fine trees dis- tinguished by Tournefort, Adanson, Jussieu and all the correct botanists, was wrongly uni- ted to Pinus by Linneus. The Firs are not Fines ! the habit is very difierent, and Jussieu has given a long description of the peculiar fructification. The region of Oregon has afford- ed many new Firs, well described by Lewis in 1812 and in Atlantic Journal. 1. A. TRiGONARaf 1832. Bark and branches scaly, leaves densely scattered, petiolate tri- gone acuminate and stiff*. — In Oregon, gigantic, 200 to 300 feet high, trunk 40 feet around, leaves 3-fourths of an inch long, one tenth wide. Gigantic Fir, 2. A. HETEROPHYLA Raf 1832. Bark ri- mose, leaves distichal petiolate, very unequal, sulcate above, glaucous beneath ; cones termi- nal ovate flexible.— In Oregon, reaching 180 38 ABIES. feet, leaves one fourth to one inch long, but all one twentieth mde.—OddleaJ Fir, 3. A. AR03IATICA Raf 1832. Branches bul- late balsamiferous, leaves densely scattered forming 3 rows, sessile lanceolate obtuse, flexi- ble sulcate and shining above, gibbose beneath. In Oregon, reaching 100 feet, blisters on the branches filled with a fine aromatic balsam, leaves very small one eighth of an inch long, one sixteenth wide. Aromatic Fir, 4. A. MicROPHYLA Raf 1832. Bark rimose, branches not buUate, leaves densely scattered forming 3 rows, sessile acute sublanceolate. — In Oregon, reaching 150 feet high, like the last, but yielding no balsam, leaves still more min- ute, only one-twelfth of an inch long, one 24th wide, wood white and tough. Scaly Fir. 5. A. MUCRONATA Raf 1832. Bark scaly, branches virgate, leaves scattered very narrow, rigid and oblique, sulcate above, pale beneath: cones ovate acute, scales rounded nervosemucro- nate.— In Oregon, reaching 150 feet, leaves sub- balsamic, one inch long, one 20th wide, cones very large two 1-2 inches long. Large cone Fir. Var. palustris. Only 30 feet high, branch- es spreading. In swamps. 6. A. FALCATA Raf 1832. Bark scaly, leaves in 3 rows, 2 rows upright, one row de- clinate falcate, all linear lanceolate with tri- gone petiols: cones fusiform obtuse at both ends.— On the sea shore of Oregon, rising only 35 feet, leaves three 4ths of an inch long, one 5th wide. Sickle Fir. Oi the Atlantic Firs we have 7 or 8 species, all called Pinus ! 7. A. TAxiFOLiA Raf Pinus, Lambert and Eaton. Yew leaf Fir. ABRUS. 39 Var pahila Raf. Autikon 11. Branches spreading, leaves obtuse, entire hardly glauce- ous. — Cumberland mts. Spreading Fir, 8. A. BALSAMiFERA Michaux. Balsam Fir* 9. A. FRASERi Raf. Pinus Pursh. Double Spruce Fir, 10. A. CANADENSIS Mx. Common Spruce Fir, 11. A. NIGRA Raf. A. denticulata Mx. Pinus nigra. Aiton. Black SpruceFir, 12. A. RUBRA Raf. Pinus Lambert. Red Spruce Fir. 13. A. ALBA Mx. Pinus Lambert. White Spruce Fir. All these dwindle to dwarf vari- eties on the White mts. and in North Canada. ABRUS. This tropical Genus extends to Florida ; but our Sp. has not been described : the A. precatorius is said to have 3 varieties with red, white and yellow seeds. They must be again compared, also, the Asiatic, Antillian and Floridan plants. Linneus once mixt those plants with the Glycine. ABUTILON. Tournefort, Malvinda Dil- len, Sida Linneus Slc. This good old Genus hardly preserved except by Adanson, is per- fectly distinct from Sida by the many truncate and 3 seeded capsides around a hollow in a stellate and campanulate form, 10 to 20 with as many styles, the Sida having only 5. There are many species of it ; not yet well distin- guished, perhaps all the multicapular Sidas of Linneus belong to it, or to the Genus Dia- desma. 1. A. MOLLissiMUM Raf. A cor datum Med. flora. Autikon. 12. Soil like velvet, leaves or- bicular cordate acuminate, erose crenulate, no long petiols; peduncles axillary pauciflore 40 ABUTILON. short, capsules 12-15 hairy bicorne 3 seeded. — Sida ahutilon L. aiid all the Botanists, but with many varieties, perhaps species ? all an- nual with small yellow flowers. Var palustris. Stem 2 to 6 feet, leaves crenulate, peduncles triflore, 2 sterile. Swamps of Carolina. Vernal. Elliot, Var. ruderale. Stem 2 to 6 feet, leaves nearly entire, peduncles 3-5flore. Common among rubbish, in woods and old dry fields from New England to Kentucky. Estival. Var. unijioruni Raf. Stem pedal or less, simple, few leaves, nearly entire, peduncles uniflore, or only one flower. In waste grounds, rare. W^hether our American varieties are identic with those of Europe, Sibiria, India &.c. is doubtful : the European has stem 5 feet high, large entire leaves, peduncles uniflore, calix canaliculate (fee. 2. A. DECARPUM Raf. Sida ahutiloides Ja- quin. Lavatera ! Americana L — Tomentose, leaves cordate acuminate, crenate, peduncles uniflore as long as petiols, 10 capsules 3 seeded. — In South Florida, Stem 3-4 pedal. Hardly different from some of the varieties above, but capsules less on longer peduncle. Mistaken for a Lavatera and deemed fruticose by Lin- neus, a double blunder. 3. A. cRispuM Raf. Sida crispa L. &.c, ap- pears to differ from the others by white flowers, a multilocular inflate cristate fruit: certainly no Sida : Michaux and Elliot did not s ee it, must be examined again. It probably belongs to Cristaria, Leaves oblong cordate, acu- minate and crenate. In Florida and Baha- ma. ACAKIA, 41 ion 7'"*-" see. ihe authors enumerate 120 spec.es of this Genus, improperly blended Anoda and Cristaria of Cavanilles have been properly separated; while 7V«/,e« of Linnei.s has been very improperly united to it. Other true Abuhlon has calix not San^ular, nor ne^ tals obhquate as m Diadesma and Sida. ^ ACAKIA Adanson who spelt Akakia but inispelt ^cacm by Wildenow/which befng pro- nounced^ca^m becomes blended with Cassia ' One of the many genera blended with Mimo- sa by Lm- We know already 14 Sp. of Mi- mosas ,n N. America, which may as well be enumerated here at once. They are rare plants in herbals, because difficult to dry, the leaves falling in the process. Eaton has only 7 species. •' 1. AcAKiA FARNEsiANA Wildenow &c In liOuisiana, native. 2. A. juLiBRism. W. native of Asia, but naturalized in Carohna, Virginia and as far north as Philadelphia in gardens. Beautiful tree 20 to 25 feet high, splendid when in bloom. I'ods flat as in Darlingtonia, probably a partic- ular genus. JuUbrisin arborea R. 3. A. LUTEA Leavenworth, (Eaton.) In Al- abama, pods ovate, differ from farnesiana by unarmed, folioles numerous and pod ovate. 4. A. cooLEYi Eaton. A. anomyma ! To- rey W. pi. 106. Leaves bipinnate, very irrita- ble, flowers capitate white, legumes long li- near smooth. In Arkansas. AcAKiA has the pods unilocular and bivalve, ^rait. Amosa of Necker. 42 ACAEIA. Mimosa has pods multilocular by transverse partitions. 2. Sp. Darlikgtonia Dec. pods unilocular bivalve, flat often falcate. 5 Sp. Schrakkia. Wild, pods unilocular c^u dri- valve. 2 Sp. 5. Mimosa pudica L. which is said by Bar- tram to grow spontaneous in LK)uisiana, deemed a weed ; but perhaps it is another Sp. see fl Lud 445. 6. Mimosa chionacantha Raf. fl. lud. 331. M. ehurnea Robin. Perhaps not even a Mi- mosa, altho' the fruit is similar; but the flowers are different. M. pudica typical Sp, has cal. trifid, no co- rolla, 3 or 4 stamens; but this Sp. cal. and corolla irregular, many stamens : therefore type of another Genus Eburnax, Raf. fruti- cose cespitose aculeate, spines gemimate diver- gent strait snowy lucid, heads of flowers glo- bose, pods strait terete glutinose. — Sandy fields of Florida and Louisiana. 7. Darlingtonia glandulosa Dec. Mimosa Mx. Acacia W &c. Pods strait. 8. D. iLLiNOENsis Dec. Mimosa Mx. Acacia hrachyloha W. Mg. &c. The Acacia mia- mensis of Don & Mg. Cat, is perhaps this Sp. also, and their A, divaricata of Carolina the glandulosa ; both undescribed, but made out distinctly by Mg. I found at the falls of the Cumberland R. in Kentucky, one of these, but without flower nor seed in September. 9. D. intermedia Torrey W. pi. 107, good description, copied by Eaton, on Arkansas R. 10, D, BREviFOLiA Raf. Herbaceous, inerme, stem 4angular striated, leaves very short bipin- nate by 3 pairs of 10 to 12 folioles oblong ACALYPHA. 43 acute pubescent ; pods unequal linear contor- ted, end hooked. — In West Louisiana and Texas, small plant, minute leaves and flowerG in peduncled head. Figure in Autikon rare. 14. 11. D. ViRGATA Raf. fl. lud. 444. Acacia. Mimosa Virgata Bartram. Stem erect, branches virgate, leaves bipinnate ; pods ob- long on long peduncles, and lunate broad flat contorted. — On the shores of Florida, Herba- ceous perennial, flower of a pale greenish yel- low. Omitted by all our botanists. 12. ScHRANKiA Wild. Nuttal wrongly says only one species known ! Eaton joins to it the M, sensitiva of the hot houses ! the type is the M, quadrivalvis of Linneus, which includes se- veral Sp. of which I give two. — 13. S. UNCINATA W. M. intsia Walter, M horridula Mx. Prickles hooked, branches an- gular, leaves bipinnate, peduncles geminate, pods oblong (Elliot) linear terete (Mx.) prick- ly — Virginia to Florida. Well described by Elliot, flowers purple, vernal. 14. S. MExicANA Raf. M, 4-valvis L. Hous- ton fig. Prickles hooked, branches quadrangu- lar, leaves bipinnate, partial ternate, pedun- cles axillary, pods linear subulate 4 angular prickly. — In Mexico sea shores, and prcbably in Texas. ACALYPHA of Linneus, Cupamcni of Adanson. Genus well known and natural, well described by the authors, who have adopt- ed the good linnean name, rather than the ma- labaric name of Adanson. It is a tropical and Asiatic Genus extending to North America. Persoon has 38 Sp. (Linneus had only 5) and there are more, since only two are admitted of N. A, out of the whole. I have ascertained 9 at 44 AC'ALYPHA. least. Being an unsightly Genus, it is neglected by the Botanists; but many other Sp. exist per- haps in Florida and the South : few of them know well their 2 species, and blend them con- tinually in herbals, having united 3 species in A. Virginica, All have alternate leaves. 1. A. VIRGINICA L. or A. CRENULATA Raf. Stem erect, nearly simple, pilose ; leaves longer than petiols, oblong-lanceolate, crenate obtuse pubescent punctate : flowers axillary few mon- oical, shorter than petiols, involucre crenate. — From New England to Carolina. Pedal and annual, leaves small uncial. Seen alive. Esti- val. Capsule hispid. Figures. Autikon. Raf. 21. 2. A. BREviPEs Raf. Hardly pubescent, stem erect angular simple; leaves on very short petiols, narrow lanceolate, acute, nearly entire : flowers axillary, few monoical, involu- cre laciniate. — N. Jersey to Alabama and Ken- tucky. Annual 3 to 6 inches high. The A. virginica of many Botanists. Seen alive since 1804. Estival, capsule hispid. Figures. Autikon. Raf 22. Van Linearis. Leaves nearly linear and en- tire. YiV: pubescens, stem and petiols hairy, leaves lanceolate. A, Virginica Michaux. 3. D. DivARicATA Raf. Pubescent, branches opposite divaricate ; leaves on short petiols, ovate obtuse crenate ; flowers axillary few mo- noical equal to petiols, involucres s>essile, laci- niate. Virginia, Kentucky Slc. annual spread- ing 1 or 2 feet, Estival, seen alive. A. Virginica of some Botanists. Capsule hispid. Figures. Autikon Raf. 23 4. A. RHOMBoiDEA Raf. nearly smooth, stem virgate nearly simple; leaves on lon^peS ovate rhomboidal, acute, serrate ; Invofucre pt dicellate, lacmiate, shorter than petioles, flow- ers monoical caps. hispid.-Pennsylvar ia to Ohio, Alleghanies o ACER. ^ By Hooker account the. V^/^^/aw^/9 or A low frl ' anf h'"k '^'"'^ ^' '•^^«' fl«^vers yel- low tragi ant. He ha.s properly described the tri!!^"i "^"'T^i'^'^UM Raf. flowers corymbose petals and one pistil in fertile flowers 8 Sta- mens and 2 pistils instenle flowers. ' Uur Maples present then many anomalies in their flowers, and are only united by their two m. y, akin to the i^mr»««s. Theso Sections will soon become as many Genera of it; they must he compared with the European and Asia- tic Bp. ' .f^P^^'OTlS Rnf. 1817 meaning Ears without horns, bad because comnonnd of 2 other genera, a tree and a bird : Same as ACER-ATES EiJiot 1820 (no horns) quite a.s bad, denved from Acer, and there is another Aceras besides among Orchidea, 3 mistaken names ! A^^w^ ^"^^^ '"'"^ ^^ 0/a/2f.A„a, which See ,A "4^^"^ ^^^^" and correct botanists, Malva-viscus ! of Cavannilles, Nuttal and other incorrect botanists, as if a Sp. o^ Maha JJitters from Hibiscus by berry 5seeded. Not m Eaton. 1. A. MALVAviscus Ait. Hibiscus do L. Louisiana and Texas. 2. A. MOLLIS Ait. In Florida. Both seen alive in gardens. 3. A. FLORiDANA Raf. Mcilva-viscus do Nuttal. Herbaceous, hirsute, leaves cordate ovate crenate in short petiols, peduncles nod- 50 ACHILEA, ding. — In Florida, small leaves and flowers, near to A. pilosa. Seen dry. ACHILLEA. Well known natural Genus, which has been increased to 7 N. American species. 1. A. MiLLEFOLiiT.M. L. the common yarrow or milfoil, see my medical flora : our American Sp. is not introduced, it has been deemed pecu- liar by some botanists, having stronger medical properties,and it has produced several varieties, that are becoming species ! All in Autikon. Var. rosea, with rose colored flowers. Var. carnea, flowers of a pale flesh color, Var. jfuntila. Dwarf, 4 to 6 inches high. Var tenuifolia. Leaves nearly glabrous, with slender weil divided segments, almost pecti- nated. 2. A. GRACILIS Raf. fl. texensis 12, Stem slen- der stiated. leaves remote, narrow smooth,lower petiolated recurvate, pinnate, folioles narrow^ laciniate, corymb small glomerate. — In Arkan- sas and Texas, only 6 inches high, fl. white. 3. A. PTAR3IICA, doubtful, seen by few botan- ists, undescribed: perhaps same as 7. 4. A. SET ACE A, near gracilis, diflers by leaves mucronate pilose. 5. A. LANULOSA Nuttal. A, tomentosa Pursh not VVildenow nor Hooker. Silky, segments crowded, corymb composite. In Missouri and Oregon. 6. A. aspiLenifolia. Pursh, known by ob- tuse segments. 8. A. MiJLTiFLORA Hookcr. Ptarmica Rich- ardson. Stem erect, leaves long lanceolate ser- rate pinnatif, segments serrulate, nearly smooth, corymb composite, rays very short. In North Canada. Is it the ptarmica of Newyork ? ACHLYS. 51 ACHLYS Dec. Hooker. Leontice triphy- la Smith, certainly a peculiar genus. Cal. o. Cor. o. Many naked stamens around a naked pistil, anthers bilabiate bilobe, stigma sessile oblique concave, fruit monosperm. Put by Hooker next to Leontice, by Dec. next to Jrfj- ersonia^ unlike either except in habit and anth- ers. Nearer to Diphylleia., differing by the many naked stamens. — A, triphyla Dec. H. Radical leaves with long petiols, 3 sessile foli- oles flabellate, reticulate, repand sinuate : Scape with a spike ot white flowers. Perennial. N. W. America. ACHRAS SAPOTA L. said to grow in South Florida and Texas : see medical flora vol, *2 ACHYRANTHES, Our Sp. of this Genus appear to form a peculiar Genus indicated by Elliot, see Steiremis. The genera akin Gom- phrena^ lllecebrum, Celosia are yet in great confusion like this; see Adoketon, PfiylejU' dum, Xerandra of mine, and Philoxerus, The A, repens of Elliot was a Gomphrena of Linneus. ACMELLA Richard, helepta Raf Neog. 33. DiflTers from Heliopsis by Perianthe sim- ple, or nearly so. The seeds in both are ob- ovate, and truncate without teeth : leaves oppo- site, flowers peduncled, autumnal, yellow rays, disk blackish. I. Subgenus. Erpota, Raf. Perianthe 12 seg- ments, rays 5 to 12 tridentate, seeds compres- sed, sub4gone, chaff* obovate. Creeping plants annual ? I. A. Repens Persoon Slc. Anthrmls do. Walt. SpUanthns do, Mx. Well described by Elliot. Creeping, leaves oval-lanceolate too- thed, trinerve, peduncles long axillary terminal, ravs about Pi. — Tn Carolina. 52 ACMELLA. 2. A, NDTTALiANA Raf. A, occidetitalis Nut- al. Creeping, leaves ovate crenate petiolate hardly trinerve, rays 5 to 8. — Louisiana, peri- anthe minute. The occidentalis of South America has the seeds terete, 5 rays , leaves large trinervate serrate, stem erect, 5 entire rays : it was the Anthemis trinervis of L. II. Sub. G. Helepta. Perianthe equal seg- ments 10 to 12, rays 6 to 12, narrow, nearly en- tire, seeds 4 gone not compressed, chaff setac- eous — Plants erect of ten simple and imiflore^ leaves petiolate trinervate, Perennial. 3. A. NUDicAULis Raf. stem sulcate smooth, naked above uniflore, leaves ovate acuminate gerrate, base acute, rays 6 to 8 obtuse. — In Cumberland 3Its. and East Kentucky with all the following. Stem bipedal, leaves roughish above, pale beneath, flower large. Seen alive. 4. A. FLAvicAULis Raf. Stem smooth striate yellowish foliose, leaves ovate acute serrate, flower nearly sessile, perianthe segments ovate obtuse, rays 10 to 12 obliqualy retuse. — Bipedal, leaves not pale beneath, flower large. Seen alive. 5. A. PARviFOLiA Raf. Stem smooth sulcate, leaves crowded at the base, small ovate acute serrate, flower ped uncled, rays 6 to 8 retuse notched. — Pedal, small leaves and flower, seg- ments of perianthe lanceolate acute as in near- ly all. Seen alive. 6. A. LANCEOLATA Raf. Stem rough sulcate fo- liose, leaves lanceolate acuminate serrate, flow- er subsessile, rays 6 to 8 obtuse. — Over one foot, leaves thin pale beneath, flower middle size with broader rays. Seen alive. I have united these plants to Acmella, altho' the habit is very diflerent from the otl\ers, near- AC3IISP0N. 53 er Heliopsis. These 4 figured in my Autikon 11 to 14. ACMISPON Raf. Atl. jour, meanin- point hooked. Differing from Trigonella, Bucer- utes, Plaiycarpos and Lotus. Even Torrey said that it ougiit to be a genus, and Bcntliam unites It to Hosackia. CaHx deeply 5 cleft, vexillum and wings equal, pod stipitate smootii strait, compressed,^ swelled and hooked at the point. Leaves ternate, Silky. 1. A. SERicEUM Raf Lotus do. Pursh, Tri- gonella americana, Nut. T. E. well described by Nuttal, flowers axillary, solitary, subsessile. From Missouri to Carolina, rare, probably 2 sp. blended : both seen dry. 2, A. MULTiFLORUM Raf peduncles axillary and terminal, multiflore nearly in a spike or um- bel. Missouri. Is not the Carolina plant this ? or a peculiar sp ! Which is the Hosackia pur- sJiiana of Bentham ? The true Hosackia have pinnate leaves, pods cyhndrical, keel rostrate instead of the pods. ACNIDA of Linneus. Genus better known since Michaux corrected account, copied by all our botanists except Elliot. But the original A. canahiJia L. is not known to our botanists; they all mean that of Michaux. Linneus de- scribed his species as follow. — A. canabiua. Root flexuose, stem white, petiols purplish smooth, leaves pinnate velutine.folioles 5 to 7 narrow acute^ spikes axillary foliose, fl. fem. cal. 2phyl. 5 styles. In Virginia salt marshes. Such a plant with pinnate leaves cannot be of this Genus. Could Linneus have described the leaves of another plant mixt with Acnida flow- ers ? Could this be over again his Datisca hir- /a found by no one since? Sir James Smith 54 ACKIDA. the possessor of the Linnean herbarium has not mentioned this curious fact. 1. A. oBTusiFOLiA Raf A. cannahina Mx. and all hi^ copists. Stem angular solid, leaves on long petiols, lanceolate, base acute, end ob- tuse, panicle of spikes foliose, bracts subsessile capsules or fruits smooth with acute or obtuse angles, (leaves lanceolate, capsules smooth with acute angles Mx.)— In Virginia. As found fur- ther North, it has broad lanceolate leaves, ob- tuse entire, stem solid from 3 to 5 feet high, py- ramidal, panicles foliose. Raf Autikon. 4. Seen alive. Var. retiisa. leaves notched at the end. Var. pumila. Stem pedal simple, leaves lan- ceolate. Var. procera. Stem much branched, 5 feet high. 2. A. SALiciFOLiA Raf. 1817. Stem solid, an- gular above, leaves on long petiols, narrow lan- ceolate mucronate, panicles foliose, capsules granular 5 unequal angles obtuse tuberculate. — SVom Long Island to Ohio near streams. Stem annual 2-4 feet high, leaves like willow. — Raf. Autikon 5. Seen alive. 3. A. RFSocARPA Mx tab. 50. Stem fistular angular lofty, leaves on short petiols, acute, ov- al lanceolate, capsules rugose with obtuse an- gles. The place of growth not mentioned, stem thick, 6 to 8 feet high, leaves acute at both ends. 4. A. ELLTOTi Raf. A» cannahina Elliot, ^tem subfistular, slightly angular, leaves on long petiols, ovate lanceolate, subcrenulate, acute ; panicle naked, capsules with 3 to 5 angles ob- tuse or acute, slightly rugose. — Banks of streams in Carolina and Florida. Stem 4 to 8 ACONITDM. 65 feet high, leaves 2 to 5 inches long, pctiols 1 to 3 inches. The only sp. found by Elliot nnIio was doubtful about it. ACONITUM. This singular natural genus of all the botanic il writers, is far from being well understood : we see by Decandolle and Smith that many doubtful species exist ! and that our A, uncinat?im is a triple species! many kinds grow in Oregon as in Siberia, and I am able to present some of them. A. UNCINATU3I L. Smith. Elliot. Stem near- ly twining downy, leaves smooth, base truncate, 3 to 6 lobes 3dentate, 3nerve acute, flowers clustered, pedicles ramoses lax downy, 2 oblong bracts, hood unguiculate convex rostrate, wings round hairy 3 to5 capspules. — This is the origi- nal linnean sp. described by Smith in Sup. to Rees Cyclopedia, from the linnean herbarium, and the specimen sent by Bartram, collected in the Alleganies, not near Philadelphia as stated by L. Smith quotes the figure of Curtis Mag, 1119. The flowers are large violet color, known co few botanists. The description of El- liot appears to agree. 2. A. scANDENS Raf. Stem climbing very lof- ty, leaves trifid, flowers small in axillary pani- cles — At the peaks of Otter in Virginia, merely indicated by Pursh as a variety, but quite dis- tinct : growing 9 feet high. 3. A. FLEXuosuM Raf. Smooth, stem erect flexuose, leaves palmate 3 or 5fid, lobes rhom- boidal lanceolate acute, hood conical rostrate — High Mts. Unaka of Carolina, flowers blue. A, uncinatum of Michaux and Eaton. 4. A. TRiJNCATUM Raf. Stem erect flexuose smooth multiflore, leaves glaucous beneath, broadly truncate at the base, trilobe, lobes ob- 56 ACONITVM. long acute, entire or bifid or 2-4 serrate pe- duncles divaricate ebracte 2-4 flore, hood convex lower petals ciliate outside — In West Kentucky and Illinois, pedal, upper leaves near- ly sessile, lobes nearly entire at right angle, flowers small on pedicels, violet purple. Seen alive. Autikon 3. Perhaps the real type of A. jlexuosum and A, divergens. 5. A. DIVERGENS Uaf. Smooth, stem nearly twi- ning with divergent branches, leaves coriaceous deeply trilobed, flowers terminal 3 to 4, hood conical, spur inclined twisted, capsules 3 — In mountain swamps of the Alleghanies, flowers large purple, leaves with 3 equal lobes — A, un- cinatum Dec. Torrey, Beck. A. volubile Muhlenberg. 6. A. coRDATUM Raf. Smooth, stem erect flexuose, nearly simple ; leaves on long petiols cordate palmate, 5 lobed, clefts acute, lobes un- equal oblong broad and bifid or trifid acute mu- cronate ; flowers terminal on long pedicels 2 to 5, hood convex conical, petals elliptic, capsules 3 — In Ohio and Kentucky in rich woods ; about one foot high, flowers large deep blue : very rare. Undescribed till now, sent to Europe by me as the A, uncinatum of my florula Kent. Seen ahve 1818. Var. Bifloruniy semipedal, 3 leaves, 2 flow- ers. Cumberland Mts. Figures, Autikon rar. 1 — Icones n. sp. 1. 7. A. NAPELLtJs L. Said by Muhlenberg to grow in Virginia, and by Hooker to grow in O- regon. Bartram found it in his travels in Flo- rida, but he meant probably another sp. Ours undescribed as yet. 8. A. FiscHERi Reichenberg. ill. ac. 22. A. nasutum Fischer, Spr. Hooker, Eaton, Seringe ACORUS. 57 Leaves broadly laciniatc, raceme paniculate, hood conconical, spur bent, nectaries erect— In Oreg- on and Kamskatka, different from the A. fias- vium of South Europe. 9. A. OREGONSENSE Raf. Smooth erect, segments digitate, 5parted, segments pinnatifid, narrow acute; fls. racemose erect, hood conical very obtuse, spur strait-In Oregon, stem simple 1 or 2 feet, flowers large bide 5 to 10. Compare with A, kelleri of Siberia. Seen alive in gar- dens. Figures, Autikon rar. 2.-~Ic. N. Sp. 2. 10. A. DELPHiNiFOLiuM Dccandole. Stem erect downy above ; leaves with many pinnati- fid segments, raceme few flowered, hood con- vex acute.— On some Islands of the N. W. Coast.^ Stem 6 to 20 inches high. Called var. Atnericnnam^ and two other var. deemed vari- eties of A, napclluc^ by Hooker. ACORUS, well known Genus, which I have increased to 6 species. I. A, venis of Asia. — 2. A. gramineus of China. 3. A. Europeus in med. fl. page 2, with three American species. 1. A. AMERicANus Raf. med. fl. fig. 1. Leaves and scapes broad gladiate, scape longer ; spa- dix submedial lateral, capsules oblong acute. — From Canada to Missouri and Virginia. Esti- val, 2 or 3 feet high. 2. A. FLORiDANLs Raf. A, calamus Elliot &/C. Leaves broad gladiate longer, scape shor- ter, triangular, one side concave, summit gladi- ate; spadix near the end, stamens exserted capsules oval obtuse. — Florida to Carolina. — Scape only one foot high, fl. vernal. 3. FLEXUosus Raf. fl. tex. 29. Leaves grami- niform narrow shorter, scape longer fle.\iiose triangular, one side concave, end lik? leaf; spa- 58 AUHUANTIIES. dix medial. — Texas to Tennessee, dwarfish, one foot high, vernal. Autikon rar. Ic. n. sp. ACROANTHES Raf. 1818, Dexvaux 1810. Microstylis Nuttal 1818 ! Beck 1833 ! Lindley Gray . . . Malaxis sp. Michaux and authors. Ophrys Liii ... A very distinct Genus by habit and flowers, ascertained by me since 1802, na- med and described ten years before Nuttal's subgenus, since made a Genus, by others who have neglected to restore my previous name, meaning uncolored flowers. Orchid ea with hidhose root, stem tcith a inedial sheathing leaf, raceme with bracts and scattered minute green flowers, — Sepals nar- row connivent, the two inner narrower ; lip erect cuculate , dilatate : Column minute bear- ing 2 anthers terminal annexed. Gray says one anther with 2 cells and 4 pollens. Nuttal said 2 unequal anthers, one with a single pollen ! which must be by abortion. Capsules globose, often abortive. 1. AcR. LAXiFLORA Raf unifoUa 1808. — ' Malaxis tinifoUa Mx. ophioslossoides Pers. Microstylis ophioglossoides N. Beck &:c. — Stem harly angular, leaf ovate subcordate acute raceme oblong and lax, peduncles filiform ; se- pals linear, inner fihform, lip emarginate tooth- ed m the middle. — From Newyork to Carolina, rare, Estival^ in shady groves under trees. — Stem 6 to 10 inches high, flowers greenish. — Seen alive 1802. Figures in Pluk. aim. 435. f. 4 and my Autikon 41. Ic. rar. 60. 2. AcR. oBTUsi FOLIA Raf. Scape angular, leaf cordate elliptical obtuse, raceme lax elong- ate, peduncles filiform ; sepals oblong, inner lin- ear, lip furcate or hastate, toothed in the mid- dle. — In Alabama, and Georgia, probably the ACRosTicnC.tr. 9/9 plant of Elliot. My specimen is 10 inches, the leaf large and broad, sheathing the stem, which has two other sheaths at the base, bracts small squamiform round. Autikon 42. Ic. 61. 3. AcR. ACUMINATA Raf. MlcrostifUs bra- cJiypoda Gray. Stem triangular, two angles winged, leaf ovate (acute?), raceme elongate slender, pedicels short adpresssed ; sepals oblong inner linear, lip hastate, trilobe, '2 lobes rounded middle one acuminate. — Shady swamps of On- eida and Herkimer in New York. Estival, stem 2 to 6 inches. Deemed akin to the next European sp. by Gray ; which I add to show the distinction. AcR. ciLiFOLiA Raf. Opiirys cUifolia &. O. monophylos L. Malaxis Persoon, MicrostyVs Lindley. Stem triangular, leaf ovate acute ciliolate, raceme slender as long as stem, pedi- cels short patent, sepals ovate, inner lanceolate lip entire concave acuminate. — Swamps of Prus- sia and the Alps. Perhaps two sp. are even blended here ; but I have no materials to dis- tinguish them properly : let the European bota- nists do so; but restore my genus Acroantlw.s 1808 adopted by Desvaux. ACROSTICHUM, this linnean genus is now distributed into 14 Genera, since Smith and Wildenow reform of the ferns! Woodsia, Schi- zea and Woodwardiu belonged once to it ! the A. lanceolatum is become the Nephrodium ac- rostichoides of India, not ours, both of my ge- nus Synotelis. His 4. platineuron is our ^5- plenium ebeneum. His A.polypodioides is our Polypodium incanum — A, ilveiise is Woodsia — A, oreolatum is Woodicardia — A, Uneatum Mg. is Schizea Pusilla ? 60 ACTAEA. Our only sp. left in it has even probably been mistaken for another. 1. A. MXRiTiMv HA Kaf, A, aureumMx, Pursh Pinnate, smooth, pinnules stipitate oblong entire obtuse or acute. — Sea shore of Florida, large fern, unfigured as yet, compare with next again. 2. A. AUREUM L. (Bogs of Antilles ,often fig- ured) gigantic fern 5 to |0 feet high, pinnate, pinnules sessile cuneiform oblong oblique obtuse, veins reticulated. The Ongpi of Sumatra uni- ted to this, is a third sp. ACTAEA Linneus united thereto sp. with capsule instead of berry, other botanists have united Cimicifuga with it, having many cap^ sules ! a double blunder. The real Actaeas have a real berry, not opening. We have two sp. distinguished by me since 1802 ; but Muh- lenberg prevented me to publish them, because both deemed then var. of Actea spicata : while Bigelow has published them since as peculiar. The blue berry species is the Caulophyluni, 1. A. RUBRA Raf. Big. hrachypetala Sl am- ericana of others. Petals acute shorter than stamens, last leaf trilobe, berries red. Deep woods from Canada to Kentucky, and Carolina. 2. A. ALBA Raf. Big. Beck, pachypoda Elli- ot. Petals truncate longer than stamens, last leaf ovate, berries white, 5 seeded on thick pe- duncles often white also. — Canada to Carolina. Leaves in both bi-triternate, flowers white ver- nal, see med. fl. Seen alive. Autikon. Actea racemosa see BotropJiis serpeniaria. ACTINE A Jussieu or Actinella of Persoon, adopted by our botanists, being identic with Ac- tinia a genus of animals, was changed by me to Ptilepida 1817, which see. ACTIMERIS Raf. mispelt Actinomeris by Nuttal, who proposed it. Well distinct from all ACTIMERIS. ^1 the akin genera with winged stems, and mv Cauloma that has naked seeds. It has evTn 2 subgenera, and Anomeris is quite distinct fr.\ I""^'^ ^^''^' Perianthe uniserial, rays 2 to J seeds marginate, alternate leases/ 1. A. SQUARRosA N. Coreopsis alternifoHa A .Zf^ .scabrous, lanceolate serrate.— Can- fJ;/\ f ^^"^^^ ^^^'^'-aJ varieties ; but the Alba without rays, is a peculiar Genus ! Anomeris. y^r procera, tall, 6 to 10 feet high, flowers paniculate. Coreopsis procera Alton. \^T pauciflora, stem simple, few flowered leaves lanceolate serrate. ' Var. serrulata, Stem simple few flowered leaves oblong lanceolate serrulate.— the A. pau ^ora Nutal, hardly distinct from the last — K^tucky and Florida. All seen alive. Autikon Ih^A.alata N. of Mexico, with opposite leaves is probably congeneric with Verbesina siegesbeckia my G. Anomantha, II. Megactelis Perianthe biserial 10 to 12, seeds hardly marginate, leaves alternate sessil^] Perhaps belonging to my G. Cauloma, 2. A, heliunthoides N. Leaves lanceolate acute serrate, hairy beneath, flowers coarctate perianthe linear lanceolate rays 9. — Ohio to Louisiana. Seen alive. 3. A. Ellioti Raf. a, helianthoides, E. Stem and leaves scabrous, ovate lanceolate serrate acute, flowers corymbose, perianthe oval, rays 10 to 12. — Georgia and Alabama. Stem 2 to 4 feet, terete winged. Seen dry. ACTISPERMUMRaf. misspelt Actinosper- mum by Elliot, from Actinea ! Balduina mul- tiflora N. differs from Balduina by perianthe biserial not imbricate, perianthe with Ggone Gtoothed cells, pappus simple starlike. G2 ADELIA. A. MULTiFLORUM Raf. Smootli, multiflore, leaves alterne sessile linear, perianthe acumi- nate. Florida &/C. Well described by Nuttal and Elliot. ADELIA of Michaux and Brown, not of Linneus, is Borya of Wildenovv 1805, and Persoon, not Labillardiere 1804, yet adopted by our botanists; but changed to Bigelowia, by Smith 1820, not of Raf 1817. What a jum ble of blunders ! yet must be changed again or united to my Nudilus which see. ADENARIUM Raf 1816, Dec. Differs from Arenaria^ by having large glands inter- posed between the Stamens and a different ha- bit. Honkenya of Erhart, not of Wildenow. Another genus Adenarta of Kunth since, must also be changed to Decadenium, Raf. 1. A. peploides, Raf. Arenaria, do. L. Suf- fruticose, leaves fleshy ovate acute subserrate^-- Europe, Sea shore, seen dry. 2. A. Maritinium Raf. Holosteum succulen- turn L, Arenaria peploides of Amer. bota- nists. Herbaceous dichotome, leaves fleshy o- vate obtuse entire petals obovate— Atlantic shores of N. America from New England to New Jer- sey, in sand, flowers white, vernal, terminal and in forks. Seen alive. Nuttal refers to this, the American Holosteum of L. who must have mistaken the glands for trifid petals, but he says leaves elliptic. Figures Autikon. Ic. n. sp. ADENOCAULON of Hooker, N. G. near Tussilago^ differing by naked seeds without pappus. A, bicolor^ stem glandular, leaves cor d^te subtrilobe angulate dentate. From Oregon. Akin to Acmella, differing by want of chaff in the phoranthe. ADENOGYNA Raf. 1825. Type the Saxi- ADIANTIIUM. ^3 Genus vZvir 'P°"^^"*^°"« i» Kentucky.- /?«r,v;J^ glandular. See my monofrranl. of Sax^raga genus and tribe, induding N. (ion ^ax^ra^a by Hooker, altho' as good genera as his Eriogy„a and Leptarhena ^ 'im^r^ «P-7^i' known to all botanists. ADIKE Raf. 1815, An. Nat. ancient name tj^T ^jfr'- ^ '^'^ P«'^""«>- Genus dTs! Zt^TJ^'^''"-^}^ P"'f*^*=' smoothness, and pellucid stem and leaves, bearing in N. Ameri- ca the peculiar names of Richweed, Coolweed, ^nAClearweed, never nettles. Mv name mis- spelt Adesia by t.aton ! I had spelt it Adicea, I now restore the original Greek name of Diosl corides. Monoical, Calix similar in both, Spartite, sepals Imear thick obtuse or cylindrical, erect, stamens 3 elongate no nectary. Fertile fl with persistent calix, a sessile capitate st igma. Seed ovate compressed— i/«6i< annual, stem erect thick, leaves opposite petiolate serrate, very smooth, trinerve, flowers estival in axillary and dichotome corymbs. Sometimes a fourth part added; but the Genus does not depend so much on number as the consimilar peculiar ca- lix. cth ^°- J""*'"'^ ^af- Vrtica pumila L. stem filiform dwarf, base naked, leaves ovate obtuse, lower entire, upper deeply crenate-serrate with an obtuse point, margin subciliolate, petiols .<;horter than leaves : corymbs pauciflore short. In the Alleghany Mts. and near Philadelphia at Manayunk. Stem 2 to 5 inches, pellucid round 64 ADLUMIA. leaves small, flowers fe »v. Linneus says in Ca- nada Aquosis^ stem Jfgital. I have found his real sp. unknown to many botanists who mistake the next for it. Var. 1. Minima^ biuncial, few leaves on short petiols. Figures, Autikon Raf. a. A. GLABERiMA Raf. Med, fl. {Urtica pu- mila^ Mx and all our botanists except Elliot.) — Stem round fleshy pellucid ; leaves on long pe- fiols, oval acuminate, lucid, serrate : corymbs dichotomous multiflore. — The most common species all over the U. States, stem one or two feet high, thick often diaphanous ! leaves large extremely smooth. — Var. ramosa, stem and corymbs branched. — Autikon Raf. 3. A. LANCEOLATA Raf. {Urtica pumila El- liot) stem obtusely quadrangular, fleshy and branched; leaves on long petiols, lanceolate acuminate, serrate, with some hairs above ; co- rymbs multiflore, some recurved. — Stem pedal branching from the base. In Carolina, Elliot's description is original ; but his diagnosis bor- rowed to make it agree with the last. 4. A. RHOMBoiDEA Raf. Stem round dwarf, branched at the base ; leaves on long petiols, ovate rhomboidal or subdeltoid, base entire, end with obtuse point, sides crenate serrate not cili- olate; corymbs multiflore often foliolate and recurved. In Kentucky, rare, stem 6 to 8 inches, near to A pumila^ but larger stem and leaves, peti- ols equal to leaves except on branches. Seen alive. — Figure, Autik. Raf. ADLUMIA Raf. 1808, Dec. Beck. Noticed as a genus as early as 1804 in the garden of the collector Adlum, and alsointhe Alleghanies at Peter's Mt. only indicated in 1808, since well ADOKETON. (55 established by Decandole and begining to be adopted. Very distinct from Corydalis by Cor- olla bigibose by 2 spurs as in Diehjtra, but 4 petals spungy and coalescent, persistent over the pod. A. ciRRHosA R. D. B. Fumaria fungosa Ai- ton, F. recta Mich. Corydalis of many botan- ists. Scandent cirrhose, leaves decompound, racemes laxiflore axillary.— In the Alleghanies from Mattawan Mts. to Apalachian Mts. Per- rennial. Var. rupestrls. Trailing on rocks, leaves cespitosc. Var. elatior. Trailing up trees 10 feet high, leaves remote. Var. alba &, rosea^ with white or rose flow- ers instead of usual pale incarnate. All seen alive. ADNARIA Raf. fl. lud. probably a subgenus of the Codorolla or Vacciniums with bell flow- ers which see. ADOKETON Raf. Mus. N. Sc. 1. Akin to Lahayea^ distinguished as follows — petals en- tire, stigma trilobe, capsule few seeded. Lahayea misspelt Hagea by Persoon (dedica- ted to Lahaye) has petals emarginate, stigma entire, capsule polysperme. Both have Cal. 5ph. 5 petals, 1 style, cap- sule unilocular, trivalve, trigone, seeds central. Leaves opposite, — Nat. family of Dionidia. 1. A. uNiFLORUM Raf. Stem uniflore, leaves ovate minute, cahx and petals acute equal, — On the summit of the Unaka Mts. of N. Car- olina, one inch high, flower white vernal. Seen dry, Ic. n. sp. 2. A. SAXATILE Raf Mus. Nat. Sc. Eleceh- rum alsinefolium Scopoli. Stem multiflore, leaves oval acute, calix segments hooded, petals 66 ADONIS. longer oblong obtuse, capsule 6 seeded — Rocks of Mt. Gallo near Palermo, and in Spain. Seen alive in 1812, described 1817. ADONIS. Decandole has reformed this ge- nus, the two linnean sp. being the type of two sections, the annual having 6 to 8 petals con- cave, style strait : the perennnial {Consiligo) 8 to 15 spreading flat petals, style hooked. A. RiPARiA Raf. {A, autumnalis of N. A- merica, wrongly deemed exotic) stem ramose striate, leaves glaucous crowded tripinnate mul- tifid, pinnules crowded linear, end trifid acute flowers terminal, solitary sessile, petals 6 to 8 concave round. — Margins of streams. West Kentucky to Louisiana, pedal, annual, flower scarlet, base darker spotted. Real native. Au- tikon. A. autumnalis of Europe has stem slender, leaves short, remote, flower pedicellate, petals obcordate, and grows in fields. ADORIUM Raf. fl. Miss. Marathrum Raf. 1819, N. G. 22, this name was very good ; but Dec. having a Hipomarathrum which must become Marathrum^ I have changed it for greater accuracy. Both were Greek names of umbelliferous. Humboldt has also another Marathrum. It differs from Seseli by involucres, involucels 5 leaves unilateral membranous, calix 5toothed, petals ovate acuminate involute, fruit oblong, angular striate. Leaves opposite, many sterile flowers. 1. A. crassifolium Raf. Seseli divaricatum Pursh, Nuttal. Branches divaricate, leaves thick pinnatifid, peduncles rigid. — On the R. Mis- souri. Well described by Nuttal, fl. yellow ver- nal. Seen dry. Figure in my Autikon rar. ADOXA. ^ ur.i^^^ MoscHATELiNA L. said bv Torrev and Hooker, to grow in boreal America and [he a//a ^ ""^ "^^'' ^"^ Pawa/and ^r- ADVENTINA Raf. Radiate. Perianthe globular 5 phyle Sepals connivent equal ovate acute. Phoranthe flat chaffy. Rays 5 fertile, equal small and opposed to sepals, ligules short trilobe white, ovary and seed shut between the sepals and mternal palea or chaff, similar to se- pals oblong and thus bivalved, style very short bifid, pappus paleaceous multifid. Floscules of the disk minute yellow complete, chaff lanceo- late flat, corolla tubular 5toothed, stamens and style inclosed, pappus campanulate multifid.— Seeds black oblong compressed bivalved in rays, oblong terete in disk. Leaves opposite, flower's terminal, 1. PARviFLORA Raf. Stem slender branched diffuse smooth, leaves petiolate ovate acute an- gular dentate, lower rounder, upper nearly ses- sile and entire ; flowers terminal lax — Growing spontaneous for several years in the orchard of Bartram's Garden, come with seeds from the South. Annual, Estival, pedal. Leaves thin smooth, flowers very small, white rays har- dly exserted. Very different from any known genus, nearest Achillea, but habit calix and seed unlike. Named afl;er its adventitious produc- tion near Philadelphia. Probably a Florida plant. Seen alive. Figure Autikon 5, and Ic. n. sp. 5. 2. A. ciLiATA Raf. Stem thick pilose, tricho- tome and dichotome, leaves petiolate ovate ser- rate ciliate, flowers in forks or terminal subcor- ymbose — Found with the last, but in a different 68 ADVENTINA. place and season : smaller, but flowers larger. Autumnal, annual, 6 to 10 inches high, hardly ramose or nearly simple. Messrs. Carr owners of Bartram's garden cannot account for the spontaneous production of these plants and sev- eral others in their garden. Figure Autikon 6. Icon. n. sp. 6. I must conclude here this beginning and mo- del of a proper Lexicon of our N. American Flora. To continue the whole Flora even in this concise form, would fill several large vol- umes. This specimen contains about 40 arti- cles and Genera, whereof many are new, and includes nearly 150 species, whereof many were undescribed. North America, excluding the Mexican States contains probably 2000 Genera and 10,000 spe- cies of trees and plants, exclusive of the Cel- lular or Cry^ptogamic plants ; but including Palms, Grasses and Ferns, Shrubs and Vines . . Our Botanists know or admit of hardly more than one half Botanical Works are filled with plants neglected by them, because rare and lit- tle known. Our Herbals or Botanical Collec- tions contain a crowd of plants as yet unnoticed and undescribed. Baldwin's Herbarium has been a Botanical mine for 20 years past, for Elli- ot, Nuttal, Torrey, &.c. and will continue so a long while. Nuttal will soon increase the Ore- gon Western Botany by perhaps 1000 N. Sp. — Whoever applies to the proper study of a single Genus or family increases or doubles our know- ledge of it. Torrey has lately increased our Cyperacea alone to 25 genera and 326 species and he has not exhausted this tribe ; but omit- CONCLUSION. 09 ted many genera and synonyms. Meantime my own Herbarium and Autikon contains about 1200 New Genera and New Spe- cies discovered and collected since 1802, but chiefly from 1815 to this time ; and whereof but a small part has been published or indicated as yet. It is therefore to these that I must apply myself at first in order to make known my dis- coveries and labors with the hidden wealth of our Flora. I shall however at the same time give many discriminating monographs of Fam- ilies and Genera, to elucidate their critical and correct knowledge. The New trees and Shrubs of North Ameri- ica which I have discovered and ascertained might form a separate volume ; but I may add them if practicable. As I have stated already, arrangement is of httle consequence now^ in botanical works ; since every botanist changes the serial order, by misunderstanding the real steps of nature in organized vegetables. If I was to offer a very elaborate series of real cor- rected natural orders as I did in 1815, they would be deemed improper by those who now be- gin to dabble in them, and give us jumbled fam- ilies without peculiar essential characters, and without proper names, as they constantly go on to do the same with Genera and Species. I seldom was able to publish a botanical work exactly as I wished in the proper style and plan. I can only collect and afford new materials, ob- servations and criticisms for better times or moods. Yet my actual labor, is as much a Flo- ra as that of Michaux or Pursh, since it includes more new discoveries, and may only pass over the wellknown and settled plants. But whene- ver doubts or disparities occur, they will deserve 70 CONCLUSION my attention and critical investigation. The 40 articles of this Lexicon have already proved hov^ many striking mistakes and palpable errors of Linneus, Michaux, Pursh, Hooker, Nuttal, Beck, Eaton, Torrey, Elliot, and others exist undetected and unnoticed by our writers and compilers. At this rate the 2000 Genera will afford 5000 similar blunders. It is a weary and ungrateful task to revise er- rors ; but it must be done : Since every expo- sed error is equal to a discovery. I shall not even spare my own, as we are all liable to them, and we improve by age and experience. If all would be as careful and as liberal as I am, the science might soon cease to be involved in hidden groups of neglected genera and species, or in useless synonyms of mistaken plants, and improper names. Meantime in order to name properly my new American plants, it has been needful to study over again and revise many Genera and Natu- ral families ; since several are yet in utter con- fusion, by the usual practice of Botanists to refer plants at random, and without attending to the actual characters, to force them into genera where they do not belong. This arduous undertaking was indispensable, and has led me to revise, reform, divide and fix several natural families and a crowd of genera ; but such a labor altho' connected with our Amer- ican Botany, applies nevertheless to the whole Globe, and has become my Synopsis Flora Telluriana, or synoptical Mantissa of 2000 New Genera, Species, Orders, &c., which will be the companion to this North American Flora, and the complement of my Botanical researches. Being in hope of obtaining the Herbarium of my late friend Z. Collins, which contains many CONCLUSION. J I new and rare plants collected by himself, besides Km, Boyken, Baldwin, Nuttal. Elliot Ware Leconte, Schweinitz, &c., from Florida and (': materials for this Flora; therefore, the delay that may occur in the publication of the num- bers will be compensated by the additional ne^v plants I may be able to describe I shall either continue to give monographs of some remarkable or rich genera, beginning wit° or I may give series of new Sp^ies from inte resting localities. "■" mie I may also pay particular attention to our New Genera, many of which are improperly referred as yet to akin Genera. ^ As to the Natural Orders of our Plants, my general views and examples have been given in my preface, and will be found in the Introduc- tion to the Flora Tellcriana. It is again recommended to our Botanists to study well the natural affinities and disparities ot Genera and Species, both of which they have otlen heretofore either neglected or overlooked 72 NEW GENUS OLSYNIUM. A very fine New Genus from Oregon, has been blended with Siryrinchimn by the English Botanists, which I have called Olsynium, mean- ing hardly united. It differs by the Corolla campanulate, the long free stamens only united at the base, 3 stigmas &.c, and belongs to the same natural family of Galaxidia, distinguished from Iridia by stamens not quite free. OLSYNIUM. Corolla of 6 petals campanu- late, each oblong, striate. Stamens 3, filaments free and subulate, base contracted above the united base. Style elongate, stigmas 3 acute. Ovary and fruit as in Siryrinchium. Roots fibrose, leaves sheathing, spatha bivalve, biflore. Olsynium grandiflorum Raf. Siryriiichi- um grandijlorum. Douglas in Bot. register 1634. Bot. magazine 3509, Stem compressed, leaves shorter, acute, spatha unequal margin membranose, flowers twin drooping deep purple. A lovely and graceful plant, discovered at the falls of Oakanagan on the Oregon River. It is hardy, flowers vernal large, nearly two inches, but never spreading flat as in Siryrinchium. 73 NEW FLORA OF NORTH AMERICA. MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS KUHNIA, WITH REMARKS. BY PROF. G. S. RAFINESaUE, OCTOBER 1836. This curious Genus has appeared to puzzle many Botanists, the species being rare and lo- cal, have been seen by few of them, and they have often copied each other, or mistaken those seen. Sir James Smith has given a good ac- count in Ree;^ Cyclopedia, of some old blunders about it ; but many more remain to be detected : the original linnean species having again been found on the very spot where Dr, Kuhn proba- bly procured the specimen he took to Linneus, affords the opportunity to do so, and to notice at the same time the other kinds discovered by Elliot and myself. Dr. Adam Kuhn was but a poor botanist and hardly deserved to have such a fine Genus named after him : he has written nothing ; but only gave the first linnean Lectures in North America. It appears that he did not even find himself the first Kuhnia, but it was brought to him, and he had the only merit to take it to Linneus, who flattered by having a Student coming to him from Pennsylvania, and struck by the anomaly of the Stamina, dedicated the same to him as a new Genus. Schoepf has written that having applied to Dr. Kuhn to know the locality of the plant, he could not tell, not "ii MONOGRAPH having found it himself. Meantime Gaertnef having proved that the chief hnnean distinction of separate stamina was wrong, since the plant he described as the same, bad syngenesious stamina : the Genus became fixed by the strik- ing character of plumose seeds, and well dis- tinguished by it from Eupatorium; but he wrong- ly called it Critonia, mistaking it for a Crito- nia of Brown, which Smith states to be the Eupatorium dalea, with scabrous pappus. All the sp. of Eupatorium have more or less such a scabrous or dentate pappus. The alternate leaves are no character of the Kuhnia since I have found a species with opposite leaves, and the very Kuhnia of Linneus has sometimes such leaves below. The plant of Gaertner tab. 174, who only figured the seeds, has been made since a second Sp. of the Genus, and called Kuhnia critonia ; but I shall show by Wildenow and others pres- ently, that it is by no means positive that he was mistaken, since the original Kuhnia of Linneus, offers sometimes on the same plant the characters of both species ; Ventenat and Persoon unite both again. Sir James Smith regreted that these plants were not introduced as yet in the English Gar- dens. In Loudon Cyclopedia of plants they are not mentioned as introduced in 1829, being omitted. Yet in the second edition of Sweet Hortus Brittanicus, published in 1830, 1 find 3 species mentioned as introduced, the K, eupa- torioides in 1812, K, critonia in 1816, and K. rosmarinifolia in 1827. But they must be very scarce, and they had not been figured yet in the magazines, nor elucidated by English Botanists. OP KUIINIA. 75 Ventenat united to this Genus the Eupatori- urn canescens of Ortega, a plant of Cuba, and called it K. rosmarinifolia ; he w as followed by Persoon in this. Michaux perhaps never saw this plant since he does not mention their locality nor distinction and has only one Critonia Kuhiiia which no one can prove to be Gaertner's, Muhlenberg never saw these plants alive and ascribes to both white flowers. Pursh meantime gives yel- low flowers to K. critonia^ but quotes no local- itji. Wildenow's account appears to be made up ©f Linneus and Michaux account, making 2 Sp. of them, Lamark copied Linneus and his fig, tab, 26 is K, eupatorioides. Poiret has copied Michaux and Ventenat. W, P. C. Barton in his flora philadelphica 1817, states to have found the linnean plant on the rocks of the Schuylkill R. above Lemonhill; but Nuttal in 1819 ascribes that very same lo- colity for the sp. K. critonia : and it is there also that in 1836 has been found by Mr. Du- rand and myself the Linnean plant, which I suspect to be identic with that of Gaertner. It is said that the Eupatorium alternifolium of Sibiria, figured by Arduin, is also the same plant, and Sir James Smith could find no dif- ference in the specimen sent by Arduin to Lin- neus. Yet is very strange that the same plant should grow near Philadelphia and on the Al- taic mts. of Asia, and hardly any where else : since it is not in the Flora of Hooker and there- fore does not extend to Canada, nor the central and western parts of North America. Nor is it found in the floras of Louisiana and Missouri. Therefore the Sibirian plant must again be T6 MONOGRAPH compared with ours, and will be found different, in fact Lamark lias noticed some difference in it* Torrey in 1826, and Beck in 1833, in their floras of the Northern States have both the Ian- nean and Gaertnerian species, but have never found them growing wild, since they quote no locality, but merely copy the characters of oth- er authors^ stating Pennsylv. and Virginia, as the native place of both. Beck besides ascribes pale yellow flowers to K. critonia^ as Pursh (but Torrey says white) and Torrey a pubes- cent stem. But all the species with whitish flowers, turn yellow in dryings and a pubescent or glandular Stem belongs to many: while Smith describes his as smooth ; but this varies on the same plant. In 1818 I discovered in Kentucky a narrow leaved sp. which I mistook for the K. critonia; but Iiave since found very different from the K* critonia of Elliot 1824, who is the only one that has described it properly ; but his plant is even probably different from Gaertner's : while my plant is perfectly distmct by the fulvous pappus, stated to be white in all the others ; I called it K. media in 1833 but K. fulva would be a bet- ter name. I found it in 3 localities of Ken- tucky and even on the banks of the Ohio. In September 1823 in my visit to the falls of the R. Cumberland, in the Wasioto hills of East Kentucky, a beautiful botanical spot visited by iKi Botanist but myself, I again detected another sp. of Kuhnia, quite distinct by oppo- site elliptic short leaves. I named it K. ellip- tica, and it is described in 1833 in my Herb, Rafinesquianum. . ^ Elliot has 3 Species of Southern Kuhma m the 2d volume of his flora of Southern States OF KUHNIA. i 4 1824, and all appear to be new, his K. critonla is that of Mx. probably and nearer to K. ros- marinifolia, yet distinct, and I named it K. tu- herosa in 1833. His K. eupatorioidcs I deem- ed doubtful by himself, altho' very near the Lin- nean Sp. is somewhat peculiar, and perhaps distinct, it is my K. dasypia. It is from the prairies of Alabama. There also grow his 3d Sp. K. glutinosa, a new sp. which I possess and is quite distinct. It has been adopted by the com- piler Eaton, with the other usual 2 sp. in 1833 in his manual of Botany, 6th edition, who never saw any of the plants; he ascribes with Pursh to K. critonia, pubescent and petiolate leaves ! Few of these botanists uppear to have taken the trouble to consult the original description of Linneus, Arduin and others, and thus they as- cribe the characters at random, The original Eupatorium alternifolium had Stem terete pubescent^ leaves lanceolate^ petiolate^ decur- rent, triuncial, rough: corymbs midtiflore compact^ callx striate. This is the Siberian plant of Arduin tab. 20. But Linneus in his last edition decribes the K. eupatorioides with Stem rigid and branches in the middle smooth, leaves alterne subpetiolate broad lanceolate serrate rugose, uncial, upper ones linear lan- ceolate entire ; corymbs small ; whicli agrees perfectly with the plants found near Philadel- phia in 1836. Yet he refers to it the above disparate plant of Arduin, and also the figure of Plukenet 87. 2 ! best figured in his son's de- cads tab. 11. Meantime the plant of Gaertner is described by Smith with entire leaves, linear lanceolate and corymb paniculate pauciflore. Yet Michaux's plant (with Gaertner's name) 78 MONOGRAPH is pubescentjleaves linear lanceolate, commonly entire, punctate beneath, flowers paniculate. All these disparities evince that this fine ano- malous and rare Genus has been misunderstood and improperly described by nearly all the bot- anists. Now at last in 1836, the original Lin- nean and Kuhn's plant having been found wild on the very identical spot, whence carried to Linneus, many specimens collected, of several varieties growing together, and roots, seeds and specimens sent to England by Dr. James Mease : the original species will become better known. Meantime I presume that the follow- ing comparative view of the Species actually known will be acceptable to the Botanists and Horticulturalists. These plants altho' not very conspicuous, are not destitute of beauty, by their elegant shape and plumose seeds. They are all hardy peren- nials with thick roots ; they blossom in Sep- tember, and assume their feathery appearance in October. 1. K. eupatorioides L (Critonia of many authors), exactly as described by Linneus : only add, root brown perpendicular with lateral fi- bres, lower leaves trinerve, subpetiolate or base attenuated, 1 or 2 inches long, a few are oppo- site sometimes, stem terete striate, whole plant covered with minute glands mistaken for pubes- cence by some ; perianthe striate glandular, flowers pale yellowish white, pappus white. Rocky banks of the R. Schuylkill near Phila- delphia, in a single spot near the rail road bridge : 3 varieties 1 Pyramidalistripeds\,\ow- er leaves lanceolate, entire at both ends, branch- es and corymbs pyramidal with entire narrow leaves. 2 var. corymbosa. Stem simple, leaves OF KUIINIA. 79 narrow lanceolate, somewhat serrate in the mid- dle, flowers m a multiflore compound corymb. S \iir angiistjfoha, stem simple pedal leaves linear lanceolate entire, flowers in a simple ZcrT '%"r ^^^^'''' ^ ^^^^ ^- p-^-J>iy the Crttoma of Gacrtner and others, yet thev are perhaps nothing else but various a/es of the plant? but smce they have been mistaken for species, they must be properly noticed 2. K. altaica Raf. If the Sibirian plant is distinct as probable, it may be distinguished by fetem really pubescent, leaves triuncial alterne i^ughdecurrent, lanceolate base not attenuated. 1 his IS Eup. alternifolium Arduin tab. 20, and liinneus m first editions. 3. K. dasypia Raf. eupatorioides Elliot, fetem branched pubescent, leaves alternate, lan- ceolate unequally serrate, glandular punctate, triuncial, rough above, pubescent beneath; flowers paniculate white, pappus white. Mea- dows of Alabama and Georgia. 4. K. glutinosa Elliot, glutinose pubescent leaves lanceolate alterne sess. serrate laciniate' upper entire; flowers corymbose panicled. Mea- dows of Alabama, well described by Elliot, who sent me a specimen. Stem bipedal, branched, viscose glands mixt with hairs all over. 5. K. elliptica Raf discovered 1823 descri- bed 1833. Stem striate pubescent, branches and leaves opposite, leaves sessile smooth,eIliptic uncial, serrate in the middle, glandular beneath, flowers whitish in lax multiflore corymbs, pap- pus cinereous—Falls of the R. Cumberland, 3 feet high ; very handsome species. The K. «■/«- bra of my monograph 1833 which I mistook for the Imnean sp. is only a variety of this with stem smooth, leaves subpetiolate, flowers less iax. I found it in the Alleghany mts. on the 80 KLIII^lA. Monongahela in 1825. Var. montana. 6. K. tuberosa Raf. 1833. K. critonia Mx* and Elliot exclus. Syn. Root tuberose, stem virgate striate pubescent; leaves alternate sessile linear entire, pubescent, margin revolute, flow- ers paniculate white, exterior sepals of the peri- anthe reflexed, pappus white. — In Carolina, dry soils, well described by Elliot but under a wrong name. 7. K. fuha Raf. disc. 1818 descr. 1833 as K. media : entirely smooth, stem striate vir- gate, lower leaves opposite, upper alternate, all sessile linear lanceolate entire, long pale be- neath and not glandular; flowers paniculate yel- lowish, pappus fulvous — On the banks of the Ohio and hills of East Kentucky, about 2 feet high, leaves 3 inches, down or pappus very pe- culiar by its color. I sent my 2 N. Sp. to Decan- dole; but have not yet seen the 5th volume of his Synopsis. I possess yet several specimens of 1, 5 and 7 to furnish to botanists, and they are figured in my Autikon. and Ic. rar. 8. K. pubescens Raf, mon. Entirely pubes- cent, stem virgate striate, leaves subpetiol. lan- ceol. nearly entire, punctate, fl. paniculate, pap- pus fulvescent — Seen dry, said to grow in the mts. Alleghany, perhaps only a variety of the K. tuberosa^ or fulva or K. eupatorioides ; but the down was not white in the specimen: probably mistaken by many for the 2 usual spe- cies, whence the difference of descriptions. I deem the color of the down truly essential. 9. K. rosmarinifolia, Vent. Pers, &.c. Leaves canescent linear lanceolate semiamplexic. very entire, margin revolute, peduncles terminal uni- flore, fl. purple, pappus white ? In Cuba, com- pare it with K. tuberosa ; but the flowers sep- arate them. Eup, canescens Ortega dec, 34. 81 MONOGRAPH OF AMPHlCARPA AND AKIN GENERA. OF THE GROUP TETRODES. G. AMPHlCARPA Elliot. ITie Genus Glycine of Linneus, a strange medley of species without comnaon clfiaracters, is now divided in many Genera requiring yet discrimination and revision. As earJy as 1804 I had proposed to Muhlenberg the Genus Tetrodea for GZ. me- noica, comosa, suhterran^a, having a tubular 4toothed calix, and I indicated this G. in 1808, But in 1818 Elliot established with them his G. -4wpAica;ya,which has been generaly received. Decandole wrongly spells it amphicarpea. but as each of these 3 sp. may be the type of a pe- culiar Genus, I shall now revise it and add sev- eral sp. Amphicarpa Calix tubular sub campanulate, base obtuse or gibbose^ 4 teeth acute subequal. Petals equal oblong keel obtuse, wings Itoothed vexillum adpressed or incumbent. Stam 9-1. Stigma capitate. Pod stipitate, oblong, com- pressed acuminate by the style, 3-4 seeds sub- reniform. Sometimes the lower flowers soli- tary without petals nor stamens, perfect fl. racemose and bracteolate^ Perennials, LoBOMON Raf. calix campanulate, base acute, unequaly 4toothed. Petals and stamens as iRbove, but commonly apetalous flowers dioical or monoical, with 5 minute sessile united an- thers. Pod flat semi ovate acute, without style, one side strait, 2 seeds lenticular. Annuals flowers axillary, not racemose, no bracts, (Name ancient.) Geolobus Raf. calix campanulate, 4fid, up- per segment notched. Petals unequal, keel and wings oblong, vexillum obovate striate notched. 82 G. AMPHICARPA. Pod compressed round acute, one seed lenticu- lar, Peduncles biflore hibractate, flowers yeU low, pods hiding in the ground, which the name implies. Annuals. The 3 Genera have twining or flexuose stems, and stipulate trifoliate leaves, roots creeping- flowers estival. 1. Amphicarpa viLLosA Raf. GL comosal L, &c . . . Twining, stem and leaves hairy, fo- lioles subequal ovate oblong acute soft, the lat- eral obliqual : racemes short 5-9flowered, bracts ovate acute striate, calix hairy — In Alabama and Mississipi. Folioles uncial equal to petiols, flowers white tipt with purple. Linneus having only said of his Gl. comosa, leaves hirsute, ra- cemes small lateral, flowers blue, seeds with purple spots: it is impossible to identify it. Torrey, Beck and Elliot omit it ; while Nuttal deems it the real type of Gl. monoica. My des- criptions and specimens will fix my sp. to which 1 give new names to avoid ambiguity. 2. Amph. ciliata Raf. stem twining filiform round with reflexed hairs, leaves on long peti- ols, smooth but ciliate, folioles unequal, lateral sessile obliqual trapezoidal, medial petiolate rhomboidal rounded acute : raceme elongate equal to petiols, peduncled and multiflore, bracts obovate obtuse biflore, calix smooth — Apalachian Mts of Virginia and Carolina, disc. 1825, flowers white, very distinct species. 3. Amph. heterophyla Raf. monoica Nut- tal. Stem twining filiform angular with reflex- ed hairs,, leaves on short petiols variable but shining scabrous and ciliate, subequal but either ovate lanceolate acute or else ovate elliptical obtuse: raceme elongate, multiflore, bracts rounded striate, calix smooth — In the Allegha- ny mts, of Pennsylv. flowers white. G. AMPHICARPA. 83 4. Amph. Ellioti Raf. monoica Elliot. G/. monoica ? L, stem twining angular with reflex- ed hairs, folioles ovate lanceolate subequal,thin, acute^ scabrous above, petiols long: racemes pendulous commonly sterile, calix hairy gib- bose. Pods of imperfect flowers ovate one seed- ed — In Carolina, Virginia &,c. Flowers white and violet. Doubtful sp. yet, since Elliot says in diagnosis learns glabrous^ and in description hairy ! He confirms the existence of imperfect flowers in racemes, cultivated for these pods like Arachis, but Linneus says these subterra- nean flowers are solitary ! It would be hard to say what Michaux, Pursh, Torrey, Hooker, Beck, Eaton &c mean by their monoica, which they do not describe, blending 4 or 5 sp. under that false name j most of them have all the flowers perfect and fertile. 5. Amph. deltifolia Raf. stem twining with reflexed hairs, petiols short, folioles scabrous ciliate ovate deltoid, lateral obliqual, medial rhomboidal : racemes short equal to petiols, ere€t pauciflore, bracks ovate acute striate — From Canada and Missouri to New Jersey, the most common kind and probably the monoica of many botanists, but without imperfect flow- ers ; all with whitish petals, although many are abortive several Var. 1, Incarnata, 2 procera 8 feet high &c. 6. Amph. cuspidata Raf. stem twining an- gular hairy, hairs patent fulvous, petiols very long, folioles ample ovate cuspidate nearly smooth, lateral obliqual : racemes elongate ra- mose, racemules 3-4flore, bracts ovate obtuse striate, equal to pedicels, Calix smooth — 3Its. Cumberland of East Kentucky, disc. 1823. Leaves large 3-4 inches, petiols 6-8 inches : flowers small, white. 84 G, AMPHICARFA. All these plants are called Pea-Vines or Binders, and are much relished by cattle. They entwine over plants and shrubs, in woods and among rocks. All in my Autikon. Their blossoms are estival. 7. LoBOMON ACLTiFOLiuMRaf. Twining quite hispid, hairs adpressed, folioles equal ovate a- cute, glaucous and reticulate beneath : pedun- cles filiform l-3flore, bracts ovate lanceolate, calyx smooth, pods pubescent — Ohio, Illinois &/C : flowers minute monoical or dioical, com* monly apetalous, sterile sessile, but fertile and pods with pedicels. 8. LoBo sARMENTosuM Raf. Glycine do W. Amphic. do Elliot .... Twining glabrous, fo- lioles ovate acute, peduncles filiform triflore, calix villose, pods smooth — Carolina, flowers alt apetalous and seeds grey, spotted with black. 9. Lob. obtusifolium Raf. Pilose, hairs spreading, twining stem, folioles ellipticBl ob- tuse or retuse, cuspidate glaucous, some ovate or rounded : flowers sessile, calix hirsute, pods sessie geminate pubescent — In Kentucky &c, monoical, flowers apetalous, upper ones sterile^ 2-3axillary sessile. 10. Lob. montanum Raf. Glycine montana Raf. atl. Journ. Dioical, smooth, stem erect flexuose, folioles ovate acute ; peduncles uni- flore, pods and calix smooth — On the rocks of high hills in the Alleghanies of Pennsylvania, Juniata and Sherman Valleys. Only semipe- dal and root annual. The fecondation- of these plants is a problem, and their apetalous structure a great anomaly. All in Autikon except 8. They form a pecu- liar group Tetrodes Raf. by their curious ano- malies, with Amphicarpa and the 2 next fore- ign plants. O. AMPHICARPA. 11. Geolobus flavus Raf. Glyc, subterra- nea L. Stem procumbent flexuosefpetiols erect trigone foholes oblong obtuse smooth: pedun cles axillary drooping biflore, two bracts^vate incumbent over the 2 flowers_In South Ame- rica and perhaps Florida ? I must add here for further discrimination another fine N. G. united as usual to Sr and akm to the above. ^^ycine, Triendilix Raf. calix 4fid closed, only 3 petals concealed within it. Pods lineal terete polysperm Perennial, twining, peduncles axillary, flowers minute, ^}^^^^^^^^^^'^ cxANDESTiNA Raf. Glycine do W. Pers . . . stem twining, villose silky, fo- holes lanceolate, silky beneath, peduncles ter- nate umflore— In Australia. Leaves with 3 foholes as m aU the true Glycine tribe TW- endilix means three within the calix, abrevia- tion from Triendokilix, Geolobus means Earth- pod. Lobomon is an ancient Greek name for some kind of peas er beans. MONOGRAPH OF PELTANDRA. I noticed this Genus as early as 1804, I as- certained it in 1816, and published it in 1819 m my Essay on 50 N. G. in Journal de Phy- stque Paris. It has been adopted by many Bo- tanists; Torrey doubted it in 1817, yet in 1821 he has admitted but misnamed it Lecontea, a double blunder, since there was another Lecon- tea! and my previous name was better. Beck in 1833 changed it again through ignorance of my previous claim to Renselaria. Each knew only of one type, while I have ascertained many: 86 iMONOGRAPH OF they had been blended in Arum and Caladi- um. The whole tribe of Aroides was in utter confusion ; but is rectified in my Flora Tellu- riana. PELTANDRA Raf. meaning shield sta- mens, 1819. Arum L. &c Calla Mx. Caladium Elliot, Lecontea Torrey 1824, Renselaria Beck 1833. Spatha narrow involute tubulose, side split spadix inclosed quite geniferous, terete obtuse, pistils inferior, stigmas sessile capitate. An- thers confluent (sterile at the end of the spadix) peltate crenate multilocular on the sides. Ber- ries globose unequal 1 to 5 ovate seeds. Sea- pose leaves simple commonly cuspidate, root tuberose. Remarks. This Genus includes several aqua- tic plants or growing in damp soils and mea- dows, while the other Aroides commonly avoid the Waters. They may be known by this pe- culiarity even out of bloom, as also by the cus- pidate leaves. The berries are green and con- taia a jelly with commonly several seeds, but oflen one only by abortion. Those seeds were eaten by the Indians, even the leaves are edible when boiled; the roots are thick, and tuberose, but not properly turnip like as in other Aroides. The flowers are vernal, and last only a few days in May or June, they do not bloom every year. Michaux reduced them to Calla that has mixt flowers and a style, because one sp. has a fiat spatha as Calla ; this may form a Sub Genus. Leucospatha, Spathe cuculate, end dilatate, 4 to 5 seeds — Peltandra, spathe involute, end narrow, 3 to 5 seeds. Renselaria, Ditto, Ditto, 1 or 2 seeds. PELTANDHA. 87 1. Peltandra tJNDULATA Raf. 1819. Petiols equal to leaves striate dimidiate, leaves sa- gittate nndulate oblong cuspidate lobes oblong obtuse, scape striate terete punctate of black, spatba subequal, base inflate, split in tbe mid- dle, margin undulate, end narrow^ involute. In the Alleghany and Mattawan mts, also in New Jersey &c, it flowers in June, spathe lucid blackish green, margin yellow, spadix white, young petiols glandular, leaves 5 to 10 inches long. This was the type of my Peltandra having 3 to 5 seeds. It is hard to say which Authors have seen that species but blended it with the next. It was probably the real Arum Virginieum of Clayton and Linneus. 2. Peltandra canadensis Raf. Arum sa- gittatum foliiselongatis, Charlevoix pi. canad. fig. 81. Arum Virginieum of many botanists, Lecontea virg. Torrey. Renselaria virg. Beck. Petiols elongate terete not punctate, leaves oblong flat hastate cordate, cuspidate, lobes ob- tuse: scapes several subcarinate, spatha lan- ceolate involute, margin undulate — In Canada, New York, New England and Pennsylvania. This is the type of Renselaria having only 1 or 2 ripe seeds, easily known by flat leaves se- mipedal, long petiols not dimidiate (fee. 3. l^ELTANDRA LATIFOLIA Raf. Pctiols short dimidiate flat above, leaves broad triangular sagittate, undulate cuspidate, lobes divancate obtuse ; scapes several terete incurved, berries often one seeded — In the waters of marshes, ponds, creeks, in south New Jersey and Dela- ware, leaves often one foot long and broad : not rare there, but seldom found in flowers. It be- long to subgenus Renselaria, but is quite dis- 88 MONOGRAPH OF tinct from the last. The P, Walteri is very akin, but has acute lobes. 4. Peltandra heterophyla Raf. Petiols une- qual terete, leaves variable oblong cuspidate, or ovatoblong hardly sagittate or nearly auriculate or base often entire obliqual, lobes unequal rounded short or ovate obtuse — With the last in the same places, even near Philadelphia in the Schuylkill, but rare, seldom seen in flow^ers, berries 1-3 seeded, different leaves out of the same root. 5. Peltandra hast at a Raf. Arum Virgin- icum Elliot. Petiols vaginated at base, leaves equal in length oblong, hastate cordate acumi- nate, lobes subacute ; spatha oblong acute re- pand, spadix equal, — In Carolina and Florida, it blossoms in April there says Elliot, the ber- ries have several seeds, and thus it is a Leu- cospatha like the next. 6. Peltandra alba Raf. Calla sagittifolia mx. Caladius glaucum Elliot. Leaves glaucous hastate cordate acuminate, lobes oblong obtuse divaricate, petiols elongate ; scape short, spatha cuculate oval lanceolate, white, end dilatate — In Carolina and probably all over the southern Statesa Elliot says the berries are red and with several seeds. The white flowers and red berries will distinguish this ; they are both green in the others. This will be the type of Leucos- patha and may have some other peculiar char- acters in the flowers to make it a Genus — Thus 1 have fully ascertained 4 sp. in the North and 2 in the South ; but there are 2 other doubtful sp. there. 7. Peltandra Walteri Raf. Arum sagitti- folium Walter, Arum Walteri Elliot. Leaves triangular sagittate, angles divaricate acute* PELTANDUA. 89 In Carolina, not well described, but very near P. latifolia, said to be larger than P. hastata with similar flowers. 8. Peltandua ANGusTiFOLiA Raf. Calla Vir- ginica Var. Michaux. Leaves hastate cordate narrow oblong, lobes obtuse, spatha elongate incurved — Virginia &c, in this sp. Michaux has blended probably the sp. 1, 2 aud 4, but the narrow leaves and incurved spatha indicate a peculiar species. MONOGRAPH OF LECHEA. And the subgenera menandra, eudiexa ^. Linneus had only two sp. of Lechea, having reduced to that Genus the Menandra of Gro- vonius. His L. minor and major figured in Amer. Acad, 3. tab. 1. have been applied at random by nearly all the botanists to any other Species, till Michaux who added 3 sp. and Wildenow L, verticillata of India, which I doubt to be of this Genus, as it appears to be strictly North American. I shall now increase it to 21 sp, and divide it into 3 subgenera that might perhaps become as many Genera, The essential characters of this Genus were also widely mistaken. Linneus put it into tri- andria trigynia, altho' the stamens vary from 3 to 12, and there are not 3 styles, but a single trilobe sessile plumose stigma ! The Capsule is not one seeded as stated by most of Authors, unless sometimes by abortion ; but it has 3 or 6 seeds: nor is that capsule 3Iocular nor with double valves as stated by others, it is strictly unilocular, with 3 free placentas mistaken for valves, or partitions. The calix is not single 90 MONOGRAPH OF as stated, but commonly double, the outward of 2 sepals, being mistaken for bracts, altho' they persist in the fruit, and are quite similar to the extra sepals of the Cistidiajn tribe to which this Genus evidently belongs, notwithstanding the reduced stamens and seeds. This Genus is in fact so neur to Anthelis (Helianthemum T.) that the main distinction consists only in 3 petals instead of 5, and it is supposed that the original L. major of Lin. was also his Cistus canadensis I or a variety of it ! Characters of LECHEA if kept as a single Genus. Calix double and persistent, external bipartite seldom lacking,sepals narrower, inter- nal tripartite. Petals 3 small narrow, equal obtuse and fugacious. Stam 3 to 12, filiform, anthers bilobe. Stigma large sessile capitate trilobe floccose or plumose or papillose. Cap- sule unilocular trivalve, 3 to 9 seeds inserted on 3 small free placentas, sometimes only one by abortion. Small annuals or perennials with terete stiff branching stem, leaves ternate or opposite scattered simple entire and sub- sessile, flowers estival evanescent panicidate or racemose, not yellow — Vulgar name Pin- weed^ 1. Meivandra, F1. Virg. of Gronovius. Ex- ternal calix with 2 short sepals or almost lack- ing. Stamens 6 to 9, seeds 1 to 3. Leaves often ternate, and flowers racemose. Peren- nials. 2. Lechea, Ext. calix equal in length to the internal. Stamens 6 to 12, seeds 1 to 3. flow- ers spicate panicidate, some stems sterile, 3. EuDiEXA Raf, (well 2 external) Ext. ca- lix longer than the internal. Stamens 3 to 6w Seeds 3 to 9. Chiefly annuals. LECHEA. 91 The mistakes about these plants have arisen from few Botanists seeing their anthesis or full bloom, which like many Cistides, only last a few hours towards noon: the petals soon after wither, and the stamens collapse or are glued to the stigma. But the characters now assum- ed on the persistent respective length of the ca- lix, will always be perspicuous. I have sj)eci- mens of all the described species. MENANDRA. 1. L. PULCHELLA Raf. quito smooth, stem stiff virgate, leaves scattered long linear acute ; flowers paniculate and lax in naked racemes, bracts none, ext. sepals subulate, internal ovate obtuse, petals elliptic obtuse incarnate, capsule obovate. — In the Pine barrens of New Jersey, probably extending South; probably the L. racemulosa of many Botanists, but not Mx. which is pubescent with ciliate leaves. It is a very pretty sp. when in full bloom in August, the calix being red inside, the petals incarnate the large stigma white. The erect stiff stem produces hundreds of flowers at once, it is about one foot high, and only branched above. Several varieties 1. Minor, only 2 to 4 inches high, panicle leafy. 2. Elegans, over a foot high, panicle fastigiate. 3. Pyramidalis. Branches pyramidal. 2. L. ciNEREA Raf. (L. thymifolia Mx. &c) adpressed pubescent,cinereous fastigiate, leaves scattered narrow linear adpressed ; racemes paniculate pauciflore subnaked, flowers canes- cent outside, sepals lanceolate acute, capsule oblong longer. — In Florida and Georgia : deem- ed Z». racemulosa by Collins, easily known by its color, perhaps the real thymifolia ? a L. TERNiFOLiA Raf. (Mcuandra ramis ter- 93 MOJVOGRAPH OF nis, Gronov.) Stem paniculate above, adpressed pubescent, leaves and branches mostly ternate cuneate acute ciliate nearly smooth ; racemes paniculate lax nearly naked, peduncles elon- gate, capsules oblong — In Virginia, New Jer- sey and probably elsewhere. This must be the real L. racemulosa of Mx. who quotes Grono- vius. Pedal, calix colored of red as in L, pulchella, 4. L. FURFURACEA Raf. Pubesceiit pulveru- lent, stem erect, branches fastigiate above, leaves narrow linear scattered nearly obtuse ; racemules terminal naked,pedicels unequal.ext. cal. subulate very short, internal rounded, cap- sules globose — In Kentucky and Illinois, 6 to 10 inches high, flowery greenish oatside, with a yellow furfle. Nearest to L. cinerea, easily known by the mealy pubescence and giobovse capsules. 5. L. LAxiFLORA Raf smooth, stem erect paniculate, branches lax, leaves scattered li- near cuneate acuminate ciliate ; racemes scat- tered lax, flowers remote naked, pedicels elon- gate, calix and capsules ovate — In New Jersey Pine Woods with L. pulchella, to which akin, difference in leaves chiefly, flowers green not red outside. Var bremfolia semipedal, fl. red- ish, leaves shorter more cuneate hardly ciliate. 6. L. TENUiFOLiA Mx. ElHot or L. verna Raf. L. juncifolia Walter) humble dumose pilose, stems assurgent, branches spreading, leaves scattered subulate linear, racemes paniculate divaricate ; flowers remote axillary solitary, capsules globose large — said to grow on the R. Santi of Carolina, and to blossom earlier than any other in April and May, no external calix according to Elliot, yet very near to seme En- diexa with long ext. calix. LECHEA. 93 7. L. RECURVATA Raf. Hispid assurgfnt, branches opposite and ternate, leaves broad oblong acute at both ends ciliate ; racemes spi- cate recurvate unilateral, pedicels very short, sepals oval, capsules globose — In Carolina and Virginia, akin to L. ternifoUa (perhaps the true Menandra of Gr.) leaves and fruit differ- ent, calix redish, seeds convex and concave. LECHEA OR LEKEA. 8. L. MUCRONATA Raf, precis 1814. villosa Elliot 1820, major of Walter and Mx not Lin. — Villose, stem erect, sterile stems prostrate, leaves opposite and ternate below, chiefly lan- ceolate, mucronate, on short petiols ; flowers in compound spikes axillary to foliaceous bracts, ext, sepals acute reflexed in anthesis, internal sepals obtuse, capsules ovate villose. — From New England to Carolina, the most common sp. but not the linnean L. major with leaves rough above, tomentose beneath and scattered flowers ; which is the real Cishis Cnnadertsisl Flowers subsessile,ext. sepals linear, ad pressed in the fruit, internal sepals lanceolate, petals lanceolate obtuse, commonly 3 seeds oblong acute with an angle inside. Several varieties 1. Simplex my original sp. stem nearly simple, leaves oblong cuneate, bracts oblong. 2. Jia- mosa^ branches spreading above, leaves ovate lanceolate, bracts lanceolate. Original speci- men sent me by Elliot from Carolina. 3 Ses- silijlora^ leaves lanceolate, petiols very hairy, branches fastigiate, spikes axillary and short, flowers sessile. From Missouri. All peren- nials. 9. L. HETEROPHYLA Raf. L. minor Smith, stem paniculate above, adpressed pubescent, 94 >10NOGRAPH OF leaves commonly ternate, lower obovate, sub- sessile, upper cuneate and linear petiolate acute SJTiooth ; racemes panicul. lax subnaked, pedi- cels equal to fl. Internal sepals lanceol. acute carinate, capsules ovate— Kentucky and Illi- nois in woods and glades, trigone, ext. sepals subequal linear. Several varieties, 1 major, 2 minor, 3 parmjlora, lower leaves caducous, flowers small fuscate. It has no sterile stems. Perennial, 10. L. GLOMERATA Raf. smooth, branches short adpressed, leaves variable oblong, lanceo- late or cuneate, petiolate mucronate ; flowers axillary and terminal on short pedicels, glome- rate, sepals ovate acute carinate, capsules sub- globose— Apalachian mts. pedal, no sterile stems, calix trigone over the fruit, external se- pals Hnear — Perennial. 11. L. coRYMBosA Raf. stem erect rough, above pilose corymbose, leaves petiolate broad oblong nearly obtuse, pubescent, ciHate ; flow- ers corymbose, pedicels equal to flowers, sepals round concave, ext. linear, capsules globose— Mts, Alleghany, 6 to 12 inches high, leaves small, capsules large with 3 to 6 seeds, disco- vered 1818, 12. L. SURCULOSA Raf. stem with spreading branches, sterile stems prostrate pilose, with leaves ternate ovatoblong acute ciliate petiolate branches smooth with leaves opposite and al- ternate smooth linear ; flowers paniculate, pe- dicels equal, bracts subulate, ext. sepals linear, internal ovate acute, capsules ovate — In Penn- sylvania on dry hills, the L. minor of some Au- thors, stem 3 to 6 inches, leaves and flowers small. 13. L, REVOLUTA Raf. minor of Lin. not of LECHEA. Qg Smith nor other Authors. Stem erect bran- ches opposite and ternate, leaves 3-.inate or on- tered petiolate, smootii above, pubescent be- Fo^ Id ^r^r r^^^"'"' ^^^^^^^ paniculate-- Found by Kalm m Canada woody .dades rhis description is taken from Linneus alto- gether, and agrees very well with somespeci. mens I have from the Alleghanies of Pennsylv the flowers are small, the capsules ovate &c, femith says L. blended others with this, 14. L. viR^ATA Raf. stem simple virVate pu- bescent, leaves scattered or 2-3-4 nate mixt, petiolate hnear cuneate ciliate acuminate • ra- cemes axillary short pauciflore, pedicels e'qual to fl. sepals ovate acute carinate, external lin- ear, capsules ovate.— In the Allegh. Mts pe- da , var. 1. Bremflora, semipedal, lower leaves oblong, short, racemes very short 2.3flore. 2 Bracteata pedal, lower leaves oblong, racemes longer than leaves, base foliose ; end 5.7flore. The sp. 9, 10 and 14 with carinate trigone ca-* lix deserve perhaps to form another sub-enus Tropendria Raf. 15. L. FLORiDANA Raf. smooth, diffuse ra- mose, branches filiform, leaves scattered, mi- nute Hnear, racemes paniculate pauciflore na- ked, pedicels long unequal, sepals and capsules ovate— Found by Mr. Ware in Florida, small subdichotome, few leaves and flowers ; habit of Eudiexa^ but the ext. calix equal m length, tho' narrower 'tis usual : probably annual. EUDIEXA. 16. L. SECUNDiFLORA Raf smooth, stems diflfuse paniculate, leaves scattered lax narrow linear, racemes subspicate, flowers remote se- 96 MONOolRAPn OF CLuid, pedicels short, ext. cal. double of the in- ternal linear, internal silky lanceolate, capsules o])long — Discovered 1823 in the glades of West Kentucky, rare, G inches high, small flowers, petals white oblong obtuse, stigma red, 3 oblong seeds in the capsules. It blossoms in June and July. Annual. Is it L. thymifolia Smith? which is an Eudiexa ! certainly not that of Mx. neither have the leaves like thyme. 17. L. TAuci FLORA Raf. ad pressed pubescent stem Inmible diffuse ramose, leaves scattered, slender,linear cuneate, imbricate rather obtuse, flowers few scattered extraxillary, pedicels short, sepals smooth, external a little longer, capsules globose — Near the Sea Shore in Long Island and New Jersey, small plant only 3 inches high, it blossoms in July. Annual. 18. L. BiiEviFOLiA Raf. adpressed pilose, branches fastigiate, leaves scattered petiolate short, lanceolate or oblong ciliolate mucronu- late ; racemes erect, bracteoles linear lanceol. flowers second, pedicels equal, ext. sepals not much loiiger, capsules ovate — Mts. Apalaches, semipedal, very distinct sp. by petiolate short leaves. Annual. 19. L. UNIFLORA Raf, Smooth, stem slender angular with few leaves, above naked, subuni- flore, leaves scattered adpressed narrow linear cuneate ; sepals membranaceous, ext. sepals oblong obtuse not much longer, internal ovate obtuse, capsule globose about 6 seeded — Sum- mit of the Alleghany Mts. of Maryland, disc. 1825, only 3 or 4 inches high, only 5 or Cleaves and 1 or 2 flowers. Capsule commonly with 6 oval seeds. 20. L. STELLATA Raf. Pilose, stem erect nearly simple, leaves 3-4nate petiolate elliptic LECH E A. g-y mucronate, upper leaves alternate lanceolate • racemes fohose, pedicels shorter, ext. sepals very long, capsules ovatoblong— New York and Ohio, often riiistaken for L. villosa, pedal, es- tival, sepals linear and ovate. 21. L. sEssiLiFLORA Raf. adprcssed pilose branches diffuse virgate, leaves scattered! spreading, petiolate, linear ciliate acute ; flow- ers axillary subspicate or glomerate sessile,ext. sepals linear not much longer, internal lanceo- late. In Florida and Alabama, near to L. |iawc«^ora, main difference leaves petiolate ci- liate acute. Near also to L. floridana, but flowers sessile. It would have been diflicult to designate which of these plants may have been seen and blended with those of Michaux by our Botanists since Torrey, Beck, Nuttal, Pursh, Eaton, El- Hot &,c seldom describe those they have seen, and never noticed the peculiar characters of the calix, capsules and seeds, on which I have chiefly based my subgenera and species ; most of which are very distinct, and not likely to be overlooked again, if my characters are duly at- tended to, and even more sp. may be detected. As to L. verticillata of the East Indies, it is probably a peculiar Genus, being stated to have the habit of Spermacoce^ with opposite leaves elliptic serrulate, smooth above, rough beneath, and the flowers verticillate. Is it a Rubiacea with adherent ovary ? The L. chinensis of Loureiro is still more widely different, being a Commelineal (of what Genus?) according to Smith and Dunal. The monograph of Smith in Rees cyclop, may be consulted, he has exposed the blunders of L. and expressed a wish for a better labor like 13 98 >fONOORAPH OF LEC'IIEA. mine on this Genus, having only sp. of it, and Dunal in Decandole 1824 has no more, he chie- fly copies ElUot. We lack good figures of these plants, that with our Hudsonias chiefly represent the Cistian tribe in N. America. If ever this G. must be again illustrated, let the monographer copy the original descriptions of all the Authors, and compare them. Mine are all original and chiefly out of living speci- mens. The L. minor of Smith had sub corymbose flowers and carinate calix, being probably my L. heterophyla. That of Pursh and Dunal can hardly be identified by me : that erroneous name must be omitted. The L. major of Bigelow is Anthelis rosmarinifolia, in Decan- dole who makes a Subgenus Lecheoides of all our Americaaii Afithelis, see my monographs of Hndsonia and Anthelis. (Helianthemum.) Lechea was dedicated to Prof. Leche of Abo by Linneus, it must be pronounced J^ekea and perhaps spelt so. Menandra of Gronovius might have been adopted instead, although the meaning moon stamens does not properly apply. ENI> OF FIRST PART, 99 INDEX OF GENERA SUBGENERA AND SYNONYMS OF THE LEXICON. Synonyms are in Italics- the Pages -References to Abalon page 33. Abama 34. Abbottia 36. Abies 37. Abrus 39. Abulilon 39. Acakia41. Acalypha 43. Acanthus 46. Acer 47. Acerotis Acerates 49. Achania 49. Achillea 50. Achlys 51. Achras 51. AchyranthesSl. Acmella 51. Acmispon 53. Acnida 53. Aconitum 55 Acorus 57. Acroanthes 58. Acrostichum 59. Actaea 60. Actinea, acHneUa 60. Actimeris 60. Actispermum 61. Adelia 62. Adenarium 62. Adenocaulon 62. Adenogyna 62. Adianthum 63. Adike 63. Adicea 63. Adiumia 63. Adnaria 66. Adoketon 65. Adonis 66. Adorium 66. Adoxa 67. Adventina 67. Anomantha 61. Anomeris 61. Arenaria 62. Amphicarpa 81, Amosa 41. Anthericum 36. Antadenium 49. Anthemis 51. Balduina 61. Bigelowia 62. Borya 62. Caladium 86. Calla 88. Cauloma 61. Clinotrox 47. Coridalis 63. Coreopsis 61. Conradia 34. Critonia 73. (jtipameni 43. Darlingtonia 42. Daiisca 53, Diadesma 41. 100 INDEX. Diclinotrys 33. Eburnax 42. Eriocarpum 47. Eudiexa 90. Evotrium47. Eupatorium 73. Fumaria 63. Geolobus 81, 85. Glycine 81. Helepta 52. Helonias 33. Holosteum 62. Honkenya 62. Julibrisin 41. Juncus 36. Kuhnia 73. Lavatera 40. Lechea 89. Leptilix 34. Leontice 51. \a€Contea 83. LeucGspatha 86. Lobomon 81. Lotus 53. Malaxis 58. Malvavisciis 49. Malvinda 39. Marathrum 66. Melanthium 33. Megactelis 61. Menandra 90. Microstylis 58. Mimosa 42. Narthecium 35. Negundium 48. Nudilus 62. Oliglossis 61. Olsynium 72. Oplirys 59. Otanema 49. Paltrima 36. Pedicularis 46. Peltandra 85. Pinus 37. Ptilepida 60. Renselaria 86. Saccharodendrun 47. Saxifraga 63. Schrankia 42. Seseli 66. Sida 39. Sisyrinchium 72. Sphendamus 48. Spilanthus 51. Synotelis 59. Tetrodea 81. Tofielda 34. Triantha 35. Triendilix 85. Tristemon 36. Triglochin 36. Trigonella 53. Urtica 63. Vaccinium 65. Veratrum 33. Verbesina. 61. I mw FLORA ~~ 1 OF NORTH AMERICA, BY PROF. RAFINESaUE. SECOi^D PART. Neophyton. PHILADELPHIA 1836, IVEOBOTANO,^. NEW FLORA AKD BOTANY OF NORTH AMERICA* BEIXG A SUPPLEMENTAL. FLOR4, r'^? ^^^ 'various Floras and Botanical Works ot Michaux, Muhlenberg, Pursh, Nuttal, El- T^\ '^'^^^^y^ -Beck, Eaton, Bigelow, Barton, Hobin, Hooker, Riddell, Darlington, Schweinitz ixibbs, &c. Besides the great works of Linneus, Wilde- now, Vahl^ Vitman, Persoon, Lamark, Decan- dole, Sprengel, Jussieu, Adanson, Necker, Lindley, &c. containing nearly 500 additional or revised New Genera, and 1500 additional or corrected New Species, illustrated by figures in AUTIKON BOTANIKON. BY C. S. RAFINESaUE, A. M.— PH. D. Prof, of Botany, the historical and natural sciences- Member of many learned Societies of Paris, Vienna, lion n, 13 ruxc lies, Bordeaux, Zurich, Naples, &c. and in Philadelphia, New York, Cincinati, Lexington, - petiolate ample ovate or obovate entire suba- cute, scape subequal to leaves v^ith a lanceo- late sessile leaf, raceme lax, bracts short ovate obtuse— Found in Origon by Walton with the next: both akin to M. verna of my med. flora. Robust plant, perennial, ultrapedal. 219. Menyanthkis tuidejvtata R. folioles sessile small obovate tridentate, scape much longer than leaves and naked, bracts ovate — Origon, pedal, perennial ? 220. Chlonanthes (Chelone) to:»ie]\tosa Raf. leaves subsessile broad lanceolate acumi- nate serrate, base entire, tomentose and grey beneath; fl. axillary and terminal fasciculate nodding— In the mts. of Virginia, stem bipedal, leaves 4 to 6 inches long, 1 or 2 broad, fl. white, perennial, rare. I have modified into Chlo- nantlies, the absurd name of Chelone that meant turtle ! as if a flower was a reptile ! 221. AsARUM PARYiFouuM R. stemless,leave^ twin radical on long petiols, pilose broad reni- form emarginate, peduncle erect, flower large tubular smooth tridentate— On the top of mts. in North Carolina, small plant only 2 inches high, leaves half uncial perennial, flower dark purple, as large as in others. 222. AsARUM FURCATU3I R. caulcsceut fur- cate pubescent, leaves twin reniform subacute, peduncle erect, flower campanulate trifid pu- bescent— Apalachian mts? leaves four times as large as the last, yet flowers equal in size and same color, but deeper divided. Peren- nial. 223. AsARUM MEDIUM R.stcmlcss pubescent, leaves opposite on long villose petiols, cordate reniform acute, podunclc short flexuose villose NEOPIIYTON. *>1 caJix base villose, end smooth, tripartite, seg- ments lanceolate— From Missouri and upper Lakes, perennial, semipedal, flowers cinereous or fuscate ; the A. canadensc differs from all these by smooth reniform leaves, cahx reflex- ed &c. 224. AsARUM ROTUNDiFOLiuM R. caulcsceut erect villose, leaves 4 opposite rounded cor- date, flower terminal subsessile nodding smootli- ish campanulate trifid. — Brought by Walton from Origon mts. near A. europeum, which differs by 2 broad reniform leaves, fl. pedun- cled trilobe ^c, perennial, flower dark purple. 225. Hedyotis geniculata R. smooth, stem geniculate 4gone, leaves fasciculate lanceolate acute, margin scabrous, pale beneath ; fl. axilL solitary, segments of calix linear equal, tube of corolla filiform twice longer than calix — Was ioto hills of Kentucky, semipedal, annual, leaves uncial, flowers purple, their limb cam- panulate 4fid, appai-ently a true Hedyotis, al- though I did not see the ripe fruit ; not a Siel- mjotis the calix being equal. 226. Galeopsis Montana R. dwarf glau- cous, leaves few remote petiolate ovatoblong acute serrate pilose, flowers terminal only 1 to 3 calix not pungent — Summit of Oquago mts. near Utsiantha Lake in New York, small an- nual, only 3 to 4 inches high, flowers incarnate, Probably a deviation from G, tetrahit, but as- pect very unlike. 227. Eustacuya vel Leptandra oppositi- FOLiA Raf; leaves opposite sessile ovate acute (not acuminate) serrulate smoothish, equal to internodes, spike simple — mts. Apalaches of Virginia, perennial, sesquipedal, flowers white small, very distinct from the narrow leaved, whorled sp. of this Genus. t52 NORTH AMERICAN 228. MYCTANTHES (mixed flowers) Raf. anomalous or peloric Genus occasionally form- ed by some Asters and Solidagos — Difference, flowers often concrete or coalescent, with ligu- les and floscules intermixt, perianthe imbri- cate unequal foliaceous. I have noticed seve- ral types. Is it a diseased state ? but the plants were healthy. 225. Myctanthes punicea R. like Aster puniceus, but stem simple, 2-3flore, leaves lan- ceolate — observed near Philadelphia, flowers terminal purplish. 230. Myctanthes latifolia R. stem sim- ple uniflore, leaves sessile elliptic acuminate subserrate, flower terminal sessile purplish^ — collected in the Alleghany mts. bipedal. 231. MvcTANTHEs AXILLARIS R. similar to Solidago nemorosa, but flowers axillary and solitary, yellow — mts. Alleghany, pedal. 233." ALISETA (Plantain) Raf. Radiate Genus near to Arnica — Perianthe in double series, each of ten spreading folioles. Phoran- the flat alveolate, chaflfs carinate long acute. Floscules tubulose 5fid sterile. Ligules or rays about 20 fertile tridentate narrow. Seeds li- near, pappus simple deciduons. Habit of Ar- nica^ scapose, uniflore — But very different Genus by calix, chaffs, sterile florets &c. It is nearer to the next Genus Peritris in some re- spects. Single type. 233. Aliseta PLANTAGiNEA R. radical leaves lanceolate or cuneate entire hirsute acute, scape terete smooth, with a single subulate scale, uniflore. folioles of perianthe ovate lan- ceolate smooth — Sent me from Florida, prob- ably biennial, root short with many fibres, leaves 2 or 3 inches long, scape 6 inches, flower large 2 inches, rays yello\y, disk fuscate. NEOPHYTON, 23 !m. PERITRIS (around triple) Raf. A- nother Genus akin to Arnica distinct by habit and triple perianthe— Perianthe in triple se- ries, outer shorter with few lax folioles, the 2 inner equal and adpressed. Phoranthe flat naked. Rays few tridentate. Seeds oblong compressed pubescent, pappus simple. Habit of Jacohea, caulescent corymbose, — Perian- the nearly like Aliseta with the addition of a calicule, but chaifs lacking and habit unlike. 235. Peritris ovatifolia R. puberulent, stem erect subangular lower leaves petiolate ovate serrate acute, petiols winged, upper leaves sessile ovate lanceol. serrulate or entire ; co- rymb ramose racemose, peduncles erect, bracts subulate, folioles of perianthe lanceolate — Flo- rida and Alabama, pedal, perennial, fl. yellow, perianthe smooth, calicule or outer pubescent. 236. Arnica brevicaulis Raf smooth, sea- pose, leaves obovate and cuneate, obtuse, un- equally crenate and laciniate, scape shorter than leaves and with flowers umbellate, bracts lanceol. wooly in the axiles, peduncles unequal, some very long, striate uniflore with 1 or 2 su- bulate bracteoles, perianthe lanceolate, wooly at the base. — Sent me from Alabama, stem only 4 inches, leaves 6, flowers large yellow, few rays, pappus white, seeds oblong angular smooth. This appears a real Arnica near A. ntidicaulis, the perianthe being simple. 237. Bellis parvifi-ora Raf stem branched diffuse, leaves sessile oblong acute entire sca- brose, peduncles terminal long naked, rays linear — In Kentucky on rocks, rare, annual, semipedal, leaves small, flowers white estival very small half size of B. integrifolia. 238. Bellis nutans Raf. stem simple uni- 24 .NORTH AnHRICAN flore striate, leaves remote sessile cuneato acute entire pilose ciliate, flower nodding — In the glades of West Kentucky, annual, flowers vernal white same size as B. integrifoUa^ which grows by millions in those glades, where I found them all in 1823. These plants really belong to the G. Bellis and not Eclipta as deemed by Sprengel, nor Brachycome of Cas- sini, genus based on Bellis aciiUata and cilia- ris of Australia, to which Lessing has wrongly united B, integrifolia. In order to contrast my species I must add this and also the Texan species. 239. Bellis integrifolia Mx. and Amer. Authors. Eclipta do Spr. Brachycome xan- thocomoides Lessing — smoothish,stem branch- ed multiflore erect, branches 1 or 2 flore, low- er leaves petiolate spatulate obtuse, upper ses- sile cuneate acute not ciliate, flowers erect rays oblong — All over the Western States, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee 4*^ ^^ glades, vernal white flowers, stem 6 to 15 inches high erect, 3 to 12 flowers, not seen by Pursh, nor Nuttal till he went to Arkanzas, a proof that a very common plant may escape notice if you do not visit the loca- lities in due season. Several varieties 1 pum- ila 3 inches high, 3 flowers only, 2 elata^ ses- quipedal, multiflore, 3 carnea flowers of a blushing color, ^c, all annuals. 240. Bellis ciliata Raf. B. integrif. Hook- er bot. mag. 3455. Pubescent, stem erect mul- flore, lower leaves petiolate spatulate obtuse base ciliate, upper sessile oblong acute ciliate, peduncles naked erect, rays cuneate — annual, found by Drummond in Texas, and probably extending to Louisiana and Arkanzas, blended NEOPHYTON. 25 with the last by Hooker, his description in- cluding both, his figure appears the tcxan plant Which has been sent me by Torrey, and I des- cribe original specimens of Drummond ; it has also a var. triflora, with leaves all acutish and only 3 flowers. The folioles of the perianthc are lanceolate acuminate in all the sp. not linear as Hooker says, the seeds are obovale pubescent. 241. Parthenium ANGusTiroLiuM Raf. stem virgate angulate smooth, above rough, lower leaves petiolate narrow cuneate or oblong cre- nate obtuse rough, upper leaves sessile ovato- blong ; flowers corymbose globose, fol. of pe- rianthe ovate rounded acute — In the barrens or glades of West Kentucky, 2 or 3 feet high, petiols long, leaves 6 to 8 inches long, 1 or 2 broad. Very distinct from the 3 next sp. all are estival and perennial. 242. Parthenium pumilum Raf. stem dwarf, striate, smooth, lower leaves petiolate obovate crenate obtuse rough, upper cuneate sessile nearly entire acute; corymb glomerate, fol. of perianthe ovate acute rough — In the mts. Wa- rioto or Cumberland, stem smooth striate semi- pedal, leaves rough small, flowers white. 243. Parthenium sinuatum Raf. stem sul- cate elate smooth, leaves nearly glabrous ru- gose, radical ample petiolate ovate deltoid sin- uate laciniate, obtuse, stem leaves sessile am- plexicaule ovate repand sinuolate ; corymb sessile glomerate, fol. of perianthe rounded — Mts, of Virginia, probably blended with the next by Authors, but by no means integrifoU' urn ! large leaves, lower often 10 inches long decurrent on the petiols, flowers few globular whitish. Stem commonly 3 feet high. 4 26 NORTH AMERICAN 244. Parthenium amplectens Raf. P. in- tegrifolium L. and Authors? Stem angular rough elate, leaves all rough ovate oblong am- plexicaule serrate acute, corymb lax, fol. of pe- rianthe ovate rounded acute carinate. — Glades of Kentucky, 2 to 4 feet high, leaves 3 tO 6 inches long, lower hardly attenuate at base, flowers whitish. P. integrif. is a name illu- sive and to be abolished, it was given by Lin. in contrast with P. hysterophorus with multi- fid leaves, that now is a peculiar Genus. The Linnean sp. figured in Dillen and Plukenet had leaves ovate crenate hirsute, lower with cari- nate petiols, upper sessile, flowers snowy white, tip of perianthe black, and may still be differ- ent from all mine, found in Virginia, might be called P. dillenianum ?— The sp. of Elliot is still somewhat different, it may be called P. elliotanum? stem 1 or 2 feet striate roughish, leaves rough toothed ovate lanceolate ; lower sessile, upper amplexicaule — as near to JP. an- gustifolium as to this. See 280. 245. Urtica verna Raf. nearly smooth, stem simple slender, leaves remote opposite pe- tiola^e acuminate laciniate serrate, the lower cordate, medial ovate, upper lanceolate ; male spikes inferior shorter than petiols, female fl. glomerate above, glomerules nodding geminate peduncled. — Kentucky and other Western States, in woods, flowers vernal in may, pedal, leaves small, a true Urtica with male fl. 4 part- ed 4andre. Var. gracilis very slender virgate, leaves small none cordate. 246. Oxalis rupestris Raf. stem erect an- gular rufous pilose, leaves glaucous smooth, folioles obcordate, sinus obtuse, peduncles lon- ger than leaves 3-5flore, sepals lanceolate, pe- NEOPHYTON. 27 tals retuse obovate.— On the cliffs of the River Kentucky, 8 to 12 inches high, flowers lar^e pale yellow, estival. 247. OxALis CESPiTosA Raf. creeping, ces- pitose pilose, stems assurgent, petiols filiform, foholes obcordate ciliate, sinus acute, pedun- cles filiform longer than ieaves 2-3flore, pedi- cels equal to flowers, bracks linear, petals obo- vate double of calix, capsules pilose— Glades of West Kentucky and West Tennessee, abund- ant, vernal, found in May and June 1823: near to O. lyoni, 3 to 5 inches, forming small tufts, leaves small, flowers large one inch broad pale or lemon color. 248. Capsella acutifolia Raf stem simple smooth, radical leaves short pinnatifid, pinnules ovatoblong dentate acute, stem leaves sagittate lanceolate very acute subentire amplexicaule, raceme naked, silicules short deltoid hardly emarginate, pedicels long filiform spreading. — In the Alleghany mts. pedal annual with white flowers and estival, as all the sp. of this Genus of Mench, Ventenat and Decandole, who ad- mits of only one sp. C bursa, with 4 varieties minor, integrif, coronopif, apetala ; but I have 8 or 10 sp. in my herbal, whereof 6 from N. America, and many more exist perhaps in Africa and Asia. 249. Capsella integrifolia Raf Var. do Dec ? stem slender simple radical leaves cun- eate acute, attenuate in petiol at the base, quite entire, stem leaves oblong acute sessile not sa- gittate entire, silicules deltoid emarginate — Hills of Pennsylv. and Kentucky, semipedal, certainly as distinct a sp. as can be ! leaves not even toothed as in the next, nor sagittate above. 28 NORTH AMERICAN 250. Capsella den TATA Raf. dwarfish stem simple nearly naked radical leaves petiolate cuneate or obovate toothed, stem leaves 1 or 2 sagittate linear, raceme lax elongate, silicules deltoid truncate shorter than pedicels. — In mts. Alleghanies, 3 or 4 inches high only, akin to last, but leaves toothed and upper sagittate. Is it the Var. minor of some botanists ? 251. Capsella bifida Raf. several stems, radical leaves oblong toothed, stem leaves sa- gittate entire glaucous roughish, racemes elon- gate, silicules oblong base acute end bifid, pe- dicels subequal. — In Pennsylvania glades, pe- dal, annual, very distinct by silicules longer than broad and almost bifid, no runcinate leaves &c. 252. Capsella furcata Raf. all leaves spa- tulate oblong obtuse entire or hardly toothed, silicules broad furcate, pedicels equal — In Can- ada and Europe, semipedal, distinct by the pe- culiar silicules broadly obdeltoid, wider than long, and uniform leaves, quite obtuse. 253. Capsella amblodes Raf. all leaves pin- natifid, acute, pinnules often angular, silicules, shorter than pedicels, oblong cuneate obtuse, emarginate — sent me from Europe as a varie- ty of C. bursa, probably also in N. America, annual dwarfish 3 to 4 inches high only, quite peculiar silicules, and uniform leaves. 254. Capsella bursa Raf. non Auct. Thlaspi bursa pastoris L. and most of our botanists. Radical leaves pinnatifid runcinate, pinnules entire,stem leaves oblong sagittate den- tate, silicules shorter than pedicels deltoid tri- angular base and corners acute, hardly emar- ginate — In Europe, introduced in fields and the roads in N, America, pedal and sesquipe- NEOPHYTON. 29 dal, nearest to C. aculifolia, chief difference in pinnules entire less acute broader, silicalee quite triangular with acute angles.— -It is pro- bable that these plants are deviations sprung from each other, but some are really native of wild localities and not introduced : to deem them mere varieties would be preposterous, since they differ as widely in leaves and fruits as any acknowledged species of Sinapis or Lepidium, which ought on such felse princi- ples be made but single species. I have not yet met in America the C, coronopifolia of Eu- rope having leaves with narrow remote seg- ments. The monstruous deviation called ape- tola by Opiz and Decandole, is evidently an in- cipient New Genus formed in Europe, not even of this family, having no petals, 10 stamens, in- stead of 4 petals and 6 stamens ! I call it Opi- ZIA BURSOIDES Raf. 255, Calystegia rip aria Raf. sepium of Amer. bot. not L. nor Europe. Procumbent, twining, leaves cordate oblong, lobes rounded seldom acute, peduncles uniflore terete very long, calicule longer than calix ovate concave obtuse — annual, on the margins of rivers, streams and marshes in New Jersey and New York, flowers estival white incarnate. Mista- ken by our botanists for the Convolvulus sepi- um of Europe, Calystegia sepium of R. Brown and Pursh ; a smaller plant not climbing, leaves and flowers smaller. 255. Brunella microphyi^la Raf. stem pi- lose geniculate dwarf, leaves very small smooth subentire obtuse, lower ovate on long petiols, upper oblong subsessile, heads subsessile glo- bose or ovate, bracts scariose reniform venose ciliate acuminate — summits of mts. in Allegha- 30 NORTH AMERICAN nies and Kiskanom mts. only 2 or 3 inches high, leaves not half an inch, flowers small pur- ple vernal. Annual like all the species ? 257. Brunella sessilifolia Raf. stem te- rete branched rough above, branches brachi- ate, leaves sessile narrow lanceolate acute en- tire smooth, margin rough, heads oblong, bracts cordate acuminate ciliate, calix ciliate colorate — Florida sesquipedal, leaves 2 or 3 inches long, heads elongate 3 inches long, calix red, flowers purple, handsome sp. near Br, inter- media of Europe, but leaves entire and smooth. 258. Brunella petiolaris Raf. smooth, stem simple subterete, leaves on long petiols, lower obovate or cuneate entire obtuse, upper lanceolate acute subdentate, heads ovatoblong short, bracts ciliate reticulate cuspidate cor- date, calix smooth cuspidate — In Kentucky pedal, radical leaves smaller, upper leaves long narrow triuncial, flowers estival as in nearly all. 259. Brunella hirsuta Raf. Hirsute rough, stem simple 4gone, leaves remote petiolate cre- nate, lower ovate obtuse, upper elliptic oblong subacute, heads short truncate, bracts hirsute ciliate acuminate, calix ciliate acute — Illinois and Missouri, pedal, flowers bluish purple. 260. Brunella cinerea Raf. creeping vil- lose cinereous, radical leaves petiolate round and ovate, obtuse crenate, upper leaves oblong or linear nearly entire margin involute, heads oblong sessile,bracts reniform acum. ciliate, ca- lix hirsute at the base — Florida, Alabama, Wasioto mts. and hills of Kentucky, biennial, vernal very distinct, although akin to last and next. Stem semipedal, leaves small uncial, heads 2 inches long, calix as in most sp. upper lip 3dentate, lower bifid ciliate. NEOPHYTON. 31 261. Brunella heterophyla Raf, smooth erect, leaves petiolate subcrenatc repand, radi- cal ovate rounded obtuse, on stem ovate or oblong, heads sessile ovate short — on mts. Alle- ghany, akin to the last, but annual estival erect smooth, green not ash color. 262. Brunella cordata Raf. stem erect simple red, pilose above, petiols ciliate, leaves smooth ovate acute subentire pale beneath, lower cordate serrate, heads oblong sessile with 2 oblong leaves, bracts reniform reticulate cili- ate — Alleghany mts. pedal, fine species, calix red, corol purplish blue, estival. 263. Brunella reticulata Raf. stem erect smooth, leaves petiolate elongate ovatoblong entire, acute at both ends, heads on a hairy pe- duncle, oval short, bracts reticulate acuminate ciliate, calix smooth — in Ohio, Kentucky 4"^, fine species, sesquipedal, leaves 3 or 4 inches long, spike short hardly over one inch, calix with lips 3dentate and bifid as usual, but quite smooth. Akin to the last but differs by entire leaves and short heads not sessile. 264. Brunella rosea Raf. dwarf, stem de- cumbent hairy above, leaves petiolate smooth oblong and lanceolate acute subentire, lower crenate, heads oval subsessile, bracts scariose reticulate cordate ciliate acuminate — in the Turkey mts. of Alleghanies, only 2 to 4 inches high, stem 4gone, angles with a few hairs, leaves uncial, heads uncial or less, flowers es- tival of a fine rose color different from all the others. Very distinct sp. only slightly akin to Br. microphyla in habit, but nothing else, calix ciliate. A variety has shorter heads and more crenate leaves, stem nearly erect. Var, brevi- flora. 32 NORTH AMERICAN 265. Brunella obtusifolia Raf. stem erect hairy above, leaves petiolate ovate obtuse en- tire or subrepand, heads oblong subsessile bracts scariose colored ciliate reniform acuminate ; calix colorate ciliate — in Pennsylvania 4"^, more similar to Br. vulgaris of Europe than any other, pedal, estival, perennial, bracts and flowers red. These 10 sp. of Brunella (mis- called Prunella by error of the press) are us- ually blended (vy^hen seen by our botanists) with the Br. pennsylvanica of Muhlenberg : to unite such diversities is preposterous. The real pennsylvanica which is the vulgaris of others differs from this my obtusifolia by creeping roots, ascending stems, leaves ovatoblong acute toothed at the base, &>c. I have even yet some other American and European blended sp. in my herbal, or at least striking varieties, some with white flowers. 266. BucHNERA MissuRicA Raf. rough pu- bescent, stem adscendent base hirsute, lea^Ov opposite and alternate crowded imbricate lan- ceolate subentire, radical ovate, upper ones small subulate squanrulose remote, flowers in short spike, alternate at base, bracts subulate short — talades of Missouri and Illinois, pedal, perennial, calix ureeolate, tube of corolla slen- der strait. 267. BucHNERA ANGUSTIFOLIA Raf. Stem vir- gate terete nearly smooth, naked above, leaves remote linear obtuse entire roughened by white hairs, flowers scattered sessile in the spike — in Alabama, sesquipedal, capsules globose in ca- lix ovate 51obed. These two sp. are quite dis- tinct from B, americana, see 298. 268. CupHEA ALBiDA Raf. stem simple hum- ble pauciflore, leaves petiolate ovate lanceolate NEOPHYTON. 33 hardly viscose pubescent entire obtuse, flowers axillary subsessile, calix hispid striate, petals white cuneate small— in the Alleghanies of Vo"^3;l^^nia, only found once in 1833, north ol Carlile, annual, semipedal,quite distinct from C. vtscosisstma having many purple flowers, stem niuch branched and clammy, leaves nar- rower lanceolate 4^. 269. CoMANDRA OBOVATA Raf. Stem ramose angular ^riate, leaves oboval subobtuse, ura- bellules 3-5flowered,. pedicels equal to flowers, bracts obovate equal to pedicels— mts. Allegha- nies pedal. The Thesium umhellatum of L, has been well described as a N. G. Comandra by Nuttal, but he neglected the species thereof, and so have done all our botanists, there are now 7 or 8 sp. of this G. and I will distinguish 5 sp. of it, all blended by our careless Authors. All have white estival flowers. 270. Comandra elliptica Raf. stem angu- lar hardly branched, leaves broad oblong ellip- tic acute, umbellules sub Sflowered, pedicels shorter, bracts lanceolate equal to pedicels — common, pedal, estival, probably the C. urn- bellulata of Nuttal and most of our Botanists. 271. Comandra obtusifolia Raf. stem an- gular branched above, leaves imbricate narrow oblong obtuse, umbellules 3-5fl. pedicels very short or wanting, bracts subulate — Ohio to Illinois, semipedal, 272. Comandra media Raf. stem terete stri- ate ramose, leaves broad oblong acute, umbell- ules l-3flore, pedicels equal, no bracts — in New Jersey and Virginia^ pedal. 273. Comandra cuneifolia Raf. stem slen- der subangular, leaves lax cuneate nearly acute umbellules 3-5flore, pedicels very short, bracts 5 34 NORTH AMERICAN ovate short — West Kentucky, discovered 1825, pedal. I possess all these sp. which are such wide deviations as to be sp. rather than va- rieties. 274. Hydrastis trifolia Raf. stem flexu- ose three leaved, Iflore, leaves ample, lower pe- tiolate, 2 upper sessile, reniform 3-51obed, un- equally serrate ciliolate, lobes ovate acute, glau- cous beneath, flower sessile at the third leaf — West Kentucky, over one foot high, lower leaf 6 inches wide. This Genus was thought mon- otype, if this is not a N. sp. it is a very singular deviation of form, as H. canadensis has always 2 leaves not ciliate &c. Flower white early vernal. 275. Geranium lenticulum Raf. Pilose, stem erect slender sulcate branched, leaves op- posite and alternate on long petiols 5-7parted segments linear lanceolate entire acute, pedun- cles biflore shorter than petiols, calix sepals lan- ceolate nervose aristate, seeds lenticular pu- bescent — West Tennessee and Kentucky, pe- dal, flowers small, petals purple, estival, annual, in glades. 276. Geranium pedatum Raf. smooth, stem diffuse filiform striate, leaves alternate on long petiols small pedate 7-9fide, segments linear, medial cuneate trifid, peduncles very long, fili- form l-2flore, calix sepals ovate enerve acumi- nate, seeds oblong smooth. — Glades and Prai- ries of West Kentucky and Illinois, semipedal, annual, flowers small purple vernal. 277. Isanthus pumilus Raf. smooth, stem dwarf hardly ramose, leaves subpetiolate lan- ceolate acute hardly trinerve, pedicels uniflore short, equal to calix, shorter than leaves, calix ciliate— Glades of West Kentucky and Tenn- NEOPHYTON. 35 essee, annual estival, only 3 to 4 inches high- leaves not ciliate, but the calix instead. 278. IsANTHUS PUBESCENs Raf. quite pubes- cent, stem branched, leaves sessile trinerve lan- ceolate acute, peduncles biflore curved sub- equal to leaves longer than calix— Mts. Wasi- oto or Cumberland of East Kentucky, annual, pedal. This is nearer to /. ceruleus of Mx. my Is. ciliatus which has however leaves ovate lanceolate ciliate, short peduncles and is nearly viscid. 279. IsANTHus MULTiFLORUs Raf smooth, very branched, leaves sessile linear lanceolate uninerve, peduncles multiflore, pedicels shorter than calix — with the last in the Wasioto hills, semipedal, annual. Thus this monotype Amer- ican Genus is now increased by me to 4 spe- cies ; they are all estival and commonly grow in Limestone soils, I have perhaps another doubtful from Texas, with obovate leaves. 280. Parthenium hispidum Raf. stem flex- uose sulcate hispid, hairs white, lower leaves obovate base acute, the lowest on a long hispid petiol, upper leaves sessile oblong and ovate, base truncate, all acute with large unequal teeth ciliolate, slightly hispid on both sides, flowers corymbose glomerate sessile toment6se pale fulvous — another sp. of this American Genus, from the Glades of Arkanzas and Texas humble, hardly over a foot high, with stiff white hairs, only one radical petiolate leaf, few leaves all different in size and shape, flowers fulvous white, porianthe with ovate obtuse sepals. 281. Triosteum connatum Raf perfoliatum and majus of some hot — stem sulcate pubes- cent, leaves connate ovate rhomboidal acumi- nate undulate, rough above, tomentose beneath 36 NORTH AMERICAN axils 1 or 2flore, flowers sessile calix unequal linear pubescent— in the Alleghany mts. bipe- dal, corol rufous red subequal 51obed, berries purple. Of this Genus our botanists admit only two species perfoliatum and angustifolium^ but the first also called majus by some con- tains many blended species, and it is hard to say which is meant by each, as few give origi- nal descriptions: this is the sp. of Elliot. I shall increase this Genus to 8 sp. quite distinct, they are all perennial estival plants, with stem simple and axillary flowers, commonly found in hmestone or sandy soils. The roots of all are medical and febrifuge, see my medical flora. 282. Triosteum molle Raf. entirely villose soft, leaves subconnate broadly oblong acumi- nate undulate repand, villose above, tomentose beneath, axils triflore, flowers subpedunculate — ^Received from Missouri, bipedal. 283. Triosteum villosum Raf. stem striated villose, leaves sessile ovate acute base attenu- ate, smooth above, villose beneath, axils multi- flore upper sterile, flowers sessile, calix lanceo* late— in the sandy soils from Maryland to New Jersey, bipedal, or tripedal corol short dark purple, berries purple. 284. Triosteum pumilum Raf. stem dwar- fish sulcate villose, leaves sessile oblong elliptic acute, villose beneath, axils uniflore, flowers sessile calix villose long linear— on the Apala- chian mts. of Virginia, only one foot high or even less, quite distinct from Tr. angustifolium, probably the minus of some botanists. 285. Triosteum angustifolitjm L. Elliot &c, stem hairy, leaves subconnate lanceolate spatulate acuminate slightly scabrous, axils NEOPHYTOIf. 37 umflore, flowers pedancled~in Kentucky, Ten- nessee and Apalachian mts. of Carolina;2 or 3 feet high, corol yellow, berries red. I collcct- ^V^' JS '^^ gl^^^« of West Kentucky -^Ot>. iRiosTEUM HispiDUM Raf, stem flexii ose striate hispid, leaves sessile ovate spatulaTe acuminate smooth ciliolate, axils uniflore, flow- ers sessile, ovary hispid, calix smooth linear lanceolate-in the glades of West Kentucky with the last, but quite distinct by broader ^'^^ rif^^"^" ^"it^ s^ssi^^' corol orange color. -i»7. iRiosTEUM LEviGATUM Raf, entirely smooth, stem fistular, leaves sessile ovate rhom- boidal acute at both ends, axils 2-3flore, flowers sessile, berries safron color— on the Apalachian mts. of Georgia and Alabama, seen alive in gardens, quite distinct by perfect smoothness ot stem and leaves, flowers small orange color berries also or nearly safron color. ' 288. Triosteum obovatum Raf, stem fistu- lar tomentose, leaves sessile obovate broad am- ple acuminate tomentose beneath, axils 2-3flore fl. sessile, berries red— from New York to Illi- nois, the most common sp. in the Western States, often mistaken for the Tr. majus, quite different from my connatum by sessile obovate leaves, larger than in any other, stem 3 to 4 feet high. 289. Phryma media Raf. subpubescent, leaves petiolate equally serrate, lower cordate, upper ovate acute, last pair sessile, bracts su- bulate shorter than calix— in Kentucky, annuaj and estival like all the species. Our botanists admit of only one, but it offers so many devia- tions that I have collected 3 incipient sp. which I add with the real type of Phr. lepto- stachya. 38 NORTH AMERICAN 290. Phuyma pubescens Raf. pubescent, leaves subsessile ovate or elliptic, subcordate acuminate ciliate unequally crenate, last pair entire, bracts subulate equal to calix — Allegha- ny mts. pedal, flowers purplish. 291. Phryma parvifolia Raf. smooth, leaves all petiolate ovate oblong equally serrate bracts shorter than calix — Alleghany mts. pe- dal, leaves small uncial, flowers white. 292. Phryma leptostachya L. ^c. smooth, leaves diffbrme lower petiolate ovate base acute deeply serrate, upper sessile ovate often en- tire, bracts equal to calix — the most common kind, from New York to CaroHna, 1 or 2 feet high. If all the above are mere varieties of this, they aflbrd a fine illustration of incipient species forming under our eyes in our woods. 293. THECANISIA Raf a N. G. of Spi- rea tribe, near to Filipendula — cal, 5fid. per- sistent reflexed, petals 5, stamens few 12 to 15, pistils 3-5 stipitate with a style, stigma capitate. Fruit 1 to 5 thecas unequal stipitate oblong 1- 3seeded. Herbaceous perennial plants with lohed or palmate leaves subpinnate^ stipulate, flowers paniculate. — The essential character besides habit is found in the stipitate unequal pistils and fruits, the types are Spirea lobata and discolor, but others probably belong here, and I add two. The name means unequal thecas. 294. Thecanisia lobata Raf Spir. do Au- thors leaves subpinnate smooth, folioles Slobed, the last 71obed, lobes lanceolate doubly serrate, panicle cymose compound — from Carolina to Alabama in hills, large plant 3 to 4 feet high, flowers rose colored. 295. Thecanisia fonpurea Raf. stem stri- NEOPIIYTON. 39 ate, leaves smooth, pinnate palmate triparted medial lobe large petiolate 3.51obed, lobes oblong acute, lacmiate dentate, stipules oblonir serrate, pamcle lax naked— in Tennessee and West Kentucky, 2 or 3 feet high, flowers pur- ple, probably blended with the last, chiefly dis- tinct by lobes and panicle. 296. Thec. ANGusTiFOLiA Raf. stem striate flexuose, leaves palmate rugose, reticulate be- neath, 5 to Tlobes lanceolate acuminate une- qually serrate, stipules foliose laciniate, panicle lax.— Mts. of North Carohna and Georgia, very distinct by narrow lobes, flowers purplish. 297. Thec. discolor Raf Spirea do P. &c, stem angular sulcate, leaves subtrifoliate, lobes ovate acuminate unequally serrate, white to- mentose beneath, middle foliole cordate trifid, some small pinnules interjected ovate sessile,' stipules small, panicle interrupted coarclate Apalachian mts. a beautiful sp. 1 or 2 feet high, flowers white. 298. BucHNERA LEvicAULis Raf. stem vir- gate fistular quite smooth,above naked angular, leaves remote narrow lanceolate entire acute rough, spike short flowers alternate— Florida, a very distinct sp. stem 2 feet high very slender and smooth, leaves small uncial opposite sessile, spike uncial, flowers few small sessile alternate, bracts ovate acute half length of corolla. This with 266 and 267, increase to 4 our N. Amer. sp. they have probably all been blended in B, americana which is quite distinct by roughness and opposite flowers &c. They are all estiva), growing in glades out of woods, and dry black in herbarium. 299. ECLIPTA of L. a good Monograph of this Genus is much wanted, I shall attempt 40 NORTH AMERICAN it for our N. Am. sp increased to 6, while our botanists know only 2 or 3, and blend half a dozen with E, erecta of South America, quite different from ours. These plants are estival or autumnal, all annual, with a similar habit of opposite sessile leaves, flowers often axillary and geminate. All have the perianthe biserial, many narrow rays and the seeds naked ; with a bristly phoranthe, whereby they differ from Bellis^ and the habit is totally unlike ; but some sp. are stated to have besides a small bristly pappus, such are jE. procumbens of Elliot and my JE. ciliata fl. I^ud. which therefore approx- imate to Verhesina and Galinsoga^ and are perhaps two peculiar Genera Paleista and Ca- cotanis. As to E. brachypoda Mx. which was Amellus carolinianus Walter, with pen- tandrous florets, no one else has seen it since, not even Elliot, and it will perhaps be found also a peculiar Genus or a Paleista. 300. EcLiPTA LONGiFOLiA Raf. stcm erect slender weak trichotome nearly smooth, leaves sessile long lanceolate, acute at both ends, uni- nerve remotely serrate, nearly smooth, flowers erect axillary and terminal 2 or 3 together, pe- duncles unequal hispid, sepals of perianthe un- equal oval or lanceolate acute ciliolate — a very distinct sp. from E, erecta mistaken for it by nearly all the botanists, growing from Florida to New Jersey near streams, lately found by me near Philadelphia at the mouth of the Schuylkill, Stem 2 or 3 feet high, leaves re- mote 4 to 8 inches long, hardly one broad, flowers whitish autumnal, seeds brown 4gone, obovate. I add for contrast the others JE. erecta ! 301. EcLiPTA DUBiA Raf. E. erecta Pursh, NEOPHYTOJT. 41 Elliot &,c erect dichotomy strigose, leaves sess- ile lanceolate base attenuate, remote serrate, triplinerve, flowers geminate, peduncles long, sepals of perianthe ovate acuminate — Virginia to Florida in gravelly soils, flowers estival: thus very different from last, but I have not seen it, it may have been badly described, there- fore is dubious. 302. EcLiPTA FLExuosA Raf. E. erecta L. ^. Stem erect nearly simple hirsute subflex- uose, leaves sessile lanceolate undulate une- qually serrate triplinerve, flowers 2 or 3, pedun- cles wooly, sepals of perianthe ovate — in Guy- ana and South America, biennial 2 or 3 feet high, thus totally unlike the two above. 303. EcLiPTA TiNCTORiA Raf. E, erecta Wild. Pers. ^c. stem erect strigose, leaves ses- ftle oblong lanceolate remote serrate — in Asia and Egypt, used to die black, certainly differ- ent again from all the American sp. but requir- ing a better description. 304. EcLiPTA SIMPLEX Raf. stem erect sim- ple strigose above, lower leaves ov at oblong ob- tuse petiolate, upper oblong or lanceolate ses- sile acute uninerve, subentire, hardly strigose nearly smooth, flowers solitary axillary or ter- minal, sepals of perianthe ovatoblong acute — sent me from Alabama and Tennessee as E, proeumbens although quite erect. A small sp semipedal, with few leaves and flowers, leaves 1 or 2 inches long. 305. EcLiPTA SULCATA Raf. stem erect tri- chotome sulcate nearly smooth, leaves narrow lanceolate sessile acute, subserrate in the mid- dle, nearly smooth, peduncles geminate une- qual hispid, sepals of perianthe ovate lanceo- late acute — Louisiana, sent me by Riddell as G 42 NORTH AMERICAN the E. procumbens ? nearer my longifolia, but leaves only 2 or 3 inches long, stem sulcate, sepals broader but not acuminate as in E. dubia. 306. EcLiPTA DiciioTOMA Raf. E. erecta Nuttal in Collins herb, stem erect dichotome smooth, leaves small sessile lanceolate and oblong acute entire or subserrulatesubstrigose, flowers 2 or 3 axillary and terminal, peduncles short subhispid, sepals ovate acute. Arkanzas, found by Nuttal, mistaken also for E, erecta^ quite distinct, stem slender 3 or 4 feet high, leaves remote uncial, sometimes small leaves on the lower peduncles, imitating short branches, flow^ers small smootli, seeds brown oblong sub 4gone. 307. EcLiPTA PUMiLA Raf. dwarf hispid rough, stem simple erect l-3flore, leaves sessile lanceolate acute or obtuse subentire, flowers axillary solitary, peduncle short, sepals oblong — Mts. Cumberland of East Kentucky, 1 or 2 inches high only, perhaps a deviation of E. simplex. 308. EcLiPTA NUTANS Raf. stem decumbent or assurgent flexuose trichotome rough above, leaves sessile strigose, oblong lanceolate or cun- eate hardly serrate acute uninerve, on the branches linear lanceol. entire, flowers axillary and terminal geminate nodding, peduncles very short, sepals ovate lanceolate acute — in Ken- tucky also the banks of the Ohio and Potow- mak, pedal or less, leaves small uncial, flowers very small. This has probably been the E, prociimbens of Mx and many botanists, but not of Elliot and others. It has some varieties 1 paiiciflora^ assurgent nearly simple few flow- ers, 2 diffusa leaves often cuneate below, most- NEOPHYTON. 43 ly oblong. This is the only prostrate sp. I have seen, and it is often assurgent. 309. PALEISTA Raf. Perianthe uniserial 8-lOsepals unequal serrate fimbriate, rays nu- merous 24-30 short linear 2dentate, floscules 4fid 4androus, phoranthe with fringed bristles, seeds 4gone tuberculate, crown with a thick margin and a pencil of short bristles. Pro- cumbent^ radicant branched^ leaves opposite^ fioicers commonly geminate^ — Thus this G. differs from Eclipta in perianthe, chaff and seeds. 310. Paleista procumbens Raf. Eclipta do Elliot not others. Procumbent strigose tricho- tome, leaves sessile triplinerve long lanceolate remotely serrate, peduncles elongate, 1 or 2, sepals of perianthe lanceolate acute serrate fimbriate — in Carohna and Florida in damp soils, flowers small white estival and autumnal : certainly quite distinct from my Eclipta nu- tans^ nearer to E. longifolia in some things. I add to this the doubtful E. bracliypoda not seen by me, but to contrast them. 311. Paleista? braciiypoda Raf. Eel. do. Mx (fee Amellus Carolin. Walt, prostrate di- varicate, leaves lanceolate nearly entire, pe- duncles 1-2 very short, sepals oval lanceol. floscules 5andre — in Carolina &.c perhaps a peculiar G. or subgenus to be called Brachy- voda vrostrata \ . 312! CACOTANIS Raf Perianthe conical imbricate, with many rows of sepals, many rays, chaff bristly, seeds compressed notched crowned by a few small bristles. Leaves al- ternate, flowers terminal— I united this plant to Eclipta in 1817 by a mistake, the habit is totally unlike our Ecliptas. It differs from all 44 NORTH AMERICAN the genera blended in Verhesina by many rays and bristly seeds, from Galinsoga by the pap- pus not paleaceous &c. The generic name means had herb. 313. Gacotanis ciliata Raf. Eclipta do fl, lud 214. Stem erect terete smooth, leaves al- terne sessile remote linear smooth ciliate thick — ^in West Louisiana, 2 or 3 feet high, flowers few terminal one inch broad, rays white, disk yellow. Autumnal. Smell like Cicuta^ taste acrid, deleterious. 314. CLIPTERIA Raf. Perianthe nearly uniserial 8-10 unequal sepals, phoranthe con- vex bristly, rays none, florets crowded, seeds naked. Dichotome^ leaves alternate^ flowers terminal geminate — very distinct Genus known at first sight from Eclipta by alterne leaves, and flosculose flowers. The name means defi- dent around, 315. Clipteria dichotoma Raf. stem erect smooth dichotome, branches biflore, leaves sess- ile oval oblong acute nearly entire uninerve smooth, peduncles geminate elongate, sepals of perianthe ovate long acuminate — Sent me anonymously from West Tennessee and the Chacta Country, stem bipedal, leaves and pe- duncles uncial, flowers green and small. I had first called it Eclipta levigata, but it appears a peculiar genus by habit, even if there should be short rays, my specimens have none, but the dry Ecliptas seldom show them. Could this be the Galinsoga parviflora of Mg. Catal. men- tioned by no one else.^ it is certainly not the pe- ruvian plant. 316. DIPLOSTELMA Raf, Radiate, pe- rianthe oblong turbinate imbricate sepals une- qual, margin scariose external short. Rays NEOPHYTON. 45 few oboval, floscules few tubular, phoranthc naked, seeds oblong smooth crowned by a E ble pappus external short paleaceous scariose alternate, flowers terminal^a pretty little Genus ne^v Bellis in habit, quite distinct by few rays and seeds. I find it under the nami ot Acttcarnopus (in CoHins he-b) Genus un- known to me and the name cant apply, the seeds and not the fruit being stellate. My name means a double croicn, I have 3 sp. of 317. DiPLosTELMA PUMiLA Raf. dwarf erect ramose strigose, branches angular uniflore, leaves sessile entire, lower cuneate or spatulate obtuse, lower linear cuneate acute, sepals of perianthe lanceolate acute rays about 5.— Texas and Arkanzas a small annual plant 2 to 4 mches high, with many slender branches and leaves, flowers estival, rays apparently white obtuse subentire, floscules 5 to 8 only, seeds and pappus fulvous. Found by Nuttal in Arkanzas. 318. DiPLosTELMA RADIANS Raf. strigose erect, branches filiform pauciflore, lower leaves petiolate spatulate obtuse entire, upper few li- near acute, sepals lanceolate cuspidate rays obt. 8— collected by Drummond in Texas, 6 to 8 mches high, flowers smooth, white, rays cun- eate 8 to 10, floscules fewer 4 to 7. 319. DiPLosTELMA FiLiFORMis Raf crcct, branches filiform rough, much divided, branch- lets naked uniflore, leaves entire sessile, lower cuneate obtuse, upper subulate linear short, se- .pals lanceolate fi'inged at the end, rays about 4 — collected in Texas by Drummond, sent me by Torrey without name, 6 to 8 inches high, leaves small, reduced to scales above, sepals more 46 NORTH AMERICAN scariose fewer, rays 3 to 5, floscules 4 to 5. 320. Lax ANON diversifolium Raf, quite smooth, stem and branches flexuose, radical and lower leaves narrow pinnatifid segments oblong unequal remote falcate, upper leaves graminiform obtuse entire, umbels 2-3flore, pe- duncles unequal smooth, filiform, sepals of pe- rianthe ovatoblong obtuse — in Arkanzas, col- lected by Nuttal, found in Collins herb, among the Krigias as a N. G, not named : it is a se- cond sp. of my G. Laxanon see 204. Habit of a Krigia, lower leaves similar 4 or 5 inches long, stem pedal, leaves narrow 2 or 3 inches long, the 2 last subopposite forming a kind of involucre to the small umbellule, seeds ovate oblong striate. 321. BAPTISIA Vent. &c. This fine Ge- nus of N. Amer. plants had been blended with the African Sophoras and Podalyrias till lately. Even now it includes 3 or 4 distinct Genera ! Our compilers had only 8 sp. Nuttal had added 3 hardly congeneric, 1 shall add some others, and thus we shall have 15 sp. but now distribt- ed in 4 Genera of which I will give short mo- nographs. They are Baptisia, Ripasia, La- sinia and Pericaulon which differ more in habit and characters, than from the akin Genera Podalyria^ Thermopsis, Rafnia^ Tern- pletonia, Pitcheria Slc. Baptisia Raf. calix urceolate unequally 4fid one tooth oflen emarginate, petals subequal pa- pilionaceous, vexillum emarginate revolute wings callose or toothed inside, keel subequal obtuse, stamens 10 free unequal, style curved simple, stigma obtuse. Pod stipitate ovate or globose ventricose smooth polysperm. — Peren- nial plants^ leaves trifoliate subsessile, not NEOniYTON. 47 reticulate, stipules obsolete, flowers yellow racemose or solitary terminal, bracts obso- lete, 322. Baptisia tinctoria of Authors. Raf. nied. fl. tab. 14. Smooth, much ramose, terete folioles sessile obovate rhomboidal subobtuse, racemes nodding pauciflore pod turgid ovate common plant from Canada to Louisana in woods, but it has several varieties or deviations, some of which are assuming the rank of sp. Var. 1. procumbens, 2. thamnoides, 3. parcifolia &c, estival, 323. Baptisia retusa Raf. smooth folioles obovate emarginate or retuse ample, branches uniflore — this appears entitled to be deemed a sp. the leaves are 4 times as large, the flowers twice as large, stem less ramose erect 4 feet high. Found in West Virginia and East Ken- tucky, 324. Baptisia spiierocarpa Nut, pi. rar. 52. smooth, branches angular canaliculate, folioles sessile obovate oblong obtuse retuse, racemes erect multiflore, pods subglobose — in x\rkanzas near streams, folioles uncial, flowers large deep yellow on short pedicels. In my specimens the raceme is not terminal as stated by Nuttal who first described this plant in 1834 Journ. Ac. N. Sc. 325. Baptisia albiflora Raf Alba Authors. Smooth, branches terete, leaves on short peti- ols, folioles elliptic base acute end obtuse, ra- ceme erect elongate multiflore, flowers white pods obovate — from Carolina to Alabama and Louisiana, vernal. Some Var. 1. latifolia, 2. glaiica, 3. mucronata, 4. retusa ^'C, perhaps incipient sp. but all easily known by the fine white flowers. Perhaps a peculiar subgenus JEleucia Raf- bv nods, petiolate leaves &c. 48 NORTH A3IERICAN 326. RIPASIA Raf. diff. Baptisia calix campanulate base acute, petals unequal on long claws, vexillurn shorter reflexed, wings longer, keel equal to vexillurn, stamens sube- qual, stigma acute, pod oblong terete acumi- nate. Leaves with stipules, floicers blue ra- cemose, — This Genus or subgenus is known at first sight by the flowers, calix, longer wings and pod, stipules &c. The name implies its constant locality near streams. 327. RiPAsiA CERULEA Raf. Bapt. Podalyria Sophora australis or cerulea of Authors. Smooth, branches terete, stipules lanceolate, leaves on short petiols, folioles sessile cuneate subacute, raceme erect elongate multiflore. — On the margin of rivers from the Potomak and Ohio to Louisiana and Florida, estival. Some Var. 1. obtusifolia, 2. rliomhifolia,, 3. ma- crostachya &c. 328. LASINIA Raf. diff. Baptisia, calix often hairy vexillum obcordate short, base auri- culate, wings not callose, pistil quite hairy, style also at the base, pod subsessile, hairy oblong acuminate : Perennial plants more or less hairy, leaves reticulate with stipules and flow- ers with bracts or else axillary, yellowish or greyish — This group will be easily known by the hairy habit most intense in the pistil and pod, bracts, deeply cleft vexillum &.c Michaux had 3 such hairy kinds, Elliot suspected there were more, and I shall increase them to 7 species. 329. Lasinia reticulata R. Bapt. lanceo- lata and uniflora of Authors. Stem smooth di- chotome angular sulcate, stipules minute, leaves subsessile, folioles petiolate oblong obtuse base cuneate, minutely nervose reticulate on both NE0PH¥TON. 49 sides, flowers axillary and subraceniose bracts anceolate— m Carolina, Florida and Alabama, leaves 2 or 3 inches long, flowers vernal dark jellow. 330. Lasinia FtJLVA Raf. branches terete and pubescent, stipules obsolete, leaves and fo- holes sessile, smooth oblong elliptic base acute end obtuse retuse, minutely nervose reticulate on both sides, flowers chiefly axillary, some racemose, bracts oblong hairy calix pubescent pistil and pod fulvous very hairy.— Tennessee and Arkanzas, leaves uncial, flowers small of a dull fulvous yellow. A very distinct sp. proba- bly blended among B. viUosa which includes several sp. according to Elliott. 331, Lasinia bicolor Raf. (or grandifolia) stem dichotome pubescent, leaves petiolate, sti- pules linear, folioles sessile obovate or elliptical base acute, end obtuse or emarginate, margin cihate, pubescent beneath, reticulate above, ra- cemes short ovate pauciflore— in Arkanzas and Texas, beautiful striking sp. leaves larger than in any other about 3 inches long, stipules petiols and calix pubescent, racemes with 8 or 10 flowers crowded large of a dull yellow with a large purplish spot at the base of the vexillum nearest to B. mollis of Mx. but very different from the next. 332. Lasinia pallens Raf stem sulcate nearly smooth, pubescent above, stipules lan- ceolate, leaves sessile, folioles sessile oblong cuneate obtuse emarginate pubescent beneath, racemes oblong pauciflore, calix acute — Alaba- ma and Apalachian mts. leaves biunciai, ra- ceme triuncial of 10 or 12 large flowers of a dull yellow. Still nearer L, mollis, teeth of ca- lix acute as in it, but very little hairy and not so NORTH AMERICAN at all soft. The above 4 sp. are quite distinct, and may be the B. villosa or mollis of some Authors, which I add here for contrast and comparison, although 1 have not seen them. 333. Lasinia cinerea Raf. B. villosa of Au- thors, stem and leaves beneath pubescent, sti- pules linear, leaves subsessile, folioles elliptic obtuse— in Carolina, Michaux says the flov^ers are pale, Elliot calls them grey. 334. Lasinia mollis R. Bapt. do Mx. 4*^ Quite pubescent soft decumbent, stipules lan- ceolate fdioles, leaves petiolate, folioles rhom- boidal lanceolate, calix acute — in North Caro- lina, flowers dark yellow, omitted by Elliot, dis- covered by Mx. found by Nuttal on the Cataw- ba ridge, leaves 2 inches long one wide, pod small oblong acuminate. 335. Lasinia bracteata Raf. Bapt. do Mg. Elliot, &c leucophea Nuttal &c — quite pubes- cent hispid, branches angular divaricate, leaves and folioles sessile, stipules large ovate acute, folioles cuneate obtuse, racemes multiflore se- cund, bracts large lanceolate — from Carolina to Louisiana and Missouri, fine striking sp. fo- lioles 3 inches long narrow, young leaves yel- low beneath, flowers large on long peduncles, called ochroleucous by Nuttal, grey by Elliot, they are become brown in my Specimen* Vernal. Decandole appears to have misunderstood some of these sp. he divides the bracteata and leucophea, while he deems the first the mollis of Mx. but has another mollis of Nuttal .... 336. PERICAULON Raf. caUx campanu- late unequaly 4fid, upper bidentate, petals e- qual papil. not spreading, vexillum carinate e- marginate amplectens not reflexed, stamens 10 l^EOPHYTON. 51 free equal, pistil stipitate, style curved, stigma acute, pod stipitate smooth subglobose acumi- nate swelled, seeds reniform. Leaves simple amplexicaule reticulate, flowers axillary soli- tary peduncled yellow — Genus quite distinct by habit, petals, stamens, pod &c which has been shuffled by turns into Crotalaria, Sophora^ Podalyria^ Rafnia, Baptisia ! 5 Genera . . ! my name means around stem. Perennial and vernal. 337. Pericaclon perfoliatum Raf. (5 Gen- era do of Authors !) stem terete, subramose, leaves perfoliate rounded elliptic both ends ob- tuse reticulate smooth glaucous — CaroUna to Florida, sandy hills, aspect of Buplevrum per- foliatum, flowers pale yellow. My specimens are from Kin, in Collins herb. Dillen and L. describe it with cordate ovate leaves, do they mean another sp ? P. cordatum Raf . . . 338. Pericaulon microphylum Raf. Bapti- sia do Nut. rar. 53. stem ramose, leaves sessile obovate rounded, upper amplexicaule coales- cent with rounded stipules — West Florida and Alabama, lately described by Nuttal, flowers and pod as in the last. 339. EAPLOSIA Raf. (to be simple) difl*. Pericaulon, cal. camp. 4fid subequal, petals un- equal on long claws, keel large much longer ob- tuse, wings oblong, vexiUum obovate revolute, ovary conical desinent into a strait subulate style, stigma acute smooth. Pod substipitate conical smooth. Leaves simple sessile smooth reticu- late, stipules none, flowers ra^^emose bracte- ate yellow.— P^ fine distinct Genus by habit, pe- tals, pod icijlaius llaf. (or Au- reolaria) Gerardia do L. &.c. Well known common species very branched and clammy villose, segments of calix crenate serrate or la- ciniate. Var. 1 ramosissima, 2 pumila, 3 simplex 4*c, but 2 other varieties appears to be wride deviations and incipient sp. sprung from this. 369. Panctenis pectinata Raf. Ger. pedic. var pectinata Nut. leaves ovate pectinatly sub- bipinnatifid softly villose, peduncles short, seg- ments of calix pectinate — found by Nuttal in pine woods of Carolina, by myself in pine woods of Alleghanies, sesquipedal. ' 370. Panctenis puiviila Raf. dwarf, leaves lanceolate, crenate or pectinate hardly pinnati- fid, petiols elongate, segments of calix only cre- nate — Alleghany Mts. found in bloom later than any other in Autumn, roots large thick branch- ed, stem only 3 inches high, leaves small not bipinnate, flowers as large as usual, whole plant quite hairy but not clammy. Could it be a late Autumnal shoot thus deviating to form a pecu- liar species ? 371. AGALINIS Raf. (remarkable flax.) Calix campanul. 5 dentate, often truncate, teeth subequal not obliqual. Corolla widely cam- panulate 5 lobes rounded equal obUqual often ciliate.. Stamens didyn. villose, anthers bicus- pidate at base, dehiscent lateraly. A style, stigma obtuse compressed. Capsule globose biiocular, bivalve quite split, polysperm. Chie- fiy annuals^ slender stems and leaves^ floto- ers axillary and terminal purplish — a very distinct natural Genus having fhe haJ)it of flax, 62 NORTH AMERICAN with toothed caHx and purple flowers es^ival and Autumnal, leaves and flowers chiefly oppo- site, leaves always sessile. 372. Agalinis pallstris Raf. Ger. purpu- rea L. &.C. that name applied to all. It will be known by its locality near marshes, stem branched rough 4gone, leaves broad linear rough, flowers subsessile and large, teeth of ca- lix elongate and broad. From New England to Carolina, sesquipedal. Var. Corymbosa branches crowded corymbose, 2. divaricnta slender divergent, 3 ramoslssima, 4 virgata &c, but the next appears to be distinct. 373. Agalinis longifolia Raf. stem simple 4gone smooth, leaves long linear smooth thin margin rough, flowers subsessile, teeth of calix long subulate, — Near streams New Jersey to Virginia, stem 6 to 12 inches only, while leaves 2 or 3 inches long, often alternate above, flow- ers rather large. 374. Agalims mahitima Raf. Ger. do Raf. med. rep. 1808. Nuttal 1818. G. purpurea var. crassifolia Pursh. Quite smooth, stem branched, leaves linear thick convex beneath enerve, flowers on peduncles shorter than leaves, calix crenate, teeth short obtuse — on the Sea shores from New England to Chesapeak bay. Stem 2 to 8 inches high, flowers smaller. A very distinct sp. one of the few of my early dis- coveries in 1802 adopted by our botanists. Var. \, purnila^ 2 or 3 inches high, 2 gracilis less branched slender leaves remote. 375. Agalinis virgata Raf quite smooth, stem simple virgate angular, leaves adpressed narrow linear, flowers racemose opposite on short peduncles, teeth of calix short acute — glades of Pine woods in South New Jersey near NEOPIIYTOX. 63 Mallica Hill ^-c, annual, estival,6 to 15 inches high, leaves short semiuncial equal to interno- des, shorter or remote above, flowers size of A maritima, peduncles eqnal to calix. This is most likely the erecta of Walter. 376. Agalinis corymbosa Raf. stem smooth angular filiform branches terminal corymbose virgate leaves adpressed setaceous linear sca- brous with a thick nerve, flowers alternate sub- sessile, teeth of calix broad acute— Carolina and Florida, stem 1 or 2 feet very slender, leaves small semiuncial, flowers rather large! It appear to differ from the G. plukeneti of El- liot by the leaves, rough and broader, less branches, shorter peduncles and alternate flowers. 377. Agalinis plukeneti Raf. Ger. do El- liot. Pluk. phyt. t. 12. f. 4, not seen by me, ap- pears to differ from last by stem much branch- ed, setaceous smooth leaves, peduncles longer. Carolina. 378. Agalinis perennis Raf. Ger. linifolia Nut. El. iA!STHERA LANCEOLATA Raf. Erinus ! africanus Miihl. stem simple hirsute, leaves lan- ceolate acute entire pubescent, flowers subsess- ile, segments of calix ovate lanceolate pubes- cent — A very rare plant deemed doubtful be- cause never described. In Pensylv. and Ca- rolina, my specimen of Collins herb, w^as collec- ted by Dr. Cleaver in New Jersey, it is annual only 4 inches high, with a thick stem of a dark purple, leaves few small 4 to 8 lines long, flow- ers large, size of Agalinis tenuifolia, calix sub- foliose, corolla smooth. Never met by me in 25 years of researches! 388. TOMANTHERA? AITRICULATA Raf, Gcr- ardia do Mx. and all our copists, who have never seen it nor described it ! by Michaux short account it differs by stem nearly simple very rough, leaves ovate lanceolate auriculate, flowers quite sessile — in Illinois and also Loui- siana : I have not seen it and it must be better described. 389. DASISTEMA Raf. J. Sc. phys. 1819. Calix urcsolate ofid, segments unequal foliace- ous dentate. Corolla with a short thick tube wooly inside, limb rotate 5lobed, lobes subequal concave wooly at the bottom. Stamens 4 didyn short wooly, anthers mutic smooth, a 5th sterile stamen, style short, stigma clavate. Capsule as in Aureolaria, seeds winged. PerennialSy leaves dimded opposite, flowers spicate brae- tea te yellow, — This N, G. of mine disc. 1818 published 1819 with my 50 N. G. is quite pe- NEOPHYION. 67 culiar baving the calix of Panctenis, but sta- mens unlike all. 3G0, Dasistema auriciilata Raf. quite vil- jose, stem 4gone ramose, leaves pctiolatebroad- \y lanceolate, the lower auriculate at hasc, me- dial truncate at base, upper acute at base, all crenate serrate subobtuse, bracts sessile ova- loblong, flowers subsessile, calix crenate— on the banks of R. Ohio in West Kentucky and Illinois, estival, fine plant 3 or 4 feet hi^h, leaves 2 to 4 inches long, flowers large golden yellow. 391. Dasistema MAcnoPKYLLA Raf. Seyme- ria do Nuttal ^-c Erinus pinnatif ? Mg. stein ramose, leaves nearly smooth subsessile, lower elongate pinnatifid or sinuate, upper lanceolate entire, flowers subsessile, segments of calix en- tire ovate — found by Nuttal in Ohio, I have his specimen in Collins herb, whereby I have as- certained what I already surmised, that it is really a sp. of this Genus and not Seymeria, Nuttal says the stamens are smooth, but involv- ed in the wool of the base, he meant the an- thers, the filaments being also wooly. Tall plant, leaves 3 to 6 inches long, flowers yellow. 392. SEYMERIA Pursh. ArzEHAGm. not Smith. Calix camp, deeply 5fid. subequal. co- rolla rotate campanulate deeply 51obed, lobes subeqnal, stamens 4 very short subequal quite smooth, except at insertion subsessile deflexed anthers oblong smooth emarginate, incumbent, two equal cells opening by ovate terminal pores. Style filiform declined, stigma obtuse. Capsule bivalve ovate 21oc. polysperm, seeds minute. Annuals^ leaves opp, and alt. small divided^ fiowers axillary yellow — a very distinct Genus mistaken by Nuttal who gave the character out CS NORTH AMERICAN of his S. macrophyUa, the stamens and pores are quite different. Elliot has better uuder- stood the characters and the 3 sp. which I all possess. 393. Seymeria tenuifolia Pursh. N. E. &c. Afzelia cassioides Gm. Gerardia afzelia Mx. branches terete rough, leaves smooth setaceous lower pectinate pinnatifid, upper subentire, flow- ers racemose, peduncles subequal to leaves, seg- ments of calix linear — Carolina to Alabama, Btem 3 or 4 feet (Elliot) much branched, small slender leaves, calix quite cupular at base with rounded sinusses and linear segments, corolla with purple dots inside, segments oblong obtuse, capsule smooth. 394. Seymeria pectin ata Pursh 4*^, Vis- cose pubescent leaves pectinate pinnatifid, seg- ments of calix cuneate— Carolina to Florida, although Nuttal calls this common, Elliot did not see it, and I have fewer specimens than of the last. Branched, leaves short, calix with deeper and broader segments, sinusses obtuse, corolla and capsule pubescent. 395. Seymeria heterophyla Raf. S. jack- soni E. viscose pubescent, branches virgate, leaves oblong lanceolate, lower pinnatifid seg- ments oblong the last larger, upper leaves en- tire or auriculate, peduncles equal thereto, seg- ments of calix oblong deeply parted— a very distinct sp. which Elliot deemed doubtful. Ala- bama and Georgia, my specimen from Leconte C. H, 2 to 4 feet high, branches incurved sub- terete, leaves minute very short, calix almost Sparted, corolla small segments ovate obtuse, style short. ^ ,. ^ 396. DASANTHERA Raf 1817. Calix 5 parted unequal, corolla campanul. 51obed une* NEOPHYTON. 69 qual, stamens 4 unequal, anthers villose. Leaves opposite serrate^ flowers purple — to complete the compared account of all the Gerardias I add this Genus, with some others not seen by me,^and very little known, which must be des- cribed better hereafter. This appears medial between Aureolnria and Dnsistema, but the calix and purple corollas differ from both. 397. Dasanthera fruticos a R.Gerard ia do Pursh &c shrubby, leaves lanceol. serrate sub- petiolate, flowers racemose bracteate. — Origon Mts. only seen dry by Pursh and Torrey. 398. Dasanthera? cuneifolia Raf. Ger, do Pursh ^c perennial, branches erect, leaves cuneate unequaly serrate, upper alternate, pe- duncles axillary longer than leaves or bracts — Florida, disc, by Bartram but not his flammea, of doubtful Gjenus not even seen by Elliot. Ca- lix 5parted and purple flowers. 399. PAGESIA Raf. fl. lud. calix Sparted unequal, upper segment larger, corolla tube ventricose limb rotate bilabiate, upper lip re- flexed flat emarginate, lower trilobe. Stam 4 didyn. style and stigma simple, capsule as in Aureolaria. Leaves oppos, sessile^ flowers ra- cemose ichite — This G. of mine 1817 is akin to all the above, but distinct by the calix bilabiate, white corolla 4«c. 400. Pagesia leucantha Raf fl. lud. 149. Stem weak decumbent 4gone ramose, leaves sessile ovatoblong serrulate smooth, axils biau- riculate, flowers racemose on long peduncles, segments of calix striate — in West Louisiana and Texas probably, disc, by Robin, many weak stems pedal, white smooth flowers, cap- sule oval polysperm. This may be the white flowered Ger, auriculata of Louisiana hinted at by some botanists. 70 NORTH AMERICAX 401. OVOSTIMA Raf. Cal. campanul. 5 fid, segments unequal leafy entire. Corolla tubular ventricose smooth limb large spread- ing with 5 lobes subequal rounded. Stamens 4 didjn. included, filaments subequal smooth ; anthers obtuse base sagittate bifid bicuspidate 21ocul. opening latera!y,sutures pubescent. Style elongate strait, stigma capitate ovatoblong acute nodding. Capsule small inclosed.. jP^- rennial? leaven opposite petiolate, flowers axillary white — a singular Genus partaking of the characters of many akin, but distinct by calix, stigma and white flowers as in Pagesia* The name means ovate stigma. 402. OvosTiMA PETioLATA Raf. quito smooth stem simple terete purplish, leaves opp. petio- late oblong lanceolate both ends acute, lower repand or with remote unequal obtuse teeth, up- per subentire, flowers subsessile, segments of ca- lix ovatoblong — Florida or Alabama, received without name with many other rare plants. I first called it Aureolaria pallida, but have been able to ascertain it since as a N. G. near Pa- gesia ; I have not the ripe fruit however. Stem sesquipedal, leaves thin pale beneath 2 or 3 inches long, flowers large nearly 2 inches long, segments of calix longer than camp, base, co- rolla thin apparently white or very pale ochro- leucous. 403. RUSSELTA Jaq. Jus. W. not of Lin. junior which is Vahlia. Calix Sparted, corolla tubulose limb spreading bilabiate, upper lip emarginate, lower longer trilobe stamens 4 didyn. inclosed. Capsule acum. subuniloc? valves inflexed. Leaves oppos, peduncles ax^ illary flowers red or scarlet — this fine tropi- cal Genus must be added to our F4ora. Gal*- IVEOPHITON. 7i Tf/^' o""^,^^^'^^^ '^ Jussieu united thereto by W. 1 differs by calix 5M, tube ventricose be- low and capsule globose. i^o'*' Htissema juivcea. Zuc. in bot. reg. 177J. Branches 4gone erect virgate, leaves minute petiolate ovate subentire, peduncles fdi- form subbiflore— Texas and Mexico, ilowers scarlet. 405. RussELiA FLAMMEA Raf. Gcrardia do Bartr. trav p. 412. stem ramose pyramidal, leaves lanceolate '{ flowers in a pyramidal Ibli- ose panicle— Alabama, indicated 60 years ago by Bartram, and still not in any work nor gar- den as yet: although a splendid plant 4 feet high, crowded with large scarlet flowers, tubu- lar and bilabiate ; theVefore referable to this Genus, unless it is a new one to be called Fla- MARIA COCCINEA Raf. 406. MACR ANTHER A Torrey 1835. Con- radia Nuttal 1834 but not of Martins. Calix deeply 5M, corolla tubular border 5fid sube- qual. Stamens 4 subequal exserted, filaments hairy, anthers linear sagittate. Style long fili- form, stigma simple or bifid. Capsule ovate acum. polysperm, as in Aureolaria. Peren- nials, leaves opposite divided, flowers axilla- ry racemose yelloiv on long reflexed incurved peduncles. — I adopt the nam'e of Torrey in- stead of Oonradia already twice emploved, by myself in 1825 for my Leptiiix Neog. 25 for the American Tofieldas, sec Abama 1st part, and also by Martius, Macranthera is not however a very good name as the anthers are not very k)ng, the name of Toxorus (Raf.) meaning in- curved peduncles would have been better, but the 2 sp. known (and there may be more) ap- 72 NORTH AMERICAN pear types of two subgenera differing hsPnnc* tenis and Aureolaria. 407. Macranthera leconti Torrey (or Toxopus gymnanthes Raf.) leaves smooth pe- tiolate ovate lanceol. sinuate pinnatifid, bracts and segments of calix linear lanceolate entire in Florida and on the R. Alatamaka, 2 or 3 feet high, flowers atitumnal deep yellow. Tor- rey states the stigma to be simple and yet his figure shows it quite bifid and bilamellar. 408. Macranthera fuschioides T. Benth (or Toxopus calycinus or Tomilix bracteata Rat) Conradia Nut. rar. 41. fig. Smooth leaves petiolate lanceolate sublyrate pinnatifid, bracts ovate sinuate, segments of calix lanceo- late unequal foliose serrate — in' Alabama, fine large plant with golden flowers, the calix is nearly as in Panctenis, and the stigma certain- ly simple, these two characters indicate a sub- genus if not a Genus ! my Tomilix meaning cut calyx. 409. APENTOSTERA Raf. (no fiflh ste- rile) Calix 5parted subequal, corolla yentricose campanul. bilabiate, upper lip erect bilobe, low- er trilobe. Stamens 4 didyn. anthers villose, no fifth sterile filament. Capsule ovate acute, seeds angular not winged. Leaves opposite, flowers axillary, racemose purplish — this N. 'G. of Origon is probably fecond in sp. It links the Gerardia group with the Pentostemon. Totaly unlike our real Chlonanthus (chelone) having the corolla convex short and winged seedsr Pentostemon which now includes a crowd of sp. that must be divided into 5 Gen- era, differ by the fifth filament and various co- rollas. Also near to Pagesia. 410. Apentostera secundiflora Raf. Pen- NKOPIIYTON. ^M tost, scouleri Lind. bot. reg. 1277. Suffruti cose, leaves cuneate serrate, upper linear o .' tuse entire, flowers subracemose secund— Or gon large purple flowers. Akin to Dasanthe- ra fruticosa 397. ^^^dnuie- 411. Apentostera triflora Raf. Chelone' nemorosa Lind. bot. reg. 1211. Horbaceous, leaves ovate acum. serrate, upper amplex. cor- date peduncles axiHary triflore-Origon, quite snmlar to the last in the structure of fl;wers! yet put into a different Genus by Lindlev ' 412 LEPTEIRIS Raf, (.^.inute sterile) cahx 5parted, corolla tubulose incurved beard- ed mside Jinib 51obed siibequal. A minute ru- diment of a fifth sterile stamen. Leaves oppos narrow, flowers glomerate terticiUaie w/iUish —another and nearer link to Pentostemon, dis- tinct from It by corolla and habit quite pecu- liar : akin to Russelia and Pagesia. 413. Lepteiris parviflora Raf. Pentoste- mon micranthum Nut. cat. 83. Smooth, leaves linear lanceol. acute entire subamplex. flowers spicate paniculate glomerate in whorls, seg- ments of calix lanceolate— Origon, stem slen- der pedal, seen dry, collected by Wyeth. I must end here this long survey of the Gen- era akin to Gerardia, without attempting yet all those akin to Pentostemon. They are fur- ther removed from Digitalis to which Nuttal compared them. Thus we have already 12 Gen- era and 40 sp. of plants akin to Gerardia or once added thereto, many of which are quite rare plants seldom seen by our botanists ; some are beautiful and yet hardly known in Gardens. There must be others in the Missouri and Ori- gon regions. It is a fact that in this tribe the colors of flowers indicate Genera ! I have not 10 74 NEOPHYTON yet seen the labor of Hooker on the Gerardia. 414. ScHWALBEA Americana L. Slc. I have several specimens of this fine and rare plant, collected from New Jersey to Carolina ; yet I never could meet it myself in 25 years of botanical herborizations ! I mention this to show again how easy it is for careless botanists to overlook my new and rare plants or blend them with others, if such plants escape my keen re- searches. Well described by Elliot. The al- ternate leaves and capsule with partition form- ed by the valves, remove this G. from the group of Gerardias. MONOCOTYLES. Although 1 wish to be concise I have been compelled to dwell upon some Genera impro- perly known, and thus give again monographs instead of mere insulated new species ; this plan will be preferred by those who like to compare the whole at once. Having till now described Dicotyles only, I now mean to give some new or rare Monocotyles in the remain- der of this second part of my Fora ; the third part whereof will be chiefly upon trees and shrubs. 415. UNISEMA Raf. 180S. Med. fl, 1830. Fl. tell. 6. Beautiful distinct Genus of mine bas- ed on the various species blended in Pontede- ria cordata ! with a fruit quite peculiar simi- lar to Grasses ! which our botanists have hesi- tated to adopt, altho' they kneic it was good, having verified the fruit ! — Perigone corolli- form bilabiate 6fid, stamens 6 unequal filiform MONOCOTYLES. 75 incurved. Style filiform, stigma simple. Fruit a single oblong seed covered by the marcescent 6 ribbed perigone, perisperm farinaceous, em- bryo fleshy central terete. Aquatic plants, roots fleshy creeping, leaves radical petiolate, stem unifoliate articulate, spadix terminal spicate with a vaginal s,patha below the base, flowers ftZwe.— Thus quite a natural Genus, widely different from Pontederia and the akin Genera Kadakia, Carigola, Gomphima, Piaro- pus, Lunania or Endolimna see my flora tell. This forms the type of a peculiar family Unis- EMiDEs 1815 near to Aroides and Typhacea, the spike is a real spadix. I have given a long history of this G. in my Medical flora. 416. Unisema deltifolia Raf. m. fl. fig. 93. Radical leaves oblong deltoid obtuse, base acute or truncate, stem leaf subsessile similar undu- late base subreniform ; spike terete, peduncle subequal to spatha, segments of flowers oval obtuse — in West Kentucky, Tennessee, Ala- bama and Florida. Stem 3 feet, leaves 5 to 8 inches long, spke 3 inches. 417. Unisema peduncularis Raf purshiana? Raf. m. fl. (angustifolia ? Pursh) This differs from last by leaves truncate or subcordate the stem leaf on a long petiol, the peduncle of the spike twice or thrice as long as the spatha, seg- ments of flower linear lanceolate — Carolina to Florida. Spike shorter hardly 2 inches, Var. parvifolia, leaves 3 or 4 inches long only, spike only one inch, peduncle and petiols not quite so long. My specimens of both have all obtuse leaves, none are acute. 418. Unisema media Raf m. fl. 3. Leaves oblong cordate obtuse consimilar, spike terete peduncle longer than spatha, segments oblong 70 NEOPHYTON obtuse — New York to Carolina, called P. an- gustif. by many, not at all deltoid, lobes deep rounded, breadth of leaves about one third of length, spikes 2 or 3 inches long. Var. angus- tifolia leaves still narrower, Var. albijiora with white flowers. 419. Unisema acutifolia Raf. 6 P. cordata Lamark. Leaves cordate acute, spike terete, segments oval oblong — Carolina found by H osc, I have not seen it yet, is it a Var. of U. lati- foHa ? 420. Unisema heterophylla Raf. 8. Leaves oblong lanceolate obtuse, base subcordate or truncate, stem leaf cordate on long petiol, spike oblong, peduncle equal to spatha, segments li- near oblong — New York to Louisiana, found at Trenton falls of Delaware and on the R. Ohio, a small plant, 12 to 18 inches high, leaves 1 to 3 inches long very narrow, therefore the P. an- gustif. of some botanists. Var. lanceolata^ 2 stenocardia, 421. Unis. lancifolia Raf. fl. tex. 27. Pont, lanceolata Mg. Elliot. Leaves linear lanceol. base rounded or acute, end acute — Florida to Texas. Leaves 3 or 4 inches long broader than in last, sometimes ovatoblong, but really acute. 422. Unis. obliquata Raf. m. fl. 4. Leaves more or less obliqual with unequal sides, obtuse oblong cordate or subhastate, spikes ovatoblong peduncles equal to spatha, segments linear ob- tuse—from New Jersey to Virginia, about 2 feet high, leaves 4 to 6 inches long, spikes one inch. 423. Unis. latifolia Raf. 5. Pont, cordata of most botanists. Leaves ovate broadly and deeply cordate very obtuse, spike oblong terete MONOCOTYLES. 77 peduncle equal to spatha, segments oval — the most common kind from New Jersey to Flori- da, in marshes and streams, 3 to 5 feet high, leaves nearly as broad as long. Var. 1. Elatlor, 2 undulata, 3 pallida^ 4 albijlora *^c, 424. Unis. mucronata Raf. 1808 m. fl. 7. Leaves narrow oblong, base broader cordate ; end with a long obtuse point, spike terete, seg- ments oblong — found by Mr. Kingston in Vir- ginia 1800, seen in his herbal. 425. Urns. ROTUNDiFOLiA Raf. m. fl. 9. Leaves rounded obtuse hardly cordate at base, spike oblong, segments oval — Kentucky and Illinois. Stem weak, one foot high, leaves small about 2 inches. Not the Ponted, rotundif. of Linneus and South America,which appears the real type of Pontederia having a trilocular capsule. — Thus I have increased this fine Genus to 10 sp. and they may be more : to deem them mere varieties would be preposterous ; but they may be specific deviations of a single original type. These plants Vvcre called Wampi by the Indi- ans and the seeds eaten by them. They are now called Pickerelweed in the Northern States. The articulated stem at the leaf aLd spatha is similar to that of those Amaryllis lately divided on that score. 426. CLINTONIA Raf. 18l7,18l9.Anals 1820 Med. fl, 1830,atL j. 1832,adopted by Beck 1833; not the Clintonia of Lindley 1829 which is my Gynampsis 1833— Beautiful distinct G. of mine indicated since 1817 in my reviews, described in 1819 in Silliman's Journal and 50 M. G. of plants : it is formed by the plants blended in Dracena borealis and since united to Conval- laria and Smilacina ! that have quite a pecu- liar habit and a bilocular berry, striking char- acter common with Styrandra, but this has only 78 NEOPHYTON 4 stamens. See my med. flora article Sigillaria, and my flora tellur. for the Genera blended in Convallaria and Dracena. The characters of Clintonia are perigone coroUiform Cparted campan. deciduous, 6 stamens inserted at the base, filiform, anthers oblonj^, style compressed, stigma bilobe compressed. Berry bilocular, cells pol}^ sperm. Roots creeping perennial^ stem scapose leafy at the base only, flowers terminal geminate or umbellate whitish, ber- ries blue — they are rare plants of the Canada region and the highest Mountains, flowers ver- nal, called Ciiscum by the Linapian tribes. Dedicated to my friend the worthy D. Clinton a worthy Philosopher, Naturahst and Botanist as eminent as Jefferson. Beck reduces the sp. to C. borealis and multiflora which are each the type of a subgenus, but include several sp. and varieties, that I have carefuly studied. 427. Subgenus Cuscu3iia Raf. (or Podani- siA if too barbarous) flowers 2 to 5 no bracts, sepals oblong or lanceolate opening like a bell, style equal or longer than stamens, stigma bi- lobed. Only 2 or 3 leaves, flowers ochroleu- cous, peduncles unequal, 428. Subgenus Onyxula Raf flowers um- bellate 7 to 15 with one or more minute bracts, sepals unguiculate or base attenuated, claws erect, limb oboval spreadihg or rotate, style shorter than stamens, stigma notched. Several leaves 4 to 7 subradical, flowers white, pe- duncles eqaal, 429. Clintonia (Cusc) biflora Raf Three similar leaves elliptic cuneate acuminate cili- ate, scape smooth elongate biflore, peduncles erect unequal, sepals lanceolate obtuse berries rounded — Apalachian Mts. or Southern Alle- MONOCOTYLES. 79 ghanies, flowers medial whitish, style longer than stamens, stigma quite bilobe, leaves 5 or 6 inches long, scape 7 to 8. 430. CL biflora Var. humilis differs by smaller leaves more cuneate, 3 to 4 inches long, scape 4 to 5. 431. Cl, (Cusc) triflora Raf. Leaves 3 dissimilar unequal, 2 elliptical, 1 lanceoL smal- ler, all ciliate acute, scape pubescent elongate trifiore, peduncles unequal pubescent erect, se- pals oblong obtuse berries globular — Mts. Alle- ghanies on rocks in summits of ridges, humble, leaves 4 to 5 inches long, scape 5 to 6, flowers pale, commonly 2 peduncles opposite shorter in- curved with nodding flowers, one erect longer. Var. tridens, the peduncles subequal like a tri- dent. 432. Cl. (Cusc) angustifolia Raf. subcau- lescent, leaves 3 similar alternate elongate nar- row cuneate lanceol. acumin. ciliate, scape smooth subequal to leaves,commonly 5flore, peduncles unequal flexuose, sepals oblong ob- tuse, berries globular — summits of Central and Northern Alleghanies, larger plant nearly pe- dal, with narrow leaves 8 to 10 inches long and only one wide, flowers smaller than in the two last, but berries larger. 433. Cl. (Cusc) falcata Raf. Leaves 3 dis- similar, 2 broad lanceol. acum. one narrow lan- ceol acute falcate, all smooth like scape elon- gate 3-4flore, peduncles subequal erect, berries oblong — found only once in fruit on the summit of the Oquago Mts. leaves equal in length about 6 inches, scape 9 inches, peduncles- elongate uncial fastigiate. 434. CL falcata Var.tridens. Raf, 2 leaves radical elliptical lanceol. one on the stem quite 80 I^EOPHYTON narrow falcate, scape triflore, peduncles pubes- cent shaped like a trident. Also on the Oqua- go nits. 435. Cl. (Cusc) podaxisia Raf. annals 118. Leaves 3 similar elliptical acute ciliate, scape pubescent double of leaves, umbel 4-5flore pu- bescent, peduncles very unequal mostly incurv- ed, flowers ereet, sepals lanceolate acute, ber- ries globular. — summit of Backbone mts. of Al- leghanies, leaves 4 inches long, scape 8 inches, flowers large whitish. 436. Cl. (Cusc) nutans Raf. 1819. borealis Beck 1833. Convallaria and Smilacina bore- alis of some botanists P. N. E. not in Mx. nor Torrey. Subcaulescent, leaves 3 to 4 similar obovate or broadly elliptical acuminate ciliate, scape longer 5-6flore smooth, peduncles une- qual nodding, sepals oblong obtuse, style shor- ter, berries oblong — Kiskanom and Oquago mts. Alleghanies of Pennsylv. and the most common kind, yet not seen or overlooked by some botanists, quite distinct from the last by larger flowers not white but yellowish; and o- blong berries as in Cl. falcata, 8 to 10 inches high. A fine specimen has 3 leaves and 6 flowers.' 437. CL nutans Var, hifolia Raf. differs by 2 leaves, umbel 4flore, peduncles erect sube- qual. Mt. Pocono of Alleghanies. 438. C/. nutans var. Jlexipes Raf diflTer leaves twin long elliptic acute, scape flexuolate elongate 3flore, peduncles pubescent unequal flexuose, berries ovate oblong. Mts. Tuscoro- ra and Mahantango of Alleghanies, scape pe- dal, flowers pale. Perhaps rather a var. of Cl. triflora. 439. Cl. (Cusc) ophioglossoides Raf. cau- MONOCOTYLES. 81 lescent, only one radical leaf obovate acute ci- liate, a stem leaf smaller oblong lanceol. acute, scape pubescent 4t]ore, peduncles pubescent un- equal, 2 shorter incurved, 2 longer erect, ber- ries globular— Sent me from Michigan, semi- pedal, leaves 3 or 4 inches. Is it a var. or de- viation of CI. podanisia ? 440. Cl. (Cusc) latifolia Raf Leaves 4 similar short broad subovate abruptly acum. ci- liate, scape elongate 4flore, smooth, peduncles erect subequal, sepals oblong, obtuse, style e- longate, berries oblong— Alts. Taconick and hills of New England, probably in Canada also, scape pedal, leaves 4 to 6 inche.-;, flowers ochro- leucous larger even than in Cl. nutans, with style longer than flower, a large bilobe stigma, leaves really broadly ov&l. 441. Cl. (Cusc) biumbella Raf Leaves 3-4 similar elliptical cihate, scape with 2 umbels the lateral 2-3flore, the terminal 4flore, pedun- cles smooth unequal, petals lanceolate obtuse, berries globular and oboval — Mts. Alleghany, pedal, fruits singular unequal in size and shape. 442. Cl. biumhella Var, aitoni Raf CI. ai- toni Raf atl. J. p. 120. Dracena borealis Ait. Andr. repos. t. 206. Leaves undulate not cili- ate ? scape flexuose, 2 umbels 3-4flore nodding berries globular — from Canada and Hudson Bay, cultivated in England. Is it a peculiar sp. to be called CL undulata or Aitoni ? the figure in Andrews represents the stigma as o- blique truncate dilatate emarginate. 443. Cluvtonia (Onyxula) pauviflora Raf annals 117. Leaves 5'(j elliptical or lanceo- late acuminate, margin and nerves ciliate, scape equal to leaves pubescent, umbel 5-6flore bract obsolete, peduncles erect equals sepals ungui- 11 82 NEOPHYTOIf culate spatulate obtuse, berries globular. — Sum- mit of the Central Alleghanies of Maryland, only found once in 1818 on a single rock, small plant 4 or 5 inches high, flowers snowy white not spotted very small, limb of sepals rotate obovate. Certainly distinct from all the next. 444. Clintonia (Onyx.) oDORATARaf. Dra- cena borealis Big. Comal, umbel. Mx. Eat. Smilacina do. P. N. E. T. Leaves oblong elliptical with an obtuse point, ciliate, but nerves smooth, scape elongate pubescent above, umbel multiflore 9-l5flore, a short oblong bract, pedun- cles subequal, sepals unguiculate spatulate un- dulate ovatoblong obtuse, berries globular — Mountain bogs from Canada to Carolina says Beck, never met by me, my specimen is from Collins H. and has only 9 flowers, they are white and small but larger than the last, Mi- chaux says they are odorous and have some red dots ; no other kind is odorous. This is the only sp. known or acknowledged by Torrey and others, who have never travelled in the Mts. in the vernal season, 445. CL odorata var, decantha R. my CI. decantha of atl. J. only differ by 10 flowers pe- tals lanceolate (acute i) 4 leaves oblong acute. — In the Mts. of Virginia, seen drv. 446. CL odorata var. muUljiora Raf my CI. multifl. of atl. J, only differs by leaves large efliptical acute, scape pedal smooth, umbel of 12 to \5 flowers, white sepals obovate acute ? — Seen in the herb, of Torrey as Conval. um- bellata, from Canada, is it odorous ? is it rath- er a var. of the next sp? 447. Clintonia (Onyx) fulva Raf Leaves ample cuneate elliptical acumin. glaucous cili- ate, nerves smooth, soape subequal sulcate cos- MONOCOTYLES. 83 tate, pubescent above, umbel multiflore (16) peduncles unequal some forked fulvous villose, bracts obsolete sepals unguiculate ovatoblong acute, berries globular — found in Collins herb, as Conv, umbel, certainly not the same as the last, distinct by leaves, scape sulcate, larger flowers nearly as large as in CI. podanisia, ap- parently fulvous or nankin color, leaves 8 inches long. 448. Clintonia (Onyx) glomerata Raf. Leaves 3-4 similar obovate elliptical obtuse ci- liate, scape equal villose above, umbel multi- flore, bract lanceolate elongate, flowers subses- sile glomerate pubescent — Apalachian and Wasioto Mts. my specimens have the flowers not quite unfolded with a longer bract. Only 3 to 4 inches high, quite distinct by obtuse leaves and sessile hairy flowers. — Thus I have noticed about 20 sp. or striking var. of this pretty G. I had only 7 in my remarks of 1832. None of our Botanists know them, because rare vernal and alpine ; or when seen mistaken for a single kind ! yet I venture to say they all ori- ginate from 4 or 5 original types. 449. ETHEOSANTHES Raf. Neog. 42. fl. tell. 27. Near Tradescantia, difference Ca- lix and Corolla unequal, one petal larger con- cave,stamens 6 unequal curved villose, 3 longer. Stem ramose^ flowers racemose without spa- fjias — a fine Genus described by me as early as 1825, seen alive since 1820 in the gardens of Kentucky where received from Louisiana. I collected 50 specimens and have sent it to all my correspondents. I sometimes spelt the name Eothinanthes, both mean evanescent flowers. 450. Etheosantues ciliata Raf. stem erect 84 NEOPHYTON dichotome, leaves ovate acute undulate ciliate, flowers racemose secund. — Texas and Louisi- ana, fine plant 3 feet high, leaves 2 or 3 inches long, flowers large blue, the 3 petals are quite evanescent, lasting only one hour expanded to- wards noon, but the calix is persistent as in Tradescantia. See in fl. tellur. my reform of the Genera blended in Tradescantia ; without attempting to give a complete Monograph of our real Tradescantias (which now amount to about 15 species:) I shall here chiefly enu- merate my new species and varieties. 451. Tradescantia Virginica L. this well known linnean sp. may be known by the lan- ceolate smooth leaves, long foliose involucre of multiflore umbels and villose calix ; but so many sp. and var. are blended with it in gar- dens and herbals that it is needful to attend to many other differences, as will be seen below in my New sp. 452. Trad, Vircrinica Var. alba. Hooker b. m. 3501. this white flower variety is not my Tr, ohiensis. 453. Trad, ohiensis Raf. precis 146. Leaves flat linear acute smooth, umbel multiflore, in- volucre longer than flowers, calix smooth. — In Ohio, flowers white, described in 1814 from a specimen of Dencke given me by Vanvleck, but I have not met it in Ohio, and it may be a var. of my Tr. levie-ata. 454. Trad, mrginica Var, purpurea Raf. differ by leaves narrow^ lanceolate, (> to 10 in- ches long, umbel pauciflore ^-^^. petals purple — seen only in gardens, not met spontaneous, yet probably a peculiar sp. Tr, purpurea. 455. Trod, virgin var, harhata Raf. differ by umbel, pauciflore 5-6fl. calix smooth except MONOCOTYLES. 85 a tuft of hairs at the tip— very different from my TV. harbata, only seen in gardens, leaves broad, involucre'^' large long not bearded. 456. Trad, virgin, var. ramosa Raf. 3 to 4 feet high much branched, with large leaves and fiovv^ers. Another garden variety. 457. Trad, virgin, var. afigustifolia Raf Probably the real type of Virginica, since the most frequently found wild by me on the R. Schuylkill, the hills of Maryland and Virginia. Stem simple pedal, leaves linear lanceolate very long, longer than stem, 6 to 9 inches, flat and margin ciliate at the base. Umbel multiflore 6-12flowers nodding, 2 foliose involucre flat subequal 3 to 4 inches long, peduncles and ca- lix pilose, flowers rather small, vernal m May. Roots perennial fasciculate. If a peculiar sp. it may be called Tr. ciliata. 458. Trad, levigata Raf. Quite smooth ra- mose, leaves narrow lanceolate elongate flat glaucescent, base dilatate undulate and vagi- nate, umbels terminal and axillary multiflore glomerate, involucres foliose lanceol. unequal, calix smooth glaucous or incarnate — in the A- palachian Mts. of Virginia and Carolina, intro- duced in our gardens, 2 feet high, very pretty, flowers blue. A var. incarnata has flesh co- lored flowers. 459. Trad, barbata Ri^f. Smooth simple, leaves linear lanceol. canaliculate pale elongate erect ; umbel pauciflore involucre subunifoliate very short, peduncles unequal erect ; calix bearded at the tip as well as the involucres — Illinois and West Kentucky, pedal, flowers blue 4 to 5. Several varieties. 460. Trad, barbata var. pumila Raf diff. semipedal, invol. bifoliate base swelled. Ken- tucky. 86 NEOPHYTOIC. 461. Trad, harhata var. trachiloma Ra£ Diff. Leaves and invol. rough or subciliolate on the margins, two invol. very unequal. Ken- 462. Trad, canamculata Raf. atl. J. p. 150. Quite smooth simple slender, leaves slender linear narrow canaliculate, falcate um- bel pauciflore, invol. short flat very unequal, flowers smooth nodding.— In Kentucky and Missouri; estival blue flowers, stem pedal, dif- ferent from Tr. levigata by narrow hollow fal- cate leaves few flowers &c, described since 1832 in Atlantic Journal. 463. Trad, rupestris Raf. atl. J. 150. Simple smooth, leaves elongate narrow canali- culate, umbel multiflore, invol. foliose divari- cate very long, peduncles pilose — Cliffs of Ohio and Wabash R. it has the leaves like the last and flowers like 457. Estival pedal. 464. Trad, brevicaulis Raf. atl. J. 150. Stem simple very short flexuose, leaves much longer narrow nearly flat carinate, sheaths ta- bular ciliate, umbel pauciflore, invol. similar to leaves, peduncles and calix very pilose— Illi- nois and Kentucky, stem 5 to 6 inches high, flowers blue and small vernal. 465. Trad, pumila Raf. Nearly stemless quite pilose, scape l-2inches strait, leaves few lanceolate ciliate, umbel multifl. 8-12fl. involu- cres foliose subequal larger and broader than leaves, pilose, peduncles filiform unequal pilose, calix pilose — a very fine singular sp. found near the Kentucky R. in abundance in a single spot in 1821. Quite dwarf and with long soft hairs, sometimes quite scapose, leaves longer than stem radical commonly 2 with membran. sheaths. Flowers quite large blue vernal. MONOCOTYLES. 87 ^Qooi'^'^t''' ^^^^SA Lehman 1827. Hook. b. m. J2yi. fetem flexuose nodose villose above leaves broadly lanceol. undulate pilose, umbels terminal multiflore, involucres foliose, pedun- L^ n?^^^^ villose.— Louisiana and Florida. 467. Trad. AXILLARIS Raf. subaspera? Lo- diges cab. flexuosa Raf. atl. J. 150. Stem ra- mose sulcate often flexuose, leaves broad lan- ceolate flat pubescent pale beneath, margin rough, umbels axillary subsessile, involucres lanceol. short peduncles and calix villose,— In Central and West Kentucky, estival, flowers dark blue handsome, stem 2 or 3 feet high, leaves one inch broad 4 to 6 long, rather rigid. Var. flexuosa^ stem dichotome zigzag. 2 sub- aspera leaves roughly pubescent, 468. Trad, discolor Raf. virginica var, pi- losa Lindl. hot. reg. 1055 ? Stem strait pilose simple, leaves lanceolate divaricate ciliate,glau- cous and pilose beneath, umbel terminal mul- tiflore lax, involucres foliose divergent, pedun- cles short nodding pilose like the calix — In Florida and Alabama, stem pedal and bipedal leaves like the last, but thin, smooth above, not rigid nor rough. Var, ramosa, branched, leaves narrow lanceolate. 469. Trad, reflexa Raf. Quite smooth, stem subramose slender purplish, leaves remote narrow lanceol. falcate* flat, sheaths swelled, umbels multiflore glomerate, the rameal with unifoliate involucre, the terminal with 2 foliose falcate reflexed invol. peduncles often reflexed, calix ciliate at the end — Alabama, sent me as Tr. virginica ! near to levigata and barbata, distinct by few leaves far apart 6 to 8 inches long only half inch broad, pale beneath, stem 1 or 2 88 NEOPHYTON feet high, flowers small, umbels crowded 12 to 24 flowers. 470. T/ad, reflexa var. drepisia Raf. din. umbels pauciflore 6-8fl. 2 invol, quite equal fal cate. Alabama. 471. Trad, rosea Mx. Carolina to Louisi- ana, very distinct sp. by many short involucres, smooth graminiform leaves and rosate flowers. 472. Trad, rosea var. pauciflora Raf. Tr. graminifolia Raf. atl. J. 148. differs by few un- equal flowers in the umbel. Florida and Ala- bama. 473. Trad, divaricata Raf. atl. J. 148. Leaves remote divaricate oblong lanceolate, umbels multiflore, invol. 2 subequal lanceol. di- varicate, caHx smooth. — In Florida, near the next, but quite smooth and umbels different. Seen in the herbal collected by Gates. 474. Trad, rip aria Raf stem simple, leaves oblong lanceolate flat abreviate smooth, base and sheaths ciliate, single terminal umbel 3-5 flore, involucre 2-3foliose subequal, peduncles short erect caHx bearded— a very distinct and rare sp. only found once in 1818, in the bed of Green R. in Kentucky near the mouth of it, and since received from Alabama ; it has the habit of a Commelina, the stem only 6 to 10 in- ches high, leaves shorter than in any other kind 1 to 3 inches long, thin and smooth, invol. sim- ilar, flowers pale blue as in Commelina, estival, blossoming in August. 475. DioscoREA megaptera Raf scandent, leaves alternate smooth cordate acuminate 7 to 9 nerved, petiols elongate spikes axillary ra- mose lax, fruit large uncial fulvous rounded with 3 wide wings — in Kentucky, estival, near to D. villosa but smooth and fruit unconnnonly MONOCOTYLES. 89 large, emarginate at base, leaves pa^e beneath. This tropical Genus extending to N. America has there many more sp. only two were known, I shall add 6, they have all perennial thick roots called yams. 476. DioscoREA HEXAPHYiLA Raf. crect, leaves whorled by 6 on very long petiols, sub- cordate shortly acuminate smooth glaucous be- neath with 11 fulvous nerves, spikes whorled ramose filiform, flowers often geminate — Apal- achian Mts. of Virginia, stem rigid brown tri- pedal. Near to D. quaternata, first leaves op- posite. 477. DioscoREA REPANDA Raf. stem flexuose scandent, leaves whorled by 4 below, alternate above, petiols equal to leaves filiform sulcate hairy above, leaves smooth ovate acuminate base reniform, margin repand, beneath glau- cous 11 nerved, spikes short, capsules small fus- cate — Virginia and Alabama in hills, leaves large truly repand hardly cordate, apex falcate acuminate. 478. DioscoREA LONGiFOLiA Raf scandent, leaves ovatoblong base deeply cordate, lobes elongate proximate, apex acuminate, smooth concolor 5nerved, lateral forked — sent me from Alabama without flowery, leaves 6 inches long 3 broad. 479. DioscoREA sATivA L. cult, in Florida, and perhaps wild also. 480. DioscoREA btjlbifera L. The sp. was found at Mobile by Bartram (trav. p. 439) cul- tivated 60 years ago. It is remarkable by the large kidney bulbs 1 to 3 together axillary of leaves, tasting like the Yam root. My speci- mens have large cordate leaves 8 to 10 inches long, quite smooth acum. with 7 nerves lateral forked. 12 90 NEOPIIYTOIf 481. PROVENZALIA Adansonl'TeS.Raf. fl. tel. 679. Calla L. and Authors which is root of Cala-dium. Cala-mus <^c Of this bo- real G. only one sp. is admitted said to be com- mon to both continents, but I shall now describe 4. C. ethiopica is a peculiar Genus, which I call Otosma ; C oculta of Loureiro another that I call Spirospatiia, see fl. tel. Calla ought to have been written Callaion ! see Smith. 482. PROvE^zALIA (or Callaion) palustris Raf. Leaves similar cordate subacuminate, scape equal to petiols, spatha ovate cuspidate — in boreal Europe and America, Canada, ^c. Var. 1. parvifolia leaves uncial. 483. Provenzalia (or Callaion) heterophy- LA Raf. Leaves dissimilar reniform or cordate acute, or rounded cordate obtuse, scape equal to petiols, spatha elliptic cuspidate — Hudson bay and Sibiria. probably also Origon, rhizome or radicant stem articulated with fibres, leaves on long petiols unequal in size and shapes from 1 to 3 inches long or broad. 484. Provenz. (or Callaion) brevis Raf. Leaves ovate base subcordate subobliqual, apex acuminate, petiols very long, scape very short, spatha elliptic retuse cuspidate — Lakes and Swamps of the Alleghanies, Mt. Pocono and others. Roots fibrose matted very long, petiols thick 6 to 8 inches long, leaves 3 to 4 inches long, scape about 3 inches high. 485. Provenz. (or Callaion) bispatha Raf. Leaves ovate base cordate end obtuse or hard- ly acute, scape equal to petiols, spatha double large ovate acuminate not cuspidate, divari- cate — from Origon collected by Walton, pe- tiols and scapes thick : flowers very peculiar by the double divergent spathas (anomaly in the family of Aroides) foliaceous2 or 3 inches long MONOCOTYLES. 91 base amplexic. subalternate, spadix large ellip- tic, leaves 4 inches long, 3 broad. Tliis shall form mv subg. Callaion. 486. Typha crassa Raf. atl. J. p. 148. lati- folia of Arner. hot. not L. stem humble foliose, leaves equal to stem, flat ahove, convex be- neath at the base and not vaginatc, end obtuse, spikes united and thick subequal, a bract be- tween them ovate lanceol. membranaceous — Canada to Maryland and Missouri. Stem only 3 to 4 feet high, spikes 4 to 6 inches long, one inch thick, lower brown very dense, leaves half inch bmad. In marshes as all the sp. 487. Typhaelatior Raf atl. J. p. 148. la- tifolia Elliot and Southern botanists not L. stem gigantic, leaves shorter broad flat base vagi- nate, end acute, spikes confluent terete without spatha — Carolina to Kentucky, 6 to 10 feet high, stem round solid and smooth, leaves one inch broad. These 2 sp. are certainly differ- ent from the latifoha of Europe. 488. Typiia spiralis Raf atl. J. p. 148, la- tifolia Sw. Lunan i^c. Leaves spiraly contor- ted, ensiform and vaginate at the base, end flat thick obtuse, spikes annexed each with a spa- tha — Florida, Cuba and Jamaica, mistaken also there for the latifolia, diflerent from T. do- mingensis. 489. Typha gracilis Raf angustifoha of Amer. bot. not L. stem slender, leaves equal narrow flat glaucous acute, beneath hardly con- vex and striated, spikes subequal slender wide- ly divided without spathas— New Jersey to Vir- ginia in marshes and near streams, 4 to 6 in- ches long, divided by a bare space of 2 or :i inches. t ^ at 490. Typha angustifolia L. <^*c. luy spe- cimens of this European sp.diff'or from the last 92 NEOPHTTON by very long leaves 3 or ^ feet long, thus longer than stem less glaucous, same breadth but concave or canaliculate above, beneath quite convex and subangular, spikes unequal, lower or female 8 or 9 inches long, upper or male only 4 or 5 inches separated only by a space of one inch. There is another undescribed sp. in Origon, and several in Asia, Australia, &c, besides the T. domingensis, media and minor, all different from ours. 491. Iris floridana Raf. nearly stemless glaucous, leaves graminiform carinate trinerve not gladiate, scape uniflore shorter than leaves, petals spatulate obtuse smooth, 3 patent larger and 3 reflexed — Florida and Alabama, small 6 inches high, scape 4 inches, stigmas yellow pandurate obtuse. A striking species with small white flowers, ovary filiform striate, bract subulate. 492. Iris biixora (or virgata) Raf. stem slender virgate bisulcate biflore, leaves gladiate narrow graminiform nervose, striate, 2 spathas membran. lanceol. striate peduncles filiform, petals narrow beardless unguiculate below, tube very short. — Cheroki Mts. of Unaka, found by Mrs Gambold, Collins Herb, stem bipedal quite virgate few leaves, upper very short, spatha convolute acute subequal, ovary oblong, tricos- tate pinched above at the union with the co- rolla that is hardly tubular at base, flowers mid- dle size, petals pale blue cuneate obtuse, the 3 inner petals not much shorter, stigmas or rather styles deeply divided to the base similar to pe- tals but bifid at end. By this and corolla al- most a subgenus to be called Stenilis. If bi- flora is preocupied it will be my I. virgata. 493. Iris convoluta Raf. stem slender te- MONOCOTYLES. 93 rete uniflore, leaves s^encjer convolute striate mucronate, spatli^ bWtiHe striate, peli»«s beard- less subequal oblong end ilabellate, stigmas lan- ceolate acute — Arkanzas and Texas, another very peculiar sp. of this fine genus, one or 2 feet high, leaves long but shorter than stem, spatha convolute elongate inclosing the long ovary, flower large versicolor, petals fulvous edged w^ith white, large end rounded tinged with blue like the stigmas. 494. Iris bkevicaulis Raf. fi. lud. 55. stem angular pauciftore very short flexuose, leaves gladiate very long, terminal flowers geminate, spathas bivalve lanceol. equal to flowers, petals and stigmas beardless narrow subequal — Louis- iana to West Kentucky, seen alive 1823, disc. by Robin long before, neglected as usual by our botanists. Stem only 6 to 10 inches 3-5 flora, leaves 12 to 18 inches, mostly radical, flowers very Inrge vernal, white with blue tin- ges and base yellow, capsules hexagone. 495. Iris glumacea Raf. stem angular fls- tular flexuose pauciflore, leaves shorter gladi- ate striate, flowers solitary and geminate, spa- thas 3-5valve glumaceous ovate, petals beard- less spatulate spreading yellowish white — Glades of Alleghany Mts. akin to last, yet ver^ distinct by broad glumaceous spathas, 3 petals much smaller, tube of corolla slender elongate. 496. Iris glumacea var. angustifolia Raf. diff* by stem not flexuose, leaves narrow gladi- ate, 2 or 3 flowers, spathas fulvous, petals pale yellow — in the glades of Illinois, if a peculiar sp. it may be called i. pallens. 497. Iris aurea Raf. atl. J. p. 80, Stem strait biflore, leaves longer broadly gladiate, end acum. falcate, flowers geminate beardless, 3 petals obovate entire, 3 lanceolate undulate, 94 NEOPHYTON. Stigmas dilatate notched — in the ponds of high Alleghanies, discovered by Mr. Carr on the Pocono Mi, and brought by him to Bartrams garden, where seen alive and compared w^ith /• pseudacorus very akin, but w^ith bifid toothed stigmas. 3 or 4 feet high, flowers small golden yellow, the 3 inner petals shorter than stigmas, equal to anthers,capsules oblong deeply sulcate. 498. Iris fulva Mg. cuprea P. N. E. ru- bescens Raf fl. lud, 56. This sp. of Louisiana is easily known by its flowers of a coppery or brick red color. I have seen it alive in gar- dens since 1817 and ascertained that my I. ru- bescens was only a var. of it with leaves rather longer, and flowers darker brick red. Vernal. 499. Iris lacustris Nut. Dwarfish creeping stemless uniflore, leaves longer glaucous narrow gladiate,spatha convolute lanceol. acum. shorter than tube, petals beardless obovate subequal 3 patent spotted, 3 erect, stigmas shorter bifid dentate — On Lake Erie &.c, disc, by Nuttal, found by me again 1825 and seen also in gar- dens, vernal in May. Scape only one inch high, flower 3 to 4 inches long, tube rather lon- ger than sepals, ftov/er with a faint iris smell, of a violaceous color w ith a large saffron spot on 3 petals and dark dots on the claws and base of sepals. Leaves strait erect 6 to 10 inches long, ofl;en marginated with white. My des- cription is original and made on the living plants. 500. Iris tripetala Walt. El. Hooker b. mag. 2886. tridentata Pitrsh. A fine rare sp. from Carolina and Florida, easily known by the narrow leaves and 3 inner sepals very short tridentate. Well described by Elliot and Hook- er, my specimen is from ElHot ; the flower ap- pears blueish, the 3 large sepals unguiculate, end flabellate, the 3 smaller reflexed. MONOCOTYLES. 95 Thus I have given here lo sp. of Iris, either new or quite rare; this account doubles our knowledge of this GenuT of which we have now about 20 sp. I possess nearly al^the iTke L Inrtf^'^'T''^ 3 often blended Jjke the 3 next) versicolor, prismatica, gracilis, hexa^ona iTmT' "^r^'/^^T fig--d ^y Hoolfer 3343 and Lind! ley 1218. These two last are from Origon. I shall perhaps resume a monograph of this pretty genus. ^ APPENDIX. My Genus DiPLosTELMA 316 which Nuttal had wron'rjv reduced to Mtinocarpus in Collins herb, (there is no su^'ch genus, he meant probably Actinospermum of Elliot) has been described by him under the name Chetanthera m his new plafits 78, without any reference to former name' whence it escaped my notice ; but he has only one sp. Ch, asteroides fa bad name) which is my Dipl. pumila, the rays are violet and the blossoms are vernal. I have added 2 othei sp. and my name is the best, although Nuttal's dates of 1834, Chetanthe- ra means bristly anthers, while this is not the case, he ought to have named it Chetopappus, but as the pappus is double and different mine is the best and must be retained. INDEX OF GExNERA. SUBGENERA and SYNONYMS of this NEOPHYTON, Synonyms are in Italics— References to the numbers. Afzelia 392, Agalinis 371 to 385. Alatipes 357. Aliseta 233. Apentostera 409 to 41 1 Arnica 236. Asarum 221 to 224. Aureolaria360to366. Baptisia 321 to 341.** Bellis 237 to 240. Brunella 256 to 2G5. Buchnera 266,267,298. Cacotanis 312, Calla 481. Calystegia 255. Capsella 248 to 254, Chetanthera^ Apx. Chlonanthes ) 220. Chelone v Clintonia 426.' Clipteria 314. Comandra 269 to 273. Conradia 406. Crotalaria 344 to 357. ( uphea 268. Cuscumia 427. Cytisus 343. Dasanthera 396-8 Dasistema 389 to 391. Desmodium 216. 96 INDEX, Dioscorea 475 to 480. Diplostelma 316 to 319, Apx. Drepilia 342. Dracena 426. Eaplosia 339 to 341. Eclipta 299 to 315. Epatitis 205, Erinus3S7.39L Etheosanthes 449. Eustachya 227. Galeopsis 226. Galinsoga 314. Geranium 275-6. Gerardia 358 to 388. Hedyotis 225. Hydrastis 274. locaulon 345 to 357. Iris 491 to 500. Isanthus 277-9. l^asinia 328 to 335. Laxanon 203 to 320. Leptandra 227. Lepteiris 412. Lobelia 209 to 214. Lophanthera 359. Macranthera 406. Menyanthes 218-19. Myctanthes 228-30. Nymphea 208. Odoglossa 201. Oriyxula 427. Otosma 481. Ovostima 401. Oxalis 246-7. Pagesia 399, 400. Paleista 309-11. Panctenis 367 to 370. Parthenium 241 to 244, 280. Pentostemon 409 to 412. Pericaulon 336 to 338. Peritris 234. Phryma 289 to 292. Podalyria 321 to 341. Pontederia 415 to 425, Provenzalia 481 to 485, Rafnia 336. Ripasia 326. Ropalon 207. Russelia 403 to 405. Schwalbea 414. Seymeria 391 to 395. Smilacina 426 &c. Sophora 321 to 343. Spirea 293-7. Spirospatha 481. Stenilis 492. Thecanisia 293-7. Thermopsis 343. Thlaspi 248 ^-c. Tomanthera 386-8. Tomilix 408. Toxopus 406. Tradescantia 451 to 474. Triosteum 281 to 288. Tropitoma 21 6. Typha486to490. Unisema 415 to 425. Urtica 245. END OF SECOND PART. NEW FLORA OF NORTH AMERICA. BY PROF. RAFINESQUE. THIRD PART. New Sylva. PHILADELPHIA 1836. NEW SYLVA. NEW FLORA AND BOTANY OF NORTH AMERICA. BEING A SUPPLEMENTAL. FLORA, To the various Floras and Botanical Works of Michaux, Muhlenberg, Pursh, Nuttal, El- hot, Torrey, Beck, Eaton, Bigelow, Barton, Robin, Hooker, Riddell, Darli^igton, Schweinitz Gibbs, &.C. Besides the great works of Linneus, Wilde- now, Vahl, Vitman, Persoon, Larnark, Decan- dole, Sprengel, Jussieu, Adanson, Necker, Lindley, &c. Containing nearly 500 additional or revised New Genera, and 1500 additional or corrected New Species, illustrated by figures in AUTIKON BOTAJVIKON. BY C. S. RAFINESaUE, A. M.— PH. D. Prof, of Botany, the historical and natural sciences — Member of many learned Societies of Paris, Vienna. Bonn, Bruxelles, Bordeaux, Zurich, Naples, &c. and in Philadelphia, New York, Cincinati, Lexington, &c. The Floral wealth in this wide land concealed. Will be at last by learned care revealed. PHILADELPHIA: PRINTED FOB THE AUTIIOH AND PUBLISUEK. 1836. NEW SYLVA OF NORTH AMERICA. Or the New and revised Trees, Shrubs and Vines observed, collected, and ascertain- ed or corrected between 1802 and 1836, by C. S. Rafinesque ^'C : all figured in my Au- TiKON and IcoNEs unless otherwise stated. The Trees and Shrubs of North America have received very early attention, because they could usually be cultivated in Europe in the open grounds; several were introduced there long ago : Duhamel wrote chiefly upon them about one hundred years ago. Michaux and his son were sent to collect them for the public nurseries of France. Bartram and Mar- shall collected them here for English nurseries, and Marshall published in Philadelphia about 50 years ago, a general account of those known to him. He was followed and improved upon by Castiglione in Italy and Vangenheim in Germany, who both wrote on North American Trees and Shrubs, publishing figures of many. In England Miller, Trew, Catesby c hardly any are shrubby in North America, while so many are such elsewhere. Our shrubby Vines belong chiefly to Sarmen- tacea, Rhamnides, Bignonides, Woodbines, Smilacea ^c. All the tribes of European and Siberian trees or shrubs are found also in North America,and nearly all their Genera likewise, except the Heaths, Daphnes, and a few others. But the American Sylva can boast of a greater num- ber of species in all the Genera, with several peculiar tribes and many American Genera; such as Liriodendron, Magnolia, Asimina.Ara- lia, Catalpia, Hamamelis, Fothergiila, Gordo- nia, Dirca, Diervilla, Comptonia, Hicoria, x\- morpha, Gleditsia, Robinia, Cladrastis, Chi- onanthus, Cephalanthus Slc. It is very remarkable that nearly all the A- merican trees, and shrubs except some boreal 2 10 NEW ?fVLVA Willows, Brambles, Currants, Vacciniums <^c are specifically distinct from their congeneric kinds in Europe. The same i'act appears in N» W. America and Origon, where most are dis- tinct from the Asiatic Species. In that region the prevailing Genera are Salix, Populus, Abies, Pinus, Ribes, Rubus, Yaccinium, Crategus^ Cactus, Prunus, Querciis, Aker, Juniperus, Fraxinus &^c with but few peculiar Genera ; but we lack as yet a proper account of all the sylvan productions of that region, and even many trees have not been described, much less the shrubs and vines, Vihicii are very abund- ant. Trees and shrubs may be known by their fo- liage as well as flowers ; in fact they are thus distinguished by Gardeners and the ignorant: their blooming is generally very short, but the seeds or fruits last longer, and are good indica- tions of G enera. Even their bark and wood is of use to discriminate them. It is always im- portant to notice if the leaves are opposite or alternate, distichal or spiral, simple or com- pound, entire or jagged (fee, since these pecu- liarities of frondose habit almost always indi- cate generic distinctions. The North American Mountains cradles of our trees had been disguised by nicknames and mistaken heights, generally estimated too low. I shall restore and use throughout this work the original names. Thus I call the highest by the oldest name of Ohigon (which means hollow noisy ground or Mts. Oitgovimk in Linapi) those misnamed rocky Mts. shining Mts. and Chipewyan Mts. the snowy peaks of which rise 20 to 25 thousand feet. — I'he Apalachian Mts. are the Southern xVUeghanics, the highest be- Ol NORTH AMKUICA. 1] *ngthe Unaka or Iron Mts. of North Carolina, their Western ridges are the Wasioto Mts. vulgarly Cumberland Mts : the lofty KisKcuunn and Oquago Mts are the N. K. end of the Al- leghanies nicknamed Catskill : the MatUman Mts. are those highlands broken through by the Hudson, and East becoming the TaconicM\.s, The Saranac Mts. are those at the head of the Hudson R. misnamed Peru Mts. The Wapanunk are the White Mts. highest of New England with naked or unwooded summits, a rarity in this continent. NEW SYLVA. 501. XEROMALON Raf. calix adherent globular, disk hairy, crown 5parted, sepals une- qual fohaceous persistent serrate. Petals 5 oboval concave subequal. Stamens 15 perigyne subequal erect, subulate, base nearly monadel- phous, anthers bilocular elliptical. Ovary ad- herent, styles 5 filiform distinct, stigmas capi- tate truncate. Fruit umbiiicate crowned a dry hard ponium, inside 5iocular Sseeded, seeds cartilaginous oblong compressed nearly winged around. Shrub tclih alternate leaces and terminal flowers — This Genus has atlini- ties with Vyrus^ Aronia^ Mespilus^ Crategus Slc, being of same family : it differs from all by the unequal calix, 15 stamens, and dry fruit ; the seeds are nearest Arovia,, yet I apprehend it has been blended with Crategus. if already described elsewhere ; but I could not find any sp. to agree. Discovered 1818, the name means dry apple. Only one species; but all ♦Ha sn, of Crategus and Mespilus with serrate 12 NEW SYLVA or laciniate calyx must be compared, and per- haps are akin ,or form another Glenus near this: Cr. parmfolia is nearest, but is thorny with va- riable leaves, solitary fleshy fruits, with 5 or 6 laciniate sepals, reflexed oblong neither ner- vose nor acuminate. Cr. tomentosa of the South is a different sp. Cr» pyrifolia has co- rymbs and 3 styles only. I shall return on these in my monograph of the Pomaceous tribe. 502. X. OBOVATUM Raf. Autikon. Branches round inerme pnbescent above, leaves subses- sile obovate unequally serrate, base entire, end acute, lucid above, puberulent beneath ; pedun- cles terminal pubescent commonly geminate, bracts sessile lanceolate dentate, sepals spread- ing ovate lanceolate acuminate nervose serrate puberulent, fruit globose semirugose — a small shrub hardly 2 feet high, flowers white blossom- ing in June, fruit redish rather large. Found on the summit of the Alleghany Mts. in Mary- land only twice in June and October 1818. Seen no where else, probably growing also fur- ther South in the Apalachian Mts. of Virginia. 503. NESTRONIA Raf. Dioical. male fl. calix campanulate quadrifid, segments ovate obtuse spreading. Petals none. Stamens 4, inserted at the summit of the tube, opposite to segments but shorter, filaments linear flat, an- thers oval bilocular dehiscence pubescent. Ovary totaly lacking. Fern. fl. . . Fruit monosperm Drupe ? iShnfb tcith opposite leaves, and multiflore peduncles — singular new Genus, the name is derived from Knestron greek name of Daphne, since although the female plant is lacking, I have little doubt by the free calix that it belongs to the Daphnidia family and has OF NORTH AMERICA. 13 a free one seeded berry. It will be with Dir- ca and Lagetta the tliird American Genus of it ; but by the 4 stamens and opposite leaves, it is nearest to Struthiola, that differs however by caHx filiform, Sglands and is not dioical. Two types if both are congeneric. 504. N. UMBELLULA Raf. Autikon. Anony- mos Boyken in Collins herb. — Branches hardly 4gone, leaves on short petiols, ovate rhomboi- dal acute at both ends, very entire and very smooth, thin membranaceous ; peduncles ax- illary longer that petiols 3-5flowered umbellate, partial equal to calix — discovered by Dr, Boy- ken in Georgia, but not named, probably found also in Florida : a small shrub, branches brown leaves unequal very thin, one or two inches long, flowers small, probably somewhat yellow- ish, brownish when dry. 505. Nestronia? tjndulata Raf. Physic nut or Indian olive, Bartr. trav. p. 41. leaves broad lanceolate on short petiols : entire undulate smooth, drupes solitary pedunculate yellow olive like — I refer to this new Genus, a small shrub 2 or 3 feet high found 60 years ago by Bartram in the hills of Georgia, and omitted by all our Betanists. Bartram only saw the fruit, and if I am right in my conjectures we have thus the fruit of Nestronia. Before obtaining N, urn- hellula I had considered that it was a new Olea or Adelia of Michaux ; but it agrees with none while it agrees much better with my Nestro- nia, although still a peculiar species by nar- rower undulate leaves. The fruits are yellow like an olive on long slender erect peduncles, Bartram says it was used by the Indians as a charm to entice game. These two shrubs may be easily distinguished at first sight from Nyssa 14 NEW SYLVA and Hamiitonia by the opposite leaves. I sus- pect that the Rkamnus / cuneatus of Hooker flora and Origon may be a third sp. having op- posite leaves it can be no Rhamnus ! Hooker did not even see the unfolded flowers. It might be called N, cuneata Raf. leaves petiolate cun- eate entire, smooth above, pubescent beneath, branches rusty pubescent, fl. capitate axillary peduncled bracteate. 206. Celasirus acuminatus Raf. Autikon, an C. myrtifolius ? L. ad Virg. not Jamaica ! erect? branches subangular, leaves petiolate ovate or oblong, serrulate, base acute obliquate, end long acuminate falcate ; flowers terminal racemose paniculate peduncles ramose — disco- vered in 1825 in the Apalachian Mts, of Vir- ginia, where also Linneus indicates the locality of the C, mijrtifoUus 'y but this Jamaica plant of Sloane diflers by ovate acute leaves not acu- minate nor oblique. Both C. imjrtif alius and hullatus are omitted or denyed by our compi- lers, but the last is now cultivated in Europe, and has entire oval leaves. Because Nuttal and Elliot have not yet found them, they are doubted ; let them be sought where they grow, in the Unaka Mts. This is a tall weak shrub with thin smooth leaves larger than in C. scandcns 3 to 5 inches long, the lower oval, the upper nearly lanceolate, flowers white size and form of C, scandcns^ raceme not simple but compound. 507. Amoupiia punctata Raf. Autikon. Smooth, folioles elliptical obtuse, but cuspidate, punctate beneath, base petiolate with a subu- late stipule ; spikes terminal curved cyhndri- cal — a fine shrub with purple flowers, folioles small, spikes 3 or 4 inches long. Discovered by Bradbury in the unj)er Missouri. OF NOKTH AMERICA. 15 508. SoRBusRiPARTARaf. Autikon. Branch- es rugose, folioles 9 to 15 obloi)<^ sessile, base oblique entire, end acute e(|ualy niucronate serrate, odd leaf petiolate broader acuminate ; corymb paniculate, berries pisiform globular. — A small tree 10 to 20 feet iii.^h, growing on the margins of Rivers, the Missouri, upper Mississippi, lower Ohio, Wabash, Illinois ; but rare. The fruit is very small commonly of a saffron color with 3 seeds oval compressed in- closed in a tough shell, and thus nearly a drupe sometimes only one seed by abortion. Near S, rnicrocarpa^ which however has folioles acum. unequally serrate, not obliquate, berries scarlet and larger. Here the folioles are 2 or 3 inches long, pale beneath, quite smooth, pe- tiols compressed at the base. The genus Mor- bus must be preserved, although some writers wrongly unite it to Fvuis : it is known at first sight by the pinnate leaves, and the calix not persistent nor crowning the fruit. It would be better to unite to it all the tristyle sp. of Cratesfus than to abolish it. 509. TRILOPUS Mitcliell, or IIAMAME- LIS Linneus, name posterior ? This G. has puzzled the Botanists, Jussieu wrongly united it to Berjjerides. It has now be made the sin- gle type of tiie Ha^ia^ielides ; but it is so near to my ScLERANTiiiDES, tliat it must probably be united thereto as a subfajnily. Only 3 species were known; besides the doubtful varieties of Walter ; but I have observed 6 species, and therefore shall no^vgive their i\Ionograph. They may be called hycmal shrubs, since they blos- som late in the autumn, after the leaves have begmi to fall. 510. I'r. or H. viRGiNicA Raf. med, fl. tab. 16 NEW SYLVA, 45. Leaves ovate and obovate obtuse repand, base obliquely cordate, smooth ; flowers sessile clustered by 3 to 5, calix and fruit pubescent— the names of Tr, or H. rlparia or hijemalis, would have been better, since it only grows on the margins of streams from New England to Carolina. It is in bloom in December and January, even when the snow is on the ground, and the fruit is ripe in the spring. Branches punctate. 511. Tr. or H. nigra Raf. Autikon. Leaves ovate and obovate, acute, repand subsinuate, base oblique obtuse not cordate, smooth and coriaceous, brown or blackish above, rusty and lucid beneath, flowers and fruits solitary. — On the Mountains Alleghany of Pensylv. and Vir- ginia, in dry hills, shrub G to 10 feet high, found in bloom in Obtober 1818. Var. CatesUana figured by Catesby, leaves ovatoblong, quite acute, serrate repand, is it a sp i^ 512. Tr. or H. estivalis Raf, Autikon. Leaves obovate acute, repand erose, base obli- qual obtuse not cordate, smooth thin and green on both sides, flowers geminate mostly axillary —small shrub 3 to 5 feet high growing in West Kentucky and probably further west also, near streams, but blossoming in July when in full leaf: these leaves are thin and not leathery as in 510. Discovered in 1818 and 1823. 513. Tr. or H. rotijndifolia Raf. Autikon H. macrophyla P. E, Leaves orbicular or broadly ovate, base obliqual subcordate, repand sinuate obtuse, beneath reticulate roughly punctate, flowers subpedicellate 3-4— A large shrub, leaves only 3 to 4 inches long, not larger than in 510, 511, thus macrophyla was a bad name. First found in Alabama by Lyon,deem- OF NORTH AMERICA. 17 ed doubtful by Elliot, but 1 have received spe- cimens from Alabama and Georgia and des- cribe it anew. The branches are round and smooth, not punctate nor geniculate as in 509, the fruit is rounded and pubescent, not sessile as in 509. 514. Tr. or H. dentata Raf. Autikon. Leaves oboval acute with unequal acute teeth, base obliqual cordate, flowers sessile clustered — In Canada and New England, flowers poly- gamous and odorous as in most species, nearest to 509, but leaves smaller while shrub larger often 10 to 12 feet high. Mistaken for H. Vir- ginica by many or for a variety. 515. Tr. or H. parvifolia Nut. R. aut. Leaves oblong obovate obtuse, undulate cre- nate, pubescent beneath, flowers agregate, ca- lix oblong colored. — Mts. Alleghany of Penn- sylvania yet very different from 210, a small shrub 3 to 5 feet high with smaller leaves : yet deemed only a var. of 509 by Eaton, Beck, T. ^•c. They will probably deem all these 6 sp. as mere varieties also : yet they have good pe- culiar characters. As to those of Walter they must yet be described, since all the species are more or less polygamous and some even dioi- caly so. See Fothergilla for other natural affinities. LONICERA or CAPRIFOLIUM. I shall begin now the account of my new or rare Loniceras or Honeysuckles by those of /his Genus, their main type. They are all ver- nal, and blossom so early that the ffowers are not easily seen in their native localities. 216. L. or C. rupestris Raf Autikon. 3 18 NEW SYLVA Smooth erect, leaves sessile obovate or round- ed, glaucous cartilaginous retuse, floral connate cycloidal ; flowers in whorls of 4 peduncles op- posite biflorc, berries oblong black- — on the lime rocks of Kentucky and Illinois, rare, seen only in. 3 localities, one at a Cave on the Elk- horn creek, o or 4 feet high, branches of a pale color. It blossoms in April, so early that I al- ways missed to sec the full bloom ; near to C. flaxum but dilFerent. 517. L. ELLiPTicA Raf. Autikon. Climbing smooth, leaves all connate elliptic obtuse glau- cous beneath subundulate not reticulate, floral connate in a single ellipse ; flowers sub§essile small purple, base gibbose — in the Apalachian Mts. of Virginia and Carolina, seen alive in gardens There are two varieties, 1 Macro- phyla with long leaves 6 inches by 3, the sec- ond Minor small leaves 2 inches by one. Does the doubtful undescribed C. ruhrum of fl. Louis. 248 belong here ? 518. L. ovATA Raf. Autikon. Climbing smooth, leaves all sessile ovate acute ; flowers in axillary pedicelate corymbs, corols incarnate tube slender — on the same Mts. Apalaches rare, only met once, leaves small, flowers middle size. 219. L. RETICULATA Raf. Autikon. Erect smooth, branches angular, leaves all connate cycloidal neither acute nor retuse, beneath white and reticulate ; flow ers axillary and ter- minal berries red — shady hills of Ohio and Mts. Wasioto of East Kentucky, very small shrub only 2 or 3 feet high, leaves ample, the lower nearly elliptical, flowers not seen, near C gra- tum^ but branches and leaves different. 520. L. ERiEiXsis Raf. Autikon. Erect, OF NORTH AMERICA. jy branches brown, villose above, leaves all ses- sile smooth ovate mucronate, fuscate above pale and reticulate beueath ; bracts ovate vil- lose, flowers vUlose outside— on the shores of Lake Erie, flowers large white and red : near to L, hirsuta but this is quite hairy with obo- vate acum. leaves, the floral connate. 521. L. AcuTiioLiA Raf. Autikon. Climb- ing flexuose smooth, leaves all connate subo- vate acute, terminal cycloidal biacute, glau- cous beneath ; flowers axillary and terminal pe- dicelate corymbose, corol small gibbose incar- nate—in the Mts, Alleghany, leaves ample 3 to 4 inches long. Near to L, pnrmjfora, and L, elUptica 516, distinct from both by acute leaves and corymbose flowers, 522. L. DENTATA Raf. Autikon. Erect smooth, leaves all connate oblong acute, re- motely toothed, glaucous beneath, terminal united like a bell biacute ; berries sessile ter- nate red at the bottom of the bell — near the last by acute leaves, yet diflbrent from all by toothed leaves. Flowers not seen. In the up- per Alleghanies and Kiskatom Mts. 523. L. ANGusTii oLiA Raf. or Kantemon do Raf, Autikon. Erect evergreen, branches round, leaves elliptic or cuneate all sessile, base acute, end obtuse, lucid above, glaucous and reticulate beneath : flowers naked verticillate, 4-6sessile, berries oval with a marginal crown — in Florida, sent to me dry in fruit. Leaves 2 inches long, some very narrow, none connate, the entire marginal calix appears to persist on the berries. Near to L, or K, clliositm, but leaves neither ciliated nor ovate nor any con- nate. This pretty Genus will thus be more than 20 NEW SYLYA. doubled by me ; we had 7 sp, L, hirsuta^ flava, parviflora, ciliosa, grata, douglasi ; besides semporvirenSy which is hardly of this Genus, and I have added 8 gp. There are also peculiar sp. in Origon of which I will add one, thus 9 sp. 224. C. HisPiDULUM Lindl. bot. reg. 1761. Hispid all over, stem weak prostrate, leaves petiolate cordate ovate obtuse glaucous be- neath, upper sessile ; umbel pedunc. stamens exerted— found by Douglass in N. W. Amer- ica, fl. red small scentless, umbels trifid, glo- merules with 2 bracts. 525. DISTEGIA Raf. Lonicera and Xylos- teon of Authors. Flowers geminate inclosed within 2 large bracts calix entire. Corolla ur- ceolate, base saccate swelled, limb unequaly 5 fid. stam. 5 subequal style filiform declinate, stigma 2-31obe, berry 2-31ocular, at maturity subunilocular 1 or 2seeded. Habit of Xylos- teum which differs by naked twin berries, coroi not swelled, stigma entire &.c. This must at any rate be a subgenus of it. Notwithstanding the restoration of Caprifolium, Xylosteum, Diervilla &c, these must again be revised. I think that Lonicera must have at last 4 sub- genera, and besides 3 N. G. out of Xylosteon. 1. Caprifolium. Calix entire corolla bilabi- ate 1-4, tube terete. 2. Cypheola Raf. diffl tube gibbose or swel- led below, as in C. parviflorum, ellipticum, acu- tifolium, hispidulum ^•c. 3. Kantemon Raf cal. Sdentate, cor. sub- equal 5fid tube fusiform or clavate. C. sem- pervirens, ciliosum, angustifolium &c, which deserve to be a Genus ! the stigma is capitate, berry 3 loc. cells 2 to 4 seeds. OF NORTH AMERICA. 2! 4. Eunemium Raf. cal. 5dent. cor. bilabi- ate 4-1, tube filiform very long, flowers gemi- nate as in Xylosteon. This also might be a Genus. The type is C. longiflorum of Nipal, Lindl. b. reg. 1232, with leaves petiolate oblong lanceolate acute smooth, fl. axill. pedunc ber- ries white. Lonicera glahrata belongs to it perhaps, although the tube is short. Meantime my G. Distegia has 2 types, Lo- nicera ledebouril and involucrata, which is my. 526. Distegia nutans Raf. Xylosteon invo- lucr. Richardson, Dec. Lonic. do Spreng. Lindl. b. reg. 1179. Leaves petiolate ovate oblong acute, pilose beneath, fl. axil, drooping — at Hudson bay and Boreal America, flowers small yellow. 527. Xylosteon puniceum Raf. Symphorea do. Loudon, Lonicera do Hooker hot. mag. 2469. Leaves cordate ovate petiolate acute concolor smooth ; peduncles axillary biflore, berries dis- tinct. — Canada, flowers red. Loudon made this a Symphoria, but it appears a Xylosteon, 528. Sympiioria heterophyla Raf. leaves petiolate ovate and obovate, lobate or entire, obtuse and acute, upper elliptical, flowers glo- merate terminal naked, berries white — from Missouri, seen alive in gardens, probably -a sin- gular deviation of S, alba our Snowberry. S, rubra is called Raccoon berry. 529. DiERviLLA LONGiFOLiA Raf. Autikou. Leaves with short petiols, oblong ovate 4 to 6 inches long, acuminate serrate, base subcor- date or obliqual, beneath glaucous reticulate peduncles 2-3flore— if this is only a variety of Diervilla canadensis, it is like the next, a wide deviation and incipient sp. A shrub 3 to 5 22 >'EW SYLVA feet high, with large leaves, and few small flow- ers, often axillary. On the Oquago Mts. of New York, north end of AUeghanies, it blos- soms late in August. 530. DiERviLLA PAiiviFOLiA Raf. stom or branches decumbent, leaves with short petiols, uncial, ovate acuminate serrulate, lower round- ed, fl. terminal subsessile 1 to 3— in the Mts. Alleghany, leaves seldom over one inch long. The real />. canadensis is a shrub of 5 to 10 feet high with ovate leaves, and trichotome co- rymbs of flowers. I noticed in this sp. or de- viation a very long style with a large stigma like the head of an Amanita, convex above, concave beneath. 531. Sapindiis acuminata Raf. S. saponaria Elliot and North Am. hot. not Lin. and Antil- les ! Leaves with 8 or 9 pairs of fblioles alter- nate lanceolate acuminate obhqual entire, pe- tiols simple striate, calix with 2 larger sepals, 4 to 6 petals lanceolate base hairy— in Florida, Carolina, Alabama dj'C, seen alive in Bartram's garden : wrongly mistaken for the Antillian sp. which is very different by winged petiol. A tree 20 to 30 feet high, pistil trigone, 3 united styles, 3 obtuse stigmas, 3 united capsules ven- tricose monosperm. The S, marginata of Wild, and Dec. found also in Florida and Georgia and the S, saponaria of Mx. differs by 6 pairs of folioles not acuminate, and half wing- ed petiols as in real S, saponaria, I have both our compilers call them both by that old name. Genus VISCUM. 532. ViscuM SEROTINUM Raf. purpur. and verticil, of some hot. stem thick terete ru- gose 2-3chotome geniculate, leaves oppo- site evergreen subpetiolate, obovate ob- tuse hardly uninerve thick; flowers trifid OF NOllTH AMERICA. 23 monoical axillary spicate, male spikes terete verticillate triandrous shorter tiiaii leaves, fe- male spikes fjlomcrate, berries snowy while. — Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, etc, parasitical shrub on trees, it blossoms late in the fall and till December, tlowers yellowish, almost simi- lar to those of Genus Osijris (see my disserta- tion,) discovered 1811), indicated 1820 as new. We have in N. Amer. at least 3 sp. of Yiscum with white berries, blended with V, album of Europe by Walter, Muhlenhero- 8cc, or with V. Jiavens and verticlllntum of South Amer. and Antilles by Pursh, Elliot &c, but quite dif- ferent from all these. This is the Western sp. the berries are snowy %vhite persistent in Wai- ter, purplish when dry; thus perhaps V. pur- pureum of some botanists. 533. ViscuM ocHROLEUCUM Raf. V. verti- cillatum Elliot Nut. Tor. not L. album Walt, not L. flavescens Pursh, Beck, not Swartz — Branches terete opposite or quternate genicu- late leaves subs'essile obovate obtuse trinerve often quaternate, spikes nearly equal to leaves axillary often 4nate, flowers 3-4 lid, 3-4andr. berries spiked yellowish white.— From New Jersey to Florida, parasitical, stem 1 or 2 feet, flowers very small vernal April and May. 531. ViscuM LEUCARPU3I Raf. fl. lud. 251. exclus. syn? stem articulate very branched, leaves opposite sessile oblong obtuse, flowers sessile axillary glomerate, glomerules pauciflore 2-3flore and 2-3berries w bite— in West Louisi- ana and Texas probably, distinct by the few flowers, probably enervate also. 535 ViscuM oBLONGiioLiuM Rat. V .rubrumf auct. Branches rugose, leaves petiolate oblong or narrow elliptic, base acute, end obtuse, se- 24 NEW SYLVA mitrinerve, rugose, spikes very short, berries solitary oblong (red Q — my specimen is from Florida, there also grow the V, rubrum of L. and Catesby, stated to have lanceolate leaves ; not seen by Elliot nor any of our Authors- Mine is now better described. 536. ViscuM RUGOSUM Raf purpureum ? of some Authors ! Branches rugose, leaves petio- late oboval or broad elliptic obtuse trinerve ru- gose ; spikes very short, berries spicate ternate or geminate oboval white, but red when dry — in Delaware and Virginia, often on the Nyssa. The V. purpureum seen by few botanists is sta- ted to have retuse avenous leaves, my speci- mens have 3 nerves reaching beyond the mid- dle of the leaves. Therefore it is evident that this Genus was quite obscure to our botanists, who had seen few species, and mistaken those seen. Neither Smith nor Elliot had seen the V. rubrum and purpureum, and only copied the errors of Lin- neus, who blends 2 or 3 species in F. purpti- reum, with purple and white berries, the sp of Plumier and the Antilles is probably the real species, yet Smith deems it the V. buxifolium. The 2 sp. of the Bahama Islands figured by Catesby appear different from all ours, and are thus. 1. F. vulram of Cat. 2. t. 81. leaves petio- late cuneate obtuse concave, berries red globu- lar spiked verticillate. 2. F. purpureum. Cat. 2. t. 95. leaves petiolate obovate obtuse enerve, berries purple turbinate racemose opposite, pe- duncles swelled. The blunders of Linneus on this Genus are egregious, see the criticism of Smith in Rees. His F. terrestre ! is a Lysimachia ! He has blended 2 sp. in V. verticillatum, the real sp. OF NOllTII AMERICA. <|5 of Jamaica is aphyllous and perhaps not of this Genus ; the other is V. huxifolium I of Smith with leaves ovate obtuse trinerve, and berries safron color. Yet our American Botanists per- sist to this day to call 2 or 3 of our species by that name ! others unite our sp. to the V. Jla- vens of Schwartz and Jamaica with ovate ve- nose leaves and yellow berries! none of our sp. have ovate leaves, they are obovate ! Such are the blunders of our best Botanists, and yet they pretend that our Botany is well known and our shrubs &.C properly named , . ! 537. DiosPYROs ciLiATA Raf. Branches di- varicate pubescent, leaves ovate and obovate or elliptic shortly acuminate, smooth above, pu- bescent beneath when young, margin ciliated, flowers axillary, solitary or geminate subsessile — Florida, seen alive in gardens, only a shrub 5 to 6 feet high, much spreading, branches te- rete ash color, leaves very unequal and various on the same branch, 1 to 3 inches long, smooth beneath when old, but always ciliate, petioles short, peduncles still shorter, calyx flat 41obed corolla ovate urceolate end 41obe, lobes broad short, stamens 8 to 12, anthers just protruding. 538. Cephalanthus obtusifolia Raf bran- ches nearly hexagone, leaves ternate petiolate ovate elliptic obtuse not acuminate, base subo- bliquate, beneath smooth yellow glaucous,nerves subpubescent — sent me from Missouri, also seen in West Kentucky : differs from both C puhescens and C acuminatiis or occidentalis. The peduncles of heads has verticillated scales the corolla is slender equal to stamens, but the style is twice as long ; flowers estival white and fragrant. It forms a shrub 5 to 6 feet high growing as the others near streams. 26 NEW SVLVA. Genus CHRYSOBALANUS. This tropical Genus near to Prunus extends^ to Florida and we have several sp. only one was known, I shall describe 4. 539. Chrysob. oblongifolius Mx. Branch- lets redish rugose, leaves subsessile oblong or subcuneate undulate, acute at both ends, lucid reticulate quite smooth, flowers terminal pani- culate, dichotome and trichotome, calix white tomentose — in Florida, leaves 3 inches long, yellowish minutely reticulate on both sides, flowers small white, calix campanulate acute, stamens smooth. Not less than 3 sp. appear to have been blended by our Authors with this. 540. Chrysobalanus retusa Raf. Branch- es dark purple leaves subsessile entire, oblong base acute, end obtuse retuse emarginate, re- ticulate and quite smooth on both sides, above coppery lucid, beneath pale yellowish less lucid — found by Nuttal in Georgia and Alabama, not named but Genus ascertained (Collins herb.) It differs from Chr. oblongifolius by the re- tuse leaves of a metalic color above, 3 to 4 inches long, ov€sr one broad, but 2 other sp. have evidently been blended by Michaux and Nuttal. 541. Chrysobalanus incanus Raf. Var. of oblongif. Mx. leaves oblong oboval, white and wooly beneath — Florida. This must certainly be distinct from the 2 above, having no speci- men I cannot describe it better. 542. Chrysobala:vus (Spondolobus) phuni- FOLius Raf. Branches smooth, leaves petio- late ovate serrulate acute at both ends, base bi- glandular, both sides smooth not reticulate; flowers racemose, raceme pauciflore, drupes oblong — from Florida, in the Herbarium of or NORTH AMERICA, 27 Collins, mistaken forBumelia! leaves small 1 inch long, qmte similar to those of Prunus ! ra- cemes terminal S-Gflore, no bracts, pedicels long, cahx broad flat campanulate 5dentate per- sistent, 5 petals obovate, stamens about 15 al- most monadelphous at the base, filaments sub- ulate, pistil on a thick thorus. oblong acute pro- minent, style lateral incurved or flexuo^e, stig- ma obtuse. I have not seen the ripe fruit, but the young fruit is unlike any Prunus being o- blong elongate acute like a pod one side strait. I have united this shrub with this Genus for the lateral style ; but it deserves to be a pecu- har subgenus by the calix, thorus, stamens &c, a connecting link with Padus, I propose to call it Spondolohus Raf, meaning plumb-pod. 543. CHRysoPHyLUM ludovicianum Raf. fi. lud. 165. C. glabrum Robin not L. Spinose, leaves oblong lanceolate acute, silky beneath, flowers fasciculate axillary — in West Louisiana and Texas, only seen by Robin, mistaken for C. glabrum of Antilles, but this has smooth leaves. Omitted by our compilers and added here to recall it to their dull memory. A shrub 8 to 10 ^eet high, flowers small greenish, calyx Sparted, stigma sessile, berry globular, seeds compressed. 544. CHRysoPHyLUM Cainito var. rotundifo- lium Raf. Leaves on short petiols rounded ovate acute at both ends, veins paralel, above shining lucid brown, beneath silky lucid rusty, flowers geminate, pedicels longer than flowers, fruit oboval rounded. — South Florida, and Flo- rida Keys, A small tree, branches smooth ashy brown, leaves alternate coriaceous thick beautiful almost round very entire 2 or 3 inch- es long, nearly as broad, with a single thick 28 NEW SYLVA. nerve and many paralel veins. Flowers scat- tered, very small. My specimens labelled C, cainito appear to form another variety or de- viation, perhaps it is a peculiar sp. as many have beon blended in C. cainito with round and oval fruits. Genus BUMELIA, 545. BuMELiA UNDULATA Raf. Branchcs inermous subopposite striate brown, leaves ter- minal alternate on long petiols, broad elliptic smooth minutely reticulate on both sides, base acute, end obtuse, margin undulate entire; flowers scattered fasciculate shorter than pedi- cels—a small tree from South Florida, labelled B. salicifolia in Collins Herbal, but quite distinct from the Bahama and Antillian sp. with narrow acuminate leaves. This has leaves 2 or 3 inches long and li or 2 broad, quite obtuse and even somewhat retuse at the end, petiols 1 or 2 inches long : flowers not ax- illary scattered below the leaves 2 to 5 togeth- er, seldom solitary, calix smooth, sepals ovate acute, fruit oval style persistent. 546. BuMELiA ARACHNOiDEA Raf. Arborcs- cent, inermous ? branchlets dark purple subru- gose, leaves petiolate fasciculate cuneate oblong entire obtuse, smooth and reticulate above, be- neath and petiols hairy arachnoidal, flowers on short pedicels fasciculate rufous hairy— in Ar- kanzas and Texas, large tree 40 to 50 feet high, leaves about 4 inches long and one broad, not lucid, dull on both sides, minutely netted nerves above, tomentose like spider webs be- neath, very acute at base and very obtuse at end. Flowers very small and short, sepals of calix ovate obtuse. The B. ohlongifolia of Nuttal is akin but differs by being a small tree OP NORTH AMERICA, 29 15 to 20 feet high, leaves smooth (so says Nut- tal although Eaton calls them hairy beneath) not so cuneate, branches thorny, flowers sub- sessile ^c. 547. BuMELiA DENTicuLATA Raf. shrubby inermous? branchlets smooth rugose, leaves petiolate ^hin, broad oval elliptic, base acute, end subacuminate, margin remotely denticulate smooth on both sides, flowers sohtary on long erect filiform pedicels, calix smooth, sepals round — from Florida, leaves 2 or 3 inches long with a few remote obtuse teeth on the sides, texture very thin, with veins rather than nerves slightly reticulate, pedicels over one inch long, stiff* although filiform, flowers pretty large smooth. A very distinct species. 548. BuMELiA? SERRULATA Raf. shrubby inermous, branchlets cinereous with white dots !eaVes subopposite petiolate smooth, obovate elliptical acute at both ends serrulate glauces- cent beneath minutely veined reticulate with some scattered hairs — from Apalachian Mts. of Alabama small shrub, leaves small pale green, nearly glaucous beneath. Collected by Lyons, my specimen of Collins herbal has no flowers, but is labelled a new Bumelia, We have thus at least 10 sp. of this Genus with the 6 already known, and I have nearly all in my Herbarium ; but one requires correction, 2 or 3 sp. being perhaps blended under B, lanugi- nosa. My specimens collected by Ware in Florida have leaves elliptic obtuse or acute, hairy rusty beneath like the branches, and flow- ers thickly glomerate rufous hairy, is it a pe- culiar sp. B. rufa ? Raf. while the B, lanugi- nosa of Elliot and Authors, has leaves ovate lanceolate tomentose beneath, a third var. is 30 NEW SYLVA the var. sericea or B. clirijsophyloides of fl. Louis, with similar leaves, but silky silvery and eilded beneath. 549. Genus ANTHELTS. The Genus Cistus of Linneus was a medley of 150 heterogenous species, the modern botan- ists in restoring Heliantiiemum of Tournefort overlooked the perfect identity witi. Helian- THus ! both meaning Sun flower. To avoid this equivocal name I changed it in 1812 in my Chloris Etnensis to Anthelis being a transpo- sition (flow er of the sun) this correction is indis- pensable. Of this Genus 5 sp. have been des- cribed as North American, and with 5 others from Mexico and Brazil form a peculiar group or subgenus quite American ; Decandole calls this group Leclieoides owing to the similarity with Lechea, but if it is to become a Genus in future this derivation will not do. I am going to add several new sp. thereto and thus venture to call it HoRANTHES flowers of an hour. S. G. HORANTHES, sepals 5, external 2 narrow, internal 3 margin scariose, petals 5 yel- low, stamens few 12 to 20, stigma capitate large sessile or subsessile, capsule glabrous uni- loc, 3 valve— small suffi'uticose plants, leaves opposite below, no stipules, flowers evanescent or petals fugacious. The H. tripetala of Mex- ico is probably a Lechea ! all our sp. are es- tival. 550 Anthelis (Horanthes) podanisia Kat. erect pulverulent pubescent, stem virgate sim- ple, leaves adpressed linear cuneate acute mar- gin reflexed ; flowers in axillary fascicles, or racemes, pedicels unequal, one terminal much longer, calix with 3 oval sepals, 2 linear equal, capsule oval equal to calix— on the Red River OF NORTH AMERICA. 3i in Arkanzas Louisiana and Texas, stem pedal base suffruticose, leaves one inch long narrow, flowers small, calix cinereous pubescent. 551. Anthelis (Horanthes) arenaria Raf. many procumbent stems nearly smooth, leaves linear acute sometimes ciliate, pedicels axillary uniflore equal to leaves, 3 sepals membranace- ous rufous smooth trinerve ovate acute, 2 linear subciliate — in sands of Pine barrens in South New Jersey and Florida, first discovered by Kin in 1801. Root large deep, many short diffuse stems, leaves small, flowers rather large. Monograph of CELTIS. I mean to give a complete account of the N. American sp. of this Genus, increased to 15 kinds whereof 9 are trees and 6 are only shrubs. Linneus had only one, Lamark and others in- creased it to 3 or 4, our latest compilers have only 4 sp. although I had added 3 others as early as 1817 ; but this Genus was little attend- ed to, the species being very similar in habit have usualy been blended, even when seen, and ofl;en reduced by the leaves rather than flow- ers. They are know^n indiscriminetly by the vulgar names of Nettle tree, Beaver wood, Hackberry, Dogcherry, Cherry elm, Hoopash, &/C ; they bear vernal blossoms, and edible ber- ries, leaves distichal alternate, the wood is hard and valuable ; but they are rather uncommon in our forests except two kinds. 552. Celtis cANiNA Raf. Am. M. M. 1817 Decads 6. Tree w^ith smooth bark, branch- lets smooth angular dotted, leaves ovate acu- minate, unequaly uncinate serrate trinervate, base acute entire obliqual unequal, smooth on both sides, but wrinkled above, and axils of nerves pubescent beneath, fruit red globular 32 ?«i5W SYLVA solitary axillary, pedicels longer than petiols— a small tree 15 to 25 feet high, discovered 1816 in the State of New York, near the Mattavvan Mts. it blossoms in April and May, the branch- es are spreading, covered with glandular dots. Torrey insisted that this was the C, occidenta- lis of Linneus, and yet believes it perhaps, therefore I will give the contrasted account of that sp. from my specimens, confirmed by the ample descriptions of Lamark, Smith and El- liot. 553. Celtis occidentalis L. and Authors. C uiiTiciFOLiA Raf. a better name — tree, bark rimose, branchlets pubescent angular not dot- ted, leaves ovate acuminate subcqualy uncinate serrate trinervate, base acute entire obliqual unequal, young leaves villose,old leaves smooth even above, beneath quite pubescent, petiols pubescent, fruit purple globular solitary axilla- ry, on pedicels subequal or shorter than petiols. — A large tree 30 to 70 feet high, spread thin- ly from New England to Carolina, flowering in March and April. — Thus it difiers from the last by the bark branches, being larger, quite pubescent, leaves also larger 3 to 5 inches long, fruit sweeter dark purple, Elliot says the sterile flowers are frequently ternate. The C. cms- trails of Europe hardly differs except by rougher leaves and black fruit. The C, tenu- ifolia, pumila, alba &c had all been deemed varieties of this by turns, and even Nuttal deems the Ccordata as such! they might as well unite all the sp. of Asia and the Antilles into one! 554. Celtis alba Raf fl. lud. 68, Var. in- tegrifolia of Amer Authors, not the C. integrif. of Lamark, african sp. — Tree with smooth bark Of north AMERICA. 33 branchlets tomentose, smooth when older sub- angular dotted, leaves broadly lanceolate entire gradualy acute, base acute obliqual unequal trinervate, quite smooth on both sides, glaucous above, nerves reticulate beneath, fruits red small globular solitary or ternate, axillary on pedicels equal to petiols— a very distinct spe- cies, well described and named by me as early as 1817, neglected by our compilers ; I have specimens collected in Arkanzas by Nuttal as a N. sp. or mistaken for the C. hilegrifoUa of Senegal, which is totaly unlike having round and rough leaves &c. It grows in Missouri, Arkanzas, Louisiana and Texas. Fine shady tree 40 feet high, bark whitish and scaly, cool- ing and anodyne. Leaves 1J or 3 inches long, one wide, of a whitish color, being glaucous above, while beneath less so, flowers small green; anthers opening as in Laurus says Robin, 2 hairy stigmas. Berries small red sweet. Blossoms in March. 555. Celtis fuscata. Raf. C. longifolia Raf. fl. tex. 9. Tree, branchlets smooth suban- gular verrucose, leaves smooth oblong lanceo- late acuminate trinervate, fuscate base acute obliqual unequal, margin equaly serrate, be- neath reticulate, pedicels equal to petiols — a small tree from Florida, Texas and also the Island of Cuba, where collected by Jalambic : quite distinct from the rough leaved sp. of the Antilles with broad or cordate leaves. Some of the leaves are broadly lanceolate,others quite narrow, commonly 2 inches long, their color is peculiar brownish, dark above, yellowish be- neath. My specimens have no fruit. Found anonymous in Collins Herbarium. Var, tex- ensis was my C. longifolia of 1833 only differ- 34 NEW SYLTA. ence leaves base truncate, roughish above^ 55G. Celtis sALiciioLiA Raf. Tree, branch- lets terete pilose with white dots, leaves oblong elongate narrow subacuminate sharply serrate, base obliqual acute trinervate,potiols and nerves pubescent — in Arkanzas and Louisiana, a small tree *2() feet high, leaves 2 to 4 inches long simi- lar to some Willows but quite obliqual, very different from all the narrow leaved kinds, nearer to C. occidentalis, but very different leaves. Is it a deviation of C. fuscata 1 chief difference in terete pilose branches, nerves pu- bescent ^'C. 557. Celtis levigata W. Loud. Leaves unequaly cordate obliqual acuminate nearly en- tire, smooth on both sides — in Louisiana, small tred^^20 feet high. I have not seen it, it was described in Wildenow Enumeration, I copy the notice from Loudun Cyclop, of plants. It appears different from all the cordate leaved kinds by the smooth leaves, and from my morU folia and patiila by obliqual acuminate leaves. 558. Celtis morifolia Raf. C. cordata of some botanists ? — Tree, branchlets redish hir- sute angular or striate, leaves ovate oblong ser- rate acute or acuminate, base subcordate or truncate, slightly obliqual, scabrose above, be- neath smooth pale reticulate,nerves yellow hir- sute, petiols pubescent, pedicels longer than pe- tiols — this is one of the 3 sp. blended and call- ed Hackberry in the Western States. This is a tree 20 to 40 feet high, the branches have Ji^ither warts nor dots. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long, 1 or 2 wide, becoming quite smooth be- neath when old, but always rough above hardly triner^^ate, but nerves regular and reticulate. Found in Illinois, Kentucky cJ'C, if I remember OF NOHTH AMERICA. 35 right the berries are blackish and ovate ; but my specimens have no fruit. It has evidently been often mistaken for the next, which has shorter thicker leaves more acuminate, more cordate and more obliqual, quite pubescent be- neath ; it is nearer to C. micranthes of Antil- les differing chiefly by larger serratures, pubes- cent branches, petiols 4«c. 549. Celtis crassifolia Lamark and many Authors, C, cordata Persoon and others— tree, branches terete rough, leaves broadly ovate acuminate, unequaly serrate, base cordate obli- qual, thick or subcoriaceous, rough on both sides, peduncles mostly biflore — a small tree 15 to 40 feet high, with large dark thick leaves quite rough, common from West Pennsylvania to Missouri and Kentucky, blossoms in May. Berries black large sweet, called Hackberries or by corruption Hagberries, Hogberries. 560. Celtis reticulata Torrey, Eaton. Leaves broad cordate pubescent subcoriaceous, subentire, subobtuse, base unequal obliqual, pa- pillose scabrose above, reticulate prominent nerves beneath, peduncles uniflore — in the Western parts of Missouri and Arkanzas ex- tending probably to the Origon Mts. found by James described by Torrey ; I have not seen it and only copy his account to show that it differs no more from C. crassifolia than my C. morifolia^ all 3 have cordate leaves and re- ticulate nerves, whence the name is not very proper. Is it a tree or a shrub ? compare C. patula, 561. Celtis maritiiia Raf. 1817, Decads 7. Shrubby, branchlets terete tortuose pubes- cent, leaves ovate acuminate trinerve rough on both sides with large equal serratures, base 36 WEW SYLYA broad nearly cordate obliqual, petiols and nerves pubescent^ pedicels subequal to petiols, a small crooked shrub 3 or 4 feet high growing on the downs of the sea shores from Long Is- land to Chesapeak. It blossoms in May, the branches are cinereous and slightly dotted, leaves small uncial. Very near to the next, but distinct by locality and acuminate rough leaves. 562. Celtis pumila Raf. C, occid var. pu- mila Mg. and some others, but not Pursh nor his copists. — Shrubby, procumbent, branchlets slender terete subtomentose, leaves thin ovate acute with large equal serratures, base trun- cate hardly obliqual trinervate both sides near- ly smooth, petiols and nerves hardly pubescent — in the Alleghany Mts. from Pennsylvania to Virginia. A small low shrub only 2 feet high or long. Leaves hardly over one inch, hardly acuminate rather acute, very thin and green, with very large teeth. This is marked in Col- lins Herb, as the real pumila var of Muhlen- berg, but it appears that all our 6 shrubby sp. must have been blended under this name ; I shall now distinguish them properly although the synonyms are difficult to fix, owing to all copying Pursh rather than describe what they saw. The large teeth and truncate base will distinguish this from all others besides the pro- cumbent stem. 563. Celtis tenuifolia Raf (or parvifolia) C. pumila Pursh, T. B. &c. C. occid. var. tenuif Lam. Pers. Nuttal ? &c — shrubby erect branches divaricate, branchlets angular smooth leaves uniform ovate acuminate, serrulate in the middle, base acute obliqual unequal entire trinervate, both sides smooth, pedicels axillary OF NORTH AMERICA. 37 uniflore longer than petiols, fruits round oboval brown — a shrub 3 to 5 feet high, erect with spreading branches, found by myself in the hills of Maryland, blossoming in May, said to grow also in the Mts. of Virginia and in Louisiana, easily known by the few small teeth, leaves 1 or 2 inches long rather thin. 564. Celtis heterophyla Raf, shrubby, brancblets smooth terete rugose, leaves multi- form, ovate or cordate, oblong or lanceolate, base hardly obliqual rounded or cordate, end acute or acuminate, margin entire or with a few teeth, but all smooth thin with nerves reti- culate beneath, pedicels axillary uniflore longer than petiols, young fruits ovate — sent me from Alabama, a very singular species offering all kinds of leaves on the same small branches (1 or 2 inches long) yet unlike any of the other shrub- by kinds. Is it the C. pumila found by short and Riddell in Kentucky ? 565. Celtis patula Raf. shrubby diffuse, branches divaricate, brancblets angular smooth leaves uniform cordate acute, entire or serru- late in the middle, rough above, beneath smooth reticulate, base not obliqual, petiols and pedi- cels very short — from Florida, humble shrub, branches quite divergent, sometimes reflexed, leaves over one inch long and broad, pale above as in C. alba. Near to C. reticulata^ which differs chiefly by leaves pubescent obliqual obtuse. 566. Celtis floridana Raf shrubby, branch- lets angular pubescent above, petiols pubescent very short, leaves broad ovate obliqual acute serrulate in the middle above rough rugose, be- neath reticulate by grey pubescent nerves, pedi- cels short but longer than petiols, fruit depres- 38 NEW SYLVA sed ? — Florida and Alabama in the hills, leaves uncial, base and end quite entire, middle teeth small but close subequal. Genus ULMUS. Without giving a complete monograph of all our Elms, I will try to rectify and improve this Genus by adding 5 to those already known or admitted. There are several overlooked sp. of it, since Thomas has quite lately described the V, racemosa fi'om New York : the others known are U, aniericana,, nemoralis^ fulva and alata, to which I shall add U, longifolia. obornta, alba, dentata and dimidiata ; thus we know already 10 N. Amer. Sp. and there are more perhaps, those of Origon are not yet described. 567. Ulmus longi folia Raf. shrubby, branchiets slender smooth striated, leaves on short petiOiS, smooth on both sides, thin, oblong elongate, base subcordate hardly obliqual, end acuminate, margin duplicate serrate — Alaba- ma and Tennessee, near to U, alata, but branch- es not winged and leaves longer subcordate. A shrub 8 to 10 feet high, leaves 3 to 4 inches long about one wide, 568. Ulmus obovata Raf Tree, branches patent, branchiets terete smooth rugose, leaves ample on short petiols obovate acuminate, base obtuse obliqual, margin duplicate serrate, near- ly smooth above, villose beneath — in Kentucky and Illinois, a tree 30 to 40 feet high, with large leaves 4 to 6 inches long, 3 to 4 wide, near to the two next which differ by oblong leaves and white hanging branches, or ovate rough leaves &.c. 569. Ulmus alba Raf. fl. lud. 387. U. Amer. Var, pendula of Authors — Tree with hanging OF NORTH A.^IKUICA, 39 branches, bark whitish, leaves oblong, base acute obliqual, duplicate dentate, roughish and lucid above, villose beneath — in Louisiana and other States, 50 to 60 feet hii-h, long flexible branches. As this with the last and next are often blended under the vulgar name of White Elm, I must add what I consider as the real U, Americana. 570. Uli>ius AMEiacANA L. Authors: (sessi- lis Raf. better name.) Tree, branches divar- gent, branchlets terete smooth rugose, leaves subsessile ovate acuminate, duplicate serrate, base very obliqual subcordate, above rough, be- neath soft hardly pubescent — chiefly in the Al- leghany mts. large tree GO to 80 feet high, leaves 3 to 4 inches long 2 or 3 broad. Thus quite distinct from both the preceding. 571. Ulmus dentata Raf. Tree, branchlets terete smooth, leaves ample and thin, on long petiols, obovate, base acute entire, not obli- qual, large sharp teeth above, end subacumi- nate, smooth on both sides, fruits fasciculate pe- duncled oblong bifid fimbriate on the sides — a fine new Elm, sent me from Alabama as U, fulva, but totaly unlike, much nearer to U, we- moralis 'I which differs by oblong leaves and sessile flowers. Leaves very large G to 7 in- ches long, 3 to 4 broad, petiols over one inch longer than in any other sp. the large subequal teeth are only in the upper half, fascicles of flowers multiiiore, pedicels filiform, calix cam- panulate,stamens exserted, pistil cuneate oblong bifid by the 2 styles. It is called the yellow Elm, 572. Ulmus dimidiata Raf. shrubby, branch- lets smooth angular, leaves on very short peti- ols, quite smooth biforme, some smaller ovate 40 NEW SYLVA, acute, some larger oblong acuminate dimidiate, all equaly serrate, base very obliqual, often one side decurrent the other reduced in size or di- midiate. — In Florida and Georgia, shrub 8 to 12 feet high, leaves pale subcoriaceous, 1 or 2 inches long, in the narrow leaves the base of one side is removed upwards of the petiol and that side is much reduced in size whence the name : unlike any other sp. very singular and curious, fruit not seen. The fine U. alata is alone somewhat akin in size of shrub and leaves I have found that fine sp. in Kentucky and have it also from Tennessee and Arkanzas. The IJ, pinguis or fat Elm of Louisiana must be compared and distinguishedif different from both. The TJ, pumila of Walter is said to be the U. alata. This fine and useful Genus was thus like Celtis in great disorder, Linneus united six European sp. in his U. campestris ! and we have nearly as many in our White Elms ! It is now supposed that U. nemoralis is the Vlane- ra aquatica and also Rhamnus carpinifolia ! being put into 3 Genera! and although Sir James Smith doubts the fact, he acknowledges having seen only one kind. I have not yet obtained the Planera s.nd cannot clear the subject; but all our botanists distinguish it from U. ne moralis, eAtho^ they cannot show distinct specimens of both, if two they are both called Water Elm. Elliot omits the U. nemoralis, but describes twice the Planera in pentandria and polygamia ! I hope my remarks and new sp. will make this Genus better known. Abelicea or Planera will only be perhaps a subgenus of Ulmus, merely distinguished by polygamy and capsule OF NORTH AIHEKICA. 41 swelled obliqual reticulate or squamose. 3 sp. Ahelicea cretica, sibirica, and aquatica our own, 573. PLEUROSTENA Raf. fl, tel. 413. Calix rhomboidal 5fid unequal. Stamens 5 subequal, stigmas 3 sessile. Seed conical lon- ger than calix, unequal trigone, one side nar- rower. Floicers axillary polygamous. One of the 20 Genera blended in Polygonum, re- vised by me in fl. tel. The type of this is a small western shrub. The name means nar- row side. 574. Pleurostena serotina Raf. Polyg. do Raf. An nat. 93. Suffruticose, stem striate much branched, branches angular virgate, leaves nearly sessile ovatoblong acute smooth, sheaths split lacerated, flowers axillary fasci- culate — discovered and published in 1820, a small shrub 2 or 3 feet high woody only at the base^ quite autumnal blossoming late in Octo- ber, growing in fields and glades in Kentucky. Leaves quite small, flowers green 2 to 5 to- gether on short peduncles, often polygamous by the abortion of stamens. Different from Stopinaca fl. tel. 405 or Polygonella of Mx. which I have also. 575. SPERMAULAXEN Raf. fl. tel. 416. Monoical, male fl. campan. 4-5fid, segments subequal obtuse colorate. Stam 4-5 very short, female fl. similar larger more unequal, seg- ments erect obovate, stigmas 2-3sessile. Seed pyramidal double of calix trigone, base con- crete, one side concave canaliculate. Shrub- by fl, spiked — another very distinct G. of same tribe akin to the last, to which perhaps belong also the exotic sp. blended as Polyg. ochreatum 6 42 NEW SYLVA and grandiflorum. The name applies to the sulcate seed. 576. Spermattlaxen diciioi omus Raf. stem shrubby dichotome sulcate, leaves petiolate oblong lanceoL acute smooth, margins rough, sheaths obsolete, spikes filiform, flowers remote some are ped uncled — Florida, found without name in Col. herb, flowers small purplish male and female on same spike, no tubular sheaths but instead a small subulate deciduous stipule in some leaves and flowers. 577. TOXYLON Raf. 1817 in Mus. Nat. Sc. misprinted loxylon (an I for a T) correct- ed in Med. flora Vol. 2 page 268. Maclura of Nuttal 1818 posterior name, and a Genus of shells was since called after Maclure who was no botanist ! Morus or Brussonetia tincto- RiA ! of Sprengel Kunth and Torrey ! not of Linneus, quite a different tree ... I was the FIRST to describe this Genus of trees and give it a better name than Nuttal, His name how- ever was adopted by some botanists, while others blundered so far as to blend it with the tropical Morus tinctoria of Linneus, I cor- rected this mistake in 1830 in my medical flora, Nuttal has also corrected it in 1834 in his plants of Wyeth ; but without mentioning my previous name ! — I gave a long account and history of it in 1817 to which I refer Amer. Monthly Mag. Vol. 2 p. 118, and will only recapitulate the main characters here : adding the real M, tinctoria (to evince the difference) which forms the Genus Fusticus. Characters of ToxYLus Raf. flow^ers dioical in catkins, male fl. calix 5parted, 5 stamens, female fl. in globular fleshy catkins, calix im- mersed pentagonal concrete, Ovary oboval OF NORTH AMERICA. 43 simple deciduous filiform villose stigma simj)lc fruct a lieshy syncarpe or concrete berry by coalescent berries verrucose tesselated as in Artocarpus, forming many cells at tbe periphe- ry, each with one seed obovate. Spinose tree tcitk alternate distichal leaves^ fruits large axillary, — Thus intermediate between Arto- carpus and Fusticas, My name means Boic- wood (loxilon would have meant arrow-wood) one of its name. 578. ToxYLON MACLURA Raf. T. pomiferum Raf. 1817. Madura aurantiaca Nuttal 1818, Eaton. Brouss.tinctoria Spr. K. Torrey! Leaves smooth lucid ovate acuminate petiolate entire, Vi recurved spine near their base, fruits orange like, axillary subsessile drooping — in Arkanzas, Texas and upper Missouri, a small tree 20 to 30 feet high, branches spreading, leaves 2 to 4 inches long, petiol about one inch, fruits size and shape of an orange, nearly same color, but structure like the bread fruit or pine apple, con- taining a sweet amylaceous milk. Wood yel- low tough and heavy, used to make excellent bows, bark affording a fine flax. Tree easily raised from cuttings and layers, forming excel- lent hedges. Called Ayac by the Indians, also Bow-wood, yellow wood, stinking wood, Osage apple, — I made two oversights in my first ac- count of this valuable tree in 1817, calling the leaves serrate and wood used for arrows. Seen alive in many gardens with flowers and fruits. Nuttal calls the nerves puberulent beneath, they are only so when young, the flowers and styles are yellow. 579. FUSTICUS Raf Fustic tree ditlering from MoRUS or Mulberry by female Catkins ^lobular, flowers distinct, calix scariose 4par- 44 ^EW STLVA tite, sepals unequal obovate obtuse, ovary obo- vate compressed, a single style terminal smooth filiform flexuose, a single stigma. Fruit a glo- bular compound berry or syncarpe by baccate calix as in Morus, concrete at the base but distinct at the end, seeds compressed. Trees distichal serrate leaves^ fruits axillary pen- dulous — several blended species. If , the good name of Fusticus does not appear classical enough, I propose for substitute Suramin ea a name of Dioskorides for the Mulberry. This G. is nearer Broussonetia than Morus and Tox- ylon. The first only differs by fem. calix tubu- lar 3-4dentate, style lateral, seed elavate : the Morus differs from all 3 by the double styles and stigmas, with the oblong fruits. My G. Calostima fi. tel. 589 which was the Urtica baccata of L. is akin to all these, a connecting link with Basella, it differs by the many radia- ted stigmas and racemose fruits not forming a syncarpe. All are deemed to belong to the tribe of Urticides or Nettles, forming a peculiar group MoRiDES by baccate seeds. Sir J. Smith regreted that the blended Fustic trees had not been well distinguished, I shall try to distin- guish 4 of them. 580. Fusticus glabra Raf, Broussonetia tinctoria Jalambic in Collins herb. Branches terete inerme yellowish punctate of white, pe- tiols very short, leaves quite smooth ovatoblong repand or serrate in the middle only, baseobli- qual subcordate, end acuminate elongate, fe- male catkins on short peduncles — in South Florida and Cuba. It is on this sp. that I have framed the Generic character. Leaves 2 or 3 inches long without spines, catkins small not one fourth of Toxylon. It is probably this sp. OF NORTH AMERICA. 45 that is meant by some writers, but I cannot as- certain the synonyms ; yet I can vouch that it is quite unhke my Toxylon, having seen both. The flowers are pale yellow, styles of same co- lor, fruits not seen. 581. FusTicus VERA (or tinctoria) Raf. Morus tinctoria Lin. syst. nat. Mant. not sp. pi. Miller, Brown, Sloan, Smith &:c. Bark yellow leaves oblong acute entire rough, base obliqual cordate, no spines — in Central America, Yuca- tan, Jamaica veet faJHng as soon as ripe. 584. BiioussoNKTiA PAPYiiiFEUA Duhamcl, W. 4'C Fapyria of Laniark, Morus papyrifera L. Sm. Slc, a well known useful tree native of Japan and Polynesia, now introduced in the open grounds of j^urope and America, quite common in our gardens where it bears the winter pretty well, altho' injured sometimes by frost. We have only the male trees. Genus MORUS. 585. Morus alba L. &c. A well known tree, now widely spreading with us, almost wild in some localities. White ]\Iulberry. This is said to be constantly monoical, but the other sp. are often dioical and polygamous. 5S6. Morus nigra L. &c. Black Mulberry, also cultivated for the fruit. — The best Mono- graph of this Genus are those of Lamark and Smith, including the Fustic trees however ; but Lamark has a new American sp. M. canaden- sis, and Wildenow another M. Scabra, I can add 4 others besides the M. multicaulis. Eaton has only 3 ! Nuttal admits the M. scabra. I have 9 whereof 7 seen alive and one dry. 587. Mouus RUBRA L. our well known Red Mulberry found from Canada to Louisiana. It has some Var. 1 pa/ZiWrf fruits pale, 2 hetero- phijUa with all the leaves unlike. Often dioi- cal like all our American kinds. It is even stated that the same trees often vary each year in their sexes f 588. MoRL s RiPARiA Raf. distinct from M. rubra by long petiols, smooth leaves ovate deep- ly cordate, seldom lobed lateral, quite smooth and thin crenate serrate, acute not acun^inate, OF INOIlTIi A3IERItA, 47 and not obliqual at base. Found in the Alle- ghany mts. on the banks of the Susquelianah, leaves 3 to 5 inches long nearly trinerve at L»ase nerves yellow quite smooth, jjenies dark red, called the wild black Mulberry, or Water Mul- berry. A pretty tree growing even among rocks. 589. Moiius CANADENSIS Lamark. leaves ovate obliqual base rounded not cordate, ser- rate nearly smooth long acuminate — in Canada Maine and the Alleghanies, called the Rock Mulberry, fruits not seen. 590. MoRus PARviFOLiA Raf. Monoical, pe- tiols long and slender, leaves small and smooth, ovate acute or obtuse not lobato, eqiialy sub- crenate, base truncate often obliqual, fruits short on very short peduncles. — Mts, Alleghanies and Apalachian, called the Indian ^IZulberry, said to have been cultivated by the Indians, often mistaken for the Yvliite iFIulberry, the fruits being very small ovatoblong of a flesh color and sweet. Leaves only 1 or 2 inches long, not so thin as in 3L riparia, petiols over one inch, Male catkins on same branches, with longer peduncles, segments of calix rounded. JStyles very short. 591. Mortis scabra W. enum. Leaves am- ple thin trilobed, base cordate, rough on botii sides, pale beneath, serrate, large teeth niter- jected in the sinusses, fruits terete black acid— in Louisiana called the black Indian Mulberry, communicated to me by Dr. Mease. Leaves 5 to 8 inches long and wide, lobes acute not acu- minate, lateral lobes oblong, terminal oval or narrowest at base. 592. MoRUS TOMENTosA Raf fl. hid. 3 /.I. Leaves broadly cordate acuminate dentate, 48 NEW SYLVA. above lucid rough, beneath tomentose, spikes often nionoical, fruits oblong white — in Louisi- ana, well noticed by me in 1817 in my flora of Louisiana where detected by Robin. It is the White Mulberry of the S. W. often mentioned by the old travellers. A large handsome tree, bark white and smooth, it blossoms in March, male tatkins terete and loose, female shorter and thicker, but they are generaly united, the male flowers being then at the base. 593, MoRus MULTicAULis Raf. and of Gar- deners, not introduced yet into our books, nor do I find any botanical account of it, even in Loudun Cycl. A small shrub with many stems and ample leaves, cordate rounded not obliqual, nor lobed, crenate, acute, somewhat rough, but thin, I have seen leaves one foot long and wide. Native of China and the Philipines, late- ly introduced and much esteemed as the most productive for the breeding of silk worms and easy gathering of leaves. But all our Mul- berries are eaten by the silk worm, and the M, rubra produces a fine strong silk. — As the sub- ject of silk culture now begins to attract much attention, I hope this account of all our Mul- berries will be acceptable. N. O. EMPETRIDIA Raf. 1815. Empe- TREAE Nut. 1818, Don 1826, Torrey 1835 ! I first noticed this order in my Analysis of Nature 1815, therefore Torrey is wrong to as- cribe the discrimination of it to Nuttal 3 years after, who had besides deemed it only a section of Conifera ! while I had perhaps properly unit- ed it to Phytolacca ! and if the berry is multi- locular they are quite akin notwithstanding the remote habit. I have since in my Flora tellur. OF NORTH AMERICA. 49 633 revised it and separated by the unilocular berry, reducing to Saucocidia the Genera Phy- tolaca, Raxamaris, Schefferia iPETRUM PURPUREUM Raf. E. nigrum Mx, and all our Amer. botanists, not of Lin. and European hot. E. rubrum Lapilaye fl. — Procumbent smooth, leaves scattered crowded, lower patent, upper imbricate, oblong linear sessile uninerve obtuse flat on both sides, thick- ish, berries purple, sessile equal to the leaves and costate — in Canada, Labrador, Newfound- land, White Mountains, Lake Superior, near the rocky shores. Michaux who first noticed this blended it with the boreal sp. of Europe, and has been followed by all our subservient botanists except Lapilaye who has blended it with E. rubrum of Austral America in his New- foundland Flora. My specimen is from La- brador and has red berries strikingly like those of Phytolaca ! Those of our Botanists who saw the berries are few, they mostly copy Michaux! is there a sp. in boreal America with black ber- ries ? My sp. is perfectly distinct, the branch- es are terete smooth but sulcate among the leaves, these are only 2 or 3 lines long, with a single nerve beneath not at all revolute and hardly any verticillate ; the flowers and berries OP NORTH AMERICA, 51 are solitary near the end, calix scaly of about 6 unequal ovate and obovate scales persistent much shorter than the large berry which has about 9 oblong seeds and is crowned by as many thick stellate clavate stigmas. 598. Empetrum nigrum L. and all European bot. A boreal plant of which I have specimens from Sweden and the Alps. They answer to the Linnean description of it by leaves qiiater- nate petiolate ovate lanceolate obtuse, berries black subsessile. Therefore quite different from our American species ; but I have also specimens from Sibiria and the Alps nearer to our sp. and therefore there may be two species in Europe as probably also with us. Wilde- now thus say E, nigrum has oblong revolute leaves. 599. Empetrum crassifolium Raf. smooth procumbent, leaves 3-4nate petiolate linear ob- tuse thick, flat above, convex enerve beneath, patent crowded. — Sibiria and perhaps other parts, my specimens have no berries, and but few flowers, leaves 3 lines long, quite thick, sometimes sulcate beneath, but not nerved,some appear to be fistular : flowers as in E. nigrum, sent me as such. Is it found in Origon ? berries probably black. Shrubby LABIATE. 600. RAFINESaUIA or Diodeilis R. fl. tel. 750. Cunila, Melissa and Gardoquia of Au- thors! . . Calix tubular strait striated subbilabi- ate upper lip bidentate, lower tridentate, mouth closed by hairs, corolla tubular erect bilabiate, upper lip concave notched, lower 3lobe subequal Stamen* 4 remote, anthers cordate bilobe, seeds smooth. Shrubby, flowers axillarij red, — A very fine peculiar Genus forced into 3 alien S% KEW SYLVA Genera, I have proved in flora tellur. how dif- ferent is Gardoquia. It is one of the Genera to which I give my own name, and if any one cavils at it I offer a second abridged from Diodontocheilis ! that 1 may not lose the mer- it of my sagacity in ascertaining this Genus, I have already two sp. of it. 601. Rafinesquia coccinea fl. tell. 751. Cunila! do Hooker, Melissa! do Spr. Gardo- quia ! hookeri Benth. Don. Lindl. b. reg. 1747. Shrubby smooth, leaves obovate sessile suba- cute, peduncles axillary l-3flore— A small shrub of Florida with handsome large scarlet flowers, branches terete sub 4 angular, leaves commonly remote small. 602. Raf. coccinea var. obtusifolia Raf. differ, branches more 4angular, leaves equal to internodes obtuse one third inch long, flowers scarlet over one inch long. 603. Rafinesqtjia angustifolia Raf. suff- ruticose, branches filiform hardly angular ,leaves sessile smooth oblong or cuneate obtuse crow- ded above, peduncles very short uniflore— in Alabama, smaller shrub still with narrow leaves and smaller flowers rather red than scar- let. Given me as a var. of R. coccinea by Du- rand ; it is very near Gardoquia chilensis in habit, but quite unlike in the calix and flowers. 604. PILOBLEPHIS Raf. Satureia and Cephalothymus Benth. Quite a pecuhar G. discovered by Bartram 60 years ago, unnoticed by all our botanists, altho' in their herbals ! un- til Bentham found it in Banks Herbarium, but he left it with Satureia as a subg. with an im- proper name, mine means ciliated head. It differs as much from Satureia as Pycnanthes does, both bv characters and habit. Shrub OF NORTH AMERICA. 53 with habit of Ericas and Empetrum, flowers capitate without involucre, but many ciliate ^jnbricate bracts, calix large membranaceous 5hd subequal campanulate, corolla nearly as in Satureia, 4 filaments and anthers, seeds 1 or 2 at the bottom of the large calix— this will pro- bably be like Pycnanthes an American Genus of many sp. but now I know of only one type. All the Satureias are foreign to America. 605. PiLOBLEPHis RiGiDA (or cricoides) Raf Satureia rigida Bartr. 1775, Bentham. Anon- ymos N. G, Baldwin in Collins herb. Shrubby decurnbent, branches terete rigid leaves imbri- cate linear obtuse smooth margin revolute, flow- ers in terminal globular heads, bracts linear lanceol. obt. hairy ciliate as long as flowers- Shores of Florida, in sands, small procumbent Shrub quite evergreen, flowers incarnate con- cealed among the bracts. If this shrub has been unnoticed for 60 years (after Bartr am) in our book*, I may hope that in 60 years hence my new plants will also be properly noticed again ! . . . , Bartram did not describe it, I de- scribe my new plants ! Baldwin found it again in 1816 and deemed it a new genus as I do altho' he neglected naming it like so many other rare plants of his. 606. AuDiBERTiA iNCANA Bcnth. Lindl. b. reg. 1469. Suflruticose glaucous, leaves cune- ate and obovate, flowers verticillate, bracts or- bicular ciliate — Origon, a N. G. of Bentham with habit of Origanum, but very distinct by 2 stamens like Cunila, flowers blue, calix ovate bilabiate, upper lip entire, lower bifid, corolla tubular, subbilab. upper lip bifid, lower trifid, medial lobe notched, anthers dimidiate. Not 54 NEW SYLVA in Eaton, nor any of the above shrubby Labiate. MONOGRAPH OF CEANOTHUS. This pretty and useful natural Genus de- serves a complete examination, being now great- ly increased in species: they are all small shrubs, or bushes, but some are perennials. Linneus had only one, Michaux, Bigelovv, Nut- tal Hooker and myself have added many others, altho' Eaton enumerates only 6. All have es- tival white flowers in thyrsoid corymbs, but C. azureus has blue flowers. Leaves alternate with short petiols. Roots red and medical see my Med. flora. This G. commonly united to the Rhamnides, rather belongs to the Phylici- des with Phylica, Bumalda, Brunia, Hovenia, Coiletia, nyms apply to others. A small shrub 2 to 4 feet high, flowers purple handsome estival. Eaton had many var. of this in his first editions as myself in Med. flora, that are my next distinct deviations or Sp. the real var. are 1. albiflora, 2 elatior, 3, ramosa with a few branches, and the next. 635. Spirea tomentosa, var. virgata Raf, (Elliot) Branches virgate rusty tomentose leaves rugose above, petals small hairy outside oflen tfilobe — Hills of Carolina and Apalachian Mts. large 4-6feet, oflen ramose. 636. Spirea rosea Raf. diff*. 634, leaves lan- ceolate remotely serrate acute, fulvous tomen- tose beneath, panicle lax, peduncles as long as calix — West Kentucky to Alabama, disc, by Mrs. Holley, a beautiful shrub with fine rosate or NORTH AMERICA. 63 flowers, it deserves to be deemed a peculiar sp. by narrow leaves not white beneath, and lax rose flowers. 637. Spirea feruginea Raf. stems angular simple fuscate tomentose, leaves oblong cune- ate sessile, broadly serrate, beneath rusty to- mentose, panicle ample foliose at the base, branches spicate, flowers subsessile, calix and capsules rusty rugose scabrous — East Kentuc- ky, Mts. Wasioto and Apalachian, shrub 2 or 3 feet high, woody at base, flowers purple : easily known by the color, cuneate leaves, spikes and capsules. Var. angustifolia, leaves narrow cuneate, spikes slender. Pine barrens of New Jersey. 638. Spirea glomerata Raf tomentosa Med. fl. tab. 88 stem siuiple terete sulcate fus- cate tomentose, leaves petiolate elliptic or ova- toblong jagged serrate, beneath fulvous tomen- tose, panicle slender spicate, flowers subsessile glomerate, calix fulvous tomentose — Alleghany Mts. very small suflruticose pedal without bran- ches, flowers small incarnate. Near to Sp, ro- sea, but difterent leaves, sessile flowers quite jagged or duplicate serrate, nankin color be- neath. Var. 1 major, bipedal, 2 pallida, 639. Spirea glomerata var, clnerea Raf. difler. virgate, stem subterete not striate, ashy tomentose, leaves also beneath, and calix like- wise — Pine barrens of New Jersey, pedal, flow- ers quite glomerate sessile redish. 640. Spirea parvifolia Raf Stem branch- ed angular purplish smootli, branches tomen- tose, leaves sessile small elliptic base entire, serrate above, beneath grey tomentose, panicle spicate glomerate, flowers sessile, cro^^ ded, ca- 64 KEW SYLVA. lix and capsules grey tomentose — Canada, Lake Champlain, Saranac and Oquago Mts. a small ramose shrub pedal, flowers incarnate, leaves only half inch long. — All the above sp. agree in nothing but the tomentose leaves beneath, to deem them all varieties would be preposterous, as no character fticluding them all could be fram- ed ; but they afford like the 8 blended sp. of S. salicifolia, fine illustrations of real natural spe- cific deviations, similar to those of the Genus Azalea ! now admitted as species. 641. Spirea salicifolia L. Dec. Slc. Quite smooth, branches elongate terete yellowish, leaves subsessile broadly lanceolate equaly ser- rate, acute at both ends concolor, panicle ra- cemose compound base foliose, bracts oblong. — In North Europe, Sibiria and Origon, my specimen is simple 2 feet long, leaves 3 inches long one wide, flowers white peduncled crowd- ed. Five other American sp. have been blend- ed with this by all the botanists, which altho' deviations perhaps are totally distinct from this: I have compared them all carefully ^nd ascer* tained excellent peculiar characters in each, they only agree in having thin smooth leaves and the branches of the panicle nearly corym- bose. Var. Sibirica Pallas fl. Ross. t. 21. dif- fer branches yellowish, leaves unequaly serrate panicle lax not foliose, flowers large incarnate. Perhaps a peculiar species Sp, Sibirica Raf. 642. Spirea flexuosa Raf. salicif. of many Amer. bot. alba ? Erhart. Mg. Quite smooth, branches flexuose angular redish, leaves petio- late oblong lanceol. deeply serrate, base entire cuneate pale beneath, panicle racemose base fo- liose, no bracts — Mts. Alleghanies and hills from Canada to Virginia, pretty shrub 2 to 4 or NORTH AMERICA. 65 feet high, leaves only two inches long, flowei s small white estival. If it is the sp. alba of Ei- hart it is also found in Sibiria. 643. Si>iREA AMENA Raf. 1808. Quite smooth branches fuscate terete below angular above, leaves imbricate sessile oblong or elliptical sharply serrate,some obovate below, panicle ra- cemose ovate naked. — From New Jersey to Kentucky, perhaps Origon and Sibiria, as I have received it also as Sibirian, similar to the last but distinct by stem flowers larger incarnate, no petiols and leaves smaller commonly uncial. Var. paucijlora, leaves oblong lanceolate or narrow elliptic serrulate, panicle capitate al- most simple with few large pink flowers. Sibi- ria, this is Sp. salicifolia var. b. Pallas fl. ross. tab, 22. branches flexuose. 644. Spireaovata Raf. Quite smooth, shoots simple virgate terete rugose purplish, leaves subsessile ovate acute imbricate deeply serrate or jagged, lower obovate, panicle racemose glomerate, base not foliose, some oblong bracts — Mts. Alleghanies, Wasioto and Apalachian, stems simple 1 or 2 feet high, only woody at base, leaves uncial or smaller, flowers white. 645. Spirea carpinifolia W. enum. Wat- son dendr. 66, Loudun Cycl. Quite smooth, leaves ovate elliptic acute at both ends coarse- ly serrate, panicle racemose spreading — Said to be from North America, flowers white, not seen, nearest to my Sp. ovata, stated by Muh- lenberg to be the same as my Sp. corymbosa, but that is not paniculate ; therefore a doubtful species. 646. Spirea heterophyla Raf. Quite smooth branches angular purplish, lower leaves round- ed or lobed, medial obovate, upper elliptical. 66 KEW SYLVA all subpetiolate acute and sharply serrate, pan- icle racemose not foliose but with linear bracts — Alleghany Mts. and Alabama, 2 or 3 feet high ramose, leaves biuncial very broad, flowers white. A very distinct sp. 647. Spirea ciLiATA Raf. salicif. Elliot. Stem angular pubescent, leaves sessile imbricate con- similar cuneate acute, base entire, cihate, sharp- ly serrate upwards, panicle racemose glomerate elongate, bracts linear — From the River Wa- bash to Carolina near streams chiefly, a very peculiar sp. quite ciliolate, middle nerve often also, bipedal, leaves small uncial, flowers white Var. 1. petiolata^lesives subpetiol. broader, 2 multiflore panicle ramose. 648. Spirea obovata Raf. dec. 25. crena- ta Tor. Eat. Mg. hypericif. var Beck, chame- drif Pursh. Quite smooth cespitose suffruti- cose creeping, branches flexuose angular red- ish, leaves similar obovate subsessile obtuse, base acute entire, upwards unequaly serrate, corymbs racemose terminal, bracteoles linear, petals obovate crenate undulate — Rocky sum- mits of Mattawan and Kiskanom Mts. of New York disc. 1817, descr. 1818 in my decads, mistaken or omitted by all our botanists, proba- bly a boreal plant. Shoots or branches assur- gent woody only 4 to 16 inches high, leaves un- cial concolor, panicle thyrsoidal ovate formed of small lateral corymbs, thus forming a pass- age to the subg. Chamedryon, flowers white blossoming in June. Having obtained speci- mens of the real Spir. crenata, ulmifoHa and chamedrifolia I can vouch that this is quite dif- ferent and no Chamedryon. Var. Sibirica of Pallas nameless fig. t. ^6 f. 2, merely differ by narrow leaves nearly entire glaucous beneath. or NORTH AMERICA. 67 649. Spirea.buacteata Raf. Icvigata ( L. or of some botanists. Ciuite sinootii, branches terete yellowish, leaves quite sessile oblong en- tire, base cuneate, apex obtuse cuspidate, some mixt ovate elliptic, panicle racemose, bracts ovate acute — Sibiria and New Sibiria, proba- bly a large shrub, branches thick, leaves 2 or 4 inches long, one broad, base almost semiam- plex. panicle compound, flowers white race- mose. In my specimen some elliptical smaller leaves intermixt. Not quite answering to Sp. levigata see below, yet sent me as such. 650. Spirea cuNEifOLiA Raf. Herb. Quite smooth branches terete dark purple, leaves ses- sile cuneate entire, apex very obtuse cuspidate, panicles axillary and terminal racemose, bracts subulate — Origon and New Albion, a fine hand- some shrub disc, by Walton, quite different from last by red flowers, small bracts and large leaves 3 to 6 inches long, quite cuneiform or ta- pering from end to base. The real Sp. levi- gata of Lin. is akin to both these sp. but it ap- pears to differ by lanceolate glaucous less ob- tuse leaves and white flowers, (some botanists call the cuneate leaves lanceolate ! w hich is the reverse tapering from base to end) while Smith blends the Sp. altaica with it, which I add for contrast. 651. Spirea altaica Pallas fl. ross. t. 23. Stem terete redish, leaves fasciculate sessile cuneate acute repand glaucous, racemes pani- culate axillary and terminal, bracts lanceolate. Altaic Mts. flowers white large, capsules large smooth 2sperme, leaves 2 or 3 inches long, not cuspidate nor obtuse ; thus quite dif- ferent from the two last. Is it the real levigata of Linneus as deemed by most of botanists? 68 NEW SYLVA. 652. Spirea douglassi Hook, fl. Pubescent, leaves elliptic apex serrate, white hairy be* neath, panicle oblong, calix reflexed, capsules smooth — N. W. America, flowers small, near to Sp. tomentosa, no more different from it than my removed deviations. 653. Spirea menziesi Hook. fl. differs from last only by leaves smooth beneath, yet made a species by Hooker. Subgenus Chamedryon Ser. Dec. only differ- ence flowers umbellate or corymbose, calix of* ten nervose or venose. 654. Spirea (Ch.) chamedrifolia L. Jaq. and Europe. Smooth, branches cinereous su- bangular, leaves petiolate obovate entire obtuse base acute or unequaly repand lobed or jagged near the end, racemes terminal simple corym- bose, pedicels filiform lax — -Carpathian and other European Mts. many short branchlets, leaves small thin uncial, flowers really in a co» rymbose racemes, the lower having long slen* der pedicels, petals white rounded. My des- cription is original from a specimen of Jacquin, introduced here to compare it with the blended kinds. 655. Spirea (Ch.) versifolia Raf. chame- drif. Pallas ft. t. 15. Sm. Hooker fl. bor. &c. Smooth, branches terete redish, leaves petio- late acute at both ends ovate serrate, base en- tire, the lower duplicate serrate ovate lanceol, flowers subumbellate — Sibiria and New Sibiria, flowers white, almost in umbels since pedicels fasciculate, thus distinct from the last, and leaves quite unlike ; but Pallas says the leaves are variable, probably many species are even bkndcd here, one of which 1 can ascertain. OF NORTH AMEKICA. 69 ^56. SpiREA(Ch.) LALRicA Raf. chamedrif. Var. Pallas t. 15. differs by leaves elliptic pu- bescent nearly entire, crenate above, tonientose beneath— Daurian Mts. of Sibiria, nearer toSp, douglassi than the Sp. versifolia, but llovvers not paniculate. 657. Spirea (Ch.) ulmifolia Scop, t. 22. W. P. Sm. chamedrif. Amman Lind. b. reg. 1222! Smooth, branches slender flexuose an- gular, leaves petiolate ovate laciniate serrate acute, base entire subacute, flowers terminal corymbose crowded, pedicels filiform often with a subulate bract— Mts. of Europe and Sibiria, my specimen is an original one of Scopoli from Carniolia, and agrees perfectly with the figure of Lindley with mistaken name : totaly differ- ent from Sp. chamedrif. leaves and flowers lar- ger. 658. Spirea (Ch.) betulifolta Pallas fl. t. 16. not Pursh. Smooth, shrubby branches te- rete redish, leaves subsessile ovate rounded la- ciniate serrate, yellow beneath, flowers termi- nal corymbose lax — Sibiria and New Sibiria ? flowers white. 659. Spirea (Ch.] ostryfolia Raf betuli- folia Pursh not Pallas. Suffruticose, quite smooth, shoots terete redish, leaves petiolate acute at both ends ovatoblong laciniate ser- rate except at the base, apex often obliqual, glaucous beneath, corymb, pauciflore simple fo- liose crowded — Alleghany Mts. of Virginia found there 1825, intermediate between the last and the next, semipedal, leaves 2 inches long quite thin, flowers white. Var. pumila,4 inches high flexuose few leaves the lowest large duplicate serrate, corymb glomerate, Wasioto Mts. 70 NEW SYLTA 660. Spirea (Ch.) corymbosa Raf. 1804, precis 1814, Mg. 1812, 1818. Lod. cab. (or sp. glauca Raf.) caTpinifolia ? W. Suffruticose quite smooth, stem angular redish, leaves peti- olate ovatoblong acute at both ends, unequaly serrate entire at the base, quite glaucous al- most white beneath, corymb terminal multiflore compound subfoliose each peduncled crowded — AUeghanies of Pennsylv. Maryland and Vir- ginia on dry ridges, stems pedal often annual leaves 1 or 2 inches long, nerves prominent be- neath, flowers white in large multiflore corymbs with 1 to 3 small ovate entire leaves, flowers nearly level large, stamens long. By a mis- print I stated this sp. to be trigynous in my pre- cis 1815, it is 5gynous. I discovered this plant in 1804 and communicated it to Muhlenberg. Sp. glauca would be a better name as there are so many corymbose kinds. 661. Spirea (Ch.) repens Raf. corymbosa Torrey, Beck, Eaton &.c. Stems suffruticose creeping, shoots terete redish erect, leaves ses- sile smooth variable obovate oblong and ovate, obtuse or acute, unequaly serrate, base entire, pale beneath, corymb terminal compound com- pact fastigiate subfoliose, stamens elon ate. — Lake Champlain, Mts. Saranac and Oquago, shoots 4 to 6 inches long, leaves uncial, flowers small pale incarnate. Var. pubescens, leaves oblong obovate pubescent beneath, stem pedal and flowers pale rose color. Thi> is the Sp. corymbosa of the above Authors, said to be pu- bescent. My specimens are all glabrous. Do they mean the next species ? 66'2. Spirea (Ch.) crenata L. Bar. t. 564. Smith hypericif. var. crenata Dec. not Beck. OF WOHTH A3IER1CA, 71 Puberulent or pulverulent, branches angular purplish, leaves petiolate glaucous cuneate en- tire or apex crenate dentate obtuse, base acute, smooth above, trinerve and puberulent beneath^ corymbs terminal on branclilets pauciflore sub' umbellate, stamens very short— Europe from Spain to Hungary; my specimen is from Hun- gary, with branches ramose not virgate, leaves small semiuncial, flowers white, corymbs 5-7 flore, pedicels puberulent sometimes with a su- bulate bract. This Linncan sp. is not Ameri- can, Hooker has it not, Smith has proved that several sp. were blended, the Sibirian is my next. Even Linneus in taking barrelier's plant as type, mistook others for it and called the leaves ovatoblong, he meant obovate oblong. The name being equivocal and liable to objec- tions, might be changed to Sp. pulverulenta Raf. 663. Spirea (Ch.) denticulata Raf. cre- nata Pallas, fl. 1. 19. Wild. Pers. Slc. Smooth, branches yellowish, leaves sessile obovate or cuneate denticulate acute upwards, beneath glaucous, lower leaves petiolate ovate denticu- late, corymbs lateral pauciflore— Sibiria and probably New Sibiria, flowers white ; even Pal- las speaks of some varieties, one with laciniate trinerve leaves may be a distinct iSp, laciniata^ Raf. 664. Spirea (Ch.) japonica Raf crenata Thunb. fl. Smooth, branches virgate, leaves pe- tiolate lanceol. hardly serrate, flowers umbel- late, calix campan. deeply 5fid. petals emargi- nate — in Japan, called there Awaju, another mistaken reference to Sp. crenata, quite dis- tinct from all, nearer to the next by the um- bels. a VtW SYLVA, 665. Spirea (Ch.) italica or retIculXtjI Raf, hypericifolia Sm. and many Authors, type in Bocc. mus. t. 96. Quite smooth, branches angular purplish, leaves sessile cuneate entire obtuse concolor, beneath nerves reticulate, flow- ers in small pauciflore umbels sessile at the end of branchlets, calix venose, each segments ovate with 3 veins — Native of the hills of Umbria in Italy where discovered by Bocconi, and again by Sir James Smith see Rees Cycl. it has be- come common in gardens, where it is blended with the next, and botanists have been perplex- ed for its locality : hypericifolia having become equivocal ought to be changed as I propose. Leaves small semiuncial not glaucons nor tri- nerve, but slightly trinervate sometimes, umbels of 3 to 7 flowers, petals white obovate. 666. Spirea (Ch.) virgata Raf. hypericifo- lia of Lin and many botanists, hyper, var. plu- kenetiana Dec. Hooker, Beck. Pluk. aim, 218. 5 — Branches fuscate angular rugose virgate, leaves sessile cuneate obtuse or retuse, entire smooth above, pubescent and glaucous beneath, nerves with paralel bfanches not reticulate, um- bels pauciflore lateral subsessile foliose at base, pedicels angular, calix decangular at base, seg- ments uninerve. — This is the real American Species, so long deemed doubtful, native of bo- real America and New Sibiria, common in our gardens ; flowers vernal in white umbels almost sessile at first, but peduncled and foliose as the leaves unfold, these are small semiuncial nearly similar to the last in shape and size, but thick- er and quite different beneath, the calix is very peculiar by its 10 angles or nerves. Var. hook- eriana Raf. Leaves sftiooth entire, umbels corymbose sessile, of N. W. America is proba- or NORTH ADIERICA, 73 bly a peculiar species near to my Sp. crcnata, as it cannot be Sp. italica ! It must be bcUer described, and may be called Sp, hookeriana R. It is akin to Sp. japonica, I hope to have thus ascertained many obscure or lost species, and elucidated the whole genus ; in order to remove the difficulties I have been compelled to introduce some species not strictly Ameri- can, but have greatly increased ours also. This will conclude the true G. Spirea, I shall now describe the akin blended Genera. 667. PHYSOCARPA Raf. subg. of Ser. (or Physotheca.) Diff. Spirea, calix deeply 51id, pistils 3 united at base, capsules 3 coalescent swelled smooth, apex free bivalve, leaves lobed^ flowers in short corymbose racemes bractea- ted — Thus it differs as much as Gilleiiia but has not a tubular calix. 668. Physoc. riparia Raf. Spirea opulifo- lia L. 4*0. Var. tomentella Dec. Beck. Branch- es angular pale, leaves petiolate ovate rounded or oblong unequaly serrate often lobed or trifid acute quite smooth, beneath pale trinervate, corymbs terminal, bracts oblong or laciniate, pedicles filiform pubescent, calix tomentose acute, capsules smooth much swelled — From Canada to Carolina, Louisiana and Missouri, on the banks of streams. Shrub 5 to 10 feet high, leaves 2 or 3 inches long, flowers white with pink shades, capsules fulvous or fuscate, seeds rounded yellowish. This has always been deemed the Sp. opulifolia by our botanists, and it was really that of Linneus, since he gives A- merica as its only locality ; but now many others must be separated. Var. I. parrifolia, 2. arborea, 669. Physoc. opulifolia or glabra Raf. Sp. 10 74 NEW SYLVA opulif. Dec. and many botanists. Var. glabra Hooker. Quite smooth, branches angular ci- nereous, leaves ovate trilobe, petiolate, dentate or crenate, corymbs terminal, bracts ovatoblong pedicels smooth, calix smooth obtuse, capsules smooth compressed at the end — Mts. of East Europe, Sibiria and Origon. Very distinct from the la«t by many characters, entitled to be a species, seeds obovnte yellow. 670. Physoc. tomentosa Raf. Sp. capitata Pursh, Eat. Sp. opulif. var. tomentosa Hook, fl! Leaves ovate sublobate, doubly dentate, re- ticulate and tomentose beneath, corymbs ter- minal crowded subcapitate on a long peduncle, calix tomentose — Origon, another distinct sp. blended by Hooker, altho' distinguished by Pursh and others. The Sp. monogyna of Tor- rey is also reduced to Sp. opulif. by Hooker, while it is even a peculiar Genus! Seethe next. 671. EPICOSTORUS Raf atl. J. page 144. Sp. monogyna Tor. rocky mts. 119. Eaton ^-c, Sp. opul. var. monogyna ! Hook. fl. Calix cam- panul. 5iobed, petals 5, stamens 20 inserted on a circular free torus or base monadelphous, pis- tils 1 or 2 stipitate, with a style,capitate stigma, capsules 1 or 2 compressed not swelled free villose bivalve trisperme. Ilahit of Physo- carpa, pedicels few, no hr^icts. — Epic, monta- Nus Raf. as above. Leaves rounded ovate base subcordate, subtrilobe, incise, dentate pubes- cent beneath, corymbs on short peduncles pau- ciflore, pedicels filiform calix obtuse pubescent — in the Origon mts. disc, by Jam^es, descr. by Torrey 1827, mistaken by Hooker since, ascer- tained by me in 1832, the generic name means 20 on a torus. 672. SCHIZONOTUS Raf. calix rotate OF NORTH A>IERICA. 75 deeply 5fi(l colorate villose, petals 5 equal ve- nose, stamens 20 inserted on a torus adnate to the base of calix, pistils 5 equal sessile, capsu- les 5 sessile tomentose monospei :n. Habit of the paniculate Splreas, I have adopted this Genus and name on the suggestion of Lindley, who proposed to unite to it the next, but the' habit is too different. Schizonotus appears to mean Split back and I do not know how it ap- plies unless the capsules open outside. 673. ScHizoNOTus DISCOLOR Raf. Spirea do Pursh, Torrey Dec. ariafolia Sm. Hook. Lind. b. reg. 1365. Leaves petiolate ovatoblongsub- lobate and laciniate serrate, white villose be- neath, flowers terminal paniculate racemose, pedicels and calix villose, petals oblong with 3 veins — Origon region and Mts. A very pecu- liar shrub, quite different from my Thecanisia discolor 297, to which I refered by mistake the Sp. discolor of Pursh, flowers white, leaves cal- led elliptic by Smith, ovate by Pursh and Torrey but they are realy ovate oblong. 674. BASILIMA Raf 1815. Sorbaria subg. Ser. Schizonotus land. Cal. patent 5parted smooth not colorate, base acute, petals 5, sta- mens 15 to 20 inserted at the base of the calix, pistils 4 to 5 sessile, capsules 4 tc 5 unequal ses- sile smooth monosperm. Large shrubs with the foliage of Roses and Sorlms, leaves alter- nate stipulate oddlij pinnate^ Jolioles oppo- site sessile, flowers bracteolate paniculate or corymbose — This line natural Genus is certain- ly more diflerent from Spirea than Lowea is from Rosa ! it may be known at first sight by its habit. 675. Basilima sorbholia Raf Sp. do L. &/C. Pallas fl. t. 24. Cluite smooth, branches 76 NEW SYLVA. terete flexuose, leaves with 11 to 21 folioles broad lanceol. acuminate duplicate serrate, sti- pules oblong entire, flowers paniculate crowded, panicle oblong, bracteoles lanceol. equal to the short clavate pedicels — Sibiria and New Sibiria in N. W. America, a large shrub, with fine in- carnate odorous flowers, folioles 1 or 2 inches long. My specimens have racemose panicles before anthesis, becoming glomerate in full bloom. 676. Basilima pygmea Raf. Sp. sorbif. var. pygmea Pallas fl. t. 25. Quite different from the last by folioles broader less acum. ovate lanceol. laciniate and flowers corypibose — Mts. of Sibiria and probably in boreal America, a small dwarf shrub. Not seen but the figure of Pallas is strikingly different. It must not be blended with the Sorbus pumila ofOrigon, that has edible berries. Monograph of HYDRANGEA. Linneus had only one species, our botanists have gradualy increased them to 4 ; but I shall still further increase them to 10. They are all shrubs growing in mountains and hills on rocks and near streams, blossoms estival. The Ge- nus had been united to the Saxifi-agides, but JLindley dreamt that it was to be united to the Caprifoliacea ! with berries and monopetal co- rollas ! It really belongs to the Natural family of Diceracea in the Nat. Order Ascadia, which includes all the Saxifragides with ovary and capsule coalescent or inferior. It includes two subgenera. Apleria. Flowers uniform consimilar. Megasteira. Flowers dissimilar, the exterior enlarged neutral radial, as in Opulus, 3-4fid un- equal. OF NORTH A3IEKICA. 77 The habit is peculiar, leaves opposite pelio- late, flowers terminal cyiiiose or paniculate. It is therefore a natural Genus, liavini: afiinities with the Myrtoides, Hedcracea and Viburnides. The G. Itea and Cunonia differ by free pistil. 677. Hydrangea (Apl.) vulgaris Mx. P. B. E, &c arborescens L. &.c. Branches terete sulcata pale, leaves ovatoblong acuminate, equaly serrate smooth pale beneath, petiols and nerves pubescent, base rounded, cymes naked pubescent uniform, 2 oblong bracts — Alleghany Mts. and hills from Pennsylv. to Carolina and Kentucky, to 5 feet high, leaves 2 or 3 inches long, flowers white and small. Var. carnta, flowers incarnate. 678. Hydr. (Apl.) PANicuLATA Raf Quite smooth, branches terete fuscate, leaves ovato- blong both ends acute, glaucous on both sides, nearly entire or remotely dentate, cyme panicu- late lax with oblong sessile bracts — A very dis- tinct Sp. found without locality in Collins herb. probably from Origon and Sibiria, leaves large 4 inches long 2 wide, petiols shorter uncial slightly ciliolate, flowers much larger than in the last, with large lanceolate petals, calix an- gular, stamens erect longer than petals. 679. Hydrangea (Meg.) acuta Raf. Bran- ches sub angular purplish, leaves ovatoblong un- equaly serrate, acuminate, base acute entire, pale beneath, nerves pubcrulent, cymes pubes- cent naked hardly radiate, bracts small ovate — Apalachian Mts. Leaves very thin, cymes small, commonly with 1 to 3 small neutral flow- ers unequaly trifid acute white. Thus a pas- sage to the subgenus Megasteira. 680. Hydr. (Meg.)GLAucARaf. radiataglau- 78 INEW SYLVA. ca Mg. Branches terete biangular, leaves o- vate serrate acum. base rounded, beneath glau- cous smooth, upper leaves subsessile, cymes ra- diate, neutral rays 3-4fid — Alabama and Alio* ghanies, leaves thin large, flowers white, rays with unequal rounded segments. Capsules as in most species with 10 prominent nerves. 681. Hydr. (Meg.) rotundifolia Raf. Branches angular rough, lower leaves petiolate rounded and orbicular acum. serrate, base ncit cordate, rough above, pale beneath, nervog rough pubescent, upper leaves sessile ovate base acute, cymes radiate, rays 3-4fid large rounded obtuse. — Wasioto Mts. of Kentuclcy and Virginia on rocks, 3 to 4 feet high, leaves small, flowers large white, rays very large un- equal. 682. Hydr. (Meg.) iieterophyla Raf! Branches subangular, 4eaves elliptic, base coiv date or truncate or obliquate, apex acumin. falcate, unequaly serrate, beneath concolor j nerves puberulent, upper leaves rounded base rounded, cymes hardly radiate pubescent, rays ovate acute. — Wasioto Mts. of Kentucky disc. 1823 with the last, akin but distinct by leaves and rays, these sometimes lacking. ^ G83.' Hydr. (Meg.) cordata Pursh. E. &c. Branches angular,leaves firm rounded base sub- cordate, dentate shortly acuminate, rough above beneath concolor veins reticulate smooth, cymes radiate, rays many ovate acute, 2 oblong bracts — Virginia, Carolina, Kentucky Slc on rocks, hum.ble shrub 2 to 4 feet high, with larger thicker leaves, and ample cymes. 684. Hydr. (Meg.) AMri^iroLiA Raf. Branch- es subangular leaves on very long petiols thin ample ovate, lower subcordate at base, smooth OF NORTH AMEHICA. 79 acumin. laciniate serrate pale beneath, cymes hardly radiate, bracts oblong — I^anks of the Delaware and Susquehannah in Mts. Alleglia- nies, a large shrub to 10 feet liigii, leaves very large 5 to 8 inches long, petiols 3 to 5 inches, cymes ample, only 1 or 2 neutral rays. 685. Hydh. (^Meg.) discolor Raf. l^ranches angular, leaves elliptic acumin. base often acute serrulate, beneath whitish closely tomentose, cyme villose subradiate, bracts 2 lanceol. fal- cate sessile, rays small obovate acute — Apala- chian Mts. often blended with the next proba- bly, but distinct by leaves and rays, shrub G to 10 feet high, seen alive in gardens. 686. Hydr. (Meg.) nivea Mx. P. E. ^-c. ra- diata Walter. Branches terete dark purple, leaves firm ovate acum. base subcordate, ser- rate, rugose above and pubescent along the nerves, beneath snowy wliite tomentose, cymes subradiate, rays lanceolate — Apalachian and Unaka Mts. on the R. Santi &c, elegant shrub, well described by Elliot, my specimens are but slightly cordate, dowers white late vernal. 687. Hydr. (Meg.) qlercii olia Rartr. trav. ic. Pursh, E. 4*0. A well known shrub, now common in our gardens, found by Rartram in the Cheroki mts. 60 years ago, pu[)li»•••<•<— 1836. : • ' NEW FLORA AND BOTANY OF IVORTH AMERICA OR A SUPPLEMENTAL FLORA, ADDITIONAL TO ALL THE BOTANICAL WORKS ON NORTH AMERICA AND THE UNITED STATES. Containing 1000 new or revised Species, BY C. S. RAFINESQUE A. M. Ph. D. Prof, of Botany, the Historical and Natural Sciences, member of many learned Societies* IN FOUR PARTS. I Lexicon and Monographs. II Neophvton &c. III New Sylva &c. IV Neobotanon &c — with Introductions^ Sketches, Notes, Indexes, &c. The floral wealth in this wide land concealed Will be at last by learned care revealed, PHILADELPHIA. 1836. Price Five Dollars— $20 for 5 Copies. TVEOPnYTO:\ NEW FLORA AND BOTANY OF NORTH AMERICA. BEING A SUPPLEMENTAL, FLORA, To the various Floras and Botanical Works of Michaux, Muhlenberg, Pursh, Nuttal, El- liot, Torrey, Beck, Eaton, Bigelow, Barton, Robin, Hooker, Riddell, Darlington, Schvveinitz Gibbs, &c. Besides the great works of Linneus, Wilde- now, Vahl, Vitman, Persoon, Lamark, Decan- dole, Sprengel, Jussieu, Adanson, Necker, Lindley, &c. Containing nearly 500 additional or revised New Genera, and 1500 additional or corrected New Species, illustrated by figures in AUTIKON BOTANIKON. BY C. S. RAFINESaUE, A. M.— PH. D. Prof, of Botany, the historical and natural sciences — Member of many learned Societies of Paris, Vienna. Bonn, Bruxelles, Bordeaux, Zurich, Naples, &c. and in Philadelphia, New York, Cincinati, Lexington, 6cc. The Floral weallh in this wide land concealed^ Will be at last by learned cure revealed. PHILADELPHIA. PRINTED FOR THE Al'THOR AND PrBLISHER. 1836. NOTICE, Botanists and Naturalists are informed that this work and nearly all my other works, man- uscripts, figures, specimens 4»c now forming a long Catalogue in my Bulletins, may be had from me either sold and exchanged for their own works, if they are not too costly. — My pub- lished works extend besides Botany, to all the other branches of Natural History, American History, Monuments and Languages, Ethno- graphy and Geography, Astronomy with Celes- tial and Biblical Philosophy ; Travels, Journals and Miscellanies &c. — The Catalogues are given or sent gratis. The other works to be produced by myself gradualy until 1840 and 1850, will also be nu- merous — my History of the American Nations before and after Columbus was suspended after two volumes were issued ; but shall now be re- sumed speedily, and the next volumes comprize the History of the Tsalagis or Cherokis. — Of the Tols, Chols, Chontals &.c, and other Atlan- tic Nations of Central America. — Of theMuyz- cas and other Nations of New Grenada. — Of the Nations of Austral America 4*0. These being some of the most obscure parts of Ameri- can History, may become very interesting, and my researches will throw some new lights on those Nations, their origines, events and civili- zation. INTRODUCTION. Fo the Fourth and last Part. I have already explained that the delay in the completion of this work, was mainly owing to the contemporaneous publication of my Flora Telluriana, where I inserted the natu- ral classification, main principles of natural Botany, and nearly 2000 newer revised Genera or Species (under 1225 articles) whereof many from North America likewise. I now conclude this work hke the Ff. Telluriana in 4 parts, which will include over 1000 new Species with some new Genera, many revised Monographs &c; but yet this is merely one half of what I have ready to publish on our Flora, in order to correct the glaring errors and omissions of our Botanists. Whereas Prof. Torrey has been at lust mdu- ced to undertake a general Flora of North America, a task which I had suggested to him manv years ago, I shall delay my future addi- tions' and corrections until after his Flora is published. I call it his Flora, although he hopes that Nuttal and others will help him, because he means to insert in it only what he has seen and ascertained, according to his own notions of Species and Genera, overlooking; varieties and deviations of specific or generic Types ; an error into which he has Allien in common wiih several other Botanists, who have reluctantly adopted the natural methods of Botany.— 15ut time will rectify these absurd and obsolete no- tions, and as we now restore, adopt and va ue the labors, genera and varieties noticed by the fathers of correct or natural Botany, Vdanson, Jussieu, Necker, Richard, Lamark S. Liucidus, being the same as D. gin- or NORTH AMERICA 55 gidium, belongs to the same subgenus. 784. Daucus scariosus Raf. stem grooved foliose retrose pilose, leaves 2-3pinnate, seg- ments lanceolate acuminate or cuspidate ; invo- lucres 6-8 foliose hipinnate^ partial unequal lanceolate white scariose, longer than flowers, some trifid. — Annual or biennal root not odor- ous, leaves long and narrow, nerved. — Var. sim- plex simple stem pedal, a single umbel, hardly hispid — Var. ramosus branched hirsute, invo- lucres hardly bipinnate, very long segments sometimes trifid. Found by myself in the glades of Pennsylv. autumnal, petals apparently not radiate, thus a Gingidium also. 785. Daucus brevicaulis R. Scabrous, stem nearly naked, lower leaves nearly as long tri-' pinnate, segments confluent oblong bifid mucro- nate ; involucres mostly trifid base scariose on the margin, linear elongate, partial linear and trifid shorter than flowers, petals radiate. — A singular sp. found in hills of Pennsylvania and near Philadelphia, with ample leaves 6 to 8 inches long nearly as long as the stem, with broad segments, roots biennial hardly odorous branched. 786. Daucus nudicaulis Raf. smooth, sub- scapose, scape naked grooved, leaver, radical bipinnate segments linear laciniate cuspidate ; umbel lax, involucres 3-5fid setaceous, partial linear equal to flowers, margin scariose, petals radiate — found with the last, perhaps a devia- tion, but it has another deviation var. pumila only 3 inches high, leaves larger than umbel quite linear — while the nudicaulis is 6 to 8 inches high, with short leaves 3 inches long, root white tapering slender. 787. Daucus levis R. Quite smooth, stem 4 26 NEOBOT. striate slender, leaves bipinnate small, segments linear acuminate ; umbels small, involucres tri- fid shorter, partial simple, petals seldom radiate seeds echinate. — Not uncommon in fields and vi'oods from New Jersey to Kentucky, pedal^ leaves quite flat hardly nerved, stem not grooved terete. 788, Daucus pusillus Mx, E. &c. annual, stem simple scabrous slender angular, leaves re- mote short bipinnate, segments linear acute, umbel single pauciflore, involucres trifid, par- tial simple, umbelules l-3flore, seeds with wings deeply crested, — A sp. deemed doubtful by many or a var. of D. carotta like the others, but quite distinct ; my specimen collected by Bald- win in Florida has only a few retrorse hairs, 3 sniall leaves, a small umbel; the seeds are large, with white wings deeply cut into pectinate stiff bristly crests. Perhaps a subg. Itophioplis near Tiricta, ^ i- f 789. Daucus brevifolius Raf, nearly smooth stem terete foliose not grooved, virgate, leaves short remote pinnate, folioles pinnatifid seg- ments oblong acuminate ; involucres trifid, par- tiaj simple, seeds oblong pubescent hardly echi- nate, — Alleghany Mts. . carotta ! or the garden kind native of the South, so easily known by large succulent root, stem hirsute deeply groo- ved, petiols carinate, broad decompound leaves, pinnate involucres /i?/m, both Daucus do, auct. 795. Peltactila Raf, petals very unequal, seeds with spines bearing peltate Stars ! flow- ers commonly yellow. — Types P. grandiflora^ parcfjlora, aurea, hispida &€ all Daucus of Desf &c. 796. Staflinus R, seeds semiterete turgid ciliate crinite — St. setifoUus and crinitus. Daucus do auct. 797. ENTASIKON Raf Polygamous. In- volucres 2-3phyl. setaceous, partial similar, cal. with 5 unequal persistent teeth, petals 5 equal, obcordate inflexed, stamens 5 equal, styles 2 thick ovate persistent, stigma obtuse. Fruit oblong smooth angular, lateraly divided by a lateral furrow. Leaves decomposed^ flower$ white,— X very striking G. differing from all others known to me by the unequal calix and OF NORTH AMERICA. 29 ovate styles. If it is a Trepocarpus of Nuttal, how did he neglect these singular characters ! The name was a Grecian name of a Chero- phylum. 798. Entasikom tenut folium Raf. Atha- manta cherophyloides Nuttal in Coll. herb. Trepocarpus aethusa ? Nut. in Dec. — Quite smooth, stem angular, leaves pinnate and bi- plnnate, folioles linear setaceous acute thin; umbels trifid opposed to leaves, ombellules 3-7 flore, male fl. peduncled, fertile nearly sessile. — Found in Arkanzas by Nuttal, foliage glau- cous minutely cut, stem yellowish, umbels pe- duncled lateral, flowers white, seeds 4 or 5 times as long as broad, 799. Entasikon? tuberosum R. Phellan- drium do Nut. in Collins herb. Root tuberose, leaves bipinnate, folioles linear obtuse — another plant found in Arkanzas, by Nuttal and widely separated from the last, although hardly differ- ent, except by broader obtuse folioles. The specimens are imperfect, but the roots are oblong rugose twin ; in a note it is stated the stem rises 3 or 4 feet high, the upper leaves are near- ly simple, and the germination is acotyle ! 800. UPOPION. Raf. Polygamous or even monoical. Involucres none. Calix 5dentate pe- tals ovate obtuse flat (dark purple) styles divar- icate. Seeds smooth elliptic each with 3 or 4 unequal large wings, commissure costate. Ijeaves simple ternate and pinnate^ flowers dark purple^ — This G. has been shuffled into Thapsia, Cnidium^ Tkaspium, Smyrnium &c which like Zizia it must form a pecuHar one, well distinguished from Thaspium having yel- low flowers, by its red flowers, petals not acu* minate, large unequal wings &c. The name 90 NJEOBOT. was an accient one of Thapsia, and I have as- certained 5 species, probably all deviations. 801. Upopion pinnatttm K. stem subangular, leaves pinnate, 5 folioles ovatoblong sessile acute serrate, base truncate obliqual, terminal base acuminate; fertile flowers subsessile,seeds with very unequal wings. — Discovered 1823 in West Kentucky glades and since in several other places, Alleghanies y 4. Thus I was right when in the first volume article Achtjranthes^ I stated that the plants akin thereto were in utter confusion: our botan- ists seldom verifying the Genera of their sp. We have yet the G. Oploteca, with my Xeran- dra, see fl. tel. 5G2, some real Celosias, and Gomphrena naturalized, and my Adoketon see first part, to which add that the Illecebrum al- sinefolium of Scopoli is another sp. different from my Ad. saxatile. 847. CoRisPERMUM piLosuM Raf. pilose, stem angular, leaves alternate linear elongate uni- nerve, flowers in axillary glomerules ovate, se- pals seariose pilose ovate acuminate trinerve. — Found by Kin in Florida, realy of this G. hitherto not k?;iovvn as American, whole plant fulvous in the specimen and with scattered hairs, leaves 1 or 2 inches long narrow, glome- rules subovate, crowded and capitate at the top flowers imbricate glumaceous squarrose, 2 se- pals equal large, enclosing"! single stamen fiili- OF NORTH AMERICA 47 form, anther round, seeds ovate lenticular. — Let it be remembered that these discoveries of Kin and Baldwin had been made 20 and 30 years ago, laying dormant like those of Bar- tram in herbals. POLYGONUM and akin Genera. This Genus the shame of botanists as be- longing to 10 linnean classes ! was illustrated in my flora tellur. 401 to 434. I have described there many N. Amer. sp. and the new Genera Tracaulon^ Spermaulaxen, Stopinaca^ Ante^ noron, Tovara, Pleurostena, Chulusium^ Peutalis Slc. 1 shall merely add some other remarkable new species formerly included in Polygonum and Rum ex divided also in 7 Gen- era 576 to 582 fl. Tellur. Having in my herbal about 100 sp. of these G. akin and reformed, I may yet revise the whole. 848. Peutalis or Mitesia ligularis Raf. smooth fiHform, leaves lanceolate acute, sessile sheaths simple obsolete, racemes axil, and ter- minal filiform pauciflore,flowers remote, sheaths tubular ligulate obtuse equal to pedicels. — A curious little species, half pedal, deemed Folyg. mite by Collins, very different, leaves few uncial quite smooth, racemes with 3 to 7 flowers, each out of a singular sheath, calix incarnate 5lobed seeds lenticular. Apalachian Mts. of Carolina, Iron Mts. found by Lyons ? Mitesia may be a subg. of Peutalis, this appears a Peutalis by seed, I cant count the stamens usualy 6 in Peu- talis and Mitesia, but with 3 styles and trigone seeds in Mitesia. 849. Peutalis or Mitesia floridana Raf. Polyg, N. sp. Baldw. smooth erect simple,leaves sessile narrow lanceolate nearly obtuse margin rough, sheaths tubular bristly, flowers in a sin- 48 NEOBOT, gle terminal spike, slender pauciflore, adpressed subsessile in the bristly sheaths — Florida found by Dr. Baldwin and deemed new by him, stem pedal, leaves biuncial, spike uncial 7 flowers — I have also the 3L hirsuta Raf. polyg. do of Walter, Elliot ^c^ collected by Baldwin in Florida, a singular sp. covered with long fulvous hairs, leaves broadly lanceolate, sheaths of flowers tubular obtuse nearly as in M. ligularis. 850. Peutalis or i»wtesia divekgens R. smooth decumbent ramose, branches divergent or reflexed, leaves sessile narrow lanceolate acute margin smooth, sheaths scariose ciliate, racemes terminal filiform, sheaths valvular shorter than pedicels. — Dicovered 1818 in Ken- tucky, deemed Polyg. divaricatum then, but having obtained that plant it is quite different. Stem 2 feet long, branches diverging like a T not like a Y, even often reflexed, leaves equal to internodes 2 inches long very narrow, spikes as long, flowers white estival, seeds trigone and thus a true Mitesia, 851. Peutalis or Heptarinia longifolia Raf smooth erect ramose, leaves narrow lan- ceolate very long acuminate sessile, margin rough, sheaths scariose ciliate, racemes slender fihform spiked, sheaths tubular subciliate — Mts, Alleghanies and hills of Pensylv. bipedal, leaves 5 and 6 inches long, only half inch broad, flow- ers incarnate small autumnal, spikes uncial ofl;en geminate and interrupted at base. Flowers as in Hept, orientalis with 7 stamens, 2 styles ex- erted, stii^mas capitate, seed lenticular, 852. Peutalis (discolenta) scabra Raf. stem dichotome erect subansrular, rou^h above chiefly m the peduncles of spikes, leaves petio- late lanceolate acuminate, margins ahd nerve OF NORTH XMEM.ICX. ^ rough, ^heaths scariose mutic ; racemes many peduacled ovate and oblong, flowers fasciculate crowded.— One of the sp. akin to P. D. lapa- thifoL bipedal, \ery branched, leaves 2 or 3 inches long> spikes uncial or less, with a rough pubescence, flowers estival incarnate, se»ds round flat with a hollow in each side and a thick obtuse edge. In Kentucky, Illinois &c. Tho DiscohnUL scahra ft. tel. 430 is a very different plant, perhaps even a Dioctis,and being smooth, it was by a mistake I described it for this: it must be called P. or D. punctata being quite so aud probably P. punctatum of ElUot. 853. Peutaus heterophyla liaf. smooth erect, lower leaves petiolate, oboval, or ellipticr ciliate sometimes retuse, broadly lanceolate, up- per subsessile narrow, all glaucous beneath ^nd with smooth margins, sheaths pilose ciliate ; ra- cemes short pauciflore compact, sheaths scari- ose smooth,— Singular sp. disc. 1824 m AUe- ghany Mt«. of Virginia, perennial, lower leaves small Oncial quite ciliate, medial large triuncial, ciliate only at base, upper not ciliate ; flowers of a dirty incarnate geminate in small racen»es, seeds lenticular ovate obtuse. 854. Peutalib glomerata Raf. smootli de- cumbent ramose diffuse, leaves sessile shortly lanct^late obtuse, margin smooth, sheaths nau- ttc, flowers in numerous terminal gloroerAjles, like little heads, sessile or ped uncled paucdtore, flowers subsessile— in Pennsylvania andVirgm- ia, annual, branches and leaves crowded, a^em spreading about one foot, leaves small uncial, heads of flk)wers axil, or terminal, often mter- rupted divide